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1
MEN OF THE TIME:
A Dictionary of Contemporaries,
CONTAINING
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES
OF
15-394
TENTH EDITION,
EMINENT CHARACTERS OF BOTH SEXES.
ERAL LA
University
MICHIGAN

THOMPSON COOPER, F.S.A.
AUTHOR OF " ATHENA CANTABRIGIENSES," ETC.
REVISED AND BROUGHT DOWN TO THE PRESENT TIME BY
LONDON:
GEORGE ROUTLEDGE AND SONS,
BROADWAY, LUDGATE HILL.
NEW YORK: 416, BROOME STREET.
1879.
LONDON
BRADBURY, AGNEW, & CO., PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS
PREFACE.
THE scope and
HE scope and object of MEN OF THE TIME, now in its Tenth
Edition, are so clearly indicated on its title-page, that it is
scarcely necessary to dwell upon them at any length. The work
was originally undertaken to fill a place till then unoccupied by
any of the multifarious books of reference which the industry and
enterprise of the age have provided for almost every class of the
community. We have records of the aristocracy of birth and
wealth, in the form of Peerages and Histories of the Landed
Gentry; we have Court Calendars and Parliamentary Guides,
which leave no official dignity, no part of the Civil Service, un-
chronicled; we have Post Office Directories for the registration of
commercial and industrial occupations of every kind; we have
lists also of Military and Naval Officers, and of the Clergy, which
set forth the rank and services of the members of those profes-
sions; Lawyers and Medical Men have likewise their respective
muster-rolls; but the aristocracy of intellect had been left, until
this work first appeared, without any special record. The aim of
the present volume, then, is to furnish memoirs of eminent living
persons, of both sexes, in all parts of the civilized world.
The present edition of MEN OF THE TIME is to all intents and
purposes a new book. Three years and a half have elapsed since
iv
PREFACE.
the appearance of the Ninth Edition, and during that period no
fewer than 342 individuals who were noticed in its columns, have
been removed by death. Their places are occupied in the present
edition by memoirs of persons whose names have during the same
period come prominently before the public.
Besides preparing these new biographies, the Editor has care-
fully revised all the memoirs in the work, entirely re-casting
many, and making additions to nearly all of them.
At the end of the volume is a Necrology containing the names
of eminent persons deceased, with the dates of the birth and
death, and reference to the last edition of this work in which
their biography is to be found.
As it is the desire of the Publishers to render the work as
accurate and complete as possible, suggestions for new names,
corrections, and additional information, are respectfully invited.
All communications addressed to Mr. Thompson Cooper, F.S.A.,
care of Messrs. Routledge and Sons, The Broadway, Ludgate, E.C.,
will be thankfully received.
LONDON, Jan. 1, 1879.
KEY TO ASSUMED NAMES,
cc.
A.
See Arnold, M.
A. B. G. See Airy, Sir G. B.
A. K. H. B. See Boyd, Rev. A. K. H.
Alexis, Willibald. See Haering, W.
Amadée de Noé. See Cham.
Amicus. See Fairbairn, Sir Tho.
Aunet, Léonie d'. See Biard, Madame.
BAPTISTET. See Daudet, A.
Bard, Samuel A. See Squier, E. G.
Barker, Miss L. See Taylor T.
Bede, Cuthbert. See Bradley, Rev. E.
Beecher, Miss H. See Stowe, Mrs.
H. B.
Benauly. See Abbott, Lyman.
Béranger, Paul. See Collin, J. A.S.C.D.
Bibliophile Jacob. See Lacroix, P.
Bideford, The Rural Postman of. See
Capern, E.
CALDWELL, Miss A. See Marsh-Cald-
well, Mrs. A.
Candide. See Claretie, J. A. A.
Candia, Marquis de. See Mario, G.
Carle. See Sardou, F. J.
Carvalho. See Miolan-Carvalho, Ma-
dame. M. C.
Cecil, Davenant. See Coleridge, Rev.
D.
Croquelardon. See Collin, J.A. S. C. D.
Cuthbert, Bede. See Bradley, Rev. E.
Clifton, Miss Fanny. See Stirling,
Mrs.
D'AUNET, Léonie. See Biard, Mdme.
Davenant Cecil. See Coleridge, Rev.
D.
FELIX. See Martin, B. L. H.
Ferragus. See Ulbach, Louis.
Fielding, Miss A. M. See Hall, Mrs.
A. M.
Fin-Bec.
See Jerrold, W. B.
Bon Gaultier. See Martin, T.
Botham, Miss M. See Howitt, Mrs. M. | Five," The. See Ollivier, O. E.;
Breittmann, Hans. See Leland.
Butler, Mrs. See Kemble, F. A.
Picard, L. J. E.
Deļamothe, Émile. See Girardin,
Emile de.
De Plancy. See Collin, J. A. S. C. D.
Désiré Hazard. See Feuillet, O.
ELIOT, George. See Evans, Marian.
Elliot, Mdme. C. See Celeste, Mdme.
Expertus. See McColl, M.
"Flemish Interiors," author of. See
Byrne, Mrs. W. P.
Flyggare, Madame. See Carlén, Ma-
dame E. F.
Forrester, Gilbert. See Braddon, Miss
M. E.
Francis, Miss. See Child, Mrs. L. M..
Francis, Miss M. See Thornycroft,
Mrs. M.
Fridolin, Major. See Khalil Sheriff
Pasha.
GAIL HAMILTON. See Dodge.
Garrow, Miss. See Trollope, T. A.
vi
MEN OF THE TIME.
Gaston, Marie. See Daudet, A.
Gigliucci, Countess. See Novello, C.A.
Gilbert de Voisins, Countess.
Taglioni, M.
See
Gilbert Forrester. See Braddon, Miss
M. E.
Girl of the P'eriod. See Linton, Mrs.
Goward, Miss. See Keeley, Mrs.
Gower, Lady G. See Fullerton, Lady G.
Greenwood, Grace. See Lippincott.
Grillo, Marchioness del. See Ristori,A.
HAMILTON, Gail. See Dodge, M. A.
Hazard, Désiré. See Feuillet, O.
Hehl, Miss. See Stirling, Mrs.
Henry V. See Chambord.
Hertfordshire Incumbent. See Blakes-
ley, J. W.
Hierophilus. See Mc'Hale.
Historicus. See Harcourt.
IRNER. Ne Martin, B. L. H.
Isa. See Craig. I.
Montague, Miss E. L. See Hervey.
E. L.
Myrtle, Minnic. See Miller.
NEMESIS.
See Beal.
See Collin, J. A. S.
Neveu de Mon Oncle. See Collin,
J. A. S. C. D.
Nilense, Baron.
C. D.
Noć, Amadée de.
Novello, Miss M.
M. C.
|
See Cham.
See Clarke, Mrs.
Hormisdas-Peath. See Collin, J. A. | PARKES, Mrs. See Sedgwick, A.
S. C. D.
Pathfinder of the Rocky Mountains,
The. See Fremont. J. C.
Paul Béranger. See Collin, J.A.S.C.D.
Penhafirme. Count of. See Sartorius,
Admiral Sir G. R.
Phiz. See Browne, H. K.
Postman, The Rural, of Bideford. See
Capern, E.
Price, Miss.
See Wood, Mrs. H.
LANCASHIRE INCUMBENT. See Hume,
A.
Limner, Luke. See Leighton, J.
London Physician. See Guy, W. A.
Lynn, Miss E. See Linton, Mrs. E.
O'BRIEN, Edward Stephenson. See
Butt, I.
|
JACOB, Bibliophile. See Lacroix, P.
Jacques Souffrant. Ne Ulbach, L.
John Halifax, Author of. See Mulock,
Miss D. M.
Jean Froissart.
See Daudet, A.
MARK ROCHESTER. See Kent, C.
Mark Twain. See Clemens.
Marvell, Ik. See Mitchell, D. G.
Max-Müller. See Müller, T. M.
Maynard, Walter. See Beale, T. W.
Meredith, Owen. See Lytton, Lord.
Milnes, Monckton. See Houghton,
Baron.
O'Keefe. See Belloc, Madame, A. S. L.
Oscotian, An. See Kent, W. C. M.
Ouida. See De la Ramée, L.
RIGBY, Miss E. See Eastlake, Lady.
Rivière, Miss A. See Bishop, Lady A.
Rob Roy. See MacGregor, J.
K. C. See Kent, W. C. M.
KEMPE, Miss A. E. See Bray, Mrs. Roberts, Captain. See Hobart, A. C
A. E.
Rochester, Mark. See Kent, C.
ST. LÉON, Madame. See Cerito, F.
Schmidt, Malle. See Carlén, Madame,
E. F.
Scrutator.
S. G. O. See Osborne, The Rev. Lord
S. G.
See McColl, M.
Silverpen. See Meteyard, E.
Smith, Miss B. L. See Bodichon,
Madame.
Smith, Miss C. L. See Gascoigne,
Mrs. C. L.
Souffrant, Jacques. See Ulbach, L.
Stella. See Lewis, E. A.
Stephens, Miss K. See Essex, Dowager
Countess of.
MEN OF THE TIME.
Stephens, Mrs. S. L.
See Duvernay,
Y. M. L.
Summerly, Felix. See Cole, Sir H.
TEMPLAR. See Kent, C.
Titcomb, Timothy. See Holland, J. G.
Toulmin, Miss C. See Crosland, Mrs. C.
Tree, Miss E. See Kean, Mrs. C.
Trevor, Edward. See Lytton. Lord.
Twain, Mark, See Clemens. S. L.
Twamley, Miss L. See Meredith,
Mrs. L.
vii
Vermond, Louis de. See Énault, L.
Voisins, Countess Gilbert de. Sec
Taglioni, M.
W. R. G. Ser Greg, W. R.
Wilibald Alexis. See Haering, W.
Woolgar, Miss S. J. See Mellon,
Mrs. A.
Yankee. See White, R. G.
Zeta. See Froude, J. A..
MEN OF THE
|
AARIFI PASHA (HIS EXCEL-
LENCY), was born at Constantinople
in 1830, being the son of Shekib
Pasha, a distinguished diplomatist.
At the age of fifteen he was employed
as a supernumerary in the offices of the
Divan, and in 1847 he accompanied
his father on a mission to Rome.
Subsequently he went with his father
to the Embassy at Vienna, where he
resided for two years. On his re-
turn to Constantinople he applied
himself assiduously to the study of
languages; and he was employed in
various capacities in the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs. Some years later he
accompanied Aali-Pasha to Vienna
as First Secretary, and a year after-
wards he went to discharge the same
duty at Paris. His knowledge of the
French language led to his appoint-
ment as First Translator at Paris to
the Sublime Porte, and afterwards as
First Interpreter to the Divan. The
latter office he held till 1872. Sub-
sequently to that date he occupied
several important posts in Turkey,
being successively Under-Secretary
of State for Foreign Affairs and Sur-
veyor of Ordnance, President of the
Executive Chamber of Justice, and
President of the Civil Chamber of the
Court of Cassation. He next resumed
his diplomatic career as Ambassador
at Vienna; and in 1873 he returned | Grammar,'
to the office of First Interpreter to
the Divan, and held it for about a
twelvemonth. In 1874 Aarifi Pasha
|
was nominated Minister of Public
Instruction; three months later,
Minister of Justice, and then, again,
Ambassador at Vienna. On the es-
tablishment of the new Ottoman Con-
stitution he was appointed President
of the Senate, and soon afterwards
received the portfolio of Foreign
Affairs. He was accredited Ambas-
sador of the Sublime Porte at Paris
Nov. 5, 1877, in succession to Khalil
Sheriff Pasha.
TIME.
(C
ABBOTT, THE REV. EDWIN AB-
BOTT, D.D., born in London in 1838,
was educated at St. John's College,
Cambridge, of which he became a
Fellow. (B.A. 7th Senior Optime,
and 1st class in Classics, 1861; M.A.
1864.) He was Assistant Master in
King Edward's School, Birmingham,
from 1862 to 1865, when he was ap-
pointed Head Master of the City of
London School. He was twice Select
Preacher at Cambridge; Hulsean
Lecturer in that university, 1876;
also Select Preacher of the University
of Oxford, 1877. The Archbishop of
Canterbury conferred on him the
degree of D.D. in 1872. Dr. Abbott
has published the following theo
logical works:-"Bible Lessons,"
1872; "Cambridge Sermons," 1875;
"Through Nature to Christ," 1877.
His other works are, a "Shakespearian
1870 ; an edition of
Bacon's Essays," 1876 ;
"Bacon
and Essex," 1877; and an English
Grammar."
""
"(
Đ
B
2
ABBOTT ABD-EL-KADER.
·
S
|
ABBOTT, JACOB, born at Hallo-
well, Maine, Nov. 14, 1803. He gra-
duated at Bowdoin College in 1820,
and studied divinity at Andover
Theological Seminary. From 1825
to 1829, he was Professor of Mathe-
matics and Natural Philosophy in
Amherst College, and afterwards took
charge of a Female School in Boston.
In 1834, he organized a Congrega-
tional Church at Roxbury, Massachu-
setts, the charge of which he resigned
in 1838, and took up his residence
in New York, where he devoted him-
self to teaching and the preparation
of books for the young. His works
comprise nearly 300 volumes, mostly
small books, many of them being in
series, connected by a slight thread
of story. Among these are the "Young
Christian" series, 4 vols. ; the "Rollo
Books," 28 vols. ; the "Lucy Books,"
6 vols.; the "Jonas Books," 6 vols.;
the "Franconia Stories," 10 vols.;
"Harper's Story Books," 36 vols. ; the
"Gay Family," 12 vols.; "Science
for the Young," 4 vols. In conjunc-
tion with his brother, John S. C.
Abbott (who died in 1877), he has
written a series of nearly 40 volumes,
of histories of prominent persons of all
ages and countries. Among his larger
works are,
"The Corner Stone,"
"The Young Christian,' ""A Summer
in Scotland," "The Teacher," and
"Gentle Measures in Training the
Young." He has also edited several
text books for schools, and compiled
a series of "School Readers."
27
|
syllables of their respective names
(Benjamin, Austin, and Lyman).
Besides several smaller works he has
published "Jesus of Nazareth, his
Life and Teachings,' 1869; "Old
Testament Shadows," 1870; edited two
volumes of Henry Ward Beecher's
Sermons, 1868; a volume of his
"Morning Exercises," 1870; and
a "Bible Dictionary." Two of his
brothers, BENJAMIN V. (born in
1830), and AUSTIN (born in 1831),
are prominent lawyers in New York,
and have prepared several legal
works, among which are: "Admiralty
Reports,' "Common Pleas Reports
(8 vols.), "Digest of United States
Statutes (4 vols.) "Digest of the
Laws of Corporations" (2 vols.), and
a Report of the Beecher Trial.
ABBOTT, LYMAN, son of the pre-
ceding, born at Roxbury, Massachu-
setts, Dec. 18, 1835. He graduated
at the University of New York in
1853, began the study of law, which
he abandoned for that of theology,
and was pastor of various churches
until 1865, when he became Secretary
of the Freedman's Commission until
1868. Subsequently he devoted him-
self mainly to literary pursuits. He
had previously, in conjunction with
his brothers, written two novels,
“Conecut Corners," and "Matthew
Carnaby," under the nom de plume
of "Benauly," formed from the initial
""
">
ABD-EL-KADER, the third of the
four sons of a Marabout chief named
Sidi-el-Hadji-Meheddin, was born in
the environs of Mascara, in 1807.
When Charles X. of France under-
took the Algerine expedition, Abd-el-
Kader, though young, was, on account
of his powers of mind and body,
elected chief by some of the tribes, in
the hope that he would deliver their
country from anarchy. Shortly after-
wards he was proclaimed Emir of
Mascara, and declared a religious war
against the French, who concluded
with him a treaty, which constituted
him sovereign of the province of Oran,
with a right of the monopoly of the
commerce of the entire country,
similar to that exercised by Mehemet
Ali in Egypt. Being desirous of ex-
tending his dominions he soon became
embroiled with the French, and for
more than ten years he waged war
against them, until he was defeated,
Dec. 23, 1843, by Marshal Bugeaud,
to whom he capitulated on the faith
of a promise that he should be allowed
to retire to Alexandria or to St. Jean
d'Acre. Instead, however, of fulfilling
this promise, the French authorities
imprisoned him in the castle of Pau,
whence he was transferred, in 1848,
to that of Amboise, near Blois. Here
he remained until after the procla-
mation of the empire in 1852, when
•
ABDUL-HAMID II.
he was released by the Emperor Louis |
Napoleon, having sworn upon the
Koran not to oppose the French rule
in Africa. Abd-el-Kader not only
kept his word, but treated with great
kindness and consideration the Chris-
tian population of the East at the
time of the Syrian massacres in 1860,
for which good service he received a
decoration from the Emperor of the
French. He took up his residence at
Boursa, the ancient Prusa, and on its
destruction by an earthquake, Feb.
25, 1852, obtained permission from
the French Government, from which
he receives a pension, to remove first
to Constantinople and then to Da-
mascus. In 1863 he visited Egypt,
inspected the works of the Suez
Canal, and made the pilgrimage to
Mecca. From time to time unfounded
rumours have been circulated of Abd-
el-Kader's death, and in 1873 obituary
notices of him appeared in the lead-
ing English and French journals.
The Damascus correspondent of the
Levant Herald, writing on the 29th
Nov., 1873, remarked :-"On the 30th
of April I informed you that the re-
ported death of Abd-el-Kader had no
foundation; in fact, I am now happy
to be able again to contradict a
similar report which has appeared in
all the English papers. The great
Algerine chief has always been an
obstinate man, and he now seems as
and he now seems as
little disposed to fall in with the
plans of news inventors, as he for-
merly was to comply with the re-
quirements of French prestige. He
kept a very rigorous fast, in seclusion,
during the Ramazan, but he has now
returned to his public duties, looking
very thin and pale, but otherwise in
excellent health and spirits."
|
3
stantinople, on Sept. 7. About this
time the Servians, who had been at
war with the Sublime. Porte, were
completely defeated; but, after the
capture of Alexinatz by the Turks,
the Russian Ambassador at Constan-
tinople presented an ultimatum to
the Turkish Government demanding
the immediate conclusion of an ar-
mistice for six weeks, which was
accordingly granted, Nov. 1. The
new Turkish Constitution, devised by
Midhat Pasha, providing for the es-
tablishment of representative institu-
tions on the West European model,
was promulgated at Constantinople,
and in the provinces of the Empire
on Dec. 23. In the same month a
Conference of the representatives of
the Great Powers was held at Con-
stantinople, but their attempts to
avert a war were unsuccessful. On
Jan. 18, 1877, a resolution was passed
by the Grand Council of Turkey, pre-
sided over by Midhat Pasha, rejecting
absolutely all the proposals of the
European Powers for administrative
reforms, on the ground that their ac-
ceptance "would sacrifice the inde-
pendence of the Empire; " the result
being that a week later all the pleni-
potentiaries left Constantinople, On
March 1 a treaty of peace was con-
cluded between Turkey and Servia on
the basis of the status quo ante bel-
lum. But the Porte had soon to face
a more formidable antagonist, for on
April 21 a circular despatch from
the Russian Government to the Euro-
pean Powers announced a declaration
of war against Turkey. During the
sanguinary conflict which ensued the
Turkish troops fought with heroic
valour, but they were eventually
obliged to yield to superior numbers,
and after the fall of Plevna the Porte
sued for peace, and an armistice was
accordingly signed in Feb. 1878. A
Treaty of Peace was soon afterwards
signed at San Stefano (March 3), but
its provisions were considerably mo-
dified by the representatives of the
great Powers assembled in Congress
at Berlin. On July 8, 1878, the
British Ministry announced that five
ABDUL-HAMID II., Sultan of
Turkey, was born Sept. 22, 1842, being
a younger son and the fourth child of
Abdul-Medjid, the Sultan who died
in 1861. On 31st Aug., 1876, he suc-
ceeded his brother, Mourad V., who
was deposed on proof of his insanity
after a reign of three months. He
was solemnly girt with the sword of
Othman, in the Eyoub mosque, Con-
B 2
4
ABDY-ABERCORN.
weeks before they had concluded a
defensive Treaty with the Porte, by
which England agreed to guarantee
the Asiatic dominions of the Sultan,
who in turn engaged to introduce
necessary reforms," and to cede the
island of Cyprus to be occupied and
administered by Great Britain.
**
ABDY, JOHN THOMAS, LL.D., son
of Lieut.-Colonel James Nicholas
Abdy, was born July 5, 1822, and
educated at the Proprietary School,
Kensington, whence he proceeded to
Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he
graduated as Senior in the Civil Law
in 1844. In 1847 he took the degree
of LL.B., and was created LL.D. in
1852. In 1850 he was elected a fellow
of his college, and in January of that
year was called to the Bar by the Inner
Temple. For a short time he went
the Home circuit, but subsequently
chose the Norfolk circuit. In 1854
he was appointed Regius Professor of
the Civil Law in the University of
Cambridge, and he held that office
till the close of the year 1873. He is
Lecturer on Law at Gresham College,
London, and a magistrate for Hert-
fordshire and for the borough of
Cambridge. In 1870 he was ap-
pointed Recorder of Bedford, and in
the following year was promoted to
be County Court Judge of Circuit
No. 38. Dr. Abdy has published "A
Historical Sketch of Civil Procedure
among the Romans," 1857; and an
edition of " Kent's Commentary on
International Law," 1866. In colla-
boration with Mr. Bryan Walker,
M.A., he edited, translated, and anno-
tated “The Commentaries of Gaius,"
1870.
A BECKETT, ARTHUR WILLIAM,
youngest surviving son of the late
Gilbert Abbot à Beckett, the well-
known metropolitan police magistrate
and author, was born at Hammer-
smith, Oct. 25, 1844, and educated
at Kensington, at Honiton, and lastly
at Felstead School. At 17 he entered
the War Office, but he left the
Civil Service after three years' ex-
perience of it, and at the age of 20
he was editor of the Glowworm, a
London evening paper. He left the
Glowworm when he was 23 to under-
take the editorship of the Toma-
hawk, a paper which he himself
originated. At the outset the policy
of this periodical was decided by
the staff, and, during the first twelve
numbers, two cartoons appeared
which were considered disloyal, but
as soon as Mr. à Beckett had com-
plete editorial control the tone of the
paper became thoroughly loyal. In
1870-71 he was special correspondent
to the Standard and Globe during the
Franco-German war. Since 1874 he
has been on the staff of Punch.
Mr. à Beckett is author of "Fallen
among Thieves," a novel, 1870 ;
"Our Holiday in the Scottish High-
lands," 1876; and "The Ghost of
Greystone Grange," 1877.
junction with Mr. F. C. Burnand he
wrote "The Doom of St. Querec,"
1875; and "The Shadow Witness,"
1876. He is also author of two three-
act comedies, "L.S.D." (Royalty
Theatre, 1872), and "About Town"
(which was produced at the Court
Theatre in 1873, and ran for over 150
nights); a domestic drama in one
act, "On Strike (Court Theatre,
1873), and "Faded Flowers," pro-
duced at the Haymarket.
He
is a captain in the Militia and a
member of Gray's Inn.
In con-
|
ABERCORN (DUKE OF), HIS
GRACE JAMES HAMILTON, K.G.,
Duke of Châtelherault in France,
and head of the ancient and illus-
trious house of Hamilton, is the eldest
son of James Viscount Hamilton, by
Harriet, second daughter of the late
Hon. John Douglas. He was born
in London, Jan. 21, 1811. When he
was three years old he lost his
father, and at the age of seven he
succeeded to the title of his grand-
father, the first Marquis of Abercorn.
He was carefully brought up under
the guardianship of his stepfather,
the Earl of Aberdeen, who after-
wards became Prime Minister of
England. His academical education
he received at Christ Church, Oxford.
In politics he has always been a
""
ABERDARE.
|
consistent Conservative, the first vote
he ever gave in the House of Lords
having been recorded against the
Whig Reform Bill. In 1844 he was
created a Knight of the Garter, and
from 1846 to 1859 he held the office of
Groom of the Stole to the late Prince
Consort. In 1864 he made a claim
to the old Dukedom of Châtel-
herault in France, which was created
in 1548, but Napoleon III. assigned
it to his own kinsman, the twelfth
Duke of Hamilton, grandson of the
Grand-Duchess of Baden, who was a
Beauharnais. There seems to be no
doubt, however, that the Duke of
Abercorn is the male descendant and
representative of the Regent Arran,
first Duke of Châtelherault. When
the Conservatives came into office
1866 the Marquis of Abercorn was
nominated to the important post of
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. The
appointment gave great satisfaction
in that country, where he is a large
landed proprietor, being the possessor
of more than 80,000 acres in the
counties of Tyrone and Donegal. A
leading incident during his vice-
royalty was the visit of the Prince
and Princess of Wales to Ireland.
He held the office of Lord Lieu-
tenant till Dec. 1868, having been
in August of that year raised to the
Dukedom of Abercorn in the peerage
of Ireland, in recognition of his very
able administration of the govern-
ment of the country during a critical
and difficult period. On the return
of the Conservatives to power under
Mr. Disraeli in Feb. 1874, his Grace
was again appointed Lord Lieutenant
of Ireland, and he held that office
till Dec. 1876, when he resigned and
was succeeded by the Duke of
Marlborough. In Feb. 1878 he was
sent by Her Majesty on a special
mission to Rome to present "King
Humbert with the Order of the
Garter. He married in 1832 Lady
Louisa Jane Russell, second daughter
of the sixth Duke of Bedford, K.G.
Three of his Grace's sons are members
of the present House of Commons.
His eldest son, the Marquis of
10
5
Hamilton, is M.P. for Donegal; his
second son, Lord Claude J. Hamilton,
is M.P. for Lynn Regis; and his
third son, Lord George Hamilton, is
M.P. for Middlesex, and Vice-Presi-
dent of the Council. The Duke
of Abercorn is Lord Lieutenant of
Donegal; Grand Master of the Free-
masons of Ireland (elected Nov. 5,
1874); a Major-General of the Royal
Archers (the Queen's Body Guard of
Scotland); and captain of the
London Scottish Rifle Volunteers.
ABERDARE (LORD), THE RIGHT
HON. HENRY AUSTIN BRUCE, is the
second son of the late Mr. John
Bruce Pryce, of Duffryn St. Nicholas,
Glamorganshire, who assumed the
name of Bruce in lieu of his patro-
innymic Knight, in 1805, and the name
of Pryce in 1837. He was born at
Duffryn in 1815; was called to the
bar at Lincoln's Inn in Michaelmas
term, 1837; and was Police-Magis-
trate of Merthyr-Tydvil and Aber-
dare, Glamorganshire, from 1847 till
1852, when he entered the House of
Commons as member for Merthyr-
Tydvil. That borough he represented
in the Liberal interest till the general
election of December, 1868, when he
lost his seat; but in the following
month he was returned for Renfrew-
shire. Mr. Bruce was Under-Secre-
tary of State for the Home Department
from Nov. 1862, to April, 1864; and
Vice-President of the Committee of
Council on Education from the latter
date to July, 1866. He was also in
1864 appointed a Charity Commis-
sioner for England and Wales, and
sworn a member of the Privy Council.
From Nov. 1865 to Aug. 1866 he
held the post of second Church Es-
tates Commissioner. On the forma-
tion of Mr. Gladstone's cabinet, in
Dec. 1868, he took office as Secretary
of State for the Home Department,
and the following year he was ap-
pointed an Ecclesiastical Commis-
sioner. In Aug. 1873, he was raised
to the peerage by the title of Lord
Aberdare, in order to enable him to
hold the high post of Lord President
of the Council, in the place of Lord
-
F
6
1
ABOUT-ABRAHAM.
Ripon, resigned. However, he was
only destined to retain that exalted
position a very short time, as he of
course went out of office on the defeat
of the Liberal party in Feb. 1874.
He presided over the meeting of
the Social Science Association held at
Brighton in 1875. His Lordship has
been twice married; firstly, in 1846,
to Annabella, daughter of Mr. Richard
Beadon (she died in 1852); and,
secondly, in 1854, to Norah, daughter
of the late Lieutenant-General Sir
William P. Napier, K.C.B. His son
and heir is Mr. Henry Campbell-
Bruce, who was born in 1851.
ABERDEEN AND ORKNEY,
BISHOP OF. (See SUTHER.)
SEN
and was supposed to have been in-
spired by the Emperor, appeared soon
after. In 1860 he published two other
political pamphlets, "The New Map
of Europe," and "Prussia in 1860.
"Les Coquins d'Agents de Change
was published in 1861, the third edi-
tion of "Le Cas de M. Guérin,"
(C
Madelon," and Dernières Lettres
d'un bon jeune homme à sa cousine
Madeleine," in 1863; "Le Progrès
in 1864; La Vieille Roche in the
Moniteur du Soir in 1865; "Le Turco"
in 1866; "L'Infâme" in 1867; "Les
Mariages de Province" in 1868; and
"L'A, B, C du Travailleur," a popular
handbook of political economy, in the
same year. M. About, who received
the Legion of Honour August 15,
1858, married Mdlle. de Guillerville,
May 24, 1864. He has written several
vaudevilles and other dramatic pieces..
In 1866 M. About was commissioned
by the Emperor to draw up a report
on the state of public opinion in
In 1868 M. About became
one of the leading contributors to the
Gaulois newspaper. On the com-
mencement of the conflict between
France and Prussia he went to the
seat of war as special correspondent
of the Soir, and sent to that journal
a series of articles, which attracted
much attention. In May, 1872, he
left the Soir, to assume the chief
editorship of the well-known Radical
journal Le XIX® Siècle. M. About's
arrest by the Germans, while he was
on a visit to Strasbourg in Sept.
1872, was for a brief period the main
topic of newspaper comment in
Europe. His work, entitled "Alsace,”
appeared in 1872. After the decease
of M. Philarète Chasles in 1873, M..
About succeeded that accomplished
journalist as Paris correspondent of
the London Athenæum.
"3.
""
ABOUT, EDMOND-FRANÇOIS-
VALENTIN, a French author, born at
Dieuze (Meurthe), Feb. 14, 1828, pur-
sued his studies at the Lycée Charle-
magne, won the prize of honour in
1848, and passed in 1851 to the
French School of Athens. In Greece
he directed his attention to archæo-France.
logical studies, and made his first
appearance as an author with "La
Grèce Contemporaine" (1855), which
was well received. In the Revue des
Deux Mondes he published a kind of
autobiographical novel, "Tolla," in
1855. This led to a charge of pla-
giarism being brought against M.
About. In 1841, it was said, there
was published at Paris a book founded
on facts, entitled, "Vittoria Savorelli:
istoria del secolo XIX." A Prince
D bought up the whole edition,
and destroyed all but a few copies.
One of these fell into the hands of
M.About, who founded "Tolla" upon
it, supposing, as was alleged by his
accusers, that his copy was unique,
and that he was, therefore, secure
from detection. However, a fierce
controversy arose on the subject, and
M. About ultimately avowed the ob-
ligations concerning which he had
long been silent. "Tolla" was fol-
lowed by "Les Mariages de Paris "
in 1856, and "Germaine" in 1857.
His well-known pamphlet, "La Ques-
ABRAHAM, THE RIGHT REV.
CHARLES JOHN, D.D., son of the late
Captain Abraham, R.N., of Farn-
borough, Hants, born in 1815, and
educated at Eton and King's College,
Cambridge, of which he was succes-
tion Romaine," which urged the abo-sively Scholar and Fellow, was ap-
lition of the Pope's temporal power, pointed Assistant Master to Eton
ACHENBACH-ACTON.
College. He was Archdeacon of
Waitemata, New Zealand, from 1852
till 1857, and on the subdivision in
the latter year of the diocese of New
Zealand, was consecrated first Bishop
of Wellington. In 1870 he resigned
his see, returned to England, and was
appointed a Coadjutor Bishop in the
diocese of Lichfield. He held a pre-
bend in the cathedral church of Lich-
field from 1872 till 1876, when he
was appointed Canon Residentiary
and Precentor. He was rector of
Tatenhill, Staffordshire, in 1875-6.
In
""
""
ACHENBACH, ANDREW, artist,
born at Cassel, Sept. 29, 1815, studied
at Düsseldorf, under Schadow.
the Paris "Exposition of 1855,
M. Achenbach had five pictures, viz.,
"Marée haute à Ostende, "Vue de
Corleone en Sicile," "Mer orageuse
sur la Côte de Sicile,"
""Kermesse en
Hollande," and "Clair de Lune. In
1844 M. Achenbach obtained a third-
class medal at the "Exposition" at
Paris, and a medal of the first-class
in 1855. He is a member of the Royal
Academies of Berlin, Amsterdam,
Philadelphia, Antwerp, &c., and was
decorated with the Cross of the Legion
of Honour, Aug. 9, 1864.
ACLAND, HENRY WENTWORTH,
M.D., F.R.S., Hou. D.C.L. of Edin-
burgh and Cambridge, and Hon.
M.D. Dublin, C.R. Empire of Brazil,
fourth son of Sir Thomas Dyke Ac-
land, Bart., was born in 1815, and
educated at Harrow and Christ
Church, Oxford. He was elected, in
1841, to a Fellowship at All Souls.
He took the degree of M.D. at Ox-|
ford in 1848, having been appointed
Lee's Reader in Anatomy in 1845.
In that capacity, with several able
assistants, especially Professors Beale,
Victor Carus, Melville and Mr. Charles
Robertson, he made the extensive
Christ Church Physiological Series,
on the plan of John Hunter, now
in the Oxford University Museum.
That institution owes its existence in
great measure to his labours. Dr.
Acland became Regius Professor of
Medicine in 1858, and Radcliffe
Librarian; was appointed a member
""
7
of Mr. Gathorne Hardy's Cubic Space
Commission in 1866, and of the Royal
Sanitary Commission from 1869 to
1872. He represented the Univer-
sity of Oxford on the Medical Coun-
cil from 1858 to 1875; has been Pre-
sident of the British Medical Associa-
tion and President of the Physiological
section of the British Association, and
Public Health Lecturer of the Social
Science Association. He published a
treatise on the "Plains of Troy" in
1839. He has written several works
on medical, scientific, and sanitary
subjects, including an important
"Memoir on the Visitation of Cho-
lera in Oxford in 1854." He accom-
panied the Prince of Wales to Ame-
rica in 1860 as his medical attendant,
and on his return was appointed
Honorary Physician to his Royal
Highness. Dr. Acland was Physician
to H.R.H. Prince Leopold during his
Oxford career. He is now President
of the Medical Council.
ACTON (LORD), THE RIGHT HON.
JOHN EMERICH EDWARD DALBERG-
ACTON, son of Sir Fedinand Richard
Edward Acton, Bart., of Aldenham,
Shropshire, by the only daughter of
the Duke of Dalberg (afterwards wife
of the second Lord Granville), was
born at Naples, in 1834, and when
about three years of age succeeded
to the baronetcy on the death of his
father. For a few years he was a
student in the Catholic College of St.
Mary's, Oscott, at the time when Dr.
(afterwards Cardinal) Wiseman was
at the head of that institution; but
his education was mainly due to the
renowned ecclesiastical historian, Dr.
Döllinger, of Munich, with whom he
lived for a considerable time. Sir
John Acton represented Carlow in
the House of Commons from 1859 to
1865. In the latter year he stood as
a candidate for the borough of Bridg-
north, when he announced, in a speech
delivered to the electors, that he re-
presented not the body, but the
spirit, of the Catholic Church. He
was successful at the poll by a
majority of one, but, on a scrutiny,
was unseated. In 1869, on the re-
8
ADAMS.
commendation of Mr. Gladstone, he
was created a peer of the United
Kingdom by the title of Baron Acton
of Aldenham. In the same year he
repaired to Rome, on the assembling
of the Ecumenical Council, and while
there rendered himself conspicuous by
his hostility to the definition of the
doctrine of Papal Infallibility, and by
the activity and secrecy with which he
rallied, combined, and urged on those
who appeared to be favourable to the
views entertained by Dr. Döllinger.
It is believed that he was in relation
with the Allgemeine Zeitung, and that
much of the news published by that
journal on the subject of the Council
was communicated by his lordship.
Lord Acton may be regarded as the
leader of the self-styled "Liberal
Catholics," who are more or less out
of accord with the traditions of the
Holy See. He was the editor of the
Home and Foreign Review, a tri-
mestral periodical, commenced in
1862, and carried on till 1864, when
it ceased to appear, owing to its
having been condemned by the Eng-
lish Catholic hierarchy. At a later
date he edited the Chronicle, a weekly
newspaper, which had a brief exist
ence, for want of adequate support;
and still more recently he conducted
the North British Review, formerly an
organ of the Congregationalists, which
expired under his management. His
lordship also published, in September,
1870, "A Letter to a German Bishop
present at the Vatican Council
(Sendschreiben an einen Deutschen
Bischof des Vaticanischen Concils,
Nördlingen, September, 1870). This
elicited from Bishop Ketteler, of
Mayence, a spirited reply, which has
been translated into English. His
lordship zealously advocated the
cause of Dr. Döllinger, his former
preceptor, and of the "Old Catholic"
party; and consequently, upon the
occasion of the Jubilee of the Uni-
versity of Munich, in August, 1872,
the Philosophical Faculty conferred
upon him the honorary degree of
Doctor. In 1874 he rendered him-
self conspicuous by the prominent
"}
part he took in the fierce controversy
which was raised by the publication
of Mr. Gladstone's pamphlet on the
Vatican Decrees. His lordship did
not hesitate, in a series of letters to
the Times, to bring grave charges
against several of the Popes, although
he took care to state that there was
nothing in life which he valued more
than communion with the Roman
Catholic Church. Lord Acton is the
author of the article on "Wolsey and
the Divorce of Henry VIII." in the
Quarterly Review for Jan. 1877. A
French translation of Lord Acton's
two letters on Liberty was published
with a preface by M. de Laveleye,
under the title of "Histoire de la
Liberté dans l'Antiquité et le Chris-
tianisme," 1878.
ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS,
grandson of John Adams, second
President, and son of John Quincy
Adams, sixth President of the United
States, born in Boston, August 18,
1807. At the age of two years he
was taken to St. Petersburg by his
father, who was then Ambassador to
Russia. Here he remained six years,
and acquired the Russian, French,
and German languages. In 1815 his
father was appointed Minister to
Great Britain, and the son was placed
in a boarding school. Returning to
America in 1817, he in time entered
Harvard College, where he graduated
in 1825. In 1827 he commenced
the study of law, and was admitted
to the bar, but never engaged in
practice, having married the daughter
of Peter C. Brooks, a wealthy mer-
chant of Boston. Previous to 1848
he had served as a member of the
Massachusetts Legislature for five
years. In 1848 he was nominated by
the newly organized
the newly organized "Free Soil"
party for the Vice-Presidency of the
United States. This party, com-
posed mainly of Democrats who were
opposed to the extension of slavery,
cast but few votes; but its members
finally coalescing with most of the
Northern members of the Whig party
formed the Republican party, which
came into power in 1860. Meanwhile,
I
ADAMS.
in 1858, Mr. Adams was elected a
member of Congress. In 1861 he was
appointed by President Lincoln Mi-
nister to Great Britain, a post which
he retained until 1868, when he was
recalled at his own request. In 1871-
72 he acted as arbitrator for the
United States in the Commission to
settle the respective claims of Great
Britain and the United States grow-
ing out of the civil war. He subse-
quently joined the Democratic party,
by whom he was nominated for Go-
vernor in 1876. He has furnished
many contributions to the North
American Review and to the Chris-
tian Examiner, and in 1870 delivered
before the New York Historical So-
ciety an able discourse on "American
Neutrality," which has been printed.
He has published "The Life and
Works of John Adams" (10 vols.
Svo, Boston, 1850-56), and "The
Life and Works of John Quincy
Adams" (13 vols., 1874-76). His son,
JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, born in Bos-
ton, Sept. 22, 1833, graduated at
Harvard College in 1853, and was
admitted to the bar in 1855. In
1866 he was elected to the State
Legislature as a Republican, but
having favoured the "reconstruc-
tion" policy of President Andrew
Johnson, failed of re-election in the
following year. He has since been a
prominent leader in the Democratic
party, by which he was nominated
for Governor at Massachusetts in
1869, and again in 1871, but was not
elected.
ADAMS, REV. HENRY CADWALLA-
DER, third son of Mr. Serjeant Adams,
Assistant Judge, and grand-son of
Simon Adams, Esq.of Ansty Hall,War-
wickshire, was educated at Winchester
College, and Balliol College, Oxford.
He was appointed Fellow of Mag-
dalen College, Oxford, in 1843; As-
sistant Master at Winchester College
in 1844; Chaplain of Bromley Col-
lege, Kent, in 1855; and Vicar of Dry
Sandford, near Abingdon, in 1867.
Mr. Adams is the author of an "Anno-
tated edition of the Greek Gospels,"
1852; "Tales of Charlton School,"
(6
1856; Schoolboy Honour," 1861;
"Barford Bridge," 1865; "White
Brunswickers," 1864; "Wroxby Col-
lege," 1873; Sunday Evenings at
Home," 1874; "Tales upon Texts,"
1870; "Tales of the Civil Wars,"
1871; "Winborough Boys," 1872 ;
"Encombe and Woodleigh Stories,
1872; "Tales of Nethercourt," 1874 ;
"Baldercourt;" and" Falcon Family,"
"
1874.
9
((
ADAMS, JOHN COUCH, F.R.S., the
astronomer, is the son of a small farmer
near Bodmin, in Cornwall, where he
was born about 1818. He entered at
St. John's College, Cambridge, was
Senior Wrangler in 1843, was soon
after elected to a Fellowship, and be-
came one of the Mathematical tutors
of his college. In 1841 he applied
himself to the investigation of the
irregularities in the motion of Uranus,
in order to find out whether they
might be attributed to the action of
some unknown planet, and thence, if
possible, to determine approximately
the elements of its orbit. In 1844,
through Professor Challis, a corres-
pondence was opened with the Astro-
nomer Royal; and in October, 1845,
Mr. Adams sent to the Greenwich
Observatory a paper of results, show-
ing that the perturbations of Uranus
were caused by some planet within
certain assumed limits. The Astro-
nomer Royal wrote to him, Nov. 5,
inquiring whether the perturbation
would explain the error of the radius
vector of Uranus; but from some un-
explained cause, Mr. Adams delayed
his reply. On the 10th of the same
month M. Le Verrier published in the
"Comptes Rendus" of the French
Academy, a paper on "The Perturba-
tions of Uranus produced by Jupiter
and Saturn;" and the place assigned
by him to the disturbing planet was
the same, within one degree, as that
calculated by Mr. Adams. The Council
of the Royal Society doubted whether
their annual medal was due to Mr.
Adams or to M. Le Verrier; but ulti-
mately, as there was no precedent in
favour of bestowing a double medal,
they decided on conferring a testimo-
C
10
ADAMS-ADAMS-ACTON.
In
nial on each claimant instead.
January, 1847, Mr. Adams privately
circulated a paper explanatory of
"The observed Irregularities in the
Motion of Uranus," which was sub-
sequently reprinted in the "Nautical
Almanack" for 1851. In 1858 he
succeeded the late Dean Peacocke as
Lowndean Professor of Astronomy at
Cambridge.
ADAMS, WILLIAM, D.D., LL.D.,
born at Colchester, Connecticut, Jan.
25, 1807. He graduated at Yale Col-
lege in 1827, studied theology at
Andover, and was ordained to the
ministry in the Congregational
Church in 1831. He became the
pastor of what is now the Madison-
square Presbyterian Church, New
York city, in 1834. He was Mode-
rator of the "New School" General
Assembly, in 1852, and in 1870-71
was active in promoting the union
between the two branches of the
Presbyterian Church. In 1873 he
was chosen President and Professor
of Sacred Rhetoric in the Union
Theological Seminary, New York.
In 1874 he resigned the active duties
of the pastorate, but retained his
connection with the Church as Pastor
Emeritus. He has published nume-
rous volumes, mostly of sermons and
addresses. Among these are "The
Three Gardens: Eden, Gethsemane,
and Paradise" (1867), "Conversa-
tions of Jesus Christ with Representa-
tive Men (1868), "Thanksgiving'
(1869).
""
ADAMS, WILLIAM HENRY DAVEN-
PORT, author and journalist, began
his career as the editor of a provincial
newspaper, and, removing to the
metropolis at an early age, became
connected with several influential
journals and periodicals. Of late
years he has devoted himself almost
entirely to book-writing, producing
numerous works of a miscellaneous
character, such as "Anecdotal Me-
moirs of English Princes," "Famous
Beauties and Historic Women,"
Magic and Magicians," "The Life-
Work of St. Paul," and an annotated
edition of the Plays of Shakspere.
CC
His adaptations from the French of
Louis Figuier and Arthur Mangin
have done good service to the cause
of popular science in this country,
and his translations of those famous
rhapsodies of the late M. Michelet,
"The Bird," "The Sea," "The Moun-
tain," and
"The Insect," have
obtained popularity. Mr. Daven-
port Adams has also reproduced in
English, from the manuscript of
Mdme. Michelet, her charming mono-
graph on "Nature, or the Poetry of
Earth and Sea." His other publica-
tions, numbering almost a hundred,
cannot, of course, be mentioned in
detail; but we may refer to “The
Bird World," "The Arctic World,'
"The Mediterranean Illustrated,"
"Venice Past and Present," and "The
Buried Cities of Campania." "Women
of Fashion and Representative Women
in Letters and Society," 1878; and
"English Party-Leaders and English
Parties, from Walpole to Peel in-
cluding a Review of the Political
History of the last 150 years," 2 vols.,
1878. Mr. Adams was editor of The
Scottish Guardian from July, 1870 to
Dec., 1877. His son, Mr. W. DAVEN-
PORT ADAMS, has produced a "Dic-
tionary of English Literature," and a
work on
work on "Famous Books," besides
publishing three collections of anno-
tated poetry, entitled, "Lyrics of
Love from Shakspere to Tenny-
son, "The Comic Poets of the Nine-
teenth Century," and "Latter-Day
Lyrics."
""
•
,
=]
ADAMS-ACTON, JOHN, sculptor,
born Dec. 11, 1833, at Acton, Mid-
dlesex, and educated at Ealing Grove
School, was admitted to the Royal
Academy in 1853, where he gained
the first silver medal in each school,
and also the gold medal for an original
composition in sculpture.
He was
sent to Rome by the Royal Academy
as travelling student. His principal
works in ideal sculpture produced in
Rome and in England are
The Lady
of the Lake,"
"The First Sacrifice
(Abel), "Il giuocatore di Castelletto,;
"Pharaoh's Daughter Zenobia,"
"Cupid," "Psyche," from Morris's
((
"1
>>
""
ADLER-ADYE.
"Earthly Paradise." Mr. Adams- |
Acton has executed portrait statues
or busts of Mr. Gladstone (St.
George's Hall, Liverpool), Lord
Brougham (Reform Club and Fish-
mongers' Hall), Mr. Bright (Sea-
forth Hall), Mr. Cobden, Sir
Wilfrid Lawson, George Cruik-
shank, John Gibson (Royal Academy),
George Moore, Charles Dickens, Dr.
Jobson, and John Prescott Knight,
R.A.; also the following statues and
busts for India :-Prince of Wales,
Lord Napier of Magdala, and E.
Powell (for Madras). The most im-
portant monuments executed by him
are the Angel of the Resurrection,
Mausoleum of Sir Titus Salt at Sal-
taire, Memorial to John and Charles
Wesley in Westminster Abbey, the
Waldegrave Memorial in Carlisle
Cathedral, and Charles Prest in the
City Road Chapel.
ADELAIDE, BISHOP OF. (See
SHORT, DR.)
11
|
pointed Chief Rabbi of Oldenberg,
1829; of Hanover and its provinces,
1830; and on the 9th of July, 1845,
was installed Chief Rabbi of the
United Congregations of the British
Empire. Dr. Adler is the author of
"Sermons on the Jewish Faith," and of
several Hebrew works, the principal
of which is "Nethina Lagér," a com-
mentary on the Targum of Onkelos.
ADOLPH WILLIAM. (See NAS-
SAU, Duke of.)
ADYE, MAJOR-GENERAL SIR
JOHN MILLER, K.C.B., son of the
late Major James P. Adye, was born
in 1819, at Sevenoaks, Kent, received
his education at the Military Aca-
demy, Woolwich, entered the Royal
Artillery at the close of the year
1836, and, passing through the regu-
lar grades, eventually attained the
rank of Brigadier-General. Through-
out the Crimean War and the Indian
Mutiny he was Adjutant-General of
the Royal Artillery. He also served
in the Sitana Campaign of 1863-4,
for which he received a medal; and
he has received, besides, the Crimean,
Turkish, and Indian Mutiny medals,
and the 4th Class of the Medjidie.
He was created a C.B. in 1855, and a
K.C.B. in 1873. In Feb., 1874, the
Queen granted to Sir J. M. Adye her
royal licence and authority to accept
and wear the insignia of Commander
of the Order of the Legion of Honour
conferred upon him by the President
of the French Republic as a promo-
tion from the class of Officer of the
same order which he received for his
services during the Crimean War.
He was appointed Governor of the
Royal Military College at Woolwich,
in June, 1875, and in December of
that year he attained the brevet
rank of Major-General. He is the
author of "The Defence of Cawn-
pore by the Troops under the Orders
of Major-General C. A. Windham in
Nov., 1857," Lond., 1858; "A Re-
view of the Crimean War to the
Winter of 1854-5," Lond., 1860; and
"Sitana: a Mountain Campaign on
the Borders of Affghanistan in 1863.”
Lond., 1867.
ADLER, THE REV. HERMANN,
Ph.D., M.A., son of Dr. Nathan Mar-
cus Adler, was born in Hanover in
1839, and in 1845 accompanied his
father to London. He studied at
University College, London, and sub-
sequently at the universities of Prague
and Leipsic. He obtained his B.A.
degrec at the University of London
in 1859, and that of Doctor of Philo-
sophy at Leipsic in 1861. In 1863
Dr. Adler was appointed Principal
of the Jews' College in London, and
in the following year Chief Minister
of the Bayswater Synagogue. He
has published "Sermons on the Pas-
sages in the Bible adduced by
Christian Theologians in support of
their Faith," 1869, "The Jews in
England," "Ibn Gabirol, the Poet
Philosopher; "a sermon, "Is Judaism
a Missionary Faith?" in reply to
Professor Max Müller; besides many
lectures and articles which have
appeared in various periodicals.
|
ADLER, NATHAN MARCUS, D.D.,
Chief Rabbi, was born at Hanover in
1803, and received his education in
the universities of Göttingen, Erlan-
gen, and Würzburg. He was ap-
AIMARD-AINSWORTH.
AIMARD, GUSTAVE, a French |
novelist, born at Paris, Sept. 13, 1818,
embarked as a cabin-boy at an early
age for America, and lived nearly
ten years amongst savage tribes. He
afterwards travelled through Spain,
Turkey, and the Caucasus, being
often mixed up in conspiracies and
wars. In 1848 he went to Paris,
and was appointed an officer in the
Garde Mobile. After some other
travels M. Aimard resolved to pub-
lish his adventures in the form of
romances. "Les Trappeurs de l'Ar-
kansas" (one of his most popular
works), "Le Grand Chef des Aucas,"
and "Le Chercheur de Pistes" ap-
peared in 1858; "Le Cœur loyal,"
"Les Francs-Tireurs," and "Les
Rôdeurs de Frontières" in 1861;
'La Main-Ferme" and "Valentin-
Guillois" in 1862; "Les Aventu-
riers" and "Les Nuits Mexicaines"
in 1863; "L'Araucan,” "Les Chas-Valley of the Tigris" (since carried
seurs d'Abeilles," "Les Fils de la out by the Turkish Government),
Tortue," in 1864. His later works "All Round the World,"
"The
are, "Zeno Cabral," 1865; "La Illustrated Universal Gazetteer," &c.
Guaranis," 1865; “La Forêt vierge ; Mr. Ainsworth is a member of many
"La Belle Rivière; "Aventures de foreign societies. He was one of the
Michel Hartmann; "Cardenis founders of the "West London Hos-
"La Guérilla fantôme"; and "Les pital," of which he is at present the
Bisons blancs," 1876. Several of his Treasurer and one of the Trustees.
works originally appeared in the
Moniteur. Under a pseudonym he
published, in 1847, a work entitled,
"Un Coin du Rideau."
Limerick. In 1835 he was appointed
surgeon and geologist to the Eu-
phrates Expedition, and published
"Researches in Assyria, Babylonia,
and Chaldæa," 1838, in which year
he was also sent by the Royal Geo-
graphical Society, and the Society
for Promoting Christian Knowledge,
to the Nestorian Christians in Kur-
distan. His "Travels in Asia Minor,
Mesopotamia, and Armenia," 1842,
and Travels in the Track of the
Ten Thousand Greeks," of which an
analysis was also given in Bohn's
edition of Xenophon's "Anabasis,'
were the result of the two journeys,
extending over a period of seven
years. Mr. Ainsworth has edited
"Claims of the Oriental Christians,"
"Lares and Penates; or, Cilicia and
its Governors,' "The Euphrates
Valley Route to India," "On an
Indo-European Telegraph by the
""
""
""
AINSWORTH, WILLIAM HARRI-
SON, novelist, eldest son of the late
Thomas Ainsworth, solicitor, of Man-
chester, a member of an ancient
Lancashire family, was born in 1805,
and having been educated at the
Free Grammar School of Manchester,
was articled in his sixteenth year to
Mr. Kay, a leading solicitor of that
city. Losing his father at nineteen,
he came to London to finish his term
with Mr. Jacob Phillips, of the Inner
Temple. Before he was of age he
published the romance of "Sir John
Chiverton," which was highly praised
by Sir Walter Scott. His marriage,
in 1826, with a daughter of the late
Mr. Ebers, publisher of Bond-street,
led Mr. Ainsworth to abandon the
study of law in order to devote him-
self to literature in the joint capacity
of author and publisher. The latter
vocation, however, he soon gave up,
12
""
AINSWORTH, WILLIAM FRANCIS,
Ph.D., L.R.C.S., F.S.A., F.R.G.S.,
&c., cousin of Mr. W. H. Ainsworth,
was born in 1807. Having travelled
abroad, he became, in 1829, editor of
the Journal of Natural and Geo-
logical Science. On the breaking out
of cholera in Sunderland, in 1832, he
was one of the first to repair thither
in order to study the new epidemic,
and he published the result of his
observations in a work " On Pestilen-
tial Cholera." He was successively
appointed surgeon to the cholera
hospitals at St. George's, Hanover
Square, and at Westport, Ballinrobe,
Claremorris, and Newport, in Ire-
land. Whilst in that country he
lectured on geology in Dublin and
AIREY.
ܕ
""
restricting himself to what he thence- | Clitheroe," a semi-autobiographical
forth regarded as his profession. tale; the publication of which, in a
"Rookwood," which appeared in serial form, had been accidentally
1834, established his fame as a writer interrupted. After another interval,
of fiction, and passed through several during which he composed a spirited
editions: this was followed by poem on a famous Breton legend,
"Crichton," which was equally suc- entitled "The Combat of the Thirty,'
cessful. The first number of "Jack he produced in 1860 a romance of
Sheppard" was published in January, the times of the Commonwealth,
1839, in Bentley's Miscellany, of which called "Ovingdean Grange," into
periodical Mr. Ainsworth became several parts of which are interwoven
editor on the retirement of Mr. his own personal experience as a
Dickens in March, 1840. The story resident in the South Down country.
of "Jack Sheppard" has always This was followed by "The Constable
been extraordinarily popular with of the Tower," commenced in Bentley
the multitude; and soon after the in 1861, and since republished sepa-
appearance of Mr. Ainsworth's story rately; "The Lord Mayor of Lon-
in Bentley eight different dramatic don; or, City Life in the Last
versions were produced on the stage. Century," in 1862; "Cardinal Pole;
"Guy Fawkes," which appeared in or, the Days of Philip and Mary,” in
Bentley, and the "Tower of London," 1863; and "John Law, the Pro-
added materially to this writer's re-jector," in 1864. His more recent
putation. In 1841 he published, works are the "Spanish Match; or,
week by week, in the Sunday Times, Charles Stuart in Madrid; the
"Old St. Paul's." Having at the "Constable de Bourbon,'
"Old
close of 1841 retired from the editor- Court,'
""Myddleton Pomfret," and
ship of Bentley, he established the Hilary St. Ives "-the three latter
magazine which bore his name, and being stories of modern life, and
in which appeared "The Miser's containing descriptions of the scenery
Daughter," Windsor Castle," and of the southern counties-"Boscobel;
"St. James's; or, the Court of Queen or, the Royal Oak. A Tale of the
Anne ; the latter containing a year 1651," 1872; "The Good Old
generous defence of the character of Times; the Story of the Manchester
Marlborough. In 1845 Mr. Ains- Rebels of '45," &c., 1873; "Merry
worth became proprietor and editor England; or Nobles and Serfs," 1874;
of the New Monthly Magazine. Three "The Goldsmith's Wife," 1875; "Pres-
years later he published in the Sun- ton Fight; or the Insurrection of 1715,"
day Times, "Lancashire Witches," 1875; and "Chetwynd Calverley,"
followed in 1854 by an historical 1876. Mr. Ainsworth's writings are
romance, "The Star Chamber," and very popular in America. Most of
a domestic story, illustrative of old them have been translated into Ger-
English manners, styled "The Flitch man and French, and versions of
of Bacon, or the Custom of Dun- some exist in the Spanish, Dutch, and
mow," -a custom which owes its Russian languages.
revival to Mr. Ainsworth's liberal-
ity. In 1855 a collection of his
"Ballads, Romantic, Fantastical,
and Humorous," appeared; fol-
lowed in 1856 by another novel,
"The Spendthrift," originally pub-
lished in Bentley's Miscellany, which
periodical had become Mr. Ains-
worth's property two years pre-
viously. In 1857 he resumed and
issued in monthly parts "Mervyn
""
13
""
""
AIREY (LORD), THE RIGHT HON.
RICHARD AIREY, G.C.B., is the eldest
son of the late Lieut.-General Sir
George Airey, of Killingworth,
Northumberland, G.C.H., some time
Colonel of the 39th Regiment, by his
marriage with the Hon. Katharine
Talbot, third daughter of Margaret,
in her own right Baroness Talbot of
Malahide. He was born at New-
castle-on-Tyne, in April, 1803, and
14
AIRY.
was educated at the Royal Military
College, Sandhurst. He entered the
Army as ensign, 34th Foot, in 1821,
and served as Aide-de-camp to the
Commissioner of the Ionian Islands,
and also to the Governor of British
North America. He acted as Adju-
tant-General from 1838 down to
1847, and as Assistant - Quarter-
master-General at the Horse Guards
from 1851 to 1853. He served
in the Crimean war in command of
a brigade, and as Quartermaster-
General of the British Army (1854-5),
being present at the battles of Alma,
Balaklava, and Inkermann, and at
the siege and fall of Sebastopol. For
the sufferings of our soldiers he was
held responsible by a considerable
portion of the Press, but most un-
fairly, as he demonstrated by his able
addresses delivered before the Board
of General Officers, which was ap-
pointed in 1856 to inquire, at Chelsea
Hospital, into the statements con-
tained in the report of Sir John
M'Neill and Colonel Tulloch on the
arrangement and management of the
Commissariat Department in the
Crimea. He was Quartermaster-
General at the Horse Guards from
1857 to 1865, when he was appointed
Governor and Commander-in-chief of
Gibraltar. In 1870 he came back to
the Horse Guards as Adjutant-General
and discharged the duties of that
office until the end of Oct. 1876,
when he retired, and was raised to
the peerage by the title of Baron
Airey, of Killingworth, in the county
of Northumberland. His commis-
sions bear date as follows:-Ensign,
1821; Lieutenant, 1823; Captain,
1825; Lieut.-Colonel, 1838; Colonel,
1851; Major-General, 1854; Lieut.-
General, 1862; and General, 1871.
He was appointed to the colonelcy of
the 17th Regiment in 1860, and to
that of the 7th Royal Fusiliers in
1868. He was nominated a Knight
Commander of the Order of the Bath
in 1855, and promoted to the dignity
of the Grand Cross in 1867. He is
also a Knight Commander of the
Legion of Honour, and a Commander
|
of the Military Order of Savoy and
of the Medjidie. He has the Turkish
war medal, and holds the rank of
Lieut.-General in Turkey. Lord
Airey married, in 1838, his cousin,
the Hon. Harriett Mary Everard
Talbot, third daughter of James,
third Lord Talbot of Malahide, by
whom he has one surviving child,
Katharine Margaret, wife of Sir Geers
Henry Cotterell, Bart., of Garnons,
Herefordshire. He published in an
octavo volume his " Opening Address
before the Board of General Officers
assembled at the Royal Hospital,
Chelsea, together with his summing-
up Address, and a written Memo-
randum handed in to the Board, on
Supplies of Camp Equipage." Lond.,
1856.
AIRY, SIR GEORGE BIDDELL,
K.C.B., F.R.S., Astronomer Royal, a
native of Alnwick, Northumberland,
born June 27, 1801, was educated at
private Schools at Hereford and Col-
chester, and at the Colchester Gram-
mar School, whence he proceeded to
Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1819.
In 1822 he was elected Scholar, and
in 1824 Fellow, of Trinity, having
graduated B.A. in the previous year
when he came out Senior wrangler.
In 1826- he took his degree of M.A.,
and was elected Lucasian Professor.
This office, rendered illustrious by
having been filled by Barrow and
Newton, had become a sinecure. No
sooner was Professor Airy elected,
than he resolved to turn it to account,
and to deliver public lectures on
Experimental Philosophy. He com-
menced this good work in 1827, and
continued it to 1836, the series being
known as the first in which the Un-
dulatory Theory of Light was effi-
ciently illustrated. In 1828 he was
elected to the Plumian Professor-
ship, and in that capacity was in-
trusted with the entire management
of the Cambridge Observatory. On
taking charge of this post he com-
menced a course of observations, and
introduced improvements in the form
of the calculation and publication of
the observations, which have served
AIRY.
as a pattern at Greenwich and other
observatories. Professor Airy also
superintended the mounting of the
Equatorial, the Mural Circle, and the
Northumberland Telescope (the last
entirely from his own plans), at the
Cambridge Observatory. When the
question of admission of Dissenters to
Academical Degrees was first raised
about 1831, Mr. Airy was one of the
sixty-three Members of the Senate
who supported it. In 1835 he suc-
ceeded Mr. Pond as Astronomer
Royal. In this capacity he has dis-
tinguished himself by giving greater
regularity to the proceedings in the
Observatory at Greenwich, by main-signals.
taining the general outline of the
plan which its essential character and
its historical associations have im-
posed upon that institution, while he
has introduced new instruments and
new modes of calculation and publi-
cation, by which the value of the
Observatory to science is much in-
creased. It is not our province to
describe in detail the Transit Circle,
the Altazimuth, the Reflex Zenith
Tube, the Water-Telescope, and the
large first-class Equatorial, erected
from Mr. Airy's plans, and under his
superintendence. It is sufficient to
say that the latter was, at the date of
its erection, the most magnificent
instrument of its kind in the world;
though now surpassed in size by later
instruments. A double-image micro-
meter, invented by him, has been
found very valuable, for its accuracy
and convenience. Sir G. B. Airy,
who computed, edited, and published
the observations of Groombridge,
Catton, and Fallows, and reduced
the Greenwich observations of planets
and observations of the moon from
1750 down to the present time, has
also thrown much light on ancient
chronology, by computing several of
the most important eclipses of former
.ages. Three times (viz., in 1842,
1851, and 1860) has he visited the
Continent for the purpose of observ-
ing different solar eclipses; and on
the last-named occasion he organised
an expedition of English and foreign
|
astronomers to Spain, which is known
as the Himalayan Expedition,"
from the name of the ship lent for the
purpose by the Admiralty. Sir G. B.
Airy has illustrated the Newtonian
theory of gravitation, and approxi-
mated the great object of ascertaining
the weight of the earth, by a series of
experiments on the relative vibrations
of a pendulum at the top and at the
bottom of a deep mine (the Harton
Colliery, near South Shields) has
paid great attention to the testing
and improvement of marine chrono-
meters; and to the diffusion, by gal-
vanic telegraph, of accurate time-
In 1838 he was consulted by
the Government respecting the dis-
turbance of the compass in iron-built
ships, and the result of the experi-
ments and theory developed by him
on that occasion was the establish-
ment of a system of mechanical
correction by means of magnets and
iron, which has since been adopted
universally. He was chairman of
the Commission appointed to con-
sider the general question of stan-
dards, and of the Commission in-
trusted with the superintendence of
the construction of new Standards of
Length and Weight, after the great
fire which destroyed the former na-
tional standards in the Houses of
Parliament in 1834. The account of
the proceedings on these occasions,
published in the
(C Philosophical
Transactions," is from his pen. He
advocated the establishment of a
decimal coinage and, acting as one
of three Royal Commissioners on
Railway Gauge, recommended the
narrow as opposed to the broad gauge
on our railways; conducted the as-
tronomical operations preparatory to
the definition of the boundary be-
tween Canada and the United States.
and aided in tracing the Oregon
boundary. Sir G. B. Airy contributed
to the Cambridge Transactions,"
"The Philosophical Transactions,"
"The Memoirs of the Royal Astro-
nomical Society," the Philosophical
Magazine, and the Athenæum (often
under the signature of A.B.G.). In
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15
((
16
ALBEMARLE.
""
the Athenæum are several papers on
antiquarian subjects, especially Brit-
ish. He also wrote strongly in the
Athenæum and elsewhere, in opposi-
tion to the legislation proposed by
the University Commissioners in re-
ference to his own university, and
more especially to his own college.
In 1869 he communicated a remark-
able discovery to the Royal
nomical Society, in a "Note on
Atmospheric Chromatic Dispersion,
as affecting Telescopic Observation,
and on the Mode of Correcting it."
He was intrusted with the entire
direction of the British portion of the
enterprise for observing the Transit
of Venus in Dec. 1874; on the results
of which a Report was communicated
to the House of Commons in 1877.
Lately he has suggested a new
method of treating the Lunar Theory,
the calculations for which are now in
hand. He has added to the original
course of labours at the Royal Ob-
servatory a very complete system of
magnetic, meteorological, photohelio-
graphic, and spectroscopic obser-
vations. The principal works written
by Sir G. B. Airy are, "Gravitation,'
for the Penny Cyclopædia, published
separately; also, "Mathematical
Tracts (fourth edition), "Ipswich
Lectures on Astronomy (fourth
edition), "Treatise on Errors of
Observation" (1861), "Treatise on
Sound "
(1869), "Treatise on Mag-
netism (1870); also Trigono-
metry," Figure of the Earth," and
"Tides and Waves," in the Encyclo-
pædia Metropolitana, since repub-
lished separately; and "Notes on the
early Hebrew Scriptures." Sir G. B.
Airy has received the Lalande medal
of the French Institute, for dis-
coveries in astronomy; the Copley
medal of the Royal Society, for optical
theories; the Royal medal of the same,
for tidal investigations; the Medal
of the Royal Astronomical Society on
two occasions, for discovery of an in-
equality of long period in the move-
ments of Venus and the Earth, and
for reduction of the planetary obser-
vations; the Albert Medal, presented
""
"1
by the Prince of Wales; and the
medal of the Institution of Civil
Engineers for suggestions on the con-
struction of bridges of very wide span.
From the Universities of Oxford,
Cambridge, and Edinburgh he has
also received the honorary degrees of
D.C.L. and LL.D.; he is a F.R.S., a
Member of the Royal Astronomical
Astro-Society, and of the Cambridge Philo-
sophical Society, and an Honorary
Member of the Institution of Civil
Engineers; is one of the eight
Foreign Associates of the Institute
of France; and has long been con-
nected, as Foreign Correspondent,
with many other foreign academies.
Appointed one of the first members
of the Senate of the University of
London, he soon after resigned the
office. He served on the Royal Com-
mission appointed in 1868 to inquire
into the standard weights and mea-
sures; was nominated a Companion
(Civil) of the Bath, May 17, 1871;
and created a Knight Commander of
the same order, July 30, 1872. On
Dec. 1, 1873, Sir G. B. Airy resigned
the position of President of the Royal
Society which he had held for two
years. He was honoured by admis-
sion to the freedom of the City of
London in 1875; and he was elected
a Foreign Associate of the Dutch
Academy of Sciences in 1878.
|
""
ALBEMARLE (EARL OF), THE
RIGHT HON. GEORGE THOMAS KEP-
PEL, third, but eldest surviving son of
William Charles, the fourth earl, was
born in London, June 13, 1799, and
educated at Westminster School..
When less than sixteen years old he
was gazetted an officer of the 14th
Regiment of Foot, and a few months
later he escaped unscathed from the
field of Waterloo, and entered Paris
shoeless and almost in rags. In 1821
he became aide-de-camp to the Gover-
nor-General of India, the Marquis of
Hastings. Subsequently he made an
extensive tour through Arabia, Persia,
and Russia (1824), and on his return
to England he obtained from the
Duke of Wellington an unattached
majority, which left him free to go
ALBERT-ALBONI.
where he pleased. In 1825 he was
appointed aide-de-camp to Lord Wel-
lesley, then Lord-Lieutenant of Ire-
land. At the same time he held a
similar position with the Duke of
Sussex in England, and he divided
his time between the two countries.
Soon after the accession of Queen
Victoria he was appointed Groom-
in-Waiting to Her Majesty. He
represented East Norfolk in the
first reformed Parliament (1832-5),
and afterwards sat for Lymington
(1847-50). . For a short period he
acted as private secretary to Lord
John Russell (1846-7). On the death
of his brother, the fifth earl, in 1851,
he succeeded to the earldom of Albe-
marle. His lordship became a Major-
General in 1858, Lieutenant-General
in 1866, and General in 1874. He is
the author of "Personal Narrative of
a Journey from India to England,
by Bussorah, Bagdad, the Ruins of
Babylon, Curtistan, the Court of
Persia, the western shore of the Cas-
pian Sea, Astrakhan, Niskney Novo-
gorod, Moscow, and St. Petersburgh,
in the year 1824," second edition,
2 vols., 1827; "Narrative of a Jour-
ney across the Balcan; also, of a Visit
to Azani, and other newly-discovered
Ruins in Asia Minor, in 1829-30,"
2 vols., 1831; "Memoirs of the Mar-
quis of Rockingham and his Con-
temporaries," 2 vols., 1852; and
Fifty Years of my Life," an auto-
biography," 2 vols., 1876, third edi-
tion, 1877.
(
ALBERT (ARCHDUKE OF AUS-
TRIA), FREDERICK RODOLPH, born
August 3, 1817, is the son of the late
Archduke Charles and the Princess
Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg. He
married, in 1844, the Princess Hilde-
garde, of Bavaria, who died April 2,
1864, leaving two daughters. At an
early age he entered the army, com-
manded a division in Italy in 1849,
took an important part in the battle
of Novara, received at the end of the
campaign the command of the 3rd
Corps d'Armée, and was afterwards
appointed Governor-General of Hun-
gary. During a leave of absence
17
accorded to Field-Marshal Benedek,
in 1861, he was appointed to the
command of the Austrian troops in
Lombardy and Venetia. During the
campaign of 1866 he gained a victory
over the Italian army at Custozza,
and, after the battle of Sadowa, he
was made (13th July, 1866) Com-
mander - in - Chief of the Austrian
army, which title he retained till
March, 1869, when he exchanged it
for that of Inspector-General of the
army. He published, in 1869, a work
Responsibility in War" (Ueber
die Verantwortlichkeit im Kreige).
This has been translated into French
by L. Dufour, captain of artillery,
and an English translation of it is
given in Capt. W. J. Wyatt's "Re-
flections on the Formation of Armies,
with a View to the Re-organization
of the English Army," 1869.
#
On
ALBONI, MARIA, was born at Ce-
sena, in the States of the Church, in
1824. Her father, who held a post in
the customs department, gave her a
good education. Having, at an early
age, given proof of possessing an ex-
quisite taste for music and singing,
she became the pupil of Rossini, and
at fifteen made her début at the Com-
munal Theatre at Bologna. It was a
great success, and led to her being
engaged at the theatre of La Scala,
at Milan, where she established her
reputation so firmly that she under-
took a professional tour through most
of the capitals of Europe, and ap-
peared, in 1846, at Covent Garden
Theatre, London, then under the
direction of Mr. Delafield. Here she
presented a counter attraction to
Jenny Lind at the rival house of Her
Majesty's Theatre, and was at once
enrolled amongst the leading singers
of Europe. In 1847 she went to
France, and in October gave three or
four concerts at the Parisian Opera,
and succeeded in attaining the highest
position. She accepted an engage-
ment, on her own terms, from M.
Vatel, the director of the Italian
Opera, and played in succession the
parts of Arsace in "Semiramide"; of
Malcolm in "Donna del Lago;" and of
с
18
ALCOCK.
|
Orsinia in “Lucrezia Borgia; " besides |
appearing in "Cenerentola," "Il
Barbiere," and other pieces. Madame
Alboni has visited America and other
countries, in all of which she has ex-
perienced an enthusiastic reception,
and has appeared during provincial
tours at Dublin, Edinburgh, Birming-
ham, Manchester, and most of the
larger cities of the three kingdoms.
During the last few seasons of her
professional career Madame Alboni
was engaged at Her Majesty's Theatre,
and there was scarcely an opera of high
merit in which she did not appear.
Madame Alboni's celebrity as a lyric
artiste is chiefly owing to the power,
fine quality, flexibility, and compass
of her rich contralto voice, which
ranges as high as that of a mezzo-
soprano; and her florid style of
ing is rendered the more effective by
her vivacity and grace. Some years
since this lady became the wife of
Count Pepolo, of the Roman States,
though she retained upon the stage
to the last that maiden name under
which she first became a favourite,
and she retired from public life in
1863.
missioner in the two "Mixed Com-
missions," which sat in succession to
settle the claims of the British auxili-
ary forces, naval and military, on the
governments of Spain and Portugal,
for which his knowledge of the two
languages, and of the services, espc-
cially recommended him. Both these
Commissions were brought to a satis-
factory termination, and in 1844 he
entered the Consular service, being
appointed Her Majesty's Consul at
Foochow; afterwards he was ap-
pointed in succession Consul at
Shanghae and Canton; in 1858 he
was selected to establish Treaty
Relations with Japan as Her Ma-
jesty's Consul-General. In 1859 he
was promoted to the rank of Envoy
Extraordinary and Minister Pleni-
sing-potentiary-the first instance
ALCOCK, SIR RUTHERFORD,
K.C.B., D.C.L., son of Thomas Alcock,
Esq., a medical practitioner of some
eminence in his day, was born in
London in 1809. He himself was
educated for the medical profession,
and after taking his diploma in 1831
he spent some years on the medical
staff of the British auxiliary forces
employed in Portugal and Spain, in
furtherance of the policy of the Quad-
ruple Treaty with regard to the
Miguelite and Carlist wars of that
time. He rose rapidly in both ser-
vices; retired in 1837 with the rank
of Deputy Inspector-General of Hos-
pitals, and subsequently received Her
Majesty's permission to receive and
wear the insignia of the Tower and
Sword of Portugal, the Cross of
Charles III., and the Commander's
Cross of the Order of Isabella II. of
Spain, conferred upon him for his
services in the field. On his return
home he was appointed British Com-
on
record, we believe, of such a pro-
motion from the consular service to
the diplomatic. He occupied this
post until 1865, under a perpetual
menace of violence and assassination..
In 1861 an armed force of Lonins
stormed the British Legation in the
middle of the night, killing and
wounding many of the inmates. But
when he left the country, commerce
and friendly relations had been
formally established, after the de-
cisive blow, struck under his direc-
tion, at the confederacy of hostile Dai-
mios, in the attack on Simonoseki,
which, as the event proves, changed
the whole course of Japanese policy
and history. He was made a C.B. in
1860, and a K.C.B. in 1862; in 1865
he was transferred to Peking as Her
Majesty's Minister and Chief Super-
intendent of Trade in China. This
post he held until 1871, when he re-
signed, after twenty-seven years'
service in the "Far East." Both in
Japan and China he has left his mark
in more than one direction. The
municipal government of Shanghae,
which has earned it the complimen
tary title of the "Model Settlement,"
took in his hands in 1853 the form it
has since retained, with little material
change. And the Foreign Inspectorate
of Customs is an institution which
ALCOTT-ALEXANDER II.
graphical Society. He was appointed
one of the British Commissioners for
the Paris Exposition of 1878. Sir
Rutherford is the author of "Notes on
the Medical History and Statistics of
the British Legion of Spain," 1838;
;
"Elements of Japanese Grammar,'
1861; "The Capital of the Tycoon: a
narrative of a Three Years' Residence
in Japan," 2 vols., 1863; "Familiar
Dialogues in Japanese, with English
and French Translations," 1863; and
“Art and Art Industries in Japan,
1878. He also edited, and added a
concluding chapter to, "The Journey
of Augustus Raymond Margary from
Shanghae to Bhamo, and back to
Manwyne," 1876; and he has been a
frequent contributor to the Quarterly
and Edinburgh Reviens.
will always be associated with his bridge, where he proceeded B.A. in
name, as its originator at Shanghae. 1822, as 6th wrangler, and was after-
In 1863 the University of Oxford wards elected a fellow of Pembroke
conferred on him the honorary de- College. He took the degree of M.D.
gree of D.C.L., and in 1876 he was at Oxford in 1829, and, settling as a
elected President of the Royal Geo-physician in the metropolis, soon
acquired an extensive practice. He
was elected President of the Royal
College of Physicians in 1867, and re-
elected in the three following years.
On the 11th November, 1869, he
received the honour of knighthood,
and in 1870 the University of Oxford
conferred upon him the honorary
degree of D.C.L. He was appointed
a physician extraordinary to the
Queen in Aug. 1875. Sir James is the
author of "Practical Observations on
some of the Diseases of the Stomach
and Alimentary Canal," 1847; and
"The Lumleian Lectures for 1853-4."
"}
19
years,
ALDRICH, THOMAS BAILEY, born
at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in
1836. He entered the counting-house
of his uncle, a New York merchant,
where he remained three
during which period he began to
write for the journals. He has con-
tributed prose and verse to various
periodicals, most of which have sub-
sequently been published separately.
Among the collected volumes are
"The Bells," 1855; "The Ballad of
Baby Bell and other Poems," 1856 ;
"The Course of True Love never did
Run Smooth, 1858; Pampinea
and other Poems," 1861
; a volume
of "Poems," 1865; and "Cloth of
Gold and other Poems," 1874. Among
his prose tales are "Out of his Head,
a Romance in Prose," 1862; "The
Story of a Bad Boy," 1870; "Mar-
"Prudence Pal-
gery Daw," 1873 :
frey," 1874; and "The Queen of
Sheba," 1877.
""
(
|
ALECSANDRI. (See ALEXAN-
|
was
ALCOTT, LOUISA MAY, daughter
of Amos Bronson Alcott, a New
Alcott, a New
England transcendentalist, and author
of "Orphic Sayings," born at Ger-
mantown, Pennsylvania, in 1833. She
began to write at an early age, and
her first book, "Fairy Tales,
published in 1855. During the civil
war she was a hospital nurse, and in
1863 published a volume of "Hospital
Sketches," made up from letters which
from letters which
she had written to her family. In
1863 she became a contributor to the
Atlantic Monthly. She has published
several novels, among which are
"Morals," 1865, "Little Women,"
1867, "An Old-Fashioned Girl," 1869,
"Little Men," 1871;"Work: a Story
of Experience," 1873; "Cupid and
Chow-Chow: and other Stories,"
1873; "Eight Cousins: or the Aunt
Hill," 1875; "Silver Pitchers and
other Stories," 1876; "Rose in
Bloom," a sequel to" Eight Cousins,"
1877.
DRI.)
ALEXANDER II. (NICOLAI-
VITCH), EMPEROR AND AUTOCRAT
OF ALL THE RUSSIAS, who succeeded,
on the death of his father, Nicholas
I., February 19 (March 2), 1855, was
born April 17–29, 1818, in the reign of
his uncle, Alexander I. The first seven
ALDERSON, SIR JAMES, M.D.,
D.C.L., F.R.S., was born at Hull,
being the son of Dr. John Alderson,
and received his education at Cam-years of his life were hardly com-
C 2
¿
20
ALEXANDER II.
pleted when the death of Alexander I., |
and the renunciation of his rights
by his brother Constantine, led to
the elevation of his father Nicholas
to the throne, to which the young
prince became heir-apparent. For a
moment, however, his own destiny
and that of his house trembled in the
balance, as a widely spread defection,
which was only quenched by torrents
of blood, exhibited itself in some of
the regiments of the Imperial Guards,
excited by a union of secret societies
generally known under the name of
"Dekabrists," but very nearly allied
to the Freemasons and revolutionists.
The intention of these Dekabrists
was to exterminate the Imperial
family, and to divide Russia into as
many small principalities as Germany
was divided into at the time. But a
few of the regiments having remained
faithful to the Emperor, and the
mutineers having no artillery, Nicho-
las I. overawed the rebellious regi-
ments, and from that day, Dec. 26,
1825, he ruled over a nation of slaves.
The whole tenor of the young prince's
life was altered, the gentle sway of
his mother, the daughter of Frederick
III., of Prussia, having been changed
for the discipline of military gover-
nors and tutors. The substitution of
the stern regimen of the barrack-
room for the more genial influence of
domestic life proved so irksome to
the future czar that he enfranchised
himself from it at the earliest pos-
sible period, and sought in travel and
the society of the female members of
his mother's family the softening
influences of intellectual culture and
taste. This predilection for civil
rather than military life was opposed
to all the traditions of the Russian
court. Gloomy forebodings prevailed
respecting the prospects of the crown
prince, whose succession, it was feared,
might possibly be disputed by the
old Muscovite party. Their predi-
lections were in favour of Nicho-
las's second son, the Grand Duke
Constantine, and such an amount
of antipathy and distrust grew
up between the two brothers in
same
consequence of this preference as to
become the subject of general remark,
and even of quarrels. Upon one
occasion Constantine, who was ad-
miral of the fleet, carried his ani-
mosity so far as to put his brother
under arrest; an act of tyranny
which Nicholas I. reproved by sub-
jecting Constantine to the
punishment. Nicholas I, looked with
so much apprehension at the growing
differences between his two children
that in 1843, upon the birth of Alex-
ander's first child, he required Con-
stantine to take an oath of fidelity
to the heir to the throne. Again,
in his last illness, he summoned
his children to his dying couch,
and on making over to Alexander
the imperial throne, obtained from
both a solemn promise to remain
for ever closely united, in order
to secure the peace and happiness
of their common country. The
Czarevitch on this occasion, in the
presence of the Ministers and the
Council of State, declared his inten-
tion to enter on the government of the
empire, and was immediately pro-
claimed Emperor as Alexander II.
The same afternoon the Estates of the
Empire, and the military stationed in
St. Petersburg, did homage; and at a
Council held under the presidency of
the new Emperor, it was resolved not
in any way to interrupt the course of
the war with the Allied Powers in
which Russia was engaged. Alex-
ander's first act was to issue a mani-
festo to the nation, notifying his
accession, and declaring, in general
terms, his intention to uphold the
glory of the empire as it had been
upheld by Peter, Catherine, Alex-
ander I., and Nicholas I. He at the
same time summoned Gen. Rudiger
from Warsaw, and conferred upon
him the command of the Imperial
Guards, until then held by himself;
renewed the powers of his plenipo-
tentiaries at Vienna, and through
them announced his adherence to the
declarations made by Prince Gorcha-
kof on behalf of his late father.
On the return of peace, one of the
•
ALEXANDER II.
|
first steps taken by Alexander II. in
the direction of reform, was the re-
duction of the army to the lowest
limits compatible with the dignity
and safety of the empire. Vigorous
efforts were made to place the na-
tional finances on a firmer basis, and
to promote commercial prosperity.
But the greatest reform of all was his
emancipation, with the unanimous
consent of the nobility of the empire,
who owned these so-called slaves, of
23,000,000 human beings from the
bondage of serfdom, and an Imperial
ukase proclaimed the liberation of the
serfs, on certain conditions, March 2
(i.c., Feb. 19, old style) 1861. A period
of two years was assigned for the
settlement of terms, with regard to
the quantity of land to be ceded, and
the rent, labour, or purchase-money
to be paid for it. In Feb. 1864, the
same boon was conferred upon the
Polish serfs, with a view to weaken
the influence of the Polish nobility,
who owned the greater part of the
land, and were consequently all-
powerful. As regards education,
great efforts are being made by
the Emperor to place the state
colleges on a level with the best
educational institutions in Europe.
A still more notable reform, however,
was the inauguration of elective repre-
sentative assemblies in the provinces.
The first of these met in 1865, and it
was erroneously anticipated that this
tentative measure would pave the
way for the introduction of a National
Representative Assembly. These As-
semblies, &c., are a plague for Russia,
oppressing all peasants and land-
owners with fraudulent and oppres-
sive taxations, and the Government
think now that these institutions
ought to be reformed or abolished.
The Czar also introduced the general
military conscription, and public
jurisdiction with the assistance of a
jury. One of the principal wars
entered into of late years by Russia
was that undertaken in Turkestan
against the Ameer of Bokhara in
Nov. 1866. After a resistance of a
year and a half the Ameer was con-
21
quered, his army dispersed, and the
city of Samarcand occupied by the
Russian troops (May, ˜1868). In
March, 1867, the Czar sold the whole
of Russian America to the United
States for £1,400,000. While Paris
was being besieged by the Germans,
the Czar declared that he no longer
considered himself bound by those
provisions of the treaty of 1856
which limited his rights in the Black
Sea. This led to the conference held
in London at the commencement of
the year 1871, when the parties to
the treaty consented to its modifica-
tion in compliance with the wishes of
the Czar. Going to Berlin in Sept.
1872, the Czar had a celebrated in-
terview with the Emperors of Ger-
many and Austria, both of whom
subsequently paid a return visit to
St. Petersburg. In 1873, Khiva was
conquered by the Russian troops
under General Kaufmann, part of the
territory was annexed to Russia, and
the suzerainty of the Czar over the
khanate was established. The Czar
paid a visit to this country, where he
met with a hearty reception, in May,
1874. The invasion of Kokhand by
Russia took place in 1875, when
General Kaufmann, who commanded
the troops of the Czar, gained a
signal victory, which resulted in the
formal annexation to the Muscovite
empire of all Kokhand, north of the
Sir Darya. In the war between
Turkey and Servia (1876), the Czar
did not interfere, although the Servian
army was largely re-inforced by
Russian recruits. But after the
capture of Alexinatz by the Turks,
the Russian ambassador at Con-
stantinople presented to the Porte an
ultimatum demanding the immediate
conclusion of a six weeks' armistice.
This the Sultan accordingly granted
(Nov. 1, 1876), and subsequently a
treaty of peace between Turkey and
Servia was concluded on the basis of
the status quo ante bellum (March 1,
1877). The proposals of the Con-
ference of the representatives of the
European powers at Constantinople
(Dec. 1876, Jan. 1877) having been
|
|
22
ALEXANDER.
| dox faith, Maria Féodorovna, of
Denmark. The Emperor's only
daughter, the Grand Duchess Marie,
was married to his H.R.H. the Duke
of Edinburgh, Jan. 23, 1874.
ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES ED-
WARD, C.B., of Westerton, co. Stir-
ling, elest son of the late Mr.
Edward Alexander, of Powis, co.
Clackmannan (a descendant of the
Alexanders of Menstrie, afterwards
Earls of Stirling), was born in 1803,
and educated at the colleges of
Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Sandhurst.
Having entered the army, he held
several staff and other appointments
in India, at the Cape, and in North
America, and took part in the Bur-
mese, Persian, Turkish, Portuguese,
and Kaffir wars. He was employed
in 1836-7 on an expedition of disco-
very in the interior of Africa, receiv-
ing for his services the honour of
knighthood, and he also explored for
the government in the forests of
America. He commanded the 14th
regiment at the siege and capture of
Sebastopol, and held a command in
New Zealand during the late war.
Sir James is the author of several
volumes of travel, including "Ex-
cursions in Western Africa,
"An
Expedition into Southern Africa,
'Explorations in British America,"
"Sketches in Portugal," "Transat-
lantic Sketches," "Travels from India
to England," "Travels through Russia
and the Crimea; and of "Trans-
lations from the Persian," a
"Life
of the Duke of Wellington," and
Passages in the Life of a Soldier."
Sir James, who is a Lieut.-general
in the army, has been decorated
for his public services with several
foreign orders and war medals, and
is a Fellow of the Royal Society of
Edinburgh and of the Scottish Anti-
quaries, and of the Royal Geographi-
cal and Royal Asiatic Societies. * In
1875 he proceeded to Egypt to ar-
range for the transport of Cleopatra's
Needle to London. He was nomi-
So-nated a C.B. in 1873.
""
""
(6
refused by the Porte, the Czar
issued a manifesto at Kischeneff de-
claring war against Turkey (April 24,
1877). Although the Turks fought
most gallantly, and offered a desperate
resistance, they were ultimately com-
pelled to yield to superior numbers,
and the Russian troops marched
almost to the gates of Constantinople.
A treaty of peace between the two
countries was signed at San Stefano
19 Feb. O. S. (3 March), 1878. The
provisions of that Treaty were, how-
ever, materially modified at the Con-
gress of Berlin. It has been the
constant policy of the present Czar
to strengthen the influence of the
Church, of which he is the head. The
result has been a persecution of all
other religious bodies, and especially
of the Catholic Church, the bishops of
that communion having been for-
bidden to hold any communication
with the Holy See. Two attempts have
been made on the Czar's life: the first
on April 16, 1866, when he was fired
at by an ex-student named Karakosof,
while entering his carriage at St.
Petersburg. The pistol, however, was
turned aside by a workman named
Komissarof, a native of Kostroma,
who was afterwards ennobled for the
act. The second attempt was at Paris,
June 6, 1867, by Berezowski, a Pole,
who fired into the carriage in which
the Czar was seated with his two sons
and the Emperor Napoleon. Both
sovereigns escaped unhurt, but the
horse of one of the equerries was
wounded. The assassin was about to
fire another shot when the barrel of
the pistol burst and rendered his
hand powerless. The Emperor Alex-
ander II. married, April 28, 1841,
Maria Alexandrovna, Princess of
Hesse Darmstadt, by whom he
has had a large family. The eldest
of the princes, Nicholas, the late
Césarevich, born Sept. 20, 1843,
died prematurely at Nice in April,
1865. Alexander, the present Crown
Prince, born March 10, 1845, married
Nov. 9, 1866, the Princess Marie
phia Frederique Dagmar, now called,
after her having assumed the ortho-
""
ALEXANDER, THE RIGHT REV.
WILLIAM, D.D., Bishop of Derry and
ALEXANDER,
Raphoe, son of a clergyman beneficed |
in the north of Ireland, and nephew
of Dr. Alexander, late Bishop of
Meath, and cousin of the late Earl of
Caledon, was born at Londonderry in
April, 1824. He was educated at
Tunbridge School, and at Exeter and
Brasenose Colleges, Oxford, where he
graduated B.A. and M.A. Having
entered holy orders, he served a
curacy in the north of Ireland, and
was preferred to one or two livings
in the gift of the Bishop of Derry.
He was formerly Rector of Camus-
juxta-Morne, co. Tyrone, and Chap-
lain to the Marquis of Abercorn,
Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. In 1864
he was nominated to the Deanery of
Emly, and in 1867 was an unsuc
cessful candidate for the chair of
poetry at Oxford. He was appointed
to the Bishopric of Derry and Ra-
phoe, rendered vacant by the death
of Dr. Higgin, July 12, 1867, being
consecrated in St. Columb's Cathe- |
dral, Londonderry, Oct. 13 following.
Soon after his elevation to the epis-
copal bench he was created D.D. at
Oxford. He obtained, in 1860, the
university prize at Oxford for a poem
on a sacred subject; has published a
Theological Prize Essay, a volume of
poems, several lectures and sermons,
papers on the Irish Church, and on
dogmatic teaching from the pulpit,
among the proceedings of the Church
Congresses at Norwich and York, and
has been a frequent contributor of
prose and verse to periodical litera-
ture.
His Bampton Lectures for
1876 were published under the title
of "The Witness of the Psalms to
Christ and Christianity." He is
married to Miss Cecil Frances Hum-
phries, who is herself well known as
the author of "Moral Songs," "Hymns
for Children," and "Poems on Old
Testament Subjects."
ALEXANDER, STEPHEN, LL.D.,
born at Schenectady, New York,
September 1, 1806. He graduated at
Union College, in 1824; and in 1834
was elected Adjunct Professor of
Mathematics in the College of New
Jersey. In 1840 the Professorship of
23
66
Astronomy was created, and he was
assigned to it. In 1845 he was trans-
ferred to the chair of Mathematics,
but in 1854 exchanged it for the
Professorship of Mechanics and As-
tronomy. He has published numer-
ous papers on astronomy, mathe-
matics, physics, &c., which have
attracted the attention of eminent
astronomers in Europe and America.
Among these are :- Physical Pheno-
mena attendant upon Solar Eclipses,'
"Fundamental Principles of Mathe-
matics," "On the Origin of the Forms
and the present Condition of some of
the Clusters of Stars," and "Harmo-
nies in the Arrangement of the Solar
System which seem to be confirma-
tory of the Nebular Theory of La
Place." He has conducted two ex-
peditions to make observations on
solar eclipses, one to Labrador in
July, 1860, and one to the West, to
observe the solar elipse of August,
1869.
ALEXANDER, THE REV. WIL-
LIAM LINDSAY, D.D., F.R.S.E., an
Independent minister, was born
at Edinburgh August 24, 1808;
and after a preliminary training
in the High School of Leith, con-
tinued his studies at the universi-
ties of Edinburgh and St. Andrews.
In 1828 he was appointed Classical
Tutor in the Lancashire College, then
situate at Blackburn, but subsequently
removed to Manchester. He became
minister of a Congregational Church
in Edinburgh in 1835; Professor of
Theology to the Congregationalists of
Scotland in 1854; Examiner in Philo-
sophy at St. Andrews University in
1861; and a member of the Old
Testament Revision Company in 1870.
Dr. Alexander's writings are-" Con-
gregational Lecture for 1840 on the
Connection and Harmony of the Old
and New Testament," 2nd edit., 1853;
“Anglo-Catholicism not Apostolical,'
1843; "Christ and Christianity,
1854; "Life of Dr. Wardlaw," 1856;
"Christian Thought and Work,” 1862;
"St. Paul at Athens," 1865; and
the articles on "Moral Philosophy,"
"Scripture," and "Theology," in the
|
>>
24
ALFONSO XII.-ALFORD.
eighth edition of the "Encyclopædia
Britannica." He also brought out
brought out
the third edition of Kitto's "Biblical
Cyclopædia.
""
ALFONSO XII. (ALFONSO FRAN-
CESCO DE ASSISI FERDINANDO PIO
JUAN MARIA DE LA CONCEPCION
GREGORIO, &c.), King of Spain,
eldest son of the ex-Queen Isabella II.,
was born Nov. 28, 1857. When his
mother was driven from the throne
by the revolution of 1868, he accom-
panied her to Paris, where he resided
with her for some time, but subse-
quently he went to Austria, in order
to prosecute his studies in the There-
sianum, or nobleman's academy, at
Vienna, to which he was admitted
Jan. 20, 1872. He remained there
three months. On June 25, 1870,
Queen Isabella formally abdicated
her right to the throne of Spain in
favour of her son, but no open steps
were taken at that time to secure
for him the position which this
abdication left open to him. His
pretensions were, however, opposed
by his cousin, the eldest son of the
Duke of Montpensier, and his aunt
the Infanta Luisa, but as so many
pretenders were calculated to compli-
cate matters, the claim of Louis
Philippe's grandson was ultimately
waived in favour of the heir of
Isabella. Early in 1874 the Prince
of the Asturias, as he was then
styled, visited this country, was en-
tered as a student at the Military
College at Sandhurst, and witnessed
the autumn manoeuvres at Aldershot,
Dartmoor, and other places in the fall
of the year. On Dec. 29, 1874, Gene-
ral Martinez Campos proclaimed him
King of Spain in Valencia, and a few
days later Alfonso, who had gone
over to Paris in order to spend the
Jour de l'An with his mother, left
France for Spain, arriving at Madrid
Jan. 14, 1875. He was most enthu-
siastically received. On Feb. 16,
1876, he departed from Madrid to
take the command of the troops
operating against the Carlists, and
on the 20th of the following month
he returned in triumph to the capital
|
at the head of 25,000 men, having
subdued the Carlist insurrection. In
the same year the ex-Queen Isabella
returned to Spain, and was received
by her son at Santander (July 29).
King Alfonso married on Jan. 23,
1878, at Madrid, his cousin the Prin-
cess Maria de las Mercedes, Infanta
of Spain, daughter of the Duc de
Montpensier. (She was born June
24, 1860). The ex-Queen Isabella
was much opposed to this union, and
to mark her disapproval she left
Spain and went to Paris before the
marriage ceremony took place. Queen
Mercedes died on June 26, 1878.
ALFORD, THE RIGHT REV.
CHARLES RICHARD, D.D., formerly
Bishop of Victoria, Hong Kong, was
born in 1816 at West Quantoxhead,
Somersetshire, of which parish his
father was rector. From St. Paul's
School he was sent to Trinity College,
Cambridge (B.A., 1839; M.A., 1842;
D.D., 1867). After taking orders he
became Incumbent of St. Matthew's,
Rugby, in 1841; Incumbent of Christ
Church, Doncaster, in 1846; Principal
of the Metropolitan Training Institu-
tion at Highbury, in 1854; and In-
cumbent of Holy Trinity, Islington, in
1865, where he had a high reputation
as an Evangelical preacher. He was
consecrated Bishop of Victoria, Hong
Kong, Feb. 2, 1867, in place of Dr.
George Smith, who had resigned that
see in the previous year. He himself
resigned the see of Victoria in 1872.
He was vicar of Christ Church,
Claughton, near Birkenhead, from
June, 1874, till Sept. 1877, when he
accepted the incumbency of the new
district of St. Mary, Sevenoaks, Kent.
In the winter of 1877 he acted for a
few Sundays as chaplain of Trinity
Protestant Church, Rome, but re-
signed that post on finding that the
Bishop of Gibraltar was unable to
licence him to the chaplaincy, in con-
sequence of the want of legally ap-
pointed trustees to the church. Dr.
Alford is the author of "First Prin-
ciples of the Oracles of God."
ALFRED, PRINCE. (See EDIN-
BURGH, DUKE OF.)
Z
ALGER-ALLIBONE.
ALGER, WILLIAM ROUNCEVILLE,
born at Freetown, Massachusetts, in
1823. He graduated at Harvard Col-
lege and the Cambridge Divinity
School, and became pastor of a Uni-
tarian Church at Roxbury, near Bos-
ton. In 1855 he succeeded Theodore
Parker as minister of the Society of
"Liberal Christians" in Boston; and
in 1876 became minister of the Uni-
tarian Church of the Messiah in New
York. He has published, "The Poe-
try of the Orient," 1856; " A Critical
History of the Doctrine of a Future
Life," 1861; "The Genius of Soli-
tude, or the Loneliness of Human
Life," 1867; "Friendships of Women,"
1870; and "The Life of Edwin For-
rest," 1877.
ALI PASHA, a Turkish diplo-
matist, commenced his political ca-
reer by being one of the referendaries
of the Imperial Divan. In 1858, when
Fuad Pasha went to Paris as Pleni-
potentiary representing the Porte at
the Conference which had assembled
to draw up the conventions respect-
ing the United Principalities, he
attached Ali Bey to his mission, and
the latter rendered himself conspicu-
ous by his general intelligence and
aptitude for diplomacy. In 1861 he
was appointed First Secretary to the
Ottoman Embassy at Paris, and when
in 1862 he went on leave of absence
to Constantinople, the Government
entrusted him with the delicate
mission of Commissioner to Servia
after the bombardment of Belgrade.
Owing to his address and tact he suc-
ceeded in settling nearly all the
difficulties. Whilst performing these
functions, he was in 1865 placed in
charge of the political direction of
the province of Bosnia. In 1868 he
was appointed member of the Council
of State, and afterwards undertook
several other missions. In 1869 he
was nominated to the important post
of Under-Secretary of State at the
Ministry of Public Works. He re-
mained in that office until 1870,
when he was made governor of Erze-
roum, and afterwards of Trebizond,
on which occasion he was raised to
25
the dignity of Pasha. In 1872 he
became Prefect of Constantinople,
where he introduced several important
reforms, and in September, 1873, he
was sent as ambassador from the
Ottoman Porte to the French Re-
public. He was recalled in Jan.
1876, and appointed Governor-Gene-
ral of the Herzegovina. A few days
before his deposition by the Softas
(30 May, 1876), the late Sultan Ab-
dul-Aziz appointed Ali Pasha Go-
vernor-General of Scutari, in Northern
Albania.
ALISON, SIR ARCHIBALD, BART.,
K.C.B., son of Sir Archibald Alison,
the first baronet, author of "The His-
tory of Europe," was born at Edin-
burgh, Jan. 21, 1826, and received his
education in the Universities of Glas-
gow and Edinburgh. Entering the
military service of his country in
1846, he became a captain in the 72nd
Highlanders in 1853; brevet-major
in 1856; lieutenant-colonel in 1858;
and colonel in 1867. He served in
the Crimea at the siege and fall of
Sebastopol; in India, during the
mutiny, as Military Secretary on the
staff of the late Lord Clyde; and on
the Gold Coast as Brigadier-General
of the European Brigade, and second
in command of the Ashantee Expe-
dition in 1873-4. He commanded his
brigade at the battle of Amoaful,
the capture of Bequah, the action of
Ordahsu, and the fall of Coomassie.
He lost an arm at the relief of Luck-
now. Sir Archibald succeeded to the
baronetcy on the death of his father
in 1867, and was Deputy Adjutant-
General in Ireland from Oct. 1874 to
Oct. 1877, when he was promoted to
the rank of Major-General. He pub-
lished an able treatise "On Army
Organization" in 1869.
-
ALLIBONE, SAMUEL AUSTEN,
LL.D., born in Philadelphia, April 17,
1816. Early in life he acquired a
high reputation for his attainments in
English literature, and though en-
gaged in mercantile pursuits, his
favourite studies were not neglected.
About 1853 he began his great work,
"A Critical Dictionary of English
26
ALLIES-ALLINGHAM.
Literature, and British and American
Authors," which he prosecuted for
more than seventeen years. The first
volume was published in 1858, the
second in 1870, and the third, com-
pleting the work, in 1871. The three
large volumes contain notices of
46,499 authors, and 40 classified in-
dexes of subjects. He has contri-
buted articles to the North American
Review, and other periodicals, and
has published several tracts and reli-
gious essays.
He has also been, for
several years, the editor of the pub-
lications of the American Sunday
School Union, and published the
"Union Bible Companion," 1871.
ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM, the
son of a gentleman of Bristol, was
born in 1813, and educated at Eton,
where he obtained the Newcastle
Scholarship. He afterwards became
in succession Scholar and Fellow of
Wadham College, Oxford, where he
graduated B.A. in 1832, taking a
first-class in classics. He became
examining chaplain to Dr. Blomfield,
Bishop of London, who appointed
him, in 1842, to the rectory of Laun-
ton, Oxfordshire, which he resigned
in 1850, on becoming a Roman
Catholic. He had previously pub-
lished an ingenious work, entitled,
"The Church of England cleared
from the charge of Schism, upon tes-
timonies of Councils and Fathers of
the first six centuries," 1846, 2nd ed.,
1848; and "Journal in France in
1845 and 1848, with Letters from
Italy in 1847-of Things and Persons
concerning the Church and Educa-
tion," 1849. Since his conversion he
has written, "The See of St. Peter,
the Rock of the Church, the Source
of Jurisdiction, and the Centre of
Unity," 1850; "The Royal Supre-
macy viewed in reference to the two
Spiritual powers of Order and Juris-
diction,” 1850; "St. Peter, his Name
and Office as set forth in Holy Scrip-
ture," 1852, 2nd ed. 1871; "The
Formation of Christendom," 3 parts,
1865-75; “Dr. Pusey and the Ancient
Church," 1866 ; "Germany, Italy,
and the Jesuits. A speech delivered
before the Catholic Union, July,
1872." Mr. Allies was appointed
Secretary to the Catholic Poor-School
Committee in 1854.
|
ALLINGHAM, MRS. HELEN,
eldest child of Alexander Henry
Paterson, M.D., was born near Bur-
ton-on-Trent, Sept. 26, 1848. The
family. removed to Altrincham, Che-
shire, and after Dr. Paterson's death,
to Birmingham. At the commence-
ment of 1867, Miss Paterson came to
reside in London under the care of
her aunt, Miss Laura Herford, who
was an artist, and who, some five
years previously, had practically
opened the schools of the Royal
Academy to women. Miss Paterson
herself entered the Royal Academy
schools in April, 1867. She after-
wards drew on wood for several illus-
trated periodicals, and eventually be-
came one of the regular staff of the
Graphic. She also furnished illus-
trations to novels running in the
Cornhill Magazine-"Far from the
Madding Crowd" and "Miss Angel.”
In the intervals of drawing on wood
she produced several water-colour
drawings. May," Dangerous
Ground,” "The Brown Girl," and
"Soldiers' Orphans watching
Bloodless Battle, Aldershot," were
exhibited at the Dudley Gallery;
"The Milkmaid and "Wait for
Me" at the Royal Academy, 1874.
46
a
""
{
Young Customers," 1875, attracted
much attention; as did also "Old
Men's Gardens, Chelsea Hospital,"
at the Old Water-Colour Exhibition,
1877. Miss Paterson was married,
Aug. 22, 1874, to Mr. William Alling-
ham. In 1875 she was elected an
Associate of the Society of Painters
in Water-Colours.
ALLINGHAM, WILLIAM, born at
Ballyshannon, on the picturesque
River Erne, in the north-west of Ire-
land, a locality to which many of his
lyrics refer, and where his family,
originally English, had been settled
during many generations. After
contributing to the Athenæum,
Household Words (in the first
number of which The Wayside
(6
ALLMAN.
66
""
Well" appeared), and other perio-
dicals, his first volume, Poems,"
was published in 1850; in 1854
appeared "Day and Night Songs,'
and in 1855 an enlarged edition of
the same, with illustrations by D. G.
Rossetti, Millais, and A. Hughes;
"Laurence Bloomfield in Ireland: a
Modern Poem, in Twelve Chapters,"
first appeared in Fraser's Magazine,
and subsequently in a volume, 1869.
It extends to nearly 5,000 lines in
decasyllabic couplets, and sketches
the characteristic features of con-
temporary Irish life, a subject entirely
new in narrative poetry. A volume
entitled, Songs, Poems, and Bal-
lads," was published in 1877, and
contains revised versions of many
former pieces, with the addition of
many others "now first collected."
Mr. Allingham was for many years
in the Customs service, from which
he retired about seven years ago.
He succeeded Mr. J. A. Froude as
editor of Fraser's Magazine in 1874;
and in the same year married Miss
Helen Paterson, the artist. He has
two children, a boy and a girl, the
former named "Gerald Carlyle,"
after his neighbour, the Philosopher
of Chelsea.
(6
|
ALLMAN, GEORGE JAMES, M.D.,
LL.D., F.R.C.S.I., F.R.S., F.R.S.E.,
M.R.I.A., F.L. S., and Member of
various foreign societies, born at
Cork in 1812, was educated at the
Belfast Academic Institution, and
graduated in Arts and Medicine in
the University of Dublin. His early
attachment to civil and religious
liberty and his sense of the injustice
of the laws then affecting Roman
Catholics, caused him to throw him-
self warmly into the liberal side of
Irish politics, and mainly decided
him in studying for the Irish bar.
His love of biological science, how-
ever, proved too strong, and, before
he had completed the required num-
ber of terms, he gave up the study of
law for that of medicine. In 1844
he graduated in medicine in the
University of Dublin, and in the
same year was appointed to the
27
|
|
Regius Professorship of Botany in
that university, when he relinquished
all further thought of medical prac-
tice. In 1855 he resigned that post
on his appointment to the Regius
Professorship of Natural History in
the University of Edinburgh, which
he held until 1870, when the state of
his health obliged him to resign it.
Shortly after this the honorary de-
gree of LL.D. was conferred on him
by the University of Edinburgh. His
chief scientific labours have been
among the lower members of the
animal kingdom, to the investigation
of whose structure and physiology he
has specially devoted himself. For
his researches in this department of
biology the Royal Society of Edin-
burgh awarded to him in 1872 the
Brisbane Prize; in the following
year a Royal Medal was awarded to
him by the Royal Society of London;
and in 1878 the Cunningham Gold
Medal was awarded to him by the
Royal Irish Academy. He was
one of the Commissioners appointed
by Government in 1876 to in-
quire into the state of the Queen's
Colleges in Ireland, and he holds an
honorary appointment as Commis-
sioner of Scottish Fisheries. On the
occasion of the general election in
1874, the committee for securing the
return of a Liberal member for the
borough of Bandon selected him for
nomination, at the same time offer-
ing to relieve him from the necessity
of pledging himself on any of the
special questions which then formed
a prominent element in Irish politics,
but he declined the proffered honour.
The same year, on the resignation of
Mr. Bentham, he was elected to the
presidency of the Linnean Society,
and in 1878 he was nominated for
the following year President of the
British Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science. The re-
sults of his original investigations
are contained in memoirs published
in the Philosophical Transactions,
the Transactions of the Royal So-
ciety of Edinburgh, and the Trans-
actions of the Royal Irish Academy,
1
28
ALLON-ALMA-TADEMA.
|
as well as in Reports presented to
the British Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science, and to the
Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Univer-
sity, and in communications to the
Annals of Natural History, the
Quarterly Journal of Microscopic
Science, and other scientific journals.
His more elaborate works are "A
Monograph of the Freshwater Poly-
zoa," fol. 1856, and "A Mono-
graph of the Gymnoblastic Hy-
droids," fol. 1871-72, both pub-
lished by the Ray Society, and
largely illustrated with coloured
plates. In May, 1878, the Royal
Irish Academy presented to him one
of the Cunningham Gold Medals "for
his researches into the natural history
of the hydrozoa."
|
ALLON, THE REV. HENRY, D.D.,
Congregational minister, was born
on the 13th of Oct., 1818, at Welton,
near Hull, Yorkshire, and educated
for the ministry at Cheshunt College,
Hertfordshire. In Jan., 1844, he
was appointed minister of Union
Chapel, Islington, officiating at first
as co-pastor with the Rev. Thomas
Lewis, on whose death, in 1852, he
became sole pastor. He was chair-
man of the Congregational Union in
1864-5. Although for the space of
thirty-four years he has been actively
engaged in the pastoral and public
duties of his ministry, he has found
time to contribute largely to perio-
dical literature, including the Con-
temporary Review and Cassell's Bibli-
cal Educator. He also contributed
an Essay on Worship to "Ecclesia,
a volume of Essays edited by Dr.
Reynolds. He wrote a "Memoir
of the Rev. J. Sherman," which was
originally published in 1863, and has
passed through three editions; also
a critical biography of the Rev. Dr.
Binney, prefixed to a posthumous
volume of his sermons, which he
edited. In 1876 he published a
volume of sermons, entitled, "The
Vision of God," which has gone
through three editions. He has done
much to promote church music in
the Nonconformist churches, and
|
""
compiled the "Congregational Psalm-
ist," which is very extensively used
in Nonconformist churches. Since
1865, he has been editor of the
British Quarterly Review.
In 1871,
he received the honorary degree of
D.D. from Yale College, New Haven,
Connecticut. A new church, or
"Congregational Cathedral," erected
for him in Compton Terrace, Isling-
ton, at a cost of £34,000, was opened
in Dec., 1877.
;
ALMA-TADEMA, LAWRENCE,
A.R.A., a distinguished painter, born
at Dronryp, in the Netherlands,
Jan. 8, 1836, received his artistic
education in the Royal Academy of
Antwerp, where he completed his
studies under Baron H. Leys. Sub-
sequently he came to London, where
he has resided for many years. He
obtained a gold medal at Paris in
1864; a second-class medal at the
International Exhibition at Paris in
1867; and a gold medal at Berlin in
1872. Mr. Alma-Tadema became a
member of the Academy of Fine Arts
at Amsterdam in 1862; Knight of the
Order of Leopold (Belgium) in 1866 ;
Knight of the Dutch Lion in 1868
Knight First Class of the Order of
St. Michael of Bavaria in 1869; mem-
ber of the Royal Academy of Munich
in 1871: Knight of the Legion of
Honour (France) in 1873; member
of the Society of Painters in Water
Colours in 1873; and member of the
Royal Academy of Berlin in 1874.
In Jan., 1873, he received letters of
denization from the Queen of Eng-
land, having resolved to reside per-
manently in this country. He was
nominated a Chevalier of the Legion
of Honour in 1873, and elected an
Associate of the Royal Academy of
London, Jan. 26, 1876.
His prin-
cipal paintings are:-" The Educa-
tion of the Grandchildren of Clotilde,”
1861; "Venantius Fortunatus at
Radagonde," 1862;
"How They
Amused Themselves in Egypt 3000
Years Ago," 1863; Fredegonda
and Prætextatus," 1864; "Egyptian
Game," 1865; “ Catullus at Lesbia's,'
1865; "The Soldier of Marathon,'
|
((
•
!!
(
1865; "Entrance to a Roman
Theatre," 1866; "Agrippina Visiting
Agrippina Visiting
the Ashes of Germanicus," 1866; “ A
Roman Dance," 1866; "The Mum-
my," 1867;
1867; Tarquinius Superbus,"
1867;
"The Siesta." 1868; "Phidias
and the Elgin Marbles," 1868;
"Flowers," 1868; "Flower Market,"
1868; "A Roman Amateur," 1868;
"Pyrrhic Dance," 1869; "A Negro,'
1869;
"The Convalescent," 1869;
"A Wine Shop," 1869; "A Juggler,"
1870 ; A Roman Amateur," 1870;
"The Vintage," 1870; "A Roman
Emperor," 1871; "Une Fête intime,'
1871; "The Greek Pottery," 1871;
"Reproaches," 1872; "The Mummy"
(Roman period), 1872; "The Impro-
visatore," 1872; "A Halt," 1872;
"Death of the Firstborn," 1872;
"Greek Wine," 1872; "The Dinner,"
1873; "The Siesta," 1873 ; "The
Cherries," 1873; "Fishing," 1873;
"Joseph Overseer of Pharaoh's
Granaries," 1874; "A Sculpture Gal-
lery," 1874; "A Picture Gallery,"
1874; Autumn," 1874; "Good
Friends," 1874; "On the Steps of
the Capitol," 1874; "Water Pets,"
"Water Pets,"
1875; The Sculpture Gallery," 1875;
"An Audience at Agrippa's," 1876;
"After the Dance," 1876 ;
"Cleo-
patra," 1876; "The Seasons (4
pictures), 1877; "Between Hope and
"Between Hope and
Fear," 1877; "A Sculptor's Model
(Venus Esquilina)"; and "A Love
Missile," 1878. At the Grosvenor Gal-
lery in 1876 he exhibited a series of
three pictures "Architecture,"
Sculpture," and "Painting; " also
"Cherries." Mr. Alma-Tadema mar-
ried, in 1871, Laura, youngest
daughter of Dr. George N. Epps.
This lady is an accomplished artist,
and has exhibited several works at
the Exhibitions of the Royal Academy,
and the Society of French Artists in
Bond Street.
66
AMADEUS.
C
AMADEUS PRINCE. AMADEO
FERDINANDO MARIA, DUKE OF
AOSTA, formerly King of Spain, is
the second son of the late Victor
Emmanuel, King of Italy, and was
born May 30, 1845. Entering, the
army, he became Captain of a Bri-
29
|
|
gade of Infantry at Aosta, then
Lieutenant-General and Chief of a
Brigade of Cavalry. In 1869 he
was also appointed Vice-Admiral.
Marshal Prim, after the revolution of
1868, offered the Spanish crown first
to the King of Portugal, next to the
Duke of Genoa, and afterwards to the
Prince Leopold, all of whom refused
it. Finally, he fixed on the young
Duke of Aosta, who, on Oct. 19, 1870,
formally announced his candidature
to the Regent Serrano. On the 16th
of the following month the Cortes
elected him King of Spain by 191.
votes against 120: 64 deputies voting
for the Republic, 22 for the Duke de
Montpensier, 8 for Marshal Espar-
tero, 2 for the Infant Alfonso, and
1 for the Duke de Montpensier's
daughter, while 18 deputies abstained
from voting. A deputation imme-
diately proceeded to Florence to con-
vey to the Duke of Aosta the offer
of the crown, which he formally ac-
cepted Dec. 4, 1870. The young king
landed at Cartagena on Dec. 30, the
very day Marshal Prim expired from
the wounds received at the hands of
an assassin a few hours previously.
His reign was a brief and troublous
one. He was unpopular with the
masses of the Spanish people, whose
dislike to foreigners is a marked
trait in their character; and his
position, which had never been se-
cure, became extremely dangerous in
the summer of 1872, when a Carlist
rising took place in the northern
provinces, and an insurrection broke
out almost simultaneously among the
sailors and the workmen in the
arsenal at Ferrol, who hoisted the
red flag, and for some time set the
government at defiance. On the
19th of July in that year an unsuc-
cessful attempt to assassinate the
King and Queen was made by five
men, who posted themselves in the
Calle Arnal in Madrid, and fired upon
the carriage of their Majesties. At
length Amadeo prudently resolved
to abdicate. On Feb. 11, 1873, he
addressed to the Cortes a message,
in which he stated that in con-
30
AMARI-AMHERST.
sequence of the incessant struggles |
of contending parties his efforts to
give peace and prosperity to the
country must prove futile, and that
therefore he had determined to de-
pose the crown. The very next day
the Duke and his consort left Madrid,
and proceeded first to Lisbon, and
thence to Genoa, where they landed
on the 9th of March. The Duke
arrived in Florence on the 16th. Im-
mediately on his return from Spain,
he resumed the status of an Italian
citizen. On March 14, 1873, his
Royal Highness was again enrolled
in the list of Senators; and in the
Chamber of Deputies, Signor Sella,
the Minister of Finance, presented a
bill for restoring to him his allowance
from the civil list, viz., 400,000 lire.
The bill passed almost unanimously.
At this period, also, King Victor Em-
manuel conferred on the Duke of
Aosta the rank of lieutenant-general.
The Duke married, May 30, 1867,
the Princess Mary (born Aug. 9,
1847), daughter of Prince Charles
Emmanuel del Pozzo della Cisterna
(she died Nov. 7, 1876); and has
three sons,
Emmanuel Philibert
Victor Eugène Albert Genova Joseph
Mary, Duke of Apulia, born Jan. 13,
1869; Victor Emmanuel Turin John
Mary, Count of Turin, born Nov. 24,
1870; and Louis Amadeus Joseph
Mary Ferdinand Francis, born Jan.
31, 1873.
|
-
ment to England and France. While
at Paris he published a pamphlet,
entitled, "La Sicile et les Bour-
bons," 1849, relating to the rights of
the Neapolitan sovereign and the
Sicilians. On the resumption of
hostilities, he returned to Palermo in
1849, but the cause of the Sicilians
was by that time hopeless, and Signor
Amari hastened back to the French
capital, where he devoted himself to
literary pursuits until 1860, when he
was enabled to return to his native
country. In the following year King
Victor Emmanuel conferred upon him
the rank of Senator. He gave his
support to Count Cavour, through
whose interest he was appointed
President of the Lieutenancy of
Sicily, and with the portfolio of
Finance; and subsequently Governor
of Modena. In 1862 he became
Minister of Public Instruction. Signor
Amari has contributed many papers
on the language and history of the
Arabs to the Revue archéologique, and
Le Journal asiatique. He has also
published an English translation of
the "Solwan" of Ibn Djafer. His
"History of the Sicilian Vespers,"
mentioned above, was translated into
English by Lord Ellesmere. In 1871,
Signor Amari was elected one of the
foreign members of the French Aca-
demy, and in 1875 he received the
honorary degree of Doctor of Philo-
sophy and Literature from the Uni-
versity of Leyden. He attended the
Congress of Orientalists held at Flo-
rence in Sept. 1878.
AMARI, MICHELE, was born at
Palermo, July 7, 1806. Having
obtained a knowledge of English, he
published at Palermo, in 1832, a
translation of Sir Walter Scott's
"Marmion." His "Guerra del
Vespro Siciliano," in 1842, was sup-
pressed, and Amari was ordered to
repair to Naples. Instead, however,
of doing so, he took refuge in France,
where he wrote "A History of the
Mussulmans in Sicily." In 1848 he
returned to Palermo, having been
appointed Professor of Public Law,
and shortly afterwards was elected
Vice-President of the Committee of
He was sent on a diplomatic
mission by the provisional govern- |
War.
AMHERST, THE RIGHT REV.
FRANCIS KERRIL, D.D., a_Roman
Catholic prelate, born in London,
21st March, 1819. He was educated
at St. Mary's College, Oscott, where,
after his ordination in 1846, he be-
came a Professor. Afterwards he
resided for some time in a Dominican
monastery at Leicester, and in 1856 he
was appointed missionary rector of
the church of St. Augustin, at Stafford.
He was consecrated Bishop of North-
ampton, in succession to the Right
Rev. William Wareing, the first
bishop, on 4th July, 1858. He has
1
AMPHLETT—ANDERSON.
published "Lenten Thoughts, drawn
from the Gospel for Each Day of
Lent," 1873.
AMPHLETT, SIR RICHARD PAUL,
eldest son of the late Rev. Richard
Holmden Amphlett, of Wychbold
Hall, Worcestershire, and rector of
Hadzor, in the same county, by his
first wife, Sarah, daughter of Na-
thaniel Paul, Esq., was born in 1809.
He was educated at Brewood Gram-
mar School, in Staffordshire, and sub-
sequently at Peterhouse, Cambridge,
where he took his B.A. degree in 1831,
coming out in the mathematical
tripos as sixth wrangler. He was
elected a Fellow of Peterhouse, and
was called to the bar at Lincoln's
Inn, in Trinity term, 1834, and had
an extensive practice at the equity
bar. He received the honour of a
silk gown in 1858; became a magis-
trate and Deputy Lieutenant for
Worcestershire, and was for several
years a Deputy Chairman of the
Quarter Sessions for that county. He
took a great interest in the improve-
ment of professional education, and
when Sir Roundell Palmer (now Lord
Selborne) became Lord Chancellor,
Mr. Amphlett was chosen his suc-
cessor in the presidency of the Legal
Education Association. At the general
election in 1868 he was chosen M.P.
for East Worcestershire, in the Con-
servative interest. In Jan. 1874, he
was appointed the successor of Baron
Martin in the Court of Exchequer,
being, with the exception of the late
Lord Cranworth, the only Equity
barrister who, up to that period, had
been promoted to a seat on the
Common Law bench. He retired in
1877, in consequence of ill health.
Mr. Amphlett married, in 1840, Fran-
ces, only daughter and heiress of the
late Edward Ferrand, Esq., of St.
Ives, Yorkshire.
ANDERDON, THE REV. WILLIAM
HENRY, S.J., an English divine of
the Roman Catholic communion, was
born in New Street, Spring Gardens,
London, Dec. 26, 1816. Being grand-
son of the late William Manning,
Esq., for some years M.P. for Evesham
31
and Penrhyn, and formerly Governor
of the Bank of England, he is, there-
fore, nephew to the present Cardinal
Archbishop of Westminster. On the
father's side he is descended from a
Somersetshire family, several mem-
bers of which have belonged to the
Society of Friends, more than one of
them being writers and sufferers
for its tenets, in the seventeenth
century. He matriculated at Balliol
College, and soon after was elected to
two successive scholarships in Univer-
sity College, Oxford, graduating B.A.
(2nd class in classics) in 1840, and
M.A. in 1843. After taking orders
in the Established Church, he was
presented in 1846 to the vicarage
of St. Margaret's with Knighton,
Leicester, but resigned that living
in 1850, and the same year was re-
ceived, at Paris, into the Roman
Catholic Church. He then studied
theology in Rome, and in 1853 was
ordained priest. From 1856 to 1864
he held office in the Catholic Univer-
sity, Dublin, and subsequently spent
two years in a mission to America,
returning to this country in 1870
He received his degree of D.D. from
Rome in 1869, but ceased to be so
designated on entering the Society
of Jesus, in which, after the usual
two years' noviciate, he took the
first vows in 1874. Father Ander-
don has acquired considerable repu-
tation as a preacher. Since joining
the Catholic Church he has edited
"Saint Francis and the Franciscans,"
and "Purgatory Surveyed," and has
written the following works, most of
which have passed through several
editions in England, Ireland, or
America :-" Bonneval, a Story of
the Fronde," 1857;
"Owen Evans,
the Catholic Crusoe," 1862;
"After-
noons with the Saints," 1863; "In
the Snow: Tales of Mount St. Ber-
nard," 1866; "The Seven Ages of
Clarewell," 1867; "The Christian
Esop," 1871; "Is Ritualism Honest?"
1877; and various controversial pam-
phlets and articles in the Dublin
Review, and in other Catholic serials.
ANDERSON, THE RIGHT REV.
-
·
32
ANDERSON-ANDRASSY.
DAVID, D.D., formerly Bishop of
Rupert's Land, is a son of Captain
Archibald Anderson, H.E.I.C.S., and
was born in London, 10th Feb. 1814.
He was educated at the Edinburgh
Academy, and at Exeter College,
Oxford (B.A., 1836; M.A., 1839;
D.D., 1849). From 1841 to 1817 he
was Vice-Principal of St. Bee's Col-
lege, Cumberland, and in 1848-9
incumbent of All Saints, Derby. On
the 29th May, 1849, he was conse-
crated the first Bishop of Rupert's
Land, but he resigned that see in
1864, when he was appointed Vicar
of Clifton. In 1866, he was ap-
pointed Chancellor of St. Paul's
Cathedral. Bishop Anderson is the
author of "Notes on the Flood;
"Net in the Bay; five Charges;
and some Ordination Sermons.
""
""
ANDERSON, ELIZABETH GAR-
RETT-, M.D., eldest daughter of New-
som Garrett, Esq., of Aldeburgh,
Suffolk, was born in London in 1837,
and educated at home and at a private
school. Miss Elizabeth Garrett com-
menced the study of medicine at
Middlesex Hospital in 1860; com-
pleted the medical curriculum at St.
Andrews, Edinburgh, and the London
Hospital; and passed the examina-
tion at Apothecaries' Hall, receiving
the diploma of L.S.A. in Oct. 1865.
Miss Garrett was appointed General
Medical Attendant to St. Mary's Dis-
pensary in June, 1866; she obtained
the degree of M.D. from the Univer-
sity of Paris in 1870, and in the same
year was appointed one of the visit-
ing physicians to the East London
Hospital for Children and Dispensary
for Women. On Nov. 29, 1870, Miss
Garrett was elected a member of the
London School Board, being returned
by a large majority at the head of the
poll for Marylebone. She was mar-
ried to Mr. Anderson, Feb. 9, 1871.
Mrs. Garrett-Anderson continues to
practise in London as a physician
for women and childen. She has
She has
written various papers on medical
and social questions.
ANDERSON, SIR HENRY LACON,
K.C.S.I., eldest son of the late Sir
George Anderson, K.C.B., formerly
Governor of Mauritius and Ceylon,
was born at Surat, in the East Indies,
in 1817; and, after a preliminary
training under the Rev. T. Dale,
Canon of St. Paul's, he proceeded to
St. John's College, Oxford; and
afterwards to the East India College
at Haileybury, where he obtained a
first-class, the gold medal in political
economy, the prize for the English
essay, and other distinctions. He
entered the Bombay civil service in
1840. After twice filling the office
of Political Agent, he was appointed
Judge of Kandeish in 1853; Secre-
tary to the Government of Bombay
in the political and judicial depart-
ments in 1854; Chief Secretary to
the Government in 1860; a member
of the Council of India for making
laws and regulations in 1863. He
retired from the latter office in 1865;
was appointed Secretary to the India
Board in the judicial, public, and
revenue departments in 1866; and
was nominated a Knight of the Star
of India for his long services in
Bombay. On leaving that presidency
an annual gold medal was founded
in his honour at the University, by a
public subscription of the natives, and
his portrait was placed in the Town
Hall. Sir Henry, who is a Fellow of
the University of Bombay, has pub-
lished several articles in Indian
reviews.
ANDRASSY (COUNT), JULIUS, a
Hungarian statesman, born at Zem-
plin, on March 8, 1823, the son of
Count Charles Andrassy, whose efforts
to promote the scientific and indus-
trial progress of his country are well
known. He succeeded his father (who
died in 1845) as President of the
Society for Regulating the Course of
the River Theiss; and was returned by
his native town to the Diet of 1847,
where he rose to distinction in con-
sequence of his oratorical powers
and political tact. To the revolu-
tionary movement of 1848 he lent
all his influence; and, after the
Hungarian Government had fled to
Debreczin, in 1849, he was de-
|
ANETHAN-ANNANDALE.
spatched on a mission to the Porte. |
On the defeat of the revolution he
went into exile, and resided in France
and England until the general am-
nesty of 1857 enabled him to return
to his native country. Being elected
a member of the Hungarian Diet in
1860, he gave a hearty support to
the Deack party, and was nominated
Vice-President. On the re-organiza-
tion of the Austrian Empire, and the
constitution of a Hungarian ministry
in 1867, he was appointed Prime
Minister of Hungary, and charged
with the department of the defence of
the country. Among the principal
events of his administration were the
civil and political emancipation of the
Jews, and the raising of a large sum
of money to extend and complete the
railway system in Hungary. At the
general election of 1869 he was una-
nimously returned by the electors of
Pesth to the Hungarian Chamber
of Representatives. Count Andrassy
succeeded Count Beust as Minister
for Foreign Affairs, Nov. 14, 1871,
when he retired from the post of
President of the Ministry at Pesth.
The Emperor of Austria conferred on
Count Andrassy the Order of the
Golden Fleece, 1 Jan. 1878. He was
the first plenipotentiary of Austria
at the Congress of Berlin (June-July,
1878).
ANÉTHAN, JULES JOSEPH,
BARON D', a Belgian statesman, was
born in 1803. Adopting the legal pro-
fession, he was appointed Procureur
du Roi in 1831, and, five years later,
Advocate-General in the Court of
Appeal at Brussels. In 1843, M.
Nothomb, the Prime Minister, selected
him as his Minister of Justice, and
he held this office under different
administrations until the advent of
the Liberals to power in 1847. In
July, 1870, when the Catholic party
once more gained the ascendancy,
the Baron d'Anéthan obtained the
Premiership, being nominated Pre-
sident of the Council and Minister
for Foreign Affairs. His govern-
ment resigned in December, 1871.
In November, 1875, he was nomi-
|
nated Envoy Extraordinary and
Minister Plenipotentiary for Belgium
to the Holy See.
33 ·
|
ANGUS, JOSEPH, D.D., born Jan.
16, 1816, at Bolam, Northumberland,
was educated at King's College, Step-
ney College, and Edinburgh, where
he graduated in 1836, taking the first
prizes in nearly all his classes. He
was appointed Secretary of the Bap-
tist Missionary Society in 1840, and
President of Stepney College in 1849,
which college was removed to Regent's
Park in 1857. Dr. Angus, who was
for several years English Examiner
in the University of London, and to
the Indian Civil Service, is the author
of the "Handbook of the Bible,"
"Handbook of the English Tongue,'
English Literature,' Christ our
Life," and several other works. He
has also edited Butler's "Analogy
and Sermons," with notes, and Dr.
Wayland's "Moral Science." He is a
member of the New Testament Com-
pany for the Revision of the Scrip-
tures, and was a member of the first
London School Board.
""
CC
D
""
ANNANDALE, THOMAS, F.R.S.E.,
was born at Newcastle-on-Tyne, Feb.
2, 1838, and educated at the Univer-
sity of Edinburgh. He became pri-
vate assistant to the late Professor
Syme, Demonstrator of Anatomy in
the University of Edinburgh, and
Surgeon and Lecturer on Surgery to
the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. His
high reputation as a practical and
operating surgeon and teacher of sur-
gery led to his appointment in Oct.,
1877, as Professor of Clinical Surgery
in the University of Edinburgh. He
is the author of The Malformations,
Diseases, and Injuries of the Fingers
and Toes, and their Surgical Treat-
ment," 1865, being the Jacksonian
Prize Essay for 1864; "Abstracts of
Surgical Principles," 1868-70, 2nd
edit., 1876, &c.; "Clinical Surgical
Lectures," 1874-1875, reported in the
Medical Times and British Medical
Journal; "On the Pathology and
Operative Treatment of Hip Disease,
1876; and numerous contributions to
professional periodicals.
>>
34
ANSDELL-ANTHONY.
"
Text-Book," 1845;
"The Ancient
World,”
1847;
"Gold - Seeker's
Manual," 1849; "Elementary Course
of Geology, Mineralogy, and Physical
Geography," 1850 (2nd ed. 1856-69);
Scenery, Science, and Art," 1854;
"Geological Science," 1855; Geo-
logical Gossip," 1860; "Short Trip to
Hungary and Transylvania," 1862;
"The Channel Islands," 1862; "Great
Stone Book of Nature," 1863; "Cor-
relation of the Natural History
Sciences," 1863; "The Ionian Islands,
1863; "The Applications of Geology
to the Arts and Manufactures," 1865;
"Physical Geography," 1867 (5th ed.
1871);
1871); "The World We Live in,"
1869 (20th thousand, 1877); "The
Earth's History; or, First Lessons in
Geology," 1869; "Two Thousand
Questions on Physical Geography,"
1870; "Physiography," 1877; "Water
Lon--Physical, Descriptive, and Practi-
cal," 1878; and numerous memoirs
in the Proceedings of the Royal So-
ciety, Quarterly Geological Journal,
British Association Reports, Annals
of Natural History, Transactions of
the Cambridge Philosophical Society,
Transactions of the Institution of
Civil Engineers, Transactions of the
Royal Institution of British Archi-
ANSTED, DAVID THOMAS, M.A.,
F.R.S., F.G.S, F.C.P.S., Corr. Mem-
ber of the Royal Academy of Sciences
at Liège, Hon. Member of the Royal
Inst. of British Architects, Hon.
Fellow of King's College, London,
&c., J.P. for the county of Suffolk,
Chevalier of the Order of the "Sau-
veur in Greece; son of William
son of William
Ansted, born in London, in 1814, was
educated at a private school in
don, and afterwards at Jesus College,
'Cambridge, where he took the usual
degrees, graduating in mathematical
honours as a Wrangler in 1836, and
M.A. in 1839. He was for some time
a Fellow of Jesus College. In 1840
he was appointed Professor of Geo-
logy in King's College, London. He
became Lecturer on Geology at the
"
-
|
66
East India Military Seminary at Ad-tects, the Journal of Popular Science,
discombe in 1845; and Professor of the Journal of the Society of Arts,
Geology at the College of Civil Engi- the Fine Arts Journal, and many
neers, Putney, in the same year. In other periodicals. He contributed
1844 he was appointed Vice-Secretary the article on "Physical Geography "
of the Geological Society, and in that to the "Manual of Geographical
capacity edited the early volumes Science," and the articles on Geo-
of that Society's Quarterly Journal. logy" and "Physical Geography" in
Since 1848 he has been chiefly occu- the "Dictionary of Science, Lite-
pied in the application of geology to rature, and Art," 1865; and was one
engineering, mining, and other prac- of the authors of "Reports on the
tical departments of science, and Great Exhibitions of 1851 and 1862.”
practising as a consulting mining
engineer. In 1874 he was employed |
in directing the works of the Laurium
Lead-smelting Company in Greece.
Since 1868 he has been Examiner in
Physical Geography in the Depart-
ment of Science and Art. He has
frequently lectured at the Royal
Institution. He is the author of
Geology, Introductory, Descriptive,
and Practical," 1844; ((
Geologists'
ANTHONY, HENRY B., born at
Coventry, Rhode Island, April 1, 1815.
He was educated at Brown Univer-
sity, and in 1838 became editor and
proprietor of the Providence Journal,
which under his charge came to be
one of the leading provincial news-
papers of the United States. He was
elected Governor of Rhode Island in
1849, and again in 1850, but he de-
clined a re-election in 1851. He was
66
ANSDELL, RICHARD, R.A., a
painter of animals, born in the neigh-
bourhood of Liverpool, about 1815,
was educated in the Blue-coat School
of that town. He has exhibited at
the Royal Academy since 1848, and
was chosen A.R.A.
A.R.A. about 1861.
Among his best productions is "The
Hunted Slave," exhibited in 1863,
and given in aid of the fund for the
relief of the Lancashire distressed
operatives.
66
""
AOSTA-ARAGO.
35
chosen a United States Senator in
1859, and re-elected for each succes-
sive sexennial period, in 1865, 1871,
and 1877, his term expiring in 1883.
During his long senatorial service he
has continued to edit his newspaper,
and has held a prominent position in
the Republican party, of whose policy
he has been a uniform supporter.
AOSTA, DUKE OF. (See AMA-
DEUS.)
in
signed, it numbered 240 branches
and 10,000 members, with a fund of
more than £18,000. The active
general business of the Society
devolved almost entirely upon Mr.
Applegarth, who constantly endea-
voured to prevent strikes by the
adoption of arbitration. In 1869 he
visited Switzerland in order to in-
quire into the working of the school
system there, and the result of his
researches appeared in a series of
letters published in the Sheffield
Independent. In February, 1870, he
became a candidate for the repre-
sentation of Maidstone, but retired
in favour of Sir John Lubbock, and
towards the close of the same year
he was appointed a member of the
Royal Commission of Inquiry into
the Operation of the Contagious
Diseases Acts. This is the first
instance of a working man being
invited by the Government to occupy
a similar position. Mr. Applegarth
has been for several years London
manager to a French firm of sub-
marine engineers, in which capacity,
at the request of the Lords of the
Admiralty, he superintended the
operations in connection with the
wreck of the Vanguard, having
charge of the submarine lighting
appliances. More recently, he has
been actively engaged in introducing
to this country several important
electrical inventions designed to bring
into practical usefulness the long-
sought perfection of electric lighting,
which he has had the satisfaction of
seeing extensively adopted.
APPLEGARTH, ROBERT, was born
at Kingston-upon-Hull, on Jan. 23,
1831, being the son of a mariner, who
afterwards served as quartermaster
on board the Terror, during the cele-
brated expedition to the polar regions.
After receiving a scanty education,
he entered the shop of a cabinetmaker
and joiner in his native town. At the
age of nineteen he removed to Shef-
field, and at the close of the year 1855
he emigrated to the United States,
and resided for some time at Gales-
burg, Knox County, Illinois, where
he devoted all his spare time and
money to intellectual improvement,
thus acquiring the education which
fitted him for his subsequent career.
Returning to England, he obtained
employment at Sheffield. Though he
received the highest wages paid in
the locality, he felt acutely the pain-
ful contrast between such pay and
that obtainable in the United States,
and he therefore entered heartily into
the working of his local trade society.
When the great strike and lock-out
of the Metropolitan building trades
took place in 1859, and the Amalga-
mated Society of Carpenters and
Joiners was in consequence inaugu-
rated in June, 1860, Mr. Applegarth
exerted himself to promote its exten-
sion. His energy and ability made
him so favourably conspicuous among
his fellow-workmen throughout the
country that in October, 1862, he
was elected General Secretary of the
Society, being re-elected every suc-
ceeding year up to 1871, when he
resigned the office. At the time he
was elected the society consisted of
32 branches and 805 members, with
a fund of £790; but when he re-
|
ARAGO, ETIENNE, journalist,
brother of the late celebrated astro-
nomer, was born at Perpignan,
Feb. 9, 1802, studied at the College
of Sorrèze, and held, during the Re-
storation, an appointment in the
Polytechnic School, which he resigned
to enter upon a literary career.
He
has written many vaudevilles and
melodramas; and established two
opposition journals, La Lorgnette and
Le Figaro; the latter in conjunction
with M. Maurice Alhoy. In 1829 he
became director of the Théâtre de
D 2
36
ARAGO.
|
Vaudeville, the doors of which he
closed July 27, 1830, the day after
the publication of the ordonnances of
Charles X.; thus being one of the
first to give the signal for the Revo-
lution of July. Afterwards, with a
number of his friends, he took part
in the insurrectionary movements of
June and April, 1834; but it was his
good fortune to be either unnoticed
or forgotten, and he was not included
among the accused who expiated
their imprudence in St. Pelagie. After
the Revolution of 1848 he opposed
the policy of Louis Napoleon, and
signed the act of accusation against
the President and his ministers on
the occasion of the siege of Rome.
Having quitted France, he was in his
absence condemned, in default, to
transportation, by the High Court
of Versailles, in 1849, and resided
in England, Holland, Geneva, and
Turin; at which latter place he
occupied himself with literary studies
and editing his "Souvenirs." While at
the head of the Post-office, M. Arago
introduced the cheap postal stamp
system into France, and while in
exile in Belgium, he organised a
charitable society for poor emigrants.
In 1859 he returned to France. At
the time of the war with Germany he
was Mayor of Paris, which office he
resigned in Nov. 1870, when he was
offered the post of Commissioner-
General of the Paris Mint, but he
declined to accept that sinecure. On
Feb. 8, 1871, he was returned to the
National Assembly for the depart-
ment of the Pyrénées Orientales, but
he resigned the seat on the plea of
old age. At this period he was sent
on an extraordinary mission to Italy,
the object of which did not transpire.
After this he withdrew from public
life. He was appointed archivist to
the École des Beaux Arts in 1878.
for the bar, and was admitted an
advocate. He espoused the cause of
the Republicans, and, in 1839, was
engaged in the defence of Martin-
Bernard and Barbès. In the events
of February, 1848, he took an active
part; and on the 24th of that month,
forcing his way into the Chamber of
Deputies, he protested against the
Regency, and demanded the deposi-
tion of the Orleans family. Immedi-
ately afterwards he was sent, with
the title of Commissary-General of
the Republic, to Lyons, and became
extremely unpopular, in consequence
of his taking, from a fund of 500,000
francs intended for the National
Bank of Lyons, the sum necessary
for the support of the national work-
shops. This summary measure, how-
ever, saved the city, and M. Arago's
conduct was formally approved by a
vote of the Constituent Assembly in
1849. The department of the Pyré-
nées Orientales now elected him to
the Assembly, but he rarely made his
appearance there; and soon after-
wards the Executive Commission
sent him as Minister Plenipotentiary
to Berlin, where he used his influence
in favour of the Poles of the grand-
duchy of Posen, and succeeded in
procuring the liberation of General
Mierolawski. On receipt of the news of
the election of the 10th December, he
sent in his resignation, and hastened
to Paris. M. Arago, who ordinarily
voted with the "Mountain in the
Legislative Assembly, protested ener-
getically against the expedition to
Rome. After the coup d'état of
Dec. 2, 1852, he withdrew for some
years from political life, but con-
tinued his practice at the bar. In
1869 he was returned to the Legis-
lative Assembly for the 8th circon-
scription of the Seine. After the fall
of the Empire in 1870, he took a pro-
minent part in public affairs; and,
on M. Crémieux being sent to Tours,
just before the siege, to represent the
Government of the National Defence,
he succeeded that statesman at Paris
as Minister of Justice. On Feb. 6,
1871, he was nominated Minister of
>>
ARAGO, FRANCOIS VICTOR EM-
MANUEL, a nephew of Etienne Arago,
born at Paris, June 6, 1812. Adopt-
ing the profession of letters, he
brought out a volume of poems and
several farces; but at the age of
twenty-five he renounced literature
*
-
ARCH-ARGYLL.
the Interior, and, ad interim, Minister |
of War, in the place of M. Gambetta.
Two days later he was returned to
the National Assembly as one of the
representatives of the Pyrénées Orien-
tales; and on the 19th of the same
month he resigned the office of
Minister of the Interior, which was
conferred on M. Ernest Picard. M.
Arago was elected, in January, 1876,
a senator for the department of the
Pyrénées Orientales. His term of
office will expire in 1882.
·
37
ARCH, JOSEPH, leader of the
agricultural labourers' movement,
was born at Barford, Warwickshire,
Nov. 10, 1826. His father was a
labourer, and he himself had, from
an early age, to work for his living in
the fields. He married the daughter
of a mechanic, and at her suggestion
he added to his slender stock of book
learning. He used often to sit up
late at night reading books, whilst
smoking his pipe by the kitchen fire.
In this way he contrived to acquire
some knowledge of logic, mensura-
tion, and surveying. He likewise
perused a large number of religious
works, and for some years he occu-
pied a good deal of his spare time in
preaching among the Primitive Me-
thodists. When the movement arose
among the agricultural labourers, he
became its recognised leader. In
1872 he founded the National Agri-
cultural Labourers' Union, of which
he became president. He went
through the principal agricultural
districts of England, addressing
crowded meetings of the labouring
classes, and afterwards he visited
Canada to inquire into the questions
of labour and emigration. A more
detailed account of Joseph Arch's
career will be found in "The English
Peasantry," by Mr. Francis George
Heath, 1874.
mained ten years, he came to London
in 1857, and was appointed musical
director at Her Majesty's Theatre.
Whilst in Constantinople, he received
from the Sultan the Order of Medji-
dié in acknowledgment of his talent
as a composer. In addition to
numerous songs composed by Signor
Arditi, may be mentioned the opera
"La Spia," written in New York in
1856; Il Bacio," written in London;
and various pieces for the violin.
i.
ARGYLL (DUKE OF), HIS GRACE
GEORGE DOUGLAS CAMPBELL, K.T.,
only surviving son of the seventh
duke, was born at Ardencaple Castle,
Dumbartonshire, in 1823, and, before
he had succeeded his father, in April,
1847, had become known as an
author, politician, and public speaker.
As Marquis of Lorne he took an
active part in the controversy in the
Presbyterian Church of Scotland re-
lating to patronage, and was looked
upon by Dr. Chalmers as an impor-
tant and valuable adherent. As early
as 1842 he published a pamphlet
which exhibited considerable literary
ability, under the title of "A Letter
to the Peers from a Peer's Son." His
brochure, "On the Duty and Neces-
sity of Immediate Legislative Inter-
position in behalf of the Church of
Scotland, as determined by Consider-
ations of Constitutional Law," was
an historical view of that Church,
particularly in reference to its con-
stitutional power in ecclesiastical
matters. In the course of the same
year he published "A Letter to the
Rev. Thomas Chalmers, D.D., on the
Present Position of Church Affairs in
Scotland, and the Causes which have
led to it." In this pamphlet he vin-
dicated the right of the Church to
legislate for itself; but condemned
the Free Church movement then in
agitation among certain members of
the General Assembly; maintaining
the position taken up in his "Letter
to the Peers," and expressing his
dissent from the extreme view em-
bodied in the statement of Dr. Chal-
mers, that "lay patronage and the
ARDITI, LUIGI, a musical com-
poser, born July 22, 1822, at Crescen-
tino, Piedmont, was educated as a
violinist at the Conservatoire at
Milan. After filling the post of
musical conductor in various places
in Italy and America, where he re-integrity of the spiritual indepen-
ARGYLL-ARMITAGE.
|
dence of the Church has been proved
to be, like oil and water, immiscible."
In 1848 the Duke published an essay,
critical and historical, on the ecclesi-
astical history of Scotland since the
Reformation, entitled "Presbytery
Examined." It was a careful expan-
sion of his earlier writings, and was
favourably received. His Grace has
been a frequent speaker in the House
of Peers on such subjects as Jewish
Emancipation, the Scottish Marriage
Bill, the Corrupt Practices at Elec-
tions Bill, the Sugar Duties, Foreign
Affairs, the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill,
the Scottish Law of Entail, and the Re-
peal of the Paper Duties. During the
administration of Lord John Russell
he gave the Government a general
support, at the same time identifying
his political views with those of the
Liberal Conservatives. His Grace
actively interested himself in all
questions affecting Scottish interests
brought before the Legislature, espe-
cially in the affairs of the Church of
Scotland. In 1851 he was elected
Chancellor of the University of St.
Andrews. In 1852 he accepted office
in the Cabinet of the Earl of Aber-
deen, as Lord Privy Seal. On the
breaking-up of that ministry, in
February, 1855, in consequence of the
secession of Lord John Russell, and
the appointment of Mr. Roebuck's
Committee of Inquiry into the state
of the British army before Sebastopol,
his Grace retained the same office
under the Premiership of Lord Pal-
merston. In the latter part of 1855
he resigned the Privy Seal, and be-
came Postmaster-General. In Lord
Palmerston's Cabinet of 1859 the
Duke resumed the office of Lord
Privy Seal, which he exchanged for
that of Postmaster-General on Lord
Elgin being sent, in 1860, on his
second special mission to China. He
was re-appointed Lord Privy Seal in
1860, was elected Rector of the Uni-
versity of Glasgow in Nov. 1854;
presided over the twenty-fifth annual
meeting of the British Association
for the Advancement of Science, held
at Glasgow, in Sept. 1855; and was
elected President of the Royal So-
ciety of Edinburgh in 1861. On the
formation of Mr. Gladstone's Cabinet,
in Dec. 1868, he was appointed Secre-
tary of State for India, and he held
that position till the downfall of the
Liberal Government in Feb. 1874.
In the ensuing session he warmly
supported the measure introduced and
carried by the Conservative Govern-
ment for the transfer from indivi-
duals to congregations of the patron-
age in the Church of Scotland. His
Grace is Hereditary Master of the
Queen's Household in Scotland,
Chancellor of the University of St.
Andrews, a Trustee of the British
Museum, and Hereditary Sheriff and
Lord-Lieutenant of Argyllshire. In
1866 his Grace published "
"The
Reign of Law," which has passed
through numerous editions; in 1869
"Primeval Man; an Examination of
some recent speculations;" in 1870
a small work on the History and
Antiquities of Iona, of which island
his Grace is proprietor; in 1874
"The Patronage Act of 1874, all that
was asked in 1843, being a Reply to
Mr. Taylor Innes; and in 1877 (for
the Cobden Club) observations "On
the important question involved in
the relation of Landlord and Tenant."
He married, in 1844, the eldest
daughter of the second Duke of
Sutherland (she died May 25, 1878).
His Grace's eldest son, the Marquis
of Lorne, married, in 1871, the Prin-
cess Louise. (See LORNE.)
ARGYLL AND THE ISLES,
BISHOP OF. (See MACKARNESS.)
ARMAGH, ARCHBISHOP OF. (See
BERESFORD.)
38
25
ARMITAGE, EDWARD, R.A., an
historical and mural painter, de-
scended from an ancient Yorkshire
family; was born in London May
20, 1817, and educated in France and
Germany. In 1837 he entered the
studio of Paul Delaroche at Paris,
and he was selected by that master
to assist him in the decoration of the
"Hemicycle" at the School of Fine
Arts. Three years later Mr. Armitage
sent a large picture of "Prometheus
ARMITAGE.
39
""
on Painting to the Royal Academy
in 1875. To the annual exhibitions
of that body he has been a regular
contributor since 1848. The following
is a list of the pictures he has exhi-
bited at the Academy-" Henry VIII.
and Katherine Parr" and "The
Death of Nelson" in 1848; "Wait-
ing for a Customer
ing for a Customer" and "An Inci-
dent in the History of Thomas-à-
Becket" in 1849; "The Socialists
and "The Vision of Ezekiel" in
1850; "Samson" in 1851; "Hagar
and "The Thames and its Tributa-
|
""
""
|
Bound" to the Paris Exhibition of
Living Painters. To the Cartoon
Exhibition at Westminster Hall in
the following year he contributed
"The Landing of Julius Cæsar in
Britain," which took a first-class
prize of £300. It was reported that
Delaroche had worked upon this car-
toon, and consequently the premium
awarded to it by the Royal Commis-
sioners was withheld until a second
drawing should be executed in this
country. The question was speedily
decided in the young painter's favour.
In 1844 he was a contributor to the|ries," a design for fresco in Houses
Westminster Hall Exhibition of of Parliament, in 1852; "The City of
works in fresco, but not with similar Refuge" in 1853 ; "The Death of
success, receiving no prize. At the Marmion,'
Marmion," another design for fresco at
third competition in 1845 he was Westminster, and "The Lotus Eater”
more successful, taking a £200 prize in 1854; "The Ravine at Inker-
for a fresco, "The Spirit of Religion;" mann" and "Portrait of Mrs. E. A.”
and, finally, in 1847, another first in 1856; "Souvenir of Scutari" in
prize of £500 was awarded to him 1857; "Retribution
in 1858;
"St.
for an oil picture, "The Battle of Francis and his early followers before
Meanee," now the property of the Pope Innocent III.,
Pope Innocent III.," design for fresco
Queen. After this Mr. Armitage in Catholic Church of St. John, Is-
went to Rome, where he remained lington, in 1859;
lington, in 1859; "The Mother of
two years.
During the war with Moses hiding after having exposed
Russia he visited the Crimea, and the her child on the river's brink" and
result was two pictures "The Ravine "Christ and the Apostles," design for
at Inkermann" and "Souvenir of fresco in Catholic Church of St. John,
Scutari." In 1858 he produced a co- Islington, in
1860 ;
"Pharaoh's
lossal figure, entitled "Retribution," Daughter" in 1861; "The Burial of
allegorical of the suppression and a Christian Martyr in the time of
punishment of the Indian mutiny. In Nero" in 1863; "Ahab and Jezebel
the Upper Waiting Hall of the Palace in 1864 ; "Esther's Banquet" in
of Westminster he has executed two 1865; "The Remorse of Judas" and
experimental frescoes, "The Thames "The Parents of Christ seeking Him"
with its Tributaries," and "The Death in 1866; "Savonarola and Lorenzo
of Marmion;" and in the Catholic the Magnificent," "Christ Healing the
Church of St. John at Islington he Sick," and "Head of an Apostle," in
painted "St. Francis and his early 1867; "Herod's Birthday Feast" in
followers before Pope Innocent III.,"
1868; "Hero lighting the Beacon,"
and decorated the apse with noble "The Sick Chameleon," and "Christ
figures of Christ and the Twelve calling the Apostles James and John,
Apostles. In 1869 he was engaged in 1869 ; "Incident suggesting to
upon the monochrome series of wall- Æsop his fable of Fortune and the
paintings in University Hall, Gordon Sleeping Boy," Gethsemane," and
Square a memorial to the late Crabb "Le fil de la bonne Vierge-(gossa-
Robinson. The composition is 56 feet mer threads)," in 1870;" Peace: a
long, and the figures, thirty-four in battlefield of the late war, twenty
number, are somewhat over life size. years hence" and "A Deputation to
Mr. Armitage was elected A.R.A. in Faraday in 1871; "The dawn of
1867, R.A. in Dec. 1872; and was the first Easter Sunday,'
"A Dream
appointed Professor and Lecturer of Fair Women," and a picture "In
""
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|
>>
""
ARMSTEAD-ARMSTRONG.
(C
memory of the great Fire at Chicago," | reliefs of Government, Europe, Asia,
in 1872; “Christ's Reproof to the Africa, America, Australasia, and
Pharisees" and "Simplex munditiis" Education, statues of Earl Grey,
in 1873; "St. John taking the Virgin Lord Lytton, Duke of Newcastle,
to his own home after the Cruci- Earl of Derby, Lord Ripon, Sir W.
fixion" in 1874; "Julian the Apos- Molesworth, Lord Glenelg, and also
tate presiding at a Conference of reliefs on the façade of Truth, Forti-
Sectarians" in 1875; "The Hymn of tude, Temperance, and Obedience.
the Last Supper" and "Phryne" in Mr. Armstead designed the whole of
1876; Serf Emancipation: an An- the carved oak panels (beneath Dyce's
glo-Saxon noble on his death-bed frescoes) in Her Majesty's Robing
gives freedom to his slaves" in 1877; Room in New Palace, Westminster,
"After an Entomological Sale: illustrating the life of King Arthur,
'beati possidentes,'
"The Cities of and the history of Sir Galahad; also
the Plain," "The Mother of Moses," the external sculpture of Eatington
and "Pygmalion's Galatea," in 1878. Park, Warwickshire, and other works,
ARMSTEAD, HENRY HUGH, including the effigy of the late Bishop
A.R.A., sculptor, was born in London, of Winchester, now in course of erec-
June 18, 1828, and received his artistic tion in Winchester Cathedral. Mr.
education at the School of Design, Armstead was elected an Associate
Somerset House, Leigh's School, Mad- of the Royal Academy, Jan. 16, 1875.
dox Street, Mr. Carey's School, and
the Royal Academy. Among his
masters were Mr.Masters, Mr.Herbert,
R.A., Mr. Bailey, R.A., Mr. Leigh,
and Mr. Carey. As a designer, mo-
deller, and chaser for silver, gold,
and jewellery, and a draughtsman
on wood, he has executed a large
number of works. Among those in
silver, the most important are the
"Charles Keen Testimonial," the " St.
George's Vase, "Doncaster Race
plate," the "Tennyson Vase" (Silver
Medal obtained for that and other
works in Paris, 1855), and the "Pack-
ington Shield." His last important
work in silver (for which the Medal
from the 1862 Exhibition was ob-
tained) was the "Outram Shield,"
always on view at the South Ken-
sington Museum. His works, in
marble, bronze, stone, and wood in-
clude the South and East sides of the
podium of the "Albert Memorial,"
Hyde Park, representing the musi-
cians and painters of the Italian, Ger-
man, French, and English Schools,
and some of the greatest poets. There
are also four large bronze figures on
the Albert Memorial by Mr. Arm-
stead, viz. Chemistry, Astronomy,
Medicine, and Rhetoric. He also de-
signed the external sculptural deco-
rations of the new Colonial Offices,
|
ARMSTRONG, GEORGE FRANCIS,
M.A., was born in the county of
Dublin, May 5, 1845, and educated at
Trinity College, Dublin. In 1862 he
made a pedestrian tour with his in-
valid brother in France. In 1864
he won the highest prizes of the
Dublin University for composition
and English verse; and in 1865, on
the decease of his brother, the late
Edmund John Armstrong, edited the
first edition of his Poems. In 1866,
he won the Gold Medal for Compo-
sition in the Historical Society. In
1867, he was elected President of the
Philosophical Society,and won its Gold
Medal for essay writing. In 1868 Mr.
Armstrong visited Germany, Switzer-
land, Italy, and France; and in 1869
published a volume of "Poems, Lyrical
and Dramatic," which was very well
received. In 1870 appeared "Ugone,'
a Tragedy. In 1871 he was appointed
by the Crown Professor of History
and English Literature in the Queen's
College at Cork, and the next year
was granted the degree of M.A. in
the Dublin University. In 1872 he
revisited Switzerland and Italy, and
published "King Saul," (the first
part of the tragedy of Israel), new
editions of 'Poems, Lyrical and
Dramatic," and "Ugone. In 1874
these were followed by "King David,"
>>
>>
40
""
27
ARMSTRONG-ARNASON.
(the second part of the tragedy of
Israel), and in 1876 by "King Solo-
mon," which completed the trilogy.
In 1877 he published "The Life,
"The Life,
Letters, and Essays" of his brother,
Edmund John, and edited a new edi-
tion of his Poems.
41
report, July, 1863, state that they
"have had no practical evidence be-
fore them that even at this moment
any other system of constructing
rifled ordnance exists which can be
compared to that of Sir W. Arm-
strong." In February, 1863, Sir
William resigned his appointment,
and rejoined the Elswick manufactur-
ing company. In the same year he
acted as President of the British
Association. He received the hono-
ARMSTRONG, SIR WILLIAM
GEORGE, C.B., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R. S.,
son of the late Mr. William Arm-
strong, a merchant, at one time mayor
of Newcastle-on-Tyne, was born in
1810. He entered the legal profes-rary
sion, for which he studied with his
brother-in-law, the late Baron Wat-
son, then a special pleader in the
Temple; but a strong bent for scien-
tific pursuits diverted him from the
law. Early in life he commenced
investigations on the subject of elec-
tricity, which resulted in the inven-
tion of the hydro-electric machine,
the most powerful means of develop-
ing frictional electricity yet devised.
For this he was elected, whilst a very
young man, a Fellow of the Royal
Society. He then invented the
hydraulic crane, and, between 1845
and 1850, the "accumulator," by
which an artificial head is substituted
for the natural head gained only by
altitude; and extended the applica-
tion of hydraulic power to hoists of
every kind, machines for opening and
closing dock gates and spring bridges,
capstans, turntables, waggon-lifts,
and a variety of other purposes. For
the manufactory of this machinery
The founded the Elswick Factory,
where, in December, 1854, he con-
structed the gun that bears his name.
In 1858 the Rifle Cannon Committee
recommended the adoption of the
Armstrong gun for special service in
the field, and Mr. Armstrong, in pre-
senting his patents to the Govern-
ment, was knighted, made a C.B.,
and appointed to superintend its ma-
nufacture. Sir W. Armstrong ex-
tended the system to guns of all sizes,
from the 6-pounder to the 600-poun-
der, and within three years intro-
duced three thousand guns into the
service. The Committee of Ordnance
of the House of Commons, in their
degree of LL.D. from the Uni-
versity of Cambridge in 1862, and the
honorary degree of D.C.L. from the
University of Oxford in 1870. Sir
William is a Knight Commander of
the Danish Order of the Dannebrog, of
the Austrian Order of Francis Joseph,
and of the Brazilian Order of the
Rose. He was nominated a Grand
Officer of the Italian Order of SS.
Maurice and Lazarus in 1876.
ARNASON, JÓN, the son of a
Lutheran clergyman, was born at
Hof, on the northern coast of Iceland,
August 17, 1819. Having lost his
father in early boyhood, he was in-
debted to his mother for elementary
instruction. After completing his
education at the college of Bessestad,
then the only school in the island, he
became private tutor in the family of
the late Seveinbjörn Egilsson, the
rector of the college. Arnason de-
voted much time to the study of the
history and literature of Iceland, and
made himself thorough master of
the classical tongues. In 1849 he
was appointed keeper of the library
at Reykjavik, and, in 1856, Secretary
to the Bishop of Iceland. He has
published several biographical works,
including the life of his friend, Dr.
Egilsson. In conjunction with M.
Grimson he edited a small collection
of Icelandic Fairy Tales and Adven-
tures, entitled "Islenzk Efintyri."
English translations of a number of
these quaint stories will be found in
the appendix to Symington's "Pen
and Pencil Sketches of Faroe and
Iceland," 1862. The work on which
his fame chiefly rests is derived from
the folk-lore of Iceland, and entitled
42
ARNIM.
|
was
opposed to the Catholics, and second-
ing the exertions of his chief against
them with all his heart, Count Arnim,
true to the tradition of his family,
a thorough Conservative, and
was supposed to evince a certain pre-
dilection for the French Legitimists..
When M. Thiers was suddenly turned
out, and Marshal MacMahon ap-
pointed President of the Republic
by a majority which was regarded
in Prussia as devoted to the Papacy,
Count Amim was speedily recalled
from Paris, and appointed to Con-
stantinople. He presented his letters
of recall to Marshal MacMahon
April 29, 1874. Soon afterwards his
Roman despatches were published
at Vienna; but the Count denied
being a party to this breach of official
secrecy. However, an exchange of
official communications upon this and
kindred subjects led to his being
placed on half-pay before he had
time to repair to his new post. In
Oct. 1874, he was arrested in his
private residence, near Stettin, at the
instance of Prince Bismark, and
conveyed to Berlin, where he was
cast into gaol. Some days after-
wards, in consequence of his failing
health, he was temporarily liber-
ated on bail, but was soon consigned
again to prison. The charge preferred
against him was that he had em-
bezzled important State documents
from the archives of the German Em-
bassy at Paris. The Municipal Court
of Berlin passed sentence on Dec. 19,
1874. The charge of embezzlement
was rejected as unproved, the judges
not believing that the defendant had
taken the documents for the purpose
of applying them to any private or
personal use. However, the Count
was convicted of having "removed"
or "made away with" thirteen docu-.
ments relating to ecclesiastical affairs.
He was therefore sentenced to three
months' imprisonment, one month.
to be considered as having been un--
dergone during the arrest, and to
the payment of the costs of the trial.
The sentence was never enforced,
owing to the Count having prudently
>>
tures
"Icelandic Popular Tales and Adven-
(Leipsic, 1862-4). An Eng-
lish version, by G. E. J. Powell and
E. Magnússon, of some of these tales
appeared in 1864, under the title of
"Icelandic Legends."
""
ARNIM, COUNT HARRY KARL
EDWARD VON, a Prussian diplo-
matist, was born Oct. 3, 1824, at
Monitzelsitz, in Pomerania, being the
son of Heinrich von Arnim, late
Minister of Foreign Affairs. He was
educated at the gymnasium at
Köslin, the Ritter-Akademie at Bran-
denburg, and the University of Ber-
lin. At this time he showed himself
to be a highly gifted young man.
At Michaelmas, when he passed at
Köslin from the third into the second
class, he was publicly asked by the
master what he wished to be. He
boldly replied, "A diplomatist;
whereupon all his fellow-students
burst out laughing. Eight years
later he really became what he had
wished to be, for he entered on a
diplomatic career. He represented
the Court of Berlin at Rome as Am-
bassador and Plenipotentiary from
1864 down to the Italian occupation
in September, 1870. On the 28th of
July in the latter year he was created
a count by a cabinet order. During
the sittings of the Ecumenical
Council he acquitted himself to the
satisfaction of his government, as is
abundantly proved by his subsequent
appointment; for Count Arnim was
the first Envoy whom Germany sent
to France on the resumption of
friendly relations after the war of
1870. Having taken a prominent
part in concluding the supplementary
agreement with France at Frank-
furt, Count Arnim was, upon the
restoration of regular relations, no-
minated German Ambassador at Paris.
In this capacity he distinguished him-
self by bringing about the final Con-
vention of 1872, thereby accelerating
not a little the evacuation and the
payment of the indemnity. Soon
after this a misunderstanding arose
between the Count and the Chancellor
Prince Bismark. Though vehemently
K
20
-
ARNOLD.
43
|
|
left the country and got beyond the |
reach of his enemies. An appeal was
lodged against the sentence, and in
June, 1875, the case was heard again
before the Kammergericht, or Court
of Second Instance. The result was
that the claims put forward by the
Government were even more deci-
sively sustained than on the first trial,
and the term of imprisonment was
increased from three months to nine.
The Count himself was at this time
at Lausanne, and pleaded ill health
as a reason for remaining there. A
few months later there appeared an
anonymous pamphlet bearing the title
"Pro Nihilo," which was afterwards
proved to have been written by Count
Arnim. The object of this publication
was to make the public believe that
the prosecution had been prompted
throughout by the personal hatred
entertained by the Chancellor towards
himself. An application by the Ger-
man Public Prosecutor to indict Count
Arnim for treason as the probable
author of the pamphlet was granted
by the Senate of the High Court of
State. Summoned to appear at Berlin,
the recusant Count pleaded the neces-
sity of continued absence on the
ground of ill-health. After many
delays, the trial ended on Oct. 12,
1876, when Count Arnim was found
guilty by the High Court of State on
the charges of betraying his country,
offending the Emperor, and insulting
Prince Bismark and the Foreign
Office. The sentence awarded was
five years' penal servitude. Count
Arnim, who possesses an extensive
property in the districts of Randow,
Angermünde, and Jerichow, married,
Dec. 28, 1846, Fräulein Elise
Prillwitz, who died Dec. 22, 1854.
On April 21, 1857, he contracted a
second marriage with the Countess
Sophie Adelheid von Arnim-Boitzen-
burg. By his first marriage he had a
son, who is lieutenant in the 2nd
Dragoon Guards; and by the second
marriage three daughters, one of
whom died at Paris in 1873.
tons, Framfield, Sussex, and Heath
House, Maidstone, was born May 28,
1833. On the passing of the Public
Works (Manufacturing Districts) Act,
1863, to meet the necessities of the
cotton famine, Mr. Arnold was ap-
pointed Assistant-Commissioner, and
in that capacity resided in Lan-
cashire till 1866, during which time
he wrote "The History of the Cot-
ton Famine," of which the original
edition was published in 1864, fol-
lowed by a cheaper one in 1865.
On the termination of the cotton
famine, in 1866, Mr. Amold retired
from the district, having received the
thanks of the Poor Law Board, and
of a large number of the local autho-
rities for his zealous and efficient ser-
vices. After two years of subsequent
travel in the south and east of Europe
and in Africa, Mr. Arnold returned to
England in 1868, when he published
"From the Levant," in two vols.,
containing letters descriptive of his
tour. He then became the first editor
of the Echo, a journal which, under
his direction and control, attained
an enormous success and circula-
tion. In years anterior to those to
which we have alluded, Mr. Arnold
wrote two novels, one of which was
published under the name of " Ralph;
or, St. Sepulchre's and St. Stephen's,
the other being entitled, "Hever
Court." Mr. Arnold married, in 1867,
Amelia Elizabeth, only daughter of
Captain Hyde, late 96th Regiment,
of Castle Hyde, county Cork.
1873, the King of Greece conferred
the Golden Cross of the Order of
the Redeemer upon Mr. Arnold, with
special reference to his work, “From
the Levant." In the same year, upon
the death of Mr. Baring, Mr. Arnold
became a candidate for the repre-
sentation of Huntingdon, where there
had not been a contest for forty years.
He was, however, defeated by Sir
John Karslake. In 1874, on the
death of Mr. Charles Gilpin, Mr.
Arnold was unanimously invited by
the Liberal Committee of North-
amption to become a candidate, but
he declined. Mr. Arnold resigned
In
von
ARNOLD, ARTHUR, third son of
Robert Coles Arnold, J. P., of Whar-
""
-
44
ARNOLD.
his connection with the Echo in 1875,
and passed a year in travelling
through Russia and Persia. The
notes of this journey appeared in
1877 under the title of "Through
Persia by Caravan."
|
In
ARNOLD, EDWIN, C.S.I., second
son of Robert Coles Arnold, a magis-
trate for Sussex, born June 10, 1832,
was educated at the King's School,
Rochester, and King's College, Lon-
don, and was elected to a scholarship
at University College, Oxford.
1852 he obtained the Newdigate prize
for his English poem on the "Feast
of Belshazzar," and was selected in
1853 to address the late Earl of
Derby on his installation as Chan-
cellor of the University. He gra-
duated in honours in 1854. Upon
quitting college, he was elected
Second Master in the English divi-
sion of King Edward the Sixth's
School, Birmingham, and subse-
quently appointed Principal of the
Government Sanscrit College at
Poona, in the Bombay Presidency,
and Fellow of the University of Bom-
bay, which offices he held during the
mutiny, and resigned in 1861, after
having twice received the thanks of
the Governor-in-Council. He has
contributed largely to critical and
literary journals, and is the author of
"Griselda, a Drama," and "Poems,
Narrative and Lyrical;" with some
prose works, among which are "Edu-
cation in India,' "The Euterpe of
Herodotus," a translation from the
Greek text, with notes-"The Hito-
pades'a," with vocabulary in Sans-
crit, English, and Murathi. The last
two were published in India. Mr.
Arnold has also published a metrical
translation of the classical Sanscrit
work "Hitopades'a" under the title
of "The Book of Good Counsels;
a "History of the Administration of
India under the late Marquis of Dal-
housie" (1862-4); as well as a popu-
lar account, with translated passages,
of "The Poets of Greece.' Since
1861 he has been upon the editorial
staff of the Daily Telegraph. On be-
half of the proprietors of that journal,
""
""
he arranged the first expedition of
Mr. George Smith to Assyria, as well
as that of Mr. Henry Stanley, who was
sent by the same journal, in conjunc-
tion with the New York Herald, to
complete the discoveries of Living-
stone in Africa, a mission victoriously
accomplished. He is a Fellow of the
Royal Geographical Society of Lon-
don, and Honorary Correspondent of
that of Marseilles. For his share in
the happy results of Mr. Smith's re-
searches he was publicly thanked by
the Trustees of the British Museum.
He published, in 1874, "Hero and
Leander," a translation in heroic
verse, from the Greek of Musæus ;
and in the following year
"The
Indian Song of Songs," being a his-
torical paraphrase from the Sanskrit
of the Gîta Govinda of Jayadeva.
Upon the occasion of the proclama-
tion of the Queen as Empress of
India, on Jan. 1, 1877, he was named
a Companion of the Star of India.
ARNOLD, THE REV. FREDERICK,
born at Cheltenham in 1833, gra-
duated B.A. at Christ Church, Ox-
ford, (2nd class Classics (Mods.), and
1st class Law and Modern History.)
He was for some time editor of the
Literary Gazette, and afterwards of
the Churchman's Family Magazine.
He is the author of "The Public Life
of Lord Macaulay
"Path on
Earth to Gates of Heaven;
"Christ
Church Days," a story in 2 vols.;
"Turning Points in Life," 2 vols.;
and "Our Bishops and Deans," 2
vols., 1875. He has also written a
""
""
History of Greece," and a work on
"Oxford and Cambridge for the
Religious Tract Society. Mr. Arnold's
Piccadilly Papers appeared
monthly in London Society for many
years. He has also contributed to
the "Encyclopædia Britannica," and
Smith's Dictionary of Christian
Biography."
ARNOLD, MATTHEW, eldest son of
the late Rev. Thomas Arnold, D.D.,
head master of Rugby, born Decem-
ber 24, 1822, at Laleham, near
Staines, where Dr. Arnold then re-
sided with his pupils, was educated
""
ARNOTT.
|
at Winchester, Rugby, and Balliol
College, Oxford. He was elected
Scholar in 1840, won the Newdigate
prize for English verse (subject,
"Cromwell") in 1843, graduated in
honours in 1844, and was elected a
Fellow of Oriel College in 1845. In
1847 the late Lord Lansdowne nomi-
nated him his private secretary, and
he acted in that capacity until his
marriage in 1851 with the daughter
of the late Mr. Justice Wightman,
when he received an appointment as
one of the Lay Inspectors of Schools,
under the Committee of Council on
Education, a post which he still holds.
In 1848 the " Strayed Reveller, and
other Poems," signed " A.," appeared,
followed in 1853 by "Empedocles on
Etna, and other Poems," subsequently |
acknowledged. In 1854 he published
a volume of poems in his own name,
consisting of new pieces and selec-
tions from the two previous volumes.
This was followed by a second series,
when the first two volumes were
withdrawn from circulation. Mr.
Arnold, who was elected Professor of
Poetry at Oxford in 1857, published,
in 1858, " Merope," a tragedy after
the antique, with a preface, in which
the principles of Greek tragedy are
discussed, and in 1861, three Lectures
“On Translating Homer," which he
had delivered before the University
of Oxford, and in which he advocated
the adoption of the English hexameter
as the best equivalent to the Homeric
rhythm. In the same year he pub-
lished the records of the educational
systems of France, Germany, and
Holland, which he had previously
submitted to the Government in the
shape of a Report, having been sent,
in 1859-60, as Foreign Assistant-Com-
missioner to the Commissioners ap-
pointed to inquire into the state of
popular education, to obtain further
information respecting the various
plans of education adopted in those
countries. Mr. Arnold, who has con-
tributed, both in prose and in verse,
to periodical literature, collected and
published in 1865 some of his prose
contributions, under the title of
""
|
"Essays in Criticism." Mr. Arnold
again visited the Continent in 1865 to
procure for the Royal Commission on
Middle-Class Education information
respecting foreign schools for the
middle and upper classes, and pub-
lished in 1867 a volume on this sub-
ject. In the same year he published
"Lectures on the Study of Celtic Lite-
rature;" in 1868, "New Poems;" in
1869, a collected edition of his poems,
and "Culture and Anarchy, an Essay
in Political and Social Criticism;
in 1870, "St. Paul and Protestantism,
with an Essay on Puritanism and
the Church of England; in 1871,
"Friendship's Garland; being the
Conversations, Letters, and Opinions
of the late Arminius, Baron von
Thunder-Ten-Tronckh; in 1873,
"Literature and Dogma; an Essay
towards a better Apprehension of the
Bible," and in 1877 "Last Essays on
Church and Religion." In 1867 Mr.
Arnold ceased to hold the Poetry
Chair at Oxford; in 1869 he received
the honorary degree of Doctor of
Laws from the University of Edin-
burgh, and in 1870 from his own
University of Oxford. Three or four
years ago the order of Commander of
the Crown of Italy was conferred on
him by the King of Italy, in acknow--
ledgment of his care of the young
Duke of Genoa, who lived in Mr.
Arnold's family while pursuing his
studies in England.
|
ARNOTT, JAMES MONCRIEFF,
F.R.S., son of the late Robert Arnott,
Esq., of Chapel, in the county of Fife,
was born in 1794, received his educa-
tion at the High School and University
of Edinburgh, and there entered on the
study of his profession, which he sub-
sequently pursued in London, Paris,
and Vienna. In 1817 he settled in
London, was many years surgeon to
the Middlesex Hospital, and was pro-
fessor of Surgery in King's College,
London. In 1840 he was appointed
one of the Council of the Royal Col-
lege of Surgeons, and some years
afterwards a member of the Court of
Examiners of that body, of which
he has been twice President. In
45
""
""
46
ARNOULD-ASSOLLANT.
1860 he was elected representative of
the College in the General Council of
Medical Education and Registration
of the United Kingdom. These ap-
pointments he resigned in 1865,
when he retired to his paternal
estate in Fifeshire. His chief pro-
fessional contributions were papers
read to the Royal Medical and Chi-
rurgical Society of London, and pub-
lished (eight in number) in their
Transactions. The most valuable
was that on the "Secondary Effects
of Inflammation of the Veins" (1829),
in which Mr. Arnott first directed
attention to the subject of Pyæmia,
which has since occupied so large a
space in surgical pathology.
ARNOULD, SIR JOSEPH, eldest
son of the late Joseph Arnould, M.D.,
of Whitecross, near Wallingford, was
born at Camberwell in 1815, and edu-
cated at the Charter House, and at
Wadham College, Oxford, where he
gained the Newdigate prize for Eng-
lish verse in 1834, and graduated as
a first-class in classics in 1836. He
afterwards became Fellow of his
college, was called to the bar at the
Middle Temple in 1841, and went the
Home circuit. For many years he
was connected with the periodical
press, and more especially with the
Daily News. He was appointed a
puisne judge of the Supreme Court of
Bombay, in 1859, when he received
the honour of knighthood. In June,
1862, he was re-appointed, under the
new Act of Parliament, as Judge of
the High Court of Judicature. On
the expiration of his term of office in
1869, the wealthy natives of Bombay,
to mark the character of Sir Joseph
Arnould as a judge, especially his
desire to deal out even-handed jus-
tice without reference to caste or
colour, resolved to institute a scholar-
ship, which will bear his name, in
the University of Bombay. He is the
author of a Treatise on Marine Insu-
rance,” and of a " Memoir of Thomas,
first Lord Denman, formerly Lord
Chief Justice of England," 2 vols, 1873.
ARTHUR, PRINCE. (See CON-
NAUGHT, DUKE OF.)
|
ARTHUR, THE REV. WILLIAM,
Wesleyan minister, was born in
Ireland, 1819, and educated at Hox-
ton College. In 1839 he went to
India, where he was engaged for
some years in missionary work. He
resided in France from 1846 to 1848,
since which time he has held the
office of Secretary to the Methodist
Missionary Society. For some years
Mr. Arthur was President of the
Methodist College at Belfast, which
office he vacated in 1871. Mr. Arthur
is author of " A Mission to the Mysore,
with scenes and facts illustrative of
India, its People, and its Religion
(1847); "The Successful Merchant :
sketches of the life of Mr. Samuel
Budgett (1852)-this has been
translated into Welsh
translated into Welsh; "The Tongue
of Fire, or True Power of Christianity"
(1856); "Italy in Transition: public
scenes and private opinions in the
spring of 1860, illustrated by official
documents from the Papal archives
of the revolted Legations" (1860);
and numerous pamphlets.
""
""
ASSOLLANT, JEAN-BAPTISTE-
ALFRED, a French author, born at
Aubusson Creuse in 1827, entered the
Normal School in 1847, and quitted
it in 1850. After acting as Professor
for some years, he left the university
and visited the United States. On
his return to France he contributed to
the Revue des Deux Mondes an article
upon "Walker and the Americans ;
and published two novels, “Acacia
and "Les Buterfly.' In 1858 he
published, what he termed une fan-
taisie américaine, under the title of
"Scènes de la Vie des Etats-Unis."
In 1859 he published "Deux Amis en
1792," and "Brancas ; in 1860,
""
""
""
"5
""
"La Mort de Roland" and "Histoire
fantastique du célèbre Pierrot; " in
1861, "Les Aventures de Karl Brun-
ner, docteur en théologie," and "Mar-
comrir, Histoire d'un Etudiant ;
in 1862, "Jean Rosier," and "Rose
d'Amour." Many of his romances
appeared in La Presse, Le Journal
pour Tous, and other periodicals. In
consequence of the tone of some of
his articles in the Courrier du
|
sus-
Dimanche, that journal was
pended for two months in August,
1864, and received a warning in
March, 1865. M. Assollant has col-
lected his principle articles under the
titles" D'Heure en Heure ;"" Vérité!
Vérité !" and " Pensées diverses, Im-
pressions intimes, Opinions et Para-
doxes de Cadet Bordiche." He also
published two interesting pamphlets,
A Ceux qui Pensent Encore" in
1861, "Cannoniers,
Cannoniers, à vos Pièces!
in 1862, and "Rachel," a romance, in
1874. At the general election of
1869 he stood as a candidate for the
fifth circonscription of Paris, but
only succeeded in polling ninety-three
votes.
66
""
ATHABASCA-AUDIFFRET-PASQUIER.
""
(See
ATHABASCA, BISHOP OF.
BOMPAS, DR.)
ATKINSON, THE REV. JOHN
CHRISTOPHER, was born at Gold-
hanger, in Essex, in 1814, and re-
ceived his education at Kelvedon, in
that county, and at St. John's Col-
lege, Cambridge (B.A. 1838). He
was appointed vicar of Danby, in
the North Riding of Yorkshire, and
Domestic Chaplain to the late Vis-
count Downe in 1847, and Chaplain
to the High Sheriff of Yorkshire in
1851. Mr. Atkinson is the author of
"Walks, Talks, &c., of Two School-
boys," 1859; "Play-hours and Half-
holidays," 1860; "Sketches in
Natural History," 1861; "Eggs and
Nests of British Birds," 1861;
"Stanton Grange; or, Life at a
Private Tutor's," 1864; "A Glossary
of the Cleveland Dialect," 1868;
"Lost; or, What came of a Slip
from Honour Bright," 1869; besides
many papers on archæological and
philological subjects in the "Pro-
ceedings of various learned socie-
ties. His last work has been "The
History of Cleveland, Ancient and
Modern," partly published; and he is
now engaged in preparing two
volumes for the press, to be published
in the Surtees Society series, com-
prising the Cartularies of the Abbey
of Whitby, and the Priory of Guis-
borough, both in the Cleveland dis-
trict.
'
47
ATLAY, THE RIGHT REV. JAMES,
D.D., Bishop of Hereford, was born
at Wakerley, Northamptonshire, in
1817, and after a preliminary train-
ing at Grantham and Oakham Schools,
entered St. John's College, Cam-
bridge, where he obtained a fellow-
ship. He was vicar of Madingley,
near Cambridge, from 1846 to 1852
Queen's Preacher at
the Chapel
Royal, Whitehall, from 1856 to 1858 ;
vicar of Leeds, 1859; canon of Ripon,
1861; and in 1868 was nominated by
the Crown to the see of Hereford.
AUCKLAND, BISHOP OF. (See
CowIE.)
AUDÍFFRET-PASQUIER, EDME
ARMAND GASTON, DUC D', a French
politician, born in 1818.
His father,
the Comte d'Audiffret, under the
Restoration, was Director of Customs,
Director of the National Debt, Coun-
cillor of State, and afterwards Re-
ceiver-General. His uncle, the Mar-
quis d'Audiffret, was a Peer of France
and President of the Cour des Comptes.
The name of d'Audiffret is that of an
old family of Dauphiné, and their
armorial bearings were to be seen in
the Crusades. The Comte d'Audif-
fret, father of the present Duke, mar-
ried the daughter of M. Pasquier,
Director-General of
of the Tobacco
Manufactories, and brother of the
Chancellor Pasquier. It is from the
latter, who died without issue, and
who had adopted him in 1844, that
the subject of this memoir derives
his ducal title.
In 1845 young
d'Audiffret, scarcely 22 years old,
entered the Council of State as
Auditor, and married Mademoiselle
Fontenilliat, daughter of the Receiver-
General of the Gironde. At this time
he aspired to a brilliant success in
the career which the Council of
State offered, and for which his pre-
vious studies, the traditions of his
family, and his position in society
well fitted him and could lead him to
the highest position in the State.
But bitter griefs were in store for
him to crush his hopes. First there
was the Revolution of 1848, and then
successive family afflictions deprived
48
AUERBACH.
him of his children and induced him
to wish for a retired life. Shortly
afterwards M. d'Audiffret went to
live in Normandy on an estate which
belonged to him. Here he passed 20
years of his life, occupied with agri-
culture and with political studies, in
the midst of his books, the old library
of the d'Audiffret family being one
of the most complete literary collec-
tions which any individual could
possess. Sometimes he abandoned
his pursuits to engage in electoral
struggles with the will of a man who
feels he is an orator and who wishes
to serve his country on the broadest
stage. Thus in 1858 he presented
himself for election to the Council-
General, and in 1866 and 1869 to
the Corps Législatif. On every occa-
sion the battle was stoutly contested.
Victorious the first time, the candi-
date was beaten on the two other
occasions by the efforts of official
pressure. After the fall of the Em-
pire he was elected to the National
Assembly in the Conservative in-
terest by the Department of the
Orne (Feb. 8, 1871). He voted with
He voted with
the Right Centre. He was nomi-
nated president of the commission on
purchases, and in this capacity ac-
quired sudden renown by the mas-
terly way in which he encountered in
debate M. Rouher, the champion of
the fallen dynasty. By his eloquence
he soon acquired a great and strong
position in the Assembly. He was
one of the principal originators of
the downfall of M. Thiers, but he
had assumed an attitude which would
not permit of his being included in a
Ministry of which Bonapartists were
members. After the check given to
the proposed Monarchical Restora-
tion, the Duke, as President of the
Right Centre, was among those who
supported the Septennate, and who
powerfully contributed, in conjunc-
tion with his brother-in-law, M.
Casimir Périer, to the solution of
Feb. 25, 1875. He had always dis-
tinguished between the Republic and
Radicalism, and from the moment
when he saw himself condemned to
-
renounce that Constitutional Mon-
archy which had been the hope and
dream of his life, he preferred the
Republic. On the formation of the
Buffet Ministry, he was elected Pre-
sident of the National Assembly.
On Dec. 9, 1875, the Duc d'Audiffret-
Pasquier who, a few days previously,
had joined the Left Centre, was the
first person elected a Life Senator by
the Assembly, by a majority amount-
ing to four-fifths of all the votes re-
corded. In the sitting of March 13,
1876, he was elected President of the
Senate.
(+
AUERBACH, BERTHOLD, writer
and poet, was born of Jewish pa-
rents, at Nordsteten, in the Black
Forest of Würtemberg, February 28,
1812. He commenced his studies in
Jewish theology at Hechingen and
Carlsruhe, and completed his course
at the Gymnasium at Stuttgart in
1832. From this period until 1835
he studied at Tübingen, Munich,
and Heidelberg, but soon abandoned
Jewish theology, and devoted himself
to philosophy, history, and literature.
His first work, "The Jewish Nation
and its Recent Literature," was pub-
lished at Stuttgart in 1836. His
"Poet and Merchant" appeared in
1837, and "Spinoza " in 1839; and his
attachment to the doctrines of that
philosopher induced him to publish
à biography of him in 1841, accom-
panied by a translation of his complete
works. The reputation of Auerbach
rose still higher when he began to
treat of matters of more general in-
terest; and his "Educated Citizens:
a Book for the Thinking Middle
Classes," published in 1842, and the
"Village Tales from the Black Forest,"
in the following year, obtained great
popularity, the latter having been
translated into English, Dutch, and
Swedish. One of his most finished
poems was inserted in the novel,
The Professor's Wife," which first
appeared in the Urania, in 1848, was
afterwards included in a new edition
of the "Village Tales," and sub-
sequently dramatized by Madame
Birch-Pfeiffer In 1845-6 Auerbach
<<
AUERSPERG-AUGIER.
prepared and published an almanack, | of which he has since taken a con-
under the title of "The Godfather," spicuous part. His appointment to
after the manner of Franklin's "Poor the governorship of Salzburg (March
Richard's Almanack," which was read 17, 1870) caused great dissatisfaction
by both gentle and simple. Since to the allied party of federalists and
1845 he has resided principally at clericals, who emphatically demanded
Weimer, Leipsic, Breslau, and Dres- his dismissal. Throughout his term
den, and has zealously advocated the of office he has remained strictly
cause of education. A new work by faithful to the Constitution, and op-
Auerbach, a novel entitled "Das posed even the slightest deviation
Landhaus am Rhein," appeared in from the established laws. He was
1869. It met with extraordinary suc-appointed President of the Austrian
cess in Germany, and was translated| Ministry on the retirement of Count
into English under the title of "The Beust, Nov. 25, 1871.
Country House on the Rhine" (Lond.,
3 vols. 1870). The late war between
France and Germany produced in
1871 a contribution from Auerbach,
who, under the title of "Wieder
unser; Gedenkblätter zur Geschichte
dieser Tage," gave a well-written
summary of the current opinions and
of the different circumstances which
marked the commencement of the
war and its continuance. His novel
"Waldfried: eine vaterländische Fa-
miliengeschichte," appeared in 1874.
It has been translated into English.
AUFRECHT, THEODOR, LL.D.,
M.A., an orientalist, born at Lesch-
nitz, Silesia, Jan. 7, 1822, and edu-
cated in the University of Berlin.
He was appointed Professor of San-
scrit and Comparative Philology in
the University of Edinburgh in 1862.
On April, 21, 1875, that university
conferred on him the degree of
LL.D., and shortly afterwards he left
Scotland for Bonn, where he had
been appointed Professor of Sanscrit.
Professor Aufrecht has published "A
Complete Glossary to the Rig Veda,
with constant reference to the At-
harva Veda; "De Accentu Com-
positorum Sanscritorum," Bonn, 1847;
"Halayudha's Abhidhanaratnamala ;
a Sanscrit Vocabulary, edited with a
Complete Sanscrit-English Glossary;"
"The Hymns of the Rig Veda, tran-
scribed into English Letters," 2 vols.,
Berlin
Berlin; and "Ujjvaladatta's Com-
mentary, the Unadistras," from a
manuscript in the Library of the East
India House (Lond., 1859).
|
AUERSPERG (PRINCE), ADOLPH
WILHELM DANIEL, Prime Minister
of Austria, son of Prince Wilhelm
Auersperg, was born July 21, 1821,
and began life as a soldier, entering
the service at an early age, and con-
tinuing in it as a major in the Prince
Eugène Dragoons up to a compara-
tively recent date. His name was
definitely struck from the Army List
only in the spring of 1870, on his
appointment to the governorship of
Salzburg. The Minister's political
career commenced in February, 1867,
when he was returned as member of
the Bohemian Diet by the landed
interest of that province. Ten months
later, on Count Hartig's resignation,
he was appointed President of the
Bohemian Diet (Oberstland Mar-
schall), continuing in that office till
1870, and distinguishing himself by
competent and energetic administra-
tion, siding, however, strongly with
the Germans. In January, 1869, he
was nominated life member of the
Upper Chamber, in the discussions
49
">
AUGIER, GUILLAUME VICTOR
ÉMILE, dramatic poet, born at Va-
lence (Dôme), Sept. 17, 1820, and
destined for the bar, soon, however,
devoted his attention to literature.
His first piece, "La Ciguë," a two-
act drama, in verse, refused in 1844
by the directors of the Théâtre
Français, on account of the youth of
the author-he was only twenty-four
-was received at the Odéon. The
directors of the Théâtre Français,
made aware of their mistake (1845),
admitted "La Ciguë" into its reper-
tory, and it is still played with success.
E
50
AUGUSTENBURG-AUMALE.
|
his queen Marie-Amélie, was educated,
like his brothers, in the College Henri
IV., and at the age of seventeen en-
tered the army. In 1840 he accom-
panied his brother, the Duke of
Orleans to Algeria, took part in the
campaign which followed, returning
to France in 1841, and he completed
his military education at Courbevoie.
From 1842 to 1843 he was again in
Algeria, where, at the head of the
subdivision of Medeah, he conducted
one of the most brilliant campaigns
of the war, capturing the camp and
all the correspondence of Abd-el-Ka-
der, together with 3,600 prisoners
and an immense treasure, for which
service he was made a lieutenant-
general, and appointed to the com-
mand of the province of Constantine.
In 1844 he directed the expedition
against Biskarah, and in the same
year married Marie Caroline Auguste
de Bourbon, daughter of Prince Leo-
pold of Salerno, who was born April
26, 1822. (She died at Twickenham,
Dec. 6, 1869.) In 1847 the duke suc-
ceeded Marshal Bugeaud as Governor-
General of Algeria, which position he
filled upon the surrender of Abd-el-
Kader to the French authorities. On
receiving the news of the revolution
of Feb., 1848, he resigned his com-
mand to General Cavaignac, and
joined the ex-royal family in England.
With his brother, the Prince de Join-
ville, he protested against the decree
banishing his family from France,
and afterwards resided chiefly in Eng-
land, devoting himself to literary
pursuits. At the commencement of
1861, a pamphlet, addressed by him
to Prince Napoleon Bonaparte, ex-
cited great sensation, and led to a
species of political persecution by the
French authorities, who condemned
the printer and publisher of it to fine
and imprisonment, which sentence
was appealed against. The duke
challenged Prince Napoleon, whose
refusal to meet him excited great in-
dignation in France. The same year
the Literary Fund of London invited
the duke to preside at their annual
dinner, on which occasion his speech
In 1849 appeared "Gabrielle," which
gained the Monthyon prize from the
Academy. "Le Gendre de M. Poi-
rier," a comedy, written in conjunc-
tion with M. Jules Sandeau, appeared
in 1855. In 1858 he published a col-
lection of "Poésies," containing some
pretty idylls. Among his later works
are "Les Effrontés," 1861; "Le Fils
de Giboyer," 1862; "Maître Guérin,"
a comedy in five acts, "Paul Fores-
tier," a comedy in four acts, "Les
Lions et les Renards," 1871; "Jean
de Thomeray," written in conjunction
with M. Jules Sandeau, 1873; "Ma-
dame Caverlet," 1876; "Le Prix
Martin," 1876; "Mademoiselle de
la Reynie," 1876; and "Les Four-
chambault," performed at the Théâtre
Français, April 8, 1878. M. Augier
has been called the "poet of good
sense," in contradistinction to some
of his contemporaries. He was elected
to succeed M. Salvandy in the French
Academy, Jan. 28, 1858, received the
Legion of Honour in 1850, was made
Grand Officer June 19, 1858, and
Commander Aug. 15, 1868.
|
AUGUSTENBURG, FREDERICK
CHRISTIAN AUGUST, DUKE OF
SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN-SONDERBURG
and AUGUSTENBURG, son of the Duke
Christian August, who died March
12, 1869, was born July 6, 1829, be-
came Major of the 1st Infantry Re-
giment of the Prussian Guards, and
married, Sept. 11, 1856, Adelaide
Victoria, daughter of Prince Ernest
of Hohenlohe-Langenburg. Upon the
death of the late King of Denmark,
in 1863, he proceeded to assert his
right to the dukedom of Schleswig-
Holstein, of which his father had
been deprived by the peace of 1851,
and was received everywhere with
acclamation by the population of the
Duchies. The Austrian and Prussian
Governments in their arrangements
(1865) for the division of the spoil
did not recognise his claims.
AUMALE (DUC D'), HENRI-EU-
GÈNE-PHILIPPE-LOUIS D'ORLÉANS,
prince of the family of Orleans, born
in Paris, Jan. 16, 1822, the fourth son
of the late king Louis-Philippe and
AUSTIN-AUZOUX.
51
also excited attention. The Duc d'Au-
male, who, as heir of the great house
of Condé, possesses an ample fortune,
turies," 2 vols., 1871. His eldest son,
Lonis-Philippe-Marie-Léopold d'Or-
léans, prince de Condé, born in 1845,
in addition to a beautiful seat on the died in June, 1866. His second son,
François-Louis-Marie-Philippe d'Or-
léans, Duke of Guise, was born at
Twickenham, Jan. 5, 1854, and died
in France, July 25, 1872.
banks of the Thames, near Twicken-
ham, owns a fine estate in Worcester-
shire, where he formerly occupied his
time as
a practical agriculturist.
Shortly before the elections for the
National Assembly on Feb. 8, 1871, the
Duc d'Aumale, who, during the Fran-
co-German war, had in vain sought
permission to serve in the French
army, addressed from London a pro-
clamation to the electors of the De-
partment of the Oise, in which, while
declaring his preference for a consti-
tutional monarchy, he stated his wil-
lingness to bow to the national will,
if a Liberal Republic were adopted as
the form of government. His candi-
dature was successful, but he did not
return to France until after the law
banishing the members of the Orleans
family was repealed on June 8. His
election was confirmed the same day,
but in consequence of an understand-
ing between him and M. Thiers, he
did not take his seat in the Assembly
until Dec. 19, 1871. Previously to
this, in Oct., 1871, he had been chosen
President of the Council-General of
the Oise. He was elected a member
of the French Academy, Dec. 30,
1871, by 27 votes against 1, in suc-
cession to the illustrious Montalem-
bert. The Duc d'Aumale was nomi-
nated a General of Division, Mar. 10,
1872, and in this capacity he presided
over the Council of War before which
Marshal Bazaine was arraigned. At
the elections for the Assembly in
Feb., 1876, the Duc d'Aumale de-
clined to come forward again as a
candidate in order that he might de-
vote his undivided attention to the
military division of which the com-
mand had been entrusted to him.
The first two volumes of his "His-
toire des Princes de la Maison de
Condé," appeared in 1869, and were
translated into English by Mr. Robert
Brown-Borthwick, under the title of
History of the Princes de Condé in
the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Cen-
AUSTIN, ALFRED, journalist and
poet, born in Devonshire about 1834,
was educated partly in a Roman
Catholic school in the west of Eng-
land and partly on the Continent.
On his return to this country he de-
voted himself to literature, and for
many years past he has been con-
nected with the Standard newspaper.
His first volume of verse, "The Sea-
son: a Satire," appeared in 1861, and
was very severely criticised. Mr.
Austin replied to his critics in a poem
now suppressed, entitled "My Satire
and its Censors," 1861. His other
publications are, "The Human Tra-
gedy: a Poem," 1862, 1876;
Poetry of the Period," 1870;
Golden Age: a Satire," 1871; "In-
terludes," in verse, 1872; "Rome or
Death," a poem, 1873; "Madonna's
Child," 1873; and "Leszko the Bas-
tard: a Tale of Polish Grief," 1877.
"The
"The
AUSTRIA, EMPEROR OF. (Sec
FRANCIS JOSEPH.)
|
AUZOUX, THOMAS LOUIS JÉ-
ROME, a French anatomist, born at
St. Aubin d'Ecroville (Eure), April
7, 1797, took the degree of Doctor at
Paris in 1822, and is best known in
his own country and throughout
Europe by the pains he has bestowed
in seeking to popularize the study of
anatomy by the means of casts taken
from the organs of the dead subject.
For this purpose he employs a paste
which, when dried, is as hard as
wood, impervious to moisture, ren-
dering every vein and fibre to which
it has been applied as distinctly as it
is possible to conceive. The great
advantages of his models are, that
they are composed of separate ele-
ments representing distinct organs,
or distinct portions of the same organ,
and are capable of being mounted or
dismounted at pleasure, so as to show
-66
E 2
52
BABINGTON.
the relation of the different parts,
and of different organs amongst
themselves. His system he calls
"clastic anatomy" (from Kλów, to
break). For the preparation of these
anatomical moulds in his native town,
M. Auzoux has a large factory, which
is highly spoken of, not only for the
wholesome moral and economical dis-
cipline which marks it, but also for
the artistic education which it gives
to a number of the people in the dis-
trict, in anatomy, modelling, and
painting. Among his many distin-
guished publications we may cite
"Un Mémoire sur la Vipère," "Con-
sidérations Générales sur l'Anato-
mie," and "Un Mémoire sur le Cho-
léra-Morbus, son Siége, sa Nature,
son Traitement." M. Auzoux re-
ceived, at each of the French Expo-
tions of 1834, of 1839, and of 1849, a
gold medal, and the Cross of the
Legion of Honour in 1833.
|
|
B.
BABINGTON, CHARLES CARDALE,
F.R.S., F.S.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., son of
the late Rev. Joseph Babington, M.A.,
and grandson of Thomas Babington,
of Rothley Temple, Leicestershire,
was born at Ludlow in 1808, and edu-
cated at St. John's College, Cam-
bridge (B.A. 1830; M.A. 1833). He
is Professor of Botany in the Uni-
versity of Cambridge. Mr. Babing-
ton is well known as a naturalist, and
has published "Flora Bathoniensis,"
"The Flora of the Channel Islands,"
a Manual of British Botany," which
has passed through seven editions,
"Flora in Cambridgeshire," "The
British Rubi," also many botanical
articles of the scientific journals. In
addition to these works, Mr. Babing-
ton has published "A History of the
Chapel of St. John's College, Cam-
bridge," 1874; and has contributed
"Ancient Cambridgeshire," and other
papers, to the publications of the
Cambridge Antiquarian Society.
((
BABINGTON, THE REV. CHURCH-
HILL, B.D., F.L.S., V.P.R.S.L., son of
the late Rev. Matthew Drake Bab--
ington, rural dean of Ackley, Leices--
tershire, was born in 1821, and took
a first class in classical honours in
1843, at St. John's College,_Cam-
bridge, of which he became a Fellow
in 1846. He held the chapelry of
Horningsea, Cambridgeshire, from
1848 to 1861, was elected Disney Pro-
fessor of Archæology in 1865, and
was presented by his college to the
rectory of Cockfield, in Suffolk, in
1866. He obtained the Hulsean
Prize Essay in 1846, on "The In-
fluence of Christianity in Promoting
the Abolition of Slavery in Europe,
and controverted, in a separate pub-
lication, in 1858, some of ˜Macaulay's
statements in reference to the clergy
of the seventeenth century; and in
1866 published his introductory Lec--
ture on Archæology, delivered before
the University of Cambridge. He
has edited, from MSS. recently dis-
covered, "The Oration of Hyperides,.
against Demosthenes," "The Orations
of Hyperides for Lycophron and
Euxenippus,'
""The Funeral Oration
of Hyperides," and "Bishop Pe-
cock's Repressor;" also Higden's
Polychronicon (with two ancient
English versions), in the series of
English historical works which have
been brought out under the authority
of her Majesty's Government. He
reprinted, in fac-simile, with an in-
troduction, the "Beneficio di Cristo.”
Mr. Babington is the author of the
classical portion of the catalogue of
MSS. belonging to the University
Library at Cambridge, of annotated
catalogues of the Greek and English
coins exhibited in the Fitzwilliam
Museum; and has contributed largely
on subjects connected with natural
history to Sir W. Hooker's "Journal
of Botany," "The Botanist's Guide
to England and Wales," &c.; wrote
the Ornithology, and, jointly with
the Rev. A. Bloxam, the Botany for
Potter's "History of Charnwood
Forest,
Forest," and the Lichens for
Hooker's "Flora of New Zealand,"
and "Flora of Tasmania." Contribu-
tions from his pen will be found in
((
""
(C
""
--
BACON-BADGER.
the "Cambridge Journal of Classical
and Sacred Philology," in the "Trans-
actions of the Royal Society of Litera-
ture," in the publications of the
Cambridge Antiquarian Society, in
the "Numismatic Chronicle," and in
Smith's " Dictionary of Christian
Antiquities." He was a public
Examiner at Cambridge in Theology
in 1857-8, and in Natural Science in
1863-4; was elected Corresponding
Fellow of the Historico-Theological
Society of Leipsic, and of the Archæo-
logical Society of Rome; and has, at
various times, been a member of the
Council of the Royal Society of Lite-
rature, and of the Numismatic So-
ciety.
|
BACON, SIR JAMES, is the eldest
son of the late Mr. James Bacon, bar-
rister-at-law, of the Middle Temple.
He was born in 1798. He was called |
to the bar at Gray's Inn in 1827, and
afterwards became a member of
Lincoln's Inn, of which he is a
bencher. He obtained a silk gown
in 1846, and in 1868, on the death
of Mr. Commissioner Goulburn, was
appointed Commissioner of Bank-
ruptcy for the London District, and
continued to hold that office till
Dec. 31, 1869, when he was appointed
Chief Judge in Bankruptcy. În Aug.
1870, he succeeded to the Vice-Chan-
cellorship vacated by Sir William
Milbourne James on his appointment
as Lord Justice of Appeal; and on
Jan. 14, 1871, he received the honour
of knighthood.
|
BACON, LEONARD, D.D., born in
Detroit, Michigan, Feb. 19, 1802. He
was educated at Yale College, and at
Andover Theological Seminary, and
in 1825 became pastor of the First
Congregational Church in New Haven,
Connecticut. He held this position
until Sept. 1866, when he withdrew
from active pastoral duty, still being
Pastor Emeritus. From 1866 to 1871
he was acting professor of Revealed
Theology in Yale College; and since
1871 has been lecturer there on
Ecclesiastical Polity and American
Church History. During his whole
career he has been an active contri-
|
butor to current theological literature.
From 1826 to 1838 he was one of the
editors of the Christian Spectator, a
religious magazine. In 1843 he aided
in the establishment of the New
Englander, a bi-monthly religious
periodical. From 1848 to 1863 he
was one of the editors of The Inde-
pendent, a weekly religious news-
paper in New York, to which he has
since furnished many contributions.
He has published several works,
among which are
among which are "Life of Richard
Baxter" (1830); “Manual for Church
Members (1833); "Thirteen His-
torical Discourses on the Completion
of Two Hundred Years from the
Beginning of the First Church in New
Haven " (1839); "Slavery discussed
in Occasional Essays, from 1833 to
1838" (1846); Christian Self-Cul-
ture (1863); “Introductory Essay
to Conybeare and Howson's Life and
Epistles of St. Paul (1868); and
"The Genesis of the New England
Churches" (1874).
}}
BADEN, Grand Duke of. (See
FREDERICK WILLIAM LOUIS.)
BADGER, THE REV. GEORGE
PERCY, D.C.L., F.R.G.S., was born at
Chelmsford, Essex, in 1815. His
youth was passed at Malta, and his
perfect knowledge of the Maltese
dialect, which he subsequently en-
deavoured to reduce to writing, as a
medium of popular education, laid
the foundation of his love of Arabic.
The greater part of the years 1835-36
he spent at Bairût, where he applied
himself diligently to his favourite
study, and to making himself familiar
with all classes of the people, as well
in Palestine as in Syria; and on this
occasion he visited the Euphrates Ex-
pedition at Birejik, on the Euphrates,
under the command of the late
General Chesney. On his return to
Malta he was associated with Ahmad
Faris Efendi in the editorial depart-
ment of the Church Missionary
Society. At this period, too, he pub-
lished a "Guide to Malta and Gozo,"
and several works on University and
Normal School education. In his
leisure hours he studied theology and
53
""
54
BAGGALLAY.
CC
Hebrew. He returned to England in
1841 and took holy orders in the fol-
lowing year. His intimate knowledge
of the East led to his being selected
by the then Primate and the Bishop
of London as delegate to the Eastern
Churches, and more especially to the
Nestorians of Khurdistân. His zeal
and devotion in this capacity won for
him the esteem of the Patriarch Mar
Shimûn and his people, as also of the
Syrians and Chaldeans of Mesopo-
tamia. During this visit he dis-
covered the first cuneiform slab at
Nimrûd, which paved the way for Mr.
Layard's subsequent successful exca-
vation of that mound. He revisited
these scenes in 1849, and in his work
on "The Nestorians and their Rituals
gave a history of that community,
including a translation from the
Syriac of their principal Rituals. On
his return to England, Mr. Badger
was appointed Government chaplain
on the Bombay Establishment, and
he resided for a year or more, in this
capacity, in the southern Mahratta
country. Next he was appointed
chaplain at Aden, where he spent the
remainder of his service, except when
specially employed by the Govern-
ment, or absent on sick leave. When
Sir James Outram was sent to Aden
to reduce into order the complicated
affairs of the Arabs of the surrounding
districts, he availed himself largely of
Mr. Badger's knowledge of, and in-
fluence with, the native chiefs, and
he reported again and again to the
Government of India how deeply he
was indebted to that gentleman's
efficient co-operation. It was Sir
James Outram's experience of Mr.
Badger's usefulness, that on his ap-
pointment as Commander-in-Chief to
the Persian Expedition, in 1857, led
to his request that Mr. Badger might
be appointed Staff Chaplain and
Arabic Interpreter to the force, which
"latter designation," as Sir James
reported to the Government of India,
very inadequately describes the im-
portant assistance which I have re-
ceived from that gentleman, who, in
conjunction with Captain (now Lieut.-
|
over
| General Sir Arnold) Kemball, carried
on successfully all our written and
most difficult communications with
the Arab tribes.” Having shared
with the force all the dangers of the
campaign, Mr. Badger received the
Persian War Medal. In 1860 he was
appointed coadjutor to Sir W. Cogh-
lan, to settle the serious difficulties
which had arisen between the Sayyid
Thuwainy, who then ruled
'Omân, and the Sayyid Mâjid, the
then ruler of the East African posses-
sions of their deceased father, the
renowned Sayyid Sa'îd. Mr. Badger
returned to England in 1861, and
again accompanied Sir James Outram
on an important visit to Egypt, In
the following year he retired from the
service, and devoted himself mainly
to literary pursuits. In 1872 he was
appointed confidential adviser to Sir
Bartle Frere on his special mission to
Zanzibar. In recognition of his ser-
vices, as well to the Church of Eng-
land as to science, Mr. Badger was,
in 1873, created a D.C.L. by the
Archbishop of Canterbury; and two
years later he was appointed to
attend upon the Sultan of Zanzibar
and suite during their visit to Eng-
land. Among his numerous works
are a History of the Imâms and
Sayyids of 'Omân
Sayyids of 'Omân" (for the Hakluyt
Society), 1871; the "Travels of Ludo-
vico di Varthema in India and the
East, A.D. 1503-8" (edited for the
same Society), 1873, a work which ob-
tained for him the dignity of Knight
of the Crown of Italy; and an Eng-
lish-Arabic Lexicon," now in the
press.
66
(4
BAGGALLAY, THE RIGHT HON,
SIR RICHARD, eldest son of the late
Mr. Richard Baggallay, of King-
thorpe House, Upper Tooting, was
born at Stockwell, Surrey, May 13,
1816, and educated at Caius College,
Cambridge, where he graduated B.A.
in 1839 as 14th wrangler, proceeded
M.A. in 1842, and gained the Frank-
lin Fellowship at his college.. In
1841 he was called to the bar at
Lincoln's Inn. Having acquired an
extensive practice at the Equity bar,
|
BAGSHAWE-BAILEY.
|
he was in 1861 appointed one of Her
Majesty's Counsel. For several years
he was counsel to the University of
Cambridge (1869-75). He also be-
came a bencher of his Inn, and a
magistrate for the county of Surrey.
At the general election in July, 1865,
he was returned to the House of
Commons in the Conservative inte-
rest, though he declared himself to
be in favour of extending the fran-
chise to those whose position and
intelligence afforded a sufficient
guarantee for its proper exercise.
He held for a short time the post of
Solicitor-General in the administra-
tion of Mr. Disraeli, viz., from Sept.
to Dec. 1868, when he received the
honour of knighthood. Sir Richard
was an unsuccessful candidate for the
representation of Hereford at the
general election of Dec. 1868, and he
remained out of Parliament till Oct.
1870, when he was chosen member
for Mid-Surrey. At the general elec-
tion of Feb. 1874 he was again re-
turned by the same constituency, and
two months later he succeeded Sir
John Karslake as Attorney-General |
in Mr. Disraeli's administration. On
the Judicature Act coming into opera-
tion in Nov. 1875, he was appointed a
Judge of the Court of Appeal and
a member of the Privy Council.
BAGSHAWE, THE RIGHT REV.
EDWARD GILPIN, D.D.. Roman Ca-
tholic Bishop of Nottingham, is the son
of the late Mr. H. R. Bagshawe, Q.C.,
and brother of Mr. G. H. Bagshawe,
both distinguished members of the
Chancery bar. He was born Jan. 12,
1829, and entered in 1838 St. Mary's
College, Oscott, where he remained
ten years. He joined the congrega-
tion of the Oratory in Oct. 1849, re-
ceived the habit on the 21st of Nov.
in that year, and was ordained a priest
March 6, 1852. On Dr. Roskell |
resigning the bishopric of Notting-|
ham, Dr. Bagshawe was nominated
his successor. His consecration was
solemnized at the Oratory, Brompton,
Nov. 12, 1874.
BAILEY, THE REV. HENRY, D.D.,
late Warden of St. Augustine's Col-
55
lege, Canterbury, and Honorary
Canon of Canterbury Cathedral, is a
son of the late Rev. Henry Ives Bailey,
vicar of North Leverton, Notts, and
author of "The Liturgy compared
with the Bible." He was born in
1815, and educated at St. John's Col-
lege, Cambridge, where he graduated
B.A. in 1839, and obtained the Crosse
and the Tyrwhitt University Scholar-
ships. He became Fellow of his col-
lege, and Hebrew Lecturer; and
graduated M.A, in 1842; B.D. in
1849; and D.D. in 1870. In 1850 he
was appointed Warden of St. Augus-
tine's Missionary College, Canterbury,
in succession to Bishop Coleridge.
This post he held till the close of the
year 1877, when he was presented by
the Archbishop of Canterbury to the
vicarage of West Tarring, Worthing.
Dr. Bailey is the author of "Rituale
Anglo-Catholicum " (1847); "The
Missionary's Daily Text Book," and
other works. Bishop Blomfield, in
1851, appointed him Secretary to the
Society for advancing the Christian
Faith in the West Indies and in
Mauritius.
BAILEY, JOHN EGLINGTON,
F.S.A., born Feb. 13, 1840, at Edg-
baston, near Birmingham, was edu-
cated at Boteler's Free Grammar
School, Warrington, and Owens Col-
lege, Manchester. For many years
he has been connected with the Man-
chester branch of the large mercantile
firm of Messrs. Ralli Brothers. In
1876 he was appointed a member of
the Council of the Chetham Society.
Mr. Bailey has published "The Life
of Thomas Fuller, D.D., with Notices
of his Books, his Kinsmen, and his
Friends," 1874; a collection of Dr.
Fuller's" Sermons," 1878; a "Memoir
of Henry Clarke," 1877; and "Inven-
tories of Church Goods of Lancashire,
1552 (for the Chetham Society),
1878. He has also contributed a
large number of papers to local and
other journals, relating to biography,
history, and bibliography, and mostly
connected with Lancashire and
Cheshire. The "Bibliographical His-
tory of Shorthand," perhaps his most
""
56
BAILEY-BAINES.
interesting work, still remains in
MS.
|
BAILEY, PHILIP JAMES, Son of
Thomas Bailey, author of the "An-
nals of Notts," who died in 1856, was
born at Nottingham, April 22, 1816.
Having been educated at various
schools in his native town, he in 1831
matriculated at the University of
Glasgow, where he studied for two
sessions under Professors Buchanan,
Sir D. K. Sandford, Thomson, and
Milne. In 1833 he began to study
the law, was admitted a member of
Lincoln's Inn in 1835, and called to
the bar in 1840. Having little in-
clination for legal pursuits, Mr.
Bailey before this time had carried
on an extensive and varied course of
reading in the libraries of the British
Museum and Lincoln's Inn, as well
as in the privacy of home. He was
accustomed to the composition of verse
from early years. "Festus," conceived
and planned originally in 1836, and
published in 1839, was well received
in this country and in America, where
it has passed through very many
editions. It reached its eighth edi-
tion in this country in 1868. "The
Angel World," a poem afterwards in-
corporated with "Festus," appeared
in 1850; another poem, "The Mystic,
in 1855; "The Age," a satire, in
1858; and "The Universal Hymn,"
in 1867.
|
""
BAIN, ALEXANDER, LL.D., born
at Aberdeen in 1818, entered Mari-
schal College in 1836, where he took
the degree of M.A. in 1840. From
1841 to 1844 he taught, as deputy,
the class of Moral Philosophy in
Marischal College; from 1844 to 1845,
the Natural Philosophy Class. In
1845 he was elected Professor of
Natural Philosophy in the Ander-
sonian University, Glasgow; in 1847
he was appointed by the Metropolitan
Sanitary Commissioners their Assist-
ant-Secretary, and in 1848 became
Assistant-Secretary to the General
Board of Health, which post he re-
signed in 1850. From 1857 to 1862 he
was Examiner in Logic and Moral
| don. In 1858, 1859, 1860, 1863, 1864,
1868, and 1870, he acted as Examiner
in Moral Science at the India Civil
Service Examinations; and in 1860
was appointed, by the Crown, Pro-
fessor of Logic in the University of
Aberdeen. In 1864 he was re-elected
Examiner in the University of Lon-
don, and continued to hold that
position till 1869. His first literary
production was an article, in 1840, in
the Westminster Review, to which he
contributed at various times. In
1847-8 he wrote text-books on Astro-
nomy, Electricity, and Meteorology,
in Messrs. Chambers's school series,
several of Chambers's " Papers for the
People," and the articles on Lan-
guage, Logic, the Human Mind, and
Rhetoric in the "Information for the
People." In 1852 he published an
edition of the "Moral Philosophy of
Paley," with dissertations and notes.
"The Senses and the Intellect" ap-
peared in 1855, and "The Emotions
and the Will," completing a syste-
matic exposition of the human mind,
in 1859. "The Study of Character,
including an Estimate of Phreno-
logy," was published in 1861, an
English Grammar in 1863, and
"Manual of English Composition and
Rhetoric" in 1866. His more recent
works are, "Mental and Moral
Science," 1868; Logic, Deductive
and Inductive," 1870; "Mind and
Body; Theories of their Relation,"
1873; a collection of "The Minor
Works of George Grote, with Critical
Remarks on his Intellectual Charac-
ter, Writings, and Speeches," 1873;
and "A Companion to the Higher
English Grammar: Examples and
Discussions of Important Principles
and Usages, intended as a Help to the
thorough Mastery of English," 1874.
Mr. Bain contributed the articles on
Logic and Mental Philosophy to
| Chambers's "Encyclopædia." He
was created LL.D. at Edinburgh in
April 1869.
“
|
BAINES, EDWARD, second son of
the late Edward Baines (representa-
tive of the borough of Leeds in Par-
Philosophy in the University of Lon-liament for seven years, 1834-41),
BAIRD-BAKER.
57
|
and brother of the late Right Hon.
M. T. Baines, M.P., some time Chan-
cellor of the Duchy of Lancaster,
was born in 1800, and educated at
the Protestant Dissenters' Grammar
School, Manchester. For many years
he was associated with his father as
editor and proprietor of the Leeds
Mercury, one of the most influential
Liberal organs in the North of Eng-
land; and he is the author of "The
History of the Cotton Manufacture,"
"The Life of the late Edward Baines,"
"A Visit to the Vaudois of Pied-
mont," "The Woollen Manufacture
of England," and other works bearing
on the industrial progress and com-
merce of the nation. Mr. Baines,
who is President of the Yorkshire
Union of Mechanics' Institutes, was
elected M.P. for Leeds in his brother's
place in 1859, but he lost his seat at
the general election of Feb. 1874. In
1861 his attempt to introduce into
Parliament a bill to reduce the fran-
chise in boroughs to £6 was defeated
on a division by 245 to 193 votes. In
1864 and 1865 the measure was again
rejected by the House of Commons.
Mr. Baines was a member of the
Schools Inquiry Commission (1865 to
1868), and a supporter of the En-
dowed Schools Act of 1869, and the
Elementary Education Act of 1870.
As one of the leading Dissenting
members, he took an active part in
opposition to Church Rates and Uni-
versity Tests, and in supporting the
Irish Church Disestablishment Bill.
He was also a decided friend of the
Repeal of the Corn Laws, and every
measure of Free Trade. He is a
Magistrate and Deputy-Lieutenant of
the West-Riding of Yorkshire.
author of various papers on zoology,
and of reports on natural-history col-
lections made by Captains Stansbury
and Marcy, and Lieutenant Gilliss,
the United
the United States and Mexican
Boundary Survey, and the Pacific
Railroad Survey. He has also pub-
lished, in conjunction with John
Cassin, "The Birds of North Ame-
rica" (2 vols. 4to, 1860); and "The
Mammals of North America" (1 vol.
4to, 1861). In 1864 he commenced,
under the auspices of the Smith-
sonian Institution, a work upon the
birds of the New World generally,
under the title, "Review of Ame-
rican Birds in the Museum of the
Smithsonian Institution." He has,
for several years, been engaged in the
preparation of a new account of the
birds of North America, in which he is
assisted by Dr. T. M. Brewer, of Bos-
ton. In 1871 he was appointed by
the President, United States Commis-
sioner of Fish and Fisheries, for the
purpose of making inquiries into the
causes of the decrease of the food
fishes of the United States, and the
methods of restoring them; and he
was elected Secretary of the Smith-
sonian Institution at Washington,
May 17, 1878. He has published in
various scientific periodicals nu-
merous papers upon the mammals,
birds, and fishes of North America ;
and has for several years furnished
to Harper's Magazine, a monthly re-
sumé of the progress of science, and
has prepared an annual volume de-
scribing the advances in science
made during the year.
|
BAKER, JOHN GILBERT, F.L.S.,
born at Guisborough in Yorkshire,
Jan. 13, 1834, and educated at schools
belonging to the Society of Friends
at Ackworth and York; was ap-
pointed Assistant-Curator of the Her-
barium of the Royal Gardens, Kew,
in 1856, which office he still holds.
He is also Lecturer on Botany to the
London Hospital; and for many
years was one of the assistant editors
to Seemann's Journal of Botany.
Formerly Mr. Baker was Curator,
and he is now Secretary, of the Lon-
BAIRD, SPENCER FULLERTON,
LL.D., born at Reading, Pennsylva-
nia, Feb. 3, 1823. He was educated
at Dickinson College, where he be-
came Professor of Natural Science in
1846. In 1855 he was appointed
Assistant - Secretary to the Smith-
sonian Institution at Washington, a
position he still holds. He is editor
and translator of the "Iconographic
Encyclopædia," New York, 1851; is
58
BAKER,
(C
don Botanical Exchange Club. His |
works on descriptive botany are as
follows:-"Synopsis Filicum," a de-
scriptive catalogue of all known
ferns, with plates of the genera a
work planned and commenced by
the late Sir W. Hooker, 1868, 2nd
edit. 1874; Monograph of the Ferns
of Brazil," in folio, 1870, with 50
plates; and since of the "Compositæ,
Ampelidæ and Connaraceæ " of the
same country; "Revision of the
"Revision of the
order Liliaceæ," 5 parts, 1870-7;
"Monograph of the British Roses,"
1869; "Monograph of the British
Mints," 1865; Monographs of Pa-
pilionacea and other Orders in
Oliver's "Flora of Tropical Africa,"
1868-1871 ; "Descriptions of the
Plants figured in Vols. I., III., and
IV. of Saunders' "Refugium Botani-
cum,"
1869-71; "Popular Mono-
graphs of Narcissus, Crocus, Lilium,
Iris and Agave," 1870-7; "Mono-
graph of the Papilionacea of India,'
1876; "Systema Iridacearum," 1877;
"Flora of Mauritius and the Sey-
chelles," 1877. The following are
the titles of Mr. Baker's works on
geographical botany, &c. :— "An
Attempt to Classify the Plants of
Britain according to their Geological
Relations," 1855; "North Yorkshire:
Studies of its Botany, Geology, Cli-
mate, and Physical Geography,"
1863;
A new Flora of Northumber-
land and Durham, with Essays on
the Climate and Physical Geography
of the Counties" (aided by Dr. G. R.
Tate), 1868; "On the Geographical
Distribution of Ferns through the
World, with a Table showing the
Range of each Species," 1868; "Ele-
mentary Lessons in Botanical
graphy," 1875.
|
(
1.
•
Ellia, in the mountains of Ceylon, at
an altitude of 6200 feet above the sea
level. At great personal cost he, to--
gether with his brother, conveyed
emigrants from England, and the best
breeds of cattle and sheep, to found.
the mountain colony. The impulse
given by this adventure secured the
assistance of the Colonial Office, and
with the increasing prosperity of
Ceylon, Newera Ellia has become a
resort of considerable importance, the
most recent development being the
cultivation of the valuable Cinchona
plant. In 1854 Baker retired from
Ceylon after eight years' residence,
and at the death of his wife in 1855
he proceeded to the Crimea, and he
was subsequently engaged in Turkey
in the organization of the first rail-
way. In 1861 he commenced an en-
terprise entirely at his own cost for
the discovery of the Nile Sources in
the hope of meeting the Government
expedition under the command of
Captain Speke, who had started from
Zanzibar for the same object. Having
married in 1860, Florence, daughter
of M. Finnian von Sass, he was ac-
companied throughout this arduous
journey by his wife. Leaving Cairo
April 15, 1861, he reached on June 13,
the junction of the Atbara with the
Nile. For nearly a year he explored
the regions of Abyssinia from whence
comes the Blue Nile, and in June, 1862,
descended to Khartoum, at the junc-
tion of the Blue and the White Nile..
Here he organised a party of ninety-
six persons to explore the course of
the latter river. They set out in Dec.
1862, and reached Gondokoro in Feb.
1863. Here Baker had the good for-
Geo-tune to meet Captains Speke and
Grant, who had succeeded in reach-
ing the Lake Victoria N'yanza, which
they believed to be the ultimate
source of the Nile. Baker, having
resolved to supplement their explora-
tions, supplied them with the neces-
sary vessels for the voyage to Khar-
toum, and started from Gondokoro
by land, March 26, 1863, without
either interpreter or guide, in defi-
ance of the opposition of the slave-
;"
BAKER, SIR SAMUEL WHITE,
F.R.S., M.A., eldest son of the late
Samuel Baker, Esq., of Lypiatt Park,
Gloucestershire, was born in London,
June 8, 1821, and was educated at a
private school and in Germany. He
married, in 1843, Henrietta, daughter
of the Rev. Charles Martin. In 1847
he established an agricultural settle-
ment and sanatorium at Newera
--
po
BALFOUR.
hunters who attempted to bar his,
progress. The route was first east-
ward, then nearly south, and after-
wards turned towards the east. On
March 14, 1864, he came in sight of a
great fresh-water lake, the " Mwoolan
N'zige," until then unknown, which
he named the Albert N'yanza. After
navigating the lake from N. lat. 1°
14' to the exit of the Nile at 2° 15',
he set out on his homeward journey
early in April, 1864, but owing to
illness and the disturbed condition of
the country he did not reach Gondo-
koro until March 23, 1865. On June
21 he wrote home from Khartoum :-
"There is no longer any mystery
connected with the Nile, nor any
necessity for expeditions on that head,
unless it be desired to explore the
great lake I have discovered-the
Albert N'yanza. This can only be
done by building a vessel for the
purpose on the lake. I shall never
undertake another expedition in
Africa. For the last three years I
have not had one day of enjoyment;
nothing but anxieties, difficulties,
fatigue, and fever.
I should
not have been contented to see a
foreigner share the honour of dis-
covering the Nile-sources with Speke
and Grant: it happily belongs to
England." The Royal Geographical
Society now awarded to him its Vic-
toria Gold Medal, and on his return
to England in 1866 he was created
M.A. of the University of Cambridge
and received the honour of knight-
hood. In Sept. 1869, he undertook
the command of an expedition to
Central Africa under the auspices of
the Khedive, who placed at his dis-
posal a force of 1500 picked Egyptian
troops, and intrusted him for four
years with absolute and uncontrolled
power of life and death. He under-
took to subdue the African wilder-
ness, and to annex it to the civilized
world; to destroy the slave trade,
and to establish regular commerce in
its place; to open up to civilization
those vast African lakes which are
the equatorial reservoirs of the Nile;
and to add the whole of the countries
59.
which border on that river to the
kingdom of the Pharaohs. Sir Samuel,
having first received from the Sultan
the Order of the Medjidie and the
rank of Pasha and Major-general,
left Cairo with his party on Dec. 2,
1869, Lady Baker, as in former jour-
neys, accompanying him.
He re-
turned in 1873 and reported the com-
plete success of the expedition. Sir
Samuel is the author of "The Rifle
and the Hound in Ceylon," 1854,
new edit. 1874; "Eight Years' Wan-
derings in Ceylon," 1855, new edit.
1874; "The Albert N'yanza, Great
Basin of the Nile, and Explorations
of the Nile Sources," 2 vols. 1866,
translated into French and German ;.
"The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia
and the Sword Hunters of the Ham-
ram Arabs," 1867, 4th edit. 1871;
"Cast up by the Sea," a Story, 1869,
translated into French by Madame
P. Fernand under the title of "L'En-
fant du Naufrage"; "Ismaïlia: a
Narrative of the Expedition to Cen-
tral Africa for the Suppression of the
Slave Trade; arranged by Ismail,
Khedive of Egypt," 2 vols. 1874..
Sir Samuel is a Fellow of the Royal
Geographical Society of London, and
an honorary member of the Geo-
graphical Societies of Paris, Berlin,
Italy, and America. He has received
the Grande Medaille d'Or of the
Société de Géographie de Paris. He
is a Deputy-Lieutenant of Glouces-
tershire; and he has the Orders of
the Osmanïe of the second class and
the Medjidie of the second and third
classes.
BALFOUR, JOHN HUTTON, M.D.,
F.R.S., F.L.S., Hon. M.R.H.S., Pro-
fessor of Medicine and Botany in
the University of Edinburgh, Regius
Keeper of the Royal Botanic Garden,.
and Queen's Botanist for Scotland,
related to Dr. James Hutton, author
of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth,.
was born Sept. 15, 1808. He took
the degree of M.A. in the University
of Edinburgh, and that of M.D. in
1831, and was Professor of Botany in
the University of Glasgow from 1841
to 1845. He is the author of the
60
BALL-BANCROFT.
"Manual of Botany," "Phyto-The- |
ology, or Botany and Religion,' ""The
Class-book of Botany," "Outlines of
Botany,' ""The Plants of Scripture,"
"The Botanist's Companion,"
"Ele-
ments of Botany for Schools," "Illus-
trations of Botany, by means of large
coloured Drawings, with Handbook,"
"First Book of Botany, suited for
Beginners," 1872; "Introduction to
the Study of Palæontological Botany,"
1872; and "Second Book of Botany,"
1873. He contributed the article on
Botany to the 8th and 9th editions of
the Encyclopædia Britannica, and
papers to the Transactions of the
Royal Society of Edinburgh and of
the Botanical Society. Dr. Balfour
is a member of many learned societies
on the Continent, is Secretary to the
Royal Society of Edinburgh, and was
for thirty years (up to 1877) Dean of
the Medical Faculty of the university
in that city.
of office Jan. 1, 1875. He married, in
1852, Catharine, daughter of the Rev.
Charles R. Elrington, Regius Pro-
fessor of Divinity in the University
of Dublin.
BALLANTINE, WILLIAM, Ser-
jeant-at-law, son of the late Mr. Wil-
liam Ballantine, a well-known metro-
politan police-magistrate, born about
1814, was called to the bar at the
Inner Temple in 1834, and goes the
Home
Home Circuit. He was created a
Serjeant-at-law in 1856, and received
a patent of precedence in 1863. He
has several times sought election to
Parliament in the Liberal interest,
but without success.
|
BALL, THE RIGHT HON. JOHN
THOMAS, M.P., LL.D., eldest son of
Major Benjamin Marcus Ball, was
born at Dublin in 1815, and educated
at Trinity College, Dublin, graduating
B.A. in 1836, and LL.D. in 1844. He
was called to the Irish bar in 1840, and
became successively a Queen's Coun-
sel, Queen's Advocate, and Judge of
the Provincial Consistorial Court at
Armagh. At the general election of
1868 he was returned to the House of
Commons in the Conservative interest
by the University of Dublin, and, for
a few weeks in Nov. and Dec. of that
year, he was successively Solicitor-
General and Attorney-General for
Ireland under Mr. Disraeli's adminis-
tration. In 1870 the University of
Oxford conferred on him the hono-
rary degree of D.C.L. Dr. Ball
proved himself to be a ready and
energetic debater by his numerous
speeches on the Church Bill, the Land
Bill, and other measures affecting
Ireland. When the Conservatives
came into power in Feb. 1874, Dr.
Ball again became Attorney-General
for Ireland, and at the close of that
year he was appointed Lord Chan-
cellor of Ireland. He took the oaths
BANCROFT, GEORGE, born at
Worcester, Massachusetts, Oct. 3,
1800. He entered Harvard College
in 1813, graduating in 1817, and
almost immediately set out to study
in the German universities. At Göt-
tingen, where he remained for two
years, he applied himself to German,
French, and Italian literature, the
Oriental languages, the literature of
Greece and Rome, besides pursuing
a thorough course in Greek philo-
sophy. He finally selected history
as his special branch of study. In
1820 he received at Göttingen the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy, after
which he went to Berlin, where he
continued his studies. In the spring
of 1821 he began a journey through
Germany and other parts of Europe.
He passed a month in England, tra-
velled on foot through Switzerland,
spent eight months in Italy, and
became personally acquainted with
many of the leading European scho-
lars. He returned to America in 1822,
and was for a year Greek tutor in
Harvard College. In 1823, in con-
junction with Dr. Joseph Coggswell,
afterwards noted for his connection
with the Astor Library in New York,
he founded the Round Hill School at
Northampton, Massachusetts. About
this time he also published a transla-
tion of Heeren's Politics of Ancient
Greece," and a small volume of poems.
He was also at this time meditating
and collecting materials for his "His-
|
|
BANCROFT-BANDMANN.
61
|
tory of the United States," the first
volume of which appeared in 1834.
In 1835 he appeared somewhat pro-
minently as a Democratic politician,
removing in that year to Springfield,
Massachusetts, where he resided for
three years, and completed the second
volume of his history. In 1838 he
was appointed Collector of the Port
of Boston, a position which he occu-
pied until 1841, being also a frequent
speaker in political meetings, and still
keeping up his historical labours.
The third volume of his history ap-
peared in 1840. In 1844 he was the
Democratic candidate for Governor
of Massachusetts, but was not elected.
In 1845, Mr. Polk having been elected
President, Mr. Bancroft entered his
Cabinet as Secretary of the Navy, in
which capacity he gave the order to
take possession of California, an order
to which is owing the final possession
of the Pacific Coast by the United
States. During this term he was also
for a month the Acting Secretary of
War, and as such gave the order to
General Taylor to march into Texas,
which caused the first occupation of
Texas by the United States. In 1846
he was sent as Minister to Great
Britain, where he successfully urged
upon the British Government the
adoption of more liberal navigation
laws, and was especially earnest in
vindicating the rights of persons
naturalized as citizens of the United
States. During this residence in
Europe he made use of every oppor-gagements at many London houses,
tunity to perfect his collections of becoming manager of the Prince of
documents relating to American his- Wales's Theatre, London, at Easter,
tory. The British Ministry opened to 1865. Shortly afterwards Miss Wil-
him the records of the State Paper ton gave up burlesque acting, and
Office and the records of the Treasury. devoted her entire attention to the
In the British Museum and in many production of English comedies,
private collections he found valuable chiefly written by the late T. W.
manuscripts. He returned to the Robertson. She was married to Mr.
United States in 1849, took up his S. B. Bancroft in Dec. 1867.
residence in New York, and set about
the preparation of the remainder of
his history. The fourth and fifth
volumes were published in 1852; the
sixth in 1854; the seventh in 1858;
the eighth in 1860; the ninth in 1866;
and the tenth, completing the work,
late in 1874. After his return from
England he for many years devoted
himself wholly to literary labour. In
Feb. 1866, he delivered before Con-
gress an address in memory of Abra-
ham Lincoln. In May, 1867, he was
appointed Minister to Prussia; in
1868 he was accredited to the North
German Confederation; and in 1871
to the German Empire. He was re-
called from this mission at his own
request, in 1874. During his mission
to Germany several important trea-
ties were concluded with the various
German States, relating especially to
the naturalization of Germans in
America. He is a member of nu-
merous learned societies at home and
abroad. His "History of the United
States" is not merely a narrative, but
is also a philosophical treatise, dealing
with causes and principles as well as
events, and tracing, with remarkable
acumen, the progress of enlightenment
and liberal ideas. It has been trans-
lated into all the principal languages
of Europe. In 1855 he published a
volume of "Miscellanies," comprising
a portion of the articles which he had
contributed to the North American
Review.
|
BANCROFT, MRS., née MARIE
EFFIE WILTON, the popular actress,
is a native of Doncaster. After act-
ing from early childhood throughout
England, she first appeared in London
in Sept. 1856, at the Lyceum Theatre.
Subsequently she fulfilled various en-
BANDMANN, DANIEL EDWARD,
a popular actor, born at Cassel, Ger-
many, Nov. 1, 1839. The instinct
for acting was apparent in him at a
very early age, for in his childhood
he used to invite his playfellows to
the cellar, to play scenes out of the
62
BANKS.
|
|
Bible, such as "Adam and Eve,"
when he spoke both the parts, and
filled up the dialogue with flashes of
lightening through a tin pipe, when
God called upon Cain for his brother
Abel. At the age of eighteen he
made his first appearance on the
stage at the Court Theatre of Neu-
Strelitz, where he at once became
a great favourite with the Grand-
Duchess of Mecklenburg, who took a
personal interest in his career, and
aided him in his profession. His
next engagement was at Prague,
whence he proceeded to Grätz, Wei-
mar, Pesth, and Vienna. In all
these towns he acquired great popu-
larity as an actor of Shaksperean
characters. Failing health, conse-
quent on severe study, necessitated a
voyage to New York, where, after a
short rest, he was requested by his
fellow-countrymen to play for a few
nights at the Stadt-Theater, where
his acting speedily attracted the
notice of journalists and critics, who
pronounced the enthusiastic German
to be one of the greatest actors of
the period. It was in New York that
Mr. Bandmann first began the study
of the English language, and it is
remarked that in six weeks' time he
was able to act Shylock at Niblo's
Garden, speaking the language of its
author-his teacher being an accom-
plished English lady. His success
was highly encouraging. The Ger-
were placed his initials in diamonds
and other precious stones. His career
in America was a very triumphant
one, but his great ambition was to
play in London. Accordingly in
Feb., 1868, he appeared at the Lyceum
Theatre, in "Narcisse," his success
being so great that the late Lord
Lytton, who witnessed the perform-
ance, invited him to Knebworth,
when his lordship said he was the
only actor he had seen, since the days
of Macready, who inspired him to
work again for the stage. An inti-
macy sprung up between them, and
Lord Lytton re-wrote for Mr. Band-
mann his drama of "The Sea Cap-
tain," which was produced at the
Lyceum Theatre, under the title of
"The Rightful Heir," and had a run of
three months. Mr. Bandmann next
made a tour through the English
provinces; and in 1869 he went to
Australia, where he stayed for twelve
months. He returned to England by
way of Honolulu, where he played
before the late King Kaméhaméha,
who invited him to his palace. In
Jan., 1877, he played once more in
Berlin, in his native tongue, Hamlet,
Othello, and Shylock, creating a most
decided enthusiasm, which was flat-
teringly acknowledged by the entire
press. Since his return he has made
three tours through the United King-
dom. Mr. Bandmann married in Feb.,
1869, Miss Milly Palmer, who accom-
man play of "Narcisse" was after-panies him on his tours.
wards translated for him, and with a
répertoire embracing Hamlet, Shylock,
Macbeth, Richard the Third, Othello,
Iago, Benedick, and Richelieu, he
made a tour of five years through the
United States, his success being really
wonderful. He played the part of
Hamlet in Philadelphia, by invita-
tion of the Shakspere Society, upon
the occasion of the tercentenary of
the Swan of Avon's birthday; and so
highly was his style of acting appre-
ciated that a crown of laurel in solid
silver was presented to him as a
memorial of the occurrence. In San
Francisco he was presented with a
handsome gold medal, upon which
-
BANGOR, BISHOP OF. (See
CAMPBELL.)
BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS,
born at Waltham, Massachusetts, Jan.
30, 1816. While a boy he worked in
a cotton factory, and afterwards
learned the trade of a machinist. In
time he became editor of a country
newspaper, and received an appoint-
ment in the Boston Custom House.
He also studied law, was admitted to
the bar, and in 1849 was elected to
the Legislature of Massachusetts, of
the Lower House of which he was
chosen Speaker in 1851; and in the
following year he was elected a
member of Congress, nominally as a
BARA-BARBIER.
Democrat; but he soon formally
withdrew from the Democratic party,
and in 1854 was re-elected by the
concurrent vote of the "American"
and Republican parties. At the
meeting of Congress in Dec. 1855, a
violent contest arose as to the Speak-
ership, which lasted more than two
months; and after 132 ballots had
been taken, Mr. Banks was chosen
by a small plurality. He was also a
member of the next Congress, and
was in 1857 nominated in separate
conventions of the American and
Republican parties for Governor of
Massachusetts, was elected, and re-
elected in 1858 and 1859. In 1861,
upon the breaking out of the civil
war, he received a commission as
major-general of volunteers, was as-
signed to the command of a corps in
the army of the Potomac, and was
subsequently placed at the head of
the forces for the defence of the city
of Washington. In December he suc-
ceeded General Butler in command
at New Orleans, and in July, 1863,
took Port Hudson on the Mississippi,
which completed the opening of that
river to the Union fleets. In the
spring of 1864 he made an unsuccess-
ful expedition up the Red River, in
Louisiana, and was in May relieved
of his command. He again entered
upon political life, and was re-elected
to Congress from his old district in
1866, and again in 1868 and 1870.
Meanwhile he had broken with the
Republican party, and in the election
of 1872 took an active part in favour
of the election of Horace Greeley to
the presidency, as the candidate of
the Democrats and the so-called
"Liberals." In 1876 he was again
elected to Congress by the votes of
the Democrats and of that portion of
the Republicans who were opposed to
the policy of President Grant, but
has acted with the Republican party.
BARA, JULES, a Belgian statesman,
born at Tournai, August 21, 1835,
was educated in his native town, and
afterwards admitted an advocate.
At an early age he was appointed a
professor in the University of Brus-
63
sels. While occupying that position
he composed a series of "Essays on
the Relations between the State and
Religions, from a Constitutional Point
of View." In 1862 he was elected a
Deputy for Tournai in the Liberal
interest, and he soon distinguished
himself in the Chamber of Represen-
tatives by his skill in debate, and by
his zealous advocacy of M. Frère-
Orban's policy. In Nov. 1865, he
was nominated Minister of Public
Justice in the place of M. Victor
Tesch, resigned. He held this office
until the Conservative party came
into power, in July, 1870. When a
Liberal ministry was formed in June,
1878, M. Bara was again appointed
Minister of Justice.
(1
BARBIER, HENRI AUGUSTE, a
French poet, born at Paris, April 28,
1805, was bred to the law, but,
abandoning that profession for lite-
rary pursuits, he composed, conjointly
with Alphonse Royer, "Les Mauvais
Garçons," 1830, an historical novel,
illustrative of French manners in the
Middle Ages. At the time of the
Revolution of July he discovered that
satirical poetry was his true forte.
His Iambes" attracted much atten-
tion, and in his celebrated poem
"La Curée," which first appeared in
the Revue de Paris, in August, 1830,
he severely lashed the seekers for
office who besieged the new govern-
ment. These works were followed by
"Le Lion,
Quatre-vingt-treize,'
"Varsovie," and "La Population,
in which he attacked, with great
asperity and trenchant wit, the cor-
ruption of public morals, the ambition
of public men, and the mania for
committing suicide. In "Il Pianto,”
1832, he vividly sketched the politi-
cal abasement of Italy; while in
"Lazare," 1833, he drew attention
to the misery and social degradation
of the English people. M. Barbier
published, in 1837, "Erostrate" and
"Pot-de-Vin," two satires which were
not so favourably received as his
former productions. He wrote for
M. Berlioz, in conjunction with Léon
de Wailly, the opera of "Benvenuto
""
66
39
61
BARGHASH BIN SAED-BARING-GOULD.
""
Cellini ; and he likewise composed | gers and political antagonism arising
the words of the Hymne à la from the opposition of his own
France," performed under the direc-| people.
tion of M. Berlioz at the great festival
in the Industrial Exposition of 1855.
His more recent works are remarkably
inferior to those produced at the out-
set of his career. Among them may
be mentioned" Chants Civils et Reli-
gieux," 1841; "Rimes Héroiques,"
1843; a metrical translation of
Shakspere's "Julius Cæsar," 1848;
"Silves, Poésies diverses," 1864; a
collection of "Satires," 1865; and
a volume of tales under the title of
"Trois Passions," 1867. On April
29, 1869, M. Barbier was elected to
the stall in the French Academy
rendered vacant by the decease of
M. Empis.
BARING, THE RIGHT REV.
CHARLES, D.D., Bishop of Durham,
younger son of the late Sir T.
Baring, Bart., was born in 1807, and
graduated in high honours at Christ
Church, Oxford, in 1829. Having
held a small curacy in Oxford,
and the incumbencies of All Souls,
Langham-place, and of Lympsfield,
Surrey, he was consecrated Bishop of
Gloucester and Bristol on the death
of Dr. Monk, in 1856, and translated
thence to the See of Durham, on the
death of the Hon. and Right Rev.
Dr. H. Montagu Villiers, in 1861.
BARING-GOULD, THE REV.
SABINE, M.A., born at Exeter, in
1834, eldest son and heir-presumptive
of Edward Baring-Gould, Esq., of
Lew-Trenchard, Devon, was educated
at Clare College, Cambridge, where
he took the degree of M.A, in 1856.
He was appointed Incumbent of
Dalton, Thirsk, by the Viscountess
Down in 1869, and Rector of East
Mersea, Colchester, by the Crown in
1871. Mr. Baring-Gould is the
author of "Paths of the Just," 1854 ;
"Iceland: its Scenes and Sagas,'
1861; "Postmediæval Preachers,"
1865
17
|
BARGHASH BIN SAED (HIS
HIGHNESS), Sultan or Seyyid of Zan-
zibar, was born about 1835, and
succeeded his brother Seyyid Majid
in 1870. He represents the Arab
dynasty which has for more than a
century held sway over the African
negroes inhabiting the territory made
familiar to us by name in conse-
quence of its connection with the
enterprises of Dr. Livingstone and
other travellers. Sir Bartle Frere's
mission on behalf of the British Go-
vernment to the ruler of Zanzibar in
1873, for the purpose of induciug
him to suppress the Slave Trade, re-
sulted in an acquiescent treaty on the
Sultan's part, the provisions of which
were not carried into effect, and was
the proximate occasion of his High-
ness's friendly visit to England. He
landed, June 9, 1875, at Westminster
Bridge, where he was received by
Mr. Bourke, Under - Secretary for
Foreign Affairs, who welcomed him
in the name of Her Majesty's Govern-
ment. He left our shores on July 15,
and visited Paris before returning to
his own dominions. During his stay
in England he concluded a second
treaty with Her Majesty's Govern-
ment, and since that time His High-
ness has entered heart and soul into
the movement for the suppression of
**
"The
"Curious Myths of the Middle
Ages," 1st series 1866, 2nd series
1867;"Curiosities of Olden Times,"
1869; "The Silver Store," 1868;
"The Book of Werewolves," 1865;
"In Exitu Israel, an Historical
Novel," 1870; The Origin and
Development of Religious Belief,"
vol. i. 1869, vol. ii. 1870;
Golden Gate," 1869-70; "Lives of
the Saints," 15 vols., 1872-77 ; Diffi-
culties of the Faith, a course of
Lectures preached at St. Paul's
Cathedral," 1874; "The Lost and
Hostile Gospels: an Essay on the
Toledoth Jeschu, and the Petrine and
Pauline Gospels of the First Three
Centuries of which Fragments Re-
main," 1874 ; Yorkshire Oddities,"
2 vols., 1874; "Some Modern Diffi-
culties," in nine lectures, 1875; “Vil-
the Slave Trade, in spite of the dan-lage Sermons for a Year," 1875; and
-
BARKER-BARKLY.
"The Mystery of Suffering," 1877.
He was editor of The Sacristy, a
quarterly review of ecclesiastical art
and literature, 1871-73.
|
(4
""
BARKER, THE RIGHT REV.
FREDERICK, D.D., Bishop of Sydney
and Metropolitan of Australia, son
of the Rev. John Barker, of Baslow,
Derbyshire, born in 1808, was edu-
cated at Grantham School and Jesus
College, Cambridge (B.A. 1831; M.A.
1839; D.D. per Literas Regias, 1854).
He was Incumbent of Upton, Che-
shire; St. Mary's Edge Hill, Liver-
pool; and of Baslow, Derbyshire;
and was consecrated Bishop in 1854.
He is Metropolitan in Australia, sub-
ject to the general superintendence of
the Archbishop of Canterbury. The
diocese at first included the whole of
Australia, and bore that name; but
in 1847 it received its present title,
being restricted to the central portion
of the colony, in which Newcastle,
Adelaide, Melbourne, and Perth form
additional bishoprics. The patron-
age of the Bishop of Sydney includes
the archdeaconry and all the livings
of the diocese.
cess encouraged the author to write,
in the following year, a small volume
for children, called "Stories About.'
So popular did this second work
become, that it was soon followed
by "A Christmas Cake in Four
Quarters," Spring Comedies,' a
novelette ; "Travelling About,'
"Holiday Stories," "Ribbon Stories,'
Sybil's Book," "Station Amuse-
ments in New Zealand,' Boys,"
"Bet of Stow," besides many
short articles for the leading maga-
zines. In the spring of 1874 Lady
Barker also published a little book,
called "First Principles of Cooking,"
of which the circulation has been
very large; and almost immediately
after its appearance she was ap-
pointed to the post of Lady Super-
intendent of the National Training
School of Cookery, in Exhibition
Road, South Kensington. Lady
Barker was also editor of Evening
Hours, a family magazine. For seve-
ral years past Lady Barker has been
residing with her husband in South
Africa. Her experiences of that
country are described in "A Year's
Housekeeping in South Africa," 1877.
|
|
BARKLY, SIR HENRY, K.C.B.,
G.C.M.G.. is of Scottish extraction,
being the only son of the late Æneas
Barkly, Esq., of Ross-shire, an emi-
nent West India merchant in London,
where he was born in 1815. Having
received a sound commercial educa-
tion at Bruce Castle School, Totten-
ham, he applied himself to business,
in which he obtained that practical
experience which has placed him in
the foremost rank of our colonial
administrators. In 1845 he was
elected M.P. for Leominster, which
constituency he represented till 1849,
as a "firm supporter of Sir R. Peel's
commercial policy." In 1849 he was
appointed Governor and Commander-
in-Chief of the settlement of British
Guiana (where he owned estates),
and during his governorship laid
before Parliament some valuable in-
formation respecting the colony; ad-
vocating the introduction of Coolies
and Chinese as labourers. Sir Henry
F
BARKER, MARY ANN (LADY), is
the eldest daughter of the late Hon.
W. G. Stewart, Island Secretary of
Jamaica, in which island she was born.
Being sent to England at two years
old, she was educated at home, and
returned to Jamaica in 1850. In
1852 she married Captain G. R.
Barker, Royal Artillery, who after-
wards distinguished himself very
highly in the Crimean War and the
Indian Mutiny, and was made K.C.B.
for services in the field. Lady
Barker went out to India to join Sir
George early in 1860, but he died in
the autumn of that year, and she
returned to England. In 1865 Lady
Barker married Mr. Frederick Napier
Broome, then of Canterbury, New
Zealand, and accompanied him back
to the Middle Island. Early in 1869
Mr. Napier Broome and Lady Barker
returned to England. "Station Life
in New Zealand," from Lady Bar-
ker's pen, was published in the
autumn of that year, and its suc-
(6
65
""
""
66
BARLOW-BARNARD.
also endeavoured to develop the re-
sources of the colony by the intro-
duction of railways, and by reconcil-
ing the factions which had retarded
its advancement. As Governor of
Jamaica, from 1853 to 1856, he
was equally successful. Sir William
Molesworth, Secretary of State for the
Colonies, in 1856 appointed him to the
important and wealthy governorship
of Victoria, for which his business
habits and his large commercial ex-
perience peculiarly fitted him; and in
1863 he was appointed Governor of
the Mauritius. In Aug. 1870 he was
appointed Governor of the Cape of
Good Hope, and he held that office
till Dec. 1876. He was appointed
High Commissioner for settling the
affairs of the territories adjacent to
the eastern frontier of the Cape of
Good Hope in Nov. 1870. Sir Henry
Barkly was created a K.C.B. (Civil
division) in 1853, on returning home
from British Guiana; and G.C.M.G.
in 1874.
one he had desired to engrave in
Manchester. This introduced him to
the late John Phillip, whose first
copyright Mr. Barlow purchased for
£5, Mr. Phillip having at first re-
fused to take anything for it; and
thus began their well-known friend-
ship. Indeed, their similarity of
taste and feeling was so marked,
that they seemed inseparable. This
intimacy and sympathy naturally
resulted in Mr. Barlow engraving
most of Phillip's pictures. Mr.
Barlow was elected an Associate
Engraver of the Royal Academy by
an almost unanimous vote in 1873.
The following are some of the prin-
cipal works engraved by Mr. Barlow:
After John Phillip, R.A.,
"Court-
ship,' "Spanish Gipsy Mother,"
Prayer in Spain,' ""Augustus Egg,
R.A., ""H.R.H, the Prince Consort,
"The House of Commons, 1860,"
>>
((
"Doña Pepita," "Seville," "The
Prison Window,'
"Prayer; after
James Sant, R.A.," Mother and Child;'
after F. W. Topham, " Making Nets;"
after W. P. Frith R.A., "Charles
Dickens;" after Henriette Browne,
"Sisters of Mercy;" after Sir G.
Kneller, "Sir Isaac Newton; after
H. Wallis, "The Death of Chatter-
ton;" and after J. E. Millais, R.A.,
"The Huguenot," "My First Sermon,'
"My Second Sermon," "6 Awake,"
Asleep; ""John Fowler, Esq., C.E.,"
and "Sir James Paget, Bart.
">
""
|
BARLOW, THOMAS OLDHAM,
A.R.A., was born at Oldham, near
Manchester, Aug. 4, 1824. From
a very early age his desire was
to be a painter or an engraver.
His father yielded to his wish, | H.
his wish,
and placed him with Messrs. Ste-
phenson and Royston, engravers, of
Manchester. He became a student
in the School of Design there, and
gained the first prize for a design,
exhibited under the title of "Cul-
lings from Nature." At the Man- | TUS
chester Exhibition he saw a small
picture, by the late John Phillip,
entitled "Courtship," and endea-
and endea-
voured to persuade a friend to pur-
chase it, that he might engrave it
before going to London; but this
he was reluctantly obliged to aban-
don. Soon after coming to London,
he made the acquaintance of a gen-
tleman, who suggested his engraving
a picture, and offered to supply the
necessary means. He therefore went
to the first exhibition that was
opened—that of the British Institu-
tion-where, to his delight, the first
picture that caught his eye was the
ور
""
""
BARNARD, FREDERICK AUGUS-
TUS PORTER, D.D., LL.D., born
at Sheffield, Massachusetts, in 1809.
He graduated at Yale College in
1828; became tutor there in 1829,
and subsequently a teacher in the
Deaf and Dumb Asylums in Hart-
ford and New York. From 1837
to 1848 he was Professor of Mathe-
matics and Natural Philosophy, and
afterwards, till 1854, of Chemistry,
in the University of Alabama. In
1854 he became Professor of Mathe-
matics and Astronomy in the Uni-
versity of Mississippi, of which
he was elected President in 1856.
In 1864 he was chosen President
of Columbia College, New York,
W
BARNARD.
a position which he still
In 1860 he was a member of the
astronomical expedition to observe
the total eclipse of the sun in La-
brador and was elected President of
the American Association for the
Advancement of Science. In 1862
he was engaged in the reduction of
Gilliss's observations of the stars in
the southern hemisphere, and in 1863
had charge of the publication of the
charts and maps of the United States
Coast Survey. In 1867 he was United
States Commissioner to the Paris
Exhibition. He is a member of
various learned societies in Europe
and America, and has received the
honorary degrees of D.D., LL.D., and
in 1872 that of Doctor of Literature
from the Regents of the University
of New York. He has published,
66 Treatise on Arithmetic," 1830;
Analytic Grammar," 1836; "Let-
Let-
ters on Collegiate Government,” 1855;
History of the United States Coast
Survey," 1857; "Report on Machinery
and Industrial Arts," 1869; "Recent
Progress of Science," 1869; and "The
Metric System, " 1871. He has also
contributed largely to scientific and
educational journals. In conjunction
with Professor Arnold Guyot, he edited
Johnson's "Universal Cyclopædia,"
1874-7.
..66
66
holds. | preparation of a History of Public
Schools in the United States. He
was called from the prosecution of
this work to take charge of the public
schools of Rhode Island; and after five
years returned to Hartford. In 1850
a State Normal School was established
in Connecticut, and he was appointed
Principal, with the added duties
of State Superintendent of Public
Schools. After five years of severe
labour he retired from this work, but
soon commenced the publication of
the American Journal of Education,
in 1855, which is still continued. He
has been President of the American
Association for the Advancement of
Education, was elected in 1856 Pre-
sident and Chancellor of the Uni-
versity of Wisconsin, which office he
resigned in 1859; was President in
1865-7 of the St. John's College,
Annapolis, Maryland, and United
States Commissioner of the Depart-
ment of Education in 1868-70. Be-
sides his "Journal of Education," he
has published "Tribute to Gallaudet,
with History of Deaf Mute In-
struction;" "School Architecture;
"Normal Schools in the United States
and Europe,” "National Education
in Europe," "American Teachers and
Educators," two vols., and "Bene-
factors of Education."
>>
BARNARD, HENRY, LL.D., born
at Hartford, Connecticut, Jan. 24,
1811. He graduated at Yale College in
1830, and devoted himself to the cause
of public school education almost from
the date of his graduation. After
extensive travel in the United States
he made a two years' tour of Europe
(1835-37), giving special attention to
educational institutions and methods.
He was from 1837 to 1840 a member
of the Connecticut Legislature, and
carried through that body a complete
reorganisation of the common school
system, and was for four years a
member and secretary of the Board
of Edcuation created by it. Displaced
by a political change in 1842, he
spent more than a year in an ex-
tensive educational tour through the
United States, with a view to the
67
•
BARNARD, GEN., JOHN G., born
at Sheffield, Massachusetts, May 19,
1815. He was educated at West Point
Military Academy, graduating in 1833,
received a commission in the en-
gineers, and for the next eighteen
years was employed upon the sea-
coast defences, chiefly of the Gulf,
residing for ten years of the time
in New Orleans. From 1851 to
1855 he was employed mainly on
engineering duties for private organi-
sations, and as member of consulting
boards of engineers. He was Super-
intendent of the West Point Mili-
tary Academy from March, 1855,
to Sept. 1856; and from 1856 to
1861 was in charge of the defences
of New York. He had attained the
rank of captain of engineers in 1838,
brevet-major in 1848, and major in
F 2
68
BARNES BARNETT.
""
Dialect," "A Philological Grammar,
grounded upon English, and formed
from a comparison of more than sixty
Languages: being an Introduction to
the Science of Grammars of all Lan-
guages, especially English, Latin, and
Greek; "Tiw; or, a View of the
Roots and Stems of the English as a
Teutonic Tongue; ""An Anglo-Saxon
Delectus, including Extracts from
Anglo-Saxon History and the Saxon
Chronicle :'
"Notes on Ancient
Britain and the Britons : "being the
result of his Collections for a Course
of Lectures on this subject; "Views
Gold;
of Labour and
“Early
England and the Saxon English;
"Rural Poems in common English,"
of which a handsome illustrated edi-
tion has been printed in America;
"The Elements of Linear Perspective
and the Projection of Shadows," with
woodcut diagrams by himself; “A
School-book of Geography and Eth-
"Exercises in Practical
Science;" and papers in some of the
magazines, and of the transactions of
archæological societies.
|
BARNES, THE REV.WILLIAM,B.D., |
born at Rushhay, Bagber, a hamlet
of Sturminster Newton, in the
vale of Blackmore, Dorset. He is
descended from a family who, in the
time of Philip and Mary, held
Mageston, in the parish of Gilling-
ham, and to one of whom (William
Barnes) land in Gillingham was
granted in the 31st of Henry VIII.,
though later generations (from 1732)
had lost their lands and were dairy-
farmers at East Stower and Manston.
Mr. Barnes kept, for some years, a
school at Dorchester; was appointed
to the curacy of Whitcombe, Dorset, in
1847; and was instituted to the rec-
tory of Winterbourne Came, Dor-
chester, in 1862. He is the author of
three volumes of "Poems of Rural
Life, in the Dorset Dialect," "A
Grammar and Glossary of the Dorset
BARNETT, JOHN, musical com-
poser, was born near Bedford, July,
15, 1802. His father was a native
of Hanau, in Prussia, and his mother
an Hungarian. At the age of ten,
being possessed of a wonderfuld con-
tralto voice, he was articled to Mr.
Samuel James Arnold, manager of
Drury Lane, and sang in the "Ship-
wreck," and many other pieces, being
alternately at that theatre and at
Covent Garden for five successive
years, and appearing in the company
of the elder Kean, when the latter
made his début in Macbeth. After
the changing of his voice Mr. Barnett
devoted himself exclusively to the
study of the piano and composition.
under Ferdinand Ries (the favourite
pupil of Beethoven), Sento Perer,
Kalkbrenner, William Huxley, and
Xarcier Schneider. His operas are:
the famous "Mountain Sylph " (pro-
duced at the Lyceum in 1834, and
being the first real English opera)
"Fair Rosamond" (a grand historical
opera produced in 1836); and " Fari-
|
|
|
1858. During the civil war he was
actively engaged in engineer duty,
being Chief Engineer of the Army of
the Potomac; and from June, 1864,
to the close of the war, Chief Engineer
of the Armies in the Field, on the
staff of Lieutenant-General Grant.
During this period he had been pro-
moted to be lieutenant-colonel of
engineers and brigadier-general and
brevet major-general of volunteers.
The volunteer army having been
mustered out of service, he was made
colonel in the regular arm in Dec.
1865, and was appointed commander
of the corps of engineers. In 1864
the degree of LL.D. was conferred
upon him by Yale College. He has
published: "Survey of the Isthmus
of Telnoantepec," 1852 ; " Phenomena
of the Gyroscope," 1858; "Notes on
Sea Coast Defences," 1861; "Reports
of the Engineer and Artillery Opera-
ations of the Army of the Potomac,'
in conjunction with Gen. Barry, 1863;"|nology;
"The Fabrication of Iron for De-
fensive Purposes," 1871;"The North
"The North
Sea Canal of Holland," 1872; "Pro-
blems of Rotatory Motion, &c.,"
1872. He has also furnished many ela-
borate scientific and military articles
for Johnson's "Universal Cyclopæ-
dia," 1874-77.
>>
""
""
>>
K
""
BARNUM-BARROT.
•
|
""
nelli" (produced in 1839). In ad-
dition to these important works, he is
the composer of a large number of
once eminently popular vaudevilles,
such as "The Pet of the Petticoats,'
"The Carnival of Naples," "Before
Breakfast,"
""Mr. Mallet," and "Win
and Wear Her." His various can-
zonets and ballads number, perhaps,
a thousand, amongst which figure the
familiar titles of "The Light Guitar,'
Rise, Gentle Moon," and "Not a
Drum was Heard." He became di-
rector of the Olympic Theatre in 1832,
under the management of MadameVes-
tris. In 1839 he married the youngest
daughter of the late celebrated violon-
cellist, Robert Lindley, after which he
retired to Cheltenham, where he has
resided for many years, turning his
attention to the study and cultivation
of the voice, upon which he has pub-
lished an important volume.
|
BARNUM, PHINEAS TAYLOR, born
at Bethel, Connecticut, July 5, 1810.
His father allowed him to manage a
small country store or shop when
he was about thirteen years of age.
At the age of eighteen he esta-
blished himself in business and went
largely into the business of selling
lottery tickets. In 1834 he removed
to New York, and unsuccessfully
tried many schemes for making
money. In 1841 he succeeded in
purchasing the American Museum, by
which in a few years he acquired a
fortune, much of which was produced
by the exhibition, in America and
Europe, of a dwarf popularly known
as "General Tom Thumb." In 1856
he engaged Jenny Lind to visit
America, and to give 150 concerts.
This engagement was cancelled when
93 performances had been given.
The pecuniary success was however
very great. In 1855 he took up
his residence at Bridgeport, Con-
necticut, and engaged largely in real
estate and manufacturing enterprises.
These were unsuccessful, and he be-
came bankrupt. Having effected a
compromise with his creditors, he
resumed the management of the
Museum, and soon retrieved his
""
69
fortunes. From the first Barnum has
devoted much pains to the getting up
of ingenious "humbugs." The earliest
of these was in 1834, when he came
across an aged half-idiotic negress
named Joyce Heth, whom he an-
nounced to have been the nurse of
George Washington, and so not less
than 160 years of age. Then came
the "Fiji Mermaid," in which the
skeleton head and bust of a monkey
was ingeniously attached to the body
and tail of a
fish ; then the
(C
|
Woolly Horse,' which he put
forth as an entirely new species of
animal; and lastly in 1878, the "Pe-
trified Man," a gigantic statue which
had been made in a secluded part of
Pennsylvania, carried to Colorado,
buried there, and dug up. The truth,
however, was discovered, and the
scheme failed to be profitable. Barnum
has lectured upon temperance and
other topics, and besides some smaller
works has published :
works has published: "The Life of
P. T. Barnum, written by Himself,"
1855; "The Humbugs of the World,"
1865; and a sort of autobiography en-
titled "Struggles and Triumphs," 1869.
BARROT, VICTORIN FERDINAND,
a brother of the late M. Odillon
Barrot, and an advocate by profes-
sion, born at Paris, Jan. 10, 1806,
became a member of the Chamber of
Deputies in 1845. He first attracted
attention by his skill in dealing with
the affairs of Algeria; and on the fall
of Louis Philippe, in 1848, was elected
to represent that colony in the Consti-
tuent Assembly. Having acted as
counsel for Louis Napoleon in the
legal proceedings that arose from the
attempts upon Strasburg and Bou-
logne, that prince, on his election to
the Presidency, made him his secre-
tary, and he acted as one of his
ministers from October, 1849, to
March, 1850. He was then appointed
Ambassador at Turin, a post he held
till the famous coup d'état, which
inaugurated the Second Empire.
Under the new régime, he was suc-
cessively appointed a Councillor of
State and a Senator, but he did not
take a very prominent part in either
70
BARRY.
capacity. M. Ferdinand Barrot was
made Commander of the Legion of
Honour, Dec. 8, 1852, and Grand
Referendary of the French Senate in
Jan. 1867.
and Attorney-General in Jan., 1870,
succeeding, in the latter office, Mr.
Sullivan, who had been appointed
Master of the Rolls in Ireland. In
Dec., 1871, he was appointed a Judge
of the Queen's Bench in Ireland, in
the room of the Right Hon. John
George, deceased. In Aug., 1878, he
was nominated a member of the
Royal Commission appointed to in-
quire into the provisions of the draft
Code relating to Indictable Offences..
BARRY, EDWARD MIDDLETON,
R.A., third son of the late Sir Charles
Barry, was born in 1830.
He was
educated at King's College School,
London, and studied architecture
under Professor Donaldson at Univer-
sity College, London, in the office of
Mr. T. H. Wyatt, and afterwards
under his father, the late Sir Charles
Barry, whom he succeeded as archi-
tect of the Houses of Parliament in
1860, and in that capacity completed
the building. Mr. Barry is the archi-
BARRY, THE REV. ALFRED, D.D.,
D.C.L., second son of the late eminent
architect, Sir Charles Barry, born in
1826, was educated at King's College,
London, and at Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, where he graduated B.A. as
fourth Wrangler, second Smith's
prizeman, and seventh in the first
class of the Classical Tripos in 1848,
obtaining a fellowship in the same
year. Dr. Barry, who was ordained
in 1850, was from 1851 to 1854 Sub-
Warden of Trinity College, Glenal-
mond; and subsequently held from
1854 to 1862 the Head Mastership of
the Grammar School at Leeds, which
he raised to a very high position by
his energy and ability; and in 1862
he was appointed to the Principal-
ship of Cheltenham College. In 1868
he became Principal of King's Col-tect of Covent Garden Theatre, which
lege, London; in 1869 Examining was built from his designs in 1857 in
Chaplain to the Bishop of Bath and the short space of eight months. He
Wells; in 1871 a Canon of Wor- has carried out numerous archi-
cester; and in 1875 Honorary Chap- tectural works, and among them may
lain to the Queen. He was also a be mentioned St. Giles's Schools,.
member of the London School Board Endell Street: restoration of Crewe
from 1871 to 1877. Dr. Barry is the Hall, Cheshire; the Opera House at
author of an "Introduction to the Malta; The Charing Cross Hotel, and
Old Testament," "Notes
on the the Eleanor Cross in front of it; the
Gospels," "Life of Sir C. Barry, great hotels at Cannon Street, and
R.A.," "Cheltenham College Ser- the Star and Garter, Richmond; the
mons," ""Sermons for Boys," "Notes Floral Hall, Covent Garden; the
on the Catechism," "Religion for Grammar School at Leeds; the Bir-
Every Day: Lectures to Men," 1873, mingham and Midland Institute; St.
and "What is Natural Theology?" Saviour's Church, Haverstock Hill;
the Boyle Lectures for 1876.
works at the Exchange, Bristol, at
the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge,
and at various private mansions; and
the completion of Halifax Town
Hall, which was left unfinished by
Sir Charles Barry. In 1867 Mr..
Barry submitted designs in competi-
tion for the new National Gallery,
and his design was deemed the best
by the judges. In the same year Mr.
Barry also competed for the new
Law Courts, and was again success---
ful; as the judges selected his design
and that of Mr. G. E. Street as the
|
BARRY, THE RIGHT HON.
CHARLES ROBERT, born at Limerick,
in 1834, received his academical
education at Trinity College, Dublin,
was called to the Irish bar in 1845,was
made a Queen's Counsel in 1849, and
was the first Crown Prosecutor in
Dublin from 1859 to 1865. Mr. Barry
was law adviser to the Crown from
1865 to 1869, during which period he
represented Dungarvan in the House
of Commons. He was appointed
Solicitor-General for Ireland in 1869
BARRY-BARTHELEMY-SAINT-HILAIRE.
two best of those submitted to them,
and recommended the joint appoint-
ment of these two architects. Mr.
Disraeli's Government, however, did
not comply with this recommenda-
tion, but appointed Mr. Barry to the
National Gallery and Mr. Street to
the Law Courts. Mr. Barry is a
Fellow of the Royal Institute of
British Architects, and has filled the
office of Vice-President; he is an
honorary member of the Imperial
and Royal Academy of Fine Arts at
Vienna, and an honorary member of
the Society of Architecture at Am-
sterdam, and other societies. He is
an associate of the Institution of
Civil Engineers, and has served on
the Council of that body. He was
elected Associate of the Royal Aca-
demy in 1861, and was made a
Royal Academician in 1870. Mr.
Barry was elected Professor of
Architecture in the Royal Academy
May 16, 1873, and Treasurer in 1874.
|
|
BARRY, SIR REDMOND, K.C.M.G.,
son of the late H. G. Barry, of Barry-
clough, co. Cork, born in 1813, and
educated at Trinity College, Dublin,
was called to the Irish bar in 1838.
In 1850 he was appointed Solicitor-
General for the colony of Victoria,
and was promoted in 1851 to a judge-
ship in the Supreme Court. He was
knighted by patent in 1860, and was
Commissioner from the colony of
Victoria to, the International Exhibi-
tion of 1862. Sir Redmond Barry
has taken the deepest interest in the
cause of education in Australia.
Though a Catholic, he was appointed
Chancellor of the New University at
Melbourne, and has published a volume
of "Essays" and "Inaugural Ad-
dresses," delivered in that capacity.
He was created a K.C.M.G. in 1877.
BARTHELEMY SAINT-
HILAIRE, JULES, member of the
Institute, born in Paris, Aug. 19,
1805; was at first attached to the
Ministry of Finance; but this did
not prevent him from writing in the
Globe, and he signed the protestation
of the journalists, July 28, 1830.
After the revolution he founded the
·
71
Bon Sens, and, as a Liberal, took an
active part in politics; but towards
the close of 1833 he showed signs of
a desire to renounce political life,
and to apply himself to literature.
In 1834 he was made tutor of French
literature in the Polytechnic School,
and undertook about the same time a
complete translation of the works of
Aristotle, which served as a pendant
to the translation of Plato, published
by Cousin. For this service he was
in 1838 appointed to the chair of
Greek and Latin Philosophy in the
College of France, and was admitted
into the Academy of the Moral and
Political Sciences. The revolution of
February again drew him into the
political arena, and he entered the
Constituent Assembly, and became
one of the chiefs of the republican
tiers-parti. He favoured the candida-
ture of Louis Napoleon, and sup-
ported the administration of M.
Odillon Barrot. After the coup
d'état of Dec. 2, 1852, and the down-
fall of the parliamentary system, he
refused to take the oath, and resigned
his chair in the College of France,
but was reappointed in 1862. At
the general election of 1869 he was
returned to the Corps Législatif as
deputy for the first circonscription of
Seine-et-Oise. He voted with the
extreme Left, and was one of those
who signed the manifesto after the
disturbances caused by the funeral of
the Deputy Baudin. During the
siege of Paris he remained in the
capital, which he quitted after the
armistice, in order to take his seat in
the National Assembly, he having
been elected a Deputy for the depart-
ment of Seine-et-Oise. He was a
zealous supporter of his old friend
M. Thiers. He was elected a Life
Senator by the National Assembly,
Dec. 10, 1875. His principal works
are:-"Politique d'Aristote" (Paris,
1837; 2nd ed. 1848); "De la
Logique d'Aristote," a memoir which
received the prize of the Institute,
1838; "La Logique d'Aristote,'
translated into French for the first
time, 1839-44; "Psychologie d'Aris-
|
>>
72
BARTLETT-BATBIE.
tote: Traité de l'Ame," 1846; and | his "Dictionary of Americanisms,"
|
Opuscules," translated for the first 1878.
time, 1847; "De l'École d'Alex-
andrie,” report to the Institute, pre-
ceded by an
"Essai sur la Méthode
des Alexandrins et le Mysticisme,"
1845; "Des Vedas," 1854 ;
Bouddhisme," 1855; and "Le Boudha
et sa Religion," 1866.
Du
seller in New York, in partnership
with Mr. Welford, devoting his
leisure hours to the study of history
and ethnology. He was one of the
founders of the American Ethno-
logical Society, and Secretary of the
New York Historical Society. In
1850 he was appointed Commissioner
for the survey of the boundary-line
between the United
the United States and
Mexico. With a corps of engineers
and a party consisting altogether of
about 300 persons, he traversed the
vast regions of prairie and desert
which lie between the Gulf of Mexico
and the Pacific, as well as a large
portion of Texas and New Mexico, a
distance in all of some 5,000 miles.
The results of this survey, which
occupied three years, and embraced
observations in astronomy, ethnology,
and natural history, were published
by the United States Government in
1857-58. In 1855 he was elected
Secretary of State of Rhode Island,
and has been continued in that office
by repeated elections. He has pub-
lished "The Progress of Ethnology,"
1847;
"Reminiscences of Albert
Gallatin," 1849; "Dictionary of
Americanisms: a Glossary of Words
usually regarded as peculiar to the
United States,"
States," 1848 ; "Personal
Narrative of Explorations and Inci-
dents in Texas, New Mexico, Cali-
fornia, Sonora, and Chihuahua,"
1856; "A Bibliography of Books and
Pamphlets relating to the Civil War,"
1866 ; "Literature of the Rebellion,"
1867 ;
66
"Memoirs of Rhode Island
Officers in the War of the Rebellion,"
1867 ;
"Primeval Man," 1868; and
a new and much enlarged edition of
BARTLETT, JOHN RUSSELL, born
in Providence, Rhode Island, Oct. 23,
1805. In 1839 he became a book-elected F.R.S. in 1868, and F.R.C.P.
in 1871. Dr. Bastian is also a Fel-
low of the Linnean Society, and of
several Medical Societies. In 1863
he was appointed Assistant Medical
Officer to the State Asylum for
Criminal Lunatics at Broadmoor,
but he threw this appointment up in
the spring of 1866, and was shortly
afterwards appointed Lecturer on
Pathology, and Assistant-Physician to
St. Mary's Hospital. These posts he
held until his appointment as Pro-
fessor of Pathological Anatomy in
University College, and Assistant-
Physician to University College
Hospital in Dec., 1867. He still
holds the Professorship; is Dean of
the Faculty of Medicine; and Phy-
sician to the Hospital since 1871.
Dr. Bastian has published the follow-
ing works:-"The Modes of Origin
of Lowest Organisms," 1871; "The
Beginnings of Life," 2 vols., 1872
"Evolution and the Origin of Life,'
1874; and " Clinical Lectures on the
Common Forms of Paralysis from
Brain Disease," 1875. He is also the
author of "Memoirs on Nematoids :
Parasitic and Free," in the Philoso-
phical Transactions and the Trans-
actions of the Linnæan Society; of
numerous papers on Pathology, in
the Transactions of the Pathological
Society; of papers on the more re-
condite departments of Cerebral Phy-
siology in the Journal of Mental
Science; and of articles on Medical
Subjects in the British Medical Jour-
nal, the Lancet, and Dr. Reynolds'
System of Medicine."
;
|
BASTIAN, HENRY CHARLTON,
M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., was born at
Truro, in Cornwall, April 26, 1837,
and educated at a private school at
Falmouth, and in University College,
London. He graduated M.A. in
1861, M.B. in 1863, and M.D. in 1866,
all these degrees being conferred by
the University of London. He was
-
BATBIE, ANSELME POLYCARPE,
was born at Seissan, in the depart-
ment of Gers, France, May 31, 1828.
BATEMAN.
He studied classics at Auch and law |
at Toulouse. At the competition, in
1849, he became Auditor to the Coun-
cil of State, and was created Doctor
of Law by the Faculty of Paris in
the following year. When, after the
events of Dec. 1851, the Council of
State was re-modelled, M. Batbie's
services were no longer required as
Auditor, and he then applied himself
to the teaching of law, in connection
with the Faculties of Dijon and
Toulouse. In 1853 he was elected
a member of the Academy of Le-
gislation in the latter town, and
he published in the "Transactions"
of this learned body a disserta-
tion on the "Forum Judicum" of
the Visigoths. He delivered at Tou-
He delivered at Tou-
louse, (1854-56), a series of lectures
on public and administrative law
compared. In Jan. 1857, he became
Assistant-Professor at Paris, where, in
1862, he commenced a course of lec-
tures, which has been continued to
the present time, on administrative
law, and also another course on poli-
tical economy. In 1860, at the re-
quest of M. Rouland, Minister of
Public Instruction, he visited the
universities of Belgium, Holland, and
Germany, in order to study the
methods adopted by them for teach-
ing public and administrative law.
In the same year the Academy of
Moral and Political Sciences awarded
to him the Faucher prize for a disser-
tation on the life and works of Turgot,
published under the title of "Turgot,
philosophe, économiste, et adminis-
trateur." In 1861 he began the pub-
lication of a "Traité théorique et
pratique du droit public et adminis-
tratif," which was to be completed in
six volumes. The Academy of Moral
and Political Sciences showed their
appreciation of M. Batbie's studies
by awarding him, in 1862, the grand
Beaujour prize for a treatise on the
institutions of popular credit, pub-
lished under the title of "Le Crédit
populaire," and one of the ordinary
prizes of the year for a dissertation
on "Le Prêt à intérêt." At the elec-
At the elec-
tions of Feb. 1871, M. Batbie, who
|
until then had scrupulously held aloof
from political life, was elected a
member of the National Assembly
by the department of Gers, receiving
59,860 votes, which placed him at the
head of the poll. He took his place
among the members of the Right
Centre, and his great ability soon
caused him to be regarded as one of
the leaders of the Monarchical party.
He was a member of many important
commissions, including the Commis-
sion of Fifteen, which was appointed
to watch the negotiations for the
Treaty of Peace, the Commission of
Inquiry into the Organisation of the
City of Paris and the Department of
the Seine, the Commission of Thirty,
the Commission of Pardons, and the
Commission for the Reform of Legal
Studies. He was also the reporter of
the Bill for the reorganisation of the
Council of State. M. Batbie was one
of the delegates of the Right who, on
June 20, 1872, were authorised to
present to M. Thiers, President of the
Republic, the ultimatum of the majo-
rity in the Chamber. He was also
the reporter of the Kerdrel Commis-
sion, which was charged with the task
of replying to the Presidential mes-
sage of Nov. 13, 1872. In the ad-
ministration of the Duc de Broglie,
M. Batbie was Minister of Public
Instruction and Public Worship. He
resigned with his colleagues, Nov. 26,
1873. He was next nominated Pre-
sident of the Commission of Thirty,
which was engaged in examining the
supplementary constitutional laws.
In Dec. 1875, he was elected a Sena-
tor by the department of Gers; his
term of office expires in 1879. In
addition to the works already men-
tioned, M. Batbie is the author of
"Doctrine et Jurisprudence en ma-
tière d'Appel comme d'abus," 1852 ;
"Précis du cours de droit public et
administratif," 1863; "Nouveau cours
d'économie politique," 2 vols., 1864-
65; and Mélanges d'économie poli-
tique," 1865.
|
73
“
BATEMAN, KATE JOSEPHINE,
born in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1842.
Both her parents were actors, and
74
BAUDRY.
|
""
""
(C
she, with her sister, two years older
than herself, appeared in public as
the "Bateman Children as early as
1850. She afterwards prepared her-
self assiduously for the stage, and in
1859 played successfully in the lead-
ing American theatres, her principal
characters being those of Evangeline,
founded on Longfellow's poem; Ge-
raldine, in a play written for her by
her mother; Julia, in the "Hunch-
back;
Pauline, in the Lady of
Lyons;" and Juliet and Lady Mac-
beth. She arrived in England in the
autumn of 1863, and appeared 210
times in the character of the Jewish
maiden Leah, in an adaptation of the
German play, "Deborah, at the
Adelphi Theatre, Oct. 1. After a pro-
vincial tour, she re-appeared at the
Adelphi, playing Julia in the "Hunch-
back," and other characters. She
took a farewell of the English public
at Her Majesty's Theatre, in the
character of Juliet, in "Romeo and
Juliet," Dec. 22, 1865, and was mar-
ried to Mr. George Crowe, in Oct.
1866. Mrs. Crowe returned to the
stage in 1868, retaining her stage
name of Kate Bateman. She has
made the character of Leah pecu-
liarly her own. In 1872, and subse-
quently, she appeared with great
success in London as Medea, in the
play of that name.
BATH AND WELLS, BISHOP
OF. (See HERVEY, LORD ARTHUR
CHARLES.)
BATHURST, BISHOP OF. (See
MARSDEN.)
BAUDRY, PAUL JACQUES AIMÉ,
a French painter, born at Bourbon-
Vendée, Nov. 7, 1828. His father
was an artisan, burdened with a
numerous family. He educated his
son as best he could, and even had
him taught music. But a humble
teacher of drawing, named Sartoris,
detected and developed in the boy
another faculty. At that time the
Prefect of Vendée chanced to be M.
Gauja, an ex-contributor to the
National, a friend of M. Thiers, and
a lover of painting. This gentleman
took an interest in Baudry, and
""
helped to get for him a small allow-
ance from the Department to enable
him to study at Paris. The lad very
speedily distinguished himself at the
Ecole des Beaux Arts. He leaped
from success to success, he carried off
the grand prix de Rome in 1850, the
subject being “Zenobia discovered on
the banks of the Araxes." In the
Salon of 1857 he exhibited "The
Punishment of a Vestal,” “Fortune
and the Child," Leda," and a
portrait of M. Beulé. His reputation
was now firmly established. Subse-
quently he exhibited "The Penitent
Magdalen," "The Toilet of Venus,"
"Guillemette,” three portraits, 1859
"Charlotte Corday," "" Amphitrite,'
several portraits, including those of
M. Guizot (belonging to Sir John
Boileau), M. Charles Dupin, Made-
moiselle Madeleine Brohan, and the
son of Madame la Comtesse Swicy-
towska, 1861; "The Pearl and the
Wave" (a Persian fable), and two
portraits, 1863; "Diana” and a por-
trait, 1865; and the portrait of M.
Charles Garnier, the architect, 1869.
But M. Baudry is best known by the
magnificent pictures he executed for
the decoration of the foyer of the
new Opera House at Paris. His in-
timate friend, M. Edmond About,
says:-"When the architect Charles.
Garnier proceeded to allot the works,
he intrusted the voussures of the foyer
to Baudry, who had already executed
important decorative works at the
Hôtel Fould and elsewhere. The
commission, like all State commis-
sions, was neither well nor ill paid
at the price of 140,000 francs. But
when the artist learned that there
was a talk of giving the ceilings and
the spaces above the doors to an--
other, he offered to paint the whole
himself without increase of pay, thus
reducing his reward to 280 francs per
superficial mètre; the work occupies
500 mètres square. Before drawing
his first sketch, he made two jour-
neys, one to London, and the other
to Rome. At the Kensington
Museum he copied the seven Car-
toons of Raphael. At the Vatican he
?
"".
BAUER-BAXTER.
copied eleven enormous morsels of
Michael Angelo, all to endue himself
with the spirit of the masters, and to
catch for himself le bon pli. That
done, there only remained to shut
himself for eight years in the damp
building of the rising Opera-house.
There he occupied three studios, one
on the sixth storey, another on the
tenth, and the last quite at the top,
under the cupola, whence neither
cold nor heat could dislodge him.
His whole life was there. He slept
and ate in a loge de danseuse, fur-
nished with his student's furniture.
He lived whole months without
seeing any other faces than those of
his models and the old housekeeper,
and very occasionally a friend." M.
Baudry was decorated with the
Legion of Honour in 1861, and was
raised to the rank of Commander in
March, 1875.
|
75
Jewish emancipation. His principal
work in this period is "A General
Critical Review" (1843-44), in which
he analyses the German radicalism of
1842, and its consequent socialistic
theories. In connection with Jung-
nitz and his brother Edgar, he pub-
lished "Historical Memoirs of Events
since the French Revolution and the
Reign of Napoleon" (1846). During
the political disturbances of 1848 he
availed himself of the opportunity
for ventilating his peculiar views in
a work on "The Civil Revolution in
Germany," and in another on
"The
Fall of the Frankfort Parliament"
(1849). He published "A Review of
the Gospels, and History of their
Origin" (1850) to which “ Apostolical
History" is a supplement. In his
"Review of the Epistles attributed
to St. Paul," he attempts to show
that the four leading epistles, which
have never before been questioned,
were not written by the apostle Paul,
but are the production of the second
century. He is the author of "Western
Dictatorship, "The Actual Position
of Russia," "Germany and Russia,"
"Russia and England," and nume-
rous pamphlets on miscellaneous sub-
jects.
""
BAUER, BRUNO, biblical critic,
was born at Eisenberg, in the duchy
of Saxe-Altenburg, Sept. 6, 1809.
Educated in the schools and Univer-
sity of Berlin, he, in 1834, obtained
a professorship of theology. His
earliest writings are his review of the
"Life of Jesus," by Strauss, 1835 ;
his "Journal of Speculative Theo-
logy," 1836, and his "Critical Ex-
position of the Religion of the Old
Testament," 1838. In what may be
termed the second period came the
two works, "Dr. Hengstenberg,"
1839, and "The Evangelical Esta-
blished Church of Prussia and its
Doctrine," 1840. Advancing gra-
dually to a bolder and more ration-
alistic position in his "Review of the
Gospel History of John" (1840), and
"Review of the Gospel Narrative "
(1840), he argues that evangelical
history is a free product of human
self-consciousness, and the Gospels
are a free literary production. Upon
the publication of these views, he was
forbidden to deliver theological lec-
tures in Bonn, where he had been a
tutor since 1839. His next work was
"The Jewish Question," in which he
attacked the vagueness of the pre-
tensions of liberalism, and rejected
|
|
BAXTER, THE RIGHT HON. WIL-
LIAM EDWARD, M.P., was born at
Dundee, in 1825, and after passing
through the High School of that
town, studied in the University of
Edinburgh. In 1855 he succeeded
the late Mr. Joseph Hume as M.P.
for the Montrose burghs, which he
has represented ever since. He was
offered office under Government more
than once, but declined, until Mr.
Gladstone, in 1868, formed an admin-
istration pledged to economy, when
he accepted the appointment of Sec-
retary to the Admiralty. In March,
1871, he succeeded Mr. Stansfeld as
Secretary to the Treasury, which
office he resigned Aug. 6, 1873. He
was
sworn of the Privy Council,
March 24, 1873. Mr. Baxter, who
carries on business as a foreign mer-
BAVARIA, KING OF. (See
LOUIS II.)
76
BAYNE-BAYNES.
chant in Dundee, was a conspicuous | terly, and London Quarterly Reviews,
supporter of the North during the and to Fraser and other magazines.
American war, and is a well-known
and is a well-known | He edited the letters and sketched
opponent of Church establishments. the life of Hugh Miller in two volumes,
He is the author of "Impressions of in the course of which it appeared
Central and Southern Europe, being that his own views of geological
notes of successive journeys in Ger- evolution are more in accordance with
many, Austria, Italy, Switzerland, those of Darwin and Huxley than
and the Levant," 1850; "The Tagus with those of Miller. An essay on the
and the Tiber: or, Notes of Travel in Puritans published by him in 1862
Portugal, Spain, and Italy, in 1850-51," was well spoken of, and he has since
2 vols., 1852 ; "America and the engaged in extensive studies of the
Americans,” 1855;" Hints to Thinkers: Puritan period. A volume on "The
or, Lectures for the Times," 1860; Chief Actors in the Puritan Revolu-
and "Free Italy," a lecture delivered tion," of which some instalments had
in 1874.
appeared in the Contemporary Review,
was published by him in 1878. He
is author of a pamphlet entitled "The
Church's Curse and the Nation's
Claim," advocating disestablishment
on purely national grounds, and with
a view to the efficiency, not the aboli-
tion, of the Church of England.
BAYNES, THOMAS SPENCER,
LL.D., born March 24, 1823, at Wel-
lington, Somersetshire, was educated
at a private school at Bath, at Bristol
College, and at the University of
Edinburgh. He was assistant to Sir
William Hamilton, Professor of
Logic in that University, 1851-55;
Examiner in Logic and Mental Philo-
sophy in the University of London,
1857-63; and assistant-editor of the
Daily News from the autumn of 1857
till Oct. 1864. During his residence
in London, Mr. Baynes, besides
writing a large number of articles in
the Daily News on the civil war in
America, contributed to several
literary journals, especially the
Literary Gazette and the Athenæum,
but he kept up his studies in his
special subject logic and mental
science-by delivering lectures and
taking private pupils to prepare for
the University and India Civil Ser-
vice Examinations. He was elected
Professor of Logic, Rhetoric, and
Metaphysics in the University of St.
Andrews in Oct. 1864. Professor
Baynes has published a translation of
the "Port Royal Logic," 1851, which
has gone through seven editions; and
an "Essay on the New Analytic of
BAYNE, PETER, M.A., born in
Ross-shire, Scotland, Oct. 19, 1830,
took the degree of M.A. at Marischal
College, Aberdeen. He was the win-
ner of a prize for a poem, open to
competition by the whole university,
and after taking his degree he won
the Blackwell prize (£40) for a prose
essay. He was appointed successively
editor of the Glasgow Commonwealth,
the Edinburgh Witness, the Dial, and
the Weekly Review, the two last pub-|
lished in London. His views on
inspiration having given offence, he
resigned the editorship of the Weekly
Review in 1865, and he has since de-
clined editorial connection with news-
papers. He has continued, however,
in constant occupation as a journalist.
His biographical sketches in an Edin-
burgh magazine attracted attention,
and led to the publication, in 1855,
of "The Christian Life in the present
Time," a treatise intended to prove,
in a series of illustrative biographies,
that belief in Christianity is compati-
ble with high intellectual gifts, and
the noblest moral character. The
book was very popular, especially in
America, where two volumes of Essays
by Mr. Bayne, were published in 1857.
A volume of Biographical and Critical
Essays, a treatise on "The Testimony
of Christ to Christianity," and an
historical drama on "The Days of
Jezebel" have been published by him
in this country. He has been a
copious contributor to the Contem-
porary, Fortnightly, British Quar-
BAZAINE.
77
|
Logical Forms," with notes and his-
torical appendix, 1852. He is now
engaged in preparing the ninth edi-
tion of the " Encyclopædia Britan-
nica." Professor Baynes contributed
regularly to the Edinburgh Review
(1869-75) eleven articles in all
some of which attracted considerable
notice. At one time he contributed
to the North British Review, and he
wrote occasionally in Fraser's Maga-
zine, the Pall Mall Gazette, and the
Saturday Revien. He took his degree
of LL.B. in the University of London;
and the honorary degree of LL.D.
was conferred upon him by the Uni-
versity of Edinburgh, April 22, 1874.
|
|
con-
frontiers of the country (1864) ;
made himself master of the fortified
city of Oajaca, the garrison of which,
consisting of 7,000 men, surrendered
to him unconditionally (Feb. 8, 1865);
and organised against the partisans
of the Republic a system of guerilla
warfare, which was carried into effect
with much bravery and barbarity,
under the direction of the notorious
Colonel Dupin. Fatal misunder-
standings arose, however, between
the Emperor Maximilian and the
leader of the French expedition, who
was also greatly embarrassed by the
obstinate resistance of the natives
and the policy pursued by the United
States. At length, in Sept. 1866,
Marshal Bazaine, finding the main-
tenance of the empire impossible,
commenced preparations for
ducting his troops back to France.
He concentrated them on Vera Cruz,
and prepared for a general embarka-
tion, while vigorously repelling to
the last the attacks of the natives.
On March 12, 1867, he quitted Vera
Cruz with the whole of the expedi-
tionary forces. The same year he
was appointed to the command of the
Third Army Corps stationed at Nancy,
and on Oct. 15, 1869, he was nomi-
nated Commander-in-Chief of the
Imperial Guard. During the earlier
stages of the disastrous war between
France and Germany, Marshal Ba-
zaine acted a most conspicuous part.
On the capitulation of Sedan he re-
tired to the fortress of Metz, which
was immediately invested by the
German forces under Prince Frede-
rick Charles. After a siege of seven
weeks the place capitulated, on which
memorable occasion three marshals,
50 generals, over 6,000 officers, and
173,000 men, laid down their arms.
Marshal Bazaine left Metz on the day
of the capitulation, on account of his
unpopularity and the insecurity of
his life. After staying in England for
some months, he was, in August,
1871, summoned to Versailles by the
Military Commission of the National
Assembly. The Commissioners ap-
pointed to inquire into the capitula-
BAZAINE, FRANÇOIS ACHILLE, a
Marshal of France, was born Feb. 13,
1811. Having finished his studies in
the École Polytechnique, he entered
the army in 1831, served in Africa in
1832, was promoted to the grade of
lieutenant in 1836, and received the
Cross of the Legion of Honour on
the field of battle. In 1837 he was
engaged in the campaigns in Spain
against the Carlists, and returned to
Algeria with the rank of captain in
1839. He took part in the expedi-
tions of Milianah, Kabylia, and Mo-
rocco, was chosen, in 1853, at the
outbreak of the war in the East, to
command a brigade of infantry, and
during the siege of Sebastopol was
honourably mentioned in the de-
spatches of Marshals Canrobert and
Pelissier. He subsequently was made
a general of division, and commanded
the French portion of the expedition
which reduced Kinburn. In 1856 he
was appointed inspector of several
divisions of infantry. In 1862 he
accepted a command in the French
expedition to Mexico, where he greatly
distinguished himself, succeeding
Marshal Forey in the supreme com-
mand in 1863. He was created a
Marshal of France Sept. 5, 1864,
having been previously nominated
Commander of the Legion of Honour,
Aug. 16, 1856, and Grand Cross, July
2, 1863.
While holding the supreme
command in Mexico he drove back
President Juarez to the furthermost
|
BAZALGETTE.
tions made during the war brought | might be induced to allow her hus-
serious charges against Marshal band to pass the rest of his days an
Bazaine. In consequence of their exile but not a prisoner. But the
report, he was handed over to a President declined to interfere; and
Council of War organized by a it is believed that the coldness of his
special law, and was imprisoned at refusal induced Bazaine to try the
Versailles during the preliminary chance of flight. On Sunday, Aug. 9,
examination in May, 1872. He was 1874, he passed the evening in con-
afterwards tried at the Grand Trianon versation with Colonel Villette, and on
of Versailles by a court-martial of the following morning a rope was
general officers, presided over by hanging down from the parapet of
General the Duc d'Aumale. He was
the fortress, and the prisoner was
charged not only with military in- gone. It afterwards appeared that
capacity in allowing himself to be Madame Bazaine and her cousin had
blockaded by a nearly equal force in been waiting for him in a boat at the
Metz, and in his ultimate capitula- base of the rock. They took him on
tion, but also with a treasonable de- board a ship which was lying near,
sign of making himself, by the aid of and he succeeded in escaping to
his army, and with the connivance Italy. He afterwards proceeded to
of the enemy, independent of the Cologne (Aug. 14), spent a short time
Government of National Defence, in England, and ultimately took up
which had been universally acknow- his residence in Madrid, where he
ledged by France. The trial com- arrived Nov. 17, 1874. In Sept.
menced on Oct. 6, and ended on Dec. 1874, he addressed to the New York
10, 1873.
On the charge of political Herald an extended and elaborate
bad faith the court returned no direct apology for his conduct when in com-
verdict; but on the issue whether the mand of the French army within
Marshal had done all that was re- Metz.
quired by duty and honour, he was,
by a unanimous vote, found guilty.
The court condemned the prisoner to
degradation and to death, but at the
same time recommended him to
mercy. Two days afterwards, Presi-
dent MacMahon commuted the pun-
ishment of death to confinement for
twenty years in a fortress, and re-
mitted the ceremony, which, accord-
ing to law, accompanies the sentence
of degradation. He was, however,
deprived of all his dignities, dismissed
from the army, and sent to undergo
his sentence at the Ile Sainte
guerite, a small island just off Cannes,
on the Mediterranean coast. Here
Bazaine lived for nine months, en-
joying a good deal of freedom, and
constantly in the society of his wife
and children and of his old aide-de-
camp, Colonel Villette. On the plea
that the health of the children was
affected, Madame Bazaine left the
island and sought an interview with
Marshal MacMahon, the President of
the Republic, in the hope that he
78
-
BAZALGETTE, SIR JOSEPH, C.B.,
son of the late Captain Joseph William
Bazalgette, R.N., was born at Enfield,
Middlesex, in 1819. At the age of
eighteen he was articled as a pupil to
Sir John MacNeil, C.E. In 1845 he
was practising on his own account as
an engineer in Great George-street,
Westminster. In Nov. of the year in
which the railway mania commenced
he found himself at the head of a
large staff of engineering assistants,
designing and laying out schemes for
railways, ship canals, and other en-
Mar-gineering works in various parts of
the United Kingdom, and preparing
the surveys and plans for parlia-
mentary deposit, which had to be
accomplished by the last day of Nov.
While his remarkable success
most encouraging, its effects soon
began to tell upon his health, which
completely gave way in 1847, when
he was compelled to retire from
business and go into the country,
where a year of perfect rest restored
him to health. In 1848 he accepted
was
BAZLEY-BEACH.
an appointment as assistant-engineer
under the Metropolitan Commission
of Sewers. On the death of the chief
engineer of the Commissioners in
1852, Mr. Bazalgette was selected
from among thirty-six candidates to
fill the vacant position, being first
appointed under the title of General
Surveyor of Works, and soon after-
wards of Chief Engineer. His report
on the failures of the new system of
drainage in certain provincial towns
led to the resignation of the Com-
missioners and the appointment of a
new Commission by Lord Palmerston.
Mr. Bazalgette was elected engineer
to the Metropolitan Board of Works
on its establishment in 1856, and was
instructed to devise a scheme for the
drainage of London. Accordingly he
prepared estimates and designs which
were executed between 1858 and
1865. The main intercepting drainage
of London is original in design, and
it is also the most perfect, the most
comprehensive, and at the same time
the most difficult work of its class
that has ever been executed. Though
little thought of now, because it is
unseen, it is the work for which its
author's reputation as an engineer
will ever stand highest in the opinion
of professional engineers. Between
1863 and 1874 the Victoria, the Al-
bert, and the Chelsea Embankments
were designed and executed by him,
besides many other metropolitan im-
provements, such as new streets, sub-
ways, and artisans' dwellings. He
has also designed and carried out the
drainage of many other towns, and
has devoted much attention to the
question of the best means for the
disposal and utilisation of sewage.
He was created a Companion of the
Bath in 1871 and knighted in 1874.
BAZLEY, SIR THOMAS, Bart., M.P.,
born at Gilnow, near Bolton, in 1797,
was educated at the Bolton Grammar
School. At an early age he was ap-
prenticed to learn cotton-spinning
at the factory of Ainsworth & Co.
(once the establishment of Sir Robert
Peel & Co.). In 1818 he started in
business at Bolton and in 1826 re-
|
79
moved to Manchester. He became
the head and sole proprietor of the
largest fine cotton and lace thread
spinning concern in the trade, em-
ploying more than one thousand
hands, and he established, in connec-
tion with his factories, schools and
lecture and reading rooms. Mr.
Bazley was one of the earliest mem-
bers of the Manchester Anti-Corn
Law Association, and of the Council
of the League; and in 1837, with
Messrs. Richard Cobden and John
Brooks, he opened the Free-trade
campaign at Liverpool, on which oc-
casion he made his first public speech.
In 1845 he was elected president of
the Manchester Chamber of Com-
merce, which post he held till 1859.
Mr. Bazley was one of the Royal
Commissioners of the Great Exhibi-
tion of 1851; he served upon the
Royal Commission for promoting
the amalgamation of the Laws of
the United Kingdom; and in 1855
he was a Commissioner of the Paris
Imperial Exhibition. In 1858 he was
elected M.P. for Manchester, without
a contest. His business and parlia-
mentary duties pressing severely upon
his time and attention, in 1862 he
retired from the former, and disposed
of his extensive mills and concerns,
determining to devote his time to
public life. In 1859 and in 1865 he
was re-elected for Manchester at the
head of the poll; but in 1868 he came
in second, polling 14,192 votes against
15,486, recorded in favour of Mr.
Birley, the Conservative candidate.
At the general election of Feb. 1874,
he was third on the poll, the votes
given for the three successful can-
didates being as follows:-Birley,
19,984; Callender, 19,649; Bazley,
19,325. He was created a Baronet in
Oct. 1869.
BEACH, THE RIGHT HON. SIR
MICHAEL EDWARD HICKS, Bart.,
M.P., eldest son of the late Sir
Michael Hicks Hicks-Beach, of Wil-
liamstrip Park, Gloucestershire, the
eighth baronet, by his wife Harriett
Vittoria, daughter of John Stratton,
Esq., of Farthinghoe Lodge, North-
80
enden Manor was situated, and
which he has continued to represent
to the present time. He adhered to
Sir R. Peel's party, until that mini-
ster became a convert to the doctrines
of free trade, and from that date
allied himself closely with the Con-
servative party, of which he became
the acknowledged leader in the House
of Commons after the death of Lord
George Bentinck. He was Chancellor
of the Exchequer under Lord Derby's
three administrations, and on the re-
signation of that nobleman in Feb.,
1868, was appointed by the Queen
Prime Minister of England, which
office he resigned at the end of the
year. On the Liberal Government
being defeated on the Irish University
Bill, by a majority of 3 (March 12,
1873), Mr. Gladstone tendered his
resignation to Her Majesty; and the
Queen, having accepted it, sent for
Mr. Disraeli, who, however, declined
to take office in the circumstances.
Mr. Gladstone accordingly recon-
structed his cabinet, and remained in
office till the commencement of the
following year,
following year, when most unex-
pectedly, after the Parliament had
been summoned to meet for the des-
BEACONSFIELD (EARL OF), patch of business, he rashly resolved
THE RIGHT HON. BENJAMIN DIS-
on an appeal to the nation.
RAELI, K.G., eldest son of the late returns of the general election-the
Isaac D'Israeli, Esq., of Bradenham, first which occurred under the system
Bucks, the celebrated author of the of ballot-was completed on Feb. 27,
“Curiosities of Literature," was born 1874, and showed a total of 351 Con-
in London, Dec. 21, 1804, and became servatives and 302 Liberals, inclusive
an author while yet a minor. In of the Home Rulers, whose allegiance
1825 he took the novel-reading public to the Liberal cause was by no means
by surprise with "Vivian Grey," fol- to be relied on. Of course Mr. Glad-
lowed at intervals by "The Young stone, without daring to meet Parlia-
Duke," "Henrietta Temple," "Con- ment, at once resigned, and Mr.
tarini Fleming, Alroy," and other Disraeli succeeding him in the Pre--
brilliant works of imagination. After miership, formed his cabinet early in
extensive travels in the East, he re- March. Mr. Disraeli was elevated to
turned to England in 1831, and con- the peerage by the title of the Earl of
tested the borough of Wycombe, Beaconsfield Aug. 16, 1876. Together
being defeated by a small majority. with the office of First Lord of the
In 1837 he was elected to the House Treasury, he held that of Lord Presi-
of Commons for Maidstone, which dent of the Council from Aug., 1876,
constituency he exchanged in 1841 till Feb., 1878. His policy, which
for Shrewsbury. In 1847 he was was severely criticised at the time
returned for the county of Buck- with regard to the Eastern Question,
ingham, in which his estate of Hugh-resulted in the assembling of the
The
BEACONSFIELD.
amptonshire, was born in Portugal |
Street, London, in 1837. From Eton
he was sent to Christ Church, Oxford
(B.A. 1858; M.A. 1861), and in July
1864 he was elected M.P. for East
Gloucestershire, which constituency
he still represents in the Conservative
interest. He was Parliamentary Sec-
retary to the Poor Law Board from
Feb. till Dec. 1868, with the excep-
tion of a few weeks, during which he
was Under-Secretary for the Home
Department; and he served as a
member of the Royal Commission on
Friendly Societies. When the Con-
servatives again came into office in
Feb. 1874, Sir M. H. Beach was ap-
pointed Chief Secretary for Ireland.
On taking that office he was sworn
on the Privy Council, and in 1877 he
was admitted to a seat in the Cabinet.
In Feb. 1878 he was nominated Sec-
retary of State for the Colonies, in
the place of Lord Carnarvon, who had
resigned in consequence of a differ-
ence with his colleagues on the
Eastern Question. Sir Michael is a
magistrate and deputy-lieutenant for
Gloucestershire, and was for fourteen
years Captain in the Royal North
Gloucestershire Militia.
""
66
**
--
BEAL.
|
Congress of Berlin, at which the Earl
of Beaconsfield and the Marquis of
Salisbury, assisted as the plenipoten-
tiaries of Great Britain. It is interest-
ing to know that Lord Beaconsfield
went to Berlin at the earnest solicita-
tion of Lord Salisbury, who felt that
the Prime Minister, "speaking, as he
alone was able to do, with the full
mandate of the English people, would
produce an effect on the negotia-
tions and the action of the Powers
such as no other man could have
produced." The Congress held its
final sitting on July 13, 1878, when
the Treaty of Berlin was signed by all
the plenipotentiaries. Lords Beacons-
field and Salisbury, on returning to
London on the 16th, were met with a
most enthusiastic reception at Charing
Cross, and were enabled to announce
that they had brought back "peace
with honour." On July 22nd, Lord
Beaconsfield was invested by the
Queen with the Order of the Garter.
A few months previously the same
honour had been offered to him, but,
with Her Majesty's permission, it was
then declined. The policy of the
Government which brought about the
Treaty of Berlin, and the signing of
the Anglo-Turkish Convention, and
the occupation of Cyprus, led to much
discussion in Parliament. The Mar-
quis of Hartington moved in the
House of Commons a resolution
directed against that policy, and after
a debate of four nights the action of
the Government was supported by
the overwhelming majority of 143,
there being 195 votes for the resolu-
tion, and 338 against it (Aug. 2, 1878).
The day after this decisive political
victory had been achieved the Earl of
Beaconsfield and the Marquis of Salis-
bury were presented with the freedom
of the City of London, and subse-
quently entertained at a grand ban-
quet at the Mansion House. Lord
Beaconsfield is an honorary D.C.L. of
Oxford and Edinburgh, a Privy Coun-
cillor, a Trustee of the British Museum,
a Governor of Wellington College, an
Elder Brother of the Trinity House,
& Trustee of the National Portrait
|
Gallery, and a Deputy-Lieutenant for
Bucks; and was a Royal Commis-
sioner of the Great Exhibition of 1851.
He was installed Lord Rector of the
University of Glasgow, Nov. 19, 1873,
and re-elected to that office in Nov.,
1874. Among his publications since
his entrance on political life, are
Coningsby," Sybil," Tancred,"
works curiously compounded of poli-
tics and fiction ; "A Vindication of
the English Constitution," "A Bio-
graphy of Lord G. Bentinck," and
**
**
Lothair," a novel, 1870. An early
poetical work, entitled "A Revolu-
tionary Epic, was republished in
1864. He married, in 1839, Mary
Anne, only daughter of the late John
Evans, Esq., of Branceford Park,
Devon, and widow of Wyndham Lewis,
Esq., M.P. In acknowledgment of
her husband's official services, Mrs.
Disraeli was raised to the peerage of
the United Kingdom, as Viscountess
Beaconsfield, Nov. 28, 1868. She
died Dec. 15, 1872, aged 83.
BEAL, JAMES, was born in 1829,
at Chelsea, and educated at private
schools. He took an active part as
the colleague of James Taylor, the
founder of the Freehold Land move-
ment, in establishing Land and
Building Societies. Mr. Beal lec-
tured several nights weekly for years
in London, the provinces, and through
Scotland, and contributed largely to
the Freeholder. In consequence of
the ritualistic practices of the curate
of St. Barnabas, Pimlico, he brought
the
|
well-known suit, afterwards
merged in a similar suit brought
by Mr. Westerton, and known as
"Westerton and Beal v. Liddell,"
which was the commencement of the
movement which culminated in the
Public Worship Regulation Act of
1874. When the gas companies of
London privately districted
" the
metropolis, he conducted, on behalf
of twenty-five vestries, as hon. sec-
retary to the delegates, the parlia-
mentary inquiries in 1857-60, and
mainly secured the passing of the
Metropolis Gas Act, 1860, and sub-
sequently the City of London Gas
G
(6
81
""
82
BEALE.
|
""
in 1859, is an Hon. Fellow of King's
College, a Fellow of the Medical
Society of Sweden, of the Micro-
scopical Societies of New York and
California, the Royal Medical and
Chirurgical, the Microscopical, and
the Pathological Societies, formerly
President of the Quekett Club, mem-
ber of the Academy of Sciences of
Bologna, &c., and the author of
several works on medicine, physio-
logy, medical chemistry, and the
microscope. Among them are "The
Microscope in its Application to
Practical Medicine;""How to Work
with the Microscope," of which there
have been several editions ;
"The
Structure of the Tissues of the Body;"
Protoplasm or, Life, Matter, and
Mind; "Disease Germs, their sup-
posed and real Nature, and on the
Treatment of Diseases caused by
their Presence "Life Theories,
their Influence upon Religious
Thought," 1871; "The Mystery of
Life: Facts and Arguments against
the Physical Doctrine of Vitality, in
reply to Dr. Gull," 1871;
"The
Anatomy of the Liver;
"The
Physiological Anatomy and Physio-
logy of Man," in conjunction with
the late Dr. Todd and Mr. Bowman,
and of other works. He has contri-
buted several memoirs to the Royal
Society, on the structure of the
liver, on the distribution of nerves to
muscle, on the anatomy of nerve-
fibres and nerve-centres, &c., which
are published in the "Philosophical
Transactions," and in the "Proceed-
ings" of the Royal Society. He is
the editor of the "Archives of
Medicine," and has also contributed
to the Lancet, the Medical Times
and Gazette, the Medical and Chir-
urgical Review, and the Microsco-
""
Act, 1868. He was largely instru-
mental, acting as hon. secretary, in
the return of the late J. Stuart Mill
as M.P. for Westminster in 1865,
and he has been a prominent poli-
tician in Westminster since 1852.
Mr. Beal has devoted much time to
parliamentary inquiries into the go-
vernment and taxation of the metro-
polis. He was examined before the
committees of the House of Commons
in 1861 and 1867, and proposed the
scheme adopted by Mr. Mill, and em-
bodied in the three bills introduced
by him and by the late Mr. C. Bux-
ton and by Lord Elcho, to establish
a municipal government for the
metropolis. He is an active member
of the City Guilds Reform Associa-
tion, organised to secure a reform in
the administration of the City Com-
panies, and is the hon. secretary of
the Metropolitan Municipal Associa-
tion, formed to create a municipality
of London. Mr. Beal is the author
of "Free Trade in Land," 1855, an
inquiry into the social and com-
mercial influence of the laws of suc-
cession and the system of entail
(which has been recently repub-
lished); of pamphlets against the
Stamp Duty on Newspapers, and
on Direct Taxation. He was a
frequent contributor to the Atlas,
and wrote in that journal a History
of all the great Joint Stock Banks,
and is the author of a series of letters
in the Weekly Dispatch, dealing with
the history and trusts of City Com-
panies under the signature of "Ne-
mesis." Mr. Beal took an active
part in all the movements led by Mr.
Bright and the late Mr. Cobden.
BEALE, LIONEL SMITH,
M.B., F.R.S., Physician to King's
College Hospital, and Professor of
the Principles and Practice of Medi-pical Journal.
cine in King's College, London,
formerly Professor of Physiology and
of General and Morbid Anatomy,
and afterwards Professor of Patho-
logical Anatomy, was born in Lon-
don in 1828, and educated in King's
College School. He was elected a
Fellow of the College of Physicians
(C
""
(
BEALE, THOMAS WILLERT, born
in London in 1831, is the author of
several hundreds of musical compo-
sitions, duets, quartets, and songs.
He was called to the bar at Lincoln's
Inn in 1863. He is engaged in
general literature, fiction, and criti-
cism, and has contributed to the
-
BEALES.
Gentleman's Magazine, Once a Week,
and other periodicals under the nom
de plume, "Walter Maynard." Mr.
Beale is the author of a book called
"The Enterprising Impresario," con-
taining personal reminiscences of
Grisi, Mario, Viardot, Meyerbeer,
Rossini, and Lablache.
""
It was in connection with Garibaldi's
visit to England, in 1864, that Mr.
Beales' name first became known to
the general public. He then defended
the right of the people to meet on
Primrose Hill, and a conflict with the
police occurred. He at that time
published a pamphlet on the Right of
Public Meeting. But it is as President
of the Reform League that Mr. Beales
is best known. In 1864 an effort was
put forth for a great political agitation
in connection with Trades Societies,
started by Messrs. George Odger,
W. R. Cremer, and George Howell.
The first public meeting of the new
association was held in the Free-
masons' Tavern, under the presidency
of Mr. Beales, who, from that time
until his promotion to the judicial
bench, was identified with the prin-
ciples of Manhood Suffrage and the
Ballot. The outbreak of the American
war, and other circumstances, pre-
vented for a time the active working
of the Association; but in the spring
of 1865 it developed itself under the
name of the Reform League. On Jan.
16, 1866, a deputation waited upon
Earl Russell, and received from him
a promise to introduce a Reform Bill
early in the coming session, and to
stand or fall by the result. This was
followed by a conference in St.
Martin's Hall, and many large meet-
ings throughout the country. Then
came the Government bill, which the
League earnestly supported, and,
after a protracted debate, its rejec-
tion by the House of Commons. The
League now recommenced its agita-
tion for Manhood Suffrage and the
Ballot. Then followed gigantic
meetings in Trafalgar Square, which
the Conservative Government in vain
endeavoured to suppress. Sir Richard
Mayne, the First Commissioner of
Police, issued a notice to the effect
that the meeting announced for July
2, 1866, would not be permitted. Mr.
Beales, however, stated his full de-
termination to attend the meeting,
and hold the Government responsible
for all breaches of the peace. This
step led Sir Richard Mayne to with-
BEALES, EDMOND, MA., was
born at Newnham, a suburb of Cam-
bridge, July 3, 1803, being a son of
the late Mr. Samuel Pickering Beales,
a merchant of that town, who ob-
tained much local celebrity by his
zeal as a political reformer. He was
educated at Bury St. Edmund's
Grammar School, and next at Eton,
where he was a contemporary of
Praed and Moultrie, and also of Mr.
Spencer Walpole, with whom he
was destined many years afterwards
to come into memorable collision
in public life. While at Eton he
was one of the contributors to the
Etonian, a periodical which made
some noise in its day. From Eton
he proceeded to Trinity College,
Cambridge, where he was a leading
member of the "Union " debating
society, with Austen, Macaulay,
Cockburn, Lytton, Benbow, and
others. He was elected to a scholar-
ship at Trinity in 1824, graduating
B.A. in 1825, and M.A. in 1828.
Called to the bar at the Middle
Temple, June 25, 1830, he practised
as an equity draughtsman and con-
veyancer. During several years Mr.
Beales took a prominent part in
part in
foreign politics. He earnestly pro-
moted the earliest demonstrations on
behalf of the Polish refugees, was a
member of the "Polish Exiles' Friends
Society," of the "Literary Associa-
tion of the Friends of Poland,"
founded by Thomas Campbell, and
afterwards presided over by Lord
Dudley Stuart; was President him-
self subsequently of the "Polish
National League; Chairman of the
Circassian Committee; member of the
Emancipation Society during the
American Civil War, of the Jamaica
Committee under Mr. John Stuart
Mill, and of the Garibaldi Committee.
83
G 2
84
BEAUFORT-BECKER.
draw the prohibition, and the meeting
of 69,000 persons was held without a
single breach of the law. Then came
the memorable 23rd of July, and the
immense gathering at Hyde Park,
when Mr. Beales exhibited great
courage and coolness. On July 25th
he was requested by Mr. Walpole, the
Home Secretary, to go to the park and
get the people out, which Mr. Beales
accordingly did. The mission of the
League was virtually at an end when
Mr. Disraeli's Reform Bill passed in
1867 ;
Mr. Beales resigned the
Presidency March 10, 1869, and three
days later the League was formally
dissolved. Mr. Beales was a revising
barrister for Middlesex from 1862 to
1866, when, in consequence of the
active part he had taken in political
agitation, the Lord Chief Justice, Sir
Alexander Cockburn, declined to re-
appoint him. He was an unsuccessful
candidate for the Tower Hamlets in
1868. In Sept. 1870, Lord Chancellor
Hatherley appointed him judge for
the County Court Circuit No. 35,
comprising Cambridgeshire, the Isle
of Ely, Huntingdonshire, and parts of
Bedfordshire and Essex. Mr. Beales
is the author of various pamphlets on
Poland and Circassia, and Parlia-
mentary Reform; also of a work on
the Reform Act of 1867. Several of
his speeches on the subject of Reform
and the Elective Franchise have been
published in a pamphlet form.
|
BEAUFORT (DUKE OF), HENRY
CHARLES FITZROY SOMERSET, Mar-
quis and Earl of Worcester, Earl of
Glamorgan, Viscount Grosmont, &c.,
was born Feb. 1, 1824, and married
July 3, 1845, Georgiana Charlotte,
eldest daughter of the late Earl Howe,
by whom he has issue. His grace, who
is a Conservative in politics, and suc-
ceeded his father as eighth duke Nov.
17, 1853, is Lieut.-Colonel in the army,
was Master of the Horse under Earl
Derby's second administration, 1858-9,
and was re-appointed to that. office
under Earl Derby's third administra-
tion, in July, 1866. His Grace takes
a great interest in horse racing, and is
President of the Four-in-Hand Club.
BEAUREGARD, PIERRE GUSTAVE
TOUTANT, born at New Orleans,
Louisiana, about 1817. He graduated
from West Point Military Academy
in 1838, and was at first assigned to
the artillery, whence he was subse-
quently transferred to the corps of
engineers. He served in the Mexican
war and was twice wounded. He was
promoted to a captaincy of engineers
in 1853, and was on duty, superin-
tending the erection of Government
buildings in New Orleans, and forti-
fications on the Gulf coast till Jan.
1861, when he was for five days (Jan.
23-28) Superintendent of the United
States Military Academy at West
Point. He resigned Feb. 20, 1861,
joined the Confederates, and com-
menced the civil war by the bombard-
ment of Fort Sumter, April 12, 1861.
He was in actual command of the
Southern troops at Bull Run, July 21,
1861, in which the Federals expe-
rienced a reverse; for this service he
was made a brigadier-general. He
was second in command, under Gen.
Sydney A. Johnston, at the battle of
Shiloh, or Pittsburgh Landing, Ten-
nessee, April 6, 1862; and in the
summer and autumn of 1863 success-
fully defended Charleston and its
outworks when besieged by General
Gilmore. He was subsequently con-
nected with the army of Joseph E.
Johnston in North Carolina up to the
time of that general's surrender,
April 26, 1865, which brought the
war to a close. At the close of the
war he had attained the rank of full
general, the highest grade in the
service. Since the termination of the
war, General Beauregard has resided
in the Southern States; became pre-
sident of the New Orleans, Jackson,
and Mississippi Railroad; and in
1878 was one of the managers of the
Louisiana State Lottery.
-
C
BECKER, BERNARD HENRY, author
and journalist, born in 1833, has for
several years past been attached to
All the Year Round, and has written
a large number of original stories and
sketches in that journal. In 1874 he
produced "Scientific London -an
>>
BECKLES-BEDDOE.
account of the rise, progress, and
condition of the great scientific insti-
tutions of the capital. In an article
first published in Iron, and reprinted
in "Scientific London," he attacked
the management of the Gresham
Lectures with such effect as to bring
about a reform of the system under
which professors are appointed. Mr.
Becker published in 1878 a book in
two volumes, entitled "Adventurous
Lives." He contributes regularly to
the Daily News, The World, and the
scientific journals of the period.
BECKLES, THE RIGHT REV. ED-
WARD HYNDMAN, D.D., son of the
late John Alleyne Beckles, Esq.,
(descended from the Beckles family
of Durham), was born in Barbadoes,
in 1816, received his education at
Codrington College, Barbadoes, and
after holding different cures in the
West Indies, was consecrated Bishop
of Sierra-Leone in 1859. He resigned
that see in 1870, being succeeded in
it by Dr. Cheetham. In the same
year he was appointed rector of
Wootton, Dover, and in 1873, rector
of St. Peter's, Bethnal Green, London.
In Feb. 1877, he was appointed
Superintending Bishop of the English
Episcopalian congregations in Scot-
land.
85
of Austria, and in this capacity he
went to the College of Procurators at
Rome. In the following year the
Jesuits were temporarily driven from
Austria, and consequently Father
Beckx, being unable to return to that
country, repaired to Belgium, and
was nominated rector of the college
belonging to his order at Louvain.
When the Jesuits were re-established
in Austria, he zealously supported the
projects of the Government, which
were highly favourable to the interests
of the Church. He lent his powerful
aid to the Primate of Hungary, Car-
dinal Szeitowsky, who succeeded in
obtaining the re-instatement of the
Jesuits in that portion of the empire,
and founding the noviciate at Tyrnan.
Being sent to the assembly summoned
at Rome in 1853, to choose a successor
to Father Roothan, he was elected
Superior of the Order. The success
of the Jesuits since that time, espe-
cially in non-Catholic countries, is
duc, in no slight degree, to the ability
and foresight of Father Beckx. Besides
some minor writings and occasional
discourses, he has published a "Month
of Mary" (Vienna, 1843), which has
passed through numerous editions,
and been translated into many lan-
|
guages.
|
BECKX, PETER JOHN, General of
the Jesuits, was born at Sichem, in
Belgium, Feb. 8, 1795, and educated
for the priesthood. Shortly after re-
ceiving priest's orders he was ad-
mitted into the Society of Jesus, at
Hildesheim, in Oct. 1819. His
superiors soon perceived that he pos-
sessed rare abilities, and employed
him on several delicate missions.
When the Duke Ferdinand of Anhalt-
Köthen became a convert to the
Catholic religion, young Beckx was
appointed his confessor, and he
officiated for some years as priest of
the new Catholic church which was
built at Köthen. After the decease
of the Duke he continued at the court
with his widow, the Countess Julia,
whom, at a later period, he accom-
panied to Vienna. In 1847 he was
appointed procurator for the province
BEDDOE, JOHN, M.D., F.R.S.,
born at Bewdley, in Worcestershire,
September 21, 1826, was educated at
Bridgnorth School, University Col-
lege, London, and the University
of Edinburgh. He graduated B.A.
at London in 1851, and M.D. at
Edinburgh in 1853. Dr. Beddoe
served on the civil medical staff during
the Crimean war. Since then he has
practised as a physician at Clifton,
and held sundry hospital appoint-
ments. He was President of the
Anthropological Society in 1869 and
1870, and he has been a member of the
council of the British Association for
several years. He was elected a
Fellow of the Royal Society, and a
Fellow of the Royal College of Phy-
sicians, in 1873. Dr. Beddoe has
written numerous papers, medical,
statistical, and anthropological, and
86
he has largely applied the numerical
method to ethnology. His principal
works are, "Stature and Bulk of Man
in the British Isles," 1869-70 ;"Origin
of the English Nation" (unpublished,
but took 1st prize, £150, of the Welsh
National Eisteddfod) "Relations of
Temperament and Complexion to
Disease ""On Hospital Dietaries ;"
and “
Comparison of Mortality in
England and Australia." He is joint
author of the "Anthropological In-
structions for Travellers" of the
British Association.
of
BEECHER, CHARLES, son
Lyman Beecher, born at Litchfield,
Connecticut, in 1815. In 1844 he
was ordained as a clergyman, and
was for a time a pastor in Newark,
New Jersey. He has published "The
Incarnation; or Picture of the Virgin
and her Son," "Review of the Spi-
ritual Manifestations," and "Pen Pic-
tures of the Bible." He accompanied
his sister, Mrs. Harriet Beecher-Stowe,
on her first visit to England, and was
with her joint author of "The Sunny
Memories of Foreign Lands," and
acted as the editor of "The Life of
Lyman Beecher."
BEECHER, EDWARD, D.D., eldest
son of Lyman Beecher, born at East
Hampton, New York, in 1804. He
was educated at Yale College, where
he graduated in 1822. He studied
divinity at Andover and New Haven,
and was appointed to a tutorship in
Yale College in 1825. He filled the
office of pastor at Park Street Chapel,
Boston, from 1826 to 1831; that of
President of Illinois College, from
1838 to 1844; and that of pastor at
Salem Street Church, Boston, from
1846 to 1856; and for many years
subsequently was pastor of a Congre-
gational church at Galesburg, Illi-
nois. His present résidence is in
Brooklyn, New York. He is the
author of "Baptism: its Imports
and Modes;' "The Conflict of
Ages; "Papal Conspiracy Ex-
posed ""The Concord of the Ages;
and (6
History of Opinions on the
Scriptural Doctrine of Retribution,"
1878.
"}
•
BEECHER-BEECHER-STOWE.
25
+
''
|
BEECHER - STOWE, HARRIET
ELIZABETH, daughter of Lyman
Beecher, born at Litchfield, Connec-
ticut, June 15, 1812. She was asso-
ciated with her sister in the labours
of a school at Hartford in 1829, after-
wards removed with her relative to
Walnut Hill, near Cincinnati, and
was married in 1836 to the Rev.
Calvin E. Stowe, D.D. Mrs. Stowe
wrote several tales and sketches,
which were afterwards collected
under the title of "The May Flower."
She continued to contribute to the
periodicals sketches and short stories;
but attempted nothing of more im-
portance until 1850, when she contri-
buted to the National Era, an anti-
slavery paper, published at Washing-
ton, "Uncle Tom's Cabin," as a
serial. This was published in book-
form in 1852, and met with great
success; 313,000 copies were sold in
the United States within three years
and a half, and in all, over half a
million copies, including a German
edition. In Great Britain its sale
was enormous. It has been trans-
lated into more than twenty lan-
guages, including Welsh, Russian,
Armenian, Arabic, Chinese, and Ja-
panese; there were fourteen different
German and four different French
versions; and it was dramatized in
various forms. She subsequently
published "A Peep into Uncle Tom's
Cabin for Children," 1853; "A Key
to Uncle Tom's Cabin," giving the
original facts and statements on
which that work was based, 1853;
and "The Christian Slave," a drama,
founded upon "Uncle Tom's Cabin,"
1855.
1855. She visited Europe in 1853,
and in the following year published
"Sunny Memories of Foreign Lands."
A little work entitled “ " Geography
for My Children," was published in
1855, and the next year appeared her
second anti-slavery novel, "Dred: a
Tale of the Dismal Swamp." In
subsequent works Mrs. Stowe has de-
lineated the domestic life of New
England of fifty or a hundred years
ago. Her other published works
"Our Charley, and what to do
are,
+
--
BEECHER.
Wooing," a tale of Newport, Rhode
Island, in the latter part of the
eighteenth century, 1852; "The Pearl
of Orr's Island," 1862; Agnes of Sor-
rento," 1862; "Reply on behalf of
the Women of America to the Chris-
tian Address of many thousand Wo-
men of Great Britain," 1863; "The
Ravages of a Carpet," 1864; "House
and Home Papers," 1864; "Religious
Poems," 1865; "Stories about our
Dogs," 1865; "Little Foxes," 1865;
"Queer Little People," 1867; "Daisy's
First Winter, and other Stories,"
1867; "The Chimney Corner," 1868;
"Men of Our Times: or Leading
Patriots of the Day," 1868; "Old
Town Folks," 1869; "Little Pussy
Willow," 1870;
1870; "Pink and White
Tyranny," 1871;"My Wife and I,"
1872; "Poganuc People: their Loves
and Lives," 1878. In Sept, 1869 Mrs.
Stowe contributed to the Atlantic
Monthly and to Macmillan's Maga-
zine an article entitled "The True
Story of Lady Byron's Life," in which
she accused Lord Byron of incest.
This article evoked a storm of literary
criticism, which was by no means
allayed by the publication in 1870 of
her work entitled "Lady Byron Vin-
dicated." Mrs. Stowe's home is in
Hartford, Connecticut, but she passes
much of her time in Florida, where
she has an orange plantation.
|
BEECHER, HENRY WARD, fourth
son of Lyman Beecher and Roxana
Foote Beecher, born at Litchfield,
Connecticut, June 24, 1813. He
studied in public Latin schools in
Boston, graduated at Amherst Col-
lege, Mass., 1834, and studied Theo-
logy under his father at the Laue
Seminary, near Cincinnati, Ohio. He
first settled as a Presbyterian minister
at Laurenceburg, Indiana, in 1837,
removed in 1839 to Indianopolis, and
became pastor of the Plymouth Con-
gregational Church at Brooklyn, New
York, in 1847. His church edifice,
which has seating capacity for nearly
3,000 persons, has not only always
been full when it was known that he
would preach, but the aisles and ves-
with Him," 1859; "The Minister's | tibules are also filled. His church
has a membership of over 2,000.
During his whole career he has
mingled to a greater extent than
almost any other preacher and pastor
of his denomination in matters not
directly professional. For nearly a
year, during his theological course,
he edited the Cincinnati Journal, a
religious weekly. In Indiana he was
editor of the Farmer and Gardener.
In Brooklyn he was soon known as
an earnest opponent of slavery, and
an advocate of temperance, peace,
and other reforms, and very early
became prominent as a platform ora-
tor and lecturer. From the date of
the establishment of the Independent
newspaper to 1858, he was a constant
contributor to its columns, and from
1861 to 1863 its chief editor. He has
been since 1870 the editor-in-chief of
the Christian Union, a weekly reli-
gious paper. He has collected a very
fine gallery of paintings and of choice
engravings, and at his country seat at
Peekskill, New York, has one of the
finest and best regulated farms and
flower gardens in the United States.
Mr. Beecher has twice visited Europe,
and the last time (in 1863) addressed
large audiences in the principal cities
of Great Britain on the questions
evolved by the Civil War then raging
in the United States. In 1871, Henry
W. Sage, a parishioner of Mr.
Beecher's, founded a lectureship of
Preaching, called the "Lyman
Beecher Lectureship," in the Yale
College Divinity School, and the first
three annual courses were delivered
by Mr. Beecher. His regular weekly
sermons, as taken down by steno-
graphic reporters, have been printed
since 1859. Besides ten volumes of
sermons, he has published "Lectures
to Young Men, "Life Thoughts,"
two series; "Sermons on Liberty and
War," "The Plymouth Collection of
Hymns and Tunes," "Royal Truths,"
Eyes and Ears," "Star Papers,"
two series
two series: Norwood," a novel, ori-
ginally published in the New York
Ledger; "Sermons from Published
and Unpublished Sources,” two vols.,
::
**
87
??
88
BEESLY-BELCREDI.
1870; "Life of Christ," vols. 1 and 2, | of lectures by Mr. Beesly on Roman
but not yet completed; and "Yale history, entitled "Catiline, Clodius,
Lectures on Preaching," three vols. and Tiberius," was published in 1878.
In the summer of 1874 Mr. Theodore BÉHIC, ARMAND, statesman, born
Tilton, formerly his associate, and at Bayonne, in 1808, appointed at an
afterwards his successor, in the editor- early age to the Administration of
ship of the Independent, charged Finances, was attached to the Trea-
him with criminality with Mrs. Til- sury of the Army in the expedition
ton. A committee of the Plymouth to Algiers, and became Inspector of
congregation reported that this Finances, in which position he made
charge was without any foundation; several journeys to the colonies, espe-
but meanwhile Mr. Tilton commenced cially the Antilles. He quitted this
a civil suit against Mr. Beecher, lay- department to join the Ministry of
ing his damages at $100,000. The Marine, and became Secretary-Gene-
trial was protracted during six ral. He entered the Chamber as
months; and at its close the jury, Deputy for Avesnes in 1846, and was
after being locked up for more than charged with the examination of the
a week, refused to render a verdict law relating to the railway from
for Mr. Tilton, nine being for ac- Paris to Lyons. In 1849 he was
quital of defendant and three for named a representative of the people,
conviction. For several years Mr. and shortly afterwards entered the
Beecher's theological views have ap- Council of State, in which he re-
parently been diverging from the mained until 1851, when he under-
strictly Calvinistic standards of his took the superintendence of the
denomination; and early in 1878 he foundries of Vierzon. In 1853 he
announced from his pulpit that he became Inspector-General of the
did not believe in the eternity of Maritime service of the Messageries
punishment, believing that all punish- Impériales, and afterwards Director.
ments are cautionary and remedial, He took an active part in the matter
and that no greater cruelty could be of transports for the Crimean expedi-
imagined than the continuance of tion, and gave great impulse to the
suffering eternally, after all hope of Indo-China service, and to all the
reformation is gone. He is under- details of the administration. He
stood to hold both to the annihilation has been successively a member of
of the miserable and the restoration the council of administration for
of all others.
public buildings, president of the
commission for the organization of
colonial banks, member of the Coun-
cil-General of Bouches-du-Rhône for
the canton of Ciotat. He was created
a Commander of the Legion of
Honour, Oct. 3, 1860, and succeeded
M. Rouher as Minister of Agriculture,
Commerce, and Public Works, June
23, 1863, which office he held till Jan.
1867, when he was appointed a
Senator, and received the Grand
Cross of the Legion of Honour. After
the fall of the Empire he retired
from public life for several years,
but in Jan. 1876 he was elected a
Senator for the Department of the
Gironde.
|
BEESLY, EDWARD SPENCER, was
born at Feckenham, Worcestershire,
in 1831, and educated at Wadham
College, Oxford. He was appointed
Assistant-Master of Marlborough Col-
lege in 1854, and Professor of History
in University College, London, in
1860. Professor Beesly is the author
of several review articles, pamphlets,
&c., on historical, political, and social
questions, treated from the Positivist
point of view. His translation of
Auguste Comte's "System of Positive
Polity, or Treatise on Sociology," is
in course of publication. The third
volume appeared in 1876, under the
title of "Social Dynamics, or the
General Theory of Human Progress
(Philosophy of History)." A series
BELCREDI, COUNT RICHARD,
Austrian statesman, of an ancient
BELGIANS-BELL.
noble family, was born Feb. 12, 1823.
In March, 1861, he was appointed to
an important political position in
Silesia, and in 1862 was promoted to
the post of governmental chief in
that province. In May, 1863, he was
Vice-President of the Bohemian
Government, and an imperial decree
of May 27, 1864, appointed him
Viceroy of Bohemia, conferring upon
him the dignity of a Privy Councillor.
In all these capacities Count Belcredi
showed himself to be possessed of
considerable administrative talent
and great powers of work, and it is
generally admitted that during his
administration in Bohemia he was
upon the best possible terms with
both Germans and Czechs. Count
Belcredi, appointed Minister of State
for Austria, and President of the
Council of Ministers at Vienna, July
27, 1865, resigned in Feb. 1867.
BELGIANS, KING OF THE.
LEOPOLD II.)
(See
BELL, ISAAC LOWTHIAN, M.P.,
F.R.S., son of the late Thomas Bell,
was born in 1816. After completing
his studies of physical science at
Edinburgh University, and the Sor-
bonne at Paris, he entered the chemi-
cal and iron works at Walker. These,
under his subsequent management,
were extended. In 1850 he became
connected with the chemical works
at Washington, in the county of Dur-
ham, then in the hands of his father-in
in-law, the late H. L. Pattinson,
F.R.S. Under his direction they
were greatly enlarged, and an exten-
sive establishment was constructed
for the manufacture of oxychloride of
lead, a pigment discovered by Mr.
Pattinson. In 1873 he ceased to be
a partner in these works, which are
now carried on by Mr. Pattinson's
other sons-in-law. Mr. Bell, in con-
nection with his brothers, Messrs.
Thomas and John Bell, founded, in
1852, the Clarence Works on the
Tees, one of the earliest and now one
of the largest iron-smelting concerns
on that river, which these gentlemen
carry on in connection with exten-
sive collieries and ironstone mines.
|
Mr. Bell has been a frequent contri-
butor to various learned societies on
subjects connected with the metal-
lurgy of iron, and has recently com-
pleted a very elaborate experimental
research on the chemical phenomena
of the blast furnace. He is at pre-
sent an Alderman of Newcastle-on-
Tyne, of which town he has filled the
office of Sheriff, and was twice elected
Mayor, the last time in order to re-
ceive the members of the British
Association at their meeting in the
year 1863. Mr. Bell was a candidate
for the representation of North Dur-
ham in Parliament at the general
election of Dec. 1868, but was unsuc-
cessful. At the general election of
Feb. 1874, however, he was elected
by that constituency in the Liberal
interest, but on petition was
seated. He again contested the seat
at the election consequent on the
petition, but was unsuccessful. He
was elected M.P. for Hartlepool in
July, 1875.
un-
89
BELL, JOHN, sculptor, born in
Norfolk, in 1811, exhibited at the
Royal Academy, in 1832, a religious
group, followed by “
group, followed by "Psyche feeding
a Swan," and other poetic works. In
1837 he exhibited the model of his
66
Eagle-slayer," a composition which
was exhibited in Westminster Hall in
1844, and again at the International
Exhibition in 1851. Reduced casts
-
bronze were subsequently executed
for the Art Union. In 1841 he ex-
hibited his well-known and beautiful
figure of "Dorothea." The first
statue which Mr. Bell was commis-
sioned to execute for the new Houses
of Parliament was that of "Lord
Falkland." Among his other works,
which are almost wholly of the poetic
class, may be mentioned "The Babes
in the Wood," in marble, an "Andro-
meda," (a bronze,) purchased by the
Queen, which formed leading attrac-
tions in the sculpture of the Great
Exhibition of 1851, and " Sir Robert
Walpole," in St. Stephen's Hall; also
"Miranda," (6
Imogen," "The Last
Kiss," "The Dove's Refuge,” “Herod
Stricken on his Throne," Lalage,"
(6
90
BELL.
"The Cross of Prayer," "The Oc-
toroon," "Una and
the Lion,"
"Cromwell,"
""James Montgomery,"
the poet, at Sheffield, and various
busts and statuettes. At Westminster
Hall, in 1844, the sculptor appeared
as a draughtsman with a cartoon,
entitled "The Angel of the Pillar,"
one of a series of "Compositions from
the Liturgy," which have since been
published. He executed the Wel-
lington monument in Guildhall, with
colossal figures of Peace and War;
and the marble statue of Armed
Science at Woolwich. Among his
public works are the "Guards' Me-
morial" in Waterloo Place, Pall
Mall, and the Crimean Artillery
Memorial on the Parade at Wool-
wich. Mr. Bell, who is the author of
a “Free-Hand Drawing Book for the
Use of Artisans," "Primary Sensa-
tions of the Mind," "The Drama of
Ivan," and various essays on art, has
devoted some attention to decoration,
having introduced, twenty-five years
ago, the ornamental corn bread-plat-
ters in wood, and bread-knives, which
have since become a trade, women
and children being much employed
in the carving of the platters and
handles. Also in 1859 he received
the medal of the Society of Arts for
the origination of the principle of
Entasis and definite proportions ap-
plied to the obelisk; and he was one
of the sculptors employed in the com-
pletion of the Prince Consort Memo-
rial in Hyde Park, his portion being
the colossal group of the United
States directing the progress of
America, a large copy of which, in
terra-cotta, stood in the centre of the
Fine Arts Hall in the Centennial
Exhibition at Philadelphia, and has
since been removed to Washington.
A reduction to a statuette size of this
group is being produced in bronze for
Prizes of the Art Union of London.
He is occupied in various works for
town and country, which, however,
are rarely exhibited except in the
situation for which they are executed,
one of the last being the marble
statue of the late Earl of Clarendon,
•
in the great hall of the Foreign Office,
Downing Street. Mr. Bell has been for
more than thirty years a resident in
Kensington, where his house, garden,
and studio are all in one. Here he
still continues to execute a variety of
works of the poetic class in marble,
bronze, and terra-cotta, with occa-
sional busts and portrait statues.
BELL, THOMAS, F.R.S., F.L.S.,
born Oct. 11, 1792, at Poole, Dor-
set, where his father was
a medi-
cal practitioner; entered at Guy's
and St. Thomas's Hospitals in 1814,
became a member of the Royal Col-
lege of Surgeons in 1815, and an
Honorary Fellow of that body in
1844. He was elected a Fellow of
the Linnæan Society in 1815, of the
Geological Society in 1817, of the
Royal Society in 1828, was President
of the Ray Society from its institu-
tion till 1859, was Secretary of the
Royal Society from 1848 until 1853,.
and President of the Linnæan Society
from 1853 till 1861. He has held
the chair of Zoology at King's Col--
lege, London, since 1832, lectured at
Guy's Hospital from 1816 to 1860,
and is a member of the Cæsarian
Academy "Naturæ Curiosorum,” un-
der the title of "Linnæus." He
is a corresponding member of the
Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia,
the Natural History Society of Bos-
ton, United States, the Société d'His-
toire Naturelle of Paris, and other
scietific societies. He was elected
a member of the Hungarian Academy
of Sciences in 1858, with Mr. Bab--
bage, Sir John Bowring, Professor
Faraday, Sir John Herschel, Lord
Macaulay, Lord Overstone, Sir Henry
Rawlinson, and Mr. Watts, of the
British Museum-the only English-
men who have ever been chosen into
that Academy. Mr. Bell is well
known as the author of a work on
"The Anatomy and Diseases of the
Teeth," "A Monograph of the Fossil
Malacostracous Crustacea of Great
Britain," "Natural History of British
Mammalia," "Natural History of Bri-
tish Reptiles," "Natural History of
British Crustacea," "A Monograph of
BELLOC-BELOT.
the Testudinata," in folio, not com-
pleted, and of numerous papers in
the Philosophical Transactions, the
Transactions of the Linnæan, Geolo-
gical, and Zoological Societies, and
other publications. He published in
1878 a new edition, in two volumes,
with numerous additional letters and
a memoir, of Gilbert White's "Natural
History and Antiquities of Selborne,'
at which place he resides.
|
BELLOC, MADAME ANNE SWAN-
TON LOUISE, widow of J. H. Belloc,
director of the French Imperial School
of Design, born at La Rochelle, Oct. 1,
1796, is the daughter of an Irish
officer in the French service, named
O'Keefe, who gave her an excellent
English education. She has made
the writings of Miss Edgeworth, the
"Vicar of Wakefield," &c., popular
in France, and has translated Moore's
"Life of Byron" into French. Ma-
dame Belloc is best known for her
labours in the cause of female educa-
tion in France. Assisted by Mdlle.
Montgolfier, she organized a select
circulating library, designed to sup-
plant in some measure those reading-
rooms which introduced the most
dangerous works to the public. The
two ladies combined in editing a
monthly journal for the use of fami-
lies, and in the preparation of books,
some of which received the honours
of the Académie, intended for the
young.
which he foreshadowed a close ap-
proach to Trinitarianism. In 1859
and 1860 he was active in the or-
ganization of sanitary conventions
for the improvement of the health of
the great cities of the United States.
At the commencement of the civil
war he was one of the first to perceive
the necessity of an organization for
the improvement of the sanitary con-
dition of the army, and it was due to
his action, more perhaps than to that
of any of the other persons, that the
United States Sanitary Commission
was organized in May, 1861. Of that
commission he was president during
its entire existence of about six years.
In 1866 he visited Europe, and pro-
moted the organization there of
International Sanitary Commissions,
which in subsequent wars proved of
great benefit. He was, for some
years, editor of the Christian Ex-
aminer, a Unitarian magazine, and is
now the principal editor of The
Liberal Christian, one of the organs
of the Unitarian denomination. He
has published a volume of sermons
on "Christian Doctrine," and "The
Old World in its New Face" (2 vols.,
1868-69).
BELLOWS, HENRY WHITNEY,
D.D., born at Boston, Massachusetts,
June 10, 1814. He graduated at
Harvard College in 1832, entered the
Cambridge Divinity School in 1834,
became pastor of the First Congrega-
tional (Unitarian) Society of New
York in 1838. From 1846 to 1850 he
was connected with the Christian
Inquirer, for which he wrote nu-
merous articles. In 1857 he pub-
lished a "Defence of the Drama,"
and delivered a series of lectures
before the Lowell Institute, in Bos-
ton, on "The Treatment of Social
Diseases." In 1859 he delivered a
discourse, subsequently published,
entitled, "The Suspense of Faith," in
►
91
.
was
BELOT, ADOLPHE, was born at
Pointe-à-Pitre, in the island of Gua-
daloupe, Nov. 6, 1829, and while yet
very young travelled extensively in
the United States, Brazil, and other
parts of North and South America.
He studied law at Paris, and became
an advocate at the bar of Nancy in
1854. His first attempt in literature
Châtiment," (Paris, 1855), a
novel, which failed to attract atten-
tion. Two years later he brought
out A la Campagne," a one-act
comedy, which gave no indication of
the immense and lasting success of
his second dramatic composition, "Le
Testament de César Girodot," a co-
medy in three acts, written in con-
junction with M. Charles Edmond
Villetard, and first performed at the
Odéon Theatre, Paris, Sept. 30, 1859.
This play still holds possession of the
French stage. M. Belot has written
a large number of other dramatic
*:
'92
BELPER-BENDEMANN.
G
pieces, including "Fromont jeune et
Risler aîné," founded on the cele-
brated novel of M. Alphonse Daudet.
He is also the author of numerous
novels, some of which have passed
through as many as forty editions.
The most celebrated of these is
"Mademoiselle Giraud, ma femme"
(1870), a work distinguished rather
by its immoral audacity than by its
literary merit. His later works are
"Le Parricide" (1873), in conjunc-
tion with M. J. Dautin; "Dacolard
et Lubin," a sequel to the preceding
(1874); Mémoires d'un Caissier;"
"Hélène et Mathilde;""La Femme
de Feu;"
;" "Deux Femmes;" "Folies
de Jeunesse ;" and an elaborate ro-
mance in four volumes (1875-6), en-
titled respectively, "Les Mystères
Mondains;" "Les Baigneuses de
de Trouville;" "Madame Vitel et
Mademoiselle Lelièvre;" and "Une
Maison centrale de Femmes." M.
Belot was nominated a Chevalier of
the Legion of Honour in 1867.
|
BELPER (LORD), THE RIGHT
HON. EDWARD STRUTT, LL.D.,
F.R.S., the only son of Mr. William
Strutt, a manufacturer of Derby, by
Barbara, daughter of Thomas Evans,
Esq., of the same place, born in
1801, was educated at Trinity Col-
lege, Cambridge, where he graduated
in 1823. In 1830 he was invited
by his fellow-townsmen to represent
the borough in the Liberal interest.
In Sept. 1846, he accepted the post,
which he resigned in March, 1848,
of Chief Commissioner of Railways,
being made a Privy Councillor.
He was elected for Derby at every
general election, from 1830 until
1847, though in the last-mentioned
year he was unseated on petition, and
remained out of Parliament until
July, 1851, when he was elected for
Arundel in the place of the Earl of
Arundel and Surrey, who had ac-
cepted the Chiltern Hundreds. At
the general election of 1852 he was,
with Mr. John Walter, returned M.P.
for Nottingham. On the resignation
of Lord Derby's Ministry, in Dec.
1852, Lord Aberdeen selected Mr.
Strutt as Chancellor of the Duchy of
Lancaster, which post he continued to
hold till June, 1854, when he retired,
in order to facilitate certain changes
in the cabinet. He was raised to the
peerage in 1856, and was made Lord-
Lieutenant of Nottinghamshire in
1864. On July 29, 1871, he was
unanimously elected to succeed the
late Mr. George Grote as President of
University College, London.
BENDEMANN, EDWARD, a cele-
brated painter of the Düsseldorf
school, was born in Berlin, Dec. 3,
1811. After receiving a good literary
education, he became a student at the
Düsseldorf Academy, under the well-
known Schadow, who soon discovered
that he had chosen his true vocation.
When only one-and-twenty he ex-
hibited at Berlin a large painting,
"The Grief of the Jews," suggested
by Psalm cxxxvii. It was popularized
by means of lithographs, and is in
the Cologne Museum. In 1833 he
executed a picture, afterwards en-
graved by Felsing-"Two Young
Girls at the Fountain,"—which was
purchased by the Society of Arts of
Westphalia. In 1837 he exhibited at
Paris a large canvas, "Jeremiah
amid the ruins of Jerusalem," which
gained the gold medal.
This pic-
ture, of which Weiss published a good
lithograph, is in the private gallery
of the Emperor of Germany.
"Har-
vest" followed, which was engraved
by Eichens. The success of this piece
led Bendemann to produce others of
the same class, such as "The Shep-
herd and Shepherdess," from one of
Uhland's idylls, and "The Daughter
of the Servian Prince," from a Servian
ballad. After having been appointed
Professor in the Academy of Arts of
Dresden, he received the commission
to decorate the royal palace, and
undertook the grand frescoes, upon
which, above all, his reputation is
founded. The progress of this under-
taking was interrupted by a disease of
the eyes, which the artist contracted
in Italy. Bendemann executed a
frescoe of "Poetry and the Arts ;
design for a monument to Sebastian
""
a
BENEDETTI-BENEDICT.
Bach, which was afterwards erected
at Sandstein; a portrait of the Em-
peror Lothaire II. for the city of
Frankfort, many other portraits of
celebrated Germans, and among them
that of Schadow's daughter, whom he
married in 1838. In 1860 he suc-
ceeded his father-in-law as Director
of the Academy at Düsseldorf.
BENEDETTI, VINCENT, a French
diplomatist, of Italian extraction,
born in Corsica, about 1815, was
educated for the consular and diplo-
matic service. After having been
appointed Consul at Palermo in 1848,
he became First Secretary to the
Embassy at Constantinople, until
May, 1859, when he was appointed
to replace M. Bourée as Envoy Ex-
traordinary and Minister at Teheran.
M. Benedetti, who declined to accept
the office, was some months after-
wards named Director of Political
Affairs to the Foreign Minister; a
position associated with the success-
ful career of MM. de Rayneval and
d'Hauterive, and with the names of
Desages, Armand, Lefebre, and Thou-
venel. It fell to the lot of M. Bene-
detti to act as secretary and editor
of the protocols in the Congress of
Paris in 1856, and he was made
Chevalier of the Legion of Honour in
June, 1845, Officer in 1853, Com-
mander in 1856, Grand Officer in
June, 1860, and Grand Cross in 1866.
Having been appointed Minister
Plenipotentiary of France at Turin
in 1861, on the recognition of the
Italian kingdom by the French
Government, he resigned when M.
Thouvenel retired from the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs, and was appointed
Ambassador at Berlin, Nov. 27, 1864.
M. Benedetti obtained great notoriety
in connection with the remarkable
draft of a secret treaty between
France and Prussia, which was pub-
lished in the Times on the 25th of
July, 1870, at the very commencement
of the war between those two Powers.
The document stated that the Emperor
Napoleon III. would allow and recog-
nise the Prussian acquisitions conse-
quent upon the war against Austria;
93
that the King of Prussia would pro-
mise to assist France in acquiring
Luxemburg; that the Emperor would
not oppose a Federal re-union of
North and South Germany; that if
the Emperor should occupy or con-
quer Belgium, the King should afford
armed assistance to France against
any other Power that might declare
war against her in such case; and
that the two Powers should conclude
an offensive and defensive alliance.
The publication of this extraordinary
document caused great consternation
and excitement throughout Europe.
Its authenticity was not denied, but
France declared that although M.
Benedetti had written the document,
he had done so at the dictation of
Court Bismarck; whereas the latter
statesman declared that through one
channel or another France had inces-
santly demanded some compensation
for not interfering with Prussia in
her projects. Both statesmen agreed
in saying that their respective sove-
reigns declined to sanction the treaty.
On the outbreak of the war, M. Bene-
detti was of course recalled from
Berlin; and since the fall of the
Empire he has disappeared from
public notice. In Oct., 1871, how-
ever, he published a pamphlet, in
which he threw upon Count Bismarck
the whole responsibility of the draft
treaty.
BENEDICT, SIR JULIUS, musician
and composer, born at Stuttgart,
Nov. 27, 1804, at an early age showed
so much musical talent that, having
commenced his studies under Hum-
mel, at Weimar, he was introduced to
the notice of Weber, who, though he
had always refused to take pupils,
was induced to alter his resolution in
Benedict's favour. From the begin-
ning of 1821 till the end of 1824 he
had the benefit of Weber's exclusive
instruction, and was treated by him
rather as a son than as a pupil. At
the age of nineteen he was, on Weber's
recommendation, engaged to conduct
the German operas at Vienna, and
was afterwards employed in a similar
capacity at the San Carlo and the
91
BENEDICT.
|
Bene-
Fondo, at Naples. In 1827 his first
dramatic attempt, an opera in two acts,
called "Giacinta ed Ernesto," was
produced at the Fondo; but, being es-
sentially German in style and colour,
it did not please the Neapolitan public;
nor was he more successful with a
grand opera afterwards performed at
the San Carlo. In 1830 he returned
to Stuttgart, where this work, "I
Portoghesi in Goa," which had been
coldly received at Naples, found a
more congenial audience. After a
visit to Paris, and a second residence
of several years at Naples, Benedict
came to London for the first time in
1835, chiefly at the instance of his
friend, Madame Malibran. In 1836
he undertook the direction of the
Opera Buffa at the Lyceum, under
the management of the late Mr.
Mitchell. Here his operetta, "Un
Anno ed un Giorno," originally pro-
duced at Naples in 1836, was well
received ; and after this Benedict
turned his attention to the English
musical stage. His first English
opera, "The Gipsy's Warning," was
produced in 1838 with remarkable
success. His subsequent operas, "The
Brides of Venice," and "The Crusa-
ders," had a long run at Drury Lane,"
of which theatre, when under Mr.
Bunn's management, he was the
musical director. He has written
many pieces for the pianoforte, of
which instrument he is a great master,
besides orchestral and vocal composi-
tions of excellence. The musical
festivals at Norwich, the London
Monday Popular, and Liverpool Phil-
harmonic concerts, have been for a
considerable time under his direc-
tion. In 1850 he accompanied Jenny
Lind as conductor and pianist to the
United States and Havannah, and
shared in her unexampled success in
a series of 122 concerts. After his
return to England, he formed a choral
society, "The Vocal Association,"
and conducted the Italian operas at
Drury Lane and Her Majesty's
Theatre during the seasons of 1859
and 1860, when he brought out an
Italian version of Weber's" Oberon,"
with recitatives and additions chiefly
from his master's works, which was
much approved. At the Norwich
Festival in Sept., 1860, he produced
a cantata, "Undine," which ob-
tained very great success. The first
performance of this work in London,
towards the end of the same year,
derived an additional interest from
the circumstance that on that occa-
sion Clara Novello took her farewell
of the English public in the part of
"Undine. In 1862 his most popu-
lar opera, "The Lily of Killarney,"
was produced at Covent Garden, and
subsequently at the principal theatres
in Germany. A cantata, "Richard
Cœur de Lion," composed for the
Norwich Festival of 1863, and after-
wards performed in London, met
with general approbation.
dict's operetta, "The Bride of Song,"
for the Royal English Opera, Covent
Garden, in 1864, was followed by a
cantata, entitled "St. Cecilia," writ-
ten for the Norwich Festival of 1866,
which was received most favourably,
and has since been produced success-
fully in the metropolis and the prin-
cipal towns of the United Kingdom.
His last choral work,-the oratorio
St. Peter," written expressly for the
Birmingham Musical Festival, 1870,
achieved an extraordinary success,
and is considered by far his best
composition. His first symphony,
composed in 1873, met with great
favour at its performance by the
Crystal Palace Band. He conducted
the Liverpool Festival in September,
1874, and has been appointed, for the
twelfth time, conductor of the Nor-
wich Festival, in 1878. The honour
of knighthood was conferred on him
by the Queen, March 24, 1871. He
is a corresponding member of the
French Academy. He was also
honoured by the Emperor of Austria
and King of Würtemberg, who ap-
pointed him Knight-Commander of
the Orders of Francis Joseph and
Frederick, on the occasion of his
seventieth anniversary in 1874; be-
sides which he received the decora-
tions of the Crown of Prussia, Third
|
|
BENFEY-BENNETT.
|
Class, of Italy, of Würtemberg, Leo-
pold of Belgium, Gustav Wata of
Sweden, Ernest August of Hanover,
the Portuguese Order of Christ, the
Golden Lion of Holland, the Saxe
Ernestine family order, and a testi-
monial subscribed by his numerous
friends.
|
College in 1825, but left without
graduating in 1828, when he went to
New Orleans, and was admitted to
the bar in 1832. He entered promi-
nently into politics, originally as a
Whig, but on the merger of that party
into the "Know Nothing," or Native
American party, he attached himself
to the Democratic party. He was
elected to the United States Senate
in 1852, and re-elected in 1858. On
Dec. 31, 1860, in a speech to the
Senate, he avowed his adhesion to the
State of Louisiana, which had seceded
from the Union, and he at once with-
drew from the Senate and returned
to New Orleans. He was then called
by Jefferson Davis, who had just been
elected President of the Southern Con-
federacy, to join the Cabinet as At-
torney-General. To the duties of this
office were added those of Acting-
Secretary of War during a temporary
vacancy in that office. On the ap-
pointment of a permanent Secretary
of War, the Cabinet was reorganised,
and Mr. Benjamin was made Secre-
tary of State, retaining that office
and the confidence of the President
until the overthrow of the Confede-
He then escaped the pursuit
of the Northern troops, and succeeded
in reaching Nassau, New Providence.
whence he sailed for England, where
he arrived in Sept. 1865.
He was
called to the English bar in June,
1866, established himself in London
and rose to successful practice, re-
ceiving a silk gown in June, 1872.
In 1868 he published the 1st, and in
1873 the 2nd edit. of a "Treatise on
the Law of Sale of Personal Pro-
perty.”
BENFEY, THEODORE, linguist,
born at Noerten, near Göttingen,
Jan. 28, 1809, was educated at the
university of that city, under the
superintendence of Ottfried Müller
and Dissen. Having spent a year at
Munich, he visited several other Ger-
man universities, and returned to Göt-
tingen in 1834, where he discharged
the functions of Professor of San-
scrit and of Comparative Grammar.
Professor Benfey has published" The
Names of the Months in use among
some Ancient Nations" (1836); a
German "Translation of the Comedies
of Terence" (1837);
(1837); "Lexicon of
Greek Roots" (1839-42), a work which
carried off the Volney prize at the
Berlin Institute; "Connection be-
tween the Egyptian Language and
Semitic Roots" (1844); the Cunei-
form Inscriptions of Persia" (1847); |
an edition of "The Hymns of Sama-racy.
Veda," with a translation and a
glossary (1848); "Handbook of the
Sanscrit Tongue" (1852-54), an
abridgment of which, for the use of
beginners, appeared in 1855;
article on "India," in the Encyclo-
pædia of Ersch and Grüber; and
The History of Oriental Philosophy
in Germany since the beginning of
the Nineteenth Century (1869).
Professor Benfey, who is a corre-
sponding member of the Institute
of France, has announced for pub-
lication "A Sanscrit-English Dic-
tionary."
an
""
95
BENJAMIN, JUDAH PHILIP, Q.C.,
was born in St. Croix, a Danish West
India island, in 1811, of English
BENNETT, JAMES RISDON, M.D.,
F.R.S., President of the Royal College
of Physicians, eldest son of the Rev.
Jas. Bennett, D.D., was born at
Romsey, Hants. He was educated
by private tuition, and received his
parents of the Jewish faith, who emi-professional education in Paris and
grated in 1816 to Wilmington, North Edinburgh, at which latter univer-
Carolina, where his father became sity he took his degree of M.D. in
naturalised as an American citizen, 1833. After travelling for two years
the son remaining a native born sub- on the Continent, he settled in Lon-
ject of England. He entered Yale don, and lectured at the Charing
96
BENNETT.
|
is
Cross Hospital and Grainger's School | Greenwich cheap baths and wash-
in the Borough. He was elected, houses, a large proprietary school,
in 1843, Assistant-Physician to St. and other popular institutions. He
Thomas's Hospital, and on becoming acted as Honorary Auditor of the
full Physician, lectured there for Association for the Repeal of the
many years on the "Practice of Taxes on Knowledge, till that great
Medicine." He was one of the reform was effected. He has taken
Founders and Secretary of the first an active part in all the agitations
Sydenham Society for the Publication for the education of the people during
of Medical Works. After filling the the past thirty years is the Hon.
offices of Censor, Lumleian and Croo- Sec. to the Greenwich branch of the
nian Lecturer, and representative National Education League, and a
of the College of Physicians in the member of the London Council. Dr.
General Medical Council, he was Bennett printed volumes of poetry
elected President of the College in privately in 1843 and 1845. After
1876, and re-elected in 1878. In the this, he contributed poems to various
same year he had been elected Fellow periodicals, and published several
of the Royal Society. Dr. Bennett volumes. Perhaps best known as a
Consulting Physician to the Victoria song-writer, Dr. Bennett has pub-
Park Hospital for Diseases of the lished, amongst other works, "Poems,"
Chest, Hon. Physician and Governor 1850; "Verdicts," 1852; "Roan's
of St. Thomas's Hospital, and Fellow School; a Chapter in the Educational
of various medical and scientific History of England," which secured
societies. He has published a trans- the reform of a large endowed school
lation from the German of Kramar at Greenwich, and threw it open to
on "Diseases of the Ear;" "An the children of all the inhabitants,
Essay on Acute Hydrocephalus," irrespective of their religious beliefs;
which gained the Fothergillian Gold "War Songs," 1855; "Queen Elea-
Medal; "Lumleian Lectures on nor's Vengeance, and other Poems,
Cancerous and other Intro-Thoracic 1857 "Songs, by a Song-Writer,'
Growths." He has also contributed 1859; "Baby May, and other
numerous papers to the Transactions | Poems on Infants," 1861, 1st and
of the Pathological Society and various 2nd editions; "The Worn Wedding
medical journals. Dr. Bennett is one Ring," &c., 1861; "The Politics of
of the Commissioners of the Paris the People," Parts I. and II. “Our
Universal Exhibition for 1878. In Glory Roll, National Poems," 1866;
that year he received from the Uni- Proposals for Contributions to a
versity of Edinburgh the honorary Ballad History of England," 1867.
degree of LL.D.
A collected edition of his poems
appeared in 1862, in Routledge's
British Poets." Dr. Bennett is a
practised political writer, and was
attached to the staff of the Weekly
Dispatch, during the years 1868-9-70,
contributing leaders, essays, reviews,
and fine art criticisms. He acted
as Secretary to the Refugees' Benevo-
lent Fund during the continuance of
the Franco-Prussian War. He has
been for several years engaged on a
"Ballad and Song History of Eng-
land, and of the States sprung from
Her." He has also ready for press
his "Recollections of the late Miss
Mitford, with Selections from her
|
,
((
((
BENNETT, WILLIAM COX, LL.D.,
the son of Mr. John Bennett, watch-
maker, of Greenwich, where he was
born in 1820, was educated at a
school in his native town, from which,
on account of his father's death, he
was removed at the age of fourteen
to assist his mother in the business.
Whilst still a youth, he took an active
part in the formation of a literary
institution on the most popular basis,
which has above 1,200 members, and
in connection with which he has
formed a library consisting of above
12,000 volumes. He has likewise
been instrumental in establishing at
|
ma
""
BENNETT-BENSON.
Correspondence." The University of
The University of
Tusculum conferred on him the de-
'gree of LL.D. in 1869.
BENNETT, THE REV. WILLIAM
JAMES EARLY, M.A., born about
1805, was educated at Christ Church,
Oxford, of which he was a student,
and where he graduated B.A. in
1827. He held for some years the
incumbency of Portman Chapel, and
that of St. Paul's, Knightsbridge, but
resigned the latter in 1851, in conse-
quence of a popular outcry raised
against his "Tractarian" tendencies,
and almost immediately afterwards
was presented to the vicarage of
Frome Selwood, Somersetshire. He
is the author of a large number of
theological works, of which the best
known are" Principles of the Book
of Common Prayer," The Eucharist:
its History, Doctrines, and Practice;"
"Errors of Romanism," "Lives of
Fathers of the Church of the Fourth
Century," and various sermons and
pamphlets; has edited the "Theo-
logian," "The Old Church Porch,"
&c., and has contributed largely to
religious periodical literature. In
1871 the case of Sheppard v.
Bennett " came on for hearing before
the Privy Council, and was decided
in favour of Mr. Bennett's teaching
on the subject of the Real Presence.
Since that, the Bishop of Bath and
Wells, having referred to it, was an-
swered by Mr. Bennett in a pamphlet
entitled "A Defence of the Catholic
Faith."
|
(
|
BENNIGSEN, RUDOLPH VON,
born at Lüneberg, Hanover, July,
10, 1824, studied jurisprudence at
Göttingen and Heidelberg, and quali-
fied as an advocate, but entered the
judiciary and rose to the functions of
a judge at Göttingen. In 1855 the
city of Aurich elected him to the
Second Chamber of the Hanover
Legislature, but the King refused him
the indispensable consent of the
Crown to accept that legislative
office. Thereupon he resigned his
judgeship, and being thus freed from
the trammels of official life, he took
his seat in the Parliament (1856), and
|
97
at once assumed a position as leader
of the Opposition. In 1859 Bennig-
sen and Miguel, with a few others,
drew up and issued a programme or
scheme of German unity. In this
document it was declared that only
Prussia could be at the head of a
united Germany, and in fact Bennig-
sen advocated at this period that
which Prince Bismarck long after-
wards accomplished. The National-
Verein held its first sitting Sept. 16,
1859, at the invitation of Bennigsen.
and he himself was chosen President.
The Frankfort Assembly formed the
permanent organization of the Na-
tional-Verein, and fixed its seat in
the city of Coburg. At the time of
its dissolution in 1866, it numbered
30,000 members, of whom 10,000
were from Prussia. In that year the
organization of the North German
Confederation making inevitable the
speedy realization of the Empire, the
Union had no further raison d'être,
and it was accordingly dissolved.
Bennigsen, who by the annexation of
Hanover was made a Prussian, be-
came a member both of the Prussian
Lower Chamber and of the North
German Reichstag. During the war
of 1870, he was in confidential rela-
tions with the Prussian authorities,
and undertook two important mis-
sions-one to the South German
States, where he discussed the condi-
tions of a possible unity; the other
to the camp of Versailles in the
winter of 1871, where the
negotiations were afterwards carried
out to a practical result. In 1873 he
was elected President of the Prussian
House of Deputies.
same
BENSON, THE RIGHT REV.
EDWARD WHITE, D.D., Bishop of
Truro, son of Edward White Benson,
Esq., of Birmingham, Heath, and
formerly of York, was born near
Birmingham in 1829. He was edu-
cated at King Edward's School, Bir-
mingham, and at Trinity College,
Cambridge, of which he was succes-
sively Scholar and Fellow, and where
he graduated B.A. in 1852, as a First
Class in classical honours, and Senior
H
98
BENTINCK-BENTLEY,
|
Chancellor's Medallist, obtaining also
the place of a Senior Optime in the
mathematical tripos. He graduated
M.A. in 1855, B.D. in 1862, and D.D.
in 1867. He was for some years an
assistant master in Rugby school,
and he held the head mastership of
Wellington College from its first
opening in 1858 down to 1872, when
he was appointed a Canon Residen-
tiary and Chancellor of Lincoln
Cathedral, having been a Prebendary
of the same cathedral for three years
previously. He was a select preacher
to the University of Cambridge (1864-
71), and to the University of Oxford
(1875-76). For several years he was
Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of
Lincoln. In Dec. 1876 he was nomi-
nated by the Crown, on the recom-
mendation of the Earl of Beacons-
field, to the newly-founded Bishopric
of Truro, and he received episcopal
consecration in St. Paul's Cathedral,
April 25, 1877. The diocese, which
has been taken out of the diocese of
Exeter, consists of the county of
Cornwall, the Isles of Scilly, and
five parishes of Devonshire, con-
stituting the Archdeaconry of Corn-
wall; with the church of St. Mary,
Truro, as a cathedral. Dr. Benson
has published "Sermons preached in
Wellington College Chapel," 1859;
"( Σαλπίσει. A memorial Sermon
preached after the death of J. P.
Lee, first Bishop of Manchester,"
1870; "Work, Friendship, Worship,"
being three sermons preached before
the University of Cambridge in 1871;
"Boy-Life, its trial, its strength, its
fulness. Sundays in Wellington Col-
lege, 1859-72," Lond. 8vo, 1874; be-
sides numerous single sermons; and
he is one of the contributors to "The
Speaker's Commentary on the Bible.”
Dr. Benson married, in 1859, Mary,
daughter of the late Rev. William
Sidgwick, of Skipton, Yorkshire.
BENTINCK, THE RIGHT HON.
GEORGE AUGUSTUS FREDERICK
CAVENDISH, M.P., son of the late
Major-General Lord Frederick Ben-
tinck, C.B., was born in London in
1821, and educated at Westminster
School, and at Trinity College, Cam-
bridge (M.A., 1847). He was called
to the bar, at Lincoln's Inn, in 1846.
Mr. Bentinck unsuccessfully con-
tested Taunton in April, 1859; but
he was elected in the following
August, and continued to represent
that borough till July, 1865, when he
was returned for Whitehaven. He
was appointed Parliamentary Secre-
tary to the Board of Trade in Feb.,
1874. In Nov., 1875, he was ap-
pointed Judge-Advocate-General, and
sworn of the Privy Council.
BENTLEY, ROBERT, a botanist,
who has more particularly directed
attention to the applications of
botany to medicine. He was born at
Hitchin, Herts, in 1825, and became
a member of the Royal College of
Surgeons in 1847. He is Dean of the
Medical Faculty, Honorary Fellow,
and Professor of Botany in King's
College, London; Honorary member
of, and Professor of Materia Medica
and Botany to the Pharmaceutical
Society of Great Britain; Honorary
member of the American Pharma-
ceutical Association; Professor of
Botany in the London Institution;
Examiner in Botany to the Royal
College of Veterinary Surgeons ;
Member of the Council, and Chair-
man of the Garden Committee of the
Royal Botanic Society of London;
and was formerly Lecturer on Botany
at the Medical Colleges of the Lon-
don, Middlesex, and St. Mary's
Hospitals. Professor Bentley was
President of the British Pharma-
ceutical Congress in 1866 and 1867.
He has contributed numerous articles
to the Pharmaceutical Journal, of
which for ten years he was one of
the editors. He has written a
"Manual of Botany, which has
reached the third edition; has
jointly edited two editions of Pereira's
Materia Medica and Therapeutics;
is the author of an elementary work
on Botany, in the series of Manuals
of Elementary Science, published by
the Society for Promoting Christian
Knowledge; and is now engaged
with Dr. Trimen, of the British
""
BERESFORD-BERKELEY.
Museum, in bringing out an illus-
trated work on Medicinal Plants, of
which thirty monthly parts have al-
ready appeared. Professor Bentley
has also published a Lecture "On the
Characters, Properties, and Uses of
Eucalyptus globulus," "Lectures on
the Organic Materia Medica of the
British Pharmacopæia," and various
other Lectures and Papers on Botany
and Materia Medica.
BERESFORD, THE MOST REV.
AND RIGHT HON. MARCUS GERVAIS,
D.D., Archbishop of Armagh, son of
the late Bishop of Kilmore, who was
a nephew of the first Marquis of
Waterford, was born in 1801, and
educated at Richmond School, York-
shire, under Dr. Tate, whence he
passed to Trinity College, Cambridge.
Having graduated and taken orders,
he was appointed Rector of Kildallen
in 1825, afterwards held the vica-
riates of Drung and Lara, and was
also Vicar-General of Kilmore and
Archdeacon of Ardagh. In 1854 he
was consecrated to the united sees of
Kilmore, Elphin, and Ardagh, and in
1863 was translated to Armagh. His
Grace is Primate of all Ireland, Lord
Almoner of Ireland, and Prelate of
the Order of St. Patrick. The see of
Armagh is of the annual value of
£14,500.
BERGH, HENRY, born in New
York, in 1823. He graduated at
Columbia College, studied law, and
when quite young wrote several
dramas, poems, and tales. In 1863
he was appointed Secretary of Lega-
tion at St. Petersburg. Returning to
America in 1866, he organized the
American Society for the Prevention
of Cruelty to Animals, to which he
has devoted his very considerable
fortune, and which has grown to be
an important institution, with
branches in nearly every State of the
Union. In the city of New York the
officers of this society are constituted
special policemen, with authority to
arrest summarily any person who is
found committing cruelty to animals,
by overloading, beating, or driving
them when in a condition which
TONE.
JENERAL
Jaiversity:
MICHIGAN

unfits them for work. They also
endeavour to prevent the sale of
unwholesome meat, adulterated milk,
and the like.
BERGHAUS, HENRY, geographer,
born at Cleves, May 3, 1797, served
as a volunteer in the army during the
campaign of 1815, and at the end of
the war, having obtained a situation
as topographical engineer at Berlin,
was engaged in the trigonometrical
survey of Prussia. Through the in-
fluence of the Minister of War, he
was in 1821 appointed to a post in
the Berlin Academy of Architecture,
and three years afterwards received
the appointment of Professor of Ap-
plied Mathematics in the Berlin
School of Civil Engineering, which
he has since held. Berghaus has
contributed to the improvement made
in the construction of maps since the
beginning of the present century, has
written on a variety of geographical
subjects, and has published a number
of useful maps. He assisted the late
Dr. Alexander Keith Johnston in the
preparation of the "Physical Atlas."
BERKELEY, THE HON. GEORGE
CHARLES GRANTLEY FITZ-HAR-
DINGE, a younger son of the late
Earl of Berkeley, and heir presump-
tive to that title, born in 1800, was
presented at the age of sixteen by his
godfather, George IV. (then Prince
Regent), with a commission in the
Coldstream Guards, from which he
retired on half-pay shortly after
coming of age. He represented the
Western Division of Gloucestershire,
in the Liberal interest, from 1832 to
1847. In 1836 he published his novel
entitled "Berkeley Castle," and feel-
ing much annoyed at the severe
strictures passed upon it in Fraser's
Magazine, committed a violent assault
upon the publisher. For this an
action was brought by Mr. Fraser,
who obtained a verdict with £100 da-
mages. Dr. Maginn, who declared
himself the author of the article
which had given offence, was chal-
lenged by Mr. Berkeley, and was
slightly wounded by him in the duel
that ensued. Mr. Berkeley, who has
LIBRAR
K=r
H 2
100
BERKELEY-BERNARD.
"Cryptogamic Botany, "Outlines
of British Fungology, "Handbook
of British Mosses," and of numerous
"Remi-papers in Transactions of the Lin-
næan Society, "Zoological Journal,”
"Hooker's Journal of Botany,"
"Hooker's Himalayan Journal," and
the "Antarctic and New Zealand
Flora."
"A
;;
""
""
been a master of stag and fox hounds,
is well known as a proficient in all
kinds of field sports, and is the
author of "Laudon Hall;
niscences of a Huntsman ;
Month in the Forests of France
"The English Sportsman in the
Western Prairies;" "My Life and
Recollections," 1864; and "Tales of
Life and Death," 2 vols., 1869. His
best-known book is a volume of re-
miniscences, entitled "The Upper
Ten Thousand at Home and Abroad;"
and his latest is entitled "Fact
against Fiction: The Habits and
Treatment of Animals Practically
Considered Hydrophobia and Dis-
tempers, with some remarks on
Darwin," 2 vols., 1874. He has also
written "Love at the Lion," and
other poems, and has been a frequent
contributor to periodical literature
on subjects more or less connected
with field sports.
|
BERKELEY, THE REV. MILES
JOSEPH, F.L.S., M.A., born at Biggin,
in the parish of Oundle, in 1803, was
educated at Rugby and at Christ's
College, Cambridge, where he gra-
duated in honours in 1825, and after
holding the curacy of Margate was
appointed in 1833 to the incumbency
of two small parishes near Wansford,
Northamptonshire, and rural dean
for a portion of the deaneries of
Oundle and Weldon. He was pre-
sented to the vicarage of Sibbertoft
in 1868. He is a Fellow of the
Linnæan Society, Honorary Fellow
of the Royal Agricultural Society of
London, a member of the Academy
of Sciences of Sweden, and the Aca-
demia Naturæ Curiosorum, Corre-
sponding Member of the Agricultural
Societies of Paris and Lille, and of
the Societé de Biologie of Paris. The
Rev. M. J. Berkeley is the author of
"Gleanings of British Algæ" (1833),
(1833),
and of the concluding volume of the
English Flora" (1836), as well as
of articles "On the Diseases of
Plants," in the "Encyclopædia of
Agriculture" a series of papers on
Vegetable Pathology, in the Gar-
dener's Chronicle; an introduction to
46
Maoll
::
·
BERNARD, THE HON AND RIGHT
REV. CHARLES BRODRICK, Bishop of
Tuam, Killala, and Anchonry, son of
the second Earl of Bandon, born Jan.
4, 1811, and educated at Eton and
Balliol College, Oxford, was ordained
in 1835. He was made Vicar of
Bantry in 1840, Rector of Kilbrogan,
Senior Prebendary of Cork, and Rural
Dean, in 1842, and was consecrated
Bishop of this see in 1867. He is the
author of "Sermons and Lectures,"
published by request.
BERNARD, THE RIGHT HON.
MOUNTAGUE, D.C.L., born at Tibber-
ton Court, Gloucestershire, Jan. 28,
1820, was educated at Sherborne School
and Trinity College, Oxford, where
he was a scholar. He graduated in
1842, in the first class in classics and
second class in Mathematics. He be-
came Scholar and afterwards Fellow
on the Vinerian foundation; was
called to the bar in 1844, and prac-
tised till 1859, when he was elected
Chichele Professor of International
Law and Diplomacy in the University
of Oxford. He became Assessor of
the Chancellor's Court, Oxford; was
appointed Secretary of the Commis-
sion for inquiring into the Studies and
Management of Public Schools, and
afterwards was secretary of the Com-
mission appointed to inquire into and
report upon the Cattle Plague; in
1869 he was one of the Commissioners
on the Law of Naturalisation and
Allegiance; in Feb., 1871, was one of
the High Commissioners for treating
with the United States of America.
and in that character signed the
Treaty of Washington, May 8, 1871;
was made D.C.L. of the University of
Oxford by diploma, June, 1871; was
sworn of the Privy Council, June 29,
1871; and was appointed a member
BERTHAUT-BESCHERELLE.
of the Judicial Committee of the
Privy Council, Nov. 24, 1871. He
resigned the chair of International
Law and Diplomacy at Oxford in
May, 1874.
BERTHAUT, JEAN AUGUSTE, a
French General, born at Genlis (Côte-
d'Or), March 29, 1817. He received
his professional education in the mili-
tary school of St. Cyr. He was at-
tached to the staff Nov. 24, 1837, and
his promotion during 30 years-from
1839 to 1869-was extremely slow.
He became Sub-Lieutenant Oct. 1,
1839; Lieutenant Jan. 1, 1842; made
the campaign in Africa from 1842 to
1846; was promoted Captain Mar. 16,
1844; Major Dec. 28, 1854; passed
the years 1855 and 1856 in the
Crimea; and at the period of the
war in Italy was gazetted Lieutenant-
Colonel, May 27, 1859. He acted as
Aide-de-Camp to General Canrobert
from March 11, 1858, to May 27,
1859. Five years later (March 4,
1864) he received his Colonel's com-
mission, and that of General of Bri-
gade (July 19, 1870) immediately
after the declaration of war against
Prussia. A month later he was ap-
pointed second in command of the
battalions of the Garde Mobile of the
Seine. This force, consisting mainly
of Parisians, evinced a spirit of sedi-
tion; and on being reviewed by
Marshal Canrobert, whom they dis-
liked as a Bonapartist and a hero of
the coup d'état, they gave free utter-
ance to their sentiments. General
Berthaut had to intervene to restore
order, and this he did with a modera-
tion which rendered him popular
among his soldiers. Having appeased
the sedition, he removed the Mobiles
to Paris, equipped and armed them,
and formed them into a brigade,
which he himself commanded during
the first period of the siege. From
the time of the repression of the
Commune he had the command of
the first division of the 4th Army
Corps of Versailles. As a recognition
of his services during the two sieges,
M. Thiers appointed M. Berthaut
General of Division in Sept. 1871.
w
He was President of the Commission
that was appointed to organise the
territorial army. On the resignation
of General de Cissey he was nomi-
nated Minister of War by a decree
dated Aug. 15, 1876. He handed in
his resignation with the other mem-
bers of M. Jules Simon's Cabinet,
May 16, 1877; but Marshal Mac-
Mahon, the President of the Republic,
refused to accept it. After the elec-
tions, and the constitutional crisis
which followed them, the President
gave way, and General Berthaut was
succeeded in the Ministry of War by
General Borel. General Berthaut was
appointed to the command of the
18th Army Corps at Bordeaux in
March 1878. M. Berthaut has written
"Traité élémentaire de Topographie,"
"Étude sur les Marches et les Com-
bats," and several anonymous works
on military subjects.
101
??
|
BESCHERELLE, LOUIS NICOLAS,
was born at Paris, June 10, 1802,
studied at the Bourbon College, and
became librarian of the Louvre in
1828. He devoted his attention to a
critical study of the French language.
He published three very able works,
in which he showed that general
usage and the authority of standard
writers were at variance with the
arbitrary rules laid down by modern
theorists. The titles of these works
are, "Le Participe Passé ramené à sa
véritable Origine" (1820);
"Revue
Grammaticale, ou Réfutation des prin-
cipales Erreurs des Grammairiens
(1829); and "Refutation Complète
de la Grammaire de MM. Nöel et
Chapsal" (1838). M. Bescherelle is
also the author of a number of gram-
mars and dictionaries for use in
schools. The best known of these
are: "Grammaire Nationale (2
vols., 1834-38, 5th edit. 1852); "Dic-
tionnaire Usuel de tous les Verbes
Français" (2 vols., 1842-43); “Dic-
tionnaire National, ou Grand Diction-
naire Critique de la Langue Fran-
çaise (2 vols., 1843-46); “Grand
Dictionnaire de Géographie Univer-
selle" ( vols., 1856-58, new edit.
1865, compiled in collaboration with
|
""
"">
102
BESSEMER.
M. Devars); " Petit Dictionnaire Na-
tional" (1857); and "Grammaire
pour Tous" (1865).
BESSEMER, HENRY, C.E., en-
gineer, was born in Hertfordshire, in
1813. Being of an essentially inven-
tive turn of mind, he has made a
number of inventions more or less
intimately connected with machinery;
but his name is particularly identified
with scientific improvements in the
manufacture of steel, for which, and
for other inventions, he has taken out
many patents. The first honorary
recognition of the importance of the
Bessemer process in this country was
made by the Institution of Civil En-
gineers about 1858, when that body
awarded Mr. Bessemer the Gold Tel-
ford Medal, for a paper read by him
before them on the subject. Sweden
was the next country to appreciate a
process which touched so nearly the
great staple manufacture of that king-
dom. The Bessemer process was
early established there, and the Crown
Prince, who is the President of the
Iron Board of Sweden, inspected the
first operation of making steel, with
which he was so satisfied as to make
Mr. Bessemer an honorary member
of the Iron Board. Hamburg was the
next to adopt the process, and after-
wards to present Mr. Bessemer with
the freedom of the city. The process
of manufacture then spread to Styria
and other parts of Germany, and
the King of Würtemberg presented
Mr. Bessemer with a gold medal, ac-
companied by a complimentary letter
of acknowledgment. Meanwhile the
system had been adopted at the works
of Prince Demidoff, and those of the
Northern Railway, near Vienna. The
Emperor of Austria took great interest
in its progress, and conferred on its
inventor the honour of Knight Com-
mander of the Order of Francis Joseph,
the jewelled cross and crimson collar
being accompanied by a complimen-
tary letter. In 1867 a scientific com-
mission in Paris reported to the Em-
peror, Napoleon III., upon the pro-
gress and importance of the Bessemer
process, suggesting that his Majesty
|
-
should confer on Mr. Bessemer the
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour.
The Emperor assented, on condition
that the English Minister in Paris
would permit Mr. Bessemer to wear
it; which permission, however, he
failed to obtain, and so the intended
honour was never conferred. At the
Exhibition in Paris, however, in 1867,
although Mr. Bessemer was not an
exhibitor, the Emperor presented him
in person with a magnificent gold
medal, weighing 12 ounces, in recog-
nition of the value of his inventions.
Another graceful acknowledgement
of the value of the process was made
in 1871 by the Iron and Steel Insti-
tute of Great Britain, which society
elected Mr. Bessemer its president.
The Americans have adopted a very
special method of showing their ap-
preciation of Mr. Bessemer's services
to science. In the midst of one of
the richest iron and coal districts in
the world in Cincinnati, they have
begun to build a new city, which
from its geographical position and
local advantages is destined eventu-
ally to become one of the largest
centres of trade in America. To this
city they have given the name of
Bessemer. In 1872, the Albert Gold
Medal of the Society of Arts was
awarded, by the Council, to Mr. Bes-
semer "for the eminent services ren-
dered by him to arts, manufactures,
and commerce, in developing the
manufacture of steel.” His latest in-
vention was the "Bessemer Saloon
for preventing sea-sickness, and for
which a company was formed, Mr.
Bessemer himself subscribing 25,0007.
towards the capital; unfortunately,
however, the "Saloon Company" fell
into liquidation, and Mr. Bessemer's
ingenious invention was never sub-
mitted to the test of practical work-
ing at sea, so that this great problem
still remains unsolved. Mr. Bessemer
was elected a member of the Insti-
tution of Civil Engineers in 1877. The
first Howard quinquennial prize, being
that for the year 1877, was awarded by
the Institution of Civil Engineers to
Mr. Bessemer as in terms of the
"
▾
BEUST.
bequest-the inventor of a new and
valuable process relating to the uses
and property of iron.
|
BEUST (VISCOUNT VON), FREDE-
RICK CONSTANTINE, a mineralogist
and geologist, born at Dresden, April
13, 1806, studied mathematics and
natural science at the Academy of
Freiberg, and law at the universities
of Leipsic and Göttingen. After-
wards he was employed in the ma-
nagement of various mines, and in
1842 he received the appointment of
Chief Inspector of Mines in Freiberg.
His writings on special subjects
brought him into public notice, and
gained for him an honourable posi-
tion among political economists and
statesmen. In the latter capacity he
became the leader of a small party in
Saxony, and he was sent to the con-
ference which commenced its sittings
in London on April 25, 1864, as re-
presentative of the Diet of Frankfort.
Among his writings are a "Geognos-
tic Sketch of the Principal Masses of
Porphyry between Freiberg, Frauen-
stein, Tharandt, and Nossen," Frei-
berg, 1835; "Criticism of Werner's
Theory of Metallic Veins," Freiberg,
1840; and a large number of smaller
works and memoirs.
BEUST (COUNT VON), FREDERICK
FERDINAND, a distinguished German
statesman, brother of the above, born
at Dresden, Jan. 13, 1809, studied at
Göttingen and Leipsic, and entered
the Foreign Office. After holding
the post of Assessor of Land-survey
in 1832, he spent between two and
three years in visiting Switzerland,
France, and England. He became
Secretary of the Saxon Legation at
Berlin in 1836, occupied the same
post at Paris in 1838, was Chargé
d'Affaires at Munich in 1841, in Lon-
don in 1846, Ambassador to the Court
of Berlin in 1848; and Minister for
Foreign Affairs for Saxony in Feb.
1849, receiving the portfolio for Agri-
culture in the following May. He
took a prominent part in the discus-
sions preceding the treaty of 1852,
and in 1853 became Minister of the
Interior, when he resigned his post as
103
Minister of Agriculture. On the
breaking out of the Danish war in
1863, Baron von Beust distinguished
himself by his fidelity to Federal
interests, and by a rebuke he admi-
nistered to Lord Russell in answer to
a despatch from the latter. He re-
presented the Germanic Diet at the
London Conference of 1864, during
the continuance of which he twice
visited Paris, to confer with the Em-
peror Napoleon, whose guest he was
afterwards at Fontainebleau. After
the war between Austria and Prussia,
Baron von Beust was made Minister
for Foreign Affairs in Austria, Oct.
30, 1866, Minister of the Household,
Nov. 14, 1866, and President of the
Council, with the title of Chancellor
of the Empire, on the retirement of
Count Belcredi, Feb. 4, 1867. The
Emperor of Austria, acting under
Baron von Beust's advice, made great
concessions to Hungary. He suc-
ceeded in completely conciliating that
country, and on June 8, 1867, the
coronation of the Emperor, as King
of Hungary was celebrated at Pesth
amid the acclamation of the people, the
event being hailed as a pledge of the
lasting reconciliation with the Mag-
yars. Baron von Beust inaugurated a
Liberal policy in regard to the inte-
rior organization of the Empire, and,
himself a Protestant, he has invari-
ably shown the bitterest hostility to
the partisans of the Church. During
his tenure of office the Jews were ad-
mitted to equal civil and religious
rights with the rest of the population ;
the Reichsrath assented to the sepa-
ration of the Church from the State,
and declared all religious bodies to
be equal in the eye of the law; the
Concordat entered into with the Holy
See in 1855 was repudiated; civil
marriage was established; imprison-
ment for debt was abolished; and
press offences were referred to the de-
cisions of juries. Baron von Beust
also directed his energies to the im-
provement of the financial condition
of Austria, and the increase of her
military strength. He accompanied
the Emperor Francis Joseph to France
•
104
BEVERLY-BICKERSTETH.
sketches rapidly found their way into
public collections and private resi-
dences. His "Arabian overtaken by
the Simoom in the Desert,” exhibited
at Paris in 1833, was followed by the
(6
Odalisque of Smyrna." M. Biard
was, however, more successful in the
delineation of comic and burlesque
groupings, which, always taken from
on the occasion of the Universal Ex- |
position of 1867. He resigned the
post of Chancellor of the Empire in
Nov., 1871, and shortly afterwards
was appointed Austrian Ambassador
at the Court of St. James's in the
place of Count Apponyi. In Sept.,
1878, a statement was circulated that
he would be shortly recalled from
London. A sketch of "The Austro-life,
Hungarian Empire, and the Policy of
Count Beust, by an Englishman,” was
published at London in 1870. Count
von Beust is Grand Cross of the Le-
gion of Honour, and in Sept., 1871,
the Emperor of Germany conferred
on him the cordon of the Order of
the Black Eagle. He has also re-
ceived many other German and
foreign decorations.
|
made him the favourite of his
mirth-loving countrymen. Among
these are "The Sequel of a Masque-
rade," "A Skirmish of Masquers with
the Police," and "The Family Con-
cert," a diverting satire upon wonder-
ful children. His power extends to
the delineation of grim subjects, such
as his "Slave-market on the Gold
Coast of Africa." His love of travel
led him to visit Russia, Norway, Lap-
land, Greenland, and Spitzbergen,
whither he was accompanied by his
wife, and he produced a number of
sketches and studies of nature in
these regions. His most celebrated
picture of this period is the "Combat
with Polar Bears.
with Polar Bears." In 1857 he exhi-
bited "The Bombardment of Bomar-
sund," and "A Ball on board an
English Corvette." This artist ob-
tained two medals of the second-class
in 1828 and 1848 respectively, one of
the first-class in 1836, and the “Order
of Merit in 1838. Many of his
pictures have been engraved.
""
BICKERSTETH, THE VERY REV.
EDWARD, D.D., Dean of Lichfield,
the second son of the late Rev. John
Bickersteth, M.A., nephew of the late
Lord Langdale and brother of the
present Bishop of Ripon, was born
in 1814, at Acton, Suffolk; entered
Trinity College, Cambridge in 1832,
and graduated B.A. in honours, from
Sidney Sussex College in 1836, having
previously obtained the Taylor's
Mathematical Exhibition. He after-
wards entered as a student in theology
at Durham University, where he
gained the first prize for a theological
essay in 1837; was ordained deacon.
at the end of that
at the end of that year, and priest in
Jan. 1839. He served as Curate to
Archdeacon Vickers at Chetton, Shrop-
shire, in 1838-39, when he was ap
BEVERLEY, BISHOP OF. (See
CORNTHWAITE.)
BEVERLY, WILLIAM ROXBY,
painter, was born in 1824, at Rich-
mond, in Surrey, where he received
his education. His father was a mid-
shipman, named Roxby, who had
served under Lord Nelson, but who
left the sea and appeared on the stage
under the assumed name of Beverly.
It was intended that the son should
follow his father's profession, but he
had a pencil in his hand whenever it
was possible to get one, and he was
well thrashed for daubing the walls
of his bedroom with soot and red lead
in the endeavour to paint landscapes.
In 1851 Mr. Beverly became painter
and director of the painting rooms at
Covent Garden and Drury Lane
Theatres; but for some years past
he has been engaged at Drury Lane
exclusively. He is renowned for his
gorgeous visions of fairyland, and his
magnificent transformation
Mr. Beverly's works in water-colours
are always well placed on the line at
the exhibitions of the Royal Academy,
and, for the most part, they find their
way into the best collections.
scenes.
BIARD, AUGUSTE FRANÇOIS,
painter, born at Lyons, June 27, 1800;
after studying in the Academy of Fine
Arts of his native place, visited Spain,
Greece, Syria, and Egypt, and his
BICKERSTETH.
-an
Authority and Responsibilities of the
Christian Ministry," -an ordination
sermon preached in Ripon Cathedral
in 1866; "The Victor on his Throne
delivering up the Kingdom,"-
Oxford Lenten sermon, 1867; a Con-
secration sermon in Westminster
Abbey, Feb. 24, 1869; "Enoch,"
an Oxford Lenten sermon, 1869;
"Counsels of Peace for the Church of
England,”- -an address to the Clergy
of the Rural Deanery of Hands-
worth, 1877; "The Reform of Con-
vocation," 1877. He also brought out
a new edition of Evans' "Bishopric
of Souls," 1877. Dean Bickersteth is
a member of the company appointed
by Convocation to revise the New
Testament.
|
pointed to the curacy, with sole
charge, of the Abbey, Shrewsbury.
Having occupied this position for
nine years, he was presented by the
Earl Howe in 1848 to the incum-
bency of Penn Street, Buckingham-
shire. Dr. Bickersteth was appointed
Rural Dean of Amersham, by the
Bishop of Oxford, the same year;
Vicar of Aylesbury and Archdeacon
of Buckingham in 1853; Select
Preacher before the University of
Cambridge in 1861, 1864, 1873, and
1878; and Deputy Prolocutor of the
Convocation of Canterbury in 1861-
2. He was elected Prolocutor of the
Convocation of Canterbury upon the
resignation of the Dean of Bristol,
and admitted to the degree of D.D.,
propter merita, by a grace of the
Senate of the University of Cam-
bridge in 1864; again elected Pro-
locutor at the opening of the new
Convocation in 1866, and First
Honorary Canon of Christ Church,
Oxford. He was for the third time
elected Prolocutor in Dec. 1868;
and again for the fourth time in
1874. He was Select Preacher be-
fore the University of Oxford in
1875. In Feb. 1875, he was nomi-
nated by the Crown to the Deanery
of Lichfield, which had become va-
cant by the death of the Very Rev.
William Weldon Champneys. He has
published" Questions illustrating the
Thirty-nine Articles," "Catechetical
Exercises on the Apostles' Creed,"
Prayers for the Present Times,'
Charges delivered at his Visitations
in 1855, 1856, 1858, 1859, 1861, 1862,
1864, 1865, 1867, 1868, and 1870;
"God's Judgments in India, a Warn-
ing to_England,”—a sermon on the
Fast Day, Oct. 7, 1857; "Church
Music," a sermon; "The Convic-
tions of Balaam,”-
"-an Oxford Lenten
sermon ; The Anthem of Creation,"
-a choral festival sermon: "The
Conflict with the spirit of expe-
diency,"-an Oxford Lenten sermon ;
various tracts in the 3rd series of
"Tracts for the Christian Seasons;"
a paper on "Diocesan Synods," read
at the York Congress in 1866; "The
•
105
•
-
BICKERSTETH, THE REV. ED-
WARD HENRY, M.A., born at Isling-
ton, Jan. 25, 1825, son of the late
Rev. Edward Bickersteth, Rector of
Watton, was educated at Watton and
Trinity College, Cambridge. He was
Chancellor's English Medallist in
1844, 1845, and 1846 ; proceeded B.A.
(Sen. Opt.) in 1847; took the degree
of M.A. in 1850; and gained the
Seatonian Prize in 1854. Mr. Bicker-
steth became Curate of Banningham,
Norfolk, in 1848; Curate of Christ
Church, Tunbridge Wells, in 1852 ;
Rector of Hinton Martell, Dorset,
in the same year; Vicar of Christ
Church, Hampstead, in 1855; and
Chaplain to the Bishop of Ripon
in 1861. He was formerly editor of
""
Evening Hours, a Church of Eng-
land Family Magazine," now defunct;
and he is author of the following
books :— -"Poems," 1848; "Water
from the Well-Spring," 1853; “The
Rock of Ages; or, Scripture Testi-
mony to the One Eternal Godhead
of the Father, and of the Son, and of
the Holy Spirit," 1858; "The Blessed
Dead: What does Scripture reveal of
their State before the Resurrection?"
1863; "The Risen Saints: What
does Scriptnre reveal of their Estate
and Employments?" 1863, also pub-
lished together with the preceding
work, under the title of "Hades and
Heaven "Practical and Explana-
??
--
106
BICKERSTETH-BIERSTADT.
tory Commentary on the New Testa-
ment," 1864 ; "Yesterday, To-day,
and for Ever: a Poem in 12 books,"
1866;
"The Spirit of Life; or, Scrip-
ture Testimony to the Divine Person
and Work of the Holy Ghost," 1868;
"The Hymnal Companion to the
Book of Common Prayer," 1870;
"The Two Brothers, and other
Poems," 1871;
"The
Reef and
other Parables," 1873; and "The
Shadowed Home and the Light Be-
yond," 1874. The " Hymnal Com-
panion," of which a revised and en-
larged edition, with tunes, appeared
in 1876, is now in use in more than
a thousand churches in England and
the colonies.
""
BICKERSTETH, THE RIGHT REV.
ROBERT, D.D., F.R.S., Bishop of
Ripon, fourth son of the Rev. John
Bickersteth, M.A., Rector of Sapcote,
Leicestershire, and nephew of the late
Lord Langdale, born at Acton, Suffolk,
Aug. 24, 1816; was intended for the
medical profession, but preferring
the Church, entered Queen's College,
Cambridge, and graduated B.A. in
honours in 1841, and M.A. in 1846.
He was ordained to the curacy of
Sapcote in 1841; was Curate at St.
Giles's, Reading, in 1843-4, at the
parish church of Clapham in 1845,
and became Incumbent of St. John's
Church, Clapham, towards the close
of that year. He was appointed to
the rectory of St. Giles-in-the-Fields
in 1851, though, from the diminution
of income which he suffered by the
operation of the Metropolitan Burials
Act, his promotion considerably cur-
tailed his revenue He was appointed
a Canon Residentiary of Salisbury in
1854, and was promoted to the see
of Ripon in 1856. Dr. Bickersteth has
written "Bible Landmarks," pub-
lished in 1850; "Lent Lectures,
Means of Grace," in 1851; a volume
of Sermons in 1866; Charges deli-
vered to the Clergy of the Diocese of
Ripon in 1858, 1861, 1864, 1867, and
1870; several single Sermons, and
Lectures on various subjects.
BICKMORE, ALBERT SMITH, born
at St. George's, Maine, March 1, 1839.
| He graduated at Dartmouth College
in 1860, and immediately commenced
the study of natural history under
Agassiz, who, in the following year,
placed him in charge of the depart-
ment of Mollusca in his Museum of
Comparative Zoology at Cambridge.
He had, very early in his scientific
career, determined to establish at New
York a Museum of Natural History.
Partly to make collections for this
and partly to supply some deficiencies
in the Museum of Comparative Zo-
ology, he sailed in 1865 for the East
Indies. He spent one year making
collections of shells and small
animals in the East Indian Archi-
pelago; then passing from Singapore,
by Cochin-China, to Hong-Kong, he
traversed a large portion of China,
visited and explored Japan, and
passing through Manchuria to the
mouth of the Amoor, crossed Siberia,
visiting its mines, Central
Central and
Northern Russia, and other European
countries, and returned to New York
in about three years from the date
of his departure. In 1869 he pub-
lished in London and New York a
volume of his "Travels in the East
Indian Archipelago," and a German
edition at Jena. In 1870 he was
elected Professor of Natural History
in Madison University, Hamilton,
New York. He has been a frequent
contributor to the American Journal
of Science, and the Journal of the
Royal Geographical Society; and
now holds an important position in
the Museum of Natural History, in
the Central Park, New York, which
was inaugurated at the close of
1877.
BIERSTADT, ALBERT, born at
Düsseldorf, in Germany, in 1828.
His parents emigrated to the United
States when he was two years of age,
and settled in New England. He
went to Germany in 1853, studied
painting in the Düsseldorf Academy,
and having executed several ad-
mirable views of German scenery,
spent a winter in Rome, made the
tour of Switzerland and the Apen-
nines, and returned to the United
1
BIGELOW-BILLING.
(C
107
States in 1857. In 1858, he accom-
panied General Lander's expedition
to the Rocky Mountains, where he
spent several months in making
sketches. In 1863 he produced his
celebrated picture, "View of the
Rocky Mountains,-Lander's Peak,"
which at once gave him a high re-
putation. Among his subsequent
works, the most noticeable have
been, Sunlight and Shadow," "The
Storm in the Rocky Mountains," |
"Domes of the Yosemite," "Laramie
Peak,' Emigrants Crossing the
Plains," and "Mount Hood." In
1873 he visited the Pacific coast, and
engaged upon new pictures of that
region. In 1871 he was made a
member of the Academy of Fine
Arts of St. Petersburg. His land-
scapes are notable for boldness of
drawing and brilliancy of colour.
;" ((
BILLING, ARCHIBALD, M.D.,
M.A., F.R.S., a native of Ireland,
born in 1791, was educated at Trinity
College, Dublin, and at Oxford,
having graduated at the first-men-
tioned university. He became a Fel-
low of the Royal College of Physi-
cians of London in 1818, has passed
through the offices of Censor and
Member of Council, was for some
years Physician of the London Hos-
BIGELOW, JOHN, born at Malden,
New York, Nov. 25, 1817. He
graduated at Union College in 1835;
and was admitted to the New York
bar in 1839. He practised his pro-
fession about ten years, varying the
routine of professional duties with
literary labours. He was State Prison
Inspector from 1845 to 1848, and ori-pital, having been Professor of the
ginated some important reforms in the Medical School (where he instituted
discipline of the prisons of New York. clinical lectures) from 1817 until
In 1850 he became a partner with 1836, when, upon the creation of the
William C. Bryant, in the ownership new University of London, he was
and editing of the New York Evening invited to become a Fellow, and has
Post, and was the managing editor since been a Member of the Senate,
until 1861. He visited Jamaica, and Examiner for Degrees in Medi-
and on his return published "Ja- cine. Dr. Billing is a Fellow of the
maica in 1850; or, the Effects of Royal Society, has been President of
Sixteen Years of Freedom in a the Hunterian Society, and Vice-
Slave Colony." In 1854 he sailed
In 1854 he sailed President of the Royal Medical and
again for the West Indies, and on Chirurgical Society; is one of the
his return published a work on the original members of the Microscopi-
condition of Hayti. In 1861 he was cal Society, a Fellow of the Geologi-
appointed American Consul at Paris; cal Society, and Corresponding Mem-
in Dec. 1864, he became Chargé ber of the Medical Societies of
d'Affaires; and in April, 1865, he Dresden, Florence, Brussels, and
was appointed Minister to the Court New York. He has been an exten-
of France. He resigned in December, sive contributor to the Lancet, Medi-
1866, and after spending some time cal Gazette, and other periodicals, on
in travel in Europe, returned to the various subjects of diseases and
United States in 1868; but in the physiology, such as fever, cholera,
following year he again returned to aneurism; his original discovery of
Europe, making Berlin his residence the "Cause of the Sounds of the
|
for several years.
Besides several
political essays, he has published :
a "Life of John C. Fremont," 1856;
"Les États-Unis en 1863," Paris,
1863; an edition of the "Autobio-
graphy of Benjamin Franklin from
Materials collected in France," 1868 ;
and "Some Recollections of Antoine
Pierre Berryer," 1869. He had for
some years up to 1872 belonged to
the Republican party, but in that
year he joined with the "Liberals
in opposing the re-election of Pre-
sident Grant; subsequently became
affiliated with the Democratic party,
and in 1875 was elected Secretary of
State of New York, and was an un-
successful candidate for nomination
to the same office in 1877.
·
-
;
108
BINNEY-BIRCH.
22
Heart; is well known as the
author of "First Principles of Medi-
cine," a text-book in the medical
world, which has gone through seve-
ral editions, has been translated and
published in France and Germany,
and republished in America; and of
"Practical Observations on Diseases
of the Lungs and Heart."
BINNEY, THE RIGHT REV. HIB-
BERT, D.D., Bishop of Nova Scotia,
son of the Rev. Dr. Binney, rector of
Newbury, Berks, born in Nova Scotia,
in 1819, came to England, and
studied at King's College, London,
and afterwards at Worcester College,
Oxford. of which he became scholar
and fellow, and where he graduated
in 1842 in classical and mathematical
honours. Having taken orders, he
was consecrated fourth Bishop of
Nova Scotia in 1851. This was the
first bishopric founded by England
in her colonial dependencies, and the
diocese includes Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick, and Prince Edward's Is-
land; the income being £700.
BIRCH, THE REV. HENRY MIL-
DRED, B.D., eldest son of the Rev.
Henry Rous Birch, of Southwold,
Suffolk, born about 1820, was edu-
cated on the foundation at Eton, and
proceeded in due course to King's
College, Cambridge, where he suc-
ceeded to a Fellowship, and graduated
B.A. in 1843, having obtained the
Craven Scholarship, and other uni-
versity distinctions. He afterwards
went to Eton as one of the assistant-
masters, and whilst there was selected
as tutor to his Royal Highness the
Prince of Wales. Having resigned
his post and taken orders, he was
appointed, in 1852, rector of Prest-
wich, near Manchester. He is chap-
lain to the Queen and to the Prince
of Wales, and was appointed by the
Crown to a canonry in Ripon Cathe-
dral, vacant by the promotion of Dr.
Atlay to the see of Hereford, in May,
1868. He was elected Proctor in
Convocation for the Dean and Chapter
of Ripon in 1868, and again in 1874.
Mr. Birch was some time honorary
canon of Manchester Cathedral.
BIRCH, SAMUEL, LL.D., F.S.A.,.
eldest son of the late Rev. Samuel
Birch, D.D., rector of St. Mary Wool-
noth, London, and vicar of Little-
Marlow, Bucks, born in London,.
Nov. 3, 1813, was educated at private
schools at Greenwich and Blackheath,
and afterwards at Merchant Taylors'
School, which he left in 1831. He
was employed under the Commis-
sioners of Public Records in 1834,
and in 1836 was appointed assistant
in the department of Antiquities of
the British Museum, from which he
rose to be assistant-keeper in 1844, on
the retirement of Mr. Barnewell, and
on the new organization of the depart-
ment in 1861, he was appointed keeper
of the Oriental, Medieval, and
British Antiquities and Ethnographi-
cal Collections. In 1846 Mr. Birch
visited Italy by order of the trustees
to examine the Anastasi collection of
Egyptian antiquities at that time at
Leghorn, and to see the collections of
Rome and other cities. In 1856 he
was again sent to Rome by the late
Sir G. Cornewall Lewis, then Chan-
cellor of the Exchequer, to examine
and value, in conjunction with Mr.
Newton, the Campana collection,
which had been offered to the British
Government for purchase. In 1863
the description which he drew up of
a papyrus belonging to the Prince of
Wales was printed for private circu-
lation by his Royal Highness. In
1839 he was elected corresponding
member of the Archæological Insti-
tute of Rome; in 1851, of the
Academy of Berlin; in 1852, of
Herculaneum; and in 1861, of the
Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-
Lettres of the French Institute.
The honorary degree of LL.D. was
conferred upon him by the Univer-
sity of St. Andrews in 1862. He is
an honorary member of the Royal
Society of Literature, of the Society
of Antiquaries, of the Oriental So-
ciety of France, and of the Ethnolo-
gical Society of America, and is one
of the direction of the Archæological
Institute of Rome. At an early
period of his career he paid particular-
BIRKS.
attention to the study of Egyptian | in recognition of his exertions on
hieroglyphics, and his researches that occasion. He was appointed
attracted the notice and secured him Rede Lecturer at Cambridge for the
the lasting friendship of the late year 1876.
Baron Bunsen, with whose labours
he was associated in his work on
Egypt, Mr. Birch having contributed
the philological portions relating to
the hieroglyphics. One of the last
requests of Baron Bunsen was that he
should undertake the revision of
future editions of this work. Accord-
ingly, in 1867, after the Baron's
death, he published the fifth and
concluding volume, four-fifths of
which is the composition of Dr. Birch
himself. His labours extend over
most branches of antiquities, he
having, besides his researches in
hieroglyphics, published memoirs and
dissertations on Greek, Roman, and
British antiquities, numismatics, and
ethnography, and assisted in the
editing of cuneiform inscriptions. In
addition to these he has published in
the Asiatic Journal translations from
the Chinese, several papers in the
"Transactions of the Royal Society
of Literature," the Archæologia, the
Revue Archéologique, the Archaolo-
gische Zeitung, the Zeitschrift für
ægyptische Sprache und Alterthum-
skunde, and the works of various
societies. He also contributed many
articles to the "English Encyclo-
pædia." The late king of Prussia
presented him with a copy of the
great work of Lepsius, the "Denk-
mäler," for his Egyptian researches.
Dr. Birch's other publications are
the "Gallery of Antiquities," 1842;
the text of Owen Jones's "Views on
the Nile," 1843; "Catalogue of Greek
Vases" (with Mr. Newton), 1851;
"Introduction to the Study of the
Hieroglyphics," 1857; a "History of
Ancient Pottery," 1858; "Descrip-
tion of the Papyrus of Nash-khem,"
1863; and the "Rhind Papyri," in
1866. Dr. Birch presided over the
Congress of Orientalists, held in
London in Sept., 1874. The German
Emperor conferred on him the Order
of the Crown, and the University of
Cambridge its honorary LL.D. degree,
|
|
109
""
"Mo-
""
BIRKS, THE REV. THOMAS RAW-
SON, M.A., born Sept., 1810, graduated
at Trinity College, Cambridge, as
Second Wrangler and Second Smith's
Prizeman in 1834. In the same year
he became Fellow of his college, and
was Seatonian Prizeman in 1843 and
1844. In the latter year he became
rector of Kelshall, Herts. He is the
author of "First Elements of Pro-
phecy," "The Four Empires,” “The
Two Later Visions of Daniel,'
dern Astronomy, ""Modern Rational-
ism," "The Christian State,” “Horæ
Apostolicæ," a supplement to Paley's
"Hore Pauline; "Hora Evange-
licæ," a work on the internal evi-
dence of the Gospels, "Treasures of
Wisdom, "Difficulties of Belief,"
"Outlines of Unfulfilled Prophecy,"
"The Bible and Modern Thought,"
"Matter and Ether, or the Secret
Laws of Physical Change,"
"The
Exodus of Israel, "Memoirs of the
late Rev. E. Bickersteth, Rector of
Watton," (whose daughter he mar-
ried for his first wife, who died in
1864), and various pamphlets and
lectures. He was, from 1850 to 1871,
one of the honorary secretaries of the
Evangelical Alliance, an office which
he resigned in consequence of his
opinions on the subject of eternal
punishment being dissented from by
the committee. He was for five years
examining chaplain to Dr. Villiers.
bishop of Carlisle, and afterwards
bishop of Durham. Mr. Birks was
appointed Perpetual Curate of Holy
Trinity, Cambridge, in 1865, and
held that incumbency till 1877. Upon
his returning to reside in Cambridge
in 1866, he soon began to take an
active part in University matters.
He was chosen as an examiner for
the Theological Examination in 1867
and 1868, and became a member of
the Board of Theological Studies.
He was appointed to preach the
Ramsden Sermon in 1867, and has
been one of the select preachers
|
""
110
BISHOP-BISMARCK.
before the University. Mr. Birks
was elected Professor of Moral Theo-
logy, Casuistical Divinity, and Moral
Philosophy, at Cambridge, in succes-
sion to the Rev. J. F. D. Maurice,
April 30, 1872. His most recent
publications are, "First Principles of
Modern Science: a Course of Lec-
tures delivered in the University of
Cambridge," 1874; "Modern Utili-
tarianism; or the Systems of Paley,
Bentham, and Mill, examined and
compared," 1874; and "Essay on
the Right Estimation of Manuscript
Evidence in the Text of the New
Testament," 1878.
burg, Moscow, and Palermo; and an
associate of the Society of St. Cecilia,
at Rome.
BIRMINGHAM, BISHOP OF. (See
ULLATHORNE.)
BISHOP, ANNA, LADY, daughter
of the late Mr. Rivière, an artist, was
born in London, in 1814, became the
second wife, in 1831, of the late Sir
Henry R. Bishop, professor of music
in the University of Oxford, who
died in 1855. She received an excel-
ient musical education, and made a
successful début as a singer in 1837,
appeared with distinction at the
Ancient and Philharmonic Concerts
in 1838, and at the great musical fes-
tivals given in the cathedral towns
of Gloucester, Worcester, York, and
Hereford. In the early part of her
career this lady chiefly sang the
classical music of Handel, Haydn,
Mozart, and Beethoven, having paid
little or no attention to modern ope-
ratic music; and it was not until she
had achieved a distinguished position
as a concert singer, that, by the
advice of a celebrated musician, she
seriously devoted herself to its study.
Lady Bishop afterwards made a tour
of the capitals of Europe, where, as
in America and Australia, she was
most enthusiastically received. She
returned to England in 1858, having
married Mr. Schulz, of New York,
and at the close of the London
season in 1859 went to the United
States, which she again left to reside
in London. This lady is a member of
the Philharmonic Societies of Copen-
hagen, Florence, and Verona, and of
the Musical Societies of St. Peters-
BISMARCK - SCHOENHAUSEN
(PRINCE VON), KARL OTTO, states-
man, born at Schoenhausen, April 1,
1815; studied at Göttingen, Berlin,
and Griefswald; entered the army,
and was afterwards a lieutenant in
the Landwehr. He became a member
of the Diet of the province of Saxony
in 1846, and of the General Diet, in
which he made himself remarkable
by the boldness of his speeches, in
| 1847. On one occasion he argued
that all great cities should be swept
from the face of the earth, because
they were the centres of democracy
and constitutionalism. Nor did the
events of 1848 modify his opinions.
In 1851 he entered the diplomatic
service, and was intrusted with the
legation at Frankfort. Regarding
Austria as the antagonist of Prussia,
he was sent in 1852 to Vienna, where
he proved a constant adversary_to
Count Rechberg. In 1858, a pamphlet
entitled "La Prusse et la Question
Italienne" appeared, the authorship
of which was generally attributed to
him. In this publication reference
was made to the antagonism existing
between Austria and Prussia, and
a triple alliance between France,
Prussia, and Russia was advocated.
In March, 1859, M. von Bismarck
was sent as Ambassador to St. Peters-
burg, which post he held until 1862,
and having conciliated the Czar, was
decorated with the order of Saint
Alexander Newski. In May, 1862,
he was appointed Ambassador to
Paris, where he received the Grand
Cross of the Legion of Honour from
the Emperor Napoleon, and he was
made Minister of the King's House
and of Foreign Affairs in Prussia,
Sept. 22. The budget having been
rejected by the Deputies, but adopted
by the Upper Chamber, M. Bismarck,
in the name of the king, dissolved
the former after a series of angry
altercations. The newspapers which
protested against this despotic act
were proceeded against with great
1
BISMARCK.
•
|
severity, as were numerous public
officials, magistrates, and others who
openly expressed views hostile to the
Government. In Jan., 1863, he pro-
tested against an address which the
Deputies presented to the King, in
which he was accused of having vio-
lated the constitution. Shortly after,
the affairs of Poland caused fresh
difficulties. The Chamber of Depu-
ties, by a majority of five to one,
censured the Ministry for having
concluded (Feb. 8) a secret treaty
with Russia. After the close of the
aggressive war waged by Prussia and
Austria against Denmark, in which
Austria had very reluctantly taken
part, Bismarck thought the time had
arrived for carrying out his long-
cherished project of making Prussia
the real head of Germany. His pre-
parations for another aggressive war
were completed, and, aided by an
alliance with Italy, in a campaign of
a few weeks' duration Austria and
her allies were defeated. It is pro-
bable that dread of a still more for-
midable alliance induced M. von
Bismarck to stop short in his career
of victory, as the Emperor Napoleon,
in his speech to the French Chambers,
declared that he had arrested the
conqueror at the gates of Vienna.
A preliminary treaty of peace with
Austria was concluded at Nikolsburg,
July 26, 1866, and as Austria con-
sented to retire from Germany, the
terms of a general pacification were
arranged. M. von Bismarck was
created a Count, Sept. 16, 1865, on
which occasion he received from the
King of Prussia a valuable estate in
Luxemburg. He lost no time in turn-
ing to account the victory gained by
Prussia over Austria, and in advancing
his favourite scheme for the unifica-
tion of Germany, provinces and
doms were at once annexed. The
free town of Frankfort received a
Prussian garrison in spite of the in-
dignant protests of the population;
Hanover was incorporated in the
Germanic Confederation; and at the
close of the year 1866 Count Bis-
marck succeeded in concluding with
111
Bavaria, Baden, and Wurtemberg
treaties of peace, and of alliance of-
fensive and defensive, with a proviso
that in the event of war the King of
Prussia should have the chief military
command. In 1867 Count Bismarck
organised the North German Con-
federation, which comprised twenty-
two States, representing a population
of 29,000,000. The King of Prussia
was at the head of this powerful Con-
federation, and a Federal Council,
composed of delegates of the different
States, was established, together with
a Diet or common Parliament, the
members of which were elected by
universal suffrage. The new federal
constitution was adopted by the
Prussian Chambers in June, and
came into operation on the 1st of the
following month, Count Bismarck
receiving as the reward of his services
the post of Chancellor of the Confe-
deration and President of the Federal
Council. The Luxemburg question
now gave rise to serious differences
between the Prussian and French
Governments, and Count Bismarck
strenuously opposed the projected
cession of that province by Holland
to France. Eventually the dispute
was settled by the Luxemburg terri-
tory being neutralized, and the fort-
resses dismantled. After this both
Powers declared their intention to be
pacific, but nevertheless they both
increased their already bloated arma-
ments. Ill-health compelled Count
Bismarck to retire from public life
for a short period in 1868, but he
returned to Berlin in October of
that year, and resumed the direction
of affairs. On the 1st of January he
entered on his functions as Foreign
Minister of the North German Con-
federation. In July, 1870, it tran-
king-spired that General Prim had sent a
deputation to Prussia to offer the
crown of Spain to Prince Leopold of
Hohenzollern. The French people
were greatly agitated at the receipt
of this intelligence. Some of their
leading statesman declared that
France would never consent to see
a Prussian prince seated on the
112
BJÖRNSON.
throne of Spain, and explanations
were demanded from the Berlin
cabinet. It was alleged by Count
Bismarck that the King of Prussia
gave his consent to the acceptance of
the crown by the prince only as the
head of the Hohenzollern family, and
not as an act of the Government. A
few days later the withdrawal of the
prince's candidature was announced;
but in spite of this France declared
war against Prussia, and the campaign
commenced, the latter power receiv-
ing great assistance from the troops
sent into the field by the King of
Bavaria and the Dukes of Baden and
Wurtemberg. This is not the place
to record the complete successes of
the German armies. Suffice it to say,
that Count Bismarck accompanied
the King throughout the campaign,
and that after the capitulation of
Paris he dictated the terms of peace,
which were adopted by the Assembly
then sitting at Bordeaux. He suc-
ceeded in uniting Germany, and on
Jan. 18, 1871, he had the satisfaction
of seeing King William of Prussia
crowned Emperor of Germany in the
palace of the French kings, at Ver-
sailles. In the same month he was
appointed by his Imperial master
Chancellor of the German Empire,
and in the following March raised to
the rank of Prince. In Sept. of the
same year he was present at the
memorable meeting of the German
and Austrian emperors at Gastein.
Subsequently Prince Bismarck greatly
offended the Catholic party through-
out Germany by promoting the legal
measures which were directed against
the freedom of the Church, and
which resulted in the expulsion of
the Jesuits, and the incarceration of
several bishops. In Dec., 1872, he
resigned the presidency of the State
Ministry, although he continued to
confer with the Emperor on the
affairs of the empire and its foreign
policy. The Emperor also authorised
him, in the event of his being unable
to appear personally at a meeting of
the Ministry of State, to give his
vote on matters concerning the
|
interests of the empire through the
President of the Imperial Chancel-
lery. On this occasion Prince Bis-
marck received from his royal master
the Order of the Black Eagle, set in
diamonds. In Oct., 1873, he was re-
appointed as Prussian Premier. On
July 13, 1874, as the Prince was
driving in the country at Kis-
singen, he was fired at by a young
man named Kullmann, and slightly
wounded by a shot which grazed his
right wrist. The culprit was appre-
hended and eventually sentenced to
fourteen years' hard labour, with a
further ten years' loss of civil rights,
police inspection, and costs. An
attempt was made to prove that
Kullmann was connected with the
clerical party, and a statement to
that effect made by Prince Bismarck
himself afterwards led to an exciting
scene in the German Parliament.
Towards the close of 1874, at the
instigation of Prince Bismarck, Count
Arnim was imprisoned and tried on
a charge of having abstracted docu-
ments from the archives of the Ger-
man embassy at Paris. He presided
over the Congress of the representa-
tives of the Great Powers which
assembled at Berlin to discuss the
provisions of the Treaty of San Ste-
fano in 1878.
BJÖRNSON, BJÖRNSTENE, a Nor-
wegian novelist and dramatic poet,
born at Quikne (Oesterdal), Dec. 8,
1832, first became known in conse-
quence of some articles and stories
which he contributed to newspapers,
especially the "Folkeblad,” an illus-
trated journal, in the columns of
which appeard his "Aanum," "Ole
Stormsen," and "En munter Mand.”
The years 1856 and 1857 he passed
at Copenhagen, where he studied the
works of Baggesen, of Elenschläger,
and of the principal Danish writers.
Afterwards he published in "Faedre-
landet," his novel of "Thrond,"
which was followed by "Arne" and
"Synnove Solbakken." He has also
produced several tragedies and other
pieces for the stage. The following
works of his have been translated
BLACHFORD-BLACK.
into English :-"Arne: a Sketch of
Norwegian Country Life," translated
from the Norwegian, by A. Plesner
and S. Rugeley Powers, Svo, London,
1866;
"Ovind a Story of Country
Life in Norway," translated by S.
and E. Hjerleid, 8vo, London, 1869;
"The Fisher Maiden," a Norwegian
tale, translated from the author's
German edition, by M. E. Niles, Svo,
New York, 1869-also translated from
the Norwegian, under the title of
"The Fishing Girl," by A. Plesner
and F. Richardson, 8vo, London,
1870; "The Happy Boy: a Tale of
Norwegian Peasant Life," translated
by H. R. G., Boston, U.S., 1870; "The
Newly-married Couple," translated
by S. and E. Hjerleid, 8vo, London,
1870; and "Love and Life in Nor-
way," translated from the Norwegian,
by the Hon. A. Bethell and A. Ples-
ner, 8vo, London, 1870.
|
BLACHFORD (BARON), THE
RIGHT HON. FREDERICK ROGERS, is
the eldest son of the late Sir Frede-
rick Leman Rogers, Bart., of Wis-
dome, by Sophia, daughter of the
late Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Rus-
sell Deare, of the Bengal Artillery,
who was killed in action in 1791.
He was born in London on Jan. 31,
1811, and educated at Eton and
Oriel College, Oxford, where he took
his B.A. degree in 1832, obtaining
first-class honours in the school of
Literæ Humaniores, and also in that
of mathematics. He had already
obtained the Craven University Scho-
larship; and he subsequently gained
a Fellowship at Oriel College, to
which he added the Vinerian Scholar-
ship and Fellowship. He graduated
M.A. in 1835, and B.C.L. in 1838.
He was called to the bar at the Inner
Temple in 1836. In 1845 he was ap-
pointed Registrar of Joint-Stock
Companies, and in the following year
one of the Commissioners of Lands
and Emigration. In 1857 he was
nominated Assistant Commissioner
for the Sale of Encumbered Estates in
the West Indies; and in May, 1860,
Permanent Under-Secretary of State
for the Colonies, a post which he held
113
until 1871, when he was sworn Privy
Councillor, in recognition of his long
and arduous labours in the public
service. In Oct., 1871, he was raised
to the peerage of the United King-
dom, with the title of Baron Blach-
ford, of Wisdome, in the county of
Devon.
BLACK, WILLIAM, was born at
Glasgow in 1841, and received his
education at various private schools.
His youthful ambition was to become
an artist, and he studied for a short
time in the Government School of
Art in his native city, but eventually
he drifted into journalism, becoming
connected with the Glasgow Weekly
Citizen while yet in his teens. In
1864 he came to London, and wrote
for magazines. He was attached, in
the following year, to the staff of the
Morning Star, and was special corre-
spondent for that paper during the
Franco-Austrian war of 1866, scenes
from which appeared in his first
novel, "Lone or Marriage," published
in 1867. This novel dealt too much with
awkward social problems, and was
not successful, but the author's next
work of fiction was more favourably
received. It was entitled "In Silk
Attire" (1869), and a considerable por-
tion of it was devoted to descriptions
of peasant life in the Black Forest.
Then followed "Kilmeny" and "The
Monarch of Mincing Lane," the
former dealing mostly with Bohemian
artistic life in London. But his first
real hold of the novel-reading public
was obtained by "A Daughter of
Heth" (1871), which went through
many editions, and has since pro-
duced not a few imitations. Next
came "The Strange Adventures of a
Phaeton " (1872), which literally
described a driving excursion that the
author made from London to Edin-
burgh, with a thread of fiction inter-
woven. It is said that a good many
Americans have adopted this plan of
exploring the English counties, and
have taken the "Adventures as a
sort of guide-book. In 1873 was
published" A Princess of Thule," the
most popular of Mr. Black's novels,
I
""
2
!
114
BLACKBURN-BLACKIE.
both in this country and in America. |
It has been translated into German,
Russian, and Swedish. In 1874 ap-
peared "The Maid of Killeena and
other Stories ;' in 1875, Three
Feathers," the scene of which was
laid in Cornwall; and in 1876,
"Madcap Violet." His latest novel,
"Macleod of Dare," was commenced
in Good Words in Jan., 1878. For
four or five years Mr. Black was as-
sistant editor of the Daily News, but
he has practically ceased his connec-
tion with journalism some years ago.
|
|
>>
BLACKBURN (BARON), THE
RIGHT HON. COLIN BLACKBURN,
second son of the late John Black-
burn, Esq., of Killearn, co. Stirling,
by Rebecca, daughter of the late Rev.
Dr. Gillies, was born in 1813, and
educated at Eton and Trinity College,
Cambridge, where he graduated B.A.
as a high Wrangler in 1835. He was
called to the bar at the Middle Tem-
ple, and for some years went the
Northern circuit. For about eight
years he conducted, with the late
Mr. Ellis, the regular recognized
Reports in the Court of Queen's
Bench, and the eight or ten volumes
of "Ellis and Blackburn are of high
authority. He published an excellent
legal work "On Sales." At Liverpool
he had secured a large amount of
business in heavy commercial cases,
when, in 1859, he was made a puisne
judge of the Queen's Bench. On that
occasion he received the honour of
Knighthood. In Oct., 1876, he was
made a Lord of Appeal under the
provisions of the Appellate Jurisdic-
tion Act (1876), and created a peer
for life under the title of Baron
Blackburn. In Aug. 1878, he was
nominated a member of the Royal
Commission appointed to consider
the provisions of a draft Code relat-
ing to Indictable Offences.
BLACKBURN, HENRY, born at
Portsmouth, Feb. 15, 1830, and edu-
cated at King's College, London, was
appointed private secretary to the
Right Hon. E. Horsman, M.P., in
1853. He is a foreign correspondent
and art-critic for London papers and
magazines. Mr. Blackburn visited
Spain and Algeria in 1855 and 1857,
and delivered illustrated lectures on
"Life in Algeria" (afterwards pub-
lished in London and the provinces).
He was appointed editor of London
Society in 1870, but resigned that post
in 1872. He also holds an appoint-
ment in the Civil Service Commis-
sion. Mr. Blackburn wrote and partly
illustrated the following works: “Tra-
velling in Spain," a record of adven-
ture in that country, 1866; “The
Pyrenees," illustrated by Gustave
Doré, 1867; "Artists and Arabs,"
1868; "Normandy Picturesque,"
1869; "Art in the Mountains; the
Story of the Passion-Play in Bavaria,"
1870; "Harz Mountains, a Tour in
the Toy Country," 1873; and
Academy Notes, with Illustrations
of the principal
of the principal Pictures," 1875,
et seq.
|
BLACKIE, JOHN STUART, Pro-
fessor of Greek in the University of
Edinburgh, son of a banker in Aber-
deen, born at Glasgow, in July, 1809,
was educated at Aberdeen and Edin-
burgh. During two years passed in
Göttingen and Berlin, and at Rome,
he devoted himself to the study of
German, Italian, and classical philo-
logy. In 1834 he published a metri-
cal translation of Goethe's "Faust,"
with notes and prolegomena, and was
called to the Scottish bar. He be-
came a frequent contributor of
articles bearing on German literature
to Blackwood, Tait, and the Foreign
Quarterly Review. In 1841 he was
appointed to the newly-formed chair
of Latin Literature in Marischal
College, Aberdeen. This post he held
for eleven years, during which time
he entered warmly into the movement
for University Reform in Scotland,
which resulted in the appointment of
a Parliamentary Commission on that
subject in 1858, by which some im-
portant changes were effected in the
higher branches of education in Scot-.
land. He contributed several philo-
logical articles to the Classical Mu-
scum, published in 1850, then edited
by Dr. L. Schmitz, and a metrical
BLACKMORE.
115
|
77
translation of Æschylus, which led to
his appointment, in 1852, to the Greek
chair in the University of Edinburgh.
This was followed by an essay on the
"Pronunciation of Greek, Accent and
Quantity" (1852); a "Discourse on
Beauty, with an Exposition of the
Theory of Beauty according to Plato
appended" (1858); Poems, chiefly on
Greek Mythology (1857), and another
volume of Poems, English and Latin
(1860). In 1853 he travelled in
Greece, and published a lecture
warmly recommending the study of
modern Greek, and articles on modern
Greece in the Westminster and North
British Reviews. He is the author of
various articles in the North British
Review, an article on Plato in the
“Edinburgh Essays," and the article
"Homer," in the "Encyclopædia Bri-
tannica." In addition to his acade-
mical work, which, since he settled in
Edinburgh, has been principally con-
nected with Plato and Homer, Pro-
fessor Blackie has been very active
as a popular lecturer, and made him-
self somewhat conspicuous as a warm
advocate of Scottish nationality. In
the discussions which preceded the
passing of the Reform Bill of 1867 he
took a warm interest, and supported
the principles of the British constitu-
tion against the advocates of American
democracy in a public debate with
Ernest Jones, the well-known chartist.
Professor Blackie's argument on
"Democracy," on this occasion, was
on this occasion, was
published, and went through six edi-
tions in a fortnight. His name is
closely connected with the movement
which resulted in the abolition of the
Test Act, requiring the professors of
the Scottish Universities to be mem-
bers of the Established Church. In
1866 he published "Homer and the
Iliad," containing a translation of the
Iliad in ballad measure, a third vo-
lume of Critical Dissertations, and a
fourth of Notes Philological and Arch-
æological, and in 1869 Musa Burschi-
cosa," a volume of songs for students
and university men. In 1870 he put
forth a volume of "War Songs of the
Germans," with historical sketches,
in which he advocated the cause of the
Germans against France with great
energy and decision. In 1872 he
published "Lays of the Highlands
and Islands.' Professor Blackie
also appeared as a lecturer in the
Royal Institution, London, where he
combated the views of Mr. John
Stuart Mill in moral philosophy, of
Mr. Grote in his estimate of the Greek
sophists, and of Max Müller in his
allegorical interpretation of ancient
myths. His views on moral philo-
sophy against the Utilitarian school
were set forth in "Four Phases of
Morals," Edinburgh, 1871, 2nd edit.,
1874. His principal philological
papers appeared in a collected form
in 1874, under the title of "Horæ Hel-
lenicæ;" and in the same year he put
forth a little volume of practical
advice to young men, entitled "Self-
Culture," which had a large sale in
England and America, and went
through five editions in ten months.
Recently Professor Blackie has de-
livered many lectures in various
parts of Scotland, in aid of a fund for
establishing a Professorship of Gaelic
in the University of Edinburgh.
BLACKMORE, RICHARD DOD-
DRIDGE, son of the Rev. John Black-
more, was born at Longworth, Berk-
shire, in 1825. His paternal grand-
mother was a grand-daughter of Dr.
Doddridge. He was educated at
Tiverton School, and Exeter College,
Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in
1847, taking a second class in classics.
He was called to the bar at the Mid-
dle Temple in 1852, and afterwards
practised as a conveyancer. He is
the author of "Eric and Karina,"
Epullia, the Bugle of the Black
Sea," and the following novels:
"Clara Vaughan," 1864
"Cradock
Nowell: a Tale of the New Forest,
1866; "Lorna Doone: a Romance
of Exmoor," 1869; "The Maid of
Sker," 1872; "Alice Lorraine: a
Tale of the South Downs," 1875;
((
*
(6
Cripps the Carrier: a Woodland
Tale," 1876; and "Eréma; or, My
Father's Sin," 1877. Mr. Blackmore
has also published "The Fate of
+
""
I 2
116
BLACKWELL-BLAIR.
He has
edited
"The
"The London.
Gouvernayle of Helthe," and other
early-printed books; has contributed
several articles to the current litera-
ture of the day upon the History of
Printing and Palæotypography; but
is best known by his work, "The
Life of William Caxton," 2 vols.,
1863, which for the first time placed
the study of early printing in Eng-
land upon a sure basis.
|
BLAINE, JAMES GILLESPIE, born
in Washington County, Pennsyl-
vania, in 1830. After leaving school
he took up his residence in the State
of Maine, became a journalist, and in
time the editor of the Portland Argus,
the leading Republican newspaper in
the State, having in the meantime
served four years in the Legislature.
In 1862 he was elected a Representa-
tive in Congress, and was re-elected
for each successive term until 1876.
He was Speaker of the House of Re-
presentatives from 1869 to 1874, and
was again the Republican candidate
in 1875, but was defeated, the Demo-
crats having now a majority in that
body. In 1876 he was a candidate
for the Republican nomination for
President of the United States, his
principal competitors being Mr. Ros-
coe Conklin, of New York, and Mr.
Hayes of Ohio. In 1877 Mr. Blaine
was chosen United States Senator
from Maine, his term expiring in
1883.
Franklin,' a
poem, 1860 ;
Farm and Fruit of Old," a transla-
tion of the first and second Georgics
of Virgil, 1862; and a translation of
"The Georgics of Virgil," 1871.
BLACKWELL, ELIZABETH, born
in Bristol, England, Feb. 3, 1821.
Having sustained heavy commercial
losses, her father, in 1832, removed to
the United States, where he died in
1838, leaving his widow and nine
children almost penniless. Miss
Blackwell aided in their support by
teaching; but after a time resolved
to become a physician. She passed
through her preliminary medical
studies at Charleston, South Caro-
lina, supporting herself meanwhile
by teaching music. She subse-
quently went through a private
course of dissection and midwifery
in Philadelphia, meantime applying
to several medical schools for ad-
mission as a student. She was re-
fused by all, except those of Castle-
ton, Vermont, and Geneva, New York,
and at the latter she was matriculated
in 1847, and in 1849 received the first
medical degree conferred upon a
woman in the United States. After
her graduation she spent a year and
a half in the Maternité Hospital of
Paris, and that of St. Bartholomew in
London, and in 1851 established her-
self as a physician, mainly in the treat-
ment of women and children, at New
York, where, in 1857, she founded an
infirmary for women and children,
having also a large private practice.
She has published "The Laws of
Life," and other professional works.
In 1859 she again visited England,
and delivered a course of medical
lectures. Her younger sister, EMILY
BLACKWELL, took her degree of
M.D. in 1854, completed her studies
in the hospitals of New York, Edin-
burgh, Paris, and London, and is
associated with her sister in the New
York Infirmary for Women and
Children.
BLADES, WILLIAM, born at Clap-
ham, Surrey, in 1824, was educated
at Clapham Grammar School, and
succeeded his father as a printer in
BLAIR, MONTGOMERY, born in
Franklin County, Kentucky, May 10,
1813, is the son of Francis P. Blair
(born 1791, and died in 1876), who
was for many years a leading Demo-
cratic editor, but in 1850 took a
prominent part in organizing the Re-
publican party. He graduated in
1835 at the United States Military
Academy at West Point, and served
in the war against the Seminole
Indians in Florida. Resigning his
commission in 1836, he studied law,
and was admitted to the bar at St.
Louis, and from 1839 to 1849 held
civil and judicial positions in Missouri.
In 1852 he removed to Maryland,
and was appointed solicitor of the
BLAKE-BLAKESLEY.
United States in the Court of Claims. | causâ.
He had been a Democrat, but upon
the repeal of the Missouri Com-
promise he, with his father and elder
brother, joined the Republican party,
and was removed from office by Presi-
dent Buchanan. In 1861 he was
appointed by President Lincoln to be
Postmaster-General, retaining the
office till 1864, when he resigned.
Having become dissatisfied with the
policy of the Republicans, he joined
their opponents, and has since acted
with the Democrats. Early in 1878,
he came somewhat prominently into
notice in connection with a proposi-
tion to set aside, as fraudulent, the
election of Mr. Hayes to the Presi-
dency.
Dr. Blakeney has written
largely on the controversy with the
Catholic Church. Among his works
are a "Manual of Romish Contro-
versy," 1851, which has reached its
tenth edition; "The Book of Com-
mon Prayer in its History and In-
terpretation," 1865-2nd ed. 1866;
3rd ed. 1870; "Catechism of the
Prayer Book," 1869
and a "Protes-
tant Catechism," 1851, which has
passed through sixty editions.
|
BLAKESLEY, THE VERY REV.
JOSEPH WILLIAMS, B.D., the son of
a London merchant, was born in
1808, and educated at St. Paul's
School and Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, where he graduated B.A. in
1831 as 21st Wrangler and Senior
Chancellor's Medalist. He was sub-
sequently elected Fellow and Tutor
of his college, and twice appointed
select preacher before the university,
in which capacity he preached the
two courses of sermons on the Dis-
pensation of Paganism and the Evi-
dences of Christianity, published
under the title "Conciones Acade-
micæ." In 1845 he was presented by
his college to the vicarage of Ware.
He was an unsuccessful candidate for
the Regius Professorship of Divinity
at Cambridge in 1850; was offered,
but declined, the Regius Professor-
ship of Modern History in 1860 ;
was appointed a classical examiner
in the University of London in 1861;
and was presented by the Crown to
a canonry in Canterbury Cathedral
in 1863. He formerly sat as Proctor
for the Chapter of Canterbury in the
Lower House of Convocation ; and
he is one of the Committee for re-
vising the authorised version of the
New Testament.
New Testament. In June, 1872, he
was appointed Dean of Lincoln.
Dean Blakesley, the reputed "Hert-
fordshire Incumbent" of the Times,
has published "The Life of Aristotle,
with a Critical Examination of some
questions of Literary History," 1839;
an edition of Herodotus in the
"Bibliotheca Classica," 1854; and
"Four Months in Algeria, with a
BLAKE, WILLIAM PHIPPS, born
in New York, June 1, 1826. He
graduated at the Mining School at
New Haven, in 1852, and in the
following year became Mineralogist
and Geologist for the Pacific Rail-
road Company. From 1861 to 1863
he was Mining Engineer for the
Japanese Government, and subse-
quently Professor of Mineralogy and
Geology in the College of California.
He was Special Commissioner to the
Paris Exposition of 1867, and the
Vienna Exposition of 1873, and is
Vice-President of the American In-
stitute of Mining Engineers. Among
his writings are: "Silver Ores and
Silver Mines," "The Production of
Precious Metals," and "Mining
Machinery."
•
117
BLAKENEY, THE REV. RICHARD
PAUL, D.D., LL.D., born in Roscom-
mon, June 2, 1820, was educated at
Trinity College, Dublin, taking a first-
class place in theology in 1843. He
was appointed to the curacy of St.
Paul's, Nottingham, in June, 1843;
to the vicarage of Ison-Green, Not-
tinghamshire, in June, 1844; and in
Jan., 1852, to the vicarage of Christ
Church, Claughton, Birkenhead,
which he resigned in 1874, on being
appointed vicar of Bridlington, York-
shire. In 1868 the Senatus of the
University of Edinburgh conferred
on him the degree of D.D. honoris | Visit to Carthage," 1859.
118
BLAKEY-BLANC.
BLAKEY, ROBERT, Ph.D., was
born at Morpeth, Northumberland, in
1795. Devoting himself early in life
to literature and philosophy, he pub-
lished in 1829 his first regular work
on "The Freedom of the Divine and
Human Wills," which was favour-
ably received, and brought him into
notice among abstract thinkers. It
was followed, in 1833, by his "His-
tory of Moral Science," which secured
him the approbation of Southey,
Allan Cunningham, Sir W. Hamilton,
Dr. Chalmers, and others. This work
has since become a text-book in many
of the colleges in the United States.
In 1834 he wrote his (6
Essay on
Logic," chiefly with a view to popu-
larize this branch of knowledge. Dr.
Blakey published several other vo-
lumes; among which may be men-
tioned "The Lives of the Primitive
Fathers of the Church," and "The
History of the Philosophy of Mind."
For the last the author received com-
mendations from MM. Victor Cousin,
Gioberti, Gruyer, and numerous Ger-
man savants, and a gold medal from
the King of the Belgians. In 1835 he
was appointed Professor of Logic
and Metaphysics in Queen's College,
Belfast, which he relinquished on
account of ill health. His "Tem-
poral Benefits of Christianity," and
his "Historical Sketch of Logic,"
appeared in rapid succession, fol-
lowed by the "History of Political
Literature," in 1855, which brought
down the account of authors to the
year 1700. Two other volumes, em-
bracing the last and present centuries,
are nearly ready for publication. Dr.
Blakey is the author of several
volumes on angling and sporting
topics, and a contributor to the "En-
cyclopædia Britannica." The Uni-
versity of Jena conferred upon him
the honorary degree of Ph.D., in
recognition of the merit of his philo-
sophical writings.
BLANC, AUGUSTE ALEXANDRE
PHILIPPE CHARLES, elder brother of
M. Louis Blanc, was born at Castres
(Tarn) Nov. 15, 1813, and was brought
up as an engraver, but he abandoned
the burin for the pen, and contri-
buted art criticisms to various jour-
nals. In 1841 he became editor of
the Propagateur de l'Aube, and the
following year he published at Paris
the Almanach du Mois. After the re-
volution of 1848, he was appointed
Director of the Fine Arts, which post
he retained for four years. He became
editor of the Gazette des Beaux Arts
in 1859, and was elected a member of
the Academy of Fine Arts in 1868, in
succession to M. Walewski. After the
fall of the empire (1870) he was again
appointed Director of the Fine Arts,
which post he resigned after the de-
feat of M. Thiers, being succeeded in
it by the Marquis de Chennevières
(Dec. 24, 1873). In June, 1876, M.
Charles Blanc was elected a member
of the French Academy in the place
of M. de Carné; and in March, 1878,
he was appointed to the new Chair of
Esthetics and Art History in the
Collège de France. His principal
works are "Histoire des Peintres
Français au XIXe. Siècle," an un-
finished work, only the first volume
having been published in 1845; "Les
Peintres des Fêtes Galantes," 1853,
comprising Watteau, Lancret, Pater,
and Boucher; Les Trésors de l'Art
à Manchester," 1857; De Paris à
Venise, Notes au Crayon,” 1857 ; “Le
Trésor de la Curiosité," 2 vols.
;
"Grammaire des Arts du Dessin,'
1867; "L'Art dans la Parure,” 1874 ;
and "Voyage dans la Haute-Égypte :
observations sur les arts égyptien et
arabe," 1876. M. Charles Blanc has
also been one of the principal contri-
butors to the great "Histoire des
Peintres de toutes les Écoles," com-
menced by M. Armengaud.
BLANC, JEAN - JOSEPH - LOUIS,
born at Madrid, Oct. 28, 1813, is of
Corsican extraction, his mother, née
Estelle Pozzo di Borgo, belonging to
the same family as the celebrated
diplomatist of that name. When
nineteen years old he went to Paris,
and wrote in several daily journals.
Afterwards, at Arras, he contributed
to one of the most important Repub-
lican papers of the department-the
BLANC.
Progrès du Pas-de-Calais. In 1838 he | the representatives of
|
founded the Revue du Progrès, in
which he first published "The Or-
ganisation of Labour." As he was
returning home one evening in Oct.
1839, he was suddenly assailed from
behind by some ruffian, who inflicted
a violent blow with a stick on his
right eye. The author of this cowardly
attempt, which was made the day
after M. Louis Blanc had published
a review of Louis Bonaparte's work
"Les Idées Napoléoniennes," was
never discovered. M. Louis Blanc
had a brother one year younger than
himself, who was at that time at
Rodez, in the department of l'Avey-
ron, and who entertained so strong a
conviction that his brother was being
assaulted at the precise moment when
it really occurred, that he was in-
duced to write at once for informa-
tion to Paris. This incident was the
origin of M. Dumas' "Corsican
Brothers," the main subject of which
is the preternatural sympathy be-
tween two brothers. M. Louis Blanc
having become a clerk in a notary's
office, soon found more congenial oc-
cupation as tutor in a private family,
and shortly afterwards made his way
to eminence among the journalists of
Paris. The important part that M.
Louis Blanc played in the stormy
days of 1848 has become matter of
history. He was elected a member
of the Provisional Government, and
it has been erroneously asserted that,
while serving his country in that
capacity, he created and organised
the famous "National Workshops," a
scheme that he strenuously depre-
cated and opposed, and which, to use
the words of M. Lamartine, "was the
device of his adversaries." This
calumny was so ingeniously and in-
dustriously disseminated, to serve the
purpose of political intrigues, that it
was long credited, in spite of many
unquestionable proofs of its fallacy.
M. Louis Blanc, when a member of
the Provisional Government, pre-
vailed upon his colleagues to abolish
capital punishment for political of-
fences; and on being returned one of
Paris by
120,000 votes, after the Provisional
Government had surrendered its
power to the hands of the National
Assembly, he brought forward and
carried the motion for a repeal of the
law by which the family of the Bona-
partes was doomed to perpetual exile.
To the abrogation of this law Louis
Napoleon was indebted for permis-
sion to return to France, and con-
sequently for his subsequent wonder-
ful good fortune. The circumstances
that led to M. Louis Blanc's quitting
France, and taking up his abode in
this country may be briefly stated.
A violent demonstration was made
May 15, 1848, in favour of Poland, by
numbers of people, who invaded the
hall of the National Assembly. M.
Louis Blanc exerted himself to check
this unwarrantable attempt at popu-
lar dictation. Although the working
men who took part in the demonstra-
tion did not follow his advice, they
showed him sympathy and respect,
which his enemies turned against
him, making them the pretext for an
attempt to proscribe him. This un-
founded charge fell to the ground,
and it was not until amid the excite-
ment that prevailed after the sangui-
nary insurrection of June in the same
year, when the minds of many were
under the influence of a frantic reac-
tionary movement, that the charge
already disproved was revived, and
his proscription resolved upon and
voted by the very men, indeed, who
had but a short time before pro-
claimed his innocence. One of the
most prominent of M. Louis Blanc's
literary undertakings was his " His-
toire des Dix Ans: 1830-1840,” which
passed through several editions and
exercised great influence on political
events in France during the latter
portion of the reign of Louis Philippe.
His larger and more important pro-
duction, the "History of the French
Revolution," written during his resi-
dence in England, consists of twelve
volumes. "Historical Revelations,"
intended to expose the misrepresenta-
tions in Lord Normanby's narrative
G
119
•
120
BLANCHARD-BLANQUI.
of certain events that occurred in
Paris after the overthrow of Louis
Philippe's government, was published
in 1859. M. Louis Blanc-who
who
during his residence in England
acted as correspondent to several❘
French journals-published "Letters
on England," of which a translation
appeared in London in 1866. On the
fall of the Empire in 1870, M. Louis
Blanc returned to his native country.
He has represented the fifth arron-
dissement of the department of the
Seine in the National Assembly since
Feb. 1871.
**
((
BLANCHARD, EDWARD LEMAN,
son of William Blanchard, who for
thirty-five years was a distinguished
comedian at Covent Garden Theatre,
was born Dec. 11, 1820. Mr. E. L.
Blanchard became a constant contri-
butor to periodical and dramatic lite-
rature at a very early period of his
life, and before his twenty-fifth year
was known to the public as the editor
of "Chambers's London Journal," the
author of "Bradshaw's Descriptive
Railway Guides," and a series of
handbooks, tales,
tales, essays, dramas,
farces, and burlesques, which showed
the exercise of a ready pen in the
service of publishers and managers.
He afterwards edited Willoughby's
Shakspere," England and Wales
Delineated," and wrote the novels of
Temple Bar," and "Man without a
Destiny," besides supplying Miss
Emma Stanley and Mr. W. S. Woodin
with some of the most popular
tertainments" perhaps ever brought
before the public. In addition to a
quantity of literary work of a mis-
cellaneous character, Mr. E. L. Blan-
chard has furnished the theatres with
about one hundred pieces, most of
them Christmas extravaganzas, in
which he seems specially to have
aimed at the dramatic illustration of
fairy mythology. During twenty-
eight successive years the "Drury
Lane Christmas Annuals" have pro-
ceeded from his pen. For the last
fifteen years he has been on the lite-
rary staff of the Daily Telegraph.
BLANQUI, LOUIS AUGUSTE, a
(C
en-
66
French communist, is a son of Jean
Dominique Blanqui, a member of the
Council of Five Hundred, and brother-
of Jérôme Adolphe Blanqui, the poli-
tical economist, who died in 1854.
He was born in 1805 at Nice, which
city was at that period included in the
department of the Alpes Maritimes.
Early initiated in the secret societies,
he strongly imbibed the communistic
and Republican doctrines which he
has made it the business of his life to
assert.
assert. His first public appearance
was after the elections of 1827 in
Paris, when the royal troops fired
upon the populace in order to quell
a transient political disturbance, and
Blanqui was among the wounded. In
1830, while yet a student of law, he
took up arms on the popular side,
against the rule of Charles X., and for
his bravery and spirit afterwards re-
ceived the decoration of July. Under
the government of Louis Philippe he
prosecuted a fervent contest, by
means of pamphlets and articles in
the Liberal papers, against the bour-
geoisie, or trading classes. A mem-
ber of the club called La Société des
Amis du Peuple, he became one of the
most active propagators of the doc-
trines which led to the revolution of
1848. A discourse pronounced before
this society in 1835 directed the at-
tention of the Government to him,.
when he was arrested, tried, and sen-
tenced to one year's imprisonment
and a fine of 200 francs. A few
months later, being suspected of com-
plicity with Fieschi, who discharged
the infernal machine at the King, he
was again arrested, sent to prison for
two years, and fined 300 francs. He.
was amnestied before the expiration
of his term, although a return to
Paris was interdicted. As soon as he
was released he began the organisa-
tion of an immense affiliated associa--
tion, which, under the name of La
Société des Saisons and Les Montag-
nards, renewed the anti-monarchical.
propagandism. The members of these.
societies were supposed to be 1,000,000
in number. With Barbès and others.
he attempted a revolution at Paris in.
-
BLIND.
121
|
|
May, 1839. It failed, and Blanqui
was seized and condemned to death;
but again his punishment was com-
muted to perpetual imprisonment.
The revolution of Feb. 1848, freed
him from his fetters, and he became
a leader of the people. The insur-
rection of May 15 was organised by
him, and, at the head of a large body
of delegates, he marched to the hall
of the National Assembly, to inaugu-
rate, if possible, a more effective Go-
vernment; but he was overpowered
by the troops under Changarnier,
placed once more under arrest, and,
upon trial, remanded to prison for
ten years. He was released in 1859,
but was sentenced again to four years'
imprisonment in Jan. 1862. He ap-
peared again as one of the active
spirits in the violent agitations in
favour of the Red Republic, which
culminated in the Paris Commune in
1871, and he is still (1878) a prisoner
of state.
expand the movement into one for a
German Commonwealth, but he was
freed by the popular successes at
Offenburg. During the Frankfort
"Vor-Parliament," as a speaker at
mass-meetings, he insisted on the
abolition of the princely Diet and the
election of a Provisional Executive.
He was wounded during street-riots
at Frankfort, and proscribed after his
participation in the rising led by
Hecker. From Alsace, where he
stood at the head of the Strassburg
Committee, he agitated for a new
levy. Falsely accused of being im-
plicated in the Paris Insurrection of
June, he was imprisoned at Strass-
burg, and transported in chains to
Switzerland, the mayor of St. Louis
generously preventing his surrender
to the Baden authorities, which had
been planned by the French police.
During the Schleswig-Holstein war,
after the armistice of Malmoe, which
offended the national sentiment, he,
with Gustav von Struve, led, in Sept.
1848, the second Republican Revolu-
tion in the Black Forest. At the
storming of Staufen he fought on the
barricade, being among the last who
left the town. He was made a pri-
soner through the treachery of some
militiamen, and court-martialled. His
life, however, was saved, owing to a
defect in the proclamation of the
martial law, and the sympathies of
two of the soldiers composing the
Court. He was kept for some time
in chains in the casemates at Rastatt,
and was condemned at a State trial,
lasting ten days, by a half-sympa-
thising jury, to eight years' imprison-
ment. In the spring of 1849, when
being secretly transported to the for-
tress of Mainz, he was liberated by
the people and the soldiers breaking
open the prison at Bruchsal. Head-
ing the same day a hastily formed
number of free corps, he first_endea-
voured, with Struve, to take Rastatt,
and then entered the capital of
Baden. He was a firm opponent of
Brentano, whom he accused of being
in occult connection with the ejected
dynasty-a fact afterwards proved,
|
BLIND, KARL, was born at Mann-
heim, Sept. 4, 1826. He studied juris-
prudence at Heidelberg and Bonn; as
well as philosophy, political economy,
history, archæology, and ancient Ger-
manic literature. As a student he
was active for German freedom and
union. He was tried under the Press-
law at Mannheim, in 1846, but was
acquitted by the High Court of Jus-
tice. He established associations
among the students, the artisans, the
Gymnastic Unions, and the Army,
preparatory to the Revolution. In
1847 he was imprisoned in Rhenish
Bavaria for high treason against King
Ludwig. The trial was stopped, how-
ever, owing to the expected difficulty
of obtaining a verdict of "guilty
from a jury of the Palatinate. At
the beginning of the German Revolu-
tion, Karl Blind took a leading part
in the preparations for the rising at
Karlsruhe, when the demand for the
liberty of the Press, the universal in-
troduction of the jury system, the
establishment of a National Guard
and of a German Parliament were
carried. Again he was arrested for
high treason, as endeavouring to
મ
122
BLOOMFIELD-BLUMENTHAL.
when Brentano was declared
"traitor" by the Constituent Assem-
bly.
Being sent on a diplomatic
mission, with Frederick Schütz, to
Paris, accredited to Louis Napoleon,
the then President of the Republic,
Karl Blind was arrested, contrary to
the law of nations, on a charge of
being implicated in Ledru-Rollin's
rising for the protection of the Roman
Republic. The Left of the French
Assembly demanded his deliverance.
Menaced, after several months of im-
prisonment, with being surrendered
to the Prussian courts-martial, if he
continued to maintain his diplomatic
quality, he refused to yield, and was
banished from France. After this he
lived in Belgium, with his wife, who
has made many sacrifices for the
popular cause and also undergone
imprisonment. New persecutions
induced him to come with his family
to England: Louis Napoleon refusing
to let him pass through France into
Italy. He has carried on, from here,
a Democratic and National German
Propaganda. After an amnesty, in
1862, the House of Deputies at Stutt-
gart gave him a banquet. He was
the speaker of the London Germans
at Garibaldi's entry. He promoted
the Schleswig-Holstein movement in
connection with leaders of the Schles-
wig Diet, and was at the head of the
London Committee during the war.
He likewise exerted himself to in-
fluence public opinion in favour of
Italian and Polish independence, and
of the American Union, by speeches
and writings. At Berlin, his stepson
met with a tragic death in the attempt
of May 7, 1866. During the war of
1870-71, Karl Blind supported the
national German cause; and so also,
when parliamentary measures were
taken against the Catholic Church.
Many political writings, and essays
on history, mythology, and Germanic
literature, published in Germany,
England, America, and Spain, have
proceeded from his pen. Latterly he
has exerted himself to bring about the
National Testimonial for the philo-
sopher Feuerbach, and has worked
a
abroad for a proper commemoration
of the great master-singer Hans Sachs.
In 1875, an assault, well-nigh endan-
gering his life, was made upon him in
the streets of London by a political
enemy, who, found guilty and fined
before an English Court, was expelled
from the "German Association."
Among Karl Blind's recent writings
are Biographies of Ledru-Rollin,
Francis Deak,
Deak, and Freiligrath;
"Fire-Burial among our Germanic
Forefathers: a Record of the Poetry
and History of Teutonic Cremation;
Yggdrasil: or, the Teutonic Tree of
Existence; "An Old German Poem
and a Vedic Hymn;" and disquisi-
tions on Khazar and Russian history,
urging resistance to the further exten-
sion of the power of the Czar.
BLOEMFONTEIN, BISHOP
BISHOP OF.
(See WEBB.)
99
(6
""
BLOOMFIELD (LORD), THE
RIGHT HON. JOHN ARTHUR DOU-
GLAS, G.C.B., son of the 1st Lord
Bloomfield, who for many years held
a high position in the diplomatic
service, was born Nov. 12, 1802. He
entered the diplomatic service in
1818, and rising by successive steps
of promotion, was appointed, in 1844,
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary to the Court of St.
Petersburg, was transferred thence
in the same capacity to Berlin in
1851, and discharged the duties of
his post there with great judgment
and tact until, in Aug. 1860, he was
appointed Ambassador Extraordi-
nary and Minister Plenipotentiary at
Vienna. He held the latter appoint-
ment till July, 1871, when he was
succeeded by Sir Andrew Buchanan.
Lord Bloomfield was made a C.B.
April 27, 1848, a K.C.B. March 1,
1851, a G.C.B. Sept. 3, 1858, a Privy
Councillor Dec. 17, 1860; and a peer
of the United Kingdom, by the title
of Baron Bloomfield of Ciamhalltha,
in the county of Tipperary, July 29,
|
1871.
BLUMENTHAL, LIEUTENANT-
GENERAL LEONARD VON, Chief of
the General Staff of the Army of the
Crown Prince of Prussia, was born on
BLUMENTHAL.
123
Oder. He was, like the majority of
the leaders of the Prussian army, a
soldier from childhood. Educated
from 1820 to 1827 in the military aca-
demies of Culm and Berlin, he was
entered on July 27, 1827, as Second
Lieutenant in the Guard Landwehr
regiment (the present Fusilier
Guards), attended from 1830-1833
the general military schools in Ber-
lin, was from 1837-1845 Adjutant
to the Coblenz Landwehr battalion,
and became for the first time in 1846
Premier Lieutenant in the topo-
graphical division of the General
Staff. In order to make himself
thoroughly acquainted with technical
military science, Blumenthal had been
ordered for service during the fol-
lowing years to the Artillery Guards
and the division of the Pioneer Guards,
and had already, in March, 1848,
taken part as Lieutenant in the
Fusilier battalions of the 31st in-
fantry regiment in the street-fights
in Berlin. Some months later, Blu-
menthal was transferred as Captain
(Jan. 1, 1849) to the General Staff,
to which he has, with slight interrup-
tions, belonged for some twenty-two
years. In 1849 he took, as a member
of the staff of General von Bonin,
part in the Schleswig-Holstein cam-
paign, and fought in the skirmishes
at Auenbüll and Beuschau, in the
battle of Colding, and in the affairs
at Alminde, Gudsöe, and Tauloo-
Church, and took, in the siege and
battle of Fredericia, so active and
conspicuous a part, that he was on
May 14, 1849, promoted as Chief
of the General Staff of the Schleswig-
Holstein Army. His capabilities were
regarded as being so brilliant, that
in the following year (1850) he was
named as General Staff's officer of
the Mobile Division under General
von Tietzen in the electorate of
Hesse. He was next sent, intrusted
with special military propositions, to
England, and was rewarded with the
Order of the Red Eagle (fourth class,
with swords). On the 18th of June,
1853, advanced to the rank of Major
July 30, 1810, at Schwedt, on the | in the Grand General Staff, Blu-
menthal was, as military companion
and as General Staff's officer of the
8th Division, appointed to take part
in the spring exercises of that year
(1853) in Thuringia and at Berlin.
His linguistic and departmental know-
ledge led to his being intrusted with
further commissions to England. In
1859 he was named the personal
Adjutant of Prince Frederic Charles.
On July 1, 1860, he became Colonel
and Commander of the 31st, later of
the 71st infantry regiment. In 1861
he accompanied General von Bonin to
the British Court, and became then
the conductor of the foreign officers
at the autumn manoeuvres on the
Rhine, and military companion of the
Crown Prince of Saxony at the coro-
nation in Königsberg. Colonel von
Blumenthal had been for some time
Chief of the Staff of the Third Army
Corps, when, on Dec. 15, 1863, he
was nominated the Chief of the
General Staff of the combined Mobile
Army Corps against Denmark, and
now had the first opportunity of dis-
covering his splendid abilities. The
part which he took in this war, espe-
cially at Missunde, in the storming of
the trenches at Düppel, and the pas-
sage on to the island of Alsen, was so
extremely important, that on June 25,
1864, he was promoted to be Major-
General, and received the Order pour
le Mérite. After the peace, General
von Blumenthal commanded first the
7th and next the 30th Infantry Bri-
gade. In the Austrian war of 1866
he was Chief of the General Staff (the
General Staff is the "head" of the
army, and has its stragetical direc-
tion) of the Second Army of the Crown
Prince, and for his distinguished ser-
vices received the Oak-leaf of the
Order pour le Mérite (one of the
rarest distinctions in the army) and
the Star of Knight Commander of the
Order of the House of Hohenzollern.
On Oct. 30, 1866, he was designated
Commander of the 14th Division
in Düsseldorf, and accompanied the
Crown Prince in the autumn of 1866
to St. Petersburg. When, on the out-
124
BLUNT-BODICHON.
re-
break of the war with France, the
Crown Prince was intrusted with the
supreme command of the Third Army,
General von Blumenthal was
quested to accept the important post
of Chief of the General Staff; and his
Imperial Highness, when presented
by the Emperor of Germany with the
Iron Cross, declared that the same
distinction was equally due to General
von Blumenthal. In 1871 he was sent
to England to represent the German
Empire at the autumn manœuvres at
Cobham. It is unnecessary to add
more than that Lieutenant-General
von Blumenthal is recognised as one
of the most distinguished strategists
of modern times.
M.A.,
|
BLUNT, JOHN HENRY, M.A.,
F.S.A., born in 1823 at Chelsea, was
educated at University College, Dur-
ham; and, after taking orders, was
appointed Vicar of Kennington, a
small hamlet of labouring people,
with a proportionally small income,
near Oxford. He was presented by
the Crown to the rectory of Bevers-
ton, Gloucestershire, Jan. 20, 1873.
In earlier years Mr. Blunt was a con-
stant contributor to Church reviews
and magazines, and the author of
lectures on the Creed, entitled, "The
Atonement and the At-one-maker,"
published in 1855, and also of many
pamphlets. Since 1864 he has pub-
lished the following works :-" Direc-
torium Pastorale," a volume on the
principles and practice of pastoral
work in the Church of England, now
in its third edition; "Household
Theology," a handbook of religious
information about the Bible, Prayer-
book, &c., which has gone through
several editions ; "The Annotated
Book of Common Prayer," a large
volume forming an historical, ritual,.
and theological commentary on the
devotional system of the Church of
England, of which six editions have
been printed in less than six years,
and which is now the standard work
on its subject; a "History of the
Reformation of the Church of Eng-
land,” of which only one volume has
yet been printed, embracing the
""
period from 1514 to 1547; "The
Doctrine of the Church of England
as stated in Ecclesiastical Documents
set forth by authority of Church and
State, from 1536 to 1662;
"The
Sacrament and Sacramental Ordi-
nances of the Church;" "A Chris-
tian View of Christian History;"
several smaller volumes, entitled,
"Keys to the Knowledge and Use
of the Prayer-book, Bible, Church
Catechism," &c.; "A Plain Account
of the English Bible, from the earliest
times of its Translation to the pre-
sent day
sent day;" a large volume, entitled,
"A Dictionary of Doctrinal and
Historical Theology;" one of a
series to be called a Summary of
Theology; and "Dictionory of Sects,
Heresies, Ecclesiastical Parties, and
Schools of Religious Thought," 1874;
"Tewkesbury Abbey and its Associa-
tions," 1874; "Dursley, Beverstone,
and some neighbouring Parishes,
1877; and the first volume of an
"Annotated Bible," 1878.
""
BODE, THE BARON CLEMENT DE,
eldest son of the late Baron Clement
Joseph Philip Pon de Bode, a baron
and count of the Holy Roman Em-
pire, who died suddenly in Oct.,
1846. The late baron served for
many years in the Russian artillery,
and fought his way with the British
army to Paris in 1814. As soon as
the treaties were concluded, by
which indemnity was secured to
British subjects whose property in
Alsace had been confiscated at the
commencement of the French revo-
lution of 1789, he came to England
to establish his claims, transmitted
after his death to his son, who pro-
secuted them with unremitting energy.
The baron, whose mother was a Rus-
sian, is married to an English lady,
and has been naturalized as a
British subject. He has obtained a
high reputation as an Oriental
traveller.
BODET. (See MATHIEU-BODET.)
BODICHON, MADAME, whose
name was Barbara Leigh Smith, the
eldest daughter of the late Mr. Ben-
jamin Smith, many years M.P. for
V
BŎE-BOGOUSHEFSKY DE BOGOUSHEVO.
|
Norwich, was born April 8, 1827, at
Watlington, Sussex, and at an early
age took a deep interest in social
questions. In 1855-56 she com-
menced, in conjunction with some
personal friends, a movement having
for its object to secure to married
women their own property and earn-
ings; and although their efforts did
not prove successful in obtaining
directly from Parliament the mea-
sure they desired, they led to a
change in the law of marriage and
divorce. Miss Smith established at
Paddington a school for the educa-
tion of the daughters of artisans of
the middle class. In July, 1857, she
married M. Eugène Bodichon, M.D.,
and has since resided in Algeria,
on which country she has, in con-
junction with her husband, pub-
lished an interesting and valuable
work. Of late years she has paid
great attention to landscape-paint-
ing, and her collection of water-
colour drawings has been twice
exhibited in London with much
success.
BOE, FRANCIS DIDIER, a painter,
born at Bergen, in Norway, May 28,
1820, studied art in the Academy of
Copenhagen and the studio of M.
Groenland, and in 1849 took up his
residence in Paris. The flower-paint-
ings which he sent to the galleries of
Christiania and to the French exhibi-
tions were remarkable for freshness
of colouring and effective arrange-
ment. His Bunch of Grapes," 1850,
was secured for the Museum of the
Louvre; and his "Camellias on a
Toilet-table" was honourably men-
tioned at the Universal Exposition of
1855. He exhibited "The Half-
opened Orange" and "Pheasant and
Partridge" in 1857 Eagle De-
vouring a Young Norwegian Fox,"
a Polar landscape with the Midnight
Sun; and (
A Couple of Norway
Fowls in their Spring Plumage," in
1863; "Sea Birds in the Light of the
Midnight Sun: An Eagle holding a
small Fox," in 1867.
(6
BOEHM, JOSEPH EDGAR, A.R.A.,
sculptor, was born in Vienna, July 6,
125
His
1834, of Hungarian parents.
father was Director of the Mint in
the Austrian Empire, and possessor
of a celebrated private collection of
works of art. He was educated at
Vienna, and from 1848 to 1851 in
England. He studied also in Italy,
and for three years in Paris, but has
been settled in England since 1862.
He received the first Imperial Prize,
and exemption from military con-
scription in Vienna in 1856. He was
elected a member of the Academy of
Florence in 1875, and an Associate of
the Royal Academy of London, Jan.
16, 1878. Mr. Boehm executed a
colossal statue in marble of the
Queen for Windsor Castle, in 1869;
also a monument of the Duke of
Kent in St. George's Chapel, and
bronze statuettes of the Prince of
Wales and all the Royal Family (for
the Queen); also a colossal statue at
Bedford of John Bunyan, 1872; and
another of the Duchess of Bedford
for the Park, Woburn Abbey, in gilded
bronze, 1874; a statue of Sir John
Burgoyne in Waterloo Place; a
colossal equestrian statue of the
Prince of Wales for Bombay, 1877 ;
a statue of Thomas Carlyle; a monu-
ment at Deene to Lord Cardigan; a
monument at Aldershot church to
Sir York Scarlett; and a horse group
in bronze for Eaton. He is at present
engaged on a colossal equestrian
statue of Lord Napier of Magdala ;
a colossal statue of Lord Northbrook,
both for Calcutta ; a marble statue of
the late King Leopold of Belgium,
for St. George's Chapel at Windsor;
and a colossal statue of Sir William
Gregory for Ceylon. He has also
executed busts of Mr. Millais, the
late Lord Lansdowne (now in West-
minster Abbey), Mr. Whistler, Lord
Shaftesbury, and Sir Henry Cole.
BOGOUSHEFSKY DE BOGOU-
SHEVO, NICOLAS CASIMIR, Baron
(Freiherr), of the Holy Roman Em-
pire, is the descendant of an an-
cient and noble family of Poland, one
of whose ancestors accompanied King
John Sobieski in his expedition for the
deliverance of Vienna from the Turks,
126
BOHN.
|
|
as commander of the King's Body
Guard; and during the battle near
Grau defended for a long time the
bridge of Arigou against an entire
army, received the honour of knight-
hood on the battle-field, and was
created by letters patent, signed by
the Roman (German) Emperor
Leopold, a Free Baron (Freiherr) of
the Empire. His father, Casimir
de Bogoushefsky, emigrated, when
twelve years old, to Russia, and mar-
ried there, in 1848, a Russian lady of
very ancient family (of Byzantine
descent), Miss Nathalie Al. de Nazi-
moff. Of this marriage Nicolas de
Bogoushefsky was born at the estate
of Doljitza, in the district of Louga,
Government of St. Petersburg, on the
6 (18) May, 1851. He was carefully
educated, first at home, then at
Geneva, in a pensionnat, where he
remained till autumn of 1863; then
he was brought to England, where
his education continued for some
time. After this he visited several
universities, principally foreign,
English and German, returning to
Russia in 1870, when he began to
form a collection of autographs and
historical documents, illustrated with
rare portraits, which form now the
most extensive collection in Russia.
He has written a great number of
smaller works, contributed articles to
several learned journals, English and
Russian, and corresponds with almost
all the principal celebrities of the
time. He is a member of more than
twenty different learned societies,
Russian and foreign; such as the
Royal Historical Society of Great
Britain, the Grampian Club, the
Imperial Russian Archæological
Society, the Moscow Archæological
Society, the Learned Esthonian
Society (Dorpat), the Statistical
Committee of Pskof, and the Arch-
æological Commission of Pskof (of
which he is one of the founders). His
publications include a general de-
scription of the great barrows of
Kokotovo (Government Pskof) in the
Anthropological Journal, 1872, " On
English Poor Laws" (in Russian),
6
1872; "On the application of the
English Poor Laws to Russia" (in
Russian), 1872; "Coins of the
Principality of Pskof," 1873 (Rus-
sian); "Historical Notes on the
Castle of Neuhausen in Livonia” (in
Russian), 1874; "Russia in Pre-
historic Times," in the Reliquary,
1874; "Historical Notes Relating to
Czar John, The Terrible,' of Russia,
and Queen Elizabeth," in the Reli-
quary, 1875; "Historical and Archæ-
ological Description of the Church
and Parish of Melyotovo in the
Government of Pskof" (in Russian),
1876; "Notes on Vibouty, the Birth-
place of St. Olga of Russia" (in Rus-
sian); "Proceedings of the 3rd Arch-
æological Congress at Kiof in 1874,"
vol. ii., Kiof, 1877; "Archæological
Map of Pskof Government" (in Rus-
sian and German) with text, 1878;
(6
Autographic Gems, selected from
the Collections formed by N. C. Baron
de Bogoushefsky," Parts I. and II.,
1877; Parts III. and IV., 1878;
"The English in Muscovy in the
Sixteenth Century" (Transactions of
the Royal Historical Society of Great
Britain, vol. vii.) Baron Bogou-
shefsky has in preparation "Livo-
nian Border Tales," which will be
published in Russian and English.
BOHN, HENRY GEORGE, the son
of a London bookseller of German
extraction, was born Jan. 4, 1796, and
at the usual age entered his father's
business. He married the only
daughter of the late Mr. Simpkin,
and in 1831 commenced business on
his own account. In 1841 he pub-
lished his "Guinea Catalogue," ex-
hibiting the largest stock ever col-
lected by a bookseller. He is known
as one of the earliest projectors of
the movement in favour of cheap and
good literature; and with this object
in view he established his Historical,
Scientific, Illustrated, Classical, Ec-
clesiastical, and Antiquarian Libra-
ries, amounting in all to between six
and seven hundred volumes. For
these series he translated several of
Schiller's, Goethe's, and Humboldt's
works; has edited the "Bibliotheca
BOKER-BONAPARTE.
Parriana," "Addison's Works," and
a new and enlarged edition of
"Lowndes' Bibliographer's Manual,"
and compiled a "Polyglot of Foreign
Proverbs," a "Handbook of Pro-
verbs," an "Illustrated Handbook of
Geography,"
""Handbook of Pottery
and Porcelain," and assisted in
several of the classical translations.
Mr. Bohn, who is well known as an
antiquary, is Fellow of many of the
learned and scientific societies, espe-
cially of the Philobiblon Society, to
which he has contributed a "Life of
Shakspeare," and an extensive "Dic-
tionary of English Poetical Quota-
tions," volumes which being privately
printed have sold by auction for large
sums. In 1860 he gained some noto-
riety as being almost the only literary
opponent of the repeal of the duty on
paper, insisting, in a series of letters
to the Times and Standard, that it
would not be of any real advantage
to the public, while it would entail a
loss of two millions per annum to
the revenue.
BOKER, GEORGE HENRY, born in
Philadelphia in 1824. He graduated
at Princeton College in 1842, and
studied law, but never practised.
His principal works are the tragedies
"Calaynos," "Anne Boleyn," "Leonor
de Guzman," and "Francesca da
Rimini." He has also published
"Lessons of Life, and other Poems"
(1847), two volumes of "Plays and
Poems" (1856), and a collection of
"Poems of the War" (1864). In 1871
he was appointed Minister to Con-
stantinople, a position which he still
held in 1878.
BOMBAY, BISHOP OF. See
|
MYLNE.
BOMPAS, THE RIGHT REV. WIL-
LIAM CARPENTER, D.D., Bishop of
Athabasca, son of Charles Carpenter
Bompas, Esq., Serjeant-at-Law, was
born in London in 1835. He held
successively curacies at Sutton-le-
Marsh, Lincolnshire (1859-62); New
Radford, near Nottingham (1862-3);
and Holy Trinity, Louth (1863-5).
For some years he was a Church Mis-
sionary Society chaplain at Fort
127
Youcon, and afterwards at the Mac-
kenzie River District, till his conse-
cration, in May, 1874, as Bishop of
Athabasca, and suffragan to the
Bishop of Rupert's Land. The diocese
is a district cut off from the Rupert's
Land bishopric, in the dominion of
Canada, being within the original
limits of that diocese.
BONAPARTE. (See MATHILDE,
PRINCESS, and NAPOLEON, PRINCE.)
BONAPARTE, PRINCE LOUIS-
LUCIEN, born in Worcestershire, Jan.
4, 1813, is the second son of Lucien,
brother of Napoleon I. Having en-
tered France after the Revolution of
Feb. 1848, he was returned to the
Constituent Assembly by the inha-
bitants of Corsica, Nov. 28, 1848. The
election was annulled Jan. 9, 1849.
Some months after, he was one of the
candidates chosen by the Electoral
Union, and was returned for the de-
partment of the Seine. When the
Empire was re-established in Dec.
1852, he was appointed senator, with
the titles of Prince and Highness.
Prince Lucien has been for many
years engaged in superintending the
translation of portions of the English
version of the Scriptures into the
various dialects spoken in England
and Scotland, and has had the
"Parable of the Sower" translated
into seventy-two of the languages and
dialects of Europe. Of these works
the prince prints only a very limited
number of copies. He is said to be
greatly interested in chemical re-
searches, has written on chemical
science, and is the author of several
minor works in the Basque language.
Prince Lucien was promoted Grand
Officer of the Legion of Honour
Jan. 3, 1860.
BONAPARTE, PIERRE NAPOLEON,
PRINCE, was born at Rome, Sept. 12,
1815, being the third son of Lucien,
brother of Napoleon I. In 1832 he
rejoined, in the United States, his
uncle Joseph, formerly King of Spain,
and he served in Columbia under the
republican General Santander. On
his return to Rome he gave such
offence by his turbulent and lawless
BOND.
|
conduct, that Pope Gregory XVI.
found it necessary to order him to
quit the States of the Church. This
order he disobeyed, and, on being sur-
rounded by a body of "sbirri," or
policemen, he wounded two of them,
and killed their leader; but he him-
self received two wounds during the
affray, and was compelled to surren-
der. After an imprisonment of some
months in the Fort of St. Angelo, he
visited America, England, and the
island of Corfu. During a visit to
Albania he made another display of
his violent temper. He had a dispute
with the Pallikares, and, almost sin-
gle-handed, engaged them in a mur-
derous combat. The result was that
the British Government ordered him
to quit Greece, whereupon he came
to London. Hastening to Paris on
the outbreak of the Revolution of
1848, he obtained the rank of Chef de
Bataillon and a seat in the Consti-
tuent Assembly, where he became
noted for his utterance of extreme
democratic opinions. Afterwards he
was returned to the Legislative As-
sembly by the two departments of
Corsica and Ardèche. Both as a
soldier and civilian he evinced his
restless disposition and intolerance of
authority. In 1819 he left for Algeria,
and was present at the commence-
ment of the operations for the siege
of Zaatcha, but before the assault
took place he returned without per-
mission. For this act of insubordi-
nation he was cashiered by M.
d'Hautpoul, the Minister of War, and
this decisive measure, which, by
the way, led to a duel between the
Prince and a journalist of the extreme
Right, met with the hearty approval
of the Chamber. After the coup
d'état of Dec. 2, 1851, and the resto-
ration of the Empire, he received the
titles of Prince and Highness. He did
not, however, often frequent the court
at the Tuileries, but lived in retirement
at his country house at Auteuil, near
Paris. His name was once more
brought prominently before the public
on Jan. 10, 1871, when he shot a
journalist named Victor (Salmon) |
128
Noir, and attempted to shoot Ulric
Fonvielle, in the course of an interview
held within the Prince's house in
the Rue d'Auteuil, for the purpose of
arranging a duel between him and
M. Pascal Grousset, who had described
the Prince as a renegade Republican,
and a brutal Corsican, capable of any
act of violence. This act excited great
indignation in France against the
Prince, who was tried before the
High Court of Justice at Tours, March
21-27. The Court acquitted him on
the charge of murder, but condemned
him to pay £1,000 by way of com-
pensation to Victor Noir's father and
mother. He was married to Made-
moiselle Rifflin, at the French Lega-
tion, in Brussels, Nov. 11, 1871. This
marriage was the legitimation of a
union contracted years previously
before the civil officer in a small
town in Belgium Luxemburg, called
Lacuisine. That union, from which
has issued two children, was disap-
proved by the Emperor Napoleon,
who, by virtue of the laws of the
Empire, declared the ceremony to be
null and void. However, when the
Empire had fallen, Prince Pierre
Bonaparte took the necessary steps
to legitimate his children. After
the battle of Sédan, Prince Bonaparte
withdrew to Belgium, and sold his
estate at Épioux in the Ardennes.
In May, 1872, his wife, the Princess
Pierre Bonaparte, opened a milliner's
shop in Bond Street, London, but the
enterprise proved a failure. Prince
Pierre Bonaparte is the author of
several literary works, the chief of
which is a French metrical version of
Nicolini's tragedy of "Nabuchodo-
nosor," 1861. He was appointed an
officer of the Legion of Honour in
1864, and the same year received
from King Victor Emmanuel the
Grand Cross of the Order of SS.
Maurizio and Lazzaro.
BOND, EDWARD AUGUSTUS, son
of the Rev. Dr. Bond, of Hanwell,
Middlesex, was born Dec. 31, 1815. He
was educated in his father's house,
and at Merchant Taylors' School,
London. In 1832 he received an ap-
BONHEUR.
pointment under the Commissioners
of Public Records. In 1838 he entered
the British Museum as an Assistant in
the Department of Manuscripts. He
was appointed Librarian of the Eger-
ton MSS. in 1852, Assistant-Keeper
of the MSS. in 1854, and Keeper of
the Department in 1866. In Aug.
1878, he was appointed Principal
Librarian of the British Museum, in
succession to Mr. Winter Jones, re-
signed. As Keeper of the MSS., Mr.
Bond designed and, with the help of
his staff, completed in 1870, a Class-
Catalogue of the several collections
of manuscripts in the British Museum,
and subsequently he published a
Catalogue of all the Manuscripts,
Papyri, and Charters acquired during
the years 1854-1875, in two Svo
volumes; also a series of Facsimiles
of Anglo-Saxon and other Ancient
Charters in the Museum, with exact
Readings, in four parts. He has
contributed papers to the Archæo-
logia of the Society of Antiquaries,
including an "Account of Money-
lending Transactions of Italian
Merchants in England, in the thir-
teenth and fourteenth Centuries,"
1839. He passed through the press,
for the Oxford Commissioners, the
"Statutes of the University," in
3 vols. 8vo, 1853; edited for the
Hakluyt Society, in 1856, Dr. Giles
Fletcher's "Russe Common Wealth,"
and Sir Jerome Horsey's "Travels
in Russia ;" edited for Government,
"The Speeches in the Trial of Warren
Hastings," 4 vols. 8vo, 1859-1861;
and for the Rolls Series of Chro-
nicles, the "Chronicon Abbatiæ de
Melsâ," in 3 vols. In 1870, conjointly
with his colleague, Mr. B. M. Thomp-
son, he founded the Palæographical
Society, and, in collaboration with
that gentleman, he has edited the
series of "Facsimiles of Ancient
Manuscripts and Inscriptions," pro-
duced by the Society.
BONHEUR, MADEMOISELLE RO-
SALIE, called ROSA, an artist unri-
valled amongst her own sex for the
minute and spirited delineation of the
various forms of animal life, was born
129
The
at Bordeaux, March 22, 1822.
daughter of a French artist of some
distinction, she profited by the in-
structions of her father, who was
her sole adviser in the mechanism of
painting. As the avocations of her
family compelled them to reside in
Paris, the indulgence of her own par-
ticular tastes in the choice of subjects
for study was somewhat difficult of
attainment, and she derived her
early instruction from a study of such
animal life as could be seen by her in
the streets and abattoirs of Paris. In
1841 she entered upon her career by
exhibiting two pictures," Chèvres et
Moutons and Les Deux Lapins,"
which established her reputation.
These were followed by a succession
of
of highly finished compositions,
amongst which may be cited the
celebrated "Labourage Nivernais,"
which was completed in 1849, and
has been added to the collection in
the Luxembourg. She attends the
horse-markets both in France and
abroad, adopting the masculine garb,
which is not ill suited to the decided
character of her face, and enables her
to inspect and to purchase her subject
with less interruption and remark.
She has fitted up an antechamber
divided only by a partition from her
studio, as a stable for the convenience
of the various animals domesticated
therein, and has established a small
fold in its immediate vicinity for the
accommodation of sheep and goats.
It is owing, in a measure, to this con-
scientious examination of the deve-
lopments of animal life that she has
produced such masterpieces of repre-
sentation as the "Horse Fair," a
picture which formed the chief at-
traction at the French Exhibition of
pictures in London during the season
of 1855, and which almost monopo-
lized for a time the attention of
artists and connoisseurs. In 1855 she
sent to the Universal Exhibition in
Paris a new landscape of large di-
mensions, "The Haymaking Season
in Auvergne.'
in Auvergne." Rosa Bonheur has
evinced in her works a wonderful
power of representing spirited action,
|
K
""
130
BONNECHOSE-BOREL.
|
which distinguishes her from other | Richard III., in place of his father,
eminent animal painters of the day, who had been suddenly taken ill.
and which endows her pictures as
After a tour through California,
compositions with extraordinary in- Australia, many of the Pacific Islands,
terest. Several of this lady's pro- and the Sandwich Islands, he re-
ductions have been engraved for the appeared at New York in 1857, visited
English public. Since 1849 she has England and the Continent in 1861,
directed the gratuitous School of and returning to New York com-
Design for Young Girls of Paris. She menced a series of Shaksperean re-
obtained a first-class medal in 1848, vivals at the Winter Garden Theatre
and another in 1855. She was deco- in 1863. After a series of successful
rated with the Legion of Honour, engagements in Boston, Philadelphia,
June 10, 1865, and in 1868 she was and other large cities, he commenced,
appointed a member of the Institute in1868, the erection of a new theatre in
of Antwerp. During the siege of New York, which was opened in 1870 ;
Paris in 1870-71, her studio and resi- but the cost of the building, in which
dence in Fontainebleau were spared Mr. Booth had invested all his means,
and respected by special order of the prevented ultimate pecuniary success,
Crown Prince of Prussia.
and the theatre, although it still bears
his name, passed from his hands. For
several years he virtually retired from
the stage, but near the close of 1877
he began in New York a series of
brilliant performances.
He rarely
undertakes any except the leading
characters of Shakspere: Hamlet,
Othello, Iago, Shylock, and Richard
III., Hamlet being his most admired
personation.
BOOTH. (See SCLATER-BOOTH.)
BORDEAUX, DUKE DE. (See
CHAMBORD, COUNT de.)
BOREL, JEAN LOUIS, a French
general, born about 1820, was se-
lected by General MacMahon as his
aide-de-camp soon after quitting the
Staff College in 1840, and served for
several years in the African wars,
under the future Duke of Magenta.
At the latter end of 1854 he went
with his general to the camp of
Boulogne, where MacMahon took the
command of a division of infantry.
In Aug. 1855, they both left for the
Crimea, and M. Borel, then only a
Staff captain, marched by the side
of his general to the assault on the
Malakhoff. Promoted to the rank
of major after the brilliant engage-
ment of the 8th of Sept., he made, in
the capacity of aide-de-camp to Mac-
Mahon, the campaign against the
Kabyles of Algeria in 1856, and that
of Italy in 1859. In 1867 Colonel
Borel parted company with the Duke
BONNECHOSE (COMTE DE),
HENRI MARIE GASTON BOISNOR-
MAND, a French archbishop, and a car-
dinal of the Holy Roman Church, born
at Paris, May 30, 1800. He was bred to
the law, and obtained some lucrative
public appointments, but at the age
of thirty he resolved to devote his
life to the cause of religion. Accord-
ingly, after going through a course of
ecclesiastical studies, he was ordained
priest at Strasburg in 1834. In 1847
he was consecrated Bishop of Carcas-
sonne, and in 1854 translated to the
see of Evreux, and in 1858 made
Archbishop of Rouen. He was created
and proclaimed a Cardinal in 1863.
His Eminence, who sat in the Senate
by virtue of his title of Cardinal, has
always been an ardent supporter of
the Pope's temporal power, and of
the independence of the Church. He
is renowned for his eloquence in the
pulpit. He edited the religious cor-
respondence of the Abbé Bautain,
under the title of "Philosophie du
Christianisme," 2 vols. 1835.
BOOTH, EDWIN, born near Balti-
more, Maryland, in November, 1833.
He is a son of the actor Junius Brutus
Booth, and was trained for the dra-
matic profession. Having filled many
minor parts, he made his first regular
appearance on the stage as Tressel,
in" Richard III.," in 1849, and in
1851 performed the character of
BORROW-BOSWELL.
of Magenta, to whom he had ren-
dered great service on many occa-
sions, and, going to Paris, was
appointed Chief of Staff of the
National Guards of the Seine under
General Autemarre d'Erville. After
the declaration of war against Ger-
many he did not take a part in the
earlier engagements between the
German troops and the Army of the
Rhine, but on the delegation of the
Government of the National Defence
leaving Paris for Tours, Colonel
Borel was summoned to that city,
and appointed Chief of Staff of the
15th Corps d'Armée, and promoted
to the rank of Brigadier-General.
When the Army of the Loire was
definitely organised, he became Gene-
ral Chief of Staff, and to his exertions
was, in a great measure, due the
temporary success gained by the
French near Orleans in Nov. 1870.
A few weeks later he was created a
General of Division. In Dec. 1877
he succeeded General Berthaut as Min-
ister of War. In Sept. 1878, he was
sent by the Government to inspect
the new fortifications in the Vosges.
131
""
|
Society, and was sent into Russia.
At St. Petersburg he edited the
New Testament in the Mandchu, or
Chinese Tartar language, and a book
called "Targum,' consisting of
metrical translations from thirty lan-
guages. He paid two visits to Spain
as agent of the Bible Society, and
was twice imprisoned in that country
for endeavouring to circulate the
Scriptures. Whilst in Spain he
mixed much with the Caloré, or
Zincali, called by the Spaniards
Gitanos, or Gipsies, whose language
he found to be much the same as
that of the English Romany. At
Madrid he edited the New Testa-
ment in Spanish, and translated St.
Luke's Gospel into the language of
the Zincali. Leaving the service of
the Bible Society he returned to
England in 1839. In 1841 he pub-
lished the "Zincali," or an account
of the Gipsies in Spain, with a vo-
cabulary of their language, which he
showed to be closely connected with
the Sanscrit. This work obtained a
wide celebrity on the Continent, and
drew attention to the gipsies and
their history. In 1842 he published
"The Bible in Spain," a work which
received a warm eulogium from the
late Sir Robert Peel in the House of
Commons. In 1844 he wandered
among the gipsies of Hungary, Wal-
lachia, and Turkey, gathering up the
words of their respective dialects of
the Romany, and making a collection
of their songs. Lavengro," con-
taining some account of his early
life and adventures, was published in
1851; "The Romany Rye," a sequel,
in 1857 ; "Wild Wales," in 1862; and
"Romano Lavo-Lil: Word-Book of
the Romany, or, English Gipsy
Language," in 1874. Mr. Borrow
has contributed both in prose and
verse to periodical literature.
(4
|
BORROW, GEORGE, of Cornish
extraction, born at East Dereham,
Norfolk, in 1803, the son of an
officer in the ariny, was educated at
the Norwich and several other gram-
mar schools in England, and spent
about two years at the High School
in Edinburgh. In 1818 he was
articled to a solicitor in Norwich,
but soon quitted the legal profes-
sion and devoted his attention to
philology and other branches of
literature, including several modern
languages. From some gipsies who
encamped on a heath near Norwich
he acquired a knowledge of their
tongue, which, though broken and
scanty, exhibits marks of high an-
tiquity. Quitting Norwich, and
abandoning the law on his father's
death, he came to London, and
worked for the publishers; but his
health failing, he lived for some
years a life of wandering and adven-
ture. In 1833 he entered the service
of the British and Foreign Bible
BOSWELL, JOHN THOMAS IR-
VINE BOSWELL (formerly SYME),
LL.D., F.L.S., born at Edinburgh,
in Dec. 1822, and educated
the Dollar Institution and Edinburgh
University; was Curator of the Bo-
tanical Society of London, 1851-56 ;
at
K 2
132
BOTTALLA-BOUCHARDAT.
|
|
Lecturer on Botany at the Charing | faillible Autorité du Pape dans
Cross Hospital, 1856-63; and Lec- l'Église, et dans les rapports avec
turer on Botany at the Westminister | l'État" (2 vols. Poitiers et Paris,
Hospital, 1856-67. He is the author 1877). The two last-named volumes
of the scientific portion of the third sum up what Father Bottalla wrote
edition of "English Botany," which while resident in England, and also
comprises a new British Flora,
Flora, furnish a further and more perfect
1863-71. In 1875 he took the sur- execution of his plan.
name of Boswell instead of Syme on BOUCHARDAT,
APOLLINAIRE,
succeeding to the estate of Balmuto pharmaceutist, member of the Aca-
in Fifeshire.
demy of Medicine, was born at l'Isle-
sur-le-Serein (Yonne) about 1810,
studied medicine in Paris whilst very
young, and was named a Fellow of
that faculty in 1832. He was phar-
maceutist-in-chief at the hospital of
Saint-Antoine, and in 1834 was ap-
pointed to the same functions at the
Hôtel Dieu, which he fulfilled until
1855, when he resigned, in order to
devote himself to scientific works. In
1838 he disputed with much talent
the chair of pharmacy and organic
chemistry in the faculty of Medicine
with M. Dumas. In 1845 he was
appointed a member of the Council
of Health, and created a Chevalier of
the Legion of Honour. He became a
member of the Academy of Medicine
in 1850, and, after competition, ob-
tained the chair of Hygiène in 1852..
In addition to numerous botanical and
medical "memoirs," which have been
published collectively under the titles
of "Recherches sur la Végétation,
M. Bouchardat has written a "Cours
de Chimie Élémentaire, avec ses
principales Applications à la Méde-
cine et aux Arts," published in
1834-5; "Cours des Sciences Phy-
siques in 1841-4 "Éléments de
Matière Médicale et de Pharmacie "
in 1838; “L'Annuaire de Thérapeu-
tique" since 1841; "Nouveau Formu-
laire Magistral" in 1840; "Formu-
laire Vétérinaire" in 1849 ; Opus-
cules d'Economie Rurale" in 1851;
"Archives de Physiologie" in 1854;
and "Répertoire de Pharmacie," pub-
lished monthly since 1847. He has
written a series of interesting works
upon vines and wines, "L'Influence
des Eaux Potables sur la Production
du Goître et du Crétinisme,” in his
Opuscules d'Économie Rurale;
BOTTALLA, THE REV. PAUL,
S.J., born Aug. 15, 1823, in Palermo,
the capital of Sicily, and educated at
the Jesuit Colleges of Palermo and
Rome. After being admitted to holy
orders he was successively appointed
Sunday preacher in the Gesù of
Naples; Professor of Universal His-
tory in the Collegio Massimo of
Palermo; of Ecclesiastical History
in the Roman College; of Dogmatic
Theology in St. Beuno's College,
North Wales; and of Theology at
Poitiers. Father Bottalla is one
of the writers of the Civiltà Cattolica
of Rome. He has published at Pa-
lermo and Genoa a course of History
of the Middle Ages, in two volumes
("Corso di Storia e di Geografia
universale-Medio Evo "), which has
been translated into French; "Studii
storici sulla Chiesa e l'Imperio" (in
the Civiltà Cattolica); at Brussels,
"Histoire de la Révolution de 1860
en Sicile de ses Causes et de ses
Effets dans la Révolution générale
de l'Italie" (2 vols. 1861); in Lon-
don, "The Pope and the Church
considered in their Mutual Relations
with reference to the Errors of the
High Church Party in England" |
(vols. i. and ii. 1868 and 1870),-the |
third volume has not yet appeared;
"Pope Honorius before the Tribunal
of Reason and History," 1868,
being a reply to the pamphlet of
P. Le Page Renouf, entitled "The
Condemnation of Pope Honorius ;"
"The Papacy and Schism: Strictures
on Ffoulkes's Letter to Archbishop
Manning," 1869; a reply in the
Dublin Review, 1871-73, to Mr.
Renouf's second pamphlet on Pope
Honorius; De la Souveraine et In-
*0.
(C
::
(
a
""
J
-
BOUCICAULT-BOUILLAUD.
work upon "Diabetes," and numerous | Paris, where he devoted two years to
"Memoirs," presented to the Academy study, and in 1861 he opened a studio
of Medicine.
in London, where he has since mostly
resided. Among his best works are:
"Winter Twilight," "The Lake of
the Dismal Swamp," "Passing into
the Shade," "Coming into Church,"
Morning Prayer," "The Scarlet
Letter," The Idyll of the Birds,"
and "The Return of the May-
flower."
133
BOUCICAULT, DION, born in
Dublin, Dec. 26, 1822. He was edu-
cated under his guardian, Dr. Lard-
ner, and at the London University,
and commenced his career as dramatic
author and actor with the production,
in March, 1841, of "London Assur-
ance," at Covent Garden Theatre.
He went to the United States in
1853, and did not return to London
till 1860, when he produced the " Col-
leen Bawn" at the Adelphi Theatre.
This was followed by the "Octoroon"
in 1861. Having been associated with
Mr. Webster in the management of
the Adelphi Theatre, Mr. Boucicault
became lessee of Astley's Theatre, the
name of which he altered to that of
the Westminster; but the speculation
proved a failure. He is the author
of more than fifty original pieces,
besides adaptations from the French;
the best known, in addition to the
above-mentioned, being "Old Heads
and Young Hearts," "Love in a
Maze," "Used Up," "The Willow
Copse," "Janet Pride," "Louis XI.,"
|
BOUILLAUD, JEAN-BAPTISTE,
physician, member of the Academy
of Medicine, was born at Angoulême,
Sept. 16, 1796, studied under his uncle,
Jean Bouillaud, a surgeon-major in
the army, and took his degree as
doctor at Paris, Aug. 23, 1823. M.
Bouillaud became favourably known
to the profession by publishing, in
1824, in conjunction with M. R. J.
Bertin, a treatise on " Diseases of the
Heart.' He was elected professor of
clinical medicine at the Hôpital de
la Charité in 1831; was Deputy for
Angoulême from 1842 to 1846, voting
generally with the "Left;" became a
member of the Superior Council of
the University, was created an Officer
of the Legion of Honour, April 27,
1847, was chosen to succeed M.
Orfila as Dean of the Faculty of
Medicine of Paris in 1848, was
created a Commander of the Legion
of Honour in 1864, and was elected a
member of the Academy of Sciences
in 1868. In addition to the fore-
mentioned works, M. Bouillaud has
published numerous medical treatises,
amongst which may be named "Traité
de l'Encéphalite,'
1825; "Traité
Clinique et Expérimental des Fièvres
dites Essentielles," 1826; "Traité
Clinique et Statistique du Choléra,
1832; "Traité Clinique des Maladies
du Cœur," 1835;
Clinique Médi-
cale de l'Hôpital de la Charité,"
1837; "Traité Clinique du Rhuma-
tisme Articulaire," 1840; "Sur le
Siége du Sens du Langage articulé,”
in 1839-48; "Traité de Nosographie
Médicale," 1846; his most important
work, "Leçons Cliniques sur les Mala-
dies du Cœur et des gros Vaisseaux,"
1853; "Du Diagnostic et de la Cura-
The Corsican Brothers," " Faust and
Marguerite," "The Long Strike," and
"Flying Scud," produced at the Hol-
born Theatre in 1866. Among his
more recent pieces are "How She
Loves Him" (1867) ; "After Dark"
(1868); “Paul Lafarge" (1870); “A
Dark Night's Work" (1870); "The
Rapparee; or, the Treaty of Limerick"
(1870); and "The Dead Secret" (1878).
Since 1876 he has resided in New
York, where he has brought out a
number of new pieces, in which he
plays the leading parts.
|
""
(6
BOUGHTON, GEORGE H., born in
Norfolk, England, in 1836. His family
went to America, about 1839, and he
passed his youth in Albany, New
York, where he early developed an
artistic taste. In 1853 he came to
London, and passed several months
in the study of art. Returning to
America, he settled in New York,
and soon became known as a land-
scape painter. In 1859 he went to
""
134
BOULEY-BOURKE.
bilité du Cancer," 1854; "De l'Influ-
ence des Doctrines ou des Systèmes
Patholigiques de la Thérapeutique,"
1859; "Discours sur le Vitalisme et
l'Organicisme," 1860; "De la Con-
gestion cérébrale apoplectiforme dans
ses rapports avec l'Epilepsie," 1861;
and “L'Aphasie," a report laid before
the Academy of Sciences, 1876. M.
Bouilland was elected a member of
the Academy of Sciences in 1868.
He is vice-president of the French
Temperance Society, which was estab-
lished in 1874.
BOURBAKI, CHARLES DENIS
SAUTER, a French general, of Greek
extraction, born at Paris, April 22,
1816, was a sub-lieutenant in the
Zouaves from 1836 to 1838, when he
was appointed a Lieutenant in the
1st regiment of the Foreign Legion.
He was appointed Captain in the
Zouaves in June, 1842; Major of the
Native Skirmishers in Aug. 1846;
Lieutenant-Colonel in Jan. 1850, first
of the 7th regiment of the line and
afterwards of the Zouaves; Colonel
in Dec. 1851; Brigadier-General, Oct.
14, 1854; and General of Division,
Aug. 12, 1857. During the Crimean
war in 1855 he greatly distinguished
himself at the battles of the Alma
and Inkermann and in the assault on
Sebastopol. He also took part in the
Italian expedition of 1859. In May,
1869, he was appointed to the com-
mand of the second camp at Chalons,
and in the following July nominated
aide-de-camp to the Emperor. General
Bourbaki played a conspicuous part
in the Franco-German war. In Dec.
1870, he was appointed by the Dele-
gate Government at Tours to the
chief command of the First Army of
the North, with General Borcl as his
Chief of Staff. After a series of en-
S
|
BOULEY, HENRI, a French vetc-
rinary surgeon, professor of clinical
medicine and surgery at the school
of Alfort, and since 1855 a mem-
ber of the Academy of Medicine
(veterinary section), was appointed
Inspector-General of Veterinary
Schools, Jan. 6, 1866. He is the
author of the following works :-
"Causes Générales de la Morve dans
nos Régiments de Cavalerie," 1840;
"Traité de l'Organisation du Pied du
Cheval," 1851; "De la Péripneu-
monie Epizootique du gros Bétail,"
1854; "Nouveau Dictionnaire Pra-
tique de Médecine, de Chirurgie, et
d'Hygiène Vétérinaires,” 1855-72,
vols. i. to x., in conjunction with M.
Raynal; "Dictionnaire lexicographi-gagements with the German forces,
que et descriptif des Sciences médicale General Bourbaki was compelled to
et vétérinaire," 1863, conjointly with retreat in the direction of Switzerland,
Messieurs Raige-Delorme, Charles and at the close of the month of Jan.
Daremberg, J. Mignon, and Charles 1871, he was driven over the Swiss
Lamy; "Peste bovine," a report pre-frontier with the remains of the army,
sented to the Minister of Agriculture, consisting of about 80,000 men. The
1867; and "La Rage, moyens d'en General attempted to commit suicide
éviter les dangers, et de prévenir sa by shooting himself with a pistol,
propagation," 1870. He has likewise but the wound did not prove fatal.
published several notices, and me- Subsequently he returned to France,
moirs; and edited, since 1844, the and, in July, 1871, he was appointed
Reports, "Bulletin de la Société Cen- to a military command at Lyons,
trale de Médecine Vétérinaire." M. where he suppressed several attempts
Bouley was made a Knight of the at insurrection.
Legion of Honour, Dec. 25, 1844, and
promoted to the rank of Officer, Dec.
9, 1865. He was elected a member
of the Academy of Sciences in 1868,
and was nominated a member of the
commission appointed to organise
the Institut Agronomique, Aug. 11,
1876.
BOURKE, THE HON. ROBERT..
M.P., third son of the 5th Earl of
Mayo, was born at Hayes, co. Meath,
June 11, 1827, and educated at Ennis-
killen School, at Hall Place, Kent, and
at Trinity College, Dublin. Called to
the bar at the Inner Temple in 1852,
he went the South Wales circuit, and
BOUSFIELD-BOUVERIE.
attended the Knutsford sessions for
twelve years. Mr. Bourke also had
a large business at the Parliamentary
bar. He was elected M.P. for Lynn
Regis, in the Conservative interest,
at the general election of Dec. 1868,
and he still represents that borough
in the House of Commons. When
Mr. Disraeli came into power in Feb.
1874, Mr. Bourke was appointed
Under-Secretary of State for Foreign
Affairs. He has travelled in America,
India, and the Holy Land, and con-
tributed his views upon these coun-
tries to various magazines. Mr.
Bourke is also the author of "Par-
liamentary Precedents." He married,
in 1863, Lady Susan Georgiana, eldest
daughter of the first Marquis of Dal-
housie.
•
however, as a savant than a soldier,
and passed through Bolivia, Vene-
zuela, and the countries situated be-
tween Carthagena and the mouth of
the Orinoco. Soon after his return
to France, he was appointed to a
professorship of chemistry at Lyons.
In 1839 he was elected into the
Academy of Sciences, and going to
Paris, obtained a chair of Agricul-
ture in the Conservatory of Arts and
Trades. Chemistry, applied to agri-
culture and the rearing of cattle, owes
much to the labours of M. Boussin-
gault, especially his indications as to
the quality of manures, and on the
nutritive properties of the aliments
destined for herbivorous animals. He
has contributed several valuable arti-
cles on such subjects to the French
scientific journals, and some of these
have been collected and published
under the title, "Mémoires de Chimie
Agricole et de Physiologie" (Paris,
1854). His "Traité d'Economie Ru-
rale" and "Annals of Physics and
Chemistry" were published at Paris
in 1844. M. Boussingault, who was
returned to the Constituent Assembly,
and was a member of the Council of
State until the 2nd of Dec. 1851, with-
drew from politics, and devoted him-
self to his favourite studies. He was
made Commander of the Legion of
Honour, Mar. 14, 1857, and promoted
to the rank of Grand Officer of that
Order, Aug. 23, 1876.
BOUSFIELD, THE RIGHT REV.
HENRY BROUGHAM, D.D., Bishop of
Pretoria, was educated at Caius Col-
lege, Cambridge (B.A. 1855; M.A.
1858 ; D.D., jure dignitatis, 1878). He
was curate of All Saints, Braishfield,
Hampshire, 1855-56; perpetual curate
of the same parish, 1856-61 ; rector of
St. Maurice, with St. Mary-Kalendre, |
and St. Peter-Colebrook, Winchester,
1861-70; and vicar of Andover, from
1870 till 1878, when he was appointed
Bishop of Pretoria (Transvaal). He
is the author of "Notes for Catechiz-
ing," 1872.
|
BOUVERIE, THE RIGHT HON.
EDWARD PLEYDELL, second son of
the 3rd Earl of Radnor, born in 1818,
and educated at Harrow and Trinity
College, Cambridge, where he gra-
duated M.A. in 1838, entered Parlia-
ment in 1844, as M.P. for Kilmar-
nock, which he continued to repre-
sent, in the Liberal interest, till the
general election of Feb. 1874, when
he was defeated by "a thorough
Liberal," Mr. J. F. Harrison. He
was Under-Secretary of State for the
Home Department from July, 1850,
till March, 1852, and was Chairman
of Committees of the House of Com-
mons from April, 1853, to March,
1855, when he was made Vice-Pre-
|
135
BOUSSINGAULT, JEAN-BAP-
TISTE-JOSEPH-DIEUDONNÉ, chemist,
member of the Institute, born in
Paris, Feb. 2, 1802, was educated in
the Mining School of St. Etienne, and
on leaving it accepted the offer made
to him by an English company of
proceeding to America to recover and
work certain ancient mines which
had been neglected for many years.
All went well at first; but when the
colonies of Spain declared their in-
dependence, an end was put to the
enterprise. It was at this time he
made the acquaintance of Humboldt,
who was exploring the New World.
M. Boussingault, having nothing
better to do, entered the ranks of
the insurrectionary army, and was
attached to Gen. Bolivar's staff, more,
136
BOWEN-BOWRING.
|
sident of the Board of Trade, Pay-
master-General in August of that
year, and President of the Poor-Law
Board, which post he held till the
retirement of the Palmerston ad-
ministration in March, 1858. Lord
Palmerston nominated him the second
Church Estates Commissioner in Aug.
1859, and he discharged the duties of
this office till Nov. 1865. In 1862 he
introduced, though unsuccessfully, a
measure for the relief of certain dis-
abilities which affected such of the
clergy as, owing to a change in their
opinions, desired to withdraw from
the service of the Established Church.
Mr. Bouverie was appointed a mem-
ber of the Ecclesiastical Commission
in 1869.
succession to Lord Canterbury, whose
term of office had expired.
BOWMAN, WILLIAM, F.R.S., sur-
geon to the Royal London Ophthal-
mic Hospital, Moorfields, some time
surgeon to the King's College Hos-
pital and Professor of Physiology and
General and Morbid Anatomy at
King's College, London, is a son of
the late John Eddowes Bowman,
F.L.S., F.G.S., and was born at
Nantwich, in 1816. Having received
his education at King's College, Lon-
don, he commenced his profession
with much success in the West-end
of London. The Royal Medal in
Physiology was awarded to him by
the Royal Society in 1842. He has
been twice on the council of that so-
ciety, is a corresponding member of
the Royal Academy of Science at
Turin, of the Royal Academy of
Medicine in Sweden, of the Société
Philomathique, of the Société de Chi-
rurgie, and of the Société de Biolo-
gie at Paris, of the Royal Medical
Society of Edinburgh, of the Philo-
sophical Society of Cambridge, and
of the Medical Societies of Geneva,
Dresden, Athens, and Pesth. He is
the author of some important sur-
gical works on the eye, "Lectures on
the Parts concerned in the Opera-
tions of the Eye," "Observations on
Artificial Pupils," and of "The Physi-
|
BOWEN, SIR GEORGE FERGUSON,
G.C.M.G., the eldest son of the Rev.
Edward Bowen, a beneficed clergy-
man in the north of Ireland, born in
that country in 1821, was educated at
the Charterhouse and Trinity College,
Oxford, where he obtained a scholar-
ship in 1840, and graduated B.A. as
first-class in classics in 1844. In the
same year he was elected to a fellow-
ship of Brasenose College, and be-
came a member of Lincoln's Inn.
From 1847 to 1851 he held the post
of President of the University of
Corfu, and was Chief Secretary to
the Government of the Ionian Islands
from 1854 to 1859. He is the author|ological Anatomy and Physiology of
Man" (the latter in conjunction with
the late Dr. Todd), as well as of
papers in the Philosophical Trans-
actions, and "The Cyclopædia of
Anatomy."
""
|
of "Ithaca in 1850," and of "Mount |
Athos, Thessaly, and Epirus." "Mur-
ray's Handbook of Greece "is be-
lieved to have been written by Sir
George Bowen, who married, in 1856,
the Countess Roma, only surviving
daughter of Count Roma, G.C.M.G.,
then President of the Senate of the
Ionian Islands, and was appointed, in
1859, Captain-General and Governor-
in-Chief of the new colony of Queens-
land, in Australia, comprising the
north-eastern portion of the Austra-
lian continent. After a successful
administration in Queensland, he was
appointed, in Nov. 1867, to succeed
Sir George Grey as Governor of New
Zealand; and in May, 1873, he was
gazetted Governor of Victoria in
BOWRING, EDGAR ALFRED, C.B.,
a younger son of the late Sir John
Bowring, born in 1826, and educated
at University College, London; en-
tered the civil service in the Board of
Trade in 1841, and filled in succes-
sion the post of private secretary to
the Earl of Clarendon, to Earl Gran-
ville, and to Lord Stanley of Alder-
ley. He was appointed Précis Writer
and Librarian to that department in
1840, and Registrar in 1853, but re-
tired from the service on the aboli-
tion of his office at the end of 1863.
|
BOWYER-BOYD.
SO
He acted as Secretary to the Royal
Commission for the Great Exhibition
of 1851, and held that appointment
until his election as M.P. for Exeter
at the general election of 1868. His
services in that capacity were
highly appreciated by the late Prince
Consort, the President of the Com-
mission, that, immediately after
H.R.H.'s decease, her Majesty was
pleased to nominate Mr. Bowring a
Companion of the Order of the Bath,
civil division. Mr. Bowring lost his
seat for Exeter at the general elec-
tion of Feb. 1874. He is the author
of an English poetical version of
"The Book of Psalms," English ver-
sions of the poetical works of Schiller,
Goethe, and Heine, and (jointly with
Lord Hobart) of a reply to the "So-
phisms of Free Trade," by Mr. Jus-
by Mr. Jus-
tice Byles. Besides having been a
frequent contributor to periodical
literature, he is understood to have
translated two small volumes of
German hymns, selected by the
Queen, and privately printed for her
Majesty's use, one volume on the
death of the Duchess of Kent, and
the other on that of Prince Albert.
|
BOWYER, SIR GEORGE, BART.,
M.P., D.C.L., eldest son of the late
Sir George Bowyer, Bart., of Radley,
Berkshire, born in 1811, was called to
the bar at the Middle Temple in 1839,
was Reader in Law in that inn, and
is a Magistrate and Deputy-Lieu-
tenant for Berkshire. In 1850 he
became a convert to the Roman
Catholic faith. When Pius IX. dis-
tributed England into Catholic dio-
ceses, in the autumn of 1850, Sir
G. Bowyer (who had been created an
Honorary D.C.L. of Oxford shortly
before his secession from the Esta-
blished Church) came forward as the
authorised defender of the act, and
published a pamphlet on the question,
entitled "The Cardinal Archbishop of
Westminster and the New Hier-
archy," which went through several
editions. Sir G. Bowyer is the author
of "A Dissertation on the Statutes of
the Italian Cities," and also of some
legal works of rather high reputation,
137
entitled "Commentaries on the Con-
stitutional Law of England," "Com-
mentaries on the Modern Civil Law,"
Readings before the Honourable
Society of the Middle Temple," and
"Commentaries on Universal Public
Law." In 1849 he was an unsuccess-
ful candidate for the representation
of Reading, but in 1852 he was
elected M.P. for Dundalk, which
borough he continued to represent
until the general election of Nov.
1868, when he was defeated. At the
general election of Feb. 1874, he was
returned in the Catholic and Home
Rule interest for the county of Wex-
ford. He is a Knight of Malta, and
Grand Cross of several foreign orders.
BOXALL, SIR WILLIAM, R.A.,
F.R.S., born at Oxford, in 1800,
entered as a student at the Royal
Academy in 1819, but was not the
pupil of any particular artist. He
exhibited at the Royal Academy in
1829 his "Milton's Reconciliation
with his Wife," his "Cordelia" in
1830, and "Hope" in 1838. He de-
signed several illustrations for the
Waverley Novels. After a visit to
Rome in 1833, he turned his atten-
tion to portrait-painting, to which
branch of art he has since devoted
himself. He was elected A.R.A. in
1851, and in 1863 was admitted to
the full honours of the Academy, at
which he has been a constant exhibi-
tor. On the death of Sir Charles
Eastlake, in 1865, he was appointed
Director of the National Gallery. He
was knighted by the Queen at Wind-
sor, Mar. 24, 1871. In consequence
of ill-health he retired from the post
of Director of the National Gallery
in Feb. 1874. He is an honorary
member of the Academy of San Fer-
nando at Madrid.
(
BOYD, THE REV. ANDREW KEN-
NEDY HUTCHISON, D.D., born at
Auchinleck, in Ayrshire, of which
parish his father was incumbent,
Nov. 1825, was educated at King's
College, London, and at the Univer-
sity of Glasgow, where he obtained
the highest academic honours in
philosophy and theology, and was
138
BOYD-BOYS.
**
author of several prize essays. He
was ordained in 1851, and was in-
cumbent successively of the parishes
of Newton-on-Ayr, Kirkpatrick-Iron-
gray, in Galloway, St. Bernard's,
Edinburgh, and of the University
city of St. Andrews, which he still
holds. He first became known as a
writer, by papers which appeared in
Fraser's Magazine, under the sig-
nature of A.K.H.B. Of these, the
most important have been reprinted
in a substantive shape, under the
titles of "The Recreations of a
Country Parson (first and second
series); "Leisure Hours in Town,
being Essays. Consolatory, Estheti-
cal, Moral, Social, and Domestic ;
"The Commonplace Philosopher in
Town and Country," and "The
Autumn Holidays of a Country
Parson." Dr. Boyd, who is also the
author of several volumes of sermons,
under the title of "The Graver
Thoughts of a Country Parson," and
"Counsel and Comfort spoken
from a City Pulpit,' "Present-day
Thoughts: Memorials of St. An-
St. An-
drews Sundays," 1870, "Landscapes,
Churches, and Moralities," 1874,
received the degree of D.D. from
the University of Edinburgh in 1864.
""
(C
|
BOYD, THE VERY REV. ARCHI-
BALD, D.D., born at Londonderry in
1803, was educated at the Diocesan
College in that city, and at Trinity
College, Dublin (B.A. 1823; M.A.
1834; B.D. and D.D. 1868). He was
curate of the cathedral of Derry
(1827); perpetual curate of Christ
Church, Cheltenham (1842-59);
honorary canon of Gloucester Cathe-
dral (1857-67); and vicar of Pad-
dington from 1859 till 1867, when he
was appointed Dean of Exeter. He
is the author of "Sermons on the
Church," 1837, 2nd edit. 1844; "Let-
ters on Episcopacy," 1839; Epis-
copacy and Presbytery," 1841; "Rome
and Oxford," 1843; "The Nature of
and Necessity for the Reformation,'
1850; Progress and Results of
Missions," 1864; "Intuition or Reve-
lation?" 1864; "Baptism and Bap-
tismal Regeneration," 1865; "The
|
""
66
Place of Miracles in the Evidences of
Christianity," 1866 ; Confession,
Absolution, and the Real Presence,'
1867; "Letters on Church Exten-
sion; "Modern Phases of Unbe--
lief;" and "The Church of England,
and what some people thought about
her," 1877.
""
BOYS, THE REV. THOMAS, M.A.,.
son of Rear-Admiral Thomas Boys, of
Kent, was born at Sandwich, Kent,
June 17, 1792. He was educated at
Tonbridge Grammar School, and be-
came an undergraduate at Trinity
College, Cambridge, in 1809 (B.A.
1813, M.A. 1817). On leaving college
he entered the army, and was attached
to the Military Chest in the Penin--
sula under Lord Wellington in
1813; was made cashier of the
Military Chest at Bordeaux in 1814 ;.
and was present at the battle of
Toulouse, where he
Toulouse, where he was wounded
in three places. The Peninsular
Medal was awarded to Mr. Boys, who
quitted the army, and prepared him--
self to enter the church. He was
ordained deacon in 1816, and priest
in 1822, becoming Incumbent (now
Vicar) of the new parish of Holy
Trinity, Hoxton, London, on the 22nd
Feb. 1848. Mr. Boys is the author of
numerous works, chiefly theological,
and he is, perhaps, best known by a
translation of the Bible from the
original Hebrew and Greek into
Portuguese. For this work his
scholarly acquirements specially
fitted him, he having taught Jews.
Hebrew at the College, Hackney,.
from 1830 to 1832, and acted as Pro-
fessor of Hebrew at the Missionary
College, Islington, in 1836, where,
among other works, he. revised “Dio-
dati's Italian Bible" and also the
"Arabic Bible." In addition to the
Portuguese Bible," his principal
works are Tactica Sacra," on Bible
Parallelism; "Key to the Book of
Psalms (on ditto); "A Word for
the Church," in reply to the Hon. and
Rev. B. W. Noel (1849);
"The Sup-
pressed Evidence," in reply to the
same; "Commentary on the New
Testament for Family Reading;
|
>>
60
""
(C
BRACKENBURY-BRADDON.
together with a large number of
pamphlets, sermons, tracts, and con-
tributions to periodicals, the latter in-
cluding, "My Peninsular Medal," a
serial which appeared in Blackwood,
from Nov. 1849 to July 1850.
BRACKENBURY, CHARLES
Booтн, born at Bayswater, Nov. 7,
1831, and educated at the Royal
Military Academy, Woolwich, was
appointed Second Lieutenant Royal
Artillery, Dec. 19, 1850; First Lieu-
tenant 27th Sept. 1852; Second Cap-
tain 17th Nov. 1857; First Captain
9th Feb. 1855. He has been an As-
sistant Instructor in Artillery at the
Royal Military Academy, and Assist-
ant Director of Artillery Studies,
and is now in the Depôt Brigade,
R.A., at Sheerness. Captain Bracken-
bury was present at the siege of
Sebastopol, and went through the
Bohemian campaign of 1866, and the
campaign of Le Mans with the army
of Prince Frederick Charles in 1871.
He is the author of "European Arma-
ments in 1867 ;""The Constitutional
Forces of Great Britain;" "Foreign
Armies and Home Reserves," 1871,
being a collection of letters to the
Times on the campaigns of 1866 and
1870-71; "The Winter Campaign of
Prince Frederick Charles in 1870-71;"
and "Reforms in the French Army,"
translated in the Intelligence Depart-
ment, Horse Guards, War Office,
1874.
peror of Germany; and was made
Officer of the Legion of Honour by
the French Government, and Knight
of the First Class of the Bavarian
Order of St. Michael.
Being ap-
pointed Military Secretary to Sir
Garnet Wolseley, he served with him
throughout the Ashanti Campaign.
Major Brackenbury has contributed
several papers on archæological and
military subjects to the Proceedings
of the Royal Artillery Institution and
United Service Institution, and to
other periodicals. He is the author
of "Fanti and Ashanti," 1873; and
"Narrative of the Ashanti War."
139
|
BRADDON, MISS MARY ELIZA-
BETH, popular novelist, daughter of
Mr. Henry Braddon, solicitor, who
contributed to the old Sporting
Magazine under the noms de plume
of "Gilbert Forrester " and "A
Member of the Burton Hunt," was
born in Soho Square, London, in
1837, and became at an early age a
contributor to periodical literature;
and wrote sentimental verses, politi-
cal squibs, and parodies, for the
Poet's Corner of provincial news-
papers. Miss Braddon has written
Loves of Arcadia," a comedietta
produced at the Royal Strand Theatre
in 1860;
·
"Garibaldi, and other
Poems," published in 1861; Lady
Lisle, Captain of the Vulture,
Trail of the Serpent," "Ralph the
Bailiff," and other sketches reprinted
from Temple Bar, St. James's Maga-
zine, &c.; "Lady Audley's Secret,"
"Aurora Floyd,' "Eleanor's Vic-
tory," " John Marchmont's Legacy,"
"Henry Dunbar," "The Doctor's
Wife," "Only a Clod," "Sir Jasper's
Tenant," "The Lady's Mile," "Rupert
Godwin," and "Run to Earth." Miss
Braddon conducts Belgravia, a Lon-
don magazine, to which she has con-
tributed the following novels :-
6:
?? (6
">
|
BRACKENBURY, MAJOR HENRY,
R.A., F.S.A., born at Bolingbroke,
Lincolnshire, Sept. 1st, 1837, was edu-
cated at Tonbridge, Eton, and Wool-
wich. He was appointed to the Royal
Artillery in April, 1856; and served
in the suppression of the Indian
Mutiny in 1857-58. Subsequently he
was appointed to the staff of the
Royal Military Academy at Wool-
wich, first as officer for discipline,
then as Instructor in Artillery, finally
as Professor of Military History. He
served throughout the Franco-Ger-
man war as chief representative of
the British National Society for aid
to sick and wounded in war; re-
ceived the Iron Cross from the Em-
Birds of Prey," "Charlotte's In-
heritance," Dead Sea Fruit," " Fen-
ton's Quest," and a variety of short
tales and novelettes. Her more re-
cent works are," To the Bitter End,"
1872; "Lucius Davoring," 1873;
Strangers and Pilgrims," 1873;
**
19
140
BRADFORD-BRADLEY.
|
"Griselda," a drama in four acts,
brought out at the Princess's
Theatre in Nov. 1873; "Lost for
Love," 1874; "Taken at the Flood,"
1874; "Hostages to Fortune," 1875;
"Dead Men's Shoes," 1876; "Joshua
Haggard's Daughter," 1876; and
"An Open Verdict," 1878.
|
BRADFORD (EARL OF) THE
RIGHT HON. ORLANDO GEORGE
CHARLES BRIDGEMAN, was born
April 24, 1819, succeeded his father
as third earl, March 22, 1865, and
married, April 30, 1844, Selina Louisa,
youngest daughter of the first Lord
Forrester. His lordship is Captain
of the South Salopian Yeomanry
Cavalry, has been Vice-Chamberlain
to the Queen's Household, and held
the office of Lord Chamberlain of the
Household under Lord Derby's third
administration, from July, 1866, to
1868. He was appointed Master of
the Horse in Feb. 1874.
|
BRADLEY, THE REV. EDWARD,
better known under the pseudonym
"Cuthbert Bede," a son of Thomas
Bradley, Esq., of Kidderminster, was
born in 1827, and educated at Durham
University, where he was Thorp
""
Cranston," with other prose and
verse; in 1863, "A Tour in Tartan
Land;" in 1864, "The Visitor's Hand-
book to Rosslyn and Hawthornden ;'
and "The White Wife," another illus-
trated work on the legends and
popular stories of the Land's-end_of
Scotland; in 1865, "The Rook's
Garden: Essays and Sketches;" and
in 1866, "Mattins and Muttons; or,
the Beauty of Brighton," a novel.
He has contributed to Punch, the
Illustrated London News, the Gentle-
man's, Bentley's, Sharpe's, and the St.
James's Magazines, to the London
Review, Once a Week, and other
periodicals and journals.
>>
a
Scholar and Foundation Scholar at
the University College. Having gra-
duated at Durham, he was ordained
in 1850, appointed incumbent of
Bobbington, Staffordshire, in 1857,
and rector of Denton, Huntingdon-
shire, in 1859. The latter incum-
bency he held till 1871, when he was
appointed rector of Stretton, near
Oakham, co. Rutland. His first pub-
lication was "Verdant Green,
novel, portraying Oxford life in a
humorous aspect, followed by "Med-
ley,' Motley," Photographic Plea-
sures," "Love's Provocations," "Tales
of College Life," Fairy Fables,"
"Nearer and Dearer," and "Happy
Hours at Wyndford Grange." He
published, in 1861, "Glencreggan,"
an illustrated work on Cantire, in
the West Highlands, descriptive of
the scenery, history, antiquities,
and legends of that peninsula, the
original seat of the ancient Scottish
monarchy; in 1862, "The Curate of
97 66
99 64
(4
BRADLEY, THE REV. GEORGE
GRANVILLE, M.A., is one of the sons
of the Rev. Charles Bradley, who was
for many years vicar of Glasbury, in
the county of Brecon, and some time
incumbent of St. James's Episcopal
Chapel at Clapham, Surrey. He was
born in 1821, and educated under
Dr. Arnold at Rugby, from which
school he was elected to an open
scholarship at University College,
Oxford, where he was a favourite
pupil of Dean Stanley, who at that
time was tutor. He took his bache-
lor's degree in Easter Term, 1844, as
a First Class in Classical honours,
and in 1845 obtained the Chancel-
lor's prize for a Latin essay, his sub-
ject being "The Equestrian Order in
the Roman Republic." Having been
elected to a Fellowship in 1846, he
proceeded M.A. in 1847. Mr. Bradley
was one of the assistant masters of
Rugby School for some years, under
Dr. Tait and his successor. Dr. Goul-
burn, and was elected in 1858 to
the Headmastership of Marlborough
College, on the preferment of his pre-
decessor, Dr. Cotton, to the bishop-
ric of Calcutta. Mr. Bradley was
ordained deacon in 1858 by the
Bishop of London, and priest in the
same year by the Bishop of Salisbury.
At Marlborough he was remarkable
for his successful administration, his
sound scholarship, and his constant
effort to make the education of a great
public school wide, large, and many-
BRADY-BRAMSTON.
sided, so as to meet the increasing |
wants of the age. He gave the best
possible scope at Marlborough to the
study of modern languages and
science, and his examination before
the Public School Commissioners was
suggestive of many important re-
forms and improvements, which are
in the course of being carried into
effect. In Dec. 1870, he was elected
to the mastership of University Col-
lege, Oxford, in the place of the late
the late
Dr. Plumptre. The honorary degree
of LL.D. was conferred upon him by
the University of St. Andrews, Feb.
25, 1873. He was appointed examin-
ing chaplain to the Archbishop of
Canterbury in 1874; was Select
Preacher at Oxford, 1874-75; and
held the post of honorary chaplain
to the Queen, 1874-76.
141
""
""
people, excited astonishment, and
was strongly censured by the organs
of the Conservative party, and led to
Dr. Brady's omission from the list of
chaplains under Lord Kimberley's
lieutenancy. The works published
by Dr. Brady are "Clerical and Pa-
rochial Records of Cork, Cloyne, and
Ross," 3 vols.; "Remarks on Irish
Church Temporalities;" "Facts or
Fictions; "The McGillicuddy Pa-
pers;
"The Irish Reformation; or,
the Alleged Conversion of the Irish
Bishops at the Accession of Queen
Elizabeth; and the assumed descent
of the present Established Hierarchy
in Ireland from the ancient Irish
Church, Disproved; "State Papers
concerning the Irish Church in the
Time of Queen Elizabeth ; and
Essays on the English State Church
in Ireland," 1869. Dr. Brady's
writings undoubtedly facilitated the
progress of Mr. Gladstone's Irish
Church Abolition Bill, and were
copiously quoted in and out of Parlia-
His work on the Irish Refor-
mation went through five editions,
and provoked innumerable replies.
Upon the passing of the Irish Church
Act, Dr. Brady, whose health had
been seriously affected by an attack
of bronchitis, went to Rome, and
from the archives there extracted
many particulars concerning the
ecclesiastical affairs of England,
Scotland, and Ireland. He after-
""
(:
ment.
BRADY, WILLIAM MAZIERE, D.D.,
youngest son of the late Sir N. W.
Brady, and nephew to Sir Maziere
Brady, Baronet, late Lord High Chan-
cellor of Ireland, was born at Dublin
in 1825, and educated at Trinity Col-
lege, Dublin, where he was a prize-
man in classics. He was appointed
Chaplain to Earl Clarendon, Lord
Lieutenant of Ireland, in 1851; was
subsequently Chaplain to Earl St.
Germans and to the Earl of Carlisle,
during their respective vice-royalties,
and was re-appointed to the same
office by Earl Spencer. He became
rector of Farrahy, co. Cork, in 1851;
held afterwards the vicarage of New-wards resigned his rectory of Do-
market, in the same county, and be-noughpatrick, and was received into
came rector of Kilberry and vicar the Catholic Church by Mgr. Kirby,
of Donoughpatrick, in the diocese of the Irish College at Rome, in May,
and county of Meath. Dr. Maziere 1873. He has since written a learned
|
Brady has written much upon various work on "The Episcopal Succession
historical, antiquarian, and political in England, Scotland, and Ireland,”
subjects in many of the newspapers the third volume of which was pub-
and magazines of the day, and notably lished at Rome in 1877.
in Fraser, and the Contemporary Re-
view. His sermon preached in the
Chapel Royal, Dublin, towards the
end of Lord Carlisle's vice-royalty,
in which he openly denounced the
wickedness of the State Church in
Ireland, which applied the whole of
the ancient ecclesiastical revenues for
the benefit of a mere fraction of the
-
BRAMSTON, THE VERY REV.
JOHN, B.D., Dean of Winchester, is
the younger son of the late Mr. Tho-
mas Gardiner Bramston, of Skreens,
Essex. He was born in 1802, and
educated at Winchester and Oriel
College, Oxford, where he took his
bachelor's degree in
degree in Michaelmas
Term, 1823, obtaining a second-class
BRAMWELL-BRAND.
in the School of Litere Humaniores. | secretary to Sir George Grey. In
July, 1852, he obtained a seat in the
House of Commons as one of the
members for Lewes, which borough
he continued to represent till Decem-
ber, 1868, and since then he has sat
for the county of Cambridge. In
Feb. 1858, Mr. Brand was appointed
Keeper of the Privy Seal to the Prince
of Wales, but he only held the office
for a few weeks. He held the office
of Parliamentary Secretary to the
Treasury from June, 1859, to July,
1866. In 1859 Mr. Brand succeeded
Sir W. Hayter, senior "whip" of the
Liberal party, and he discharged the
duties of that important and laborious
office with unflagging energy and
zeal for a period of nine years. When
Mr. Denison, afterwards Viscount Os-
sington, vacated the Speaker's chair,
Mr. Brand was nominated by the
Government to succeed him, and he
was elected Speaker of the House of
Commons without opposition in Feb.
1872. At first some hon. members
entertained misgivings as to whether
a gentleman who had been so pecu-
liarly identified for many years with
the interests of one political party in
the State would preside with due
impartiality over the discussions of
the House of Commons; but all such
doubts were soon set at rest by the
conduct of the right hon. gentleman,
who has discharged the duties of his
high office to the satisfaction alike
of Liberals and Conservatives. The
most conclusive proof of this is, that
when a new Parliament was elected,
and the Conservatives were placed in
power, Mr. Brand was again elected
Speaker without opposition in March,
1874. The Speaker of the House of
Commons is the first commoner of
the realm, and ranks next after
barons. His emolument consists of a
furnished house in the New Palace of
Westminster, and a salary of 5,0007.
a year.
Mr. Brand's name has of
late years been before the public in
connexion with a scheme for the
amelioration of the condition of the
agricultural labourers on his estate
at Glynde, in Sussex.
142
He was shortly afterwards elected to
a Fellowship at Exeter College; but
this he vacated by his appointment
in 1831 to the vicarage of Great
Baddow, Essex, a living in private
patronage, from which he was trans-
ferred by Bishop Blomfield, in 1840,
to the vicarage of Witham, which he
held until his appointment to the
Deanery of Winchester in Oct. 1872.
Mr. Bramston was formerly an hono-
rary Canon of Rochester Cathedral,
and for some time he sat in the
Lower House of Convocation as one
of the Proctors for the Diocese of
Rochester.
BRAMWELL, THE RIGHT HON.
SIR GEORGE WILLIAM WILSHERE,
son of a banker, born in London, in
1808, was in early youth placed in
his father's counting-house, where he
acquired a practical knowledge of the
business of banking, which in after
years proved of great value to him.
Having resolved to try the legal pro-
fession, he practised for some time as
a pleader, and was, in 1838, called to
the bar, and went the Home Circuit.
He gradually obtained a large busi-
ness as a lawyer and pleader; in 1851
became a Queen's Counsel, and in
1852 was a member, with Sir J.
Jervis, Sir A. Cockburn, Mr. Willes,
and Mr. Baron Martin, of the Com-
mon Law Procedure Commission,
which resulted in the Common Law
Procedure Act of 1852. This gave
great satisfaction, and Mr. Bramwell
was, in 1856, made a Baron of the
Exchequer, and received the honour
of knighthood. In Oct. 1876, he was
made a Judge of the intermediate
Court of Appeal and sworn of the
Privy Council.
BRAND, THE RIGHT HON. HENRY
BOUVERIE WILLIAM, M.P., Speaker
of the House of Commons, is the
second son of the 21st Baron Dacre,
by the second daughter of the late
Hon. and Very Reverend Maurice
Crosbie, Dean of Limerick, and
brother and heir presumptive to the
present Baron.
He was born in
1814. For some time he was private
BRAVO-MURILLO-BRAY.
143
|
|
BRAVO-MURILLO, DON JUAN,
politician, born at Frejenal de la
Sierra, province of Badajoz, in June,
1803, was intended for the church,
but chose the bar as a profession. In
1825 he entered the College of Advo-
cates at Seville, soon after obtained
the post of Fiscal at Caseres, and
showed great devotion to the mo-
narchy. When the Progresistas came
into power he resigned, went to
Madrid, and founded a law magazine,
the Boletin de Jurisprudencia. In
1836 he was appointed Secretary to
the department of Justice under
Isturitz. After the revolution of La
Granja, in August, he joined the oppo-
sition, and in his journal, El Porvenir,
was one of the most active adversaries
of the radical party. In 1837 the
province of Seville elected him to the
Cortes, where he took part chiefly in
legal questions. During the rule of
the Progresistas he was for some time
out of the Cortes, but in 1839 was
re-elected for the province of Avila,
and took his place among the political
orators of the Conservative party.
After the flight of the queen-mother,
Maria-Christina, in Oct. 1840, he was
compromised in a conspiracy against
the regency of Gen. Espartero, took
refuge first in the Basque provinces,
and then in France, where he remained
until the fall of the dictator (July,
1843), when he returned to Madrid,
to follow his profession. In 1847 he
received the office of Minister of
Justice in the transition cabinet of
the Duke of Sotomayor, but resigned
when Pacheco took the reins on the
formation of the new cabinet. In
Nov. 1847, he became Minister of
Trade and of Public Instruction. In
1849-50 he was Minister of Finance;
and in 1851, after the resignation of
the Duke of Valentia (Narvaez), he
was charged with the formation of a
cabinet. In the spring of 1853 histrative of the habits and manners of
cabinet was succeeded by that of the fourteenth century, followed, in
Gen. Lersundi. The repressive mea- 1828, by "The White Hoods," a novel
sures adopted by Bravo-Murillo and descriptive of the troublous times of
his successors led to the revolution of civil war between the nobles and
1854, and the victory of Generals citizens of Flanders. Only eight
Espartero and O'Donnell. Obliged to months later appeared "The Protes-
|
quit Spain, he did not re-enter it
until 1856, and has since filled several
high diplomatic posts.
BRAY, MRS. ANNA ELIZA, au-
thoress, the daughter of John Kempe,
Esq., a gentleman of Cornish extrac-
tion, is a thorough proficient in all
feminine accomplishments, and an
earnest and devoted student of the
fine arts, her taste for which led to
her introduction to Mr. Stothard, the
painter, who directed her artistic
studies, and to whose accomplished
son, Mr. Charles Stothard, she was
married in 1818. Soon after their
marriage she went with him to
France, where he completed a series
of drawings of the Bayeux tapestry
for the Antiquarian Society, to which
he was historical draughtsman; and
she accompanied him whilst making
further researches in Normandy and
Brittany. A series of letters ad-
dressed by Mrs. Stothard to her
mother during this journey, with
numerous illustrations from her own
and her husband's pencils, were pub-
lished on her return. In 1820 they
made another tour through the pic-
turesque old towns of Flanders, and
in 1821 Mr. Stothard was accidentally
killed whilst executing a drawing
from part of a church in Devonshire
for the "Monumental Effigies of
Great Britain," a work which his
widow afterwards completed by the
help of her brother, Mr. Kempe, who
finished the letter-press. Mrs. Stot-
hard's "Memoirs of her husband.
published in 1823, received high com-
mendation from Southey, Beckford,
and Sir Walter Scott. Soon after-
wards she took up her residence in
Devonshire, and was married to the
Rev. Edward Atkyns Bray, vicar of
Tavistock, the author of theological
and other works. In 1826 she pub-
lished" De Foix," a romance, illus-
**
14;
BREEN-BRETT.
he is a
the Fatal Oak," and
|
|
Mary. Mrs. Bray's next work, "Fitz
of Fitzford,” a legend of Devonshire,
was her first attempt to open out a
new path in fiction, by taking local
names and traditions as a basis for
her imagination to work upon. In
another novel, "The Talba; or, the
Moor of Portugal," she relinquished
this plan, but resumed it again in
"Warleigh; or, the Fatal Oak," and
in "Trelawny of Trelawne." In 1836
appeared "The Borders of the Tamar
and the Tavy," a descriptive work,
which originated in a suggestion from
Robert Southey. It was followed by
"Trials of the Heart," "The Moun-
tains and Lakes of Switzerland,"
"Henry de Pomeroy," a legend of
Cornwall and Devon, "Courtenay of
Walreddon," and an edition of the
"Fables and Poems of Mary Colling,"
with a memoir of that remarkable
poetess of humble life. A uniform
edition of Mrs. Bray's works of fic-
tion, in ten volumes, was published
in 1844. This authoress published
"Trials of Domestic Life," a beau-
tifully-illustrated "Life of Thomas
Stothard, R.A.," in 1851; "A Peep
at the Pixies," a pleasant contribu-
tion to the Christmas gift-books of
the same year, and "Handel, his
Life, Personal and Professional, with
Thoughts on Sacred Music," in 1857.
Left a widow in the latter year, she, in
1859, published Mr. Bray's "Poetical
Remains," with a memoir, followed,
in 1860, with a selection from his
sermons. In 1870 she published "The
Good St. Louis and his Times in
the same year
"The Revolt of the
Protestants of the Cevennes, with
some account of the Huguenots of the
Seventeenth Century; in 1871,
"Hartland Forest: a Legend of North
Devon :
in 1873 another historical
work, "Joan of Arc, and the Times of
Charles VII., King of France;" and
in 1874, "Roseteague," 2 vols.
BRAZIL, EMPEROR OF. (See
PEDRO II.)
BRECHIN, BISHOP OF. (See
JERMYN.)
tant," a tale of the reign of Queen | born in Kerry, Ireland, in 1805, is:
| paternally descended from the ancient
Irish chiefs of Tyrone, and represents
the principal of the Septs, which, as
adherents of Hugh O'Neil, were dis-
possessed of their lands in Ulster, in
1607, by the Government of James
I., and banished to Kerry, as the re-
motest part of Ireland from the place
of their birth. On the mother's side
he is a near relative of Thomas
Moore, the poet, whose father, the
son of a Kerry farmer, settled in
Dublin in 1775. Mr. Breen was
educated at the Grammar Schools of
his native county till the age of
eighteen, when he was sent to the
College of St. Esprit, in Paris, where,
during a residence of five years, he
studied philosophy, theology, and
French literature. In 1829 he settled
in the West Indies, and in 1833 was
appointed Secretary of the Courts of
Justice in the island of St. Lucia,
the French language being at that
time and for many years after the
language of the courts.
In April,
1857, he received the appointment of
Administrator of the Government of
St. Lucia, which post he held till
Oct. 1861. In that capacity he was
present in Martinique in August,
1859, at the inauguration of a statue
to the Empress Josephine, when he
delivered an address in French, for
which he received the special thanks
of the Emperor Napoleon III.; but
the chief incident in his administra-
tion, was the visit to St. Lucia, in
March 1861 of Prince Alfred, now
Duke of Edinburgh. He has written,
"St. Lucia, Historical, Statistical, and
Descriptive," 1844; "The Diamond
Rock and other Poems," 1849;
"Modern English Literature : its
Blemishes and Defects," 1857 ; " War-
rawarra, the Carib Chief, a Tale of
1770,” 2 vols. 1876; and some other
works which appeared anonymously.
He has also contributed to periodical
literature.
|
|
>>
>>
""
BREEN, HENRY HEGART, F.S.A.,
BRETT, THE RIGHT HON. SIR
WILLIAM BALIOL, Lord Justice of
Appeal, eldest surviving son of the
Rev. Joseph George Brett, of Rane-
BREWER-BRIALMONT.
lagh, Chelsea, by Dora, daughter of | had failed to gain the support of the
country, he was appointed a Justice
of the Court of Common Pleas, and
by the operation of the Judicature
Act, he became a Judge of the High
Court of Justice in 1875. He tried
the gas-stokers, and passed on them
a sentence, which, by some persons,
was deemed unduly harsh, and by
others a necessary sentence, consider-
ing the great danger caused to the
metropolis by the strike. His sen-
tence on Col. Valentine Baker was
also much criticised.
also much criticised. In Oct., 1876,
he was made a Judge of the interme-
diate Court of Appeal, and added to
the Privy Council. He married, in
1850, Eugenie, daughter of Louis
Mäyer, Esq., and step-daughter of
the late Capt. Gurwood, C.B. (editor
of the Duke of Wellington's Des-
patches).
George Best, Esq., late of Chilston
Park, Kent, was born in 1817. From
Westminster School he was sent to
Caius College, Cambridge (B.A. 1840;
M.A. 1845). At this period he was
famous for his skill in rowing, and
he was in three University crews. In
1846 he was called to the bar at Lin-
coln's Inn. He chose the Northern
circuit, and soon acquired a large
practice. He possessed a peculiar
knowledge of ships and nautical
matters, and also of many mercantile
pursuits; and he displayed rare skill
in selecting the topics most pleasing
to juries, and in presenting business
matters clearly to business men. In
March, 1860, he obtained his silk
gown, and at the same time he was
made a bencher of his Inn. His
political career commenced in 1866,
when, in view of a general election,
he went down to Rochdale to oppose
Mr. Cobden, and in this advanced
Liberal borough declared himself to
be not merely a Conservative but a
Tory. Nevertheless he made so much
progress among the constituents, that
Mr. Cobden deemed it prudent to
visit Rochdale personally, in order to
defend his seat. Mr. Brett did not
succeed in his bold attempt, and he
failed in the contest against Mr. T.
B. Potter. In July, 1866, he stood
for Helston in Cornwall. This elec-
tion became famous from the circum-
stance of their being a tie, and the
Mayor assuming to give after four
o'clock a casting vote. For doing
this the Mayor was summoned before
the House of Commons, and Mr.
Brett was seated on petition. Mr.
Brett represented Helston till 1868,
being in Feb. of that year appointed
Solicitor-General, on which occasion
he received the honour of knighthood.
During the short period he remained
in office he took a prominent part in
passing, in 1868, the Registration
Act, which enabled the general elec-
tion to be taken in that year, and the
Corrupt Practices Act, which is now
in force. In Aug., 1868, when it was
known that the Conservative party
|
145
BREWER, THE REV. JOHN SHER-
REN, M.A., Professor of English Lite-
rature in King's College, London,
and Preacher at the Rolls Chapel,
born in 1810, was educated at Queen's
College, Oxford, where he graduated
B.A. in 1833, taking first-class ho-
nours in classics. From 1841 till
1877, he was Professor of English
Literature in King's College, London.
In 1876 he was collated to the rec-
tory of Toppesfield, near Halstead,
Essex. He is the editor of "Fuller's
Church History," published by the
University of Oxford; of "Field on
the Church;" of an edition of the
"Nicomachean Ethics" of Aristotle,
with English notes, which is used as
a text-book at Oxford; of "The Ca-
lendars of State Papers, relating to
the reign of Henry VIII.," published
by the Master of the Rolls; and of
other works in the same series. In
Nov., 1870, he was elected an hono-
rary Fellow of Queen's College, Ox-
ford. He published "The Athanasian
Origin of the Athanasian Creed
in 1872; and, in collaboration with
Mr. William Bullen, edited the "Ca-
lendar of the Carew Manuscripts,
preserved in the Archiepiscopal Li-
brary at Lambeth," 1874.
BRIALMONT, ALEXIS HENRI, a
L
146
BRIGHT.
|
|
Belgian writer on military subjects, | Improvisée," 1870, translated into
son of General Laurent Mathieu English by C. A. Empson, under the
Brialmont, was born at Venloo, in the title of Hasty Entrenchments,"
province of Limburg, May 25, 1821. 1872; "La Fortification à Fossés
He quitted the military school at secs," 2 vols. 1872, with atlas; and
Brussels with the rank of Sub-lieu- "Ce que vaut le Garde Civique.
tenant in 1843. Being connected, as
Being connected, as Étude sur la situation militaire de la
an engineer officer, with the manage- Belgique," 1872. He started in 1850
ment of the fortifications, he was ap- the Journal de l'Armée Belge.
pointed to carry out the works at the
fortress of Diest. From 1847 to 1850
he was private secretary to General
Chazal, then Minister of War. In
1855 he left the corps of engineers
and became a member of the staff,
attaining to the rank of Captain in
1857. In due course he became
Major-General, and in 1877 Lieu-
tenant-General. He was appointed
Inspector-General of Fortifications
and of the Sappers and Miners in
Belgium in 1875. Lieut.-General
Brialmont has written many works
on military history and tactics.
Among them are "Précis d'Art Mili-
taire, 1844, in the "Bibliothèque
Populaire" of the "Société pour
l'Emancipation Intellectuelle"; "Eloge
de la Guerre, ou réfutation des doc-
trines des Amis de la Paix,” 1849, a
pamphlet written on the occasion of
the Congress, and dedicated to the
army; "De la Guerre, de l'Armée, et
de la Garde Civique," 1849; a re-
markable article on the construction
of Powder Magazines, in the "An-
nales des Travaux Publics," 1849;
“Considérations politiques et mili-
taires sur la Belgique," 3 vols. 1851-52;
"Histoire du Duc de Wellington," 3
vols. 1856-57, translated into English
with emendations and additions by the
Rev. G. R. Gleig, 1858, et seq.; A
French Officer's Ideas upon the De-
fence of England," edited by A. Kin-
loch, 1860;" Études sur la Défense
des États et sur la Fortification," 3
vols., with atlas, 1863; "Le Corps
Belge du Mexique," 1864 ; "Re-
flexions d'un Soldat sur les Dangers
qui menacent la Belgique," 1865;
"Considérations sur la Réorganisa-
tion de l'Armée," 1866; "Traité de
Fortification Polygonale," 2 vols.,
1869, with atlas; "La Fortification
|
((
|
""
BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON,
F.R.A.S., F.R.G.S., civil engineer,
the son of Brailsford Bright, Esq.,
born in 1832, commenced the active
business of his profession in 1850,
and in 1853, as engineer to the
English and Irish Magnetic Tele-
graph Company, was immediately
concerned in the union of Great
Britain with Ireland by submarine
telegraph. In 1856 he was one of
four original projectors of a line of
telegraph between the west coast of
Ireland and America, which work, as
engineer to the Atlantic Telegraph
Company, he accomplished in Aug.
1858, when he received the honour
of knighthood from the Lord-Lieu-
tenant of Ireland. Several messages
were transmitted between London
and New York and other places;
amongst them congratulatory ad-
dresses between Her Majesty and the
President of the United States, and
orders countermanding the despatch
of two regiments from Canada to
India, by which the country saved
upwards of £50,000. The line, how-
ever, ceased to work a few weeks
afterwards. Sir C. Bright was re-
turned for Greenwich at the general
election of 1865, and continued to re-
present that constituency till Dec.
1868.
BRIGHT, THE RIGHT HON. JOHN,
M.P., is the son of Jacob Bright, of
Greenbank, near Rochdale, where he
was born Nov. 16, 1811. Having re-
ceived the rudiments of a substantial
English education, he entered his
father's business, and became a mem-
ber of the firm of John Bright and
Brothers, cotton-spinners and manu-
facturers, of Rochdale. At a compara-
tively early age he began to address
local audiences on social and politico-
BRIGHT.
147
economical topics, and he delivered, | welcome given to Kossuth by the
at a literary institution in his native advanced Liberals of Lancashire. On
town, a series of lectures embodying the formation of the first Derby
his reminiscences of a Tour to the ministry, Mr. Bright aided in that
Holy Land in 1835. Though he had temporary re-organization of the Anti-
taken part in the Reform agitation of Corn-Law League, which the accept-
1831-2, Mr. Bright first distinguished ance of free trade by the new govern-
himself in political life by becoming ment afterwards rendered unneces-
in 1839 one of the earliest members sary. He was re-elected for Man-
of the Anti-Corn-Law League, which chester, after a contest, at the general
grew out of an association formed in election of 1852. With the accession
1838 to obtain the repeal of the Corn of Lord Aberdeen's ministry to power
Laws. In April, 1843, at a bye-began the discussion of the Eastern
election, he stood as a candidate for question, his share in which alienated
the representation of the city of from Mr. Bright many of his former
Durham, but was defeated by Lord supporters. Mr. Bright denounced
Dungannon, a Conservative and Pro- the policy of the Russian war with
tectionist. His Lordship was, how-energy; but his protests against it
ever, unseated on petition, and at the were stopped by an attack of severe
election which thereupon ensued in illness, and just as the war had been
July of the same year, Mr. Bright brought to a close, Mr. Bright was
was returned by a majority of compelled to forego all public action.
78. He continued to sit for Durham The news of the defeat of Lord Pal-
till 1847, when he was returned for merston on the Canton question
Manchester. He made his maiden reached him while in Italy, in March,
speech in Parliament on Mr. Ewart's 1857. Although he had necessarily
motion for extending the principles taken no personal part in the debate
of free trade, Aug. 7, 1843. During or division which produced Lord Pal-
the interval between his election for merston's appeal to the country, yet
Manchester and the accession of the he expressed his entire approval of the
first Derby ministry_to_power, Mr. vote of censure which had been pro-
Bright's activity in Parliament and posed by Mr. Cobden, and seconded
on the platform was varied and con- by Mr. Milner Gibson. At the general
tinuous. In the House of Commous election that ensued, Manchester re-
he proposed to apply the remedy of jected both Mr. Bright and Mr. Milner
free trade in land to the state of Gibson by large majorities. A few
things which produced the Irish months afterwards, the death of Mr.
famine. He appealed, unsuccess- Muntz caused a vacancy in the repre-
fully, for the despatch of a royal sentation of Birmingham; the consti-
commission to investigate the condi- tuency invited Mr. Bright to become
tion of India; and in 1849 he was a candidate; he was elected in Aug.
appointed one of the members of the 1857, and has continued to represent
celebrated select committee of the that borough down to the present
House of Commons on official sala- time. After 1857 his name was
ries. In the legislature and in the mainly identified with a scheme for
provinces, especially at Manchester, the reform of the electoral repre-
he co-operated with Mr. Cobden in sentation, by a wide extension of the
the movement which the latter sought suffrage and a
more equal distri-
to create in favour of financial reform, bution of the seats with reference to
mainly with a view to the reduction population, and alterations in the law
of our naval and military establish- of entail. He was an uncompromising
ments. In 1851 he voted with those advocate of the North during the civil
who attempted to censure Lord Pal- war in America, and after the close
merston in the Pacifico affair ; and in of the struggle he renewed the agita-
1852 he took a prominent part in the tion for reform. He visited Ireland,
|
•
L 2
148
BRIGHT-BRISTOW.
and he was entertained at a banquet
in Dublin, Oct. 30, 1866; but his re-
ception in the sister island was not so
enthusiastic as its promoters antici-
pated. On Nov. 3, 1868, he was pre-
sented with the freedom of the city of
Edinburgh, and in the following
month he accepted office under Mr.
Gladstone, as President of the Board
of Trade. After being absent from
the House of Commons for some time
in consequence of severe illness, he
was compelled to retire from office in
Dec. 1870. His health having been
partially restored, he was, in Aug.
1873, appointed to the Chancellor-
ship of the Duchy of Lancaster in
succession to Mr. Childers, and he
held that post until the Liberals went
out of office in Feb. 1874. A collec-
tion of his "Speeches on Questions
of Public Policy," was published in
2 vols., 1868.
| Ancient Writers," 1864; "Hymns
and other poems," 1866; reprints
of "Eusebius's Ecclesiastical His-
tory," and of "St. Athanasius's Ora-
tions against the Arians," with bio-
graphical accounts of the authors, in
1872 and 1873; and "Chapters of
Early English Church History,"
1878. In collaboration with the
Rev. P. G. Medd, M.A., he published,
in 1865, a Latin version of the Book
of Common Prayer.
BRISBANE, BISHOP OF. (See
HALE.)
BRISTOW, HENRY WILLIAM,
F.R.S., F.G.S., only son of Major-
Gen. Henry Bristow, born in 1817,
was educated at Twickenham and at
King's College, London, where in
1840-41 he obtained certificates of
honour of the second and third years
in the department of civil engineer-
ing and science applied to the arts
and manufactures. He was appointed
Assistant Geologist on the Ordnance
Geological Survey in 1842; elected a
Fellow of the Geological Society in
1843; promoted to the rank of Geo-
logist on the Geological Survey of
Great Britain, under the department
of Woods, &c.; transferred to the
department of Science and Art in
1847; elected a Fellow of the Royal
Society in 1862, and an Honorary
Fellow of King's College, London, in
1863; appointed Examiner in Geo-
logy and Mineralogy under the Coun-
cil of Military Education, Oct. 1865 ;
promoted to the rank of District
Surveyor on the Geological Survey of
England and Wales, April, 1867 ;
presented with the diploma of the
Imperial Geological Institute of
Vienna, 1870; and promoted to the
rank of Senior Director (Director for
England and Wales), on the Geolo-
gical Survey of the United Kingdom
in Oct., 1872. He is the author of a
Descriptive Catalogue of the Minerals
in the Museum of King's College,
London; of a portion of a Descrip-
tive Catalogue of the Rock Speci-
mens in the Museum of Practical
Geology, London; of articles on
Minerals and Rocks in "Ure's Dic-
|
BRIGHT, THE REV. WILLIAM,
D.D., was born at Doncaster, Dec. 14,
1824. From Rugby School he was
elected scholar of University College,
Oxford, where he graduated in the
first class in classics in 1846. The
next year he was elected a fellow of
his college, and gained the Johnson
Theological Scholarship, and in
1849 he proceeded M.A. Applying
himself to the study of divinity, he
was ordained deacon in 1848, and
priest in 1850, and in the succeeding
year became theological tutor in
Trinity College, Glenalmond. He
returned to Oxford in 1859, and was
afterwards appointed tutor of Uni-
versity College. He was promoted in
1868 to the Regius Professorship of
Ecclesiastical History, and to the
canonry of Christ Church, which is
attached to that chair. The Univer-
sity conferred upon him the degree
of D.D. in 1869. Dr. Bright's works
are, "Ancient Collects selected from
various Rituals," 1857; "Athanasius
and other Poems," 1858; "A History
of the Church from the Edict of
Milan to the Council of Chalcedon,"
1860 ; Eighteen Sermons of St.
Leo, translated with notes," 1862;
"Faith and Life: Readings from
(4
w
BROCA-BROGLIE.
::
|
tionary of Arts, Manufactures, and | pannation," 1859; "Études sur les
Mines," 3rd edition; of "Memoirs Animaux Ressuscitants," 1860; "Re-
on the Geology of the Isle of Wight;" | cherches sur l'Hybridité Animale en
of "A Memoir on the Geology of générale et sur l'Hybridité Humaine
Parts of Hants and Berks," comprised en particulier," 1860; "Instructions
in Map 12 of the Geological Survey; générales pour les Recherches Antho-
of a paper on the Lower Lias of pologiques," 1865; and "Traité des
Glamorganshire, 1867; and joint- Tumeurs,” 1865. Dr. Broca has also
author (with Mr. W. Whitaker) of a been engaged, in collaboration with
paper on the Chesil Bank of Dorset, M. C. Bonamy and Emile Beau, on
1869; of various maps, sections, and the great "Atlas d'Anatomie Descrip-
of other publications of the Geologi- tive du Corps Humain. An interna-
cal Survey; of a " Glossary of Miner- tional Congress on Anthropology,
alogy," 1861; and of the articles on presided over by M. Broca, was held
Mineralogy in Brande's "Dictionary in the Trocadéro Palace at Paris, from
of Science, Literature, and Art," 4th the 16th to the 21st of August, 1878.
edition, 1867. Mr. Bristow also
edited and revised the translation of
Figuier's "World before the Deluge,"
6th edition, 1869; and is the trans-
lator and editor of L. Simonin's "La
Vie Souterraine " ("Underground
Life") adapted to the present state of
British mining, 1869. In conjunc-
tion with Mr. R. Etheridge, he pub-
lished "British Sedimentary and
Fossiliferous Strata," 1872; and he
has also compiled a❝ Table of British
Strata," showing their order of super-
sition and relative thickness.
149
BRODIE, SIR BENJAMIN COLLINS,
Bart., F.R.S., eldest son of the late
Sir Benjamin C. Brodie, Bart., the
eminent surgeon, born in London in
1817, was educated at Harrow and
Balliol College, Oxford, where he
graduated B.A. in 1839 and M.A. in
1842. He was appointed Professor of
Chemistry in the University of Ox-
ford in 1855, and elected President of
the Chemical Society in 1859 and
1860. He succeeded to the baronetcy
on his father's death in 1862. He
has contributed papers on scientific
subjects to the "Philosophical Trans-
actions," and the "Journal of the
Chemical Society."
|
BROGLIE, CHARLES JACQUES
VICTOR ALBERT, DUC DE, eldest son
of the eminent French statesman
Achille Charles Léonce Victor, Duc de
Broglie (who died Jan. 25, 1870), was
born in Paris, June 13, 1821. He was
educated in the University of Paris,
where, at an early age, he gained a
BROCA, PAUL, a French surgeon,
and anthropologist, born at Sainte-
Foy-la-Grand (Gironde) in 1824,
became professor of surgical patho-
logy in the faculty of medicine at
Paris, and surgeon of the hospitals of
Saint-Antoine and La Pitié. He
was elected a member of the Imperial
Academy of Medicine, July 26, 1866,
and subsequently he was nominated
a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour.
Dr. Broca not only enjoys a high re-high reputation as a publicist, and
putation for surgical skill, but is re- became one of the principal editors of
garded as one of the leaders of the the Correspondant, in which journal
modern anthropologists. His prin- he defended Catholic interests and
cipal works are:-" De l'Etrangle- the doctrines of moderate constitu-
ment dans les Hernies Abdominales, tional liberalism. He was Secretary
1853, 2nd edit. 1856; "Des Anévris- of the French embassies at Madrid
mes et de leur traitement," 1856; and Rome, prior to the revolution of
Remarques sur les fractures et 1848, at which period he retired
sur les regénerations osseuses," 1859; altogether from public life, in con-
"Sur l'Anesthésie chirugicale hypno- sequence of his political opinions,
tique,” 1859; “Sur un abcès chronique until Feb. 1871, when he was elected
simple du canal médullaire de l'hu- Deputy for the department of the
merus traité avec succès par la tré- Eure, and nominated by M. Thiers's
(C
150
BROMBY-BROOKE.
>>
to
government French Ambassador in 1846; his "Études Morales et Litté-
London. While holding this appoint-raires," 1853; "L'Église et l'Empire
ment he made frequent journeys to Romain au Quatrième Siècle, 6
Paris, and took an active part in vols., 1856, a work which passed
the debates in the National As- through five editions; "Une Réforme
sembly. In March, 1872, he was in- Administrative en Algérie," 1860
structed to communicate
the
English government the denuncia-
tion of the Treaty of Commerce. At
this period the Duke, who, it may
be remarked, entertains enlightened
views on commercial questions, was
accused by the Republican party in
the Chamber with not having shown
sufficient respect for the form of
government which he had under-
taken to represent at a foreign court.
Accordingly the Duke, who had ac-
cepted a diplomatic appointment
with reluctance, asked to be recalled
from the Court of St. James's, and
his request was acceded to. As the
acknowledged leader of the Conserva-
tive party in the National Assembly
he moved the order of the day which
led to the resignation of M. Thiers
and the acceptance by Marshal Mac-
Mahon of the Presidency of the Re-
public, April 24, 1873. The Duc de
Broglie now became Minister of Fo-
reign Affairs and President of the
Council; and for more than a year
he directed the policy of the new
government, but having undertaken a
project of a new Constitution, in-
cluding the establishment of a Grand
Council or Second Chamber, which
was to be invested with the power of
dissolving the Assembly, he was de-
feated on a question of procedure,
and resigned with his ministry, May
16, 1874. At the elections of Jan. 30,
1876, M. de Broglie was elected a
Senator by the department of the
Eure; his term of office expires in
1885, On May 17, 1877, he succeeded
M. Jules Simon as President of the
Council of Ministers, Keeper of the
Seals and Minister of Justice, which
posts he resigned in December of the
same year after the elections had
given a large majority to the Repub-
lican party. As a writer, the Duc de
Broglie is well known by a transla-
tion of Leibnitz's "Religious System,"
|
|
Questions de Religion et d'Histoire,"
1860; "La Souveraineté Pontificale
et la Liberté,” 1861 ; and “La Liberté
Divine et la Liberté Humaine," 1865.
He was elected a member of the
French Academy in 1862, on a vacancy
being occasioned by the decease of
Father Lacordaire. The Sultan con-
ferred upon the Duc de Broglie the
Grand Cordon of the Order of the
Osmanië in Oct. 1873.
(6
BROMBY, THE RIGHT REV.
CHARLES HENRY, D.D., Bishop of
Tasmania, son of the late Rev. J. H.
Bromby, Vicar of Trinity Church,
Hull, born in 1814, was educated at
St. John's College, Cambridge (B.A.
1837, M.A. 1840, D.D. 1864). He
resided for some years at Clifton,
taking private pupils; was Incum-
bent of St. Paul's, Cheltenham, from
1843, and Principal of the Normal
College for Schoolmasters there from
1847 till his appointment to the
bishopric of Tasmania in 1864. He
has written "Sorrows of Bethany,
and other Sermons," published in
1846; "Notes on the Liturgy and
Church History," in 1852 ; "A Sketch
of the Book of Common Prayer," in
1861 ; "The Antiquity and Inde-
pendence of the British Church;"
Early Church History to the Sixth
Century;
"Church Student's
Manual," and "Teacher's English
Grammar and Etymology," in 1862.
The bishopric, founded in 1842, com-
prises Tasmania and Norfolk Island,
and the income is £1,000 from the
colonial funds, and £400 from the
Colonial Bishoprics Fund.
""
66
BROOKE, THE REV. AUGUSTUS
STOPFORD, born at Dublin in 1832,
was educated at Trinity College,
Dublin, where he gained the Downe
prize and the Vice-Chancellor's prize
for English verse. He graduated
B.A. in 1856 and M.A. in 1858. He
was curate of St. Matthew, Maryle-
BROOME-BROWN.
bone (1857-59); curate of Kensington | Illustrated London News office, in
(1860-63); minister of St. James's Douglas Jerrold's time. Subsequently
Chapel, York - street, St. James's- | he published the first number of the
square (1866-75); and minister of Daily Telegraph, and for five years
Bedford Chapel, Bloomsbury (June he was connected with the Morning
1876). He was appointed a chaplain Star. Going to Liverpool with other
in ordinary to the Queen in 1872. members of the Savage Club to give
Mr. Brooke is the author of "Life amateur theatrical performances in
and Letters of the late Frederick W. aid of the Lancashire Relief Fund,
Robertson," 1865; "Theology in the he achieved so decided a histrionic
English Poets," 1874; "Primer of success that he was offered a regular
English Literature ;" and four vols. engagement by Mr. A. Henderson,
of "Sermons,” 1868-77.
and accordingly made his first pro-
fessional appearance at the Prince of
Wales's Theatre at Liverpool in 1864.
Since that date he has played the
principal low-comedy characters in
London and all through the pro-
vinces. He represented "Tony Lump-
kin," in "She Stoops to Conquer,'
for upwards of 200 nights. Mr.
Brough was manager of Covent Gar-
den Theatre for Mr. Dion Boucicault
during the season in which "Babil
and Bijou" was produced.
BROWN, FORD MADOX, a painter,
by some considered to belong to the
Pre-Raphaelite school, was born at
Calais, of English parents, in 1821.
He is grandson of Dr. John Brown, of
Edinburgh, founder of the Brunonian
theory of medicine. Educated on the
continent, his earlier works bear the
impress of its art. It was not till
1844 that he took a decided step as
an exhibitor in England by sending
two cartoons to Westminster Hall.
In the competition in 1845 he was
unsuccessful, though Haydon, in his
Diary, speaks of his fresco as "the
finest specimen of that difficult method
in the Hall." Shortly after this he
visited Italy. In 1848 he sent his
"Wicliff reading his Translation of the
Scriptures" to the Free Exhibition,
near Hyde Park, where, in 1849, he
exhibited "King Lear," one of his
most characteristic works. At the
Royal Academy in 1851, he produced
his large picture of "Chaucer at the
Court of Edward the Third," which
had been several years in progress.
This picture, among those selected by
Government for the Paris Exhibition
of 1855, received the Liverpool prize
(4
BROOME, FREDERICK NAPIER,
son of the late Rev. F. Broome, rector
of Adderly, Shropshire, was born in
Canada in 1842, and emigrated to
Canterbury, New Zealand, in 1857.
Visiting England in 1864, he mar-
ried Lady Barker, returned to his
sheep station" in New Zealand the
following year, but in 1869 came back
to England. Almost immediately on
his arrival in London, Mr. Napier
Broome was employed by the Times,
and was for five years one of the
special correspondents of that journal,
which he represented in Russia at the
marriage of the Duke of Edinburgh.
He has held the posts of Secretary
to the Committee for the completion
of St. Paul's Cathedral, also to the
Royal Commission on Unseaworthy
Ships. He has contributed prose and
verse to the Cornhill, Macmillan, and
other magazines, and has published
two volumes of poetry, "Poems from
"Poems from
New Zealand," 1868, and "The
Stranger of Scriphos," 1869. In Feb-
ruary, 1875, Mr. Napier Broome was
appointed Colonial Secretary of Natal,
and in February, 1878, Colonial Sec-
retary of the Island of Mauritius.
|
BROUGH, LIONEL, comedian, was
born at Pontypool, Monmouthshire,
March 10, 1836, being the fourth son
of Mr. Barnabas Brough, and a
younger brother of the well-known
comic authors, "The
Brothers
Brough." He was educated in the
Grammar School, Manchester, and
under Mr. W. Williams, of the Priory
School, London. His first employ-
ment was in the humble capacity of
office-boy to Mr. J. Timbs, in the
151
152
BROWN.
|
has executed a colossal statue of De
Witt Clinton, "The Angel of Retri-
bution," the colossal equestrian statue
of "Washington," in New York,
statues of Abraham Lincoln, in New
York and Brooklyn, and an equestrian
statue of Gen. Scott in Washington.
""
of £50 in 1858. At the Royal Aca-
demy, in 1852, was first seen his pic-
ture of "Christ washing Peter's Feet,"
which received the Liverpool prize in
1856, and was among the Art Treasures
at Manchester in 1857. After 1852,
this artist, though exhibiting at times
at Liverpool, Edinburgh, and other BROWN, THE REV. HUGH
places, did not again come before the STOWELL, born in Douglas, Isle of
London public till 1865, when he Man, in 1823, is the son of a clergy-
opened an exhibition in Piccadilly of man of the Established Church and
50 pictures, and as many cartoons nephew of the Rev. Hugh Stowell, of
and sketches. Here for the first time Manchester. He was educated partly
was seen in the metropolis his pic- at home and partly at the Douglas
tures of "The Last of England," Grammar School, until he reached
"The Autumn Afternoon," "Wilhel-
""Wilhel- the age of fifteen, when he came to
mus Conquistator," and "Work." England to learn land-surveying.
The last-mentioned was longer in After spending about two years in
hand than any of his other produc- mastering the drudgery and details
tions, and was considered by the of that business, his views underwent
painter and his admirers his chief a change, and he repaired to Wol-
work at that time. Since then, he verton, for the purpose of learning
has produced "The Coat of many the profession of an engineer. This
Colours," ""Cordelia's Portion," "Eli-occupation he followed until he came
jah and the Widow's Son," "Romeo of age, and he drove a locomotive
and Juliet,' "The Entombment," engine on the London and North-
"Don Juan," and "Jacopo Foscari, Western Railway for six months.
at present in different private col- It was his custom, after his day's
lections. He completed in 1878 a work at Wolverton was done, to spend
picture of "Cromwell," representing four or five hours in reading and in
the great Protector dictating the meditating on what he had read; and
famous protest to the Duke of Savoy his first classical exercises were writ-
against the cruelties that sovereign ten with a piece of chalk inside the
inflicted on the Vaudois Protestants. fire-box of a locomotive engine. Re-
solving to become a clergyman of the
Church of England, he entered as a
student at King's College, in his native
town of Douglas, and studied there
for three years. Doubts, however,
came over his mind respecting the
truth of the doctrines in the Liturgy
and Occasional Services and Cate-
chism of the Church of England.
These doubts ultimately produced in
his mind the conviction that the bap-
tismal doctrines of the Establishment
were at variance with Holy Scripture,
and he accordingly became a member
of the Baptist denomination. Having
acted for a short time as a city mis-
sionary in Liverpool, he was appointed
minister of Myrtle Street Chapel, in
that city, in Jan. 1848, and soon be-
came one of the recognised leaders of
the Baptist body there. As a lecturer
""
BROWN, HENRY KIRKE, born at
Leyden, Massachusetts, in 1814. He
is the son of a farmer, and at eighteen
went to Boston, and studied portrait-
painting. Having modelled the head
of a lady, merely for amusement, it was
so much commended that he resolved
to pursue that branch of art. By the
aid of friends he was enabled to visit
Italy, and after studying there for
some time, he returned to the United
States, and
and settled at Brooklyn,
at Brooklyn,
where, having many commissions for
monumental art, he perfected the
casting of bronze, as a material
a material
better adapted to exposure than
marble. Among his principal works
in marble are the statue of "Hope,"
the bas-reliefs of the "Hyades" and
"Pleiades," and "The Four Seasons ;"
besides several busts. In bronze he
""
BROWN-BROWN-SÉQUARD.
to the working classes he is so suc-
cessful that he collects an audience of
between 2,000 and 3,000 artisans on
Sunday afternoons, and from 15,000
to 25,000 copies of his lectures are
sold.
BROWN, THE RIGHT REV. JAMES,
D.D., a Catholic prelate, born at Wol-
verhampton, Jan. 11, 1812, was con-
secrated the first Bishop of Shrews-
bury, July 27, 1851.
BROWN, THE REV. JAMES BALD-
WIN, born in the Inner Temple,
London, Aug. 19, 1820, was educated
at University College, London,
studied for the bar at the Inner
Temple; subsequently studied for
the ministry at Highbury College;
became minister of London Road In-
dependent Chapel, Derby, in 1843;
minister of Clayland's Independent
Chapel, Clapham Road, London, in
1846. In 1870 he removed to a new
church built by his congregation at
Brixton. He is the author of "Studies
of First Principles," "The Divine
Life in Man," "The Soul's Exodus
and Pilgrimage," "The Divine Treat-
ment of Sin," "The Divine Mystery
of Peace," "The Christian Policy of
Life" (1869), "The Home Life in
the Light of its Divine Idea." which
has passed through five editions;
"Household Sermons; " "The Higher
Life its Reality, Experience, and
Destiny," 1874; besides pamphlets
and small publications on the passing
topics of the day.
BROWN, JOHN, M.D., son of the
late Rev. Dr. Brown, of Edinburgh,
born at Biggar, Lanarkshire, in Sept.
1810, was educated at the High School
and University of Edinburgh. He
is M.D. of Edinburgh, F.R.C.P.E.,
F.R.S.E., &c.; has published two
volumes of essays on professional
and other subjects, entitled "Hore
Subsecivæ," and is a contributor to
the North British Review, Good
Words, and the Scotsman. The story
of a favourite dog, entitled "Rab
and his Friends,” reprinted from the
"Horæ," has met with great success.
Dr. Brown has also written some in-
teresting chapters on "Our Dogs,"
153
and for these faithful companions of
man has accomplished with his pen
what Landseer has with his brush. A
Civil List pension of £100 per annum
was allotted to him in 1876.
BROWN, THE RIGHT REV. THOMAS
JOSEPH, D.D., a Catholic prelate, born
at Bath, May 2, 1798; entered the Order
of St. Benedict; was consecrated
Bishop of Apollonia, in partibus infi-
delium, Oct. 28, 1840, when he was
nominated Vicar-Apostolic of the
Welsh district; and was translated
to the newly-erected see of Newport
and Menevia, Sept. 29, 1850.
BROWN, THE REV. WILLIAM
HAIG, LL.D., son of Thomas Brown,
Esq., born at Bromley, Middlesex, in
1823, was educated at Pembroke Col-
lege, Cambridge, where he graduated
in high honours in 1846, proceeded
M.A. in 1849, and LL.D. in 1864.
Having held for some time a fellow-
ship and tutorship in his college and
an assistant-mastership at Harrow,
he became in 1857 Head Master of
the Grammar School at Kensington,
in connection with King's College,
London, and was elected Head Master
of Charterhouse School in 1863, on
the retirement of the Rev. R. Elwyn.
In 1869 Dr. Brown published "Sertum
Carthusianum floribus trium seculo-
rum contextum. Curâ Gulielmi Haig
Brown, Scholæ Carthusianæ Archi-
didascali."
BROWN-SÉQUARD, EDWARD, a
physician and physiologist, born in
the island of Mauritius, 1818. His
father, Mr. Edward Brown, was a
native of Philadelphia, United States,
and his mother a lady of French ex-
traction, named Séquard. Mr. Brown-
Séquard was educated in his native
island, and in 1838 went to Paris to
complete his medical studies. In 1840
he received the degree of M.D. from
the faculty of the Academy of Medi-
cine. He has devoted his time since
his graduation almost exclusively to
an extended series of experimental
investigations on important physiolo-
gical topics, such as the condition
and functions of the different consti-
tuents of the blood, animal heat, the
154
BROWNE.
spinal column, and its relations to
diseases of the subject, the muscular
system, the sympathetic nerves and
ganglions, and the effect of the re-
moval of the supra-renal capsules.
On all these topics his investigations
have been so thorough as to place
him in the first rank of living physi-
ologists. He has been very success-
ful in his treatment of obscure and
difficult diseases of the spinal column
and nervous system. He has visited
England and the United States many
times, delivering in both countries
short courses of lectures, and instruct-
ing private classes of physicians in
his discoveries. He has received
several prizes from the French Aca-
demy of Sciences, and in Jan., 1869,
was appointed Professor in the Ecole
de Médecine at Paris. He has pub-
lished many essays and papers giving
the details of his discoveries, but, we
believe, no extended treatise on the
subject. On July 24, 1878, the Aca-
demy of Sciences presented as candi-
dates for the Chair of Medicine
vacant by the death of Claude Ber-
nard, M. Brown-Séquard 25 votes,
and M. Dareste de la Chavanne 22
votes.
Canon Residentiary of Exeter Cathe-
dral, when he resigned the living of
Heavitree. He was consecrated
Bishop of Ely in March, 1864. After
the death of Dr. Wilberforce he was,
in August, 1873, translated to the see
of Winchester, and appointed prelate
of the Order of the Garter. Dr.
Browne has taken a warm interest in
the "Old Catholic" movement in
Germany, and attended the Congress
of "Old Catholics" held at Cologne,
in Sept., 1872. He published in 1850-53
an "Exposition of The Thirty-nine
Articles," in two volumes, since re-
printed in one vol. 8vo (9th edition,
1871), and re-edited for the use of the
American Church, by Bishop William,
of Middletown, Connecticut; two
volumes of sermons preached before
the University of Cambridge, one
"On the Atonement and other Sub-
jects," in 1859; the other on "Mes-
siah as Foretold and Expected," in
1862; and a volume on the "Penta-
teuch and Elohistic Psalms, in reply
to Dr. Colenso," in 1863. Bishop
Browne is the author of articles in
"Aids to Faith," in "Smith's Dic-
tionary of the Bible," and in the
Speaker's Commentary ; and of
various sermons, pamphlets, and
charges.
|
""
(4
|
BROWNE, THE RIGHT REV. ED-
WARD HAROLD, D.D., Bishop of
Winchester, youngest son of the late
Col. Robert Browne of Morton House,
Bucks, born in 1811, was educated at
Eton and at Emanuel College, Cam-
bridge, where he graduated as wrang-
ler in 1832, obtained the Crosse
Theological Scholarship in 1833, the
first Hebrew Scholarship in 1834, and
the Norrisian Prize for a theological
essay in 1835. He became fellow and
tutor of his college; incumbent of St.
James's, and of St. Sidwell's, Exeter,
in 1841; was Vice-Principal and Pro-
fessor of Hebrew at St. David's Col-
lege, Lampeter, from 1843 to 1849,
when he was appointed Vicar of Ken-
wyn, Cornwall, and Prebendary of
Exeter. The vicarage of Kenwyn he
resigned for that of Heavitree, Devon-
shire, in 1857. In 1854 he was elected
Norrisian Professor of Divinity in the
University of Cambridge, and in 1857
??
BROWNE, FRANCES, was born
Jan. 16, 1816, at Stranolar, county
Donegal, where her father was the
village post-master. She lost her sight
in infancy, but learned many of the
lessons of her brothers and sisters,
and ultimately mastered a consider-
able portion of Hume's "England,"
the "Universal History," some of Sir
Walter Scott's novels, "Pope's Ho-
mer," and "Childe Harold. In 1840
she published "Songs of our Land
(first printed in the Irish Penny
Journal), followed by contributions
to the Athenæum, Hood's Magazine,
the Keepsake, &c., and obtained from
Sir Robert Peel a pension of £20 a
year. In 1847 she removed from
Ireland to Edinburgh. Whilst there
she contributed to Chambers's Journal
and published a volume of poems
(which she dedicated to Sir R. Peel),
""
|
BROWNE.
as well as "Legends of Ulster," and
a tale entitled "The Ericksons." In
1852 she removed to London, and has
since contributed to the light litera-
ture of the day. In 1861 she published
a kind of autobiography, under the
title of "My Share of the World,"
and in 1865 a novel called "The
Hidden Sin."
155
BROWNE, THE VENERABLE
ROBERT WILLIAM, M.A., Ph.D.,
F.G.S., the eldest son of William
Browne, Esq., of Kennington, Surrey,
born Nov. 12, 1809, was educated at
Merchant Taylors' School, whence he
was elected Scholar and Fellow of
St. John's College, Oxford, and gra-
duated B.A. in 1831, taking double
first-class honours. Having been tutor
of his college, curate of St. Michael's,
and select preacher in the University,
he was appointed, in 1835, to the Pro-
fessorship of Classical Literature in
King's College, London; and in 1836
to the Assistant Preachership of Lin-
coln's Inn. In 1843 he was made
Chaplain to the Bishop of Lichfield;
in 1844, Senior Chaplain to the forces
in London; in 1845, a Prebendary of
St. Paul's; in 1854, Examining Chap-
lain to the Bishop of Bath and Wells;
in 1860, Archdeacon of Bath and
Rector of Weston-super-Mare; and
in 1863, Canon of Wells. He resigned
the rectory of Weston-super-Mare in
1876, in which year he was elected
an honorary Fellow of King's College,
London. Archdeacon Browne is the
author of "Histories of Greece and
Rome" in Gleig's School Series, and
of two elaborate "Histories of Greek
and Roman Literature," for which
the degree of Ph.D. was conferred
upon him by the University of Heidel-
|
BROWNE, SIR THOMAS GORE,
BROWNE, HABLOT KNIGHT, a
comic designer, better known by his
pseudonym of "Phiz," born about
1815, was educated at a private
school, and at an early age began to
draw caricatures with great spirit. In
1835 he succeeded the lamented artist
Seymour as the illustrator of "Pick-berg. He translated the Ethics of
wick," and so happy and successful Aristotle, with an introductory essay
was the pencil of "Phiz" that he and notes, for Bohn's Classical Series,
was engaged to illustrate, in the same and is the author of several smaller
comic vein, "Nicholas Nickleby," works and sermons. He is married
and most of Mr. Charles Dickens's to the eldest daughter of the late
other works of fiction. He has since, Rev. Sir Charles Hardinge, Bart.,
under the same signature, contributed niece of the late Viscount Hardinge,
graphic illustrations to the popular G.C.B.
novels of Charles Lever, Ainsworth,
and Mayhew, as well as to the Ab-K.C.M.G., son of Robert Browne, Esq.,
botsford edition of the "Waverley of Morton House, Bucks, and brother
Novels," the "Illustrated Edition of of the Bishop of Winchester, was born
Byron's Works," "H. B.'s Schoolboy in 1807. Entering the army at sixteen,
Days," "Home Pictures," "Illustra- he served for many years with the
tions of the Five Senses," and "The 28th regiment, acted as aide-de-
Adventures of Sir Guy de Guy." camp to Lord Nugent, Lord High
Mr. Browne still contributes comic Commissioner of the Ionian Islands,
sketches to the illustrated serials of and was for some time Colonial Secre-
the day.
tary. In 1836 Major Gore Browne
exchanged into the 41st regiment,
and served during the occupation of
Afghanistan. After the massacre of
our troops at the Khyber pass, the 41st
joined Gen. England and advanced to
the rescue of Gen. Nott and his troops.
During that war, Major Browne held
the command of the 41st, and also
commanded the reserve at the dis-
astrous battle of Hykulzie, and, by
forming a square when the van of the
army had been broken, was enabled to
repulse the enemy and cover the re-
treat. He held command of his regi-
ment at the battles of Candahar,
Ghuznee, Cabul, and during the march
through the Khyber pass, where he
commanded the rear, and under Gen.
M'Gaskell at the storming of the hill
|
156
BROWNE-BROWNING.
fort at Istaliff, the most daring action | effect in convincing the public of the
expediency of employing kindness and
moral influence in the treatment of
lunatics. He was the first person in
this country to give a systematic
course of lectures on insanity, and
his numerous writings and essays
have had a marked influence upon
the study of psychology as a branch
of medical science. He was (1867)
President of the Medico-Psychological
Association. In 1870 he resigned the
Commissionership in Lunacy, in con-
sequence of impairment of vision. He
is now again connected with the
Crichton Institution as Psychological
Consultant.
during the war. Major Gore Browne's
gallantry and humanity were praised
in the general's despatches, which
were quoted in both houses of Parlia-
ment, and for his services he obtained
a lieutenant-colonelcy, and was made
a C.B. On his return with his regiment
from India, he exchanged into the
21st, which he commanded until made
Governor of St. Helena, in 1851.
From St. Helena he went, in 1854, to
New Zealand. On the breaking out of
the Maori war, in the last year of his
government, Colonel Gore Browne
showed a vigour which was denounced
by some persons, but which was
essential in resisting the land league
and the Maori king movement. In
1861 Colonel Browne having com-
pleted his term of office, was succeeded
in the government of New Zealand by
Sir George Grey, and he himself suc-
ceeded Sir Henry Young as Governor
of Tasmania. He resigned the last-
mentioned office in Jan., 1869, when
he was created a Knight Commander
of the Order of SS. Michael and
George. Sir Thomas was appointed
Governor of the Bermudas in July,
1870.
|
BROWNE, DR. WILLIAM ALEX-
ANDER FRANCIS, was born near Stir-
ing, in 1805, and studied medicine, with
special reference to mental diseases,
in Edinburgh, France, and Germany.
In 1834 he was appointed physician
to the Montrose Lunatic Asylum; and,
four years afterwards, to the Royal
Crichton Institution, Dumfries, which
appointment he held till 1857, when
the Government made him a commis-
sioner in Lunacy for Scotland. Dr.
Browne advocated the non-restraint
system from the first, and his work,
"What Asylums were, are, and ought
to be," contributed largely to the
reformation in the hospital treatment
of the insane. His Annual Reports of
the Royal Crichton Institution, his
advocacy of the greatest possible
liberty to the insane that could be
consistent with safety, and his varied
illustrations of treatment by out-door
BROWNING, ROBERT, born at
Camberwell in 1812, was educated at
the London University. His first
acknowledged work, "Paracelsus,"
was published in 1836, and found
some eulogists, if but few readers.
His "Pippa Passes," a fantastic but
graceful dramatic poem, obtained
more favour with the public. In
1837 Mr. Browning produced his
tragedy of "Strafford," and every-
thing that the genius of Macready
could achieve to render it popular
was done by his con amore per-
sonification of the hero.
It was
nevertheless a failure. "Sordello"
was not more successful. "The
Blot in the Scutcheon," was brought
out in 1843, at Drury Lane Theatre,
but with no greater success than
"Strafford." In 1856 appeared his
"Men and Women." In addition
to the above works, Mr. Browning
has published "King Victor and
King Charles ;""Dramatic Lyrics
"Return of the Druses;" "Colombe's
Birthday; "Dramatic Romances;"
"The Soul's Errand ; a new volume
of Poems (1864); "The Ring and
the Book," 4 vols. ; "Balaustion's
Adventure, including a Transcription
from Euripides," 1871; "Prince
Hohenstiel-Schwangau, Saviour of
Society," 1871; "Fifine at the
Fair," 1872; "Red Cotton Night-cap
Country; or, Turf and Towers,"
1873; and "Aristophanes' Apology,"
""
"
|
amusements, concerts, &c., had a great | including a Transcript from Euripides,
BRUCE-BRUGSCH.
being "The Last Adventure of Balaus-
tion," 1875; "The Agememnon of
Eschylus, transcribed, 1877; and "La
Saisiaz: the Two Poets of Croisic,"
1878. His tragedies and dramatic
lyrics are included in the collection of
his works entitled "Bells and Pome-
granates." Mr. Browning has spe-
cially cultivated the arts of music and
painting, with the history of both of
which he is minutely and widely ac-
quainted. He married Miss Elizabeth
Barrett, a lady well known as ટી.
poetess, who died in 1861.
BRUCE, THE REV. JOHN COLLING-
WOOD, LL.D., F.S.A., born at New-
castle in 1805, was educated at his
father's school, at Mill Hill Grammar
School, and at the University of Glas-
gow. In 1826 he took the degree
of M.A., and became LL.D. in 1853.
Though educated for the ministry of
the Presbyterian Church, he did not
enter orders, but joined his father in
the management of his school. He
has written "A Handbook of English
History," which has gone through
four editions. All the recent edi-
tions of the "Introduction to Geo-
graphy and Astronomy," of which
his father was the principal author,
were prepared by him. In 1851 he
published an historical and descrip-
tive account of the "Roman Wall"
in the north of England, a third edi-
tion of which appeared in 1866. Dr.
Bruce, in 1856, published "The
Bayeux Tapestry elucidated," con-
taining a copy, on a reduced scale,
of the entire tapestry. More recently
he has published "A Hand-book to
Newcastle," and a "Wallet Book
for the use of pilgrims to the Roman
Wall. He has edited for the So-
ciety of Antiquaries of Newcastle-
upon-Tyne the Lapidarium Septen-
trionale," a work in folio, which con-
tains an account of all the monuments
of Roman rule found in the north of
England. This book was undertaken
at the request of the late Algernon,
fourth Duke of Northumberland,
and is profusely illustrated by the
liberality of that nobleman and
others.
""
<<
157
BRUGSCH, HEINRICH KARL
Ph.D., a distinguished
distinguished philologist
and Egyptologist, who by his re-
searches on the subject of hiero-
glyphics has attained a European
celebrity. He was born at Berlin,
Feb. 18, 1827, and before leaving
the Gymnasium evinced his fondness
for Egyptological studies by a Latin
treatise on the Demotic writing, 1847.
His early publications procured for
him the patronage of King Frederick
William IV., under whose auspices
he studied the monuments of Egyp-
tian antiquity in the museums of
Paris, London, Turin, and Leyden.
In 1853 he made his first visit to
Egypt, and was present at some of
the important excavations conducted
under the supervision of the French
archæologist, M. Mariette. Return-
ing to Berlin, he was appointed Keeper
of the Egyptian Museum there in
1854. In 1860 he accompanied Baron
Minutoli on his embassy to Persia,
and after the death of the baron he
himself assumed the direction of the
embassy. Subsequently he was ap-
pointed Ordinary Professor of Oriental
Languages in the University of Göt-
tingen; and in 1868 ordinary public
Professor in the Philosophical Faculty
of the same university. In Sept. 1869,
it was stated that Professor Brugsch
had returned to Egypt and that he
would probably succeed, as Keeper of
the Egyptian collections at Bombay,
M. Mariette, who was expected to
return to Europe. The Professor has
published a History of Egypt;" a
Demotic Grammar;
(i
a Demotic
and Hieroglyphic Dictionary;
"“Ma-
terials for the Reconstruction of the
Calendar of the Ancient Egyptians;"
"Investigations concerning the Old
Egyptian Bi-lingual Monuments;
"Recueil de Monumens Egyptiens
dessinés sur les lieux," 4 vols. ;
"Rhind's Two Hieratic and Demotic
Bi-lingual Papyri translated and pub-
lished; ""The Geographical Inscrip-
tions of the Old Egyptian Monu-
ments," 4 vols. ; "Reiseberichte
aus Egypten," written during a
journey undertaken in 1853 and 1854 ;
66
>>
""
158
BUCCLEUCH-BUCHANAN.
"Reiseberichte aus dem Orient;
"Journey to Asia Minor and the
Peninsula of Sinai ;" and numerous
other learned works on the language,
literature, and antiquities of Egypt.
He took a leading part in the Inter-
national Congress of Orientalists held
in London in Sept. 1874.
BRUNSWICK, DUKE OF. (See
WILLIAM.)
BUCCLEUCH (DUKE OF), WAL-
TER FRANCIS MONTAGU DOUGLAS
SCOTT, K.G., K.T., D.C.L., eldest
son of the fourth duke, born Nov. 25,
1806, was educated at St. John's
College, Cambridge, where he gradu-
ated M.A. in 1827. Having suc-
ceeded to the title whilst a minor, he
never sat in the House of Commons.
His grace, whose wealth gives him
great influence, is High Steward of
Westminster, a Governor of the
Charter-house, Lord Lieutenant of
Midlothian and Roxburghshire, and
Captain of the Queen's Body-guard in
Scotland. He supports the Conser-
vative party, and held the posts of
Lord Privy Seal and Lord President
of the Council in Sir Robert Peel's
second administration in 1842-46.
Well known as a generous patron of
the arts and of literature, his grace
received the honorary degree of
D.C.L., from the University of Oxford
in 1834; and the honorary degree of
LL.D. from the University of Edin-
burgh, April 22, 1874. He was una-
nimously elected Chancellor of the
University of Glasgow in succession
to the late Sir William Stirling Max-
well, April 24, 1878.
>>
ordinary. In 1858 he was sent in
the same capacity to Madrid, and was
transferred thence to the Hague in
Dec. 1860. In 1862 he was appointed
Ambassador at Berlin, was made a
Privy Councillor, Feb. 3, 1863; and
Ambassador at St. Petersburg, Sept.
15, 1864. He retired from St. Peters-
burg on being appointed, in 1871, to
succeed Lord Bloomfield at Vienna.
He was recalled from Vienna in Jan.
1878, when he was succeeded by Sir
Henry Elliott.
|
BUCHANAN, ISAAC, member of
the Canadian Parliament and Presi-
dent of the Board of Trade in the
city of Hamilton, was born at Glas-
gow, Scotland, July 21, 1810. After
receiving a liberal education in that
city, he obtained a situation in a large
mercantile house, and displayed so
much aptitude for business that he
was admitted a partner at the early
age of twenty. In 1830 the Canadian
branch of the business in Montreal
was transferred to him, and he thence-
forward made his home in Canada.
In 1831 he established an additional
branch at Toronto, and subsequently
others at Hamilton, and London,
Ontario. From that time he has
taken a leading part in most of the
social and political movements of
Upper Canada. His political opinions,
which all hinge more or less upon the
currency question, are set forth in a
volume entitled, "The Relations of
the Industry of Canada with the
Mother Country and the United
States." He took an active part in
the suppression of the Canadian revo-
lution in 1837, and urged on Lord Sy-
denham the settlement of the Clergy
Reserve question. Elected for To-
ronto in 1841, he helped to secure
Caith-responsible government for the people,
and in procuring the reduction of the
duty on Canadian wheat. In 1843 he
supported Lord Metcalfe's adminis-
tration at the head of the Constitu-
tional or Order party. Mr. Buchanan
has of late years held a seat in the
Executive Council of the Canadian
Government (now the "Dominion of
Canada"). His residence has been
-
BUCHANAN, THE RIGHT HON.
SIR ANDREW, G.C.B., the only son of
the late James Buchanan, Esq., of
Craigend Castle, co. Stirling, and
grandson of the late Earl of
ness, was born in 1807, and entered
the diplomatic service in 1825. Rising
by the ordinary steps of promotion, he
became Chargé d'Affaires at Florence
in 1842, and afterwards at St. Peters-
burg. In 1852 he was appointed
Minister Plenipotentiary in Switzer-
land, whence he was transferred in
1853 to Copenhagen as Envoy Extra-
BUCHANAN-BUCKLAND.
for many years at Auchnear, near | pounded in his famous book on
Hamilton, Ontario.
Force and Matter," 1855. He
thereupon returned to Darmstadt,
and resumed practice as a physician.
In the work referred to which is
entitled in German Kraft und
Stoff" (Frankfort, 1855; 8th edition,
1864), and which has been translated
into most European languages, Dr.
Büchner explains the principles of
his system of philosophy, which, he
contends, is in harmony with the dis-
coveries of modern science. He in-
sists on the eternity of matter, the
immortality of force, the universal
simultaneousness of light and life,
and the infinity of forms of being in
time and space. Dr. Büchner has
further explained his system in "Na-
ture and Spirit" ("Natur und Geist "),
1859 ; "Physiological Sketches "
(" Phis. Bilder "), 1861; and "Nature
and Science ("Natur und Wissen-
schaft"), 1862. He has also contri-
buted to periodical publications, vari-
ous treatises on physiology, patho-
logy, and medical jurisprudence.
""
|
BUCHANAN, ROBERT, poet, born
Aug. 18, 1841, was educated at the
high school and the University of
Glasgow. His first work, "Under-
tones," appeared in 1860, and was
followed by "Idyls and Legends of
Inverburn in 1865, and "London
Poems" in 1866. Mr. Buchanan
edited "Wayside Posies," and trans-
lated the Danish Ballads in 1866. His
later works are "Napoleon Fallen: a
Lyrical Drama," 1871; "The Land
of Lorne; including the Cruise of
the Tern to the outer Hebrides,"
1871; "The Drama of Kings," 1871;
"The Fleshly School of Poetry," an
attack on the poems of Mr. D. G.
Rossetti and Mr. Swinburne, 1872;
and "Master Spirits," 1873. Some
years ago, his tragedy of "The Witch-
finder was brought out at Sadler's
Wells Theatre, and a comedy by him,
in three acts, entitled "A Madcap
Prince," was acted at the Haymarket
in Aug. 1874. At the commencement
of 1869, Mr. Buchanan gave in the
Hanover Square Rooms a series of
"Readings of selections from his
own poetical works. A collected
edition of his poems was published
in 3 vols. 1874.
""
""
159
""
BÜCHNER, FREDERICK CHARLES
CHRISTIAN LOUIS, a German philo-
sopher, born at Darmstadt, March 29,
1824, the son of a distinguished phy-
sician in that town. After a prelimi-
nary education, he was sent in 1843
to the University of Giessen, where
he studied philosophy, though he sub-
sequently turned his attention to
medicine at Strasburg, in compli-
ance with the wishes of his family.
He took his doctor's degree at Giessen
in 1848, and then continued his studies
in the universities of Würzburg
and Vienna. After practising medi-
cine for some time in his native place,
he settled at Tübingen, as a private
lecturer, being also appointed Assist-
ant Clinical Professor. He was de-
prived of this position, however, by
the authorities, in consequence of
the philosophical doctrines pro-
|
BUCKINGHAM AND CHANDOS
(DUKE OF), THE RIGHT HON.
RICHARD PLANTAGENET CAMPBELL
TEMPLE NUGENT BRIDGES CHAN-
DOS GRENVILLE, MARQUIS OF BUCK-
INGHAM AND CHANDOS, &c., was
born Sept. 10, 1823, and succeeded
his father as third duke July 29, 1861.
He represented Buckingham from
1846 to 1857; was a Junior Lord of
the Treasury in 1852; Keeper of the
Prince of Wales' Privy Seal, and
Deputy Warden of the Stannaries.
He was elected chairman of the Lon-
don and North-Western Railway
Company in 1853, and resigned in
1856. His grace was appointed Lord
President of the Council under Earl
Derby's third administration, in July,
| 1866, and succeeded the Earl of Car-
narvon as Secretary of State for the
Colonies, March 2, 1867. He held
the latter office until Mr. Gladstone
came into power in December, 1868.
In July, 1875, he was appointed
Governor of Madras.
|
BUCKLAND, FRANCIS TRE-
VELYAN, M.A., eldest son of the Very
160
BUCKLEY-BUCKMAN.
""
Rev. William Buckland, D.D., Dean
of Westminster, born Dec. 17, 1826,
was scholar of Winchester College
and student of Christ Church, Ox-
ford, where he took his M.A. degree
in 1848. Inheriting from his father
a strong taste for physical science and
natural history, he devoted himself
to the study of medicine, and having
served the office of house surgeon
to St. George's Hospital, became, in
1854, assistant surgeon to the 2nd
Life Guards, from which post he re-
tired in 1863. He has been an ex-
tensive contributor of papers on Fish
Culture and on other branches of
natural science, to the columns of
the Times and of other periodicals;
and conducts the "Sea and River
Fisheries," and "Practical Natural
History columns of Land and
Water. He has established at his own
expense the "Museum of Economic
Fish Culture" (under the Science and
Art Department, South Kensington).
This museum illustrates the cultiva-
tion of salmon, trout, and useful fresh-
water fish, as well as oysters and sea
fish. In 1866 he received a silver
medal for his labours in the promo-
tion of this branch of science, from
the "Exposition de Pêche et d'Aqui-
culture," at Arcachon, in France;
in 1868, the Diploma of Honour
from the Havre Exhibition; and in
1877 the Gold Medal from the Royal
Aquarium, Westminster, He is the
author of "Curiosities of Natural
History" (four series); of "Fish-logist,
hatching; and of a "Familiar
History of British Fishes," 1873; and
of "The Log Book of a Fisherman
and Zoologist," 1876. He edited, in
1858, his father's Bridgewater Trea-
tise on Geology and Mineralogy. In
1859 he discovered in the vaults of
St. Martin's, Charing Cross, the coffin
""
BUCKMAN, JAMES, F.L.S., F.G.S.,
F.S.A., son of Mr. John Buckman,
born at Cheltenham in 1816, and
educated at a private school, was
gist, John Hunter, which was re-
interred in Westminster Abbey by
the Royal College of Surgeons. For
this he received the thanks of the
Council of the Royal College of Sur-
geons, and a bound copy of the Cata-
logue of the Hunterian Museum.
of the great surgeon and physiolo-appointed Curator and Resident Pro-
fessor at the Birmingham Philosophi-
cal Institution in 1846, and from
1848 to 1863 held the post of Pro-
fessor of Geology and Botany at the
Royal Agricultural College at Ciren-
cester. At an early age he was
articled to a surgeon-apothecary at
|
The Leeds School of Medicine also
presented him with a silver medal.
In 1867 he was appointed Inspector
of Salmon Fisheries for England and
Wales, and he has issued since that
date annual reports on these fisheries.
In 1870 he was appointed Special
Commissioner to inquire into the
effects of recent legislation on the
Salmon Fisheries of Scotland. In
1873 he published a report to Parlia-
ment on the Fisheries of Norfolk,
resulting in The Norfolk and Suffolk
Fisheries Act, 1877. In 1877 he was
one of a commission to inquire into
the Crab and Lobster Fisheries of
England and Scotland, resulting in
the Fisheries (Oyster, Crab, and
Lobster) Act, 1877. He also, in 1877,
sat on an inquiry, the result of which
was an Act of Parliament, in 1877,
to prevent fish being destroyed by
dynamite. In 1877 he served on a
commission of inquiry into
Herring Fisheries of Scotland.
has been concerned in sending several
consignments of salmon eggs to Aus-
tralia and New Zealand, and princi-
pally by his agency, trout are now
quite established in those colonies.
He is corresponding member of the
Deutsche Fischerei-Verein, at Berlin.
|
the
He
BUCKLEY, MISS
MISS ARABELLA
BURTON, daughter of the Rev. J. W.
Buckley, Vicar of St. Mary's, Pad-
dington, was born Oct. 24, 1840, at
Brighton. For many years she acted
as secretary to the well-known geo-
Sir Charles Lyell. Miss
Buckley is the author of "A Short
History of Natural Science," and
editor of the ninth edition of Mrs.
Somerville's "Physical Sciences.'
""
BUCKSTONE.
|
**
""
Cheltenham, and afterwards studied
chemistry, botany, and geology in
London. He was for many years
Hon. Secretary and Lecturer at the
Cheltenham Philosophical Institu-
tion, and he was presented with a
handsome testimonial on leaving for
Birmingham in 1846. He has since
received two valuable testimonials,
one from the inhabitants of Ciren-
cester and his scientific friends, and
the other from his pupils on resigning
his appointment at the Royal Agri-
cultural College. Professor Buck-
man is the author of "The Pittville
Spa, Cheltenham: Analysis of its
Waters, &c. "Chart of the Cottes-
wold Hills; "Our Triangle: Let-
ters on the Geology, Botany, and
Archeology of the Neighbourhood of
Cheltenham," 1842; "The Flora of
the Cotteswolds," 1844; "The Geo-
logy of the Cotteswolds," 1845;
"The Ancient Straits of Malvern;
or, an Account of the Former Marine
Conditions which separated England
from Wales "The Remains of
Roman Art," 1850;
History of
British Grasses," 1858; and "Science
and Practice in Farm Cultivation,"
1863. He has contributed several
papers to the British Association for
the Advancement of Science, and to
the Geological Society; many pub-
lished notes on Geology, Zoology, and
Botany, and several Prize Essays in
the Journal of the Royal Agricul-
tural Society; papers in the Bath
and West of England Society's
Journal; articles in Morton's "Cyclo-
pædia of Agriculture," and articles
(nearly 300) in the Agricultural
Gazette and other journals. Mr.
Buckman has enriched Cirencester
with a fine museum of Roman an-
tiquities, mostly collected by him-
self, and with a large collection of
fossils. The former are deposited in
the Corinium Museum and the latter
at the Royal Agricultural College.
Mr. Buckman occupies a large farm
in Dorsetshire, which is conducted
upon model principles, and with
such success that he has already
received cups for his root-cultiva-
|
161
tion, and other prizes. For the last
few years he has devoted himself to
the study and illustration of some of
the more important agricultural
questions which continually arise, and
there are few of the higher agricul-
tural journals that have not articles
from his pen.
-
BUCKSTONE, JOHN BALDWIN,
born near London, in Sept., 1802, was
intended for the navy. Instead, how-
ever, of going to sea, he was articled
in a solicitor's office, and at the age of
nineteen he took to the stage, making
his first appearance on the boards at
Wokingham, Berks, where his services
were required at half-an-hour's notice
to play the part of Gabriel in the
"Children in the Wood," owing to
the absence of the comedian of a
travelling company. His début on
this occasion was successful, and the
novice showed considerable ability
for what is generally known as low
comedy. Mr. Buckstone next en-
gaged himself to a friend who had
become lessee of the Faversham,
Folkestone, and Hastings theatres,
and for three years followed the
chequered fortunes of a country
actor's life. During this period he
became acquainted with the late
Edmund Kean, to whose encourage-
ment he probably owed no small
amount of his early success. In 1824
Mr. T. Dibdin resigned the manage-
ment of the Surrey Theatre, and his
successor, Mr. W. Burroughs, engaged
Mr. Buckstone, who made his first
appearance before a metropolitan
audience as Peter Smink, in "The
Armistice." His success soon led to
other engagements. Amongst these
was one at the Adelphi, then under
the management of Mr. D. Terry,
where he appeared in 1828 as Bobby
Trot, in his own touching drama of
Luke the Labourer." Whilst per-
forming at this theatre he had the
good fortune to obtain from Mr. Terry
a personal introduction to Sir Walter
Scott, an event which acted as a
powerful stimulus to his love of litera-
ture. During his engagement, Mr.
Buckstone found leisure to write
M
162
BUDD-BUFFET.
several pieces for the Haymarket,
which eventually led to his services
being secured by Mr. Morris as prin-
cipal comedian at that theatre; thus
adding a summer to his winter en-
gagement. From 1837 Mr. Buckstone
has devoted himself exclusively to the
Haymarket Theatre, with the excep-
tion of a visit to the United States, a
short engagement at the Lyceum,
during the first season of Madame
Vestris's management, and another at
Drury Lane, under Mr. Bunn, where
he played Wormwood in the "Lottery
Ticket," and other comedy parts. At
Drury Lane he produced "Popping
the Question,” “Our Mary Ann," and
other well-known pieces. Indeed
he has been a most prolific writer,
and has written no fewer than 150
comedies, dramas, and farces, many
of which have become standard pieces.
Of his earlier productions we may
specify "Luke the Labourer," "John
Street, Adelphi," "The Wreck
Ashore," ""Victorine," and "The King
of the Alps," an adaptation from the
German which were followed by a
three-act comedy, entitled "The Rake
and his Pupil," "The May Queen,"
"Henriette the Forsaken,"
""Isabelle;
or, Woman's Life," "The Dream at
Sea," and other successful dramas.
His early plays at the Haymarket
were "A Husband at Sight," "John
Jones,"
"Second
"Uncle John,'
Thoughts," "Married Life," "Single
Life, "A Lesson for Ladies,"
"Nicholas Flam," "Rural Felicity,
"Weak Points, ""The Thimble Rig,"
;
""
""
""
and the "Irish Lion." For this house
Mr. Buckstone afterwards composed
the three-act comedy of "Leap-Year;
or, the Ladies' Privilege," "An Alarm-
ing Sacrifice," and "Good for No-
thing;" and during the management
of Madame Celeste at the Adelphi,
he wrote two dramas-"The Green
Bushes" and "Flowers of the Forest,
which surpassed in point of attraction
his previous productions. In the
standard plays which are so frequently
produced at the Haymarket, Mr.
Buckstone is always the acknow-
ledged Tony Lumpkin, Bob Acres,
""
Sir
Andrew Aguecheek, Master
Slender, Touchstone,
Maw-worm,
Frank Oatland, Scrub, Sim, Marplot,
and, indeed, he plays nearly all the
low comedy characters of the English
drama. He is still the lessee and
manager of the Haymarket, which
position he has now filled for twenty-
four years, and where his name is
thoroughly identified with genuine
English comedy and farce.
BUDD, WILLIAM, M.D., F.R.S.,
was born at North Tawton, in Devon,
in 1811. His father was a surgeon of
repute in those parts. He is one of
nine sons, of whom seven entered the
medical profession. Educated pri-
vately, he began life by residing for
four years in Paris, where he studied
at the Collége de France, and the
École de Médecine. He graduated in
Edinburgh in 1838. He settled in
Bristol about five or six years after-
wards, and was subsequently ap-
pointed physician to St. Peter's Hos-
pital, and afterwards to the Bristol
Royal Infirmary, to which he was
attached for sixteen
years. He
was also appointed Lecturer on the
Practice of Medicine to the Bristol
Medical School. Dr. Budd is the
author of a large number of papers
published in various medical and
scientific journals, the one by which
he is best known to the public being
on Contagious Diseases." He was
elected a Fellow of the Royal Society
in Nov., 1870.
"
BUFFET, LOUIS JOSEPH, a French
politician, born at Mirecourt (Vosges),
Oct. 26, 1818, practised as an advo-
cate before the revolution of 1848,
when, being returned as a represen-
tative of the people by the department
of the Vosges, he voted as a rule with
the old dynastic Left, which became
the Right of the Constituent Assem-
bly, and distinguished himself by his
zealous opposition to socialism. He
accepted the republican constitu-
tion, and declared that General
Cavaignac had deserved well of his
country. After the election of Dec. 10,
he gave in his adhesion to the
government of Louis Napoleon, who
BULL..
entrusted him with the portfolio of
commerce and agriculture after the
dismissal of M. Bixio. Both as
minister and as representative he
supported the party of order, but he
refused to follow completely the
policy of the Élysée, and accordingly
he quitted the minstry with the late
M. Odillon Barrot, Dec. 31, 1849.❘
Re-elected by his department, at the
head of the poll, he exercised a great
influence in the Legislative Assembly.
After the crisis which followed the
dismissal of General Changarnier,
he returned to office with M. Léon
Foucher, April 10, 1851, and in that
parliamentary cabinet he represented
the ideas of the majority. He re-
signed with his colleagues (Oct. 14,
1851), when the President declared
in favour of the withdrawal of the
law of May 31. A few days later he
was nominated a Chevalier of the
Legion of Honour. After the coup
d'état of Dec. 2, 1851, M. Buffet de-
clined to accept any public appoint-
ment for several years, except that of
member of the Conseil-Général for the
canton of Thillot. In 1863, however,
he came forward as an opposition can-
didate in the first circonscription of
the Vosges, and was elected. M. Buffet
quickly became one of the most pro-
minent members of the Corps Légis-
latif, where he was one of the leaders
of a "Tiers Parti," which endeavoured
to reconcile Liberal reforms with
loyalty to the dynasty. He was re-
elected for his department in May,
1869, and in the short session which
commenced in the following month,
he greatly contributed to the victory
of the Liberal centre, and was one of
the promoters of the famous demand
of interpellation, signed by 116 de-
puties, which elicited the message and
the project of the senatus consulte,
containing the promise of a return
to parliamentary government. After
the prolonged negotiations in connec-
tion with which his name was so
constantly mentioned, respecting the
formation of the first parliamentary
ministry, M. Buffet became a member,
as Finance Minister, of the cabinet
163
formed by M. Émile Ollivier, on
Jan. 2, 1870. His financial policy
gave general satisfaction; but when
M. Ollivier consented to the plébiscite,
M. Buffet deemed it his duty to resign
at the same time as his colleague,
M. Durer (April 10). After the
disaster of Sédan, and the revolution
of Sept. 4, he retired for a short time
into private life. However, at the
elections of Feb. 8, 1871, he was
returned by his department—again
at the head of the poll-to the
National Assembly. M. Thiers offered
him the portfolio of Finance, but he
declined it, for fear of the suscepti-
bilities which might be wounded on
account of his having held office under
the Empire. M. Buffet took his seat
in the Right Centre, and soon assumed
an attitude of marked hostility to-
wards M. Thiers. On April 4, 1873,
he was elected President of the Na-
tional Assembly in the place of M.
Grévy, resigned; and he was
elected to that office May 13, 1874.
He was again elected, and for the last
time, to the same office, March 1,
1875, although at that date he was
officially engaged in the formation of
a new Cabinet to replace the Cha-
baud-Latour Ministry. On March
10, 1875, M. Buffet was appointed
Vice-President of the Council, and
Minister of the Interior. While hold-
ing this office he made himself ex-
tremely obnoxious to the Republican
party. At the elections of Jan., 1876,
he did not succeed in obtaining a seat
in the Assembly, his candidature fail-
ing at Mirecourt, Bourges, Castelsar-
rasin, and Commercy. He therefore
resigned the Vice-Presidency of
the Council of Ministers. On June 16,
1876, the Senate elected him a Life
Senator by 144 votes against 142.
re-
BULL, OLE BORNEMANN, an
eminent violinist, born at Bergen,
Norway, Feb. 5, 1810. Having an
intense passion for music, his long-
ings for it were sternly repressed by
his father and friends. At the
At the age of
eighteen he was placed at the Uni-
versity of Christiania, but found no
favour there, in consequence of his
M 2
164
BÜLOW.
love of music, and was finally dis-
missed, because he had taken tempo-
rary charge of an orchestra at one
of the theatres. In 1829 he went to
Cassel, to study the violin with Spohr,
but was received so coldly, that he
commenced the study of law at the
University of Göttingen. Presently
he was again giving his attention to
music, at Minden, but in consequence
of a duel there he fled to Paris, where
he was reduced to such misery, that
he threw himself into the Seine, but
was rescued and aided by a lady of
rank, who saw in him a strong re-
semblance to a deceased son. Through
her assistance he was enabled to ap-
pear publicly as a violinist, and met
with great success, acquiring a liberal
fortune in about seven years. In
1838, he returned to Bergen with his
wife, and settled upon an estate there.
In 1843 he went to the United States,
and was very successful in his con-
certs. He returned to Europe in 1845,
and, possessing a large fortune, wan-
dered through different countries
giving concerts, made a campaign in
Algeria with General Yusuf, built a
theatre at Bergen, and endeavoured
to establish in Norway national
schools of literature and art. His
patriotism involved him in trouble
with the government, and vexatious
lawsuits were instituted against him.
His wife having died, and a consider-
able portion of his fortune being lost,
he sailed for the New World again in
1852, and the same year purchased a
tract of 120,000 acres of land, in
Potter County, Pennsylvania, where
he attempted to found a Norwegian
colony. After two years' struggle, he
was compelled to abandon the project
with the loss of his fortune. He went
to New York in 1854, leased the
Academy of Music for Italian Opera,
but failed entirely. He subsequently
returned to Europe, and gave concerts
with his old success. He returned to
the United States in 1869 with a
comfortable fortune, and has since
resided there. In 1870 he married a
German lady in Wisconsin.
German Secretary of State for Foreign
Affairs, and Prussian Minister with-
out portfolio, belongs to the Holstein
branch of this noble house, and is
a nephew of the Prussian Minister
von Bülow who directed the Foreign
Department of that kingdom from
April 2, 1842, to Dec. 1845. Born
Aug. 2, 1815, at Plöh, in the Duchy
of Holstein, he attended the grammar
school of his native city, studied law
in the universities of Berlin, Göt-
tingen, and Kiel, and entered the
Danish diplomatic service in 1839.
In those days, Denmark having long
been ruled by the Schleswig-Holstein
dynasty, without any national an-
tagonism between the inhabitants of
the kingdom and the duchies, the
Copenhagen Government was con-
sidered half German, and frequently
admitted Germans to its civil and
military service. In 1849 Herr von
Bülow, who had meanwhile become
Councillor of Legation, as
a born
German, was appointed by the
Copenhagen Government to take part
in the negotiations for peace between
Germany and Denmark. Two years
later he went to Frankfort to re-
present the King of Denmark, in his
capacity of Duke of Schleswig-Hol-
stein and Lauenburg, in the Ger-
manic Diet. In this position he had
to advocate the Danish view of the
quarrel which had lately arisen be-
tween the Danish and German nations,
but the ability and moderation he dis-
played in the delicate task made him
acceptable to both parties alike. While
in Frankfort he came into contact
officially with Herr von Bismarck, the
Prussian envoy to the Diet, with
whom he had important affairs to
transact. In 1862, when Herr von
Bismarck took the helm at Berlin,
Herr von Bülow quitted the Danish
service, and, through the influence of
his family, who own large estates in
Mecklenburg, was appointed to the
direction of the Strelitz Government.
An adherent of German National
policy, he caused his Duchy to side
with Prussia in the war of 1866, took
part in the formation of the North
-
|
|
|
BÜLOW, BERNHARD ERNST VON,
BUNSEN-BURDETT-COUTTS.
German Confederacy, and in the same
year went to Berlin as Mecklenburg
Envoy. Having long been on friendly
terms with Prince Bismarck, his re-
newed intercourse with the Chan-
cellor in 1873 resulted in Herr von
Bülow's appointment to the German
Secretaryship of State for Foreign
Affairs. Prince Bismarck and Herr
von Bülow were the German pleni-
potentiaries at the Congress of Berlin,
in 1878.
BUNSEN, ROBERT WILHELM
EBERARD, chemist, born March 13,
1811, at
at Göttingen, where his
father was professor of Occidental
literature; studied in the university |
the physical and natural sciences,
and completed his education at
Paris, Berlin, and Vienna. Having
taken his degrees for teaching che-
mistry at Göttingen in 1833, he suc-
ceeded Wöhler three years later as
professor of this science in the Poly-
technic Institution at Cassel. In 1838
he was appointed Assistant Professor
in the University of Marburg, became
Titular Professor in 1841, then Di-
rector of the Chemical Institute.. In
1851 he passed to the University of
Breslau, and in 1852 to the University
of Heidelberg. Some years ago Pro-
fessor Bunsen declined a call to
Berlin which he received at the same
time as Professor Kirchhoff, with
whom he is the founder of stellar
chemistry. He has made many im-
portant discoveries, and the charcoal
pile which bears his name is in very
extensive use. From the spectrum
analysis down to the simplest mani-
pulations of practical chemistry, his
luminous discoveries have rendered
the most distinguished services to the
science which he adorns; but he
possesses at the same time the rare
gift of being an eminent and most
inspiring teacher, and his lessons are
attended by students from England
and all parts of the Continent. The
University of Leyden conferred on
him the honorary degree of M.D. in
Feb. 1875. In July 1877, the Uni-
versity of Heidelberg commemorated
the 25th anniversary of Professor
165
Bunsen's election to the Chair of
Experimental Chemistry.
Students
of all faculties joined in a torchlight
procession, which was followed by
the traditional symposium, while a
deputation presented the congratula-
tions of the Academical Council.
BURDETT-COUTTS, THE RIGHT
HON. ANGELA GEORGINA, BARONESS,
is the youngest daughter of the late
Sir Francis Burdett, Baronet, and
grand-daughter of Mr. Thomas Coutts.
In 1837 she succeeded to the great
wealth of Mr. Coutts, through his
widow, once the fascinating Miss
Mellon, who died Duchess of St.
Albans. The extensive power of
benefiting her less fortunate fellow-
creatures thus conferred, the Baro-
ness Burdett-Coutts has wisely exer-
cised, chiefly by working out her own
well-considered projects. A consist-
ently liberal churchwoman in purse
and opinions, her munificence to the
Establishment is historical. Besides
contributing large sums towards
building new churches and new
schools in various poor districts
throughout the country, Miss Coutts
erected and endowed, at her sole cost,
the handsome church of St. Stephen's,
Westminster, with its three schools.
and parsonage; and more recently,
another church at Carlisle. She en-
dowed, at an outlay of £50,000, the
three colonial bishoprics of Adelaide,
Cape Town, and British Columbia;
besides founding an establishment in
South Australia for the improvement
of the aborigines. She also supplied
the funds for Sir Henry James's
Topographical Survey of Jerusalem;
and offered to restore the ancient
aqueducts of Solomon to supply that
city with water—a work, however,
which the Government promised to
(but did not) fulfil. In no direction
are the Baroness's sympathies so fully
expressed as in favour of the poor
and unfortunate of her own sex. The
course taught at the national schools
and sanctioned by the Privy Council
included many literary accomplish-
ments which a young woman of
humble grade may not require on
-
166
BURDETT-COUTTS.
In
|
leaving school; but the more familiar
arts essential to her after-career were
overlooked. By her ladyship's exer-
tions, the teaching of common things,
such as sewing and other household
occupations, was introduced.
order that the public grants for edu-
cational purposes might reach small
schools in remote rural as well as in
neglected urban parishes, Miss Coutts
worked out a plan for bringing them
under Government inspection by
means of travelling or ambulatory
inspecting schoolmasters, and it was
adopted by the authorities. Miss
Coutts's exertions in the cause of re-
formation, as well as in that of edu-
cation, have been no less successful.
For young women who had lapsed out
of well-doing, she provided a shelter
and a means of reform, in a "Home"
at Shepherd's Bush. Nearly half the
cases which passed through her re-
formatory during the seven years it
existed resulted in new and pros-
perous lives in the colonies. Again,
when Spitalfields became a mass of
destitution, Miss Coutts began a sew-
ing-school there for adult women, not
only to be taught, but to be fed and
provided with work; for which object
Government contracts are undertaken
and successfully executed. Nurses
are sent daily from this unpretending
charity in Brown's Lane, Spitalfields,
amongst the sick, who are provided
with medical comforts; while outfits
are distributed to poor servants, and
clothing to deserving women. In
1859 hundreds of destitute boys
were fitted out for the Royal
Navy, or placed in various industrial
homes. As a preliminary test of
their fitness and characters, she had
them first tried in a shoe-black
brigade, which she established for
the purpose.
Many of these boys go
into the army, and are in request as
temporary porters at goods railway
stations. In the terrible winter of
1861 the frozen-out tanners of Ber-
mondsey were aided, and at the same
time she suggested the formation of
the East London Weavers' Aid Asso-
ciation, by whose assistance many of
the sufferers from decaying trade
were able to remove to Queensland.
One of the black spots of London
in that neighbourhood, once known
to and dreaded by the police as
Nova Scotia Gardens, was bought
by Miss Coutts, and, upon that
area of
of squalor and refuse, she
erected the model dwellings called
Columbia Square, consisting of sepa-
rate tenements let at low weekly
rentals to about two hundred families.
Close to it is Columbia Market, one of
the handsomest architectural orna-
ments of North-Eastern London.
In Victoria Park stands one of the
handsomest drinking fountains in
London; a similar work of art for
the use of both man and beast adorns
the entrance to the Zoological Gar-
dens in Regent's Park; and a third
stands near Columbia Market itself.
These, with a fourth presented to the
City of Manchester, and at the open-
ing of which the citizens gave her
ladyship a most enthusiastic recep-
tion, are all gifts to the public from
the same munificent donor. The
Baroness takes great interest in
judicious emigration. When a sharp
cry of distress arose some years ago
in the town of Girvan, in Scotland,
she advanced a large sum to enable
the starving families to seek better
fortune in Australia. Again, the
people of Cape Clear, Shirkin, close
to Skibbereen, in Ireland, when dying
of starvation, were relieved from the
same source, by emigration, and by
the establishment of a store of food
and clothing; by efficient tackle, and
by a vessel to help them in their
chief means of livelihood-fishing.
Miss Coutts materially assisted Sir
James Brooke in improving the con-
dition of the Dyaks of Sarawak, and
a model farm is still entirely sup-
ported by her, from which the natives
have learnt such valuable lessons in
agriculture that the productiveness of
their country has been materially
improved. Taking a warm interest
in the reverent preservation and orna-
mental improvement of our town
churchyards, and having, as the pos-
BURDON-BURGESS.
167
-
|
BURGES, WILLIAM, architect, was
born Dec. 2, 1827, in London, and
educated at King's College, London.
His works include additions and deco-
rations to Cardiff Castle; the rebuild-
ing of Cork Cathedral; the Speech
Room at Harrow; designs for finish-
ing the interior of St. Paul's Cathe-
dral, London; and churches at
Studley and Skelton, Yorkshire.
|
sessor of the great tithes of the living | SHAW, D.D., son of Mr. James
of Old St. Pancras, a special connec- Burdon, of Glasgow, was born in
tion with that parish, the Baroness, 1826, and educated at the Church
in 1877, laid out the churchyard as a Missionary College, Islington. He
garden for the enjoyment of the sur- was a missionary in Shanghai from
rounding poor, besides erecting a 1852 till 1874, when he was appointed
memorial sun-dial to its illustrious Bishop of Victoria, Hong Kong, in
dead. In the same year, when ac- succession to Dr. Alford. His epis-
counts were reaching this country of copal jurisdiction extends over the
the sufferings of the Turkish and Anglican congregations in South
Bulgarian peasantry flying from their China and Japan.
homes before the Russian invasion,
Lady Burdett Coutts instituted the
Turkish Compassionate
Compassionate Fund, a
charitable organization by means of
which the sum of nearly £30,000,
contributed in money and stores, was
entrusted to the British Ambassador
for distribution, and saved thousands
from starvation and death. This is
but an imperfect enumeration of the
Baroness's good works as a public be-
nefactress. The amount of her private
charities it is impossible to estimate.
She is a liberal and discriminating
patroness of artists in every depart-
ment of art; being herself accom-
plished in many of them. Her hos-
pitality is as comprehensive as her
charity, not only to the great world,
but to the poor. The beautiful gar-
dens and grounds of her villa at
Highgate are constantly thrown open
to school children in thousands. In
July, 1867, the Baroness received at
Holly Lodge one of the largest dinner
parties upon record. Upwards of
2,000 Belgian volunteers were invited
to meet the Prince and Princess of
Wales, and some five hundred royal
and distinguished guests. All partook
of her large and gracious hospitality
with as much comfort and social
enjoyment as if they had met at
a small social gathering. In June,
1871, Miss Coutts was surprised by
the prime minister with the offer
from her Majesty of a peerage. The
honour was accepted with the title
that commences this memoir. Her
ladyship was admitted to the freedom
of the City of London, July 11, 1872,
and to the freedom of the City of
Edinburgh, Jan. 15, 1874.
|
BURDON, THE RIGHT REV. JOHN
(6
""
BURGESS, JOHN BAGNOLD,
A.R.A., was born Oct. 21, 1830, at
Chelsea, and received his artistic edu-
cation at the Royal Academy, of
which he was elected an Associate,
June 18, 1877. Among his pictures
are Bravo Toro ; "The Presenta-
tion: English ladies visiting a Moor's
house," 1874; "The Barber's Pro-
digy," 1875; "Feliciana: a Spanish
Gipsy," 1876; "Licensing the Beg-
gars: Spain," 1877; and "Childhood
in Eastern Life," 1878.
|
BURGESS, THE REV. HENRY,
LL.D., of Glasgow, was born in 1808,
and educated at the Dissenting Col-
lege at Stepney, where he obtained a
high standing in Hebrew and clas-
sical learning. After ministering to
a Nonconformist congregation, he
received orders from the Bishop of
Manchester in 1850. He held the
perpetual curacy of Clifton Reynes,
Bucks, from 1854 to 1861, was for
some years editor of the Clerical
Journal and the Journal of Sacred
Literature, and is known as the author
of some translations from the Syriac
language, including two volumes of
the " Metrical Hymns and Homilies
of St. Ephrem Syrus, with Philological
Notes and Dissertations on the Syrian
Metrical Church Literature," 1835,
and a translation of the "Festival
BURGESS-BURGON.
|
"}
Letters of St. Athanasius," 1852, a
work which, after being long lost in
the original Greek, was recovered in
an ancient Syriac version, and edited
for the Oxford " Library of the
Fathers," by the Rev. H. G. Williams.
Dr. Burgess's other works are, "The
Bible Society vindicated in its de-
cision respecting the Bengal New
Testament," 1836; "The Country
Miscellany," 2 vols, 1836-37; “Truth
or Orthodoxy to which shall we
Sacrifice?" 1848; "Poems," dedi-
cated to the Marchioness of Bute,
1850;
"The Amateur Gardener's
Year-Book," 1855; "The Revision of
Translations of Holy Scripture ;
"Luther, his Excellences and Defects,"
1857. His later works are "The Re-
formed Church of England in its
Principles and their Legitimate De-
velopment," 1869; "Essays, Biblical
and Ecclesiastical, relating chiefly to
the Authority and Interpretation of
the Holy Scriptures," 1873; and
"Disestablishment and Disendow-
ment," 1875. Dr. Burgess also pre-
pared the second edition of Kitto's
Cyclopædia of Biblical Literature."
He ceased to be editor of the Clerical
Journal at Christmas, 1868, after
having conducted it for fourteen
years. In 1861 he was appointed by
the Lord Chancellor to the vicarage
of St. Andrew, Whittlesea, near Peter-
borough, in recognition of his services
to theological learning. Dr. Burgess
is Ph.D. of Göttingen.
"C
168
BURGESS, THE REV. RICHARD,
B.D., born in 1796, was educated at
St. John's College, Cambridge, where
he graduated, and was ordained by
the late Archbishop of York. Having
acted for some time as English chap-
lain at Rome, he was appointed in
1836 to the rectory of Upper Chelsea,
Middlesex, and was afterwards made
a Prebendary of St. Paul's and Rural
Dean of Chelsea. Dr. Burgess, who
was formerly honorary secretary to
the London Diocesan Board of Edu-
cation, is honorary secretary of the
Foreign Aid Society, an honorary
member of the Royal Institute of
British Architects, and a correspond-
|
ing member of the Pontifical Archæo-
logical Academy in Rome. He is the
author of a treatise on the ancient
"Ludi Circenses," 1827; "The Topo-
graphy and Antiquities of Rome,"
1831 "Greece and the Levant,"
1835; "Lectures delivered in the
English Chapel at Rome," 1831; and
various pamphlets on Education. In
1861, on completing the 25th year of
his incumbency at Upper Chelsea,
he was presented by his parishioners
and friends with a testimonial of the
value of £1,200. In Dec. 1869, he
was presented by Mr. Gladstone, on
behalf of the Crown, to the rec-
tory of Horningsheath-with-Ick-
worth, near Bury St. Edmunds,
which had become vacant by the
preferment of the Rev. Lord A. C.
Hervey, D.D., to the bishopric of
Bath and Wells.
BURGON, THE VERY REV. JOHN
WILLIAM, B.D., son of a merchant of
London, was born about 1819; entered
Worcester College, Oxford, at a rather
advanced age, and graduated there in
1848, having gained the Newdegate
prize for English verse (subject Petra)
in 1845. He was elected to a fellow-
ship at Oriel College in 1848. He
became vicar of the parish of St.
Mary the Virgin, Oxford (1863-76)
and Professor of Divinity in Greshani
College, London (1868). In Nov.
1875 he was appointed Dean of
Chichester in succession to the late
Dr. Hook. Mr. Burgon took an
active part in the movement for
supplying rural labourers with reli-
gious prints of good and tasteful
design for their cottage walls; and
in the year 1876 he made a spirited
attack on the Oxford lodging-house
system. Before going to Oxford, he
prepared a translation of the Che-
valier Brönsted's "Memoir on the
Panathenaic Vases," 1833; "The Life
and Times of Sir Thomas Gresham,"
chiefly compiled from his correspond-
ence in the State-Paper Office, 1839.
Since then he has published “A Plain
Commentary on the Four Gospels;
"Remarks on Art with reference to
the University Studies;" "Oxford
>>
-
BURKE.
66
Reformers," 1854; "A Century of
Verses in honour of the late Rev. Dr.
Routh," 1856; "Historical Notices of
the Colleges of Oxford," 1857; a
memoir of the late Patrick Fraser
Tytler, Esq., under the title of a
"Portrait of a Christian Gentleman,"
1861; "Inspiration and Interpreta-
tion: Seven Sermons preached before
the University of Oxford," being an
answer to "Essays and Reviews,"
1861; "Letters from Rome to Friends
in England," 1862 ; "Treatise on the
Pastoral Office," 1864; "Ninety-one
Short Sermons," 2 vols., 1867; "The
Lambeth Conference and the Ency-
clical," 1867; "Disestablishment, the
Nation's Formal Rejection of God
and Denial of the Faith," 1868;
England and Rome," three letters
to a convert, 1869; "The Roman
Council," 1869 ; "Protest of the
Bishops against the Consecration of
Dr. Temple," 1870; "Dr. Temple's
Explanation Examined," 1870; "The
Last Twelve Verses of the Gospel
according to St. Mark Vindicated
against Recent Critical Objectors and
Established," 1872; "The Athanasian
Creed to be retained in its Integrity,
and Why?" 1872; "Plea for the
Study of Divinity in Oxford," 1875;
"Home Missions and Sensational Re-
ligion Humility," two sermons ad
clerum, 1876; and "The Prayer-
Book, a Devotional Manual and
Guide," 1876. His two remarkable
sermons, published early in Dec.
1873, on Romanizing within the
Church of England"-two months
before Mr. Gladstone's sudden and
singular dissolution of Parliament-
may be said to have been the fore-
runner of the Public Worship Regu-
lation Act of 1874.
(4
BURKE, SIR JOHN BERNARD,
C.B., LL.D., M.R.I.A., second son of
the late John, and grandson of the
late Peter Burke, Esq.. of Elm Hall,
county Tipperary, born in London in
1815, was educated at the College of
Caen, Normandy, and called to the
bar at the Middle Temple in 1839.
He edited (for many years in con-
junction with his father, and since
169
"L
"The
his death solely), the Peerage
which bears his name, an invaluable
work to the lawyer and the anti-
quary. Sir Bernard is the author of
"The Commoners of Great Britain
and Ireland," afterwards published
under the title of "The Landed Gen-
try," a
"General Armory,"
"Visita-
tion of Seats," "Family Romance,"
"Anecdotes of the Aristocracy,'
Historic Lands of England," "Vicis-
situdes of Families," and "The Rise
of Great Families." He has written
many other books on heraldic, histo-
rical, and antiquarian subjects. In
1853 he was appointed to succeed the
late Sir William Betham as Ulster
King of Arms, and Knight Attendant
of the Order of St. Patrick; in 1854
he received the honour of knighthood ;
in 1862 the University of Dublin con-
ferred upon him the honorary degree
of LL.D.; and on Dec. 7, 1868, he
was created a Companion of the Bath.
He was appointed the successor of the
late Chief Baron Pigott as Governor
of the National Gallery of Ireland in
Oct. 1874.
BURKE, PETER, serjeant-at-law,
only brother of Sir Bernard Burke,
born in London, May 7, 1811, was
educated at Caen College. Having
been called to the English bar in
1839 by the Hon. Society of the
Inner Temple, he joined the Northern
circuit and the Manchester and Lan-
cashire sessions, and is a Parlia-
mentary counsel practising in the
House of Lords. He was made a
Q.C. of the Co. Palatine of Lancaster
in 1858, and a serjeant-at-law in 1859,
and is the author of various legal
works, particularly on the law of
copyright and the criminal law; of
The Romance of the Forum," "Cele-
brated Trials connected with the Aris-
tocracy and the Upper Classes,"
"Celebrated Naval and Military
Trials," and a Life of the Right
Hon. Edmund Burke." He was
clected Director, or chief honorary
officer, of the Society of Antiquaries
of Normandy for 1866-67, the first
time the compliment has been paid
to an Englishman. His discourse, in
;;
Po
170
BURKE-BURNABY.
to Mr. Froude, 12mo, New York,
1873;
"Ireland's Case Stated in
Reply to Mr. Froude." New York,
1873; "Lectures and Sermons," New
York, 1873; "Lectures on Faith and
Fatherland." 1874.
French, at the annual meeting of the
Society, has been published.
|
|
BURKE, THE REV. THOMAS N.,
was born in the town of Galway,
Ireland, in 1830. At the age of
17 he went to Rome and from thence
to Perugia, where he entered the
Order of St. Dominic, commencing
his novitiate and the study of philo-
sophy. From Perugia he was again
sent to Rome, where he studied theo-
logy at the College of the Minerva
and Santa Sabina. After having thus
spent five years in Italy he was sent
by the superior of his Örder to Eng-
land, where he was ordained priest.
He spent four years on the English mis-
sion in Gloucestershire, and was then
sent to Ireland to found a novitiate
and house of studies for his Order at
Tallaght near Dublin. This he suc-
cessfully accomplished, and for the
next seven years he was busily em-
ployed in the care of the new estab-
lishment and in giving missions in
different parts of Ireland. He was
next sent to Rome as Superior of the
monastery of Irish Dominicans at
San Clemente. After the death of
Cardinal Wiseman, Father Burke
succeeded Dr. Manning as preacher
of the Lenten Sermons in English in
the church of Santa Maria del Popolo.
He continued to preach these ser-
mons for five years. After his return
to Ireland he was attached to St.
Saviour's Dominican Church in Dub-
lin. In 1872 he visited the United
States, having been appointed visitor
to the houses of the Dominican com-
munity on the American continent.
He delivered sermons and lectures
in all parts of the Union and acquired
extraordinary popularity as an orator.
His celebrated series of lectures in
answer to Mr. Froude the historian on
the relations between England and Ire-
land caused much excitement and pro-
duced an animated controversy. The
first of these lectures was delivered
Nov. 12, 1872, in the Academy of
Music, New York. Father Burke has
since returned to his native country.
His works are : (C
English Misrule in
Ireland," a course of lectures in reply
BURMEISTER, HERMANN, natu-
ralist, was born at Stralsund, Prussia,
in 1807. While a student of medicine
at Halle, he was encouraged by Pro-
fessor Nitzch to study zoology, and
particularly entomology. Becoming
a doctor in 1829, he made his first
appearance as an author in the domain
of natural history, with a "Treatise on
Natural History," published at Halle
in 1830. On the death of Professor
Nitzch, in 1842, he succeeded him in
the chair of zoology in the Univer-
sity of Halle. He has written nume-
rous articles on zoological subjects in
the scientific journals of Germany;
several monographs in a distinct
form, such as "The Natural History
of the Calandra Species," published
in 1837, and a "Manual of Entomo-
logy." Professor Burmeister has
occupied himself in disseminating
correct notions of geology among the
educated classes; and with this view
delivered a series of lectures, which
were well attended. They were col-
lected and published in two works,-
"The History of Creation," Leipsic,
1843, and "Geological Pictures of
the History of the Earth and its In-
habitants," 1851, both of which have
been well received. During the revo-
lutionary fervour of 1848, Professor
Burmeister was sent by the city of
Halle, as Deputy to the National
Assembly, and subsequently by the
town of Leignitz, to the first Prussian
Chamber. He took his place on the
Left, and remained until the end of
the session, when, on account of fail-
ing health, he was obliged to demand
leave of absence, which he turned to
account by two years' travel in the
Brazils, and he published "The Ani-
mals of the Brazils," 1854-56. On his
return to Europe he resumed his post
in the University of Halle.
|
|
|
BURNABY, CAPTAIN FREDERICK,
son of the late Rev. G. Burnaby, by
BURNAND-BURNETT.
Harriet, sister of the well-known |
Harry Villebois, Esq., of Marham
House, Norfolk, was born at Bedford,
March 3, 1842, and received his edu-
cation at Harrow School and in Ger-
many. He entered the Royal Horse
Guards, Blues, Sept. 30, 1859. So
passionately fond was he of fencing
and gymnastics that he became very
muscular at the expense of his
vitality and broke down. He was
now recommended to travel, and ac-
cordingly visited South America,
Central Africa, and most parts of
Europe. In 1875 he determined to go
to Khiva, although the journey was
beset by almost insurmountable ob-
stacles. Captain Burnaby was ex-
ceptionally qualified for this par-
ticular journey by his acquaintance
with the Russian and Arabic lan-
guages, and he was, besides, as much
at home on a camel as in a canoe, a
sledge, or a balloon, as in a railway
carriage or a steamer. Moreover, he
delighted in grappling with a diffi-
culty, and his determination to pene-
trate Central Asia was much stimu-
lated by the assurance that it was
impossible. At more than one station
the passage of foreigners was ab-
solutely prohibited, and he only got
through by his knowledge of the
language or the inability of the in-
spectors to read his passport. On
arriving at Kazala, near the mouth of
the Syr Daria, he was allowed by the
commandant to proceed, it being as-
sumed that he would go at once to the
fort of Petro-Alexandrovsk, near the
river Oxus, in the territory lately ac-
quired by Russia. Had he done so
he would never have reached the
capital; but suspecting this, he made
a détour, crossed the Oxus into the
Khanate, and found his way to the
capital. He had intended to proceed
thence to Bokhara, but his further pro-
gress was arrested by a message from
the Russian authorities "inviting
him to recross the river and go to Petro-
Alexandrovsk where he found a tele-
gram awaiting him from the Duke
of Cambridge, Field-Marshal Com-
manding-in-Chief, requiring his im-
:)
|
171
mediate return to European Russia.
In the winter of 1876-77, Captain
Burnaby went on horseback through
Turkey in Asia and all the way from
Scutari to Khoi in Persia, returning
by Kars, Ardahan, Batoum, and Tre-
bizond, to Constantinople. He was
military correspondent of the Times
with the army of Don Carlos in Spain.
Captain Burnaby is a member of the
Council of the Aeronautic Society of
Great Britain, and he has made 19
balloon ascents, being on several oc-
casions unaccompanied by any pro-
fessional aëronaut. His works are :
"A Ride to Khiva: Travels and Ad-
ventures in Central Asia. With Maps
and an Appendix, containing amongst
other information, a series of March-
Routes, translated from several Rus-
sian works;" 3rd ed. Lond. 1876;
and "On Horseback through Asia
Minor," 1877.
BURNAND, FRANCIS COWLEY,
born in 1837, and educated at Eton
and Trinity College, Cambridge, was
called to the bar in 1862. Mr. Bur-
nand, who is the author of about a
hundred dramatic pieces, principally
burlesques, is on the Punch "staff,"
for which periodical his chief work
has been the now well-known serial
66
Happy Thoughts." His burlesque
of Douglas Jerrold's nautical drama,
Black-eyed Susan," achieved
run of 400 consecutive nights at
theRoyalty Theatre, Dean Street, Soho.
રી
BURNETT, MRS. FRANCES, néc
Hodgson, born at Manchester, Eng-
land, Nov. 24, 1849. There she
passed the first fifteen years of her
life, acquired her education, and
gained her knowledge of the Lanca-
shire dialect and character. At the
close of the American Civil War re-
verses of fortune led her parents to
leave England for America, where
they settled at Knoxville, Tennessee.
She has contributed several love-
stories to American magazines. In
1872 her dialect story, "Surly Tim's
Trouble," was published in Scribner's
Monthly. That Lass of Lowrie's,'
was first presented, serially, in Scrib-
ner, and its remarkable popularity
**
**
""
BURNOUF-BURNS.
|
""
demanded its immediate issue in book | anecdotes, a sermon on "The Har-
form. She has since published mony of Scriptural Election with
"Dolly," "Pretty Polly Pemberton," the Universal Love of God to the
Kathleen," "Our Neighbour Oppo- World ;" and he edited a periodical
site," and "Miss Crespigny." Miss devoted to Christian union. Mr.
Hodgson was married in 1873 to Dr. Burns commenced his ministerial
Burnett, and she now resides at Wash- duties in London in 1835, having ac-
ington, D.C.
cepted an invitation to the pulpit
of the General Baptist Congregation
assembling in New Church Street
Chapel, Marylebone. His congrega-
tion increased so much that twice
during the first twenty-five years of
his pastorate it was found necessary
to enlarge his chapel. In 1836 Mr.
Burns published his second series of
the "Christian Sketch-book," fol-
lowed by "The Christian's Daily
Portion; or, Exercises on the Person,
Work, and Grace of the Redeemer ;
a series of "Sketches and Skeletons
of Sermons," for the aid of clergymen,
ministers, and students, which have
extended to fifteen volumes, several
of which have gone through as many
as fourteen editions. He afterwards
wrote “Christian Philosophy; or,
Materials for Thought,” a work which
has been more than once described
as a "book of ideas," followed, at
short intervals, by "Youthful Piety,
"Youthful Christian, "Mothers of
the Wise and Good," "Sermons for
Families," "Fifty-two Discourses for
Village Worship," Light for the
Sick-room a Book for the Afflicted,"
"Light for the House of Mourning:
a Book for the Bereaved;"
Dis-
courses on various Forms of Religion,"
"Deathbed Triumphs," and " Mission-
ary Enterprises." In 1839 Mr. Burns
became editor of the Temperance
Journal. About this time he esta-
blished The Preacher's Magazine,
which extended to six volumes. Dr.
Burns, though a Baptist, adopts the
most liberal Church polity, was one
of the earliest members of the Evan-
gelical Alliance, took his place in the
first conferences held in Liverpool,
London, Birmingham, and Edin-
burgh, and was in 1847 appointed by
the Annual Association of General
Baptists one of the deputation to the
Triennial Conference of the Free Will
BURNOUF, EMILE-LOUIS, philo-
logist, born at Valogues, Manche, Aug.
25, 1821, was a pupil at the Lycée,
Saint-Louis; being received into the
Normal School in 1841, took his de-
gree of Doctor-in-letters in 1850, and
was appointed Professor of Ancient
Literature to the Faculty of Nancy.
Afterwards he was Director of the
French School at Athens, a post which
he vacated in 1875. He is the author
of the following theses and works :—
"Des Principes de l'Art d'après la
méthode et les doctrines de Platon;"
"De Neptuno ejusque Cultu, præser-
tim in Peloponneso" (1850, theses);
a translation, "Extraits du Novum
Organum de Bacon," 1854; "Essai
sur le Véda, ou Introduction à la
Connaissance de l'Inde," 1863; "Mé-
thode pour étudier la Langue Sans-
crite sur le plan des Méthodes de J. L.
Burnouf "(in conjunction with M. Leu-
pol); "Dictionnaire Classique Sans-
crit-Français," 1863-64; and "La
Science des Religions," 3rd ed. 1876.
**
""
(6
|
|
BURNS, THE REV. JABEZ, D.D.,
born in 1805, at Oldham, near Man-
chester, was educated at Chester and
at Oldham Grammar School. Having
aided his father for a time as a
medical practitioner, and acted as
assistant in a drapery establishment,
he joined the Methodist New Connec-
tion. In 1826 he removed to London
and commenced his career as a writer
on religious subjects, his first two
works being "The Christian Sketch-
book" and the "Spiritual Cabinet,"
published in 1828 and 1829. In the
latter year Mr. Burns removed to
Scotland, and early in 1830 became
minister of the United Christian
Church at Perth, where he remained
five years, and advocated temperance
principles. While in Scotland he
published a volume of religious
|
172
•
BURNSIDE-BURRITT.
""
|
States. He has been elected several
times as moderator and one of the
preachers of the Annual Assembly,
and has filled the office of chairman
or president on more than one occa-
sion. In addition to his own pulpit
labours, he has lectured in many
towns of the United Kingdom on
"Temperance," "The Prohibition of
the Liquor Traffic," "Peace," "Aboli-
tion of Death Penalty," and for Chris-
tian Young Men's Associations. Dr.
Burns's other literary productions
include "Christian Exercises for
every Lord's Day in the Year,"
"Marriage Gift-Book," "None but
Jesus,' "Life of Mrs. Fletcher,"
"Tracts and Small Treatises on Bap-
tism,"
," "Hints to Church Members,"
"A Few Words to Religious In-
quirers," and several juvenile books
of rhymes on "Christian Missions,"
Temperance, &c. His religious
works have had a large circulation in
the United States of America, espc-
cially "The Pulpit Cyclopædia,” soon
after the publication of which, in
1846, the author received the degree
of D.D. from the Wesleyan Univer-
sity of Middleton, Connecticut.
Baptists held at Vermont, United | superseded McClellan in command of
the army of the Potomac, and on
Dec. 13 was defeated at Fredericks-
burg by Gen. Lee. In May, 1863, he
was placed in command of the de-
partment of the Ohio. When Gen.
Grant was placed in command of all
the Federal armies, Burnside com-
manded a division, and took part in
the operations which ensued down to
June, 1864.
"Aboli- June, 1864. Then, having planned
an unsuccessful attempt to blow up a
fort in front of Petersburg, he sent
in his resignation, which the Presi-
dent refused to accept, but gave him
leave of absence, and he was not
again called into active service, and
finally resigned his commission in
April, 1865. In 1866 he was elected
Governor of the State of Rhode Is-
land, and was re-elected in the two
ensuing years; after which he was
engaged in business pursuits until
1875, when he was elected to the
Senate of the United States, his term
expiring in 1881.
"}
((
173
BURNSIDE, AMBROSE EVERETT,
born at Liberty, Indiana, May 23,
1824. He graduated at the Military
Academy at West Point in 1847, and
was subsequently ordered to New
Mexico. Having invented a breech-
loading rifle, he resigned his commis-
sion in 1853, and established a manu-
factory of his rifles in Rhode Island.
This proving unsuccessful, he became
treasurer of the Illinois Central Rail-
road. Early in 1861 he was appointed
Colonel of the 1st Regiment of Rhode
Island Volunteers, and took part in
the Battle of Bull Run, after which
he was made Brigadier-General.
After Gen. Pope's defeat at the second
battle of Bull Run, Aug. 30, 1862,
Burnside was placed under the com-
mand of McClellan, and fought during
the Confederate invasion of Maryland,
which was brought to a close by the
battle of Antietam, Sept. 17, 1862.
On Nov. 7, much against his wish, he
BURRITT, ELIHU, an American
scholar and journalist, born in New
Britain, Connecticut, Dec. 8, 1810.
He is the son of a shoemaker, and
received an ordinary education till he
was sixteen, when, his father dying,
he was apprenticed to a blacksmith.
Having during his apprenticeship
gained a fair knowledge of English
literature, at the age of twenty-one
he set to work to study mathematics.
In spring and summer he kept at the
anvil, alternately forging and read-
ing, and earned enough to enable
him to devote a great part of the
winter to his studies, which he pro-
secuted with so much diligence that
he gained a considerable knowledge
of Latin, French,
of Latin, French, Spanish, Greek,
and Hebrew, and afterwards studied
French, Spanish, Italian, and Ger-
man under native teachers; and ac-
quired Portuguese, Flemish, Danish,
Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic,
Welsh, Gaelic, and Russian. He
attained, also, celebrity as a public
lecturer, advocating temperance, and
other reforms, with great eloquence
and ability, attracting large audiences
174
BURROWS.
by the vigour and fervour of his de-
scriptive powers. In June, 1856, Mr.
Burritt left the United States for
Great Britain. For a year or two he
had been brooding over the scheme of
a peace league, and laboured in Eng-
land and upon the Continent to in-
duce the European nations to enrol
themselves as members of the League
of Universal Brotherhood; an asso-
ciation for the abolition of war
throughout the world. While in
London, in 1848, Mr. Burritt pub-
lished a little work, entitled "Sparks
from the Anvil," and later, in 1853,
"Olive Leaves," which have been
translated into several languages, and
have had an extensive circulation. In
1854 appeared his "Thoughts on
Things at Home and Abroad;" in
1865, "A Walk from John o'Groat's
to Land's End;" in 1869 a volume
of "Lectures and Speeches ;" and in
1878, Chips from many Blocks."
For some years he was engaged in the
promotion of systematic emigration
from England and Scotland to the
United States, and the establishment
of cheap ocean postage. He resided
in England for nearly twenty-five
years, being for a considerable time
United States Consul at Birmingham.
He has contributed much to perio-
dical literature, and has lectured in
Europe and America in favour of
temperance and advocating move-
ments for the amelioration of the
condition of the working classes.
{{
BURROWS, SIR GEORGE, Bart.,
M.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., is a son of the
late Dr. George Manns Burrows, and
was educated at Caius College, Cam-
bridge, where he graduated B.A. as
10th Wrangler in 1825, being imme-
diately afterwards elected Fellow and
Mathematical Tutor of his college.
He took the degree of M.B. in 1826,
that of Licentiate in Medicine in
1829, and that of M.D. in 1831. In
1832 he became a Fellow of the
Royal College of Physicians, of which
institution he afterwards became the
President, being elected for the fifth
time in March, 1875. He resigned
the office of President in 1876. He
held successively the Gulstonian,
Croonian, and Lumleian lectureships;
has been four times elected censor
and five times a member of the Col-
lege Council; and was the represen-
tative of the Royal College of Phy-
sicians in the General Medical Council
of Great Britain, of which important
body he was the President for six
years. He is a member of the Senate
of the University of London ; a mem-
ber of the Council of the Royal So-
ciety; and he was formerly President
of the Royal Medico-Chirurgical So-
ciety. He obtained the appointment
of Physician to St. Bartholomew's
Hospital in 1834, long held the Lec-
tureship on the Principles of Medicine
in that medical school, and is Physi-
cian to Christ's Hospital. In July,
1870, he was appointed one of the
Physicians - Extraordinary, and in
Nov. 1873, one of the Physicians
in Ordinary, to Her Majesty the
Queen. He was created a Baronet in
Feb. 1874, on the recommendation of
Mr. Gladstone, who desired to pay a
compliment to the medical profession
through one of its most distinguished
members. Sir George Burrows con-
tributed to the "Library of Medi-
cine" the articles on "Hæmorrhage,"
and several papers on professional
subjects to the Medical Gazette, Medi-
cal Times, and to "The Transactions
of the Medico-Chirurgical Society."
He is the author of a learned work on
"The Cerebral Circulation and the
Connection of Diseases of the Heart
and Brain." Sir George is married
to a daughter of the celebrated John
Abernethy.
BURROWS, MONTAGU, R.N.,
M.A., third son of Lieut.-General
Burrows, was born at Hadley, Mid-
dlesex, Oct. 27, 1819, and educated at
the Royal Naval College, Portsmouth,
where he obtained the Gold Medal in
1834. He served continuously in the
Royal Navy till he obtained the rank
of Commander in 1852, and became a
retired Captain in 1867. He matri-
culated at Oxford University, 1853;
took the degree of M.A. there in
1859; was elected to the Chichele
BURT-BURTON.
175
Professorship of Modern History in
1862; became a Fellow of All Souls
in 1870; and member of the Hebdo-
madal Council of his University in
1876. During his service in the navy
he was engaged in several actions
with Malay pirates, under Captain
Chads, and received medals from the
English and Turkish Governments
for the capture of St. Jean d'Acre in
1840. He was made Commander for
his services in H.M.S. Excellent. He
is the author of "Pass and Class:
an Oxford Guide-book through the
courses of Literæ Humaniores, Ma-
thematics, Natural Science, Law, and
Modern History," 3rd edition, 1866;
"Constitutional Progress, a series of
Lectures delivered before the Univer-
sity of Oxford," 1869; " A Memoir of
Admiral Sir H. Chads, G.C.B.," 1869 ;
"Worthies of All Souls: Four Cen-
turies of English History illustrated
from the College Archives," 1874;
"Parliament and the Church of Eng-
land,” 1875; and several pamphlets.
He married in 1849, Mary Anna,
daughter of Sir James W. S. Gardi-
ner, Bart., of Roche Court, Hants.
|
|
BURT, THOMAS, M.P., was born
Nov. 12, 1837, at Murton Row, near
Percy Main, Northumberland, being
the son of Peter Burt, a coal-miner.
While he was yet a child, seventeen
months old, his parents went to
Whitley, whence they had to remove
about a year afterwards, when the
pit was thrown out of gear by an
explosion. Their next place of abode
was New Row, Seghill, now styled
Blake Town, where they remained
five years, and at a later period they
settled at the Seaton Delaval colliery.
Young Burt, who had been working
in the coal-pits from an early age,
here began that course of self-culture
which has gone so far to supply the
deficiencies of his previous educa-
tion. In 1860 he removed to Chop-
pington, and married Mary, daughter
of Thomas Weatherburn. In 1865 he
was appointed Secretary to the Nor-
thumberland Miners' Mutual Asso-
ciation. In this capacity he rendered
himself so popular among the miners
BURTON, JOHN HILL, LL.D.,
F.R.S.E., historian and biographer,
born at Aberdeen, Aug. 22, 1809, lost
his father, who was an officer in the
94th regiment, when young. His
mother, the daughter of an Aberdeen-
shire laird, though left with narrow
means, made successful exertions to
give her family a good education.
Having studied at Marischal College,
where he took the degree of M.A.,
Mr. Burton was apprenticed to a legal
practitioner in his native city. Dis-
liking the monotony of the business,
he resolved on trying his fortune in
the higher walk of the profession, and
in 1831 became an advocate at the
Scottish bar. Finding himself among
the crowd of young men with little
or no practice, he devoted his time to
the study of law, history, and political
economy. On these subjects he wrote
articles in the Westminster Review
from 1833, and afterwards in the
Edinburgh Review. Mr. Burton is
the author of "Life and Correspon-
dence of David Hume," published in
1846; "Lives of Simon Lord Lovat,
and Duncan Forbes, of Culloden," in
1847 ; "Political and Social Eco-
nomy," in 1849; "Narratives from
Criminal Trials in Scotland." in 1852 ;
A Manual of the Law of Scotland;'
"A Treatise on the Law of Bank-
ruptcy" in that country; "An In-
troduction to the Works of Jeremy
Bentham : a History of Scotland,
from the Revolution to the Extinction
of the last Jacobite Insurrection,"
in 1853; and a "History of Scotland
from Agricola's Invasion to the Revo-
lution of 1688," in 7 vols. 8vo, four
"}
""
(*
that it was determined to nominate
him as the working class candidate
for the representation of Morpeth at
the general election of Feb. 1874.
He was returned by 3332 votes
against 585 given for Captain Dun-
can, the Conservative candidate. The
Northumberland miners have volun-
tarily taxed themselves to the extent
of £500 a year, in order to supply
him with the means of supporting
the honour of a seat in the House of
Commons.
176
BURTON.
11
of which were published in 1867, and
three in 1870. A second. edition in
8 vols. appeared in 1873. For several
years he has contributed to Black-
wood literary sketches, including the
series entitled "The Scot Abroad
(republished in 1864), and "The
Bookhunter." In 1854 he was ap-
pointed Secretary to the Prison Board
of Scotland, and on the abolition of
that board in 1860, and the transfer
of its functions to the Home Secre-
tary, he was continued as manager
and secretary, in connection with the
Home Office. In 1868 the annual
collecting and reporting to Parlia-
ment of The Judicial Statistics of
Scotland" were added to the duties
of his department. Soon after the
publication of the first four volumes
of his " History of Scotland from
Agricola's Invasion to the Revolu-
tion of 1688," the old office in the
Queen's household for Scotland of
Historiographer Royal being
vacant, Her Majesty was pleased to
bestow it upon Mr. Burton. He was
appointed a Commissioner under the
Prisons (Scotland) Act in Aug. 1877.
>>
BURTON, CAPTAIN RICHARD
FRANCIS, Son of Lieutenant-Colonel
Joseph Netterville Burton, of Tuam,
Galway, was born in 1821. He began
life at Oxford, and was destined for
the Church, but he yearned so much
after military service that his father
procured him a commission in the
Indian Army, and sent him out to
India in 1842 at the end of the
Affghan War. He was nineteen
years in the Bombay Army, eight
years in active service, chiefly on the
staff of Sir Charles Napier, who soon
discovered his merits, and turned
them to account. He quickly passed
examinations in eight Oriental lan-
guages-Hindostani, Persian, Arabic,
and others. He now speaks and
knows thoroughly twenty-nine lan-
guages, both European and Oriental,
not counting dialects. As a horse-
man, swordsman, and shot, he became
unsurpassed, and received from
France a brevêt de pointe for his
swordsmanship. He published in
(3
1853 a system of bayonet exercise,
which was adopted by the Horse
Guards. During the times when he
was not on active service he was
serving his country, humanity, science,
and civilization in other ways, by
opening up lands hitherto unknown.
He made an expedition to Mecca and
Medinah in 1853. His talents for
mixing with and simulating natives
of all countries, but especially Ori-
ental characters, and of becoming as
one of themselves, without any one
ever doubting his origin; his perfect
knowledge of their language, and his
being gifted by nature with an Arab
head and face, favoured his first
great enterprise. He next explored
Harar, in Moslem Abyssinia, and
went to Somali-Land, in East Africa.
He commanded the expedition, taking
with him the gallant Speke and Lieu-
tenants Herne and Stroyan. The
explorers were attacked in the night
by the natives. All fought their way
bravely through the enemy; Captain
Burton and Captain Speke were both
desperately wounded, and poor
Stroyan was killed, while Herne's
fate was to be untouched. In the
Crimea he was chief of the staff to
General Beatson, and he was the
principal organiser of the irregular
cavalry. Lord Palmerston was going
to send Captain Burton to raise a
large body of Kurdish horse, when
peace was proclaimed. In 1856 he
set out for his great explorations of
the lake regions of Central Africa,
again taking with him his comrade
in arms and travel, Speke, who was
afterwards in his turn commander of
a subsequent expedition with Grant.
Then it was that Burton discovered
Tanganyika. The expedition was
absent three years. In 1860 Burton
went to the United States, visited
California and Salt Lake City, and
travelled during that expedition
25,000 miles. In 1861 when the
Indian Army changed hands his
military career terminated. The
same year Earl Russell sent him to
Fernando Po, on the West Coast of
Africa. The Bight of Biafra, 600
BURTON.
177
|
|
miles in extent, was his jurisdiction. | Dec. 10, 1877, and returned there on
He did good service here for three April 10, 1878. During four months
years. He thoroughly explored from of hard travelling and voyaging they
Bathurst, on the Gambia, down to lost only one soldier, who died of
San Paulo de Loanda, in Angola, fever. They brought home some
marched up to Abeokuta, and as- twenty-five tons of geological speci-
cended the Cameroon Mountains. mens to illustrate the general geolo-
He visited the cannibal Mpangwe, gical formation of the land; six cases
the Fans of Du Chaillu; he went to of Colorado and Negro ore; five
Benin City, unknown to Europe since cases of ethnological and anthropo-
the death of Belzoni; he ascended logical collections-such as Midian-
the Congo River, and explored the ite coins, inscriptions in Nabathean
Yellalah Rapids, the Elephant Moun- and Cufic, remains of worked stones,
tains, and the whole line of lagoons fragments of smelted metals, glass
between Lagos and the Volta rivers. and pottery; upwards of 200 sketches
Then he was sent on a dangerous in oil and water colours, photo-
mission—a three months' mission to graphs of the chief ruins, including
the King of Dahomey, with presents, catacombs, and of a classical temple,
to induce King Gelele to abolish his apparently of Greek art; and, finally,
"customs." Captain Burton was maps and plans of the whole country,
then transferred to São Paulo (Brazil), including thirty-two ruined cities,
where he was active and useful for some of whose names can be restored
four years, both on the coast and in by consulting Strabo and Ptolemy,
the interior. He thoroughly explored besides sketches of many ateliers
his own province, which is larger where perambulating bands like the
than France, the gold and diamond gipsies of ancient and modern times
mines of Minas Geraes, canoed down seem to have carried on simple min-
the great river San Francisco, 1,500 ing operations.
The caravan con-
miles, visited the Argentine Republic, sisted of eight Europeans, three
the rivers La Plata and Paraguay, Egyptian officers of the staff and
for the purpose of reporting to the two of the line, twenty-five soldiers
Foreign Office the state of the Para- and thirty miners, ten mules, and
guayan War. He crossed the Pam- about one hundred camels. He has
pas and the Andes to Chili and Peru, written some thirty volumes, which
and visited all the Pacific Coast. describe his travels. Among them
Returning by the Straits of Magellan, are: "The Lake Regions of Central
Buenos Ayres, and Rio to London, Africa ;" "Abeokuta; or, an Ex-
he found himself appointed to Da- ploration of the Cameroon Moun-
mascus. While holding that position tains," 1863; "A Narrative of his
he explored various parts of Syria. Mission to the King of Dahomey."
In 1871 the consulate of Damascus 1864; "Explorations of the High-
was reduced to a vice-consulate, and lands of the Brazil, with a full ac-
Captain Burton was recalled. In count of the Gold and Diamond
1872 he set out for Iceland, and Mines; also, Canoeing down 1,500
thoroughly studied and explored it, miles of the great River São Fran-
returning the same year to find him- cisco, from Sabarà to the Sea," 2
self posted at Trieste. In 1876 vols., 1868; "Vikram and the Vam-
Captain Burton visited Midian, and pire, or Tales of Hindu Devilry,"
wrote an account of his travels in 1869; "Zanzibar, City, Island, and
that country. At the close of the Coast," 2 vols., 1872; and (in colla-
year 1877 he started again for Midian, boration with Mr. Charles F. Tyr-
purposing to organize a new explora- whitt Drake) "Unexplored Syria:
tion and partial exploitation of the Visits to the Libanus, the Tulúl el
mines which he discovered there. Safá, the Anti-Libanus, the Northern
The second expedition left Suez, Libanus, and the 'Aláh;" "Two
N
·
178
BURY-BUSK.
Trips to Gorilla Land and Cataracts | elected M.P. for Berwick-on-Tweed,
of the Congo," 2 vols., 1875; "Ultima but he was defeated at the general
Thule, or a Summer in Iceland," 2 election of Feb., 1874. He unsuccess-
vols., 1875; "Etruscan Bologna: fully contested Stroud in Feb., 1875,
a Study," 1876; Sind Revisited; when he polled 2,577 votes, 2,783
with Notices of the Anglo-Indian being recorded for Mr. Marling, the
Army; Railroads, Past, Present, Liberal candidate. He was summoned
and Future, &c., 2 vols., 1877; to the House of Peers in his father's
and "The Gold Mines of Midian and barony of Ashford in 1876, and was
the Ruined Midianite Cities. A appointed Under-Secretary of State
Fortnight's Tour in North Western for War in succession to Lord
Arabia," 1878. Captain Burton has Cadogan in March, 1878.
received the gold medals of the
French and English Geographical
Societies.
|
BUSK, HANS, F.R.G.S., eldest son
of Hans Busk, Esq., of Glenalder,
Radnorshire, born in 1815, was edu-
cated at King's College, London, and
at Trinity College, Cambridge, where
he graduated B.A. in 1839, M.A. in
1844, LL.D. in 1873, and Hon. D.C.L.
of Oxford, and was called to the bar
at the Middle Temple in 1841. In
1837 (while an undergraduate at
Cambridge) he strongly urged upon
the Government of that day the im-
portance of sanctioning the formation
throughout the country of rifle clubs,
with a view to the organization of an
army of volunteers, as the most sure
and legitimate constitutional defence
of the realm; and on receiving from
the then Prime Minister (Lord Mel-
bourne) a reply indicative of appre-
hension at the idea of "putting arms
into the hands of the people at large,"
he formed a model rifle club in the
university. From that time he con-
tinued strenuously to advocate the
establishment of a volunteer army,
but with little effect, until the publi-
cation of his treatise on the rifle, in
which he again earnestly supported
the volunteer cause. Early in 1858
he joined the Victoria Rifles, a volun-
teer corps which had been in exist-
ence more than half a century. In
order to demonstrate, however, the
urgent necessity for increased exer-
tion, and to prove the extent of the
war preparations making by France,
and the growing increase of her fleet,
he visited, at his own expense, her
ports and naval arsenals, publishing,on
his return, the only authentic French
navy list that had appeared for six-
teen years. Not long after he was
|
#7
BURY (VISCOUNT) THE RIGHT
HON. WILLIAM COUTTS KEPPEL,
LORD ASHFORD, K.C.M.G.. called by
Courtesy VISCOUNT BURY, son of the
earl of Albemarle, born in 1832, and
educated at Eton; entered the Scots
Fusilier Guards in 1849, and was
private secretary to Lord John Russell
in 1850-51. He afterwards went to
India as aide-de-camp to the late
Lord F. Fitz-Clarence, but returned
home on sick leave, and retired from
the army.
In Dec., 1854, he was
nominated Civil Secretary and Super-
intendent-General of Indian affairs
for the province of Canada; entered
Parliament in 1857, was appointed
Treasurer of the Royal Household on
the return of Lord Palmerston to
office in 1859; and first elected M.P.
for Norwich, as a Liberal, in April,
1857. On taking office in 1859, his
re-election was declared void. In
Nov., 1860, he was elected for the
Wick district of burghs, which he
ceased to represent at the general
election of 1865, when he was a de-
feated candidate for Dover. Lord
Bury, who is married to a daughter
of Sir Alan N. M'Nab, Bart., is the
author of "The Exodus of the Western
Nations," "A Report on the Condi-
tion of the Indians of British North
America," and other political and his-
torical papers.
papers. He has taken an
active part in promoting the Volun-
teer movement, is Lieut.-Colonel of
the Civil Service regiment of Volun-
teers, and was sworn a Privy Coun-
cillor in 1859. In 1868 he was
BUSK-BUTE.
""
CC
""
""
""
solicited by an influential deputation | youngest daughter of the late Hans
from the University of Cambridge to | Busk, Esq., of Great Cumberland
address the undergraduates, with a Place, London, a man of elevated
view to the formation of a rifle corps, tastes and attainments, which were
which he was afterwards requested to devoted to the education of his family.
help in organizing. Such was the Since the death of her father Miss
success consequent on the appeal then Busk has directed her attention to
made, that from all parts of the literary pursuits. Frequent resi-
country other invitations daily ar- dences and travels in the South of
rived from persons earnestly request- Europe not only gave a direction to
ing him to aid practically a cause her literary labours, but afforded
which, as the Times justly affirmed, opportunities of close and critical
"he had been the first to originate, observation which have been turned
adding that "he was unquestionably to good advantage. Her power of
the earliest and most strenuous ad- graphic description has been well
vocate of the volunteer system when shown in her contributions to current
in its infancy." Captain Busk has literature. Miss Busk published in
continued lecturing, writing, and 1870, Contemporary Annals of
counselling upon the subject up to Rome," also a collection of stories
the present hour. He is the author from Spanish Folklore and Roman-
of The Rifle, and how to Use it; ceros under the title of "Patrañas"
"Volunteers, and how to Drill them ;' (the Spanish designation for them);
"The Hand-book for Hythe ; "The in 1871 a similar collection from the
Navies of the World; "Tabular Tyrol called "Household Stories from
Arrangement of Company Drill; the Land of Hofer ; " in 1872, "Sagas
"Maiden Hours;" "Horæ Viaticæ;' from the far East," being the first
"Golden Truths;" and "The Educa- complete version published in English
tion Craze." He founded, and for of the "Siddhî-kür" and "Ardschi-
several years edited, the New Quar- Bordschi" Tales; "The Folklore of
terly Review. In 1847 he filled the Rome, collected by Word of Mouth
office of High Sheriff of Radnorshire; from the People," 1874; and "The
in 1859 he was appointed a Deputy- Valleys of Tirol: their Traditions
Lieutenant, and subsequently a J.P. and Customs, and How to Visit
for Middlesex ; and in 1860 he ac- Them," 1874.
cepted a captaincy in the Victoria
Rifles. In 1869 a large sum was
raised by public subscription, in order
to present Captain Busk with an
adequate testimonial in recognition
of his services as "the Founder
of England's Volunteer Army." He,
however, declined to accept any per-
sonal gratuity, and expended the
amount contributed in purchasing
lifeboat, and establishing a suitable
station at Ryde. In the gale of Sept.,
1869, this boat successfully rescued
seventeen lives, and it has rendered
essential service on several subsequent
occasions. He has lately presented a
lifeboat, fully equipped, to the "Sea-
man's Orphan's Home at Brixham,"
and has contributed to the establish-
ment of several other lifeboats.
a
|
BUSK, MISS RACHEL H., is the
;"
""
>>
179
**
BUTE (MARQUIS OF), THE
MOST HONOURABLE JOHN PATRICK
CRICHTON STUART, K.T., son of the
second marquis, born at Mountstuart
House, in the Isle of Bute, Sept. 12,
1847, succeeded to the title on the
death of his father in 1848, and re-
ceived his education at Harrow School,
whence he proceeded to Christ Church,
Oxford. He was admitted into the
Catholic Church by Monsignor Capel
at Nice, on Dec. 24, 1868, and since
that period he has displayed great
zeal and liberality in promoting the
cause of Catholic education, and in
advancing the interests of the Church
in England. He married in 1872
the Hon. Gwendoline Mary Anne,
eldest daughter of Lord Howard of
Glossop. He was created a Knight
of the Order of the Thistle in Feb.,
N 2
180
BUTLER.
and governed there with great vigour
until November, when he was re-
called. Late in 1863 he was placed
in command of the department of
Virginia and North Carolina, and the
forces here were designated the army
of the James. When General Grant
was moving towards Richmond in
July, 1864, Butler made an unsuccess-
ful effort to capture Petersburg. In
Dec., 1864, he made an ineffectual
attempt upon Fort Fisher, near Wil-
mington, North Carolina, and was
then relieved of his command. In
1866 he was elected to Congress by
the Republicans of Massachusetts,
and he has been repeatedly re-elected
until 1878. In 1871, and again in
1873, he was an unsuccessful candi-
date for the Republican nomination
for Governor of Massachusetts. At
present he is ranked among those
who are opposed to the general policy
of President Hayes.
BUTLER, MRS. ELIZABETH
SOUTHERDEN, daughter of Mr. T. J.
Thompson, by Christina, daughter of
Mr. T. B. Weller, was born at Lau-
sanne, in Switzerland. Her parents
removed to Prestbury, near Chelten-
ham, where, at the age of five years
Miss Thompson first began to handle
the pencil. After two or three years'
sojourn at Prestbury, Mr. and Mrs.
Thompson went to live in Italy, and
the young artist continued her studies
at Florence. In 1870 the family re-
turned to England, and took up their
abode at Ventnor, where they re-
mained till the great success of Miss
Thompson's picture of the "Roll
Call" made a removal to London
desirable. At one period she studied
in the Government School of Art,
Kensington. For some years she
exhibited at the Dudley and other
galleries. Her first picture at the
Royal Academy was "Missing," 1873.
It was followed in 1874 by the "Roll
Call," a picture which attracted uni-
versal attention, and which was pur-
chased by the Queen. "The 28th
Regiment at Quatre Bras" was ex-
hibited at the Academy in 1875;
"Balaklava" in Bond Street in 1876;
1875. The Marquis published “The
Early Days of Sir William Wallace,"
a lecture delivered at Paisley in
1876; and "The Burning of the
Barns of Ayr," 1878.
BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN,
born at Deerfield, New Hampshire,
Nov. 5, 1818. He graduated at Water-
ville College in 1838, and in 1841
commenced the practice of law at
Lowell, Massachusetts. He early took
a prominent part in politics on the
Democratic side, and in 1853 was
elected to the Massachusetts House
of Representatives, and in 1859 to
the State Senate. In 1860 he was a
delegate to the National Democratic
Convention, which met at Charleston,
South Carolina. The Convention broke
up without making any nomination
for the Presidency, and when a por-
tion of the delegates reassembled at
Baltimore, Mr. Butler announced that
a majority of the delegates from
Massachusetts would take no further
part in the proceedings of the Con-
vention, for the reason, among others,
that they "would not sit in a Con-
vention in which the slave trade,
which by law was piracy, was advo-
cated." In that year he was the
Democratic candidate for Governor
of Massachusetts. He had before held
a commission as Brigadier-General
of Militia. On April 17, 1861, he
marched to Annapolis, Maryland, with
his regiment, and was soon afterwards
placed in command at Baltimore, and
subsequently at Fortress Monroe.
While here some slaves who had come
within his lines, were demanded by
their masters. He refused to deliver
them up, on the ground that they
were contraband of war; whence
originated the term "contrabands,"
by which slaves were frequently
designated during the civil war. Early
in Feb., 1862, a combined naval and
military attack upon New Orleans
was planned, Butler to command the
land force. The naval force, under
Farragut, passed the forts below, and
were virtually in possession of the
city on May 1, when the troops came
up, and Butler took formal possession,
|
(
""
BUTLER-BUTT.
and "Inkermann " in Bond Street in
1877. Miss Thompson became the
wife of Major William Francis Butler,
C.B., June 11, 1877.
BUTLER, THE REV. HENRY
MONTAGU, Head Master of Harrow
School, youngest son of the late Rev.
George Butler, D.D., Head Master of
Harrow, and afterwards Dean of
Peterborough, was born in 1833, and
educated at Harrow and at Trinity
College, Cambridge, where he gra-
duated B.A. in 1855 as Senior Classic.
In the same year he was elected
Fellow of the college. On the retire-
ment of Dr. Vaughan, at Christmas,
1859, he was elected to the head
mastership of the school, over which
his father had presided for twenty-
four years. He was honorary chap-
lain to the Queen, 1875-77. He
published, in 1869, a volume of
"Sermons preached in the Chapel
of Harrow School."
181
| O'Donnells, the ancient Irish chiefs
of Tyrconnell. He obtained a scholar-
ship at Trinity College, Dublin, in
1832, and graduated in high classical
and mathematical honours in 1835.
In 1836 he was appointed to the
Whately Professorship of Political
Economy in his college, and two
years later was called to the Irish
bar. He obtained a silk gown in
1844, and was one of the counsel for
the defence of Mr. Smith O'Brien and
the other prisoners who were tried
for high treason at Dublin, in 1848,
and of the Fenians in 1865. He was
elected M.P. for Harwich in May, 1852,
represented Youghal, in Ireland, as a
Liberal Conservative from 1852 to
1865, and in Sept. 1871, was returned
to Parliament, without opposition, by
the city of Limerick, in the "National
and Home Rule" interest. Indeed
Mr. Butt was the originator of this
important movement. He was re-
elected for Limerick at the general
election of Feb. 1874. At the close
of the session of 1877 he protested
that he would have nothing more to
do with the management of the Home
Rule party unless certain irregular
and disorderly members of it re-
formed their conduct. Much difficult
negotiation followed, and towards
the close of the session of 1878 Mr.
Butt resumed his seat in the House
of Commons and the active leader-
ship of his party. During his
undergraduate course Mr. Butt was
a distinguished member of the Col-
lege Historical Society, in which he
obtained the gold medal, and was
one of the original projectors, and for
some time editor of the Dublin Uni-
versity Magazine, to which, under the
name of Edward Stevenson O'Brien,
he contributed "Chapters of Col-
lege Romance," which have been
republished in a separate shape. In
addition to being the author of
several minor publications on Irish
affairs, and of some lectures on Poli-
tical Économy, he published in 1873
a letter to Lord Morpeth on the Irish
Poor Law, which Mr. M'Culloch
highly commends in his "Literature
BUTLER, WILLIAM FRANCIS,
C.B., was born in the county of Tip-
perary, Ireland, in 1838, and educated
at Dublin. He was appointed Ensign
of the 69th Regiment, Sept. 17, 1858;
Lieutenant, Nov. 1863; Captain, 1872;
Major, 1874; and Deputy-Adjutant-
Quarter-Master-General, Head Quar-
ter-Staff, 1876. Major Butler served
on the Red River Expedition; was
sent on
a special mission to the
Saskatchewan Territories in 1870-71;
and served on the Ashanti Expedi-
tion in 1873, in command of the West
Akim native forces. He was several
times mentioned in despatches of Sir
Garnet Wolseley, and in the House
of Lords by the Field-Marshal Com-
manding-in-Chief. He was appointed
a Companion of the Bath in 1874.
Major Butler is the author of "The
Great Lone Land," 1872; "The Wild
North Land," 1873; and "Akimfoo,"
1875. He married, June 11, 1877, at
the church of the Servite Fathers,
Fulham Road, London, Miss Eliza-
beth Thompson, the painter.
|
BUTT, ISAAC, M.P., Q.C., the only
son of the Rev. Robert Butt, incum-
bent of Stranorlar, co. Donegal, born
in 1813, claims descent from the
182
BUTTERFIELD-BYRON.
of Political Economy." In 1840 he
appeared at the bar of the House of
Lords as counsel for the Corporation
of Dublin against the Irish Corpora-
tion Reform Bill, was subsequently
elected a member of the new corpo-
ration of that city, and in that capa-
city opposed Mr. O'Connell in 1843
in his agitation for a repeal of the
Union. Mr. Butt, who is a magis-
trate for the county of Cork, pub-
lished in 1860 a (6
History of the
Kingdom of Italy," and in 1871 "A
Practical Treatise on the New Law
of Compensation to Tenants in Ire-
land, and the other Provisions of the
Landlord and Tenant Act, 1870;
with an Appendix of Statutes and
Rules."
|
and of a political work of some
notoriety, entitled, "The Sophisms
of Free Trade." In 1857 he was
made Queen's Serjeant, and in 1858
received the honour of knighthood
on his elevation to the Bench as one
of the judges of the Court of Common
Pleas. He resigned his judgeship at
the commencement of Jan., 1873; on
March 3, following, he was sworn of
the Privy Council. He is the author
of "The Foundation of Religion in
the Mind and Heart of Man," 1875.
BYRNE, MRS. WILLIAM PITT,
second daughter of the late Hans
Busk, Esq., of Great Cumberland
Place, and widow of William Pitt
Byrne, M.A., of Trinity College, Cam-
bridge. She contributed at an early
BUTTERFIELD, WILLIAM, archi-age
tect, was born Sept. 7, 1814. Having
been brought up as an architect, he
devoted himself more especially to a
scientific study of the various Gothic
styles, into which, since entering
on his profession, he has imparted
variety by the use of coloured stone,
brick, and marble, both in churches
and domestic buildings. His chief
works are St. Augustine's College,
Canterbury; All Saints' Church and
Schools, Margaret Street, London;
Baldersby Church, Yorkshire
Yealmpton Church, Devonshire; the
new chapel at Balliol College, Oxford;
St. Alban's Church, Baldwin's Gar-
dens, Gray's Inn Lane; Winchester
County Hospital; Winchester and
Rugby School Buildings; and Keble
College, Oxford.
;
BYLES, THE RIGHT HON. SIR
JOHN BARNARD, son of the late Mr.
John Byles, of Stowmarket, Suffolk,
born in 1801, and called to the bar at
the Inner Temple in 1831; went for
some years the Norfolk circuit, and
in 1840 was appointed Recorder of
Buckingham. In 1843 he received
the coif of a serjeant-at-law, to which
was afterwards added a patent of
precedence. He is the author of
several professional works of high
repute; amongst which may be men-
tioned one "On the Usury Laws,"
and another "On Bills of Exchange;"
to many of the principal periodi-
cals of the day, but always anony-
mously. The first work she published,
"A Glance behind the Grilles," ap-
peared in 1854. It was followed by
several others; the most popular
being, perhaps, the well-known
volume of "Flemish Interiors.” It
is as the "Author of Flemish In-
teriors" that this writer has always
since presented her productions to
the public. Her other works, all very
favourably and generally known, bear
on them the unmistakable stamp of
artistic and literary culture; those of
a social and descriptive character
have been illustrated by her own
pencil. They comprise" Realities
of Paris Life," 3 vols. ; Red, White,
and Blue," 3 vols, ; "Undercurrents
Overlooked," 2 vols.; "Cosas de
España," 2 vols.; Feudal Castles
of France;" "Gheel, or the City of
the Simple ; "The Beggynhof, or
the City of the Single; "Sainte
Perrine, or the City of the Gentle;
and "Pictures of Hungarian Life.
19
BYRON, HENRY JAMES, dramatist
and actor, son of Henry Byron, Esq.,
British Consul at Port-au-Prince,
Hayti, is a native of Manchester,
and completed his education in
London. He is well known to the
play-going public as one of the
most skilful and prolific writers
of burlesque extravaganzas. His
";
*:
CABANEL-CADELL.
C.
"Fra
""
|
of a painting, the subject of which
was the "Agony of Christ in the
Garden of Olives," and obtained the
second great prize for painting in
1845. Having returned from Rome,
he exhibited amongst other works
(1850-53), a "Saint John," and "The
Death of Moses," and was entrusted
with the execution of twelve me-
dallions for the decoration of the
Hôtel de Ville of Paris, representing
the twelve months of the year. M.
Cabanel's reputation as a painter is
high. He obtained a second-class
medal at the exhibition of paintings
in 1852, a first-class medal in 1855,
and the medal of honour at the
"salon" of 1865. He was elected
member of the Académie des Beaux
Arts, in place of Horace Vernet,
Sept. 26, 1863; Professor in the École
des Beaux Arts at the end of that
year, and was promoted to the rank
of Officer of the Legion of Honour,
Aug. 29, 1864.
""
earliest effort in this line,
Diavolo," produced at the Strand
Theatre on the first night of Miss
Swanborough's season in 1858, was
speedily followed by several success-
ful pieces; amongst which may be
mentioned the "Maid and Magpie,"
Aladdin," " Esmeralda," "The Lady
of Lyons," and "Grin Bushes ; two
farces, and a comedy entitled "The
Old Story." Other theatres competed
for his burlesques, and for the Adelphi
he wrote the "Babes in the Wood,"
"Ill-treated Il Trovatore;" for the
Olympic, "Mazeppa Travestie ; for
Drury Lane, "Miss Eily O'Connor;"
and for the Princess's, "Jack the
Giant-killer," and other Pantomimes.
At the Haymarket, amongst other
pieces, was produced his " Dundreary
Married and Done for at the
Prince of Wales's, "La Sonnambula
Travestie," "Lucia di Lammermoor,"
"Little Don Giovanni," "Der Frei-
schutz," and original comedies, "War
to the Knife" and "A Hundred
Thousand Pounds." Mr. Byron has
contributed extensively to periodical
literature, was the first editor of Fun,
and is the author of a three-volume
novel—“Paid in Full," originally
published in the Temple Bar magazine.
He made his first appearance in
London as an actor at the Globe
theatre in his own drama of "Not
Such a Fool as he Looks," Oct. 23,
1869. His latest pieces are,
"Al
An
American Lady," a comedy in three
acts, produced at the opening of the
Criterion Theatre, March 21, 1874;
"Old Sailors," a comedy, brought out
at the Strand later in the same year;
and “Our Boys," which was played
for the 1150th time at the Vaudeville
Theatre on Aug. 9, 1878. Mr. Byron
is a member of the Middle Temple.
"
|
CADELL, FRANCIS, the explorer of
the river Murray, son of H. F. Cadell,
Esq., of Cockenzie, near Preston
Pans, Haddingtonshire, was born in
1822, and educated at Edinburgh and
in Germany. While very young he
showed a taste for adventure, and
entered as a midshipman on board
an East Indiaman. The vessel having
been chartered by Government, the
lad, as a volunteer, took part in the
first Chinese war, was present at the
siege of Canton, the capture of Amoy,
Ningpo, &c., and received an officer's
share of prize-money. At twenty-two
he was in command of a vessel, and in
the intervals between his voyages he
spent much time in the shipbuilding
yards of the Tyne and Clyde, where he
gained a thorough knowledge of naval
architecture and the construction of
the steam-engine. A visit to the
Amazons first led him to study the
subject of river navigation, and when
in Australia, in 1848, his attention
was drawn to the practicability of
navigating the Murray and its tri-
butaries, which had only served for
watering the flocks belonging to the
scattered stations on their banks.
183
CABANEL, ALEXANDRE, artist,
was born at Montpellier, Sept. 28,
1823; studied in the atelier of M.
Picot, and attracted attention by his
exhibition, in the "salon" of 1844,
184
CADOGAN-CAIRD.
Three years later, encouraged by the
governor of Australia, Sir H. F. Young,
he put his project into execution. In
a frail boat, with canvas sides and ribs
of barrel hoops, he embarked at Swan-
hill on the Upper Murray, and de-
scended the stream to Lake Victoria
at its mouth, a distance of 1300 miles.
Having thus proved that the Murray
was navigable, he succeeded in cross-
ing the dangerous bar at its mouth in
a steamer planned and constructed
under his supervision. This vessel
accomplished a first voyage of 1500
miles. Other steamers were procured,
and the Murrunbidgee, the Edward,
and the Darling were in like manner
opened to traffic. A gold candelabrum
was presented to Mr. Cadell by the
settlers, the value of whose property
has been greatly increased by his
efforts, and the Legislature directed a
gold medal in his honour to be struck
in England by Mr. Wyon. As is the
case with most first adventurers,
others are reaping the abundant fruits
of his labour, and on account of inter-
colonial jealousies, he has received no
substantial return for a fortune ex-
pended, and years of danger, anxiety,
and toil.
large manufactory for the construc-
tion of motive machines.
Messrs.
Derosne and Cail, for fifteen years,
supplied Holland with all the ma-
chinery employed in purifying the
sugar produced in the colonies be-
longing to that country, and have
established branch manufactories at
Valenciennes, Douai, Brussels, and
Amsterdam, all of which have been
under the management of M. Cail
since the death of M. Charles Derosne
in 1846. MM. Cail and Derosne pub-
lished, in 1844, a work entitled "De
la Fabrication du Sucre aux Colonies
et des nouveaux appareils propres à
améliorer cette fabrication." Their
names have appeared honourably in
all the " Expositions" since 1827,
and that of M. Cail at the Universal
Exhibitions of London and Paris
(1851 and 1855), at the latter of
which he gained a grand medal of
honour for locomotive engines. He
was decorated with the Cross of the
Legion of Honour in 1844.
CAIN, AUGUSTE, sculptor, born in
Paris, Nov. 4, 1822, worked first with
a carpenter, and afterwards entered
the studio of M. Rude. M. Cain, who
has devoted his attention to groups of
animals, first exhibited at Paris in
1846, and is the publisher of his own
bronzes. Amongst numerous works
he has exhibited "The Dormouse and
Tomtit," 1846; "The Frogs desiring
a King," 1850; "The Eagle defend-
ing his Prey," 1852;
"An Eagle
chasing a Vulture," 1857; "Lion and
Lioness quarrelling about a Wild
Boar," 1875; and "A Family of
Tigers," 1876. Several of these ob-
jects appeared in the Great Exhibi-
tion of 1851, when M. Cain obtained
the bronze medal. He has received
many recognitions of merit; another
medal in 1864; and a third at the
Universal Exposition of 1867. M.
Cain was nominated a Chevalier of
the Legion of Honour in 1869.
CAIRD, JAMES, C.B., F.R.S., born
at Stranraer, in 1816, was educated at
Edinburgh. During the Protection
controversy in 1849, Mr. Caird pub-
lished a treatise on "High Farming
CADOGAN, (EARL OF), THE
RIGHT HON. GEORGE HENRY
CADOGAN, eldest son of the fourth
Earl, was born at Durham in 1840.
He succeeded to the title on the
death of his father in 1873, having
been for a few months previously
M.P. for Bath. He was appointed
Parliamentary Under Secretary for
War in May 1875; and Under Secre-
tary of State for the Colonies in
March 1878, in succession to Mr. J.
Lowther, who had been advanced to
the post of Chief Secretary for Ire-
land.
|
CAIL, JEAN-FRANÇOIS, engineer,
and mechanician, was born at Douai,
in 1804. Familiar from his youth
with the construction of machinery,
he became, in 1825, a partner with
M. Charles Derosne, who at that time
possessed the important manufactory
in the Quay de Billy, Paris, and they
afterwards established, at Chaillot, a
CAIRD..
185
as the best Substitute for Protection," | mission on the Sea Fisheries of the
which went rapidly through eight United Kingdom; Professor Huxley
editions, and attracted much public and Mr. Shaw Lefevre, M.P., being
attention. In the autumn of the his colleagues. That commission,
same year, at the request of the late after visiting the principal fishing
Sir Robert Peel, he visited the west ports of the kingdom, completed its
and south of Ireland, then prostrate labours in 1866; and the President
from the effects of the famine, and of the Board of Trade, in the course
at the desire of the lord-lieutenant, of a discussion on the subject, thus
Lord Clarendon, reported to the expressed the opinion of the Govern-
Government on the measures which ment on the results of that inquiry;
he deemed requisite for encouraging
the revival of agricultural enterprise
in that country. This report was
enlarged into a volume, published in
1850, descriptive of the agricultural
resources of the country, and led to
considerable landed investments be-
ing made there. During 1850 and
1851 Mr. Caird, as the commissioner
of the Times, conducted an inquiry
into the state of English agriculture,
in which he visited every county in
England; and his letters, after ap-
pearing in the columns of the Times,
were published in a volume, which
has been translated into the French,
German, and Swedish languages,
besides being republished in the
United States. In 1858 Mr. Caird
published an account of a visit to
the prairies of the Mississippi. A
translation of this work appeared on
the continent. During the autumns
of 1853, 1854, and 1855 Mr. Caird
published in the Times a series of
letters on the corn crops, which were
considered to have had a material
effect in allaying a food-panic. In-
vited at the general election of 1852
to offer himself to represent his
native district in Parliament, he was
defeated by a majority of one. At
the general election of 1857 he was
elected member for the borough of
Dartmouth, as a supporter of Lord
Palmerston, and an advocate of
Liberal measures. In 1859 he was
elected for Stirling without opposi-
tion, and vacated his seat in July,
1865, on accepting the office of one
of the Inclosure Commissioners. In
1860 he was appointed a member of
the Fishery Board, and in 1863 be-
came Chairman of the Royal Com-
"I may be permitted to say that I
think a more able report than that
which these commissioners have laid
before Parliament was never made.
It is evident that this inquiry has
been most searching and complete,
and conducted in a most diligent
and judicious manner. I think the
ground is now laid for putting our
fishery laws on a sound and satisfac-
tory footing. It is highly satisfactory
that an inquiry undertaken in the
spirit of a proposal to increase the
restrictions upon fishing should have
resulted in showing that the supply
of fish and the interests of fishermen
would be best promoted by free and
unrestricted fishing." In 1864 Mr.
Caird, after many years' persever-
ance, carried a resolution of the
House of Commons in favour of the
collection of agricultural statistics,
which was followed by a vote of
£10,000 for that object. The returns
of 1866 for Great Britain, the result
of that vote, for the first time com-
plete the agricultural statistics of the
United Kingdom, and are now pub-
lished annually. Whilst in Parlia-
ment he was the advocate of all
measures bearing on the improve-
ment of land, successfully opposing
the proposal to place a new duty ou
certain descriptions of corn used for
feeding cattle, expounding the im-
policy of discouraging the growth of
barley by an unmodified malt-tax,
taking a prominent part in com-
mittees and in the House in inquiries
and discussions on Irish land tenure,
the utilization of sewage, emigration,
the game laws, and from year to
year explaining the prospects of the
country in regard to its supplies of
186
CAIRD-CAIRNS.
corn. Retaining his practical con-
nection with agriculture, during his
parliamentary career, he took a lead-
he took a lead-
ing part at this time in introducing
the Cheddar system of cheese-making
into the south-west of Scotland-a
system which has greatly contributed
to the prosperity of the dairy districts
of that part of the country. In 1860
he carried a motion to extend the
Census Inquiry in Scotland to the
character of the house accommoda-
tion of the people, and thus, in the
census of 1861, laid bare the startling
fact that two-thirds of the people
were found to be lodged in houses of
only one and two rooms-a condition
of things generally thought inade-
quate for decent accommodation. In
1865 he was appointed to the office
of Inclosure Commissioner. In 1869
he revisited Ireland, and published a
pamphlet on the Irish land question,
soon after which he received the
Companionship of the Bath. He has
latterly taken an active interest in
the successful introduction of sugar-
beet cultivation in this country, which
he first recommended in 1850. In
1868 and 1869 he published succes-
sive papers on the "Food of the
People," read before the Statistical
Society. In 1878 he was requested
by the Government of India to serve
on the commission to inquire into the
subject of famines. Mr. Caird is a
magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of
his native county, Wigton.
CAIRD, THE REV. JOHN, D.D., a
popular and eloquent preacher of the
Established Church of Scotland, was
born in 1823, at Greenock, where his
father was an engineer; studied at
the University of Glasgow, and in
1844 was licensed as a preacher. In
1845 he was ordained minister of
Newton-on-Ayr, and in the same
year was removed to Lady Yester's
Church, in Edinburgh, to which
charge he was elected by the town-
council. In 1850 he accepted the
charge of the Established Church at
Errol, in Perthshire, whence he re-
moved to Glasgow in 1858. A ser-
mon preached by him before the
Queen, in the parish kirk of Crathie,
has been published by command of
the Queen, who appointed him one
of Her Majesty's chaplains for Scot-
land. In Feb. 1873, he was ap-
pointed Principal of the University
of Glasgow in the room of the late
Dr. Barclay. Principal Caird has
published a volume of "Sermons,"
1858; "The Universal Religion: a
Lecture delivered in Westminster
Abbey on the Day of Intercession for
Missions, Nov. 30, 1874.”
CAIRNS, (EARL), THE RIGHT
HON. HUGH MACCALMONT, Second
son of the late William Cairns, Esq.,
of Cultra, county Down, Ireland, was
born in 1819. He received his edu-
cation at Trinity College, Dublin,
where he was first class in classics,
and obtained other academical
honours. In Jan. 1844, he was called
to the English bar at the Middle
Temple, and he soon acquired an
extensive practice in the courts of
Equity. In July, 1852, he was re-
turned to the House of Commons as
one of the members for Belfast, and
he continued to represent that city in
the Conservative interest until his
elevation to the judicial bench. He
was appointed one of Her Majesty's
Counsel and a bencher of Lincoln's
Inn in 1856. When Lord Derby
formed his administration in Feb.
1858, he appointed to the office of
Solicitor-General Mr. Cairns, who on
this occasion received the honour of
knighthood. It is worthy of note
that the earliest Bill he submitted
to Parliament related to Chancery
Reform, on which subject he has since
proposed several important measures.
Sir Hugh Cairns first showed himself
to be a great parliamentary orator in
the celebrated debate of four nights'
duration in May, 1858, concerning
Lord Ellenborough's censure of Lord
Canning's proclamation to the inhabi-
tants of our Indian Empire. Many
of his subsequent speeches in the
House of Commons, and more recently
in the House of Peers, have justly
been regarded as masterpieces of
eloquence. When the Conservative ad-
CAIROLI-CAITHNESS.
ministration resigned in June, 1859,
Sir Hugh Cairns' first brief tenure of
office came to an end. On the return
of Lord Derby to power in June, 1866,
he was appointed Attorney-General,
and he worthily occupied for a few
months, the post which Sir Roundell
Palmer (now Lord Selborne) had held
under the Liberal administration.
The first vacancy which had occurred
in the Court of Chancery (with the
exception of the woolsack) for the
long period of fourteen years, was
occasioned on Oct. 1, 1866, by the
retirement of Sir James Knight
Bruce, and Sir Hugh Cairns was ap-
pointed to succeed that veteran judge
as Lord Justice of the Court of Ap-
peal; being in the following Feb.
(1867) raised to the peerage as Baron
Cairns of Garmoyle, in the county of
Antrim. He became Lord High
Chancellor of Great Britain in Feb.
1868, and he continued to hold that
office until the resignation of Mr.
Disraeli's ministry in Dec. 1868, after
which time, however, he continued to
take an active part in the legislative
and judicial business of the House of
Lords. In Feb. 1874, on the return
of the Conservative party to power,
he was reappointed Lord High Chan-
cellor of Great Britain. In Sept.,
1878, he was created a Viscount and
Earl of the United Kingdom by the
titles of Viscount Garmoyle, in the
county of Antrim, and Earl Cairns,
His lordship was made LL.D. of Cam-
bridge in 1862; D.C.L. of Oxford in
1863; and was elected Chancellor of
the University of Dublin in 1867.
CAIROLI, BENEDETTO, an Italian
statesman, born in 1826 at Gropello,
near Pavia. His father was a sur-
geon, who, in 1848, was elected by
his fellow-citizens to rule their com-
mune. While a student in the Uni-
versity of Pavia, Benedetto Cairoli, in
1848, conspired and fought as a volun-
teer against the Austrians. In 1851
he became an exile in Piedmont,
where he remained till 1859, in which
year he again took up arms for the
liberation of Italy as one of the "Cac-
ciatori delle Alpi." He was also one
187
|
of the "mille" in the expedition in
1860, when he was wounded in the leg
at the siege of Palermo. In 1866 he
fought in the Trentino, and in 1867
at Monterotondo and Mentana. Up
to the time of the advent of the Left
to power in 1876, Cairoli had never
explicitly declared himself to have
left his old Republican tendencies
behind him, and definitively accepted
the Constitutional Monarchy of Italy.
Since that time, however, perhaps
led in some degree by his confidence
in his friend Depretis, he accepted
the Monarchy. Signor Cairoli has
lived in an atmosphere of revolution,
and has always breathed defiance to
the Vatican and to the Church. In
March, 1878, when a new Ministry
was formed, shortly after the acces-
sion of King Humbert, Signor Cairoli
was placed at the head of it, being
appointed President of the Council,
without portfolio.
CAITHNESS (EARL OF), THE
RIGHT HON. JAMES SINCLAIR, F.R.S.,
son of the thirteenth earl, by the
youngest daughter and co-heir of the
late Very Rev. William Lee, Dean of
Hereford, was born Dec. 16, 1821.
He succeeded to the Scotch earldom
of Caithness on the death of his father
Dec. 24, 1855, and was created Baron
Barrogill in the peerage of the United
Kingdom June 12, 1866. It is by the
latter title that he holds his seat in
the House of Lords. In 1858 he was
chosen a representative peer for Scot-
land, and he was Lord in Waiting on
the Queen under Lord Palmerston's
administration. His lordship, well
known as one of the most scientific
members of the peerage, has been
successful in his practical application
of science, having perfected a steam
carriage capable of travelling on or-
dinary macadamized roads. His lord-
ship not only improved the machinery,
but acts as his own engine-driver.
He has invented a tape-loom enabling
the weaver to stop any one of the
shuttles without stopping the loom.
It has been for some time at work in
Lancashire. His lordship is also the
inventor and patentee of the Caith-
CALDERON-CALVERT.
|
ness gravitating compass, which is
acknowledged to be one of the steadi-
est known. It is now used by various
ship companies. The Earl is Lord-
Lieutenant of Caithness-shire.
CALCUTTA, BISHOP OF. (See
JOHNSON.)
>>
Bower," "Spring Driving away Win-
ter," and "Mrs. Bland;" in 1871,
"On Her way to the Throne," and
"The New Pictures" (portraits of a
well-known picture collector); in
1872, "Summer" (a scene on the
banks of the Thames), "A High-Born
Maiden,' "In a Palace-Tower," "H. S.
Marks, Esq., A.R.A.,' and "Mrs.
Cazalet ;
in 1873,
Good-Night,"
"Take, O take those Lips away,'
"The Moon-Light Serenade,
"Vic-
tory," "W. R. Elwyn, Esq.;" in 1874,
"The Queen of the Tournaments"
and "Half-Hours with the Best Au-
thors;" in 1875, "Refurbishing (St.
Trophyme, Arles);
"Les Coquettes,
Arles," "Toujours Fidèle," and "Great
Sport;" in 1876, "The Nest,'
|
"Mar-
""
|
CALDERON, PHILIP HERMO-
GENES, R.A., son of the Rev. Juan
Calderon, was born at Poitiers in
1833, studied at Mr. Leigh's academy
and in the atelier of M. Picot (Mem-
ber of the Institute) at Paris. He
has painted "The Gaoler's Daughter,"
exhibited at the Royal Academy in
1858; "French Peasants finding their
Stolen Child," and "Man goeth forth
to his Labour," 1859; "Never More,"
1860;
"Releasing Prisoners on the
Young Heir's Birthday," "La De-garet," "Watchful Eyes," and "His
mande en Marriage," and "The Re- Reverence;" in 1877, "Joan of Arc,”
turn from Moscow," 1861; "Queen
"Reduced Three per Cents. (Bank of
Katharine and her Women at Work," England); and "The Fruit-seller;"
"After the Battle," "Something it is in 1878, "The Nunnery at Lough-
which Thou hast Lost," 1862; "The borough," and "La Gloire de Dijon."
British Embassy in Paris during
the Massacre of St. Bartholomew,'
"Drink to Me only with Thine Eyes,"
1863; "The Burial of Hampden"
and "Women of Arles," 1864. Mr.
Calderon was elected A.R.A. in 1864.
In 1865 he did not exhibit. In 1866
he had in the Royal Academy Ex-
hibition "Her most noble, high, and
puissant Grace," "Women of Poitiers
washing on the banks of the Clain,"
and "In the Pyrenees." In 1867
Mr. Calderon was elected full R.A.,
and received at the Paris Interna-
tional Exhibition the first medal
awarded to English art. He also
received one of the medals awarded
to English artists at the Vienna Ex-house in the City. Whilst thus em-
hibition of 1873. In 1867 he ex- ployed he first visited a theatre-
hibited in London "Home after Sadler's Wells-where Mr. Phelps
Victory," and "Evening;" in 1868, was producing a series of revivals of
"The Young Lord Hamlet riding the classical drama. Henceforth Mr.
on Yorick's Back," Enone," and Calvert had strong aspirations for the
"Whither?" (this last his diploma stage. His first engagement was in
picture); in 1869, "Sighing his Soul 1852, at the Weymouth Theatre, of
into his Lady's Face," The Duchess which Mr. Sothern was the manager.
of Montpensier urging Jacques Cle- Two years later Mr. Calvert was play-
ment to Assassinate the King," and ing important characters with much
a water-colour figure, size of life; in success at Southampton, and subse-
1870, "The Orphans," "The Virgin's quently in South Wales. At this
CALLAWAY, THE RIGHT Rev.
HENRY, M.D., D.D., who for some
time was a missionary of the Church
of England at Spring Vale, Natal,
was, on a new missionary bishopric
being formed for British Kaffraria,
nominated as the first occupant of
the See. He was consecrated by the
Primus of Scotland (Bishop of Moray
and Ross) in St. Paul's Church, Edin-
burgh, Oct. 30, 1873.
188
""
(4
""
""
CALVERT, CHARLES A., actor,
was born in London, Feb. 28, 1828,
and educated at King's College School,
on leaving which, he was placed with
a London solicitor, but disliking the
law was removed to a mercantile
CAMBRAY-DIGNY-CAMBRIDGE.
189
period his abilities attracted the at- | at the sixth centenary of the birth of
Dante, and pronounced the panegyric
of the poet before the statue which
was inaugurated on that occasion.
His political celebrity, however, does
not date farther back than the close
of the year 1867, when he was ap-
pointed Finance Minister of the king-
dom of Italy, and found himself face
to face with an enormous deficit,
which he endeavoured to reduce by
various expedients, including the un-
popular grist tax, and the taking up
by the State of the tobacco mono-
poly. M. Cambray-Digny, by his
perseverance and tact, succeeded in
carrying this and other projects in
spite of the energetic opposition of a
formidable party in the Chambers.
Towards the close of the year 1869
the Menabrea-Cambray-Digny Cabi-
net, as it was called, was succeeded
by the Lanza Cabinet.
tention of Mr. Shepherd of the Surrey
Theatre, where he made his appear-
ance in Sept. 1855, playing Leonardo
Gonzago ("The Wife"), Prince of
Wales ("Henry the Fourth parts "),
and Young Norval. In 1859 he was
engaged at the Royal Theatre, Man-
chester, where he soon became a fa-
vourite. In 1856 he married Miss
Adelaide Helen Biddles, who had dis-
tinguished herself in America, playing
prominent characters with Edwin
Forrest. After leaving the Royal
Theatre in Manchester, Mr. Calvert
became actively identified with the
Prince's Theatre in that city in the
double capacity of actor and manager.
Here he produced a series of Shake-
spere's plays, which in scenic dis-
play eclipsed all previous representa-
tions of them on the provincial stage.
On Jan. 4, 1875, a public dinner,
under the presidency of Mr. Tom
Taylor, was given to Mr. Calvert, in
Manchester, prior to his departure
for America, to produce "Henry the
Fifth" at Booth's Theatre, New
York.
-
CAMBRIDGE (DUKE OF), H.R.H.
GEORGE WILLIAM FREDERICK
CHARLES, FIELD-MARSHAL, son of
Adolphus Frederick, the first duke,
grandson of King George III., and
first cousin of her Majesty Queen
Victoria, was born at Hanover, March
26, 1819, and succeeded his father
July 8, 1850. He became a Colonel
in the army Nov. 3, 1837, was ad-
vanced to the rank of Major-General
in 1845, to that of Lieutenant-
General in 1854, when he was ap-
pointed to command the two brigrades
of Highlanders and Guards, united
to form the first division of the army
sent in aid of Turkey against the
Emperor of Russia; and was pro-
moted to the rank of General in
1856. In 1861 he was appointed
Colonel of the Royal Artillery and
Royal Engineers, and was promoted
to the rank of Field-Marshal Nov. 9,
1862. His Royal Highness has been
successively Colonel of the 17th Light
Dragoons, of the Scots Fusilier Guards,
and, on the death of the late Prince
Consort, of the Grenadier Guards.
At the battle of the Alma his Royal
Highness led his division into action
in a manner that won the confidence.
of his men and the respect of the
CAMBRAY-DIGNY, GUGLIELMO,
CONTE DI, an Italian statesman, born
at Florence, in 1823, is the son of
Count Louis of Cambray-Digny, who,
from being a cobbler, rose to be the
minister and favourite of Ferdinand
III., Grand Duke of Tuscany. After
completing his studies at Pisa, he re-
turned, at the age of twenty-two, to
his native city, where he was received
with much favour by Leopold II.,
who reposed the utmost confidence in
him. He always exhorted the Grand
Duke, but in vain, to make conces-
sions to the liberal requirements of
the times, instead of relying on
Austrian support; and in 1859, when
the Grand Duke was obliged to flee
from his dominions, which were there-
upon annexed to Piedmont, Signor
Cambray-Digny approved this pre-
liminary step towards the unification
of Italy, and was elected one of the
deputies for Tuscany. In 1865 he
presided in his capacity of Lord
Mayor (" Gonfaloniere ") of Florence,
190
CAMERON.
1875.
veteran officers with whom he served. | of General in the Army in Jan.,
At Inkermann he was actively en-
gaged, and had a horse shot under
him. Shortly after this, in conse-
quence of impaired health, he was
ordered by the medical authorities to
Pera, for change of air, and after
staying there some time proceeded to
Malta; whence, his health still failing,
he was directed to return to England.
At a later period his Royal Highness
gave the results of his camp expe-
rience in evidence before the Com-
mittee of the House of Commons ap-
pointed to investigate the manner in
which the war had been conducted.
On the resignation of Viscount Har-
dinge in 1856 the Duke of Cambridge
was appointed to succeed as Com-
mander-in-Chief, in which capacity
his Royal Highness has shown his
desire to introduce useful reforms,
which tend materially to improve the
comfort of the soldier and the effi-
ciency of the army. In June, 1878,
In June, 1878,
he went to Malta to inspect the Indian
troops which had recently arrived
there.
CAMERON, GEN. SIR DUNCAN
DUNCAN
ALEXANDER, G.C.B., of an ancient
Highland clan, was born about 1808.
He entered the army in 1825, became
Captain in 1833, Major in 1839,
Colonel in 1854, and Major-General
in 1859. He served with distinction
in the Crimean campaign of 1854-5,
having commanded the 42nd regi-
ment at the battle of the Alma, and
the Highland brigade at the battle of
Balaklava, and was sent out to com-
mand the troops in New Zealand,
with the local rank of Lieutenant-
General, in 1863. In that capacity
he highly distinguished himself, and
in 1864 he was nominated a Knight
Commander of the Order of the Bath,
Military Division, in recognition of
his able services against the Maories.
Sir D. Cameron was made Colonel of
the 42nd Foot Sept. 9, 1863; and he
was Governor of the Royal Military
College at Sandhurst from 1868 to
June, 1875. He was created a Knight
Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath,
1873. He was promoted to the rank
|
CAMERON, COLONEL GEORGE
POULETT, C.B., is the last surviving
son of Captain Robert Cameron, R.N.,
who perished with the whole of his
crew, under the batteries of Fort St.
Andero in the North of Spain, in
1807. His first appointment was to
the British Army, but the regiment
to which he was posted having been
disbanded on the general reduction
of the Army in 1821, he entered the
service of the East India Company.
In 1824-25 he served as Adjutant of
a Light Field Battalion, under the
late Lieut.-General Sir C. Deacon, in
the Southern Mahratta country.
In
1831 he returned to England, and
vented his youthful energy in joining
the expedition to Portugal under the
Duke of Braganza, whose object was
to recover the throne of that country
for his daughter the late Queen
Maria II.
Maria II. Cameron had a conspi-
cuous post in every action, being on
the Staff, attached to the orders of
Field Marshals the Duke de Terceira,
and Baron De Solignac. In the
severe action of March 4th, Cameron
was selected for the post of honour;
and with a picked body of men, from
the Scots Fusiliers, and the 12th
Cacadores, and with a brigade of
guns, he took up a position in the
centre of the army, with instructions
to hold it to the last man. The
struggle lasted from six in the morn-
ing until three in the afternoon, and
resulted in the complete defeat of
Don Miguel, and his army, of which
3000 men laid dead under the bat-
teries and entrenched works of the
besieged. Cameron received the
Cross of the Royal Order of Military
Merit of the Conception. He was
subsequently appointed Chef d'État
Major of the Third Division, com-
posed of the French, German, and
Light Brigades, upon which fell the
brunt of the contest of the 5th July.
In the Orders of the Day, written by
the Duke Regent, he was highly
praised for distinguished conduct, as
well as "for remaining at his post
CAMERON.
""
191
He
although severely wounded."
also received the Order of the Tower
and the Sword: which, with the dis-
tinction previously conferred upon
him, he, on the special application of
the Duke of Braganza to the British
Government, was permitted to wear.
A flattering order in the London Ga-
zette followed, and Colonel Cameron's
services were demanded from the
Court of Directors of the East India
Company for employment of a "par-
ticular nature. This employment
was soon made known to him by an
order to proceed to Constantinople,
and subsequently to Persia, where,
under the orders of the Meerza or
Prince Royal, he served in the Personal Adventures and Excursions in
sian Army, during the years 1836- Georgia, Circassia, and Russia," 2
37-38, commanding the garrison of vols. 1845; and "The Romance of
Tabreez, and the troops stationed in Military Life, being Souvenirs con-
the province of Adzirbidjan on the nected with Thirty Years' Service,"
Russian and Turkish frontiers. He❘ 1853.
quitted Persia in 1838, and then, with
the permission of the Russian autho-
rities, proceeded to Circassia, for
the purpose of visiting the Russian
fortresses, and travelled in company
with a Russian detachment. At the
termination of the service in which
he was employed, and for which he
received the Order of the Bath,
Colonel Cameron returned to India,
and was at once appointed by Lord
Elphinstone, the Governor of Madras,
to be Political Resident at Chepauk,
and guardian of the young Nawab,
who had just been placed upon the
musnud. Lord Elphinstone took
much interest in the lad, and one of
his great objects, as well as of Colonel
Cameron, was to draw the boy's at-
tention to the degraded state of the
Mohammedan population in Southern
India, and to induce him to establish
schools in Madras, Arcot, and Tri-
chinopoly. But these humane and
enlightened views were frustrated
at the outset. The Marquis of
Tweeddale, who succeeded Lord
Elphinstone as Governor of Madras,
could not conceive any advantage in
a system of education, that did not
embrace his own religious tenets.
He set himself in opposition to the
views of Colonel Cameron, and re-
moved the latter from his appoint-
ment, the ostensible reason being that
the Chepauk Agency was of a confi-
dential nature. Soon after this, an
attack of fever compelled Colonel
Cameron to return to Europe, and
he made on his way a prolonged
tour in Egypt. In the eventful years
1848 and 1849 Colonel Cameron was
in the north of Italy. Some time
after his subsequent return to India,
he was nominated to the command
of the Neilgherries, 1855. In 1859
he was present with the Austrian
army in the campaign of that year
in Italy. He is author of "Per-
CAMERON, SIMON, born in Lan-
cester co., Pennsylvania, March 8,
1799. Being left an orphan at the
age of nine years, he learned the
trade of a printer. In 1820 he be-
came editor of a country newspaper,
and in 1822 removed to Harrisburg,
the capital of Pennsylvania, and took
charge of the leading Democratic
paper of the state. In 1832 he was
president of a bank, and soon after at
the head of two railway companies.
In 1845 he was elected United States
Senator, to fill a vacancy occasioned
by the resignation of Mr. Buchanan,
acting throughout with the Demo-
crats. In 1856 he became affiliated
with "the people's party" in Penn-
sylvania (subsequently merged in the
Republican party); and in the winter
following was again elected United
States Senator. He was supported
by the Republicans of several states
as a candidate for the Presidency in
1860. After Mr. Lincoln's inaugura-
tion, he nominated Mr. Cameron for
Secretary of War. He served in this
capacity till Jan. 11, 1862, when he
was appointed Minister to Russia,
but returned to the United States in
November of the same year. In 1866
he was again elected United States
192
CAMERON-CAMPBELL.
|
Senator, and in 1872 he replaced Mr.
Sumner as Chairman of the Com-
mittee on Foreign Relations. He
was again elected to the Senate in
1873, his term expiring in 1879. But
he resigned his seat in 1877, and was
succeeded by his son, James D. Ca-
meron, who was at that time Secre-
tary of War.
|
between the east and the west ocean
shores; but the most important part
of his journeyings lay in the central
interior west of the chain of lakes and
rivers discovered by Dr. Livingstone,
which Lieut. Cameron found to be
connected with the great river Congo
issuing to the Atlantic between Lo-
ango and Angola. Since his return
to England he has served in several
of Her Majesty's vessels.
In Sept.
1878, he started on a tour through
Asia Minor and Persia to India, with
the object of demonstrating the feasi-
bility of constructing a railroad from
the Mediterranean to India without
following the course of the Euphrates.
Some particulars of his former ser-
vices deserve notice. While in the Ter-
ČAMERON, VERNEY LOVETT,
C.B., D.C.L., son of the Rev. Jona-
than Henry Lovett Cameron, now
vicar of Shoreham, is a native of
Radipole, Weymouth, Dorsetshire, and
was educated at Bruton, Somerset-
shire. He was appointed Naval Cadet
in Aug. 1857; Midshipman in Jan.
1860; Sub-Lieutenant in Aug. 1863;
Lieut. in Oct. 1865, and Commander
in July 1876. He served in the Illus-rible he jumped overboard after a man.
trious from 1857 to Oct. 1858; then He obtained a first-class in all sub-
in the Victor Emanuel till Aug. 1861; jects in passing for Lieutenant; and he
in the Liffey till July, 1862; in the passed for French Interpreter in 1865.
Defence till March, 1864; in the He was Senior Lieutenant of H.M.S.
Hector till July, 1864; in the Terrible Star during the Abyssinian campaign,
from April, 1865 to Oct. 1865; in the for which he received a medal; and
Excellent from Jan. 1866 to Oct. he was employed in lighting, buoy-
1866; in the Star from Oct. 1866 to ing, and surveying channels to Ansley
Oct. 1870, and in the Steam Reserve Bay; afterwards in the Star on the East
at Sheerness from July, 1871 to Coast of Africa, he was engaged in the
Nov. 1872. Between Nov. 1872 and suppression of the slave trade, being
April, 1876, Lieutenant Cameron personally engaged in the capture of
was engaged in that exploration of twenty dhows. He was created a C.B.
Africa, which has made his name so (civil division), and an hon. D.C.L. of
familiar to the British public. He is Oxford, after his return from Africa.
the first Englishman or European He has received the Founder's Medal
traveller who has crossed the whole of the Royal Geographical Society, the
breadth of the African continent in Grande Medaille d'Or of the French
its central latitudes beyond the west- Geographical Society, the Gold Medal
ern shore of Lake Tanganyika to the of the Portuguese Geographical So-
Atlantic sea coast of Lower Guinea.ciety, a Gold Medal from the King of
He left England under the auspices Italy for his discoveries in Africa;
of the Royal Geographical Society, in and he is Officier d'Instruction
charge of the East Coast Livingstone (France), an Officer of the Crown of
Search Expedition. His companions Italy, and a Fellow of several foreign
were Dr. Dillon, Mr. Murphy, and Geographical Societies. Commander
Mr. Moffat, but two of them died, Cameron is the author of "An Essay
and the third was afterwards left on Steam Tactics," 1865, and "Across
behind. After discovering that Dr. Africa," 1876.
Livingstone's death had destroyed
the original object of his journey,
Lieut. Cameron determined to cross,
if possible, the African continent. In
performing this feat he traversed a
distance of nearly 3,000 miles on foot
CAMPBELL, SIR GEORGE, M.P.,
K.C.S.I., D.C.L., eldest son of the late
Sir George Campbell, of Edenwood,
elder brother of the first Lord Camp-
bell, was born in 1824. He entered
the Civil Service of India in 1842,
CAMPBELL-CAMPHAUSEN.
and at the age of twenty-two he was
already in charge of an important
district in that distant dependency.
From the manner in which he dis-
charged his duties, his name was
mentioned with especial praise by
Lord Dalhousie, the Governor-
General. Soon after this Mr. Camp-
bell returned home, studied law, and
was called to the bar at the Inner
Temple in 1854. While here he pub-
lished "Modern India," 1852, dedi-
cated to his uncle, then Lord Chief
Justice of England, and "India as
it May Be," 1853. He was Associate
of the Court of Queen's Bench from
1851 to 1854, but in the latter year
he returned to India, where he was
employed for some years in the ad-
ministration of the country as Com-
missioner of the Cis-Sutlej States,
Commissioner of the Customs and Ex-
cise, and Civil Commissioner with the
troops which occupied the North-West
Provinces after the Mutiny. In 1858
Mr. Campbell was appointed Judicial
and Financial Commissioner in Oude.
He was afterwards for some years a
Judge of the High Court of Judica-
ture of Calcutta, and was employed
as head of the Commission to inquire
into the famine in Orissa. In 1867
he was nominated Chief Commis-
sioner of the central provinces of
India, but returning to Scotland in
1868, he became a candidate for
Dumbartonshire in July, in the Libe-
ral interest, but retired from his can-
didature before the general election.
The next year he directed attention
to Irish Land tenure, by publishing a
book on the subject. In Jan., 1871,
he again went to India as Lieutenant-
Governor of Bengal, but returned
home early in 1874 to become a
member of the Council of India,
which again he resigned in 1875,
when he was elected M.P. for the
Kirkcaldy burghs. In 1873 he had
been created a Knight Commander
of the Star of India. Sir George
presided over the Economy and
Trade Department at the Social
Science Congress held at Glasgow in
Oct., 1874. He took an active part
*
193
in the agitation on the Eastern Ques-
tion in 1876, as a supporter of the
policy advocated by Mr. Gladstone,
and published a "Handy Book of the
Eastern Question: being a very re-
cent View of Turkey," 1876.
CAMPBELL, JAMES COLQUHOUN,
D.D., Bishop of Bangor, son of the
late John Campbell, Esq., of Stone-
field, by a daughter of Sir James
Colquhoun, Bart., of Luss, was born
at Stonefield, Argyleshire, in 1813.
Having graduated in honours at
Trinity College, Cambridge (B.A.,
1836; M.A., 1839; D.D., 1859), he
was appointed successively rector of
the populous town of Merthyr Tyd-
vil (1844), and Archdeacon of Llan-
daff (1857), and was nominated by
Lord Derby to the sec of Bangor, on
the death of Dr. Bethell, in April,
1859.
-
CAMPHAUSEN, OTTO, a German
statesman, born at Hünshoven, near
Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1812. He studied
at the Gymnasium of Cologne, and
the Universities of Bonn, Heidelberg,
Munich, and Berlin. In 1834 he
entered the Civil Service; in 1837 he
became an Auditor; in 1844 a Rath ;
in 1845 a Geheimrath, or Privy
Councillor of Finance. His first im-
portant legislative work was the pre-
paration of the Income Tax Act,
which was laid before the Prussian
Landtag in 1847. In 1848 he became
a diplomat on a small scale, being
attached to the Prussian delegation
at Frankfort-on-the- Main, which
watched over the acts of Reichsver-
weser, Archduke John of Austria. In
1858 he became Superior Privy Coun-
cillor of Finance. For a few years
he served as President of the See-
Handlung, an institution which ad-
ministered funds furnished by the
State for the support and encourage-
ment of commerce. Baron von der
Heydt relinquished the portfolio of
Finance in 1869, and Camphausen
became his successor.
He was a
member of the Prussian Landtag
from 1849 to 1852, and of the Erfurt
Parliament. He was created a mem-
ber of the Chamber of Peers in 1860,
0
194
CAMPHAUSEN-CÁNOVAS.
and he became a delegate to the
Federal Council in 1870.
""
""
|
French Institute in the place of the
late Professor Agassiz. His works are:
"Monographie des Campanulées,'
1830; "Introduction à l'Étude de la
Botanique," 2 vols., 1834-35; “ Sur le
Musée Botanique de M. B. Delessert,'
1845; "Note sur une Pomme de Terre
du Mexique," 1852; "Géographie
Botanique raisonnée," 2 vols., 1855;
"Lois de la Nomenclature Botanique,'
1867; "Constitution dans le Règne
Végétal de Groupes Physiologiques
applicables à la Géographie Bo-
tanique, Ancienne et Moderne," 1874.
He also brought out a new edition of
his father's "Théorie Elémentaire de
la Botanique," and continued his
"Podromus Systematis Naturalis
Regni Vegetabilis."
""
CAMPHAUSEN, WILLIAM,
painter, born at Düsseldorf, Feb. 8,
1810, manifested from his earliest
years a love of drawing, and after
completing his college studies, entered
the academy of his native town.
Being fond of painting horses and
battles, he for some years joined a
regiment of hussars to study his sub-
jects close at hand, and made long
tours in Belgium, Holland, Switzer-
land, Italy, and Germany. "The
Puritans watching the Enemy
exhibits knowledge of design, able
composition, and softness of colour.
Many of his subjects are taken
from English History; such as
"Removal of Prisoners belonging to
Cromwell's Party, "Cavaliers and
Roundheads," "Charles II. in the
Retreat from Worcester," "Pillage of
an English Castle by Cromwell's
Soldiers," and "Charles I. at the
battle of Naseby." He has painted
the two pictures of "Prince Eugène
at Belgrade" and "Godfrey de Boul-
lon at Ascalon," besides producing
numerous drawings for illustrated
publications, and among others for
the Düsseldorf Monthly Almanack.
|
CANDOLLE, ALPHONSE LOUIS
PIERRE PYRAMUS DE, the eminent
botanist of Geneva, was born at Paris,
Oct. 27, 1806, being the son of the
celebrated Augustin de Candolle, who
died in 1841. He went through a
course of study in literature and
science at Geneva, and then turned
his attention to law, of which faculty
he was admitted a doctor in 1829.
Finally, however, he made botany
his exclusive study, and became first
the assistant and subsequently the
successor of his father. For eighteen
years he was director of the Botanic
Garden, and during the same period
he gave lectures in the Academy of
Geneva. M. de Candolle was elected
a correspondent of the French Insti-
tute in 1851, and the following year
was decorated with the Legion of
Honour. In June, 1874, he was
elected a foreign member of the
91
CANNING, SIR SAMUEL, C.E.,.
Engineer-in-chief of the Telegraph
Construction and Maintenance Com-
pany, upon whom the responsibility
of laying the Atlantic cable of 1866
devolved, is son of the late Robert
Canning, Esq., of Ogbourne St. An-
drew, Wiltshire, and was born July
21, 1823. His experience with respect
to submarine telegraph cables is great,
he having been constantly engaged
in their manufacture and submersion
since 1852. In the various expedi--
tions for laying the Atlantic cable he
has taken an active part; has super-
intended, for the firm of Messrs.
Glass, Elliot & Co., and the Telegraph
Construction and Maintenance Com-
pany, the manufacture and laying
down of the most important lines of
cable; and to his skill and energy
much of the success of the Atlantic
expedition of 1866 is undoubtedly
due. In conjunction with Mr. H.
Clifford he perfected the paying-out
and the recovering and grappling
machinery for the cable of 1866,
which so materially aided its sub-
mersion and the recovery of the cable
lost in the previous year.
He re-
ceived the honour of knighthood in
1866, and a gold medal from the
American Chamber of Commerce at
Liverpool, March 14, 1867
CÁNOVAS DEL CASTILLO,
ANTONIO, a Spanish statesman, born
-
CANROBERT.
195
|
in 1830. He made his début in 1851,
under the patronage of Señors Rios,
Rosas and Pacheco, as chief editor of
the Patria, in which he defended
Conservative ideas. In 1854 he was
named deputy for Malaga, and since
that year has never ceased to occupy
a seat in the Cortes. In 1856 he was
Chargé d'Affaires at Rome, and drew
up the historical memorandum on the
relations of Spain with the Holy See,
which served as a basis for the Con-
cordat. He was then named succes-
sively Governor of Cadiz in 1855,
Director-General of the Administra-
tion from 1858 to 1861, and lastly, in
that same year, Under-Secretary of
State for the Interior. In 1864 the
Queen called him to the Ministry,
together with Mon; O'Donnell chose
him in 1865 as Minister of Finance
and the Colonies; and he had the
honour of drawing up the law for the
abolition of the traffic in black slaves.
Lastly, a little before the Revolution
of 1868, he was the last to defend
with energy in the Cortes the Liberal
principle when all the parties which
had supported his doctrine had de-
serted the Parliament. His greatest
title to fame is that of having been
the first-supported by Señors Eldua-
yem, Bugallal, and two others--to
hoist the standard of legitimate and
constitutional monarchy, in the full
Constituent Assembly of 1868, and in
face of the triumphant Revolution.
His fidelity and capacity definitely
obtained for him the supreme direc-
tion of the Alfonsist party, and on
the proclamation of Alfonso XII. as
King in Dec., 1874, Señor Cánovas
del Castillo became President of the
Council and Chief of the new Cabi-
net, and he has continued to hold the
Premiership, with the exception of an
interval of a few months, down to
the present time. He is the author
of numerous works in moral and
political sciences, and a History of
the House of Austria, which is in
great repute. These publications have
long since gained him admission into
the Academy of Madrid. In 1875
Señor Cánovas del Castillo received
|
the insignia of the Order of the Red
Eagle from the Emperor of Germany,
the Grand Cross of the Order of the
Tower and Sword from the King of
Portugal, and the Golden Fleece from
the King of Spain.
CANROBERT, FRANÇOIS-CER-
TAIN, Marshal of France and a Sena-
tor, was born June 7, 1809, of a good
family, not in Brittany, as has fre-
quently been stated, but at St. Céré,
in the department of the Lot. He
entered the military school at St. Cyr
in 1826, and having distinguished
himself there, joined the army as a
private soldier, and was soon made
sub-lieutenant of the 47th regiment
of the line. He became Lieutenant
in 1832, and in 1835 embarked for
Africa, and took part in the expedi-
tion to Mascara. His services in the
provinces of Oran were rewarded
with a captaincy. He was in the
breach at the attack on Constantine,
and was wounded in the leg. He
received the decoration of the Legion
of Honour about this time. In 1846
he became Lieutenant-Colonel, and
commanded the 64th regiment of the
line, which was charged to act
against the formidable Bou Maza. In
1847 he was made Colonel of the 3rd
regiment of light infantry, and in
1848 was intrusted with the command
of the expedition against Ahmed-
Sghir, who had rallied the tribes of
the Bouaounin insurrection. Colonel
Canrobert pushed forward as far as
the pass of Djerma, defeated the
Arabs there, took two sheiks pri-
soners, and then returned to Bathna.
He left the 3rd regiment to command
a regiment of Zouaves, with whom
he marched against the Kabyles, was
again victorious, being promoted to
the rank of General of Brigade, and
at the commencement of 1850 led an
expedition against Narah. The Arabs
here, eagle-like, had their nests
among the rocks. Canrobert ad-
vanced three columns to attack the
enemy in his retreat, and so skilfully
combined their fire, that in seven
hours the Arab stronghold was de-
stroyed. Louis Napoleon, when Pre-
02
196
CANTERBURY-CANTU.
|
sident, appointed Canrobert one of |
his aides-de-camp, and, shortly after
the wholesale proscriptions and im-
prisonments which followed the coup
d'état of Dec. 2, 1851, gave him
a commission, and very extensive
powers, to visit the prisons, and select
objects of his clemency. Upon the
formation of the Army of the East in
1854, he was appointed to the com-
mand of the first division in the
Crimea. His troops took part in the
battle of the Alma, and he was him-
self wounded by a splinter of a shell,
which struck him on the breast and
hand. Marshal St. Arnaud resigned
six days after the first battle in the
Crimea, and the command of the
Army of the East was transferred to
General Canrobert. Although com-
mander-in-chief, General Canrobert
was again in the thickest of the fight
at Inkermann (Nov. 5), and whilst
heading the impetuous charge of
Zouaves was slightly wounded, and
had a horse killed under him. In
May, 1855, finding that impaired
health no longer permitted him to
hold the chief command in the
Crimea, he resigned to Gen. Pelissier,
and soon after returned to France.
He was treated with great distinc-
tion by the Emperor Napoleon, and
was sent on a mission to the courts of
Denmark and Sweden. At the com-
mencement of the Italian war, in
1859, Gen. Canrobert received the
command of the third corps of the
Army of the Alps. He exposed him-
self to great danger at Magenta, and
at Solferino had to effect a movement
which brought valuable assistance to
Gen. Niel. Gen. Canrobert was after-
wards made a Marshal of France,
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour,
and an Honorary Knight Grand Cross
of the Bath. In 1860 he married Miss
Macdonald, a Scotch lady. In June,
1862, he commanded at the camp of
Châlons, and succeeded the Marshal
de Castellane in command of the
4th corps d'armée at Lyons, Oct. 14.
Subsequently, he was appointed Com-
mander-in-Chief of the Army of Paris.
At the time of the declaration of war
by France against Prussia, in 1870, he
had the command of an army corps.
On the 6th of August, the Crown
Prince of Prussia attacked the united
army corps of Generals MacMahon,
De Failly, and Canrobert, drawn up
in position at Woerth, and gained a
complete victory over the French.
Marshal Canrobert was soon after-
wards shut up in Metz, with Marshal
Bazaine, and on the capitulation of
that fortress, he was sent prisoner
into Germany. After the prelimina-
ries of peace had been signed he re-
turned to France, where he met with
a favourable reception from M. Thiers,
who did not, however, appoint him
to any command. After having de-
clined the offer of a candidature for
the National Assembly in 1874, in
the Gironde, and in 1875 in the Lot,
Marshal Canrobert, after some hesi-
tation, allowed his name to be pro-
posed in the department of the Lot,
at the Senatorial elections of Jan. 30,
1876, by the party of the Appeal to
the People, and on the second scrutiny
he was elected by 212 votes out of 385
electors. His term of office expires in
1879.
CANTERBURY, ARCHBISHOP OF.
(See TAIT, DR.)
CANTU, CESARE, historian, was
born at Brivio, near Milan, Sept. 5,
1805. When only eighteen years of
age, he became Professor of Litera-
ture in the College of Sondrio, in the
Valteline, from which he went to
Como, and thence to Milan. He em-
braced the Liberal cause, and his
"Reflections on the History of Lom-
bardy in the Seventeenth Century,"
published at Milan, excited the hos-
tility of the Austrian government,
and he was imprisoned for three
years. In his captivity he wrote
an historical romance, Margherita
Pusterla," 1835, a work which has
often been compared to the "Pro-
messi Sposi" of Manzoni. He has
composed various religious hymns,
and his poem "Algiso," his "Letture
Giovanelli,'
Giovanelli," which have passed
through more than thirty editions,
and the articles which he has contri-
(6
*
CAPEFIGUE-CAPEL.
buted to the "Biblioteca Italiana
and the "Indicatore" of Milan, have
popularized his name throughout
Italy. He belongs to what has been
called the Romantic School, founded
by Manzoni and Silvio Pellico. This
author has published "Storia Uni-
versale," which has been translated
into English, French, and German;
"History of Italian Literature,"
1851; "History of the Last Hundred
Years," 1852; History of the Italians,"
1859; "Milano, Storia del Popolo e
pel Popolo," 1871; "Cronistoria della
Independenza Italiana," 3 vols., 1873:
"Commento Storico ai Promessi
Sposi [di Alessandro Manzoni], o la
Lombardia nel secolo XVII." 1874;
and "Donato ed Ercole Silva, Conti
di Biandrate; cenni biografici," con-
jointly with C. Rovida, 1876.
|
""
CAPEFIGUE, JEAN-BAPTISTE-
HONORÉ-RAYMOND, historian, born at
Marseilles in 1802, after studying law
at Aix, went to Paris to complete his
studies. Soon after his arrival, aban-
doning the law, he turned his atten-
tion to politics, connected himself
with the Legitimist party, and became
one of the editors of the Quotidienne.
His contributions to this journal, and
his work entitled "Recueil des Opéra-
tions de l'Armée Française en Es-
pagne," attracted the attention of the
Government, and he was appointed to
an office in the Foreign department,
which he held until the revolution of
1830. Since that period he has de-
voted himself entirely to literature.
During the interval from 1823 to
1826 he had obtained three prizes
from the Academy of Inscriptions
and Belles-Lettres, for essays on his-
torical subjects. His connection with
the department of Foreign Affairs
afforded him opportunities which he
turned to good account for exa-
mining the original sources of French
history. In 1823 he published his
"Essai sur les Invasions des Nor-
mands," followed in rapid succession
by a number of historical works,
many of them very voluminous. The
principal are Histoire de Philippe-
Auguste," published in 1827-9; "His-
197
toire de la Réforme, de la Ligue, et
du Règne de Henri Quartre," in 1834;
Richelieu, Mazarin, la Fronde, &c.,"
in 1835-6: "Louis XIV." in 1837;
and "L'Europe pendant le Consulat et
l'Empire de Napoléon," in 1839-41.
Through the favour of M. Guizot, he
had at one time free access to the
archives of the French Foreign Office,
and drew at discretion from these
precious documents. The revolution
of 1848 closed this door to his his-
torical researches, but he published
in the Revue Rétrospective many of
the most important secrets which
he had discovered. M. Capefigue has
published during the last few years
several interesting biographical works,
including "Les Diplomates Euro-
péens," in 1845; “L'Europe depuis
Î'Avénement de Louis-Philippe, in
1845-6 ; "Le Congrès de Vienne,"
in 1847
in 1847; "Les Quatre Premiers Siè-
cles de l'Eglise Chrétienne," in 1850
"L'Église au Moyen-Âge," in 1852 ;
"Histoire des Grandes Opérations
Financières," in 1855-8; " Avant 1789
Royauté, Droit, Liberté,” in 1857;
"L'Eglise pendant les Quatre derni-
ers Siècles," "Mde. de Pompadour,'
and "Mde. la Comtesse du Barry,'
in 1858; and "Mdlle. de la Vallière et
les Favorites des trois âges de Louis
XIV.," in 1859; "Les Derniers Jours
de Trianon," in 1866; "La Favorite
d'un Roi de Prusse," and "La Duch-
esse de Bourgogne, et la Vieillesse de
Louis XIV.,” in 1867.
:
CAPEL, THE RIGHT REVEREND
MONSIGNOR THOMAS JOHN, D.D.,
was born Oct. 28, 1836. Having
completed his education by six years
private tuition under the Rev. J. M.
Glenie, B.A., Oxon., in the autumn of
1860, he was ordained priest by
Cardinal Wiseman. In Jan. 1854, he
became co-founder and Vice-Prin-
cipal of St. Mary's Normal College at
Hammersmith. Shortly after ordina-
tion he was obliged to go to a southern
climate to recruit his strength. When
there, at Pau, he established the
English Catholic mission, and was
formally appointed its chaplain.
Subsequently, his health having im-
>>
"}
198
CAPERN-CARDEN.
|
proved, he returned to London, where
his sermons and doctrinal lectures in
various churches, and more especially
in the Pro-Cathedral at Kensington,
soon raised him to the foremost rank
among English preachers. During
several visits to Rome he also de-
livered courses of English sermons in
that city by the express command of
the Sovereign Pontiff. Monsignor
Capel, while labouring at Pau in the
work of "conversions," was named
private chamberlain to Pope Pius IX.
in 1868, and after his return to Eng-
land domestic prelate in 1873. With
returning health Monsignor Capel
once more took to his work of pre-
deliction-education-and in Feb.
1873, established the Catholic Public
School at Kensington. He was ap-
pointed Rector of the College of
Higher Studies at Kensington-the
nucleus of the Catholic English Uni-
versity-in 1874, by the unanimous
voice of the Roman Catholic Bishops.
It is said that the Right Rev. gentle-
man intended to avoid publishing
till he was forty years of age, but the
attack made on the civil allegiance of
Catholics led him, as a born Catholic,
to write "A Reply to the Right
Hon. W. E. Gladstone's Political Ex-
postulation," 1874. A passage in this
work gave rise to an animated con-
troversy between Monsignor Capel
and Canon Liddon in the columns of
the Times, respecting the alleged
dissemination of several distinctive
Roman Catholic doctrines by the
Ritualistic clergy in the Anglican
Church.
CAPERN, EDWARD, born at
Tiverton, Devon, Jan. 29, 1819, is the
author of "Poems," published in 1856,
and now in the third edition, a work
which attracted considerable atten-
tion, and procured for the author a
pension of £40 per annum (afterwards
increased to £60) from the civil list.
In 1859 he published "Ballads and
Songs," which was followed by "The
Devonshire Melodist," a collection of
the author's songs, in some instances
accompanied by his own music.
Edward Capern, who has long been
known to the world as
"the Rural
Postman of Bideford," published
"Wayside Warbles " in 1865, a second
edition of which work, greatly en-
larged, appeared in 1870.
CARATHÉODORY PASHA
(ALEXANDER), a native of Constan-
tinople, belongs to one of the most
distinguished families of the Greek
community in the Turkish capital,
and, through his wife, is connected
with the noble family of the Aris-
tarchi. He was brought up at Con-
stantinople till he was sixteen years
old, when he was sent to the West of
Europe to complete his studies. On
his return to Turkey, he was em-
ployed in the Government offices of
the Sublime Porte, and soon attracted
notice by his assiduity and intelli-
gence. In several capitals of Europe
he occupied the post of First Secre-
tary of Embassy, and he was ap-
pointed, for the first time, Under-
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
during the Grand-Vizieriat of the
late A'ali Pasha. About this period
he was nominated Minister of the
Sultan at the Court of Rome, where
he resided for two years.
He was
recalled to occupy, for the second
time, the post of Under-Secretary of
State for Foreign Affairs. He was
sent, as chief plenipotentiary of
Turkey, to the Congress of the Great
Powers which assembled at Berlin in
1878 to revise the provisions of the
Treaty of San Stefano. He had been
previously raised to the rank of
muchir.
CARDEN, SIR ROBERT WALTER,
son of the late James Carden, Esq., of
Bedford Square, London, was born in
1801. His mother was a daughter of
the late Mr. John Walter, M.P., of
the Times, in which journal Sir
Robert is understood to possess an
interest. He was gazetted as an
officer in the 82nd foot, but after-
wards went on the Stock Exchange
as a stock and share broker, became,
in 1849, an alderman of the city of
London, and served the office of Lord
Mayor in 1857-8. He was the founder
of the City Bank, was an unsuccessful
CARDWELL-CAREY.
199
|
candidate for St. Albans in 1850, and
procured the disfranchisement of that
corrupt constituency at his own ex-
pense. He was returned for Glou-
cester, as a Conservative, in 1857,
was defeated at the general election
· of 1859, though he unseated his oppo-
nents on petition, and was defeated
in a contest for Marylebone in April,
1861. Sir R. W. Carden is a magis-
trate for Middlesex and Surrey, and
a deputy-lieutenant for London. He
married in 1827, Pamela Elizabeth
Edith, daughter of the late Dr.
Andrews, of the 19th Foot, (she died
in 1874).
under Lord Palmerston, on his return
to office in 1859, and held the Chan-
cellorship of the duchy of Lancaster
from July 1861, till 1864, when he
succeeded the Duke of Newcastle as
Secretary of State for the Colonies.
He held the same appointment under
Earl Russell's administration, and
resigned with his colleagues in 1866.
In Dec, 1868, on the formation of Mr.
Gladstone's cabinet, he became Secre-
tary of State for War, and a member
of the Committee of Council on Edu-
cation. When the Liberal party went
out of office he was raised to the
peerage by the title of Viscount Card-
well (Feb. 1874). While he was at
the War Office, he proposed and
carried through Parliament a series of
measures having for their object the
entire reorganization of the British
Army, by means of the Abolition of
Purchase, the introduction of the
"short service" system of enlist-
ment, the localization of regiments,
the transfer of certain powers over
the militia from the Lords-Lieutenant
to the Crown, and the placing the
militia and volunteer forces directly
under the Generals commanding dis-
tricts. His lordship was one of the
literary executors of the will of the
late Sir Robert Peel, whose "Memoirs”
he edited conjointly with the late
Earl Stanhope (2 vols., 1856). He
married, in 1838, Miss Anne Parker,
youngest child of the late Mr.
late
Charles Stewart Parker, of Fairlie,
Ayrshire.
CARÓWELL (VISCOUNT), THE
RIGHT HON. EDWARD CARDWELL,
son of the late John Cardwell, Esq.,
merchant, of Liverpool, and nephew
of the late Rev. Dr. Cardwell, many
years principal of Alban Hall, Oxford,
and Camden Professor of Ancient
History in that university, was born
July 24, 1813, and educated at Win-
chester. He was elected to a scholar-
ship at Balliol College, Oxford, in
1832, graduated in 1835 as a double
first-class, and was elected Fellow of
his college. In 1838 he was called to
the bar, but preferring political to
legal distinction, he entered Parlia-
ment in 1842 as member for Clitheroe.
Having supported Sir R. Peel in the
financial changes of 1845-6, he was
elected for Liverpool in 1847, and
was defeated at the general election
in July, 1852. In Jan. 1853, he was
returned for the city of Oxford. De-
feated at the general election in
March, 1857, and one of his opponents
having been unseated on petition, he
was elected in July, and continued to
represent that city until his eleva-
tion to the peerage.
He was Secre-
tary to the Treasury from 1845 to
1846, and President of the Board of
Trade under the "Coalition" minis-
try, of which Lord Aberdeen was the
head; when he introduced some use-
ful and valuable reforms into the
office over which he presided.
Though a member of the Peelite
party, Mr. Cardwell accepted the
post of Chief Secretary for Ireland
CAREY, HENRY CHARLES, born
in Philadelphia, Dec. 15, 1793. In
1821, he succeeded his father in the
publishing business, as the head of
In 1836 he
the firm of Carey & Son.
retired from business, and published
an "Essay on the Rate of Wages;
this, with other essays and treatises,
he subsequently expanded into a
work in three volumes, entitled "The
Principles of Political
Economy,"
1837-40. In this, as in all his sub-
sequent works, he contended for the
protection of domestic manufactures
by a tariff. In 1838 he published an
elaborate treatise on the "Credit
""
200
CARLEN-CARLOS.

|
66
System in France, Great Britain, and
the United States." In 1840 he dis-
cussed the currency in a series of
vigorous essays. In 1848 he pub-
lished "The Past, the Present, and
the Future," in which he combated
the doctrines of Malthus and Ricardo.
Among his other important works
are, The Harmony of Interests,
Agricultural, Manufacturing, and
Commercial," and "The Principles of
Social Science," 3 vols., 1858-59. He
has since published a series of essays
under the general title of Protec-
tion," and his whole system of politi-
cal economy has been abridged, for a
text-book in schools. Most of his
works have been translated into
several languages. Among them are:
"The Way to Outdo England without
Fighting Her," 1855; "Review of
the Decade 1857-67," 1867; "Shall
"Shall
we have Peace?" 1869; a volume of
"Miscellanies." 1869; and "The
Unity of Law," 1873.
(C
CARLEN, MADAME EMILIA FLYG-
GARE, novelist, was born in Stock-
holm, in 1810. Her maiden name
was Schmidt, and her first marriage,
to a musician, named Flyggare, was
an unfortunate one. After its disso-
lution she was married to M. J. G.
Carlén, a lawyer of Stockholm, known
as a poet and romancist. He died
July 6, 1875. Madam Carlén's first
novel, "Waldemar Klein," appeared
in 1838, and by 1851, an interval of
only thirteen years, she had published
her twenty-second work. Amongst
the publications best known in this
country are, "Rose of Thistleton,"
"Woman's Life," "The Birthright,"
The Magic Goblet," "Ivar, or the
Skjut's Boy," "The Lover's Strata-
gem," " Mary Louise," "Events of
the Year," "The Maiden's Tower,"
and John." This by no means ex-
hausts the catalogue of this lady's
productions, for she is a most prolific
writer.
|
:(
CARLINGFORD (LORD), THE
RIGHT HON. CHICHESTER SAMUEL
PARKINSON FORTESCUE, is the
youngest son of the late Lieutenant-
Colonel Chichester Fortescue, of
Ravensdale Park, co. Louth, some
time M.P. for Hillsborough in the
Irish Parliament, and brother of Lord
Clermont, to whose Irish title Lord
Carlingford stands as heir presump-
tive. He was born in 1823, and was
educated at Christ Church, Oxford,
where he took his Bachelor's degree
in 1845, obtaining a first-class in
classical honours, and gaining the
Chancellor's prize for a Latin essay
in 1846. He entered Parliament at
the general election of 1847 as one
of the members for the county of
Louth, which he represented till Feb.
1874, when he was defeated. He:
held a junior Lordship of the Trea-
sury under Lord Aberdeen in 1854-5,
the Under-Secretaryship of State for
the Colonies in 1857-8, and again in
1859-65. In the latter year he was.
made Chief Secretary for Ireland,.
and held that post down to June,
1866. On the formation of Mr. Glad-
stone's Cabinet he resumed that office,.
from which he was transferred in
1870 to the Presidency of the Board
of Trade. Just before retiring from
office in Feb. 1874, Mr. Gladstone re-
commended the Queen to bestow a
peerage on Mr. Chichester Fortescue,
who was accordingly created Baron
Carlingford. His Lordship is Lord--
Lieutenant of Essex, a magistrate and
deputy-lieutenant for the county of
Louth, and a magistrate for Somerset.
Lord Carlingford married in 1863
Frances, daughter of the late Mr,
John Braham, widow of Mr. G. Har-
court and of the seventh Earl Walde-
grave. There is no issue of the mar-
riage.
CARLISLE, BISHOP OF.
GOODWIN.)
(See
CARLOS (DON), DUKE OF MADRID-
(CARLOS MARIA DE LOS DOLORES
JUAN ISIDORO JOSEF FRANCESCO
QUIRINO ANTONIO MIGUEL GABRIEL
RAFAEL), who claims to be the legi--
timate King of Spain by the title of
Charles VII., was born March 30,
1848. His father, Don Juan, was
the brother of Don Carlos (Charles
VI.), known as the Count de Monte-
molin, in support of whose claims.
CARLOS.
|
|
|
the Carlist risings of 1848, 1855, and
1860 were organized. As Charles VI.
died without children, Jan. 13, 1861,
his rights devolved upon his brother,
Don Juan, who had married, Feb. 6,
1847, the Archduchess Maria Teresa
of Austria, Princess of Modena.
Their son, the present Don Carlos,
who was educated principally in
Austria, married, on Feb. 4, 1867,
Margaret de Bourbon, of Bourbon,
Princess of Parma, daughter of the
late Duke Ferdinand Charles III.,
Mademoiselle de France, Duchess of
Parma, and sister of the present
Comte de Chambord (Henry V. of
France). In Oct., 1868, Don Juan
abdicated in favour of his son, whose
standard was raised in the north of
Spain by some of his partisans, April
21, 1872. On July 16, in that year,
Don Carlos published a proclamation,
addressed to the inhabitants of Cata-
lonia, Aragon, and Valencia, calling
upon them to take up arms in his
cause, and promising to restore to
them their ancient liberties; and in
the following December Don Alfonso,
the brother of Don Carlos, assumed
the command of the Carlist bands in
Catalonia. Don Carlos himself made
his entry into Spain, July 15, 1873,
announcing that he came for the
purpose of saving the country. Since
that period the war was waged
with remarkable vigour, and the
various governments which came
into power at Madrid strove
at Madrid strove in
vain to dislodge the Carlists from
their strongholds in the north of
Spain. When the Republic came to
an end, and the eldest son of the ex-
Queen Isabella returned to Spain as
Alfonso XII., Don Carlos issued a
proclamation, dated at his head-
quarters at Vera, Jan. 6, 1875. In
this document he says that, as Head
of the august family of the Bourbons
in Spain, I contemplate with pro-
found sorrow the attitude of my
cousin Alfonso, who, with the inex-
perience of his age, consents to be
the instrument of the same men who
expelled him from his fatherland
with his mother, overwhelmed with
::
201

insults and outrages. Notwithstand-
ing, I do not protest. My dignity,
and the dignity of my army, permit
no other protest than that uttered
with irresistible eloquence by the
mouths of our cannon. The proclaim-
ing of Prince Alfonso, so far from
closing against me the gates of
Madrid, opens to me, on the contrary,
the way for the regeneration of our
beloved country. It is not in vain
that a new epoch of pretorianism
offends Spanish pride. It is not in
vain that my invincible volunteers
have taken up arms. They who knew
how to conquer at Epault, at Alpinos,
Montejura, Castelfullit, Sommorostro,
Abuerzuzo, Castillon, Cordova, and
Urnieta, will know how to prevent a
new insult to our magnanimous
Spain, another scandal to civilized
Europe. Called to crush the revolu-
tion in our country, I will crush it
whether it shows the savage ferocity
of shameless impiety, or whether it
shelters and conceals itself beneath
the cloak of a pretended piety.
Spaniards! By our God, by our
Spain, I swear to you that, faithful
to my holy mission, I will keep our
glorious flag unstained. It symbolizes
the saving principles which are to-
day our hope, and which will be to-
morrow our salvation." The contest
was carried on with great stubborn-
ness and gallantry by the Carlists for
more than a twelvemonth after this;
but in Jan. 1876, Tolosa, their last
tronghold, fell, and its defenders,
flying in disorder, sought refuge on
French territory. Don Carlos went
to Paris, and in a manifesto to the
Spaniards dated from the capital,
March 3, 1876, he said :-" Being de-
sirous of putting a stop to bloodshed,
I forbear continuing a glorious, but
at present fruitless struggle. In the
face of a great superiority of num-
bers, and in view especially of the
sufferings of my volunteers, it became
necessary to return the sword to the
scabbard. I will never sign a con-
venio. My flag remains furled until
the moment which God shall fix as
the supreme hour of redemption."
202
CARLSON-CARLYLE,
"" (6
""
Don Carlos has five children-the | 1823 commenced his career by con-
tributing to Brewster's "Edinburgh
Encyclopædia," some able articles on
Montesquieu,' Montaigne," "Nel-
son," and the "Two Pitts," and literary
notices to the New Edinburgh Review.
In the same year he completed a trans-
lation of Legendre's "Geometry," to
which he prefixed an "Essay on Pro-
portion," and published his translation
of Goethe's Wilhelm Meister,' a
work which showed a direction of read-
ing destined to influence materially
his future career. On the completion
of this translation he commenced his
"Life of Schiller," which was pub-
lished by instalments in the London
Magazine, then sustained by the
talents of Lamb, Hazlitt, De Quincey,
Hood, John Scott, and A. Cunning-
ham. For Goethe and Schiller, two
of the "true sovereign souls of Ger-
man literature," his admiration has
ever been unbounded, and his letters
to Goethe have appeared in the poet's
published correspondence. Having
married in 1827, he resided alter-
nately at Comely Bank and Craigen-
puttock, a small estate, fifteen miles
to the north-west of Dumfries. From
this secluded spot he occasionally
contributed to the foreign and other
reviews of the day. Between 1830
and 1833 he was engaged in writing
"Sartor Resartus," which appeared in
the latter year in Fraser's Magazine.
During the negotiations for the pub-
lication of this work he was induced
to remove to London, where he has
continued to reside, we believe, since
1834. In 1837 he published "The
French Revolution," a history abound-
ing in vivid and graphic descriptions.
Chartism," and five volumes of his
"Essays," collected for the most part
from periodical publications, appeared
in 1839, and in 1840 he delivered a
series of lectures on Hero-worship,
which were afterwards published in
a collected form. His Past and
Present
Present" appeared in 1843; “Latter-
day Pamphlets," essays suggested by
the convulsions of 1848, an era
which he calls "one of the most sin-
gular, disastrous, amazing, and on
Infanta Blanca, born Sept. 7, 1868;
the Infante Jaime, Prince of the
Asturias, born June 27, 1870; the
Infanta Elvira, born July 28, 1871;
the Infanta Beatrix, born March 21,
1874; and the Infanta Alix, born
June 29, 1876.
CARLSON,
FREDERIK FERDI-
NAND, a Swedish historian, born in
the province of Upland, June 13, 1811,
was educated in the University of
Upsala, and after graduating there,
made a tour through Denmark, Ger-
many, Italy, and France, staying for
a considerable time in Berlin and
Rome. On his return in 1836 he was
appointed Professor of History at
Upsala, but the next year he was
sent for to Stockholm to be tutor to
the Prince Royal. In 1847, however,
In 1847, however,
he was again elected to the Chair of
History at Upsala; he represented
that University in the Diet for several
years; and in 1863 he resigned his
professorship on being placed at the
head of the Ministry of Public Wor-
ship at Stockholm. His great work
is a (C
History of Sweden," the first
two volumes of which appeared in
Swedish and German in 1855-6. He
is a member of the Academy of
Sweden and of the French Academy
of Sciences.
CARLYLE, THOMAS, essayest, bio-
grapher, and historian, was born in
1795, at Ecclefechan, a small village
in Dumfriesshire, where his father, a
man of intellect and earnest religious
feeling, held a small farm; and re-
ceived the rudiments of his education
at Annan. At the age of fourteen he
entered the University of Edinburgh,
passing through a regular curriculum,
and studying mathematics under Pro-
fessor Leslie. Intended by his parents
for the ministry, he remained at the
university upwards of seven years,
spending his vacations among the hills
and by the rivers of Dumfriesshire.
At college his habits were lonely and
contemplative. After teaching ma-
thematics in a school in Fifeshire for
about two years, he determined to
devote himself to literature, and in
(<
CARNARVON.
the whole, humiliating years the
European world ever saw," in 1850.
in 1850.
His "Life of John Stirling" has been
described as (6
one of the finest bio-
graphies ever written." In 1845
Mr. Carlyle produced his great work
entitled "Oliver Cromwell's Letters
and Speeches, with Elucidations,"
which gave him a distinguished place
among the historians of the age. On
the death of the Earl of Ellesmere, in
1857, Mr. Carlyle was appointed a
trustee of the National Portrait Gal-
lery. In 1860-4 he published his
"Life of Frederick the Great." "Mr.
Carlyle's characteristic," says one of
his admirers, "is a rugged earnestness
of expression, and a range of thought
widened and deepened by his ac-
quaintance with the writings of the
great German thinkers." Mr. Carlyle,
elected Rector of Edinburgh Univer-
sity, Nov. 11, 1865, delivered his in-
augural address April 2, 1866. In
1870, on the death of Lord Clarendon,
he became President of the London
Library. In Dec., 1873, the Chapter
of the Civil Class of the Prussian
Royal Order For Merit"
was pre-
sented to Mr. Carlyle, the vacancy
having been created by the death of
Alessandro Manzoni. În 1875 he de-
clined an offer which was made to
him of the Grand Cross of the Order
of the Bath.
CARNARVON (EARL OF), THE
RIGHT HON. HENRY HOWARD MOLY-
NEUX HERBERT, eldest son of Henry
John George, the third earl (who was
an accomplished scholar and poet), by
Henrietta Anna, daughter of Lord
Henry T. Molyneux Howard, born June
24, 1831, was educated at Eton and
Christ Church, Oxford, where he gra-
duated as a first-class in classics in 1852,
and D.C.L. in 1859. Lord Carnarvon,
who represents a younger branch of
the noble house of Pembroke, suc-
·ceeded to the title during his minority.
Soon after taking his seat in the
House of Peers, he made his maiden
speech, on which he was highly com-
plimented by Lord Derby, who, in
1859, nominated him High Steward
of the University of Oxford. He was
203
Under-Secretary of State for the
Colonies in Lord Derby's second ad-
ministration, 1858-9, and was ap-
pointed Secretary of State for the
Colonies in Lord Derby's third ad-
ministration, June 1866. On Feb. 19,
1867, he moved in the House of Lords
the second reading of the Bill for the
Confederation of the British North
American Provinces, which he truly
described as one of the largest and
most important measures that for
many years it had been the duty of
any Colonial Minister in this country
to submit to Parliament. Shortly
after this (March 2) his lordship
resigned the Colonial Secretaryship
on account of a difference of opinion
respecting Parliamentary Reform. At
the same time, General Peel, War
Secretary, and Lord Cranborne (now
the Marquis of Salisbury) Secretary
for India, tendered their resignations,
which were accepted. Lord Car-
narvon, in the speech he delivered in
the House of Peers on this occasion,
avowed that the new Reform Bill
would make an entire transfer of
political power in five-sixths of the
boroughs, and expressed his belief
that the Government were going too
far in a democratic direction. On
the formation of Mr. Disraeli's cabinet
in Feb. 1874, he was for the second
time appointed Secretary of State for
the Colonies. He resigned his seat in
the Cabinet, Jan. 24, 1878, in conse-
quence of his disagreement from his
colleagues as to the policy of ordering
the British fleet to proceed to the
Dardanelles. His lordship considered
this to be a departure from the policy
of neutrality which the Government
had pledged themselves to preserve
as long as neither of the belligerents
infringed certain conditions which
Her Majesty's Government itself had
laid down. Lord Derby, Foreign
Secretary, tendered his resignation at
the same time, but consented to
resume his post after the order re-
specting the fleet had been counter-
manded, and explanations had been
made with his colleagues. Lord Car-
narvon is the author of "The Ar-
|
204
CARNOT-CARNOTA.
|
chæology of Berkshire," an address | Assembly. Among the works written,
delivered to the Archæological Asso-edited, or translated by M. Carnot
ciation at Newbury, 1859 ; "Recol-
are, "Gunima," a novel by Van der
lections of the Druses of the Lebanon: Welde, 1824; the "Chants Hel-.
and Notes on their Religion," 1860, léniens" of Wilhelm Müller, 1828 ;:
being notes of a visit to the East; and "Exposé de la Doctrine Saint-Si-
a preface and notes to a Report on monienne," 1830, which has been
"Prison Discipline," adopted at the translated into English; "Mémoires
Hampshire Quarter Sessions, Jan. 4, de Henri Grégoire, ancien évêque de
1864. He edited, in 1869, “Reminis- Blois," 2 vols., 1837; "Réflexions sur
cences of Athens and the Morea: Ex- la Domesticité," 1838; "Des Devoirs
tracts from a Journal of Travels in civiques des Militaires," 1838; Mé-
Greece during 1839, by the late Earl moires de Bertrand Barrère," 4 vols.,
of Carnarvon ;" and in 1875, “The
"The 1842-43, conjointly with David d'An-
Gnostic Heresies of the First and gers; "De l'Esclavage Colonial;
Second Centuries," by the late H. L. "L'Allemagne pendant la Guerre de la
Mansell, Dean of St. Paul's, "with Délivrance," fragments of which were
a Sketch of his Life, Work, and published in 1843; "Mémoires sur
Character." Lord Carnarvon was Carnot, par son fils," 2 vols., 1861-64;
Major in the Hampshire Yeomanry and "La Révolution Française," 2
Cavalry, 1862-8; and is a Deputy- vols., 1869-72.
Lieutenant and a Magistrate for
Hampshire, Constable of Carnarvon
Castle, and Pro-Grand Master of the
Freemasons of England (1875); and
President of the Society of Antiqua-
ries (1878). He married in 1861 Lady
Evelyn Stanhope (who died in 1875).
""
|
CARNOT, LAZARE HIPPOLYTE,
politician, son of the celebrated Car-
not, born at Saint Omer, April 6,
1801, studied the law, and became
an advocate. Later in life he ranked
as a homme de lettres, edited the
"Revue Encyclopédique," and was at
one time a disciple of St. Simon. He
was elected deputy in 1839, and after
the revolution of 1848 was appointed
Minister of Public Instruction, but
retired July 5. After the coup d'état,
M. Carnot was elected, with General
Cavaignac, deputy for Paris. Both
refused the oath, and retired into
private life. In 1863, however, he
entered the Corps Législatif, but at
the general election of 1869 he was
defeated by M. Gambetta. After the
Revolution of Sept. 4, 1870, he was
appointed Maire of the 8th arrondisse-
ment of Paris. The following year
he was elected a representative of
the department of Seine-et-Oise. He
voted steadily with the Extreme Left.
On Dec. 15, 1875, he was elected a
Senator for Life by the National
|
CARNOTA (CONDE DA) J. SMITH
ATHELSTANE, born in London, May 9,
1813, was educated at Salisbury, by
the Rev. G. Radcliffe, D.D. Intended
for the law, but having lost his father
at the age of nineteen, he travelled
on the continent, and in 1835 went
to Lisbon, where he became private
secretary to the Marshal Duke de
Saldanha, at that time Prime Minister
of Portugal. He was present at and
concerned in many important events
of that country's history, and accom-
panied the Marshal in various missions
and embassies at Vienna, London,
Paris, and Rome. He has resided but
little in England, except during the
year 1840, when attached to the Sar-
dinian Legation in London, of which
the late Count Pollon was the chief..
In 1843 he published in two volumes
the first edition of his work, the
"Marquis of Pombal," on which oc-
casion the Queen of Portugal created
him a Knight Commander of the
Order of Christ. He married in 1850,
and shortly afterwards purchased
a property in Portugal, where, a
widower since 1856, he continues to
reside. By a decree dated Lisbon,.
Aug. 9, 1870, his present Majesty,
Dom Luiz, was pleased to elevate the
author to the dignity of "Grandee of
Portugal," by the title of Conde da
Carnota. In the following year (1871), |
Messrs. Longman published in one
volume a second edition of the "Mar-
quis of Pombal."
CARPENTER, WILLIAM BEN-
JAMIN, C.B., M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.,
F.L.S., F.G.S., physiologist, son of
the late Dr. Lant Carpenter, of Bristol,
born in 1813, was educated at Bristol,
at University College, London, and at
the University of Edinburgh, where
he graduated M.D. in 1839, and com-
menced practice in Bristol. Having
resolved to devote himself exclusively
to scientific and literary pursuits, he
removed to London in 1843, and was
soon afterwards appointed Examiner
in Physiology and Comparative Ana-
tomy in the University of London,
and Professor of Medical Jurispru-
dence in University College. These
offices he held until appointed in 1856
to the Registrarship of the University
of London. He is the author of "Prin-
ciples of General and Comparative
Physiology," "Principles of Human
Physiology, "A Manual of Physio-
logy, Principles of Mental Physio-
logy,"
," "The Microscope and its Reve-
lations," an "Introduction to the
Study of the Foraminifera," some
able papers in the "Cyclopædia of
Anatomy and Physiology," in the
Reports of the British Association, in
the Quarterly Geological Journal,
and in the Philosophical Transactions.
In 1861 the Royal Medal was
awarded to him by the Council of
the Royal Society, for his contri-
butions to biological science. In
1868 and the two following years he
took a principal part in expeditions
fitted out by H.M. Government for
the exploration of the Deep Sea,
which have yielded results of great
importance to physical and biological
science; and it was at his instance
that the Challenger has been since
despatched for the more extended
prosecution of similar researches.
His reports of those expeditions are
contained in the Proceedings of the
Royal Society, and in the Journal of
the Royal Geographical Society. The
honorary degree of LL.D. was con-
99.66
CARPENTER-CARVALHO-MIOLAN.
""
205
ferred upon him by the University of
Edinburgh, August 1, 1871; in 1872
he presided over the British Associa-
tion at its meeting at Brighton; and
in 1873 he was elected a correspond-
ing member of the Institute of
France. He was appointed a Com-
panion of the Bath (civil division) in
Nov. 1875.
CARRUTHERS, WILLIAM, F.R.S.,
F.L.S., was born at Moffat, Scotland,
in 1830, and educated at the academy
there, and afterwards at the Univer-
sity and New College Edinburgh.
He entered the British Museum as
Assistant in the Department of
Botany in 1869; and succeeded
Mr. J. J. Bennett, as Keeper of that
department, on his retirement in
1871. Mr. Carruthers has conducted
many original investigations on living
and fossil plants, and has published
numerous memoirs on fossil botany
in the journals and transactions of
learned societies. He re-edited
Lindley and Hutton's "Fossil Flora,”
and is now (1878) preparing an ac-
count of the fossil plants of Britain,
supplementary to that work.
CARUS, THE REV. WILLIAM, M.A.,
born in 1804, was educated at Trinity
College, Cambridge, where he gradu-
ated B.A. in the highest honours both
in classics and mathematics in 1827,
and was elected Fellow of his college.
He was Senior Fellow and Senior
Dean of Trinity College; Incumbent
of Great St. Mary's; and a select
preacher in the university in 1854,
1859, and 1866; was appointed a
Canon Residentiary of Winchester,
Vicar of Romsey, and Rural Dean in
1851; and is Proctor for the Chapter
in Convocation. He is the author of
"Memoirs of the late Rev. Charles
Simeon." A Greek Testament prize,
called the Carus Prize, in remem-
brance of his long services there, has
been established in the University of
Cambridge.
CARVALHO-MIOLAN, MADAME
MARIE CAROLINE, a celebrated
French vocalist, born at Marseilles,
Dec. 31, 1827, attended M. Duprez'
class at the Paris Conservatoire from
CASABLANCA-CASTELAR Y RISSOLL.
In
1843 to 1847, and gained the first | Constituent Assembly for Corsica.
prize for singing. She made her He voted with the Right, and after
début in 1849, at the Opéra Comique, the election of Dec. 10, upheld the
where, between that date and the end policy of the emperor. He was re-
of 1854, she either reproduced or elected to the Legislative Assembly,
created a number of well-known and only abandoned the parliamentary
characters in "Giralda," "Le Pré majority when conflicts broke out
aux Clercs," "La Cour de Célimène," between it and the Elysée. At the
and "Les Noces de Jeannette," close of 1851 he was entrusted with
1853 Malle. Miolan became the wife the portfolio of Agriculture and
of M. Léon Carvaille or Carvalho, Commerce, and a month afterwards
who, since 1849, had been a singer at with that of Finance. After the coup
the Opéra Comique. This union was d'état, he was commissioned to or-
a most unhappy one. In 1856, whilst ganize the Ministry of State created
his wife was engaged as first canta- by the decree of Jan. 22, 1852. He
trice at the Théâtre Lyrique, M. Car-resigned his various important offices
to enter the Senate, July 28, and was
promoted to the rank of Grand Officer
of the Legion of Honour, July 30,
1858. On the fall of the Empire in
1870, he retired from private life for
several years. In May, 1876, how-
ever, he was elected to represent
Bastia in the National Assembly. He
did not come forward as a candidate
at the elections of Oct. 14, 1877, but
the choice of the electors of Bastia
fell upon his son.
|
valho happened to be the principal
creditor of the management of that
theatre, and the result was that the
licence was transferred to him. In
1862 he was appointed its manager,
but fortune was not favourable to
him, and eventually he was made a
bankrupt. A judicial separation was
obtained by his wife, who, it appeared,
had not received for four years a
single shilling of her salary. Ma-
dame Carvalho-Miolan played in her
husband's theatre, with great ap-
plause, the principal parts in "La
Fanchonette," "Les Noces de Figaro,"
'La Reine Topaze," Mireille," and
other popular pieces. During the
season of 1860 she appeared at the
Italian Opera in London, where she
achieved a brilliant success. Since
that time she has sung both on the
stage and at concerts in this and
other countries. Madame Carvalho-
Miolan possesses a voice of wonderful
flexibility and compass, and can
render, without apparent effort, the
most difficult musical phrases.
CASHEL, BISHOP OF. (See DAY,
DR.)
CASSAGNAC. (See GRANIER DE
CASSAGNAC.)
CASTELAR Y RISSOLL, EMILIO,
a Spanish politician, born in 1832,
became notorious, early in his career,
in consequence of his extreme demo-
cratic and socialistic opinions, which
he expounded in various Liberal
journals. For a time he was Pro-
fessor of History and Philosophy in
the University of Madrid, and in
1866 he took a leading part in the
revolutionary movement, which was
put down by Serrano. On this
occasion he was condemned to death,
but he made good his escape, and
sought refuge first at Geneva and
afterwards in France. When the
revolution broke out in Sept., 1868,
he returned to his native country,
and was one of the most energetic
leaders of the republican movement..
He exerted himself to the utmost in
order to bring about the establish-
ment of a republic, but at the general
|
206
CASABIANCA (COMTE DE), FRAN-
ÇOIS-XAVIER, son of a Corsican
general, was born at Nice, June 27,
1797; educated in the Lycée Napo-
léon, where, in 1812, he carried off
the prize of philosophy, studied law,
having been called to the French bar
at Bastia in 1820, and soon acquired
a high reputation. He was remark-
able for his attachment to the Bona-
parte family, and after the revolution
of Feb., 1848, was returned to the
CASTILLE.
election for the Constituent Cortes in
Feb., 1869, the republicans succeeded
in returning only a small proportion
of their candidates, among whom,
however was Señor Castelar. In the
discussions respecting the new con-
stitution of Spain Señor Castelar ad-
vocated, but unsuccessfully, the prin-
ciple of republican institutions. In
June, 1869, he vigorously opposed the
project of a regency, and he was also
concerned in the republican insurrec-
tions which occurred in October of
that year. In the government chosen
by the Cortes after the abdication of
King Amadeo, Señor Castelar was
Minister of Foreign Affairs. On
Aug. 24, 1873, he was elected Presi-
dent of the Cortes by 135 votes
against 73, but he vacated that post
on Sept. 6, when he was nominated
President of the Executive Power.
His first measure was the proroga-
tion of the Cortes and the assumption
of dictatorial power. He next took
energetic, but ineffectual, measures
to suppress the Carlist insurrection,
and despatched the Minister of War
in person to Cuba to protect Spanish
interests in that island. When, how-
ever, the Cortes re-assembled on Jan,
2, 1874, it refused by 120 votes
against 100, to pass a vote of confi-
dence in President Castelar, who re-
signed. Thereupon General Pavia,
as Captain-General of Madrid, for-
cibly dissolved the Cortes, and
appointed a provisional government
with Marshal Serrano at its head.
Soon after the pronunciamiento in
favour of Alfonso XII., Señor Cas-
telar quitted Madrid and proceeded
to Geneva, Jan., 1875. While in that
city, being disgusted at the educa-
tional decree promulgated by the
Spanish Government, he resigned the
Chair of History in the University of
Madrid, March 6, 1875. Subsequently
he returned to Spain, and succeeded,
though not without considerable
difficulty, in obtaining a seat in the
Cortes, as Deputy for Madrid, at the
elections of Jan., 1876. Señor Cas-
telar has written, "Ernesto, novela
original de costumbres," 1855;
6.
Lucano, su Vida, su Genio, su
Poema,
1857 ; "Legendas Popu-
lares," 1857; "Ideas Democráticas,"
1858; "La Civilizacion en los cinco
primeras siglos del Cristianismo.
Lecciones pronunciadas en el Ateneo
de Madrid," 2 vols., 1858-59
“Cró-
nica de la Guerra de Africa," 1859;
La Redencion del Esclavo," 1859 ;
"Colleccion de los principales arti-
culos politicos y literarios," 1859;
"Cartas á un Obispo sobre la Libertad
de la Iglesia," printed in "Biblioteca
de la Democracia," 1864; "Discurso
pronunciado en la noche del 13 de
Noviembre de 1868, con motivo de
instalarse el Comité Republicano de
Madrid," 1868; "Discursos Parla-
mentarios, en la Asamblea Constitu-
yente," 3 vols., 1871; "Roma vieja
y nueva Italia," translated into
English by Mrs. Arthur Arnold,
under the title of "Old Rome and
New Italy," 1873; "Semblanzas
contemporáneas de los personajes
mas celebres del mundo en las Letras,
las Ciencias y las Artes ;
""Vida de
Lord Byron; and "Historia de un
Corazon," a romance.
""
207
""
-
CASTILLE,CHARLES-HIPPOLYTE,
romancist and journalist, the son of a
colonel of artillery, born at Mon-
treuil-sur-Mer, Nov. 8, 1820, studied at
Douai and Cambrai, and was after-
wards employed in the office of Pub-
lic Works. Having been dismissed
for neglecting his duties, he turned
his attention to literature, his first
contributions to which appeared in
Le Musée des Familles. He has written
a number of romances which have be-
come popular, though, as they belong
to the horrible school," he charges
his pictures with the most sombre
colours. His chief work is "Histoire
de la Seconde République Française,”
published in 1854-5, and he is best
known in England by a series of
historical and political biographies,
published in 1856-7. In 1858 he
published "Parallèle entre César,
Charlemagne, et Napoléon," and in
1859,
1859, "Histoire de Soixante Ans
1789-1850." He continues to write
in the French magazines and journals.
::
208
CASTLETOWN-CAYLEY.
He❘
|
CASTLETOWN (BARON), THE | and Vice-President of the Board of
RIGHT HON. JOHN WILSON FITZ- Trade from July, 1866 (when he was
PATRICK, a natural son of the late sworn of the Privy Council) till Dec.
earl of Upper Ossory, born in London 1868, when the Conservatives went
in 1809, and educated at Eton; out of office. He was Chief Com-
served for some time in the army, missioner in Paris (1866-67) for ne-
having been placed in the 85th regi- gotiating for revising the French
ment by his guardian, the late Lord Fishery Convention of Aug. 2, 1839,
Holland. He represented Queen's and May 24, 1843. When the Con-
County in the Liberal interest from servatives again came into power in
Aug. 1837 till July, 1841; from Feb. 1874, he was appointed Judge-
Aug. 1847, till July, 1852; and again Advocate-General and Paymaster-
from July, 1865, till Nov. 1869. General, but he resigned the former
was sworn a member of the Privy office in Dec. 1875, when he went to
Council for Ireland in 1848. Having Cairo on an official mission, sanc-
inherited by bequest the principal tioned by the British Government to
portion of the Irish estates of his investigate the state of the finances of
father, he was appointed in 1855 Egypt. He returned to England
Lord-Lieutenant of Queen's County. March 9, 1876. Mr. Cave was
On Nov. 26, 1869, he was created a formerly a Director of the Bank of
Peer of the United Kingdom by the England and of the London and
title of Baron Castletown, of Upper St. Katharine Dock Company. He
Ossory, in Queen's County.
is a magistrate and deputy - lieu-
tenant for Gloucestershire; a magis-
trate for Sussex; and a commissioner
of lieutenancy for London. He
married in 1852 Emma Jane, daugh-
ter of the late Rev. William
Smyth, M.A., of Elkington Hall,
Louth, Prebendary of Lincoln. Mr.
Cave has published "A Few Words on
the Encouragement given to Slavery
and the Slave Trade by recent
measures, and chiefly by the Sugar
Bill of 1846," Lond. 1849; "Preven-
tion and Reformation: the duty of
the State or of Individuals? With
some account of a Reformatory In-
stitution," 1856; "On the Distinc-
tive Principles of Punishment and
Reformation," 1857; and “Papers
relating to Free Labour and the
Slave Trade; with a corrected Report
of the Debate in the House of Com-
mons upon the resolutions proposed
by Mr. Cave for the more effectual
Suppression of the African Slave
Trade," 1861.
CAUX, MARQUISE DE, (See
PATTI.)
.
CAVE, THE RIGHT HON. STEPHEN,
M.P., is the eldest son of the late
Mr. Daniel Cave of Cleve Hill, near
Bristol, and Sidbury Manor, Sid-
mouth, by Frances, daughter of the
late Dr. H. Locock, of Northampton,
and sister of Sir Charles Locock, the
first baronet. He was born Dec.
28, 1820, and was educated at Har-
row and at Balliol College, Oxford,
He graduated B.A. (second class in
classics) in 1843; M.A. in 1846. On
being called to the bar at the Inner
Temple in 1846, he chose the western
circuit, but did not practise. He was
elected for Shoreham, in May, 1859,
and he has continued to represent the
borough in the Conservative interest
down to the present time. The
principal measures promoted in the
House of Commons by Mr. Cave were
a Bill to amend the Law relating to
Polling Places," passed in 1862; a
"Bill to amend the Law in reference
to the Assessment of Mines," 1866 ; a
"Bill to amend the Law of Life
Assurance," passed in 1870; and a
"Bill to amend the Laws relating to
the investment of Trust Funds," passed
in 1871. He was Paymaster-General
(C
|
·
CAYLEY, ARTHUR, F.R.S., D.C.L.,
LL.D., son of the late Henry Cayley,
Russia merchant, a relative of the
family of Cayley of Brompton, in
Yorkshire, born at Richmond, in
Surrey, in 1821, was educated at
King's College, London, and Trinity
CECIL-CÉLESTE.
|
duated B.A. in 1842 as Senior Wrangler
and first Smith's Prizeman. He was
successively Scholar and Fellow of
his College, was called to the bar at
Lincoln's Inn in 1849, and has since
practised as a conveyancer. In 1863,
on the institution of the professorship,
he was elected Sadlerian Professor
of pure mathematics in the University
of Cambridge. On Oct. 8, 1875, he
was elected to a foundation Fellow-
ship of Trinity College, Cambridge,
in accordance with the provisions
of the 22nd section of the College
Statutes, which enables the Master
and 16 Fellows whose names are first
on the roll to elect to a Foundation
Fellowship a Professor or Public
Lecturer in the University, so long as
he holds the Professorship. He is a
Fellow of the Royal and of the
Royal Astronomical Societies, the
Cambridge Philosophical Society, the
London Mathematical Society, and has
contributed on mathematical subjects
to the Transactions of these and other
societies, and to various British and
foreign mathematical journals. He
has been chosen a correspondent of
the French Institute for the section
of Astronomy and an honorary mem-
ber, associate, or correspondent of
several other societies. Professor
Cayley received the degree of D.C.L.
from the University of Oxford in
1864, and that of LL.D. from the
University of Dublin in 1865. He
was President of the Royal Astrono-
mical Society in 1872-73. He re-
ceived the honorary degree of Doctor
of Mathematics and Physics from the
University of Leyden, in Feb. 1875.
College, Cambridge, where he gra- | Crimea; and retired as captain
and lieutenant-colonel, Coldstream
Guards, in 1863. He represented
South Essex in the House of Com-
mons in the Conservative interest
from July, 1865, to Dec. 1868, since
which date he has sat for the western
division of the same county. Lord
Eustace Cecil, since he has been in
Parliament, has always taken a great
interest in military education, and
the suppression of adulteration.
He moved for a Royal Commission
in 1866 to inquire into the state of
Sandhurst and Woolwich, and lost it
only by a narrow division. He moved
again for a Royal Commission to
inquire into military education in
1868, and that time was successful,
and served as a member of the com-
mission. He was mainly instru-
mental, together with Mr. Muntz.
M.P., for Birmingham, in passing
the Adulteration Act of 1872. Lord E.
Cecil is the author of "Impressions
of Life at Home and Abroad." When
Mr. Disraeli came into office in Feb.
1874, he appointed Lord Eustace
Cecil Surveyor-General of the Ord-
nance. He married in 1860 Lady
Gertrude Louisa, fourth daughter of
the second Earl of Eldon.
CECIL, LORD EUSTACE HENRY
BROWNLOW GASCOYNE, M.P., second
surviving son of the second Marquis
of Salisbury, by his first wife Frances
Mary, daughter of the late Bamber
Gascoyne, Esq., was born in London
in 1834, and educated at Harrow
School, and at the Royal Military
College, Sandhurst. He entered the
army as ensign in the 43rd Light
Infantry in 1851; served at the Cape
of Good Hope, in India, and in the
209
CÉLESTE, MADAME, or CÉLESTE
ELLIOTT, born in Paris, Aug. 6, 1815,
entered the dancing classes of the
Royal Academy of Music when quite
a child. At the age of fourteen she
accepted an engagement in the United
States, where she was married to a
Mr. Elliott, who died shortly after-
wards. Her first appearance in Eng-
land was at Liverpool, in 1830, when
she performed the part of Fenella in
"Masaniello." After having played
at many of the principal provincial
towns, she appeared as a dancer with
great success in London, and returned
in 1834 to the United States, where
the people, in the excess of their
enthusiasm, yoked themselves to
her carriage, and proclaimed her
a citizen of the Union, Gen. Jack-
son himself presenting her to the
Council of Ministers, and compli-
menting her on having been deemed
P
210
CERRITO CESNOLA.
worthy of such an honour. In 1837
she returned to England with consi-
derable wealth, and appeared as an
actress at Drury Lane, and afterwards
at the Haymarket. In 1844 she was
associated with Mr. Webster in the
direction of the Adelphi Theatre, and
having dissolved partnership with
him, undertook the management of
the Lyceum, which she held until the
close of the season 1860-61. Madame
Céleste, who afterwards appeared in
some of the minor East-end theatres,
and in the provinces, returned to the
United States in 1865. She came
back to England in 1868, and took
her farewell of the stage at the
Adelphi Theatre, London, Oct. 22,
1870. Since then, however, she has
reappeared at that theatre in "Green
Bushes," and other pieces.
CERRITO, FRANCESCA, called
FANNY, a celebrated dancer, born in
Naples, March 11, 1821, is the
daughter of an old soldier of the
Empire. While quite a child she was
distinguished for great natural grace
and vivacity. She made her first
appearance in 1835, at the San Carlo
theatre, in a ballet called "The
Horoscope," and created great en-
thusiasm, and afterwards danced at
the principal theatres of Italy. She
was at Vienna for two years, and was
a favourite every season from 1840
to 1845, in London, where she danced
the famous pas de quatre with Tagli-
oni, Carlotta Grisi, and Lucille Grahn.
About this time she was married to a
distinguished dancer and violinist,
M. A. St. Léon, from whom she was
separated in 1850. Mdme. Cerito,
who was called the "Fourth Grace,'
composed jointly with M. Théophile
Gautier, the "Gipsy," "Gemma," and
other ballets. She is now residing in
Paris (Sept. 1878.)
CESNOLA, LOUIS PALMA DI, born
in Turin, Italy, July 29, 1832. He
graduated at the Royal Military Aca-
demy at Turin in 1850, and served in
the Italian army during the Crimean
In 1860 he went to New York,
where he gave lessons in French and
Italian. When the civil war broke
war.
""
|
out, he formed classes for instruction
in military tactics and cavalry exer-
cises. He had in the meanwhile mar-
ried the daughter of Commodore Reid
of the United States navy, and was
soon made Colonel of a volunteer re-
giment of cavalry. In June, 1863,
he was wounded and made prisoner.
After a captivity of nine months, he
was exchanged, took part in the
closing operations of the war, and
was breveted as brigadier-general.
In the spring of 1865 he was ap-
pointed United States consul at Lar-
naca, in the island of Cyprus, where
he commenced excavating among
the ancient tombs, but with little
result. Among the ruins of a temple
in the neighbourhood he, however,
dug up a bronze vase containing some
600 coins of the time of Philip and
Alexander of Macedon, and the Ptole-
mies. Subsequently he took a sum-
mer residence at Dali, twenty miles
from Larnaca, occupying the site of
the ancient Idalium, once noted for
the temple of the Cypriote Venus.
Here he opened more than 15,000
tombs, and secured many objects of
interest. He was still more success-
ful at Golgoi, in the immediate neigh-
bourhood, where he discovered the
buried foundation of the ancient
temple of Venus, and exhumed nearly
1,000 statues and statuettes, mostly in
a good state of preservation. Among
them was a colossal head, measuring
nearly three feet in height, which is
supposed to date back eighteen cen-
turies before Christ. Other statues
were of Egyptian, Phoenician, Assy-
rian, and Greek types, some of the
latter being of the best style of art.
In 1870 his collection was examined
by an agent for the Imperial Museum
at St. Petersburg, who estimated the
whole number of objects at about
13,000. The Emperor Napoleon at
this time made a liberal offer for the
collection, which he proposed to pre-
sent to the Imperial Museum of the
Louvre ; but before Cesnola's letter
of acceptance reached Paris, the Em-
peror was a prisoner. In 1872 he sent
the whole collection to London for
CHABAUD-LATOUR.
|
sale. The vessel by which the coins
were sent was burnt at sea, and they
were lost. The collection was exa-
mined by experts from the British
Museum, who fully recognised its
value; but there were no funds im-
mediately available for its purchase.
A few American gentlemen subscribed
the sum required (more than £15,000),
and thus secured it for the projected
Metropolitan Museum in New York.
Cesnola devoted the proceeds of this
sale to still further researches, in the
course of which he traversed almost
every square league of the island of
Cyprus. His most important "find"
was on the deserted site of the an-
cient Curium. Here he found the
most considerable ruins yet discovered
on the island. In one place were a
number of prostrate, half-imbedded
columns. In raising one of these,
in order to measure it, he came upon
a tessellated pavement, and soon after
to a place where a former excavator
had dug down some two or three
yards, and then given up. Cesnola
dug twenty feet more, and came upon
a narrow passage excavated in the
rock, which opened into a chamber,
some twenty feet square and fourteen
high, filled almost to the roof with
fine earth. It took a month to clear
out this chamber, and then upon the
floor were found a number of orna-
ments of gold and precious stones.
Beyond this were three other similar
chambers, also containing treasures of
various kinds. Among them were
golden bracelets and necklaces of the
most exquisite workmanship. One
pair of armlets, each weighing a
pound, had an inscription showing
that they had been offered by "Etean-
dros, King of Paphos," who lived some
seven centuries before Christ. There
were also a great number of signet-
rings, finger-rings, and other articles
of personal adornment. But of still
higher interest are the engraved
stones and gems, of which there are
several hundreds. Some of them are
evidently of Phoenician, others of
Egyptian, Assyrian, or Greek work-
manship. Among the latter are seve-
|
211
ral which, in elegance of design and
delicacy of execution, are not sur-
passed by any others in the world.
Taken together, they form a complete
history of the glyptic art from the
earliest times to the period of its
highest perfection. The Curium
Treasures" have also been purchased
for the New York Metropolitan Mu-
seum. The entire Cesnola Collection,
the exhumation of which occupied
nearly ten years, comprises nearly
40,000 distinct objects, nearly all of
them unique, and many of them of
the highest archæological and ethno-
logical value. General Cesnola has
published a narrative of his opera-
tions, under the title, "Cyprus: its
Ancient Cities, Tombs, and Temples,"
1878.
CHABAUD-LATOUR, BARON DE,
FRANÇOIS ERNEST HENRY, a French
general and statesman, born at Nîmes,
Jan. 25, 1804, was educated in the
Polytechnic School, and became a
captain of engineers in 1827.
He
took part in the conquest of Algeria
in 1830, and in the siege of Antwerp,
in 1832, and he assisted in the forti-
fication of Paris. In 1837 he entered
the Chamber of Deputies as a staunch
Conservative. After the Revolution
of 1848 he withdrew from political
life; but, under the Empire, he com-
manded the Engineers in Algeria.
He became a general of division in
1857, and was placed on the reserve
list in 1869. During the war with
Germany, he was principal com-
mander of the Engineers in Paris,
exhibiting great activity and promp-
titude in the preparations for the
siege. On peace being concluded,
he received the Grand Cross of the
Legion of Honour, and he was elected
a member of the Assembly for the
department of the Gard, while his
son was returned by the department
of the Cher. He joined the Right
Centre; and as he showed a warm
interest in military questions, the
Committee on the Fortification
Scheme appointed him their reporter.
In June, 1874, he was nominated
Minister of the Interior, and he held
P 2
212
CHADWICK.
the office till May, 1875. General |
Chabaud-Latour supported the late
M. Guizot and the Orthodox party in
the Protestant Synod in their contest
with M. Athanase Coquerel and his
adherents. M. le Baron de Chabaud-
Latour is President of the Committee
of Fortifications.
Sopwith, Esq., M.A., C.E., F.R.S., of
Newcastle-on-Tyne and Westminster.
CHADWICK, EDWIN, C.B., social
economist, born in 1801, was called
to the bar in 1830. His first publi-
cation was an article in the West-
minster Review, in 1828, on Life As-
surances. He attracted the notice
CHADWICK, DAVID, M.P., of Jeremy Bentham, who bequeathed
youngest son of John and Rebecca to him part of his library and a small
Chadwick, was born at Macclesfield, legacy. When Lord Grey's govern-
Dec. 23, 1821. He was educated at ment issued the Commission of In-
Manchester, and in 1843 commenced quiry into the Administration of the
business as a professional accountant. Poor-Law, Mr. Chadwick was ap-
In 1844 he was appointed Treasurer pointed Assistant-Commissioner, and
to the Corporation of Salford, and his investigations in the rural dis-
retained that office till 1860. He tricts were of great service. He was
took an active part in the establish- engaged on the Commission of In-
ment of the Salford Royal Free quiry into the Labour of Young Per-
Library and Museum, Peel Park, and sons in Factories, intended to protect
of the Salford Working Men's College, young children engaged chiefly in
and was the first treasurer of both cotton-mills from physical deteriora-
institutions. He was Honorary Secre- tion by overwork; and although its
tary, and afterwards President, of the object with respect to the securities
Manchester Statistical Society, and for an efficient system of half-time
was the First President of the Man-instruction was defeated, the founda-
chester Institute of Accountants. He tion was laid for the system of go-
was elected M.P. for Macclesfield in vernmental inspection, since ex-
1868, and was re-elected in 1874. He tended to labour in mines and other
was sometime a member of the Council branches of industry. Mr. Chadwick
of the London Statistical Society, and was appointed one of the commis-
wrote a history of the rate of wages sioners for preparing the Report on
in Lancashire in 200 trades and occu- the Administration of the Poor-Law.
pations during twenty years, 1839 to The measures adopted were chiefly
1859. He is also the author of various remedial, and for the direct repression
essays on Parliamentary Representa- of abuses; but Mr. Chadwick urged
tion, Working Men's Colleges, Poor a preventive course, including the in-
Rates and principle of Rating, Water
dustrial training of children sepa-
Meters, Financial Aspect of Sanitary rately from adult paupers in district
Reform, the Equitable adjustment of schools, and the entire abolition of the
the Income-Tax, and Joint Stock law of settlement. In 1838 he ob-
Companies. He is a prize essayist tained the consent of the Poor-Law
and associate of the Institute of Civil Commissioners to a special inquiry
Engineers, and head of the firm of into the local and preventable causes
Chadwicks, Collier, and Co., account- of disease, and the improvement of
ants of London and Manchester. He habitations in the metropolis. This
erected and established the Maccles- inquiry, afterwards extended to the
field Free Library, and presented it whole of England and Wales, was
to the Corporation; and was one of undertaken by Mr. Chadwick in addi-
the founders of the Globe Cotton tion to his laborious duties as Secre-
Spinning and Manufacturing Com-tary to the Poor-Law Commission.
pany in that town. He married, first, From the former investigations pro-
Louisa, youngest daughter of William ceeded the Sanitary Report, pro-
Bow, Esq., of Broughton, and, second, posing a venous and arterial system
Ursula, eldest daughter of Thomas of water-supply and drainage for the
CHADWICK-CHALLEMEL-LACOUR.
213
great saving of time and expense and
improvement in mental and bodily
power obtainable thereby. In the
Transactions of the British Associa-
tion he published a paper read at
Oxford on the physiological as well
as the psychological limits to mental
labour.
|
improvement of towns, and works for
the application of sewage to agricul-
tural production. In 1843 he pro-
duced a report on interments in
towns, which laid the foundation of
legislative measures on that subject.
In 1839 Mr. Chadwick was appointed
on the Constabulary Force Com-
mission for the prevention of offences,
the detection of offenders, and the
organization of the police forces.
In 1848 he was appointed a Com-
missioner of the General Board of
Health for improving the supplies
of water, and the sewage, drainage,
cleansing, and paving of towns. Upon
the reconstruction of this Board, in
1854, when it was placed under po-
litical chiefs who are changed with
the Government, Mr. Chadwick re-
tired with a pension. In 1848 he was
honoured with a civil Companionship
of the Bath, and in 1854 his aid was
sought by Government in framing
measures for the improvement of the
civil service. He has since published
a paper on its reorganization, more
especially on the results of competi-
tive examinations for appointments,
and on the necessity of further securi-
ties to insure promotion in the public
service. He has published in the
Transactions of the Statistical Society
papers read there, and at the British
Association, on the principles of com-
petition for private as well as for pub-
lic service. In 1858 he read a paper
at the Liverpool meeting of the Asso-
ciation for the Promotion of Social
Science, on the application of sanitary
science to the protection of the Indian
army, which led to the appointment
of a commission on that subject. In
1859-60 he examined, in aid of the
Education Commission, and collected
evidence laid before Parliament, on
the results of good voluntary half-losophy to the Temps, the Revue
time schools, the effects of physical | Nationale, the Revue des Cours scien-
training, including the naval and tifiques et littéraires, the
Revue
military drill, in good district pauper Moderne, of which he became manager,
schools on the half-time system, the and the Revue des Deux Mondes. In
results of voluntary combinations of 1868 he established, in conjunction
educational means, and the division with Messieurs Brisson, Allain-Targé,
of educational labour, on the prin- and Gambetta, the Revue Politique,
ciples of the district schools and the of which he undertook the manage-
CHALLEMEL-LACOUR, PAUL
ARMAND, a French Senator, born at
Avranches (Manche), May 19, 1827,
studied at Paris, in the lyceum of
Saint Louis, entered the Normal
School in 1846, and was first in the
competition for graduation in philo-
sophy in 1849. He was sent as Pro-
fessor of Philosophy to the lyceums of
Pau and Limoges. Arrested and im-
prisoned after the coup d'état, and
then banished from France, he with-
drew to Belgium, where he delivered
lectures with success, and next to
Switzerland, where he was appointed
Professor of French Literature in the
"Polytechnicon " of Zurich. After
the amnesty he returned to his na-
tive country (1859), and contributed
articles on literature, art, and phi-
CHADWICK, THE RIGHT REV.
JAMES, D.D., an English Catholic
prelate, born at Drogheda, April 24,
1813, was educated at St. Cuthbert's
College, Ushaw, near Durham, where
he, at different times, filled the chairs
of Humanities, Mental Philosophy,
and Pastoral Theology. He also
laboured as a missionary priest in the
diocese of Hexham and Newcastle for
more than seven years; but being
subsequently recalled to his Alma
Mater, he remained there till 1866,
when he was appointed Bishop of
Hexham and Newcastle in succession
to the late Dr. Hogarth.
CHAILLU, PAUL B. DU. (See
DU CHAILLU.)
214
CHALLIS-CHAMBERLAIN.
memoirs. He has also written a work
on "The Principles of Pure and Ap-
plied Calculation, and the Applica-
tion of Mathematics to Theories of
the Physical Forces," 1869; and of “A
Translation of the Epistle of the
Apostle Paul to the Romans, with an
Introduction and Critical Notes," 1872.
Having vacated his Fellowship by mar-
riage in 1831, he was elected a second
time Fellow of Trinity College, in
1870. The honorary degree of LL.D.
was conferred on him by the Uni-
versity of Edinburgh, Aug. 1, 1871.
ment, and consequently underwent a
conviction for publishing the lists of
subscriptions for a monument to the
representative Baudin. Appointed
Prefect of the Rhône after the 4th of
Sept., 1870, he was called upon to
administer the affairs of the turbulent
city of Lyons in circumstances of
extreme difficulty. It is true that he
did not succeed in preventing ex-
cesses there, but it is urged on his
behalf that his authority was counter-
balanced and held in check by the
Committee of Public Safety. He re-
signed this office Feb. 5, 1871, and on
Jan. 7, 1872, he was elected Deputy
in the Radical interest for the
Bouches-du-Rhône. In the Chamber
he distinguished himself by his elo-
quence and his readiness and calmness
in debate. On Jan. 30, 1876, he was
elected a Senator by the department
of the Bouches-du-Rhône; his term
of office will expire in 1882. M.
Challemel-Lacour was one of the
founders, and is chief editor, of M.
Gambetta's organ, the République
Française. He has published "La
Philosophie Individualiste," an essay
on Humboldt, in the "Bibliothèque
de Philosophie Contemporaine," 1864;
a translation of Ritter's "History of
Philosophy," with an introduction,
3 vols., 1861; and he edited the works
of Madame d'Épinay, 2 vols., 1869.
CHAM, or AMEDEE DÉ NOÉ,
caricaturist, the son of a former peer
of France, the Count de Noé, was born
at Paris, Jan. 26, 1819. He was in-
tended for the Polytechnic School;
but, preferring to follow his tastes as
a painter, he entered the studio of
M. Paul Delaroche, afterwards that
of M. Charlet, and, under the latter,
developed his talent in grotesque
drawing. His first attempts under
the pseudonym of "Cham" (the
French spelling of Ham, one of the
sons of Noah), were made in 1842,
and soon became popular. He has
contributed numerous caricatures to
albums and almanacs, and especially
to the Charivari, most of which have
been collected in albums (1843-57).
Among the productions of his ready
pencil are The Great Exhibition in
London," and "Punch in Paris."
|
(C
CHALLIS, REV. JAMES, M.A.,
F.R.S., F.R.A.S., born in 1803,
was educated at Trinity College,
Cambridge, where he graduated as
Senior Wrangler and First Smith's
Prizeman, in 1825, and became Fellow
of his college. Ordained in 1830, he
was, in 1836, appointed Plumian Pro-
fessor of Astronomy and Experimental
Philosophy in the University of Cam-
bridge, and Director of the Cambridge
Observatory. In 1861 he resigned
the directorship of the Observatory.
In the same year he published "Crea-
tion in Plan and Progress," a reply to
Mr. Goodwin's treatise on the Mosaic
Cosmogony in the celebrated" Essays
and Reviews," and he is the author of
twelve volumes of astronomical ob-
servations, and of numerous scientific
CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH, M.P.,
eldest son of the late Mr. Josephi
Chamberlain, a member of one of the
City Companies, was born in London
in 1836. He was educated at Uni-
versity College School, and after-
wards became a member of a firm of
wood-screw makers at Birmingham
(Nettlefold and Chamberlain), which
his father had joined in 1854. He
retired from business in 1874 shortly
after the decease of his father. Mr.
Chamberlain had at this time ob-
tained a certain local celebrity in
consequence of his advanced Radical
opinions and the fluency of speech
with which he expressed them in one
of the Birmingham debating socie-
ties. In 1868 he was appointed
CHAMBERLAIN-CHAMBERS.
215
|
mittee of the Education League, and
in November of the same year a mem-
ber of the Birmingham Town Coun-
cil. In 1873 he became Chairman of
the Birmingham School Board, of
which he was first elected a member
in 1870. Mr. Chamberlain is also
an Alderman of Birmingham, and
was three times successively elected
Mayor of the Borough (1874-75-76).
His name was first brought before
the general public in Feb. 1874, when
he came forward, at the general elec-
tion, to oppose Mr. Roebuck at Shef-
field. He was not successful, the
numbers polled being 14,193 for
Roebuck, 12,858 for Mundella, and
11,053 for Chamberlain. In June,
1876, he was returned for Birming-
ham, to fill up the vacancy occa-
sioned by Mr. Dixon's retirement
from Parliamentary life. In the
House of Commons Mr. Chamberlain
has chiefly attracted notice by his
advocacy of the Gothenburg system
of licensing places where intoxicating
liquors are sold. He is in favour of
disestablishment and of compulsory
secular education. Mr. Chamberlain
has contributed several articles to
the Fortnightly Review, viz., "The
Liberal Party and its Leaders" (Sept.
1873); “ The Next Page in the Libe-
ral Programme" (Oct. 1874); and
"The Right Method with the Pub-
licans" (May, 1876). He is Presi-
dent of the Birmingham School of
Design and Chairman of the Na-
tional Education League.
Chairman of the first Executive Com- | In 1848 he was nominated by Lord
Dalhousie one of his aides-de-camp,
and commanded the 8th Irregular
Cavalry, attached to the army in
the Punjaub. In 1855, having pre-
viously discharged some important
civil duties as military secretary to
the Chief Commissioner (Sir John
Lawrence), he was placed in command
of a force of irregular troops, which
he retained until the breaking out
of the Indian mutiny. On the death
of Col. Chester before Delhi, Col.
Chamberlain (then brigadier-general)
succeeded to the post of Adjutant-
General of the Bengal Army, and
was severely wounded in the sortie
of July 18. He was nominated a C.B.
in 1857, and, in reward for his services
in the mutiny, was appointed aide-de-
camp to the Queen. He afterwards
gained distinction by his services
against the hill-tribes, and has been
wounded more frequently than any
other officer of his years and standing
in the service. He was advanced to
the rank of Lieutenant-General in
May, 1872; appointed Colonel of the
Bengal Infantry in May, 1874; a
member of Council of the Governor
of Madras in 1875; and Commander-
in-Chief of the Madras Army in Dec.
1875. In Aug. 1878, he was appointed
the head of the English special mis-
sion to Cabul. This mission was
abruptly stopped by the refusal of
the Ameer of Affghanistan's officer
at Ali Musjid to permit it to advance
(Sept. 21).
CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE
BOWLES, K.C.B., G.C.S.I., the second
son of the late Sir Henry Chamberlain,
Bart., (who was for some years Consul-
General and Chargé d'Affaires in
Brazil,) born at Rio, Jan. 18, 1820,
was appointed to the Indian Army in
1836. He served as a subaltern with
much distinction in Affghanistan
and Scinde, and was wounded at
Kandahar and at Ghuznee. In 1842
In 1842
he was attached to the Governor-
General's body-guards, and in 1843
appointed Deputy-Assistant Quar-
ter-master-General to the
to the Army.
CHAMBERS, SIR THOMAS, Q.C.,
M.P., son of Mr. Thomas Chambers,
born at Hertford, in 1814, was edu-
cated at Clare Hall, Cambridge, and
was called to the bar at the Middle
Temple in 1840. He represented the
borough of Hertford in the House of
Commons from July, 1852, to July,
1857. In the latter year he was
elected Common Serjeant of London,
and in 1861 he was appointed one of
Her Majesty's Counsel. In 1865 he
was elected one of the members for
Marylebone, which borough he has
continued to represent down to the
present time in the Liberal interest.
216
CHAMBERS.
In Parliament his name has been
principally identified with proposals
to subject convents to periodical in-
spection by paid officials of the State,
and with a measure for legalising
marriage with a deceased wife's
sister. He was knighted for his
judicial services in 1872, and elected
Recorder of London, Feb. 5, 1878, in
the room of Mr. Russell Gurney, re-
signed.
CHAMBERS, THE RIGHT REV.
WALTER, Bishop of Labuan and Sara-
wak, was for some time senior mis-
sionary at Borneo, and subsequently
archdeacon of Sarawak, and commis-
sary and examining chaplain to Dr.
Macdougall, the first bishop of Labuan,
on whose resignation, in 1868, he was
appointed to succeed him in the see.
He was consecrated in Westminster
Abbey, June 29, 1869. The diocese
consists of the island of Labuan and
its dependencies.
CHAMBERS, WILLIAM, LL.D.,
and ROBERT, the eminent publishers,
whose names and careers are so inti-
mately associated with each other,
that we reprint the joint memoir
which appeared in previous editions
of this work, although Mr. Robert
Chambers died on March 17, 1871.
They were born at Peebles, the former
in 1800, and the latter in 1802, of a
respectable parentage, and received a
good education at the schools of their
native town. Their parents having,
on account of reverses, returned with
their family to Edinburgh, the two
boys were thrown in a great measure
upon their own resources, and formed
the resolution to try, by industry, to
recover the ground which had been
lost, and to restore the family to
comfort. A love of reading induced
them to select the business of book-
selling, to which William served an
apprenticeship, from 1814 to 1819,
when he began business on his own
account in a very humble way, with
no other capital than a few shillings,
saved from his wages as an appren-
tice. About 1820 he added printing
to his small business, having taught
himself that craft, and obtained suffi-
cient capital to purchase an old hand-
press and some used types. The
larger kind of letters which he re-
quired, he managed to cut out of
pieces of wood. Robert began busi-
ness as a bookseller in 1818, in much
the same manner. Having a strong
literary bias, he made an essay as
an author, by commencing a small
periodical, called the Kaleidoscope,
which William set up in type, and
printed off himself. This publication,
after a short existence, was dropped,
in order to enable Robert, in 1823, to
write a volume, likely to be popular
""
""
"Illustrations of the Author of
Waverley," referring to the supposed
original characters of the novelist.
Immediately after the publication
of this work, he began to collect
materials for his "Traditions of
Edinburgh," which appeared at the
commencement of 1824, and has
passed through many editions. In
1826 Robert published the "Popular
Rhymes of Scotland; in 1827, his
"Picture of Scotland;" and shortly
afterwards, successively, five volumes
of histories of the "Scottish Re-
bellions," two of a "Life of James I.,
and three of "Scottish Ballads and
Songs." His 66
Biographical Dic-
tionary of Eminent Scotchmen," in
four volumes, was completed in 1835.
In the meantime, William published
in 1830 the "Book of Scotland,"
containing an account of the distinc-
tive usages, laws, social and educa-
tional system, religious and municipal
institutions of that part of the United
Kingdom. In 1829, the brothers, for
the first time, united in the production
of a
"Gazetteer of Scotland," which
was published in 1832, having been
written in the brief intervals of leisure
in their retail business. Robert also
wrote a "History of Scotland for
Juvenile Readers." In 1832 the
Edinburgh Journal was projected by
the elder brother, avowedly to "sup-
ply intellectual food of the best
kind, in such a form and at such a
price as to suit the convenience of
every man in the British dominions.”
On Feb. 4th-six weeks before the
|
CHAMBORD.
217
..
|
|
|
Penny_Magazine appeared-Cham- | Lord Provost of Edinburgh in 1869,
bers's Journal was in the hands of and received the degree of LL.D.
the public; and obtained a circula- from the University of Edinburgh in
tion of 50,000, which afterwards 1872. He published a memoir of his
rose much higher. Its success in- brother Robert (who, as has been
duced the Messrs. Chambers to join already mentioned, died on March 17,
in partnership. Animated by the 1871), together with autobiographical
same spirit, the brothers commenced, reminiscences in 1872; and Ailie
in 1834, the publication of "In- Gilroy," a novel, 1872.
formation for the People," a series CHAMBORD, HENRI-CHARLES-
of popular, scientific, and historic FERDINAND - MARIE - DIEUDONNÉ -
treatises; followed by the "Cyclo- D'ARTOIS, COMTE DE CHAMBORD and
pædia of English Literature," with DUC DE BORDEAUX, head of the
biographical notices of authors, and elder branch of the Bourbons, bor
extracts from their works ; "The in Paris, Sept 29, 1820, is son of
People's Editions of Standard English Prince Charles Ferdinand d'Artois,
Works,'
"The Educational Course" Duke de Berri, who was assassinated
(a library of classical and general in March, 1820, and of the Princess
knowledge), two series of "Tracts," of the two Sicilies, the famous Duchess
and, lastly, "Papers for the People." de Berri. He was baptised with great
William Chambers has published a pomp with water brought from the
volume of "Sketches in America." Jordan by Châteaubriand. "The child
Without having received any regular of miracle," as he was called, received
education in science, Robert, who the title of Count de Chambord from
from early life had a tendency to its the castle of that name, which was
study, produced several geological bought for him by public subscrip-
works. The latest of his historical tion. Although Charles X., soon after
works was the "Domestic Annals of the outbreak of the revolution of 1830,
Scotland;" after the publication of resolved to abdicate in his favour, and
which he edited the "Book of Days," in presence of the troops assembled
completed in 1863. In 1849 William at Rambouillet, made a proclamation
purchased the estate of Glenormiston, under the title of Henry V., the Duke
l'eeblesshire, where he interested him- de Bordeaux was compelled to quit
self in promoting public improve- the country. Having spent some time
ments. In 1859 he made the valuable at Holyrood, he travelled in Ger-
gift to Peebles of a suite of build-many, Lombardy, Rome, and Naples,
ings, consisting of a public reading- to complete his education. In 1843
room, a good library, a lecture-hall, | he resided in Belgrave Square, where
museum, and gallery of art, designated he made a kind of political début,
the "Chambers Institution;" and in claiming the crown of France, and
1864 he completed his "History of receiving, with all the etiquette of a
Peeblesshire. In 1865 he became court, such legitimists as Château-
Lord Provost of Edinburgh, in which briand, de Fitz-James, and Berryer.
capacity he organized and carried out In 1853 a compact was said to have
many useful measures of sanitary im- been concluded between the Count
provements. The brothers Chambers de Chambord and the princes of the
continued to act as editors of a variety house of Orleans, by which the claims
of useful popular works, their crown- of the elder and younger branches of
ing effort in cheap literature being the house of Bourbon were arranged ;
Chambers's Encyclopædia." At their but no attempt was then made to
establishment in Edinburgh nearly carry out the arrangement by putting
two hundred hands are employed, forward a candidate for the throne
and their premises in the High Street supported by both parties. In 1846 the
form one of the sights of that city. duke had married the Princess Maria-
Mr. William Chambers was re-elected Theresa, eldest daughter of the Duke
"
•
218
CHAMBORD.
of Modena. They have no children,
and it appears probable that the
Count will be the last of the elder
branch of the Bourbons. After the
disaster of Sédan, and the consequent
fall of the empire, the Count de
Chambord addressed, from the Swiss
frontier, under date Oct. 9, 1870, a
proclamation to France, in which
he promised that the foreigner should
be expelled from the country and the
integrity of its territory maintained
if the people would rally round him
"to the true national government,
having right as its foundation and
honesty as its principle." On Jan.
7, 1871, another proclamation, con-
taining a protest against the bom-
bardment of Paris, was addressed by
him to all the governments of Europe.
After the communist insurrection, the
meeting of the National Assembly at
Versailles, and the excitement pro-
duced by the speeches of the members
of the Extreme Right, the Count
issued, on the 8th of May, a manifesto
by which he endeavoured to dispel
the popular prejudices against the
"traditional monarchy," declaring
that so far from claiming unlimited
power, his only wish was to labour
for the re-organization of the country,
and "at the head of all the House of
France to preside over her destinies,
while submitting with confidence the
acts of the Government to the bonâ
fide control of representatives freely
elected." He admitted, besides, that
"the independence of the Holy See
was dear to him, and that he was
resolved to obtain for it efficacious
guarantees ;" and he added, "that
he was not a party, and that he did
not wish to return in order to reign
with a party;" also that he did not
"desire to excrcise any dictatorship
but that of clemency, because in his
hands, and in his hands only, cle-
mency was also justice. This
""
manifesto ended with the celebrated
phrase," The word rests with France;
the time with God." In another
proclamation, dated from Chambord,
July 5, 1871, he assumed for the first
time in a public document the title
of King. The repeal of the laws of
exile having permitted the Chief of
the House of Bourbon to return to
France, the Count visited Paris, and
stayed for some time at Chambord,
where many supporters of the Legiti-
mist cause waited upon him. Great
expectations
expectations were now entertained of
a fusion between the Legitimists and
the Orleanists, but these were rudely
dispelled by another manifesto in
which the Count de Chambord, while
admitting universal suffrage and con-
stitutional government with the two
Chambers, denied the legitimacy of
the conquests of the Revolution,
which he termed "a revolt of a
minority contrary to the wishes of
the country." Above all, he refused
to "allow the standard of Henry IV.,
of Francis I., and of Joan of Arc, to
be snatched from his hands ;" and
in conclusion he said, "Frenchmen!
Henry V. cannot abandon the White
Flag of Henry IV." At the same
time he announced his intention of
voluntarily withdrawing into exile
in order not to give, by his presence
in France, new pretexts for the agita-
tion of men's minds. Accordingly,
he went to Geneva, and from thence
to Lucerne. In Jan. 1872, the ru-
mour of a fusion between the two
branches of the royal family was
again revived. Journals, supposed to
be well-informed, even went so far
as to speak of the Count de Paris as
"the Dauphin," and hinted that
Henry V. would abdicate after reign-
ing a short time; but the Count de
Chambord formally contradicted all
such reports by a letter (Jan. 25, 1872),
in which he re-affirmed his fidelity to
his principles, and stated his deter-
mination never to abdicate or to be-
come "the Legitimist King of the
Revolution." In the following month
a document, the text of which was
kept secret, but which was, in fact,
a programme of a constitutional
government, was signed by 280
Deputies, and presented to the Count
at Antwerp, whither he had repaired
to receive the homage of his sub-
jects and the communications of his
CHAMPAGNY-CHANDLER.
219
friends; but the Liberals in the Bel-
gian Chamber complained of the
Count's presence in the country, and
he in consequence soon afterwards
retired to Frohsdorf. However, the
fusion of the two branches of the
family, so long delayed, was at last
accomplished on Aug. 5, 1873, when
the Count de Paris had an interview
with the Count de Chambord at
Frohsdorf, and acknowledged him as
the Head of the Royal House of
France. In that and the succeed-
ing month the belief that the restora-
tion of Henry V. to the throne of his
ancestors was at hand, spread all over
France. The Count de Chambord
received at Frohsdorf, Oct. 12, a
deputation from the Right Party in
the national assembly, and the dif-
ferent sections of that party held
meetings to consider the means of
re-establishing the monarchy. But
to the chagrin of his friends the
Count addressed to the Count de
Chesnelong, who had been the medium
of communication between him and
his adherents, a letter in which he
expressed opinions so reactionary
in their character as to render his
restoration impracticable. In this
letter, dated Salzburg, Oct. 27, he
declined to submit to any conditions
or to give any guarantees, and he
concluded as follows:-"My per-
My per-
sonality is nothing; my principle is
everything. France will see the end
of her trials when she is willing to
understand this. I am a necessary
pilot-the only one capable of guid-poraine, was elected a member of the
ing the ship to port, because I have French Academy in April, 1869.
for that a mission of authority. You,
sir, are able to do much to re-
move misunderstandings and prevent
weaknesses in the hour of struggle.
Your consoling words on leaving
Salzburg_are ever present to my
mind. France cannot perish, for
Christ still loves his Franks; and
when God has resolved to save a
people, He takes care that the Sceptre
of Justice is only put into hands
strong enough to hold it." The Count
de Chambord issued another manifesto
to the French people July 3, 1874.
CHAMPAGNY (COMTE FRANZ
DE), FRANÇOIS JOSEPH MARIE
THÉRÈSE DE NOMPÉRE, a French
publicist, born at Vienna, Sept. 10,
1804, being the second son of J. B.
de Champagny, one of Napoleon the
First's ministers, who was afterwards
created Duke of Cadore. Having
imbibed the political and religious
opinions of MM. Beugnot and Monta-
lembert, he warmly defended from
the clerical point of view, the cause
of liberty of teaching, in the columns
of the Ami de la Religion and the
Correspondant. Some of his communi-
cations were reproduced in a separate
form; such as "Un Mot d'un Catho-
lique," 1844; "Du Projet de Loi sur
la Liberté d'Enseignement," 1847;
"De la Propriété," 1849; "Du Ger-
manisme et du Christianisme," 1850 ;
"Les Premiers Siècles de la Charité,
1854; "De la Critique Contempo-
raine," 1864. His most important
literary production, however, is the
"Histoire des Césars," 4 vols.,
1841-43; 2nd edition, 1853; of which
a continuation appeared under the
title of "Les Antonins," 3 vols., 1863 ;
3rd edition, 1866. Among his other
works we may mention,-"L'Homme
à l'École de Bossuet," 2 vols., 1847,
being a collection of extracts from
the writings of the illustrious Bishop
of Méaux; and a French translation
of the "Letters and Speeches of
Donoso Cortès," 1850. The Count
Franz de Champagny, who was one
of the founders of the Revue Contem-
22
CHANDLER, CHARLES FREDE-
RICK, M.D., LL.D., born at Lancaster,
Massachusetts, Dec. 6, 1836.
He
studied at the Lawrence Scientific
School of Harvard College, and after-
wards at the Universities of Göttin-
gen and Bonn. In 1857 he was
placed in charge of the chemical de-
partment of Union College, and in
the next year was appointed to the
Chair of Chemistry in Columbia Col-
lege, New York. In 1864 he was
made Professor of Analytical Che-
mistry in the School of Mines in the
220
CHANNING-CHANZY.
|
pointed chemist to the New York
Metropolitan Board of Health, of
which he became President in 1873.
In 1870, in connection with his
brother, he established the American
Chemist, a monthly periodical, in
which the results of his principal in-
vestigations have appeared. He has
published, "Report on Water for Lo-
comotives," "Examination of Various
Rocks and Minerals," "Investigations
on Mineral Waters," and papers on
the water supply of cities, on petro-
leum, on the purification of coal-gas,
and has prepared the successive an-
nual reports of the Board of Health.
He has also contributed numerous
scientific articles to Johnson's "Uni-
versal Cyclopædia," 1874-77.
same college. In 1865 he was ap-in Washington. In the winter of
1869-70 he delivered a course of lec-
tures before the Lowell Institute at
Boston. Subsequently he returned
to England. He has contributed
largely to periodical literature; has
translated Jouffroy's "Ethics," 1840;
written a "Memoir of William El-
lery Channing," the noted Unitarian
clergyman, 1848 ; "Memoirs of
James H. Perkins," 1851; in con-
junction with Ralph Waldo Emer-
son and James Freeman Clarke,
"Memoirs of Margaret Fuller Ossoli,'
1852; "The Christian Church and
Social Reform;" and "The Perfect
Life," a posthumous volume of the
Sermons of William Ellery Channing,
with a preface, 1872.
CHANZY, ANTOINE EUGÈNE AL-
FRED, a French general, was born at
Nouart, a little village in the Ar-
dennes, March 18, 1823, and first
served in the navy as an apprentice
(novice) on board the Neptune, in
which capacity he accompanied the
squadron of Admiral de Lalande in
the East, in 1839 and 1840. On his
return to France, he quitted the navy
in order to prepare himself for the
École Militaire, into which he was
admitted on Oct. 1, 1841, and which
he left as sub-lieutenant of Zouaves,
Oct. 1, 1843. He served in Algeria,
and took part in all the expeditions
in that colony. He was promoted to
be lieutenant Aug. 1, 1849, captain
in 1852, and major in 1856. In 1859,
at his earnest request, he obtained
permission to make the Italian cam-
paign. Advanced to the rank of
lieutenant-colonel in 1860, he made
the campaign in Syria, as chief of the
political cabinet of General Beaufort
|
CHANNING, WILLIAM ELLERY,
born at Boston, June 10, 1818. He
entered Harvard College, but did not
graduate. In 1839 he removed to
Illinois, where for a year and a half
he lived in a log hut built by himself
on the open prairie. In 1842 he
returned to Massachusetts, and soon
afterwards married a sister of Mar-
garet Fuller. He has at various times
been connected with journals in Ohio,
New York, and Massachusetts, and
has travelled in Europe. He pub-
lished a volume of poems in 1843; a
second in 1847; a third, "The Wood-
man," in 1849; a fourth, "Near
Home," in 1858; and a fifth, "The
Wanderer," in 1872. He has also pub-
lished, in prose, "Conversations in
Rome," 1847; and "Thoreau, the
Poet Naturalist," 1873.
CHANNING, WILLIAM HENRY, a
cousin of the preceding, born in
Boston, May 25, 1810. He graduated
at Harvard College in 1829, and at
the Cambridge Divinity School in
Divinity School in
1833, and was ordained at Cincinnati
in 1855. He has been pastor of seve-
ral religious societies in America.
In 1857 he came to England, and
succeeded Mr. James Martineau as
minister of the Hope Street Unita-
rian Chapel in Liverpool. Returning
to America about 1866, he was for a
time minister of a Unitarian Church
'Hautpoul. He became colonel in
the month of May, 1864, and con-
ducted his regiment back to Algeria,
where he commanded at one time the
columns which were ordered to sup-
press the insurrection, and at another
the subdivisions at Bel-Abbès and
Tlemsen. On Nov. 14, 1868, he be-
came a general of brigade. Sum-
moned from Tlemsen to France on
the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian
CHAO PHA CHULALONKORN-CHAPMAN.
|
war, he was nominated general of
division Oct. 21, 1870; Commander-
in-Chief of the 16th Corps on the 5th
of the following month; and Com-
mander-in-Chief of the 2nd Army of
the Loire on the 6th of December.
The most trustworthy details of this,
the most remarkable period of his
eventful career, are given in a work
published by Gen. Chanzy at Paris in
1871, under the title of "La Deux-
ième Armée de la Loire." During
the Commune he was arrested in
Paris, and narrowly escaped the fate
which befel Generals Lecomte and
Clément Thomas. Elected a member
of the National Assembly for the
department of the Ardennes, he cast
in his lot with the Left Centre party,
of which he was elected president
May 10, 1872. On Sept. 1, 1872, he
was appointed Commander-in-Chief
of the 7th Army Corps at Tours, and
on June 11, 1873, Governor-general
of Algeria. Gen. Chanzy was made
a Grand Officer of the Legion of
Honour Dec. 2, 1870, and was deco-
rated with the military medal Feb.
13, 1872. On Dec. 10, 1875, he was
elected a Senator for life by 345
votes. He was presented with the
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
in Aug. 1878.
CHAO PHA CHULALONKORN,
first or principal King of Siam, se-
cond son of the preceding king, Chao
Pha Mongkout, was born Sept. 27,
1854, and ascended the throne on the
death of his father, Oct. 1, 1868.
During his minority the regency was
intrusted by the Royal Council to the
Minister of War, Chao Pha Sri Sury
Wongse.
|
CHAPIN, EDWIN HUBBELL, D.D.,
born in Union Village, New York,
Dec. 29, 1814. He was educated in a
seminary at Bennington, Vermont,
and commenced preaching in 1837, to
a congregation of Unitarians and Uni-
versalists at Richmond, Virginia. In
1840 he removed to Charlestown,
Massachusetts; in 1846 to Boston;
and in 1848 to New York, where he
has since resided, being in each city
a pastor of a Universalist congrega- |
tion. He has long had the reputa-
tion of being one of the most power-
ful and effective pulpit orators in
America; and is also a popular public
lecturer. He has published "Duties
of Young Men," "Duties of Young
Women," "Characters in the Gospels,
"Communion Hours," "Discourses
on the Lord's Prayer," "Crown of
Thorns,"
"The Beatitudes,'
"Moral
Aspects of City Life," "Humanity in
the City," "True Manliness," and
"Discourses on the Book of Pro-
verbs," 1874.
221
""
CHAPMAN, GENERAL SIR FREDE-
RICK EDWARD, G.C.B., son of
Richard Chapman, Esq., of Gatchell,
Somersetshire, was born in British
Guiana, in 1816.
After passing
through the Royal Military Academy
at Woolwich, he entered the corps of
Royal Engineers in 1835, became a
captain in 1846, a colonel in the army
in 1855, and a lieutenant-colonel of
the Royal Engineers in 1859. At the
commencement of the year 1854 he
was sent on a special mission to
Constantinople, and was employed
in surveying the positions in Turkey
previous to the arrival of the British
army in that country. Colonel Chap-
man was present at the battles of the
Alma and Inkermann, served through-
out the siege of Sebastopol, during
the early part of which he was
director of the left attack, and during
the latter part executive engineer to
the forces. As a reward for his
valuable services he received a medal
with three clasps, the Sardinian and
Turkish medals, the 3rd class of the
Medjidie, besides being appointed
a Companion of the Bath and an
Officer of the Legion of Honour. He
was made a Knight Commander of
the Order of the Bath in 1867, and
attained the rank of Major-General
the same year. Sir Frederick held
the post of Governor and Commander-
in-Chief of Bermuda from 1867 to
1870, and that of Inspector-General
of Fortifications and Director of
Works from the last date to 1875.
He became a Lieutenant-General in
the army, and a Colonel-Commandant
222
CHAPMAN-CHARLES I.
of the Royal Engineers in May, 1872 ;
and was advanced to the brevet of
General in Oct., 1877. In the latter
year he was created a G.C.B.
CHAPMAN, HENRY SAMUEL, a
Judge of the Supreme Court of New
Zealand, born in 1803, at Kennington,
in Surrey, was called to the bar in
1840, and joined the Northern circuit.
Previously to this, in 1832, he had
established the first daily newspaper
at Montreal. In 1834 he accepted a
political mission to England, and on
his arrival entered as a member of
the Middle Temple. Mr. Chapman
took the Liberal side in politics, and
for many years contributed regularly
to the Westminster, London and West-
minster, British and Foreign, and
Dublin Reviews. In 1838 he was
appointed one of the Assistant Hand-
loom Commissioners, and reported on
the Woollen Manufactories of the
West Riding of Yorkshire. In 1843
Mr. Chapman was appointed a Judge
of the Supreme Court of New Zea-
land, which office he held until 1852,
when he was appointed Colonial Se-
cretary of Van Diemen's Land, but
he did not hold that office long. In
1854 he settled in Melbourne, and
acquired a considerable practice at
the bar. He was for some years one
of the law lecturers at the Melbourne
University, had a seat in the As-
sembly, was twice Attorney-General,
and sat on the bench of the Supreme
Court during the absence of Sir Red-
mond Barry. In 1864 he returned
to New Zealand to fill the office of
Judge of the Supreme Court. Mr.
Chapman has never wholly abandoned
his literary pursuits, but has from
time to time contributed to the
Edinburgh Review, the Times, and the
Law Magazine.
CHAPMAN, THE RIGHT REV.
JAMES, D.D., late Bishop of Colombo,
born in 1799, was educated at Eton
and King's College, Cambridge, where
he graduated M.A. in 1826. He be-
came a Fellow of King's College, and
one of the masters of Eton; and in
1834 was appointed to the rectory of
Dunton-Waylett, Essex. In 1845 he
received the degree of D.D. from his
university, on being consecrated first
bishop of Colombo, and was after-
wards admitted ad eundem at Oxford.
Having resigned his see in 1862, he
has since been elected a Fellow of
Eton College, and was presented to
the rectory of Wootton-Courtney,
Somerset, in 1863.
CHARLES I. (PRINCE CHARLES
EITEL FREDERICK ZEPHIRIN LOUIS),
Domnu, or Prince Regnant of the
Danubian Principalities or United
Principalities of Wallachia and Mol-
davia, was born April 20, 1839, being
the second son of Prince Hohenzol-
lern-Sigmaringen, head of the second
of the non-reigning branches of the
princely house of Hohenzollern. He
was elected and proclaimed Prince
Regnant of Roumania, with heredi-
tary succession, by a plébiscite, taken
April 8-20, 1866, and definitely re-
cognized on Oct. 24 in that year by
the Sublime Porte and the guaran-
teeing Powers. The Prince had pre-
viously been a sub-lieutenant in the
2nd regiment of Prussian dragoons,
and it is believed that his candidature
for the throne of Roumania, which
had become vacant by the expulsion
of Prince Alexander John, was pro-
posed by Prussia, and supported by
her diplomatic action. His reign has
been marked throughout by internal
dissensions and parliamentary crises.
The unwarrantable persecution of the
Jews in Moldavia elicited indignant
protests from various foreign govern-
ments, who likewise complained that
bands of armed men were allowed to
be formed within the Roumanian ter-
ritory, with the object of creating dis-
turbances on the Lower Danube. The
disputes in the Roumanian Chamber,
and the incessant ministerial changes,
led to a dissolution of the Chamber of
Bucharest in 1869. A convention was
concluded between his Government
and the Czar, permitting the Russians
to cross the Danube in April, 1877.
The Roumanian army was then mo-
bilized, and war declared against
Turkey. In Sept. and Oct., 1877,
Prince Charles held the nominal
CHARLES I.-CHARNOCK.
|
command of the Army of the West,
and he fought at Plevna, where the
Roumanians behaved with great gal-
lantry, and suffered heavy losses.
He received, in acknowledgment of
his services, the cross of St. George,
from Alexander II., to whom he sent,
in return, the decoration of the Order
of the Star of Roumania.
|
LIE AUGUSTE VICTOIRE CLÉMEN-
TINE LEOPOLDINE, daughter of
Leopold I., King of the Belgians,
born June 7, 1840, was married July
27, 1857, to the ill-fated Maximilian,
afterwards Emperor of Mexico. In
the midst of his embarrassments,
Maximilian sent his empress to Paris
in 1866 to seek more effectual aid
from the Emperor Napoleon. She
failed entirely in her mission, and
proceeded to Italy, where her reason
gave way in consequence of the
troubles she had already undergone
and of those which she foresaw her
husband would experience. Her Ma-
jesty was removed to the palace of
Laeken, near Brussels, and it is said
that during lucid intervals she has
since employed her time in writing
Memoirs of the History of the Mexi-
can Empire. Her recovery is con-
sidered hopeless.
CHARLES I. (CHARLES FREDE-
RICK ALEXANDER), King of Würtem-
berg, eldest son of the late king, was
born March 6, 1823, and succeeded
to the throne June 25, 1864. He fol-
lowed the policy of his father on the
Schleswig-Holstein question, and
formed one of the Minor States party
in the Diet. His Majesty, who is a
Colonel of a Russian regiment of
dragoons, married, July 13, 1846, the
Grand Duchess Olga Nicolajewna,
daughter of Nicholas I., the late Czar
of Russia, and sister of the present
Czar. A treaty with Prussia was
concluded by the King of Würtem-
berg, Aug. 13, 1866.
|
CHARLES VII., KING OF SPAIN.
(See CARLOS, DON.)
are
CHARLESWORTH, MISS MARIA
LOUISA, the daughter of the late Rev.
John Charlesworth, B.D., formerly
rector of St. Mildred's, Bread-street,
London, was born in 1819. She is
the author of numerous works of fic-
tion, intended to illustrate the appli-
cation of religion to everyday life.
The best known of her publications
Ministering Children," "The
Female Visitor to the Poor," 1846;
"A Book for the Cottage," 1848;
"A Letter to a Child," "Letters to a
Friend under Affliction," 1849; "The
Light of Life, dedicated
dedicated to the
Young," 1850; ፡፡
Sunday Afternoon
in the Nursery," 1853; "The Sab-
bath Given the Sabbath Lost,"
1856; " England's Yeoman," 1861;
"The Sailor's Choice," 1863 ; "Minis-
tering Children, a Sequel," 1867;
"Where Dwellest Thou? Or, the
Inner Home," 1871; "Eden and
Heaven," 1872; and "Oliver of the
Mill," 7th ed., 1876.
CHARLOTTE, EX-EMPRESS OF
MEXICO (MARIE CHARLOTTE AMÉ-
223
CHARNOCK, RICHARD STEPHEN,
Ph.D., F.S.A,, born in London, on
Aug. 11, 1820, is the son of Richard
Charnock, Esq., of the Inner Temple,
barrister-at-law. He was educated
at King's College, London, and ad-
mitted an attorney in 1841. He has
travelled through the whole of Eu-
rope, and has also visited the North
of Africa and Asia Minor ; and has
devoted much time to the study of
anthropology, archæology, and philo-
logy, especially the Celtic and Ori-
ental languages. In 1871 Dr. Char-
nock was elected President of the
Anthropological Society of London,
and he is now President of the Lon-
don Anthropological Society. He is
a Fellow of the Society of Antiqua-
ries and of the Philological, Royal
Asiatic, and Royal Geographical
Societies; a member of the Royal
Society of Northern Antiquaries;
an honorary member of the An-
thropological Society of Paris, and
Doctor of Philosophy of the Univer-
sity of Göttingen. Among very
many contributions to philology,
anthropology, and science in general,
Dr. Charnock is author of "Guide to
Tyrol," 1857; "Local Etymology,"
1859; "Guide to Spain and Portugal,”
CHARTRES-CHASSEPOT.
"The
27
;
""
1865;
"Verba Nominalia," 1866; | M. Chasles published in 1837 an
"Ludus Patronymicus," 1868;
"Historical View of the Origin and
Peoples of Transylvania,' 1870 Development of Methods in Geo-
"Manorial Customs of Essex," 1870; metry," accompanied by a memoir
"Patronymica Cornu - Britannica, on geometry of great originality and
1870; "On the Physical, Mental, value. This was followed six years
and Philological Characters of the afterwards by a "History of Arith-
Wallons," 1871; "Le Sette Com- metic;" but his fame rests principally
mune," 1871; and "Bradshaw's Il-
on his geometrical writings, which
lustrated Handbook to Spain and Por- prove him to be a good analyst, and,
tugal," new edit., 1876.
perhaps, the first geometer of the
age. In 1852 he published his
"Traité de Géométrie Supérieure."
Between the years 1867 and 1870
M. Chasles obtained great notoriety
by his earnest defence of the authen-
ticity of a vast number of manu-
scripts and autographs of unknown
origin. The most important were
letters purporting to have been writ-
ten by Galileo, Pascal, and Sir Isaac
Newton, and if genuine, they would
have proved that the latter was a
mere plagiarist, and that the inven-
tions claimed by him were in reality
due to the author of the "Provincial
Letters." Many discussions were
held in the Academy on this subject,
and at last it was discovered that
nearly all the documents were forged
by one Vrin Lucas, who in Feb., 1870,
was brought before the 6th Chamber
of Correctional Police at Paris, and
charged with forgery and fraud. The
prisoner's avowals were of a most ex-
traordinary character. He admitted
that he had sold to M. Chasles, at
different times, no fewer than 27,000
documents, for which he had received
from that gentleman 140,000 francs.
Of the 27,000 documents which he
sold to M. Chasles only about 100
were genuine, the rest being produc-
tions of his own pen, although pur-
porting to be written by Julius Cæsar,
and other Roman emperors, by apos-
tles, and by poets and statesmen of
all ages, and had all been manufac-
tured by himself, without the
any other person, On Feb. 23 Lucas
was sentenced to two years' impri-
sonment.
224
CHARTRES (DUC DE), ROBERT
PHILIPPE - LOUIS - EUGÈNE - FERDI-
NAND D'ORLÉANS, younger son of the
late Duke of Orleans, and grandson
of the late Louis Philippe, was born
at Paris, Nov. 9, 1840. When only
two years old he lost his father, and
six years later the Revolution drove
him into exile. The young duke was
carefully brought up at Eisenach in
Germany, and afterwards joined his
family in England. He served in the
Federal army in the first campaign
of the American civil war in 1862.
He married, June 11, 1863, Fran-
çoise-Marie-Amélie of Orleans, eldest
daughter of the Prince de Joinville,
and has issue a daughter, born Jan.
13, 1865, and two sons, born respec-
tively Jan. 11, 1866, and Oct. 16, 1867.
After the Revolution of Sept. 4, 1870,
he returned incognito to France, and
served in Gen. Chanzy's army under
an assumed name; and, in 1871, when
the National Assembly had revoked
the law of banishment against the
Orleans family, he was appointed a
Major, and permitted to serve without
pay in the French army.
CHASLES, MICHEL, a distin-
guished French mathematician, born
at Épernon (Eure-et-Loir), Nov. 15,
1793, entered the Polytechnic School
in 1812, and has since been engaged
in writing upon geometry and me-
chanics. In 1841 he was appointed
Professor of Astronomy and Me-
chanics in that institution, and in
1846 called to the Professorship of
Higher Geometry, which had been
specially established for him by the
faculty of Sciences. Besides his nu-
merous and valuable contributions to
mathematical and scientific journals,
? ad of
CHASSE POT, ANTOINE AL-
PHONSE, a French inventor, born
March 4, 1833, the son of a working
CHATARD-CHEEVER.
gunsmith, to which trade he was him-
self brought up. Entering the Go-
vernment workshops, he was attached
in 1858 to that of St. Thomas, at
Paris, as Controller of the second
class; attained the rank of Controller
of the first class in 1861, and that of
Principal in 1864. The result of his
study of the mechanism of small arms,
especially of the famous Prussian
needle-gun, was the invention of the
Chassepot rifle, which was adopted by
the French army; and, according to
the official accounts, "did wonders"
against the Garibaldians at Mentana.
M. Chassepot was afterwards offici-
ally attached to the national manu-
factory of arms at Châtellerault, near
Poitiers. He took out patents for
his invention, and the royalty he re-
ceived on the rifles manufactured
brought him in a large income. He
was decorated with the Legion of
Honour in 1866.
|
|
CHATARD, THE RIGHT REV.
SILAS M., Bishop of Vincennes,
U.S., born in Baltimore in 1835, re-
ceived his early education at Mount
St. Mary's College, Emmetsburg,
Maryland, and subsequently studied
medicine at the University of Mary-
land, where he graduated in 1856.
He commenced practice as a physi-
cian in Baltimore; but at the end of
a year he felt himself strongly drawn
to the ecclesiastical state, and went to
Rome, where he entered as a student
in the College of the Propaganda.
He was ordained and took his de-
gree in Divinity in 1862. His
character was thought so highly of
by his superiors that Pope Pius IX.
appointed him Vice-Rector of the
American College, which was then
about two years in existence. When
the Rector, the Rev. W. McCloskey was
appointed to the bishopric of Louis-
ville, Mgr. Chatard succeeded to the
Rectorship of the College, which he
filled with much distinction down
to 1878, when he was appointed by
his Holiness Pope Leo XIII., to the
bishopric of Vincennes, Indiana,
Indiana,
United States, in the Consistory held
on March 28.
225
(See ERCKMANN-
CHATRIAN.
CHATRIAN.)
CHEETHAM, THE RIGHT REV.
HENRY, D.D., Bishop of Sierra Leone,
born at Nottingham, April 27, 1827,
was educated at Christ's College,
Cambridge (B.A. 1856, M.A.1859). He
was ordained in 1856 to the curacy of
Saffron Walden, Essex, and in 1858
presented to the vicarage of Quarndon,
Derbyshire, which he held till Sept.
1870, when he was nominated to the
bishopric of Sierra Leone, in succes-
sion to Dr. Beckles. He was conse-
crated in St. Paul's Cathedral, Nov.
30, 1870. Dr. Cheetham resigned
his see in 1873. He is the author of
"Ministerial Fruit proportionate to
Ministerial Faith ;"" Sermons," &c.
The diocese of Sierra Leone includes
all British possessions on the west
coast of Africa, between 20° of
north and 20° of south latitude, but
more especially the colonies of Sierra
Leone, the Gambia, and the Gold
Coast.
CHEEVER, GEORGE BARRELL,
D.D., born at Hallowell, Maine, April,
17, 1807. He graduated at Bowdoin
College in 1825, at Andover Theolo-
gical Seminary in 1830, and in 1832,
was ordained minister of a congrega-
tional church at Salem, Massachu
setts. In 1835 he published an
allegory, entitled "Deacon Giles's
Distillery," which dealt so severely
with the manufacture of liquors,
that a prominent distiller of the city
prosecuted him for libel, and he was
sentenced to a month's imprisonment.
After that he travelled for two or
three years in Europe and the East.
In 1839 he became pastor of a Pres-
byterian church in New York, and
engaged in several public discussions
on "Hierarchical Despotism," and
on Capital Punishment." In 1844
he again came to Europe as corre-
spondent of a religious newspaper,
the New York Evangelist, of which
he became, in 1845, the principal
editor. In 1846 he accepted the pas-
torate of the Congregational Church
of the Puritans, in New York, who
built for him a fine church edifice,
Q
(6
226
CHENERY-CHESNELONG.
""
and of this church he remained pastor
until 1868, when the lease of the
ground upon which the church was
built expired. Dissensions had in the
meanwhile sprung up, the church
was disbanded, and its house of
worship transformed into a mer-
cantile building. Among the writings
of Dr. Cheever are: "Common-place
Books" of prose and poetry, 1828-29;
"Studies in Poetry," 1830;
"Select Works of Archbishop Leigh-
ton," 1832; "Capital Punishment,"
1843; "Lectures on Pilgrim's Pro-
gress, 1844; "Wanderings of a
Pilgrim,” 1845-46; "The Hill Diffi-
culty," 1847 ; "Journal of the
Pilgrims at Plymouth, New Eng-
land, in 1620," 1848; "Windings of
the River of the Water of Life."
1849; "Voices of Nature," 1852;
"Powers of the World to Come,'
1853;
"Lectures on Cowper," 1856
"God against Slavery," 1857 ; "A
Voyage to the Celestial Country,"
1860 ;
"Guilt of Slavery," 1860;
and "Voices of Nature with her
Foster Child, the Soul of Man," 1863.
;
| Congress of Internationalists which
was held at Florence in Sept. 1878.
As an Oriental scholar, he is chiefly
known by his translation of "The
Assemblies of Al Harîri, with notes
historical and grammatical," 1867 ;
and by his edition of "Machberoth
Ithiel. By Yehudah ben Shelomo
Alkharizi," 1872. He is also the
author of various literary and poli-
thetical writings.
-
CHENERY, THOMAS, M.A., was
born in Barbadoes in 1826, received
his education at Eton, and at Caius
College, Cambridge, and was after-
wards called to the bar at Lincoln's
Inn. He was appointed the Lord
Almoner's Professor of Arabic at
Oxford in 1868 by Dr. Wilberforce,
Bishop of Oxford and Lord High
Almoner; was incorporated M.A. in
that university, and became a mem-
ber of Christ Church. In 1869 the
Sultan nominated him a member of
the second class of the Imperial
Order of the Medjidie; and in 1870
he was appointed by the Committee
of the Convocation of Canterbury one
of the revisers of the authorized trans-
lation of the Old Testament. Mr.
Chenery is Honorary Secretary to
the Royal Asiatic Society. He re-
signed the Lord Almoner's Profes-
sorship of Arabic in 1877, and soon
afterwards (in Nov. of the same
year) succeeded Mr. Delanc as editor
of the Times newspaper. He attended,
as one of the London delegates, the
-
CHERBULIEZ, VICTOR, Son of a
professor of Hebrew at Geneva, was
born in that city in 1832. His first
essay in literature was an antiquarian
trifle, entitled "A propos d'un Cheval
Causeries Athéniennes," 1860, re-
printed in 1864 under the title of
Un Cheval de Phidias." About
1862 he settled in Paris, where he
published a number of novels, many
of which appeared originally in the
columns of the Revue des Deux
Mondes. Among them are
"Le
Comte Kostia," 1863; "Le Prince
Vitale," 1864; "Paule Méré,” 1864;
"Le Roman d'une honnête Femme,"
1866; "Le Grand Euvre," 1867;
"Prosper Randoce," 1868; "L'Aven-
ture de Ladislas Bolski, 1869; "Le
Fiancé de Mademoiselle de Saint-
Maur," 1876; and "L'Idée de Jean
Têterol," 1878.
S
CHESNELONG, PIERRE CHARLES,
a French politician, was born at
Orthez (Basses-Pyrénées) April, 1820,
and educated at Pau. Formerly he
was a dealer in hams and tissues at
Bayonne, at first in partnership with
his father, but he afterwards handed
over the management of the business,
though still retaining an interest in
it, to his eldest son. In 1848 M. Ches-
nelong declared at a public meeting
that "the republican form of govern-
ment must be regarded as the only
possible one in the present and in
the future by all men who conscien-
tiously take account of the movement
of ideas and Providential progress
of facts." However he afterwards
changed his sentiments and in 1866
became an official candidate, under
the Empire, for the representation of
the second circonscription of the
CHESTER-CHEVALIER.
Basses-Pyrénées. His candidature | eloquence and enthusiasm in the
columns of the Globe, of which he
was editor. He joined in the schism
of the Père Enfantin, was one of the
preachers at Ménil-montant, and took
part in editing the "Livre Nou-
veau," the future gospel of the doc-
trines of the sect. For his share in
these proceedings he was condemned
to a year's imprisonment, as being
guilty of an outrage to public morals.
After six months' imprisonment, one
half of the sentence having been re-
he retracted, in the Globe, all
he had written against the Christian
religion, marriage, and social institu-
tions, and obtained from M. Thiers a
special mission to the United States
to study the system of railway and
water communications in that country.
The letters which during his journey
he addressed to the Journal des Dé-
bats attracted much attention, served
to remove many French prejudices on
industrial subjects, and were pub-
lished separately in 1836, under the
title of Lettres sur l'Amérique du
Nord." This brilliant work led to
his being intrusted with a second
mission to England, at the time of
the great commercial panic. On his
return from London in 1838, he pub-
lished "Des Intérêts Matériels en
France." This book, often reprinted,
contains a programme of great in-
dustrial improvements. In 1840 he
was made Professor of Political
Economy in the College of France.
In politics he was a doctrinaire, and
sat for a short time (1845-46) as a
member of the Chamber of Deputies.
Failing to be re-elected, he became
one of the most enthusiastic cham-
pions of free trade, and, assisted by
M. Bastiat, tried in vain to organise
a league similar to the Anti-Corn-
Law League. The revolution of 1848
caused him to lose his various ap-
pointments. He threw himself into
the ranks of the anti-revolutionists,
and replied to the attacks of the
Socialists on the doctrines of political
economy, and to those of his former
co-religionists, in his "Lettres sur
l'Organisation du Travail et la Ques-
was successful, and he was re-elected
in 1869. At the elections of Jan.
1872 he was again returned to the
National Assembly for the Basses-
Pyrénées, and he now took his seat
among the monarchical majority.
He acted a most prominent part in
the monarchical negotiations in Oct.
1873. A member of the Committee
of Nine he was sent to the Count de
Chambord, at Salzburg, in order to
arrange with him the conditions of a
monarchical restoration. M. Chesne-mitted,
long took back a satisfactory account
of his interview with the Pretender,
and preparations were being made
for the entry of the King into Paris
when the manifesto of the 27th of
October cast disorder and carried
desolation into the Legitimist camp.
At the general elections of Feb. 20,
1876, he was again chosen as Deputy
for the arrondissement of Orthez,
but the Chamber invalidated the
election, and when M. Chesnelong
sought the suffrages of the electors a
second time he was defeated by his
Republican opponent, M. Vignan-
court (May 21, 1876). M. Chesnelong
has taken a leading part in all Catho-
lic movements, both in and out of
Parliament. He accompanied the
pilgrimage to Paray-le-Monial, in
honour of the Sacred Heart, and he
subscribed the address of the Catholic❘
Deputies to Pope Pius IX. He was
president of the general assemblies
of the Catholic Committees of France,
held at Paris in 1874 and 1875. He
is Vice-President of the Conseil
Général of the Basses-Pyrénées.
CHESTER, BISHOP OF. (See
JACOBSON, DR.)
CHEVALIER, MICHEL, political
economist, born at Limoges, Jan. 13,
1806. At the age of eighteen he was
admitted into the Polytechnic School,
whence he passed to the School of
Mines, some days before the revolu-
tion of July. He was first publicly
employed as an engineer in the de-
partment du Nord. About this time
he became an ardent Saint-Simonian,
and advocated the cause with great
227
Q 2
228
CHEVREAU-CHEVREUL.
|
tion des Travailleurs," published in
1848. In 1851 he was elected into the
section of Political Economy in the
Academy of Moral and Political
Sciences. After the coup d'état, he
was restored to his professorship in
the College of France, and promoted
to the rank of Engineer-in-chief. In
1860 M. Chevalier assisted Mr. Cob-
den in carrying into effect the im-
portant commercial treaty between
France and England, and he acted as
president of the conference on Social
Science at Dublin, and was created
a senator, March 14, 1860. On Jan.
14, 1875, a convention was signed
between the French Minister of
Public Works, M. Caillaux, and a
society of capitalists presided over
by M. Michel Chevalier-the object
being the construction of a sub-
marine tunnel between France and
England. M. Chevalier is the author
of many works on political economy.
In addition to those already referred
to may be noticed his principal work,
"Cours d'Économie Politique," pub-
lished in 1842-50; "Essais de Poli-
tique Industrielle," in 1843; and "De
la Baisse Probable de l'Or," in 1859,
which was translated into English
by Mr. Cobden, under the title "On
the Probable Fall of the Value of
Gold." M. Chevalier published a
pamphlet, L'Expédition du Mex-
ique," in 1862, and "Le Mexique
Ancien et Moderne," in 1863. The
latter has been translated into Eng-
lish, and several of his other works
have been translated into English
and German. He was promoted
Grand Officer of the Legion of
Honour, Jan. 4, 1861.
(C
|
CHEVREAU, JULES HENRI, was
born at Belleville (Seine), April 28,
1823, and educated by his father,
who was then schoolmaster and after-
wards mayor at Saint-Mandé. Taking
to literary pursuits at an early age, he
published in 1844 "Les Voyageuses,"
à volume of poems written in conjunc-
tion with M. Laurent-Pichat. In 1848
he endeavoured to enter the Con-
stituent Assembly, but his candida-
ture was declared void, as he had not
attained the requisite age. Young
Chevreau was an active canvasser for
Prince Louis Napoleon at the election
for the Presidency, and soon after-
wards (Jan. 10, 1849) he was made
Prefect of the Ardèche. He applauded
the coup d'état of Dec. 2, 1851, and
his well-timed zeal was rewarded by
the post of Secretary-General of the
Home-Department. On resigning the
Prefecture of the Ardèche, he was
elected a member of the General
Council of that department. Subsc-
quently he became Prefect of Nantes
(1853), of the Rhône (1864), and of
the Seine, in succession to the famous
Baron Haussmann (Jan. 5, 1870).
When the first disasters of France in
the war against Germany compelled
the cabinet of M. Ollivier to make
way for the Palikao ministry, M.
Henri Chevreau was nominated Mi-
nister of the Interior.
While oc-
cupying this responsible position he
laboured energetically to organize
the Garde Mobile throughout the
country, caused 60 new battalions of
the National Guard to be formed in
Paris, and completed those which
already existed in the provinces.
After the battle of Sédan and the
Revolution of Sept. 4, 1870, he fled
to Brussels, and then joined the
Empress Eugénie in England, but he
subsequently returned to Paris. At
the elections of Feb. 20, 1876, he
unsuccessfully contested the second
circonscription of Privas. M. Henri
Chevreau was a senator under the
Empire, and is a Grand Officer of
the Legion of Honour.
CHEVREUL, MICHEL-EUGÈNE,
chemist, was born at Angiers, Aug. 31,
1786. Having completed his studies
in the Central School of that place,
at the age of nineteen he went to
Paris, where he was engaged in the
chemical factory of the celebrated
Vauquelin, who discovered in his
young pupil such aptitude and saga-
city, that he intrusted the direction
of his laboratory to him. In 1810 he
was preparator of the chemical course
in the Museum of Natural History,
and in 1813 was appointed professor
CHICHESTER-CHILD.
229
|
(C
in the Lycée Charlemagne and officer | £1,200. His lordship, who succeeded
of the university. In 1824 he was to the title as third earl, July 4, 1826,
made director of the dyeries and and is Lord-Lieutenant of Sussex,
professor of special chemistry in the takes an active part in the patronage
carpet-manufactory of the Gobelins, and management of many of the
where he had leisure to follow his leading religious and charitable so-
favourite pursuits into detail, of cieties connected with the Church of
one
which was his investigation of animal England.
oils, or grease. In 1823 M. Chevreul
published a work on this subject, for
which the Society for the Encourage-
ment of National Industry awarded
him the prize of 12,000 francs. M.
Chevreul has written various scientific
works, such as Leçons de Chimie
appliquée à la Teinture," published
in 1828-31; "De la Loi du Contraste,
&c.," in 1839; Théorie des Effets
Optiques que présentent les Etoffes
de Soie," in 1848; "De la Baguette
divinatoire, du Pendule, et des Tables
tournantes,” in 1854; and "Des Cou-
leurs et de leur Application aux Arts
Industriels, à l'aide des cercles chro-
matiques," in 1864. Some of these
have been translated into various
European languages. M. Chevreul
has contributed to the proceedings of
scientific societies, to dictionaries
and other works. In 1830 he suc-
ceeded his former master Vauque-
lin in the chair of Chemistry at the
Museum of Natural History, since
which time he has become Fellow of
the Royal Society of London and
President of the Society of Agricul-
ture. In 1864 he was appointed
Director of the Museum of Natural
History for five years, and in 1869
re-appointed for another quinquen-
nial period.
He was made Com-
mander of the Legion of Honour,
Sept. 24, 1844.
CHICHESTER, BISHOP OF. (See
DURNFORD, DR.)
CHICHESTER (EARL OF), THE
RIGHT HON. HENRY THOMAS PEL-
HAM, eldest son of the late earl, was
born Aug. 25, 1804, and educated at
Westminster School and Trinity Col-
lege, Cambridge. He was a Charity
Commissioner, one of the commis-
sioners of Pentonville Prison, and was
appointed, in 1850, First Commissioner
of Church Estates, with a salary of
|
CHILD, LYDIA MARIA, whose
maiden name was Francis, was born
at Medford, Massachusetts, Feb. 11,
1802. In early life she wrote "Hobo-
mok, a Story of the Pilgrims" (1824),
and "The Rebels" (1825). In 1826
she undertook the editorship of the
Juvenile Miscellany, the only perio-
dical of the kind in the United States,
which she conducted for eight years.
In 1828 she was married to Mr.
David Lee Child, of Massachusetts,
who died in September, 1874. Among
her earlier writings are "The Mother's
Book," and several female biogra-
phies, including the lives of Madame
de Staël, Madame Roland, Lady Rus-
sell, and Madame Guyon; "The His-
tory and Condition of Women," and
"Philothea, a Romance of the Times
of Pericles and Aspasia" (1836).
She early identified herself with the
Anti-Slavery cause, and in 1841 she
and her husband went to New York,
where they became co-editors of the
Anti-Slavery Standard, to which she
furnished a series of papers after-
wards republished under the title of
Letters from New York." Among
her later writings
|
"Spring
are
CHIGI (CARDINAL) HIS EMI-
NENCE, FLAVIO, was born at Rome of
a distinguished family, May 31, 1810,
took holy orders rather late in life,
and was appointed by the Pope to be
present at the coronation of the Em-
peror Alexander II., on which occa-
sion he was made Bishop of Mira.
Soon afterwards he succeeded Mgr.
di Lucca as Apostolic Nuncio in Ba-
varia, and at the close of 1861 he was
appointed Nuncio at Paris, in succes-
sion to Mgr. Sacconi, being received
in solemn audience by the Emperor,
Jan. 23, 1862. He was created a Car-
dinal, Dec. 22, 1873, and soon after-
wards was recalled from Paris.
230
CHILDERS-CHILDS.
">
Flowers;
"Fact and Fiction "
(1846); "Flowers for Children "
(1852);
"Isaac T. Hopper: a True
Life (1853); "The Progress of
Religious Ideas," 3 vols. (1855);
“Autumnal Leaves" (1860); "Look-
ing towards Sunset" (1860); and "A
Romance of the Republic" (1867).
|
|
""
CHILDERS, THE RIGHT HON.
HUGH CULLING EARDLEY, M.P.,
F.R.S., was born in Brook Street,
London, June 25, 1827, being the
only son of the late Rev. Eardley
Childers, of Cantley, Yorkshire, by
Maria Charlotte, eldest daughter of
the late Sir Culling Smith, Bart., of
Bedwell Park, Hertfordshire. His
education, commenced at Cheam
School, was completed at Trinity
College, Cambridge, where he gra-
duated as fourteenth Senior Optime
in 1850. In that same year he mar-
ried Emily, third daughter of George
I.A. Walker, Esq., of Norton, Worces-
tershire. (She died in 1875.) Before
the year 1850 was out, Mr. Childers,
with his young wife, set sail for Aus-
tralia. Immediately on his arrival
there he became a member of the
then recently established Government
of Victoria. With that Government
he was connected till the beginning
of 1857, having held the office of
Commissioner of Trade and Customs
in the first cabinet, and having been
member for Portland in the Legis-
lative Assembly. He returned to
England in 1857, as Agent-General
for the colony, and in that year pro-
ceeded to the degree of M.A. at Cam-
bridge. He also became a student
of Lincoln's Inn, but he was never
called to the bar. In 1859 he was an
unsuccessful candidate for Pontefract.
On a petition, which was withdrawn,
and afterwards became the subject
of special inquiry by a select com-
mittee, he unseated his opponent,
was returned at the new election in
Feb. 1860, and has continued to re-
present this borough in the Liberal
interest. Mr. Childers was chairman
of the Select Committee on Trans-
portation in 1861, and a member of
the Commission on Penal Servitude
in 1863; his recommendations with
respect to transportation having been
eventually adopted by the Govern-
ment. He became a Lord of the
Admiralty in April, 1864, and Finan-
cial Secretary to the Treasury in
Aug. 1865, retiring on the accession.
of Lord Derby's third administration
in 1866. In 1867 he was nominated
a Royal Commissioner to investigate
the constitution of the Law Courts.
On Mr. Gladstone coming into power
in Dec. 1868, Mr. Childers was nomi-
nated First Lord of the Admiralty,
which office he was compelled by ill-
health to resign in March, 1871.
While at the Admiralty Mr. Childers
made changes, in 1869, which tended
to subordinate the members of the
Board more effectually to the First
Lord, constituting him, in effect,
Minister of Marine; and to render
departmental officers at once more
individually responsible and more
intimate with the controlling mem-
bers of the Board. In Jan. 1872,
Mr. Childers again accepted the post
of Agent-General in this country for
the colony of Victoria. He was ap-
pointed Chancellor of the Duchy of
Lancaster in Aug. 1872. His re-elec-
tion for Pontefract on this occasion
is memorable as being the first Par-
liamentary election that took place
in England by ballot. He only held
the Chancellorship of the Duchy of
Lancaster for one year, retiring in
Aug. 1873, when Mr. Gladstone's ad-
ministration was remodelled. Mr.
Childers, who was elected a Fellow
of the Royal Society, Jan. 16, 1873,
is the author of pamphlets on Free
Trade, Railway Policy, and National
Education. He is, or has been, the
Chairman of the India Peninsula
Railway Co., and a Director of the
London and County Bank, the Bank
of Australia, the Royal Mail Steam
Packet Co., and the Liverpool and
London and Globe Insurance Co.
CHILDS, GEORGE WILLIAM, born
at Baltimore, Maryland, about 1830,
entered the United States Navy at
the age of thirteen, and spent fifteen
months in the service. He then
CHINA-CHRISTIAN IX.
231
Chodzko became a member of the
Polish National Committee. Since
that period he has devoted himself
entirely to literary labours connected
with his country. He edited the
poems of Adam Mickiewicz, and the
settled in Philadelphia, where he ob-
tained employment as a shop-boy in
a bookstore. At the age of eighteen,
having saved a few hundred dollars,
he set up in business for himself, and
before he was twenty-one he became
a member of the publishing firm of
Childs and Peterson. On Dec. 5,
1864, he purchased the Philadelphia
Public Ledger, a daily paper, which,
under his management, became a
very influential and widely-circulated
journal. For this paper a magnificent|
office was built at the corner of Sixth
and Chestnut Streets, and opened on
June 20, 1867. A full account of the
proceedings on that occasion is given
in a handsomely-printed 8vo volume,
entitled "The Public Ledger Build-
ing, Philadelphia," 1868.
|
Euvres complètes de Kiasicki,"
and wrote the life of Poniatowski,
under the title, "Poniatowski, Hâtons-
nous," which appeared in 1831. He
published Une Esquisse Chrono-
logique de l'Histoire de la Littérature
Polonaise" in 1829; "Les Polonais
en Italie," a new edition of Mal-
tebrun's Tableau de la Pologne,
Ancienne et Moderne," in 1830; and
the "Biographie du Général Kosciu-
sko" in 1839. He assisted Miero-
lawski in his "History of Poland"
(1847-48), and bore the chief share
in the preparation of "La Pologne
Historique, Littéraire, Monumentale,
et Pittoresque (1837-47), a work
which has gone through many edi-
tions; the "Histoire de Pologne
(1855), and the "Histoire de Tur-
quie" (1855). Chodzko has been a
contributor to the Globe, the Cour-
rier Français, and the Constitution-
nel; is a member of several learned
societies; and was decorated with the
Legion of Honour, Aug. 13, 1861.
CHRISTCHURCH, BISHOP
(See HARPER, DR.)
CHINA, BISHOP OF. (See RUS-
SELL, W. A.)
""
**
CHODZKO, JACOB LEONARD
BOREYKO, historian, was born at
Oborek, in the palatinate of Wilna,
in Poland, Nov. 6, 1800. At Wilna he
pursued the study of history, mainly
under Lelewel. In 1819 he accom-
panied Prince Michael Oginski, as
secretary, in his travels through
Russia, Germany, England, and
France, and in 1826 took up his
residence in Paris, where, in the
following year, he published the
"Memoirs of Oginski," to which, as
an introduction, he furnished • Ob-
servations sur la Pologne et les
Polonais." He began to make collec-
tions for a history of Poland from the
time of Augustus III.; having pub-
lished, in 1829, a history of the ser-
vices of the Polish legions in Italy
under Gen. Dombrowski. This work
gained him a considerable reputation
in Poland and France. During the
revolution of July, Chodzko was ap-
pointed by Gen. Lafayette as his aide-
de-camp; and during the Polish re-
volution the general government gave
him full powers to watch and further
its interests in France. He became
a member of the Franco-Polish and
American-Polish Committees, in both
of which he was very active. When
the Polish refugees arrived in France,
|
CHRISTIAN IX., KING OF DEN-
MARK, fourth son of the late Duke
William, of Schleswig-Holstein-Son-
derburg-Glücksburg, was born April
8, 1818. Before his accession to the
crown, he was Inspector-General and
Commander-in-Chief of the Danish
Cavalry, and in 1842 married a daugh-
ter of the Landgrave William of Hesse-
Cassel, by whom he has had several
children, and among them the Princess
Alexandra of Wales, and the Princess
Dagmar, married to the Czarewitch in
1866. The succession was vested in
him by the protocol of London, May 8,
1852, and he ascended the throne on
the death of Frederic VII., Nov. 15,
1863. On his accession, the position
of affairs with respect to Schleswig-
Holstein was completely changed.
The son of the duke of Augustenburg
|
|
OF.
<<
232
CHRISTIAN-CHRISTISON.
Stockholm, on July 28, 1869, was
hailed as a pledge of union between
the two countries.
His Majesty
granted a new constitution to Iceland,
which came into operation in August,
1874, that being the thousandth year
of Iceland's existence as a nation.
He went to Reikiajvik on the occa-
sion of the anniversary being cele-
brated, and on his return paid a
flying visit to Leith and Edinburgh
(Aug. 18, 1874).
immediately laid claim to the sove-
reignty of the duchies, although his
father had for a compensation resign-
ed all his rights in 1852. The inde-
pendence of Holstein more especially,
and of a portion of Schleswig, was
warmly espoused by the German Diet,
which forthwith ordered the advance
of a Federal army to occupy the de-
batable territory, for the purpose of
enforcing its enfranchisement from
Danish rule. Before matters had
proceeded far, Austria and Prussia
determined to interfere, and by a
combined armed occupation of the
disputed territory to bring the ques-
tion to an issue independently of the
Diet, and in opposition to the wishes
of that body. They accordingly in-
vaded the duchies, which, after a hotly
contested campaign, they succeeded
in wresting from Denmark, and taking
temporary possession of Jutland.
Christian IX., disappointed in not ob-
taining assistance from some European
power, after the failure of the con-
ference convened in London in 1864,
-which failure was in some measure
attributable to the obstinacy of the
Danish Government,-entered into
negotiations for peace with Prussia
and Austria, and a treaty was signed
at Vienna, Oct. 30, 1864. The king of CHRISTISON, SIR ROBERT, Bart.,
Denmark renounced all his rights to M.D., F.R.S., born July 18, 1797, is
Schleswig-Holstein and Lauenburg, son of the late Alexander Christison,
and in 1866 the two German powers Professor of Humanity in the Uni-
quarrelled over the spoil. Since then versity of Edinburgh, and twin
his Majesty has sought to develop the brother of the Rev. Alexander Chris-
interior resources and popular institu- tison, of Foulden, Berwick, well
tions of his country. A new constitu- known, north of the Tweed, as a man
tion was inaugurated in Nov., 1866, of fine taste and elegant scholarship.
when the King opened the first Rigs- In 1811 he became a student at the
dag, the members of which were University, and passed through both
elected in accordance with the new the literary and the medical curri-
electoral law. The army and navy culum. After graduating in 1819, he
have also been thoroughly reorganised, proceeded to London and Paris, and
agriculture and commerce have re- in the French capital, under the cele-
ceived a great stimulus, and several | brated M. Orfila, applied himself to
railways have been constructed. the study of toxicology, a department
Christian IX. and Queen Louise visited of medical science in which he is
the Princess of Wales at Marlborough deservedly famous. Soon after re-
House, London, in March, 1867. The turning from the continent, Dr. Chris-
marriage of the Crown Prince of tison commenced practice in Edin-
Denmark with the Princess Louisa, burgh, in 1822 was appointed Pro-
daughter of the King of Sweden, at fessor of Medical Jurisprudence in
CHRISTIAN (PRINCE), HIS
ROYAL HIGHNESS FREDERICK-
CHRISTIAN CHARLES - AUGUSTUS,
PRINCE OF SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN,
known in this country as Prince
Christian, brother of Duke Frederick
Christian Augustus, of Schleswig-
Holstein - Sonderburg - Augustenburg,
born Jan. 22, 1831, married at Wind-
sor Castle, July 5, 1866, Helena Au-
gusta Victoria, Princess of Great
Britain and Ireland, and Duchess of
Saxony, who was born May 25, 1846.
Prince Christian, who is a General in
the British army, received the title of
Royal Highness by command of Her
Majesty, and was made a Knight of
the Garter in July, 1866. He received
the Order of St. Catharine from the
Emperor of Russia in May, 1874.
|
-
CHURCH-CIALDINI.
|
His "Tropical Scenery," painted from
sketches made during a trip in the
West Indies, was exhibited in New
York in 1873. He resides at Hudson,
New York, but has a studio in New
York city.
|
the University, and was promoted in
1832 to the chair of Materia Medica,
which he resigned in April, 1877.
Dr. Christison has contributed various
articles to medical journals, and has
published several books, of which a
Treatise on Poisons" is recognised
as the standard work on the subject,
and enjoys a European reputation.
At Palmer's trial, in 1856, Dr. Chris-
tison came to London and gave valu-
able evidence. Lord Campbell com-
plimented him on the occasion, and
the ability he displayed was univer-
sally recognised. Sir R. Christison has
twice been President of the Royal
College of Physicians, Edinburgh,
and is Ordinary Physician to the
Queen for Scotland. He received the
degree of D.C.L. from Oxford in 1866;
was created a baronet in November,
1871; and received the degree of
LL.D. from the University of Edin-
burgh in 1872.
CHURCH, THE VERY REV.
RICHARD WILLIAM, M.A., was born
in 1815. After a distinguished career
at the University of Oxford, he took
his degree in first-class honours in
1836, and shortly afterwards became
a Fellow of Oriel College. In 1854
he published a volume of essays,
which stamped him at once as one of
the most cultivated scholars, and
most graceful writers of the day.
Two of the essays in the volume are
a review of St. Anselm's life, and
have since been expanded into a
"Life of St. Anselm," and published
as a separate volume. In 1869 Mr.
Church published a volume of Uni-
versity Sermons on the relations
between Christianity and civiliza-
tion, which attracted a good deal of
attention. He was appointed Dean
of St. Paul's, Sept. 6, 1871. Since
then he has published "Civilization
before and after Christianity," 1872;
"Some Influences of Christianity upon
National Character," 1873;
"Sacred
Poetry of Early Religions," 1874 ;
Beginning of the Middle Ages," in
"Epochs of Modern History," 1877;
and "Human Life and its Conditions:
Sermons preached before the Univer-
sity of Oxford in 1876-1878, with
three Ordination Sermons," 1878.
CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN,
born at Hartford, Connecticut, May
14, 1826. He early developed a fond-
ness for art, and became a pupil of
Thomas Cole. Among his first
notable works were some views in
the Catskill Mountains. In 1853 he
visited South America, and in the
magnificent scenery of the Andes
found ample scope for the brilliancy
of colouring, which characterises all
his subsequent works. In 1857 he
completed a large painting, "View
of Niagara Falls from the Canadian
Shore," which at once gave him a
high rank among landscape artists;
this was reproduced on a larger scale
in 1868, and was exhibited both in
England and the United States. He
again visited South America in the
autumn of 1857, and on his return
finished his great picture," The Heart
of the Andes." He has since painted
Cotopaxi," "Morning," "On the
Cordilleras,” “Under Niagara," "The
Icebergs," and "Sunset on Mount
Desert Island." In 1868 he visited
Europe and the Holy Land; among
the paintings inspired by this visit
are "Damascus," 1869; "Jerusalem,"
1870; and "The Parthenon," 1871.
(C
233
66
CIALDINI, ENRICO, an Italian
general, born at Lombardina, a
country seat in Modena, Aug. 8, 1811,
marched with Gen. Zucchi to aid the
Romagna insurrection at Bologna, in
1831, and after the Austrian inter-
vention into Central Italy he was com-
pelled to emigrate. He went to
Paris, where he studied chemistry
under M. Thénard, and was preparing
to study medicine, when he accepted
a proposal made to go to Spain as a
soldier, and took part in the war of
succession. When the revolution of
1848 broke out, he was a lieutenant-
colonel in the Spanish service. M.
-
234
CISSEY.
Mazzini recommended Col. Cialdini to|
the Provincial Government of Milan,
which was in want of officers, and a
letter from the secretary of that go-
vernment reached him in Aragon.
Col. Cialdini obeyed the call; but on
arriving at Milan, he found Lombardy
under the rule of Charles Albert. It
was not the moment for hesitating
the king had just been beaten, and
Italy was about to become a prey to
Austria. Col. Cialdini joined the
corps of Gen. Durando and marched
on Vicenza, where he received three
dangerous wounds, which for a year
reduced him to a state of helplessness.
Col. Cialdini was sent, in 1855, to the
Crimea by the Sardinian Government
with the rank of general, and played
a distinguished part in the battle of
the Tchernaya. In the war in Italy,
in 1859, Col. Cialdini was the first in
the allied army who fired a shot at the
enemy, executing the passage of the
Sesia under the fire of the Austrians,
whom he drove from their position.
This corps d'armée then went into the
mountains to act in the Tyrol. The
peace of Villafranca checked him in
his career. In 1860 he defeated the
Papal army under Gen. Lamoricière
at the battle of Castelfidardo ; in 1861
he took Gaeta after a bombardment
of seventeen days, and captured the
citadel of Messina a fortnight later.
He had been made a major-general
after the campaign of the Umbria,
and after his capture of Messina the
king nominated him general of the
army, a rank equivalent to that of
field-marshal. In 1861 he was
appointed Viceroy of Naples, with
full power to suppress brigandage, a
'mission which he discharged success-
fully. Gen. Cialdini, who has re-
ceived various orders, was made a
senator in March, 1864, and took a
prominent part in the campaign
in the campaign
against Austria in 1866. In Oct.,
1867, he was appointed Italian Minis-
ter to the Court of Austria, but he
never proceeded to Vienna, and in the
following January he formally re-
signed the appointment. On the
resignation of M. Ratazzi, in Oct.,
1867, the king intrusted General
Cialdini with the formation of a ca-
binet on the basis of the strict main-
tenance of the September Convention
with France, in regard to the integrity
of the Papal territory. In this under-
taking, however, he was unsuccessful.
Soon afterwards he was nominated
Commander-in-Chief of the troops in
Central Italy. In 1870 he was en-
gaged in the invasion of the State of
the Church, and its annexation to the
kingdom of Italy. He was sent as
ambassador to Paris in July, 1876.
CISSEY, ERNEST LOUIS OCTAVE
COURTEL DE, a French general, de-
scended from a noble family in Bur-
gundy, was born at Paris, Dec. 23,
1811. He received his professional
training in the Military School of
Saint-Cyr, was made a lieutenant in
1835, and became aide-de-camp to
General Trézel. Having served with
distinction in Africa, he was deco-
rated with the Legion of Honour after
the capture of Constantine, and ad-
vanced to the rank of staff-captain,
July 27, 1839. Subsequently he
served in the Crimea, was present at
the battle of Inkermann, and was ap-
pointed General of Brigade, March 18,
1854. In 1863 he was nominated a
General of Division, and received the
command of the 11th division of the
army, the head-quarters of which are
at Rennes. When war was declared
against Germany in July, 1870,
General de Cissey was intrusted with
the command of the first division of
the Fourth Army Corps, which formed
part of the army of Metz. He dis-
tinguished himself in several of the
engagements which took place near
that fortress. When Marshal Bazaine
announced his intention of capitu-
lating, General de Cissey earnestly
besought him, but in vain, to make
one more desperate effort to break
through the German forces. After
the capitulation, General de Cissey
was sent into Germany as a prisoner
of war. On his liberation he repaired
to Versailles, was elected a member
of the National Assembly, obtained
the command of the Second Corps,
CLARETIE-CLARK.
and took a leading part in the sup-
pression of the Communist insurrec-
tion. On July 5, 1871, he was ap-
pointed Minister of War, in succession
to General Le Flô, and while holding
this office he rendered valuable as-
sistance to M. Thiers in his efforts to
reorganize the army.
He did not
hold office in the Duke de Broglie's
cabinet, but afterwards he was again
appointed Minister of War. He re-
signed his portfolio in Aug., 1876,
and was succeeded by General Ber-
thaut.
(C
manded the second battalion of the
volunteers of the National Guard,
which was dissolved by General
Clément Thomas when those volun-
teers were replaced by the mobilised
National Guards. M. Jules Claretie
was present at nearly all the engage-
ments which took place under the
walls of Paris, and on Jan. 20, 1871,
in the capacity of an officer of the
staff, he negotiated with the aide-de-
camp of the Crown Prince of Prussia
the truce which gave an opportunity
for removing the dead from the field
of battle at Buzenval. At the general
elections of Feb. 8, 1871, he stood as
a candidate in the department of
Haute-Vienne, in the republican
interest; but being unsuccessful, he
resumed his journalistic and literary
pursuits. Among his works are,
"Une Drolesse," 1862; "Piérille,"
1863 ; "Les Ornières de la Vie,"
1864;
"Les Victimes de Paris,"
1864 ; "Les Contemporaines oubliés :
Elisa Mercœur, Georges Farcy, Al-
phonse Robbe,
1864 ; "Voyages
d'un Parisien," 1865; "Petrus Borel
le Lycanthrope, sa vie et ses œuvres,"
1865; "L'Assassin," 1866, after-
wards republished under the title of
"Robert Burat "Mademoiselle
Cachemire," 1867 ; "La Libre Parole,”
a collection of lectures, 1868 ; “ Made-
leine Bertin," 1868, a political novel,
which was a great success ; "Histoire
de la Révolution de 1870-71 ;
Derniers Montagnards; "Les Mus-
cadins;" "Le Beau Solignac ; "Le
"Le Train 17
Renégat ;'
"Mo-
lière et ses œuvres ; "La Vie
Moderne au Théâtre "Cinq ans
après l'Alsace et la Lorraine de-
puis l'annexion; "Les Prussiens
chez eux; aud "La Guerre Na-
tionale, 1870-71." M. Jules Claretie
has also written several pieces for the
stage.
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CLARETIE, JULES ARNAUD
ARSÈNE, a French writer, born
at Limoges, Dec. 3, 1840, was
educated in the Bonaparte Lyceum,
at Paris. Adopting literature as a
profession, he contributed a very
large number of articles to various
French and Belgian journals, includ-
ing the Patric, the France, the Revue
Française, the Figaro, and the Inde-
pendance Belge. "In 1866 he followed
in Italy the campaign against Austria,
in the capacity of correspondent of
the Avenir National. Two series of
lectures, delivered by him at Paris in
1865 and 1868, were interdicted by
the Imperial authorities. In 1869 he
was condemned to pay a fine of 1000
francs for having described, in the
Figaro, under the pseudonym of
Candide," the double execution of
Martin, called Bidauré, by order of
the Prefect Pastoureau, in the depart-
ment of the Var. The following
year he succeeded M. Francisque
Sarcey as dramatic critic of the
Opinion Nationale, and subsequently
he followed the French army to
Metz, and sent letters from the seat
of war to the Opinion_Nationale, the
Illustration and the Rappel. After
the fall of the Empire he was ap-
pointed by M. Gambetta to the post
of secretary of the Commission of the
papers of the Tuileries; but he soon
resigned this office, and he was next.
charged by M. Etienne Arago,
Mayor of Paris, with the duty of
organising a library and lecture-hall
in each of the twenty arrondissements the first medals in anatomy, physio-
of Paris. For a very short time he com-legy, chemistry, botany, materia
CLARK, ANDREW, M.D., born on
Oct. 28, 1826, was educated first at
Aberdeen, and afterwards at Edin-
burgh. In the extra - academical
Medical School of this city he gained
235
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•
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236
CLARK.
|
medica, surgery, pathology, and prac-
tice of physic. For two years he
assisted Dr. Hughes Bennett in the
pathological department of the Royal
Infirmary, and was demonstrator of
anatomy to Dr. Robert Knox in the
final course of lectures delivered by
that celebrated anatomist. For four
years Dr. Clark had charge of the
pathological department of the Royal
Naval Hospital at Haslar, where he
delivered lectures on the use of the
microscope in practical medicine. In
1854 he took his degree of M.D. at
the University of Aberdeen, settled in
the metropolis, became a member of
the Royal College of Physicians in
London, and was elected on the staff
of the London Hospital. In 1858 Dr.
Clark was made a Fellow of the Col-
lege of Physicians, in which he has
held the offices of Croonian Lecturer,
Councillor, and Examiner in Medi-
cine. He has been also Lettsomian
Lecturer and President of the Medical
Society of London. Dr. Clark origin-
ally intended to devote himself exclu-
sively to the cultivation of pathology;
but turned by the force of circum-
stances from the course on which he
had entered, he has been now long
occupied in the work of a practical
physician. He is the author of nu-
merous essays, lectures, and reviews,
the professional portion of which
refers for the most part to diseases of
the respiratory and digestive organs.
He is at present Senior Physician and
Lecturer on Clinical Medicine to the
London Hospital, President of the
Metropolitan Counties Branch of the
British Medical Association, and Con-
sulting Physician to the East London
Hospital for Diseases of Children.
Since the year 1864 he has edited, in
conjunction with Dr. Down, Mr.
Hutchinson, and Mr. Maunder, a
valuable series, still in progress, of
"Clinical Lectures and Reports, by
the Medical and Surgical Staff of the
London Hospital." His own profes-
sional writings are:-"On the Ana-
tomy of the Lungs," in Dr. H.
Davies's work on "Physical Diag-
nosis ; "On Tubercular Sputum ;
??
""
>>
"Evidences of the Arrestment of
Phthisis ; "Mucous Disease of the
Colon; "Lectures on "The Anatomy
of the Lung," "Pneumonia," and
"The States of Lung comprehended
under the term Phthisis Pulmonalis "
(delivered at the Royal College of
Physicians in 1866); "Fibroid
Phthisis" (in vol. i. of the Transac-
tions of the Clinical Society); and
"The Work of Fibrinous Pleurises in
the Evolution of Phthisis" (in the
Medical Mirror for 1870).
CLARK, THE REV. JAMES, M.A.,
Ph.D., was born in Yorkshire, in
1836, but is descended from an
Essex family. He was educated in
the University of London, graduat-
ing in arts in 1857, and afterwards
proceeded to the University of Göttin-
gen, where he won his doctorate with
distinction. In 1860 he published a
brochure in apologetics, entitled "The
Spurious Ethics of Sceptical Philoso-
phy." In 1862-63 he prepared for
holy orders in Queen's College, Bir-
mingham, where he also studied bot-
any and chemistry. In 1863 he was
ordained deacon in the chapel of
Queen's College, Cambridge, and in
1864 was ordained a priest. Dr.
Clark has pursued with success origi-
nal investigations in Aryan, Semitic,
and Turanian philology, and has pre-
pared for the press An Aryan and
Extra-Aryan Comparative Grammar.”
In 1866 he was elected a Fellow of the
Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain
and Ireland. The same year he pub-
lished "The Church as Established in
its Relations with Dissent," and "The
Epochs of Language," in which the
theory of Professors Max Müller and
Benloew, concerning linguistic de-
velopment, is met with counter-argu-
ments. In 1867 Dr. Clark, after some
Latin correspondence with the Uni-
versity of Göttingen, received a re-
script from Professor Dr. Lotze, then
Dean of the Philosophical Faculty, in
the name of all the deans of faculties,
authorizing, under the seal of the
university, the revival of academical
hoods. In 1869 he competed success-
fully for the prize of fifty guineas
66
CLARK-CLARKE.
|
offered by the Anglican and Inter-
national Christian Moral Science As-
sociation for the best work on
"Christian Ethics," and was nomi-
nated a member of council of the as-
sociation. In 1870 Dr. Clark's work,
entitled "What is Christian Moral
Science? or, the Nature and Province
of Christian Ethics defined and de- |
termined,” was published in "Science
and the Gospel." Dr. Clark is also an
extensive contributor of articles to the
English periodical press. He has like-
wise contributed to the German press,
and written several pamphlets in the
German language. In 1869, after
having held various important pa-
rochial cures, Dr. Clark was nomi-
nated British Chaplain and Incumbent
of the English church at Memel, in
Prussia, and while occupying that
position he conducted extensive cor-
respondence with Dutch and German
theologians as the representative on
the Continent of the Anglican and
International Christian Moral Science
Association. Dr. Clark resigned the
British chaplaincy at Memel in 1874,
when he was engaged by the Chris-
tian Evidence Society, as a lecturer,
to conduct classes for the study of
Christian Evidences in or near Lon-
don. In 1876 he was appointed rector
of St. Philip's, Antigua.
237
"Cambridge Essays" and the “Jour-
nal of Philology."
"6
CLARKE, HYDE, born in London
in 1815, was engaged in the Spanish
and Portuguese wars of succession,
and afterwards held a diplomatic
appointment. In 1836 he planned
and surveyed the Morecambe Bay
Embankment and other improve-
ments, and the railways for the
development of Barrow. In 1849
he was employed to report on the
telegraph system for India, and he
exerted himself for the extension of
hill settlements in India. He was
Honorary Agent for Darjeeling, and
Cotton Councillor in Turkey. His
early writings from 1837 include
numerous memoirs and pamphlets on
philosophical subjects, political eco-
nomy, banking, statistics, railways,
and public works. Mr. Clarke is also
the author of "Lectures on Colour,"
1839; "Theory of Railway Invest-
ment," 1846; "Military Life of Wel-
lington," 1849; Engineering of
Holland," 1849; "English Grammar
and Dictionary," 1853;
"Colonisa-
tion in our Indian Empire," 1857;
and "Comparative Philology," 1858.
On the Continent and in the United
States he is best known as a philo-
logist. After a long application to
the study of languages, of late years he
has devoted himself as an Orientalist
to the Caucasian and Arcadian fami-
lies of languages, and to pre-historic
and philological researches. In con-
nection with these investigations, of
which portions are published, he has
been engaged in the establishment
of the unity of development of the
languages of mankind. A special
branch has been the determination
of the languages of the American
continent, and their relation to the
comparative philology and mythology
of Africa and India in the Old World.
His contributions in English, French,
Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, in-
clude memoirs on the identification
of the Vauni of Tacitus and other
points of Anglo-Saxon History," 1848,
1866, 1868; "The Præ-hellenic In-
habitants of Asia Minor," 1864; "The
CLARK, WILLIAM GEORGE, M.A.,
was born in 1821, at Barford Hall,
Darlington, and educated at Shrews-
bury School and Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, of which he was elected a
Fellow in 1844; he became a tutor of
the College in 1857, its Vice-Master
in 1868, and Public Orator of the
University of Cambridge, in 1857.
He resigned the latter post in 1869.
Mr. Clark was for many years a clergy
man of the Anglican Church, but he
renounced his ecclesiastical character
soon after the passing of the Clerical
Disabilities Act of 1870. He has
written ..
Gazpacho," 1849, and
"Peloponnesus," 1856; edited the
Cambridge and Globe editions of
Shakspère, 1862-66 ; contributed "Na-
ples" in 1861, and "Poland" in 1864,
to "Vacation Tourists;" and edited
|
238
CLARKE.
<<
|
Tide of the Caucasus, and its relations | terbox, The Children's Prize, and Good
| Stories, and the author of "Plain
Papers on the Social Economy of the
People," "Common Life Sermons,"
"Heart Music: a Poetry Book for
Working People:" and Hearty
Staves: a Song-book for Workmen."
CLARKE, JOHN S., comedian, born
in Maryland, U.S., in 1835, began his
first regular engagement at the Old
Chesnut Theatre, Philadelphia, as Soto,
in " She Would and She Would Not,"
Aug. 28, 1852. In the following Janu-
ary he became the leading comedian
in that theatre, where he remained
till 1854, when he appeared at
Baltimore as first comedian of the
Front Street Theatre. In 1855 he
became a member of the Arch Street
Theatre, Philadelphia, where he was
the leading comedian until 1858, when
he became joint lessee and manager
with Mr. William Wheatley, making
occasional "starring " visits to the
Southern cities. Having retired from
the management of the Arch Street
Theatre, Mr. Clarke appeared, in
1861, at New York, where he made a
"hit " almost unprecedented. At the
Winter Garden Theatre, New York, he
fulfilled annually a star engagement,
generally of 100 nights' duration, and
acted regularly for shorter periods in
all the principal cities of America.
In 1863 he became joint-lessee of the
Winter Garden Theatre, New York,
and so continued till 1867, in the
spring of which year the establish-
ment was destroyed by fire. In 1865
he purchased, in conjunction with
his brother-in-law, Edwin Booth, the
Walnut Street Theatre, Philadelphia,
and in 1866 he became joint lessee
of the Boston Theatre, thus being
simultaneously in the management
of leading theatres in the three prin-
cipal cities of the United States. In
the autumn of 1866, he made his first
professional appearance at Boston,
where his performances met with
immediate and unequivocal success.
In the autumn of 1867 he came out
at the St. James's Theatre in Lon-
don, in the character of Wellington
de Boots, which he had performed
to Egyptian and Coptic," 1873; "The
Guarani of Brazil," " The Connection
of the Languages of India and Africa,"
"Pre-historic Comparative Philo-
logy," 1875; "The Khita and Khita-
Peruvian Epoch," 1877; "The Deve-
lopment of the Hamath Inscriptions,"
Serpent and Siva Worship and My-
thology," 1876. He is a member of
numerous learned societies.
(4
|
CLARKE, JAMES FREEMAN, D.D.,
born at Hanover, N.H., April 4, 1810.
In 1841 he became pastor of a Uni-
tarian Church in Boston, and soon
established for himself a reputation
as one of the most able divines in
New England. Besides numerous
contributions to periodical literature,
he has published" Service and Hymn
Book for the Church of the Disciples,'
1844, et seq.; "Christian Doctrine of
Forgiveness," 1852; "Christian Doc-
trine of Prayer," 1854; "Orthodoxy,"
1866; "Steps of Belief," 1870; "The
Ten Great Religions of the World,"
1870; and "Essentials and Non-
Essentials in Religion," 1878. He is
also, in connection with Channing
and Emerson, one of the authors of
the "Life of Margaret Fuller Ossoli."
CLARKE, THE REV. JOHN ERS-
KINE, M.A., born in 1827, was educated
at Wadham College, Oxford, where
he graduated B.A. in 1850, and pro-
ceeded M.A. in 1853. He was ordained
in 1851 by Bishop Longley, of Ripon,
and having held the curacy of St.
Mary's, Low Harrogate, and after-
wards that of St. Mary's, Lichfield,
each for two years, he was appointed
vicar of St. Michael's, Derby, in 1856.
In 1868 he resigned the vicarage of
St. Michael's, and undertook the care
of a new church, St. Andrew's Lit-
church, in a suburb of Derby, which
church was an offshoot from St.
Michael's, and was chiefly built at
great cost by the shareholders of the
Midland Railway Company. In 1869
he was appointed a prebendary of
Lichfield Cathedral, but resigned his
stall in 1872 on being appointed vicar
of Battersea. He is the editor of The
Parish Magazine, Church Bells, Chat-
"}
CLARKE-CLAUGHTON.
239
prietor.
more than a thousand nights in | Theatre, of which he is the pro-
America. His success was at once
assured by the unanimous verdict of
an audience totally uninfluenced by
any personal feeling. Before quitting
the St. James's Theatre, Mr. Clarke
exhibited, as the conscience-stricken
Yorkshireman, Robert Tyke, in Mor-
ton's comedy of "The School of Re-
form," a remarkable mastery of the
dialect, and a power of expressing
strong emotional feelings, which
proved his range to be by no means
limited to eccentric comedy. In Feb.
1868, he began an engagement at the
Princess's Theatre, performing Caleb
Scudder in "The Octoroon." He then
acted in Liverpool, Edinburgh, Bir-
mingham, Dublin, Belfast, and other
towns. On particular occasions he
has played at Covent Garden, Drury
Lane, and the Adelphi Theatres.
Having resolved to appear in London
in some of the old English comedies,
he clung to the determination tena-
ciously, made a special study of the
character of Dr. Pangloss, and effected
the revival of the younger Colman's
comedy of "The Heir-at-Law," and
subsequently of "The Poor Gentle-
man. He made his first appearance
at the Strand Theatre, Nov. 6, 1868.
He re-appeared in New York, April
17, 1870, before a crowded and culti-
vated audience. The engagement
extended to 42 performances, and he
subsequently performed in many
other cities of the United States. He
re-appeared in London, at the Strand
Theatre, July 29, 1871, as Dr. Pan-
gloss. In Dec. 1871, he again crossed
the Atlantic, and it was during this
visit to America that he appeared at
Philadelphia in conjunction with Mr.
E. A. Sothern, both actors playing
alternately at two theatres on the
same evening. Mr. Clarke next ap-
peared in London at the Strand
Theatre, commencing March 9, 1872,
and continuing for upwards of 60
consecutive nights, as Dr. Ollapod in
"The Poor Gentleman." He extended
his series of London triumphs by a
masterly rendering of Bob Acres in
"The Rivals," at the Charing Cross
""
|
CLARKE, MRS. MARY COWDEN,
the eldest daughter of Mr. Vincent
Novello, and sister of Madame Clara
Novello, was born in June, 1809, and
was married in 1828 to the late Mr.
Charles Cowden Clarke, the friend of
Lamb, Keats, Hazlitt, and Leigh
Hunt. A year after her marriage
she commenced her minute analysis
of our immortal dramatist, the "Com-
plete Concordance to Shakespeare,"
which, after sixteen years' assiduous
labour, was brought to a successful
termination, and published in 1845.
In addition to this labour of love, Mrs.
Cowden Clarke has written,
66 The
Adventures of Kit Bam, Mariner,"
published in 1848; "The Girlhood of
Shakespeare's Heroines," in 1850; a
novel called "The Iron Cousin," in
1854;" The Song of Drop of Wather,
by Harry Wandworth Shortfellow,"
in 1856; "World-noted Women," in
1857; an edition of "Shakespeare's
Works, with a scrupulous revision of
the Text; ""Trust and Remittance :
Love Stories in Metred Prose," in
1873; and "A Rambling Story,"
2 vols., 1874; as well as various
magazine articles, chiefly relating to
the great master-pieces of dramatic
literature, besides a few poems and
stories in verse. In conjunction with
her husband, she produced "Many
Happy Returns of the Day: a Birth-
day Book," in 1847 and 1860; and an
annotated edition of "Shakespeare's
Plays," in 1869.
|
|
CLAUGHTON, THE RIGHT REV.
PIERS CALVELEY, D.D., son of the
late Thomas Claughton, Esq., and
brother of the Right Rev. Thomas
Legh Claughton, Bishop of St. Albans,
was born in Lancashire in 1814, and
educated at Brasenose College, Ox-
ford, where he graduated B.A. in first-
class honours in 1835, and, having
gained the Chancellor's prize for the
English essay in 1837, became Fellow
and Tutor of University College, Pub-
lic Examiner and Select Preacher in
the University, and rector of Elton,
Huntingdonshire. He is the author
CLAUGHTON-CLÉMENCEAU.
|
of a standard work on the Thirty-nine | brated Women," 1860; and "Women
Articles, and of a "Letter to the Earl of the Reformation," 1861. These
of Derby on the Revival of Convoca- three works proved very successful,
tion." He held the bishopric of St. and have continued to be used largely
Helena from 1859 to 1862, when he as gift and prize books. Miss Clayton
was translated to Colombo. He re- subsequently published "Miss Milly
signed the latter see in Dec., 1870, Moss," a tale, 1862 "Queens of
on being appointed Archdeacon of Song," 1863, containing memoirs of
London and Coadjutor to the Bishop the leading female singers of the
of London, and a Canon of St. Paul's. opera, past and present ;
"Cruel
He was appointed Rural Dean of Fortune," a novel, 1865; English
Hackney in 1874, and in April, 1875, Female Artists," a biographical work,
he succeeded the Rev. G. R. Gleig as 2 vols., 1876; "Playing for Love," a
Chaplain-General to Her Majesty's novel, 1876; and "Crying for Ven-
geance," a novel, 1877. Miss Clayton
has been a frequent contributor to
London Society, Tinsley's Magazine,
the Queen, and other magazines and
newspapers.
(C
|
240
Forces.
|
CLAUGHTON, THE RIGHT REV.
THOMAS LEGH, D.D., Bishop of St.
Albans, son of the late Thomas
Claughton, Esq.. born Nov. 6, 1808,
at Haydock Lodge, Lancashire, was
educated at Rugby and at Trinity
College, Oxford, of which he was suc-
cessively Scholar, Fellow, and Tutor,
and where he graduated B.A. in 1831,
taking a first class in classical honours,
having previously gained the Chan-
cellor's prize for Latin verse, and Sir
Roger Newdegate's prize for English
verse. He obtained the prize for the
Latin essay in 1832, was appointed
Public Examiner in 1836, and was in
1841 preferred to the vicarage of Kid-
derminster by the Earl of Dudley, to
whose sister he is married. He was
Professor of Poetry at Oxford from
1852 to 1857, and Honorary Canon of
Worcester; was made Bishop of
Rochester in 1867; and was trans-
lated to the newly-constituted see of
St. Albans in 1877.
CLAYTON, ELLEN CREATHORNE,
eldest child and only daughter of Mr.
Benjamin Clayton, artist, and his
wife, Mary Grahame, is a native of
Dublin. When Miss Clayton was
seven years old the family quitted
Ireland, and came to settle in London,
where they have ever since remained.
Miss Clayton became a student at the
National Gallery, and at the British
Museum; and she has designed in
water-colours fanciful subjects for
chromo-lithography and also on wood.
She has written the following works:
"Notable Women," 1860;"Cele-
|
CLEASBY, THE HON. SIR AN-
THONY, born about 1806, received his
education at Eton School and Trinity
College, Cambridge (B.A. 1827), of
which he became a fellow. He was
called to the bar in 1831
; became a
Queen's Counsel in 1861; was ap-
pointed Baron of the Exchequer in
Nov., 1868, and received the honour
of knighthood on the 9th of the follow-
ing month.
CLEMENCEAU, EUGÈNE, a
French physician and politician, born
at Mouilleron-en-Pareds (Vendée),
Sept. 28, 1841, commenced his pro-
fessional studies at Nantes, and com-
pleted them at Paris, where in 1869
he was created a Doctor of Medicine,
after which he practised at Mont-
martre. After the revolution of Sept.
4, 1870, he was appointed Mayor of
the 18th arrondissement of Paris, and
a member of the Commission of Com-
munal Education. At the election of
Feb. 8, 1871, he was elected a repre-
tentative of the department of the
Seine in the National Assembly, where
he took his place among the members
of the Extreme Left, and voted
against the preliminaries of peace.
On the 18th of March he endeavoured
to save the lives of the Generals Le-
comte and Clément Thomas, but in
vain, for he did not arrive at the Rue
des Rosiers until after their execution.
On this occasion the Central Com-
CLEMENS.
mittee of Communists, which was
sitting at the Hôtel de Ville, resolved
that Dr. Clémenceau should be ar-
rested; but he was fortunate enough
to elude the vigilance of the insur-
rectionary police. When the mur-
derers were put upon their trial
(Nov. 29, 1871) some of the witnesses
accused him of not having interfered
as early as he might have done, but
he was warmly defended by Colonel
Langlois, whose testimony appeared
to clear Dr. Clémenceau from all
blame in the matter. However, the
accusations led to a duel between Dr.
Clémenceau and M. le commandant
de Poussargues, who was wounded in
the leg by a pistol-shot. Dr. Clémen-
ceau was prosecuted for this affair a
month later, the result being that he
was condemned by the Seventh
Chamber of Correctional Police to be
imprisoned for a fortnight, and to
pay a fine of twenty-five francs. In
the sitting of the 20th of March he
introduced in the National Assembly
a Bill, signed by the Radical fraction
of the Deputies of the department of
the Seine, to authorize the election of
a Municipal Council for the city of
Paris, to consist of eighty members;
and he was one of those who signed
the manifesto of Deputies and Mayors
fixing the municipal elections on the
26th of that month. A candidate at
those elections, he polled 752 votes.
but was not elected. After having
taken part in the unsuccessful at-
tempts at conciliation between the
Government and the Commune, he
sent in his resignation both as Mayor
and Deputy, and retired for a short
period into private life. On July 23,
1871, he was elected a member of the
Municipal Council of Paris for the
Clignancourt quarter, and he took a
prominent part in the discusssions
concerning primary secular instruction
and financial questions. On Nov. 29,
1874, he was re-elected a member of the
Municipal Council, of which he became
successively Secretary and Vice-Pre-
sident, and eventually President in
Nov., 1875. He was elected a Deputy
for the department of the Seine by the
|
|
241
18th arrondissement of Paris, Feb. 20
1876, and afterwards he became
Secretary of the Chamber. In the
following April he resigned his place
in the Municipal Council. He was
again re-elected to the National As-
sembly by the 18th arrondissement of
Paris at the general elections of Oct.
14, 1877.
CLEMENS, SAMUEL LANGHORNE,
generally known by his nom de plume,
"Mark Twain," born at Florida, Mis-
souri, Nov. 3. 1835. At the age of
thirteen he was apprenticed to a
printer, and afterwards worked as
such in St. Louis. Cincinnati, Phila-
delphia, and New York. In 1855 he
went down the Mississippi to New
Orleans. On his way down the river
he made friends with the steamboat
pilots, and was soon qualified to be-
come himself a river pilot. In this
employment he was often directed to
"mark twain," that is, that there
were two fathoms of water, and from
this, he says, he took his nom de
plume. In 1861 his brother was ap-
pointed Secretary for the Territory,
now State, of Nevada, and "Mark
Twain" went with him as private
secretary; then he went to the mines,
where, according to his own account,
he made and lost several fortunes,
and for several months acted as re-
porter for Californian newspapers.
In 1864 he went to the Hawaiian
Islands, where he remained six
months, and thereafter delivered
humorous lectures in California and
Nevada. In 1867 he went to the
Atlantic States, where he published
"The Jumping Frog," a humorous
sketch. In this year he embarked
with a large number of other passen-
gers on a pleasure excursion up the
Mediterranean, to Egypt, and the
Holy Land. Of this excursion he
gave a humorous account in "The In-
nocents Abroad" (1869). For a time
he was editor of a daily newspaper,
published in Buffalo, New York,
where he married a lady possessed of
a large fortune. In 1872 he published
"Roughing It," a rather idealized
autobiography. In. 1872 he visited
R
CLERK-CLIFFORD.
lectures, and a London publisher
made a collection, in four volumes,
of his humorous papers, adding, how-
ever, many which Mark Twain says
were never written by him. In 1874
he produced in New York a comedy,
"The Golden Age," which had a re-
markable success, owing mainly to
the personation, by Mr Raymond, of
the leading character, " Colonel Mul-
berry Sellers." Since that time he
has produced several other dramas,
and many humorous sketches in the
magazines. He resides at Hartford,
Connecticut.
England, giving several humorous | Middle Temple in 1859. He served
as Assistant Boundary Commissioner
under the Reform Act of 1867. Mr.
Clifford, who for many years has been
on the literary staff of the Times, is
the author of a treatise on
"The
Steam-boat Powers of Railway Com-
panies" (1865), and joint author
(with Mr. Pembroke Stephens) of a
treatise on "The Practice of the
Court of Referees on Private Bills in
Parliament” (1870), a standard text-
book in Private Bill Practice. He is
also joint author of yearly volumes
of Reports of Cases as to the Locus
Standi of Petitioners, decided each
Session by the Court of Referees
from 1867 down to the present time.
He published, in 1875, "The Agri-
cultural Lock-out of 1874; with
Notes upon Farming and Farm
Labour in the Eastern Counties,"
founded on a series of letters which
appeared in the Times; and is also
the author of a treatise on "The Agri-
cultural Holdings Act, 1875; of
other Papers reprinted from the Jour-
nal of the Royal Agricultural Society;
and of an article on "English Land
Law," forming one of the treatises
prepared under the direction of the
Royal Agricultural Society, and trans-
lated and published by "La Société
des Agriculteurs de France," for the
""
(6
Congrès International de l'Agricul-
ture," held in Paris in 1878.
CLIFFORD, THE HON. AND RIGHT
REV. WILLIAM JOSEPH HUGH, D.D.,
a Catholic prelate, son of Hugh
Charles, seventh Lord Clifford, by
his wife Mary Lucy, only daughter of
the late Thomas Weld, Esq. (who,
after his wife's death, took holy orders,
and became a Cardinal), was born at
Irnham, Lincolnshire, Dec. 24, 1823.
He was educated at Rome, first in the
College of Nobles, and next in the
Collegio Romano. The revolution of
1848 obliged him to withdraw to
Louvain, where he spent a year among
the Jesuits. He completed his studies
in the College of St. Beuno, near St.
Asaph, in Wales, took holy orders,
and in 1852 was appointed Vicar-
General to Dr. Errington, Bishop of
242
CLERK, SIR GEORGE RUSSELL,
K.C.B., G.C.S.I., the son of a gentle-
man of property in Scotland, and in
Gloucestershire, born in 1801, was
educated at Haileybury College, and
entered the civil service of the East-
India Company in 1818. In 1830 he
was made political agent on the
Bengal frontier, and became in suc-
cession British envoy at Lahore,
Lieut.-Governor of the North-western
Provinces, and Governor of Bombay.
This last office he resigned in 1847.
Returning to England, he was created
a K.C.B. (civil division) in 1848, and
was offered the governorship of the
Cape of Good Hope. This post he
declined, though he undertook the
duties of a commissioner for settling
the boundary question in dispute in
that colony. In 1856 he was nomi-
nated permanent Under-Secretary to
the India Board, on the reconstruc-
tion of our Indian administration, and
in 1858 Under-Secretary of State for
India. In April, 1860, he was again
nominated to the governorship of
Bombay; but he resigned in conse-
quence of ill-health in 1861, and was
appointed a member of her Majesty's
Indian Council in Dec., 1863. On
the establishment of the order of the
Star of India, in 1861, he was one of
the first created knights of the order;
and on its extension in 1866, he was
nominated one of the Knights Grand
Cross.
CLIFFORD, FREDERICK, was born
in 1828, and called to the Bar of the
CLINT-CLOSE.
Plymouth. In 1857 he was appointed
Bishop of Clifton, being consecrated
on Feb. 15 by Pope Pius IX. in the
Sistine Chapel. The diocese of Clifton
comprises the counties of Gloucester,
Somerset, and Wilts.
CLINT, ALFRED, artist, was born
in London in 1807, and after studying
under his father, Mr. George Clint,
A.R.A., painted landscape and marine
subjects. On the 1st Dec., 1869, he
was elected President of the Society
of British Artists, which office had
become vacant by the decease of Mr.
F. Y. Hurlestone.
""
CLISSOLD, THE REV. AUGUSTUS,
born in 1797, was educated at Exeter
College, Oxford, where he graduated
B.A. in 1819, and afterwards M.A.
In illustration of the principles and
doctrines of Swedenborg, he has
written "The End of the Church,"
“A Letter to the Archbishop of Dub-
lin on the Practical Nature of Swe-
denborg's Theological Works," "A
Review of the Principles of Apoca-
lyptic Interpretation, "A Spiritual
Exposition of the Apocalypse, in
which Swedenborg's Interpretations
of the Apocalypse are confirmed by
the Writings of the Fathers," a
"Translation of Swedenborg's Prin-
cipia et Economia Regni Animalis,"
"Swedenborg's Writings and Catholic
Teaching," "Letter to the Vice-Chan-
cellor of the University of Oxford, on
the Present State of Theology in the
Universities and Church of England,
and the Causes of existing Scepticism
and Infidelity," a series of Tracts on
the principles of "Inspiration and
Interpretation," "Swedenborg and
his Modern Critics," "The Reunion
of Christendom," "Transition; or the
Passing away of Ages or Dispensa-
tions, Modes of Biblical Interpreta-
tion, and Churches," "The Centre of
The Centre of
Unity," 1869, "The Prophetic Spirit
in its Relation to Wisdom and Mad-
ness," and "The Present State of
Christendom in its Relation to the
Second Coming of the Lord."
CLOSE, THE VERY REV. FRANCIS,
D.D., Dean of Carlisle, the youngest
son of the Rev. Henry Jackson Close,
243
some time rector of Bentworth, near
Alton, in Hampshire, was born in
1797. His early education was con-
ducted by the Rev. Dr. Cherry, then
head master of Merchant Taylors'
School, and afterwards by the Rev.
John Scott, of Hull, eldest son of the
well-known commentator on the
Scriptures. In Oct., 1816, he entered
as a commoner at St. John's College,
Cambridge, of which he became
scholar, graduated B.A. in 1820, and
was ordained to the curacy of Church
Lawford, near Rugby, whence he re-
moved in 1822 to the curacy of Wil-
lesden and Kingsbury, Middlesex.
In the spring of 1824 he went to
Cheltenham, and became curate to
the Rev. Charles Jervis, the incum-
bent. In 1826 Mr. Jervis died, and
Mr. Close was presented to the in-
cumbency. From that date until
1856, Mr. Close devoted himself en-
tirely to his parochial duties at Chel-
tenham. His public advocacy of the
present system of government edu-
cation, chiefly arising out of his
laborious efforts to establish the
Training College for Schoolmasters
and Mistresses at Cheltenham, re-
ceived the acknowledgments of suc-
cessive governments. During Mr.
Close's incumbency, the population
of Cheltenham increased from 19,000
to 40,000, and he erected, or caused
to be erected, no fewer than five dis-
trict churches with schools, and
contributed largely to the establish-
ment of Cheltenham College. At
Cheltenham he was an unflinching
opponent both of horse-racing and of
theatrical amusements. In 1856 he
exchanged the onerous duties of a
parish priest for the comparative
tranquillity of the deanery of Carlisle,
to which he was recommended by
Lord Palmerston on the elevation of
Dr. Tait to the see of London. Since
his elevation to the deanery, he has
promoted the building of a dispen-
Sary and several schools and churches
in Carlisle. The church of St. John
the Evangelist is one of the purest
specimens of Early English architec-
ture in the north of England. It has
R 2
214
CLUSERET.
|
been built by funds entirely raised
by the Dean, who is the author of
many pamphlets and sermons, one of
which, on the Choral Service, ob-
tained a wide circulation. Of late
years he has maintained a strong
opposition to the use of alcohol and
tobacco. By his efforts a new parish
church for St. Mary's, of great beauty,
has been built, and the ancient por
tion of the nave of the cathedral, of
noble Saxon architecture, has been
restored. The Cumberland Infirmary,
receiving one hundred patients, has
been almost rebuilt at a cost of
£12,000 ; to raising money for
this object the Dean has devoted
himself.
went to Africa, where, as his biogra-
pher, M. Jules Richards, delicately
puts it, "the elasticity of his prin-
ciples in the matter of the ownership
of property made it necessary for him
to resign." In 1860 he turned up
with the army of Garibaldi, where he
became lieutenant-colonel. When
the war broke out in America he
joined the Federals, and fought
against the South with the grade of
a colonel. Here, previous to the fall
of Imperialism in Paris, his military
career ends, and M. Jules Richards
frankly professes his inability to
account for the title of General under
which Cluseret offered his services to
the Commune. After the close of the
American war Cluseret returned to
France and took up the profession of
journalism. Another indication of
"elasticity of principle" led to the
necessity of his quitting Paris, and
he came over to England, where he
mixed himself up with the Fenian
agitation. Returning again to France,
he got into trouble by reason of the
publication of a newspaper article to
which his name was appended, and
was condemned to two months' im-
prisonment in St. Pélagie. There,
in addition to the acquaintance of his
biographer, he made that of certain
agents of the International Society,
the effect of which was shortly after-
wards seen in his organizing the
strike of the shop-assistants in Paris,
in 1869. After the elections of June
in that year, Cluseret was expelled
from France at the instance of the
Minister of War, who had reason to
believe that the ex-captain was tam-
pering with the sous-officiers of the
garrison. Immediately upon the pro-
clamation of the Provisional Govern-
ment of Sept. 4, 1870, the exile
turned up again, and his subsequent
history is legibly written in the
records of revolution at Marseilles,
Lyons, and Paris. For a short time
he was at the head of the military
operations of the Paris Commune,
but, like nearly all the other agents
of that body. he soon fell under sus-
picion, and was arrested, though he
|
|
CLUSERET, GUSTAVE PAUL, a
French Communist general, born at
Paris, June 23, 1823. His father was
an ancien officier of the First Empire,
and became colonel of a regiment of
the line under the Monarchy of July.
Young Cluseret studied in the mili-
tary school of St. Cyr, and upon
leaving, in 1845, was appointed a
sous-lieutenant of his father's regi-
ment, the 55th, In the revolution of
Feb., 1848, Cluseret was in command
of a section of grenadiers told off for
the protection of the Bank. When
the National Guard of the quartier
relieved the troops, Baron d'Argoult
hid the young officer and his soldiers
for two days, and then assisted them
to escape in disguise from the fury
of the people. In the days of June,
Cluseret was elected a chief of a
battalion of National Guards, and for
his bravery under fire was named
Chevalier of the Legion of Honour.
After the dissolution of the Garde
Mobile he returned to his old regi-
ment with the grade of lieutenant,
and shortly afterwards was put on
the retired list in consequence of a
manifestation of politics adverse to
the Prince-President. He was re-
placed at the intercession of Marshal
Magnan, an old friend of his father's,
and in 1853 was transferred to the
Chasseurs-à-pied, with whom he went
through the campaign in the Crimea,
was made captain, and after the peace
Gre
COBBE-COBBOLD,
was released from custody shortly | Hereafter and Here. Essays on
before the entrance of the Versailles Life and Death, and the Evolution
troops. It was reported that he was of the Social Sentiment," 1874; "Re-
shot between Sept. 22-26, 1871; but, Echoes," 1876; and "Moral Aspects
notwithstanding the vigilant search of Vivisection," 3rd edit., 1877.
made for him by the police, he
remained in concealment in Paris till
the end of the month of December,
1871, when he escaped to London.
Soon afterwards he went to the
United States. The Third Council of
War, sitting at Versailles, condemned
him to death, par contumace, Aug. 30,
1872.
COBBE, MISS FRANCES POWER,
daughter of Charles Cobbe, Esq., of
Newbridge House, co. Dublin, D.L.,
J.P., was born Dec. 4, 1822, and
educated at Brighton. She has
been a frequent contributor to the
periodicals of the day, and is the
author of the following works:
"The Workhouse as an Hospital,"
1861;
Friendless Girls, and How
to Help Them," 1861, containing an
account of the Preventive Mission at
Bristol; "Female Education," 1862;
Thanksgiving: a Chapter of Re-
ligious Duty," 1863 "The Red Flag
in John Bull's eyes," 1863; "Essays
on the Pursuits of Women," 1863;
“Broken Lights: an Inquiry into
the Present Condition and Future
Prospects of Religious Faith," 1864,
2nd edit., 1865; "The Cities of the
Past," 1864, reprinted from Fraser's
Magazine; "Religious Duty," 1864;
"Italics Brief Notes on Politics,
People, and Places in Italy," 1864;
"Studies New and Old of Ethical
and Social Subjects," 1865 ; "Hours
of Work and Play," 1867
"The
Confessions of a Lost Dog," 1867;
"Dawning Lights: an Inquiry Con-
cerning the Secular Results of the
New Reformation," 1868; "Crimi-
nals, Idiots, Women, and Minors. Is
the Classification sound? A Dis-
cussion on the Laws concerning the
Property of Married Women," 1869;
the preface to "Alone to the Alone:
Prayers for Theists, by several Con-
tributors," 1871; "Darwinism in
Morals, and other Essays," 1872;
"The Hopes of the Human Race,
46
•
245
COBBOLD, THOMAS SPENCER,
M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., youngest son of
the late Rev. Richard Cobbold, author
of "Margaret Catchpole," was born
at Ipswich, May 26, 1828, and
graduated with the highest honours
at Edinburgh, in 1851. He was im-
mediately afterwards appointed Cu-
rator of the University Anatomical
Museum, during which time he de-
livered lectures with the sanction of
the Senatus Academicus. Working at
geology and natural history, under
Edward Forbes, he published nume-
rous memoirs in the scientific jour-
nals, and was appointed Vice-Presi-
dent of the Physiological Society.
On the death of Forbes, he came to
London, and was soon afterwards
elected to the chair of Botany at St.
Mary's Hospital. In 1860 he was ap-
pointed to the chair of Botany, and
subsequently also to the chair of Com-
parative Anatomy, at the Middlesex
Hospital. In 1868, through the re-
commendation of the late Sir R.
Murchison, he was chosen to fill the
office of Swiney Lecturer on Geology
in connection with the British Mu-
seum. These lectures were so popular
that they secured, collectively, up-
wards of 15,000 attendances. His
favourite subject of investigation,
however, has been that of Entozoa,
or, more correctly, Helminthology,
in which department he has written
a profusely illustrated standard trea-
tise and several smaller works, besides
numerous scientific memoirs; most
of the latter having been previously
communicated either to the Royal,
Linnæan, and Zoological Societies, or
to the British Association. Dr. Cob-
bold for many years practised as a
physician, devoting his attention ex-
clusively to internal parasitic diseases;
but he has withdrawn from active
practice in order to give more time
to literature and scientific research.
In 1872 he was appointed Pro-
246
COCHRANE-COCKBURN.
logy at the Royal Veterinary College.
In recognition of his services to
biology, the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia conferred
upon him the title of Honorary
Correspondent to that institution. A
French writer has said, "En fait
d'helminthologie, M. Cobbold est
considéré en Angleterre comme la
première autorité," whilst the leading
English professional journal speaks
of his chief work as "a noble contri-
bution to medical science, which
does honour to its author, and is a
credit to our national literature. It
is the genuine result of continuous
and patient research, of great acumen,
long literary labour, and honourable
devotion to science.'
mons.
K
fessor of Botany and Helmintho- | his uncle, the late Rev. Sir William
Cockburn, dean of York. Having
been educated at Trinity Hall, Cam-
bridge, where he graduated LL.B. in
1829, Mr. Cockburn was called to the
bar at the Middle Temple, and went
the Western circuit. In 1841 he be-
came Q.C.; during the railway mania
of 1846 he had the good fortune to
obtain a large share of the Parlia-
mentary practice which arose out of
the various lines projected; and at
the general election of 1847 he was
returned for Southampton in the
advanced Liberal interest. He did
not take a very prominent position
as a debater until he made his me-
morable defence of Lord Palmerston's
foreign policy, on the Pacifico ques-
tion, in 1850, which was one of the
most eloquent and successful speeches
ever delivered in the House of Com-
He was soon afterwards ap-
pointed Solicitor-General, was pro-
moted to be Attorney-General in
March, 1851, and continued to hold
the latter office till the dissolution of
Lord John Russell's ministry in the
spring of 1852. On the formation of
the Coalition cabinet, he resumed his
post as Attorney-General, and was,
in 1854, appointed Recorder of Bris-
tol. Whilst Attorney-General he was
engaged in the "Hopwood case," and
displayed consummate ability in the
prosecution of W. Palmer. On the
death of Chief-Justice Jervis, at the
close of 1856, Sir Alexander Cock-
burn was created Chief-Justice of the
Common Pleas, and was advanced to
the high office of Lord Chief-Justice
of England on the elevation of the
late Lord Campbell to the woolsack
in 1859. His charge to the Grand
Jury at the Central Criminal Court,
London, delivered April 10, 1867, in
the cause of Gen. Nelson and Lieut.
Brand, prosecuted by the Jamaica
Defence Committee, is a masterly
performance, and contains a most
elaborate exposition of martial law
and of the manner in which it has
been applied in various periods of
our history. In Sept. 1871, he was
appointed to be the arbitrator on the
COCHRANE, ALEXANDER DUN-
DAS ROSS WISHEART BAILLIE, M.P.,
eldest son of Admiral Sir Thomas
John Cochrane, K.C.B., by his first
wife, daughter of Lieutenant-General
Sir Charles Ross, Bart., was born in
Nov. 1816, and educated at Eton
School and Trinity College, Cam-
bridge. He was M.P. for Bridport
in the Conservative interest from
1841 till 1846, and from 1847 till
1852; for Honiton from 1859 till
1868; and was returned for the Isle
of Wight in 1870, on a vacancy being
caused by the death of Sir John
Simeon. He still represents that
constituency. Mr. Baillie Cochrane
is the author of "Poems," privately
printed, 1838; "Exeter Hall; or,
Church Polemics," 1841 ;
"The
Morea," a poem, second edition,
1841; "The State of Greece," 1847;
"Ernest Vane," 2 vols., 1849; " Flor-
ence the Beautiful," 2 vols., 1854
"The Map of Italy," 1856; "Young
Italy: Historic Pictures," 2 vols.,
1865; “Francis the First, and other
Historic Studies," 2 vols., 1870; and
some political pamphlets.
COCKBURN, THE RIGHT HON.
SIR ALEXANDER JAMES EDMUND,
Bart., G.C.B., born in 1802, son of
Mr. Alexander Cockburn, formerly
English minister in Columbia; suc-
ceeded, in 1858, to the baronetcy of
--
CODRINGTON-COLE.
part of Great Britain under the
stipulations of the Washington Treaty
relating to the settlement of the Ala-
bama claims. He presided over the
protracted trial of "The Queen v.
Castro" in the Court of Queen's
Bench in 1873-4. His charge to the
jury in that remarkable case was
printed, under his own editorial
supervision, in 2 vols., 1875. He was
chairman of the Cambridge Univer-
sity Commission, 1877-78.
CODRINGTON, GENERAL SIR
WILLIAM JOHN, G.C.B,, the eldest
surviving son of the late Admiral
Sir Edward Codrington, G.C.B., was
born in Nov. 1804, and entered the
army in 1821. He went with the
Coldstream Guards to Bulgaria in
1854, was made Major-Gen. by brevet
whilst at Varna, and distinguished
himself both at the Alma and at
Inkermann. Sir W. Codrington was
appointed to command the Light
Division during a portion of the siege
of Sebastopol, and was made Com-
mander-in-Chief of the army in Nov.
1855. He was present with the army
from its arrival in the Crimea to the
evacuation, July 12, 1856; was made
a K.C.B. during the war, and a G.C.B.
in 1865. He represented Greenwich
from 1857 to 1859, when he was ap-
pointed to the command at Gibraltar.
The colonelcy of the 23rd Fusiliers
was bestowed upon him Dec. 27,
1860, and he was promoted to the
rank of General, July 27, 1863. In
March, 1875, he was appointed
Colonel of the Coldstream Guards,
and in Oct. 1877, placed upon the
retired list. Sir W. Codrington is
Second Class of the Legion of Honour,
Grand Cross of the Military Order of
Savoy, and First Class of the Medji-
die. He is an active member of the
Metropolitan Board of Works.
COKE, THE HON. HENRY JOHN,
third son of the late Earl of Leicester
(who was better known in his day as
Mr. Coke of Holkham), born in 1827,
was educated at the Royal Naval
College, Portsmouth, entered the
navy in 1841, became lieutenant in
1847; afterwards retired from active
247
service, and acted as private secretary
to the Right Hon. E. Horsman, M.P.,
while Chief Secretary for Ireland, in
1855-7. He is the author of "Vienna
in 1848," 66
A Ride over the Rocky
Mountains to Oregon and California,
with a Glance at some of the Tropical
Islands," published in 1852; and of
a novel entitled "A Will and a Way,"
in 1858.
;
(6
COLE, SIR HENRY, K.C.B., born
at Bath, 15 July, 1808, and educated
at Christ's Hospital. He entered the
public service in April, 1823, under
the Record Commission, and became
an assistant keeper of the public
records. He published "Henry the
Eighth's Scheme of Bishopricks ;" a
volume of "Micellaneous Records of
the Exchequer;" and many pam-
phlets on Record Reform, which con-
duced to the establishment of a
General Record Office and its present
system. In conjunction with Sir W.
Molesworth and Mr. Charles Buller,
M.P., and others, he started the Guide
newspaper, of which he was editor
published a work on Light, Shade,
and Colour," and has contributed to
the Westminster, British and Foreign,
and Edinburgh Reviews. Mr. Cole,
in 1840, gained one of the four prizes
of £100 offered by the Treasury for
suggestions for developing the penny
postage plan of Sir Rowland Hill,—
a measure which, as secretary of the
Mercantile Committee on Postage, he
had helped to carry. Under the nom
de plume of Felix Summerly he pub-
lished Guide-books to the National
Gallery, Hampton Court, &c., also
editions of illustrated children's
books. He edited an edition of
Albert Durer's" Small Passion,” using
casts of the original wood blocks
preserved in the British Museum :
he was editor of the Historical
Register and the Journal of Design.
He originated the series of "Art
Manufactures," designed to combine
fine art with objects of utility, and
organized the exhibitions of the
Society of Arts, which he proposed
should culminate every fifth year in
a National Exhibition of Arts and
|
248
COLE.
Manufactures. It was intended that
the first of the series should be held
in 1851, and this plan was extended
by Prince Albert, the President of
the Society, into the Exhibition of
the works of Industry of All Nations.
Mr. Cole was one of the executive
committee of that Exhibition, and
was made a C.B. (civil division) at
its conclusion. In 1850-2 he drew
up three Reports on Reform of the
Patent Laws issued by the Society
of Arts, which led to Patent Reform.
Charles Dickens helped in this work
by his "A Poor Man's Tale of a
Patent." In 1852 he was invited by
the Government, through Earl Gran-
ville, to attempt the reformation of
the Schools of Design; and he thus
became instrumental in establishing
the Science and Art Department, of
which he was senior secretary, and
afterwards inspector-general. He
was British Commissioner for the
Universal Exhibition at Paris in 1855,
and accomplished the work with a
saving of £10,000 on the parliamen-
tary vote. As a member of the
Society of Arts, he helped to establish
the London International Exhibition
of Art and Industry in 1862, and acted
as Chairman of the Committee for
National Musical Education. In 1860
he was appointed the general super-exhibited in the International Gallery
intendent of the South Kensington in 1862, and gained the medal of the
Museum, which he has organized, and Society for the Encouragement of the
since then he has also acted as secre- Fine Arts. In 1864, following the
tary of the Science and Art depart- example of Stanfield, Roberts, Cres-
ment under the Committee of Council wick and others, who had been
on Education. In 1867 he was ap- members and exhibitors at Suffolk
pointed secretary of the Royal Com- Street, Mr. Cole retired from that
mission for the Paris Exhibition of Society to become a candidate for
1867, and executive Commissioner honours at the Royal Academy. The
for that Exhibition at Paris, when the most important works which he ex-
expenditure, although great, was hibited at the Academy are: "The
below Mr. Cole's estimate. He has Decline of Day," in 1864; Spring
acted as a vice-president of the Royal Time," in 1865, the subject being sug-
Horticultural Society and the Society gested by one of the songs in "Love's
of Arts; also on the Provisional and Labour's Lost; ""Evening Rest" and
Executive Committees of the Royal "Summer's Golden Crown," in 1866;
Albert Hall, and as Acting Com- a large stormy sea-piece, called, "St.
missioner for Annual International | Bride's Bay," in 1867;
66 Sunlight
Exhibitions, under the Commissioners Lingering on the Autumn Woods,"
for the Exhibition of 1851. After | in 1868; "A Pause in the Storm at
fifty years of public service he re- Suuset,' "Summer Flowers," and
(4
signed his post in connection with
the South Kensington Museum in
1873, and in 1875 he was created
a K.C.B. Sir Henry Cole is an officer
of the Legion of Honour and Com-
mander of the Iron Crown of
Austria. He has received the Albert
medal of the Society of Arts for his
services to arts, manufactures, and
commerce. He devotes his leisure to
sanitary work, especially to purify
the Thames of sewage pollution and
to a national supply of pure water;
to the promotion of domestic economy
in elementary Education; and to the
establishment of a national system
for cultivating music.
COLE, VICAT, A.R.A., a landscape
painter, born at Portsmouth in 1833,
received his earliest instruction in
art from his father, Mr. George
Cole, a well-known member of the
Society of British Artists. He ex-
hibited first at the British Institu-
tion in 1852, the subject of his pic-
ture being a view of "Leith Hill
from Ranmoor Common." In 1858
he was elected a member of the
Society of British Artists, and during
several succeeding years he was a
regular exhibitor in Suffolk Street.
One of his contributions to these
rooms, a picture of a corn-field, was
COLENSO.
1869 ;
46
{{
""
Floating Down to Camelot," in | metry," in 1851; "Village Sermons,"
"Sunshine Showers," and in 1853; an edition of "The Com-
Evening," in 1870; "Autumn munion Service, with Selections from
Gold," in 1871; "Noon," in 1872 Writings of the Rev. J. F. D. Maurice,"
Hay-time " and
"Summer Rain," and "Ten Weeks in Natal," in 1855 ;
in 1873; "The Heart of Surrey and "A Translation of the Epistle to
and "Misty Morning," in 1874; the Romans, commented on from a
"Richmond Hill," "Loch Scavaig,
"Loch Scavaig, Missionary Point of View," in 1861.
Isle of Skye," and "Summer: noon The first part of "The Pentateuch
in 1875; "The Day's Decline in and Book of Joshua critically exa-
1876 ; "Summer Showers and mined," calling in question the his-
"Arundel" in 1877; "A Showery torical accuracy and Mosaic author-
Day," "The Alps at Rosenlaui; ship of these books, appeared in 1862.
and "A Surrey Pastoral" in 1878. This work was condemned by insig-
He was
elected an Associate of nificant majorities in both Houses of
the Royal Academy in Feb., 1870. Convocation of the province of Can-
Mr. Cole's favourite field of study terbury in 1864, and its author was de-
and the source of most of his clared to be deposed from his see by
subjects is Surrey with its pic- the Metropolitan, the Bishop of Cape
turesque hills and dales, moors and Town. The deposition was declared
woodland, cornfield and pasturage. to be "null and void in law," on an
This artist may be classed as an imi- appeal to the Privy Council, in March,
tative realistic painter, relying on 1865, the ground of the decision being
the character and sentiment of the that the Crown has no legal power
scene he represents; and if his work to constitute a bishopric, or to con-
receives no very decided modifica- fer coercive jurisdiction within any
tion from passing through a mental Colony possessing an independent
or imaginative medium, it is always legislature; and that as the letters-
healthy and cheerful in feeling, and patent purporting to create the sees
it owes much to the technical charms of Cape Town and Natal were issued
of an elegant, graceful execution, and after these colonies had acquired
an effective scheme of playful inter- legislatures, the sees did not legally
change of colouring.
exist and neither bishop possessed in
law any jurisdiction whatever. The
Bishops forming the Council of the
Colonial Bishoprics' Fund having,
notwithstanding this decision, refused
to pay him his income on the ground
that he had no coercive jurisdiction,
he appealed to the Court of Chancery,
and the Master of the Rolls delivered
an elaborate judgment on Oct. 6, 1866,
ordering the payment in future of his
income with all arrears and interest,
and declaring that, if his accusers re-
fused to pay his income on the ground
of heretical teaching he should have
felt it his duty to try that issue-an
offer which they declined to accept.
Bishop Colenso had many sympa-
thizers in England, and on Aug. 26,
1865, a meeting of the subscribers to
the "Colenso Fund" was held in the
Freemasons' Tavern, when £3,300
was presented to him as a token of
""
""
""
COLENSO, THE RIGHT REV. JOHN
WILLIAM, D.D., Bishop of Natal, son
of a gentleman who long held office
under the duchy of Cornwall, was
born Jan. 24, 1814; graduated as
Second Wrangler and Smith's Prize-
man at St. John's College, Cambridge,
in 1836, and became Fellow and As-
sistant-Tutor of his college. He was
Assistant-Master of Harrow School
from 1838 till 1842, resided at St.
John's College from 1842 till 1846,
became rector of Forncett St. Mary,
Norfolk, in 1846, and on Nov. 30, 1853,
he was appointed first Bishop of
Natal, South Africa. His treatises
on Algebra and Arithmetic have had
a large sale, and are text-books in
schools and universities. In addition
to these, he has compiled "Miscel-
laneous Examples in Algebra," pub-
lished in 1848; "Plane Trigono-
249
250
COLERIDGE.
respect on his leaving for his distant
diocese. The final result was that the
Anglican community at the Cape was
divided into two hostile camps. Bishop
Colenso still remains the only Bishop
of the Church of England in Natal;
but the Rev. William Kenneth Mac-
rorie was consecrated Bishop of Mar-
itzburg for the Church of the Province
of South Africa at Cape Town,
Jan. 25, 1869. Towards the close of
the year 1874 Bishop Colenso paid a
visit to this country in order to re-
port to the Archbishop of Canterbury
and other heads of the Church of
England the position maintained, in
spite of all discouragements, by the
members of the Church of England
in the Cape Colony, of unwavering
attachment to the mother Church;
and to consult them as to the relations
in which the diocese of Natal stood
to the new bishop of Cape Town, who
had taken the oath of canonical
obedience to the Archbishop of Can-
terbury, but with a reservation or
explanation, which by many was
thought to deprive that oath of its
natural meaning; as also to arrange
some other matters which were needed
for the future welfare and progress
of that branch of the Church of Eng-
land which exists in the Cape Colony.
During his stay in this country he was
inhibited from preaching in their re-
spective dioceses by the Bishops of
Oxford, Lincoln, and London. He
published "Natal Sermons" in 1866,
and several papers on the controversy
which he originated, as also a Zulu
Grammar and a Zulu Dictionary, a
Zulu Translation of the New Testa-
ment, and other parts of the Bible and
Prayer-Book, with many other educa-
tional works for the instruction of the
Zulus. His more recent works are
"The new Bible Commentary by
Bishops and other Clergy of the An-
glican Church critically examined,'
1871; "The Pentateuch and Book of
Joshua critically examined," Part VI.,
1872; "Lectures on the Pentateuch
and the Moabite Stone," 1873.
""
|
|
|
the poet, was born at Keswick, Sept.
14, 1800, and was educated with his
brother, at a small private school near
Ambleside. For about two years he
was engaged as a private tutor, at the
expiration of which time he entered
St. John's College, Cambridge, where
he formed an intimacy with some of
the contributors to the Etonian and
Knight's Quarterly Magazine. Under
the nom de plume of" Davenant Cecil"
he became a contributor to the last-
mentioned periodical. After leaving
college he was engaged in tuition at
Plymouth, at Helston, in Cornwall,
and as principal of St. Mark's Col-
lege, Chelsea, from 1841 to 1864. He
is a prebendary of St. Paul's Cathe-
dral and rector of Hanwell, Middlesex.
He contributed the memoir of his
brother, prefixed to Hartley Cole-
ridge's "Poetical Remains," which
he edited, and has been engaged col-
lecting the scattered writings and
correspondence of his distinguished
father. Several volumes of notes
and marginalia have already issued
from the press. He is the author of
a work entitled "The Scriptural
Character of the English Church,"
published in 1839; has edited the
prose as well as the poetical "Re-
mains" of his brother, and the "Lay
Sermons" of his father, and has
written a life of the late Winthrop
Mackworth Praed, prefixed to his col-
lected poetical works, published in
1864. His views on education are
recorded in two letters addressed to
his cousin, the Right Hon. Sir John
T. Coleridge, in 1861. More recently
he has published, by desire, a speech
delivered at London House on "Com-
pulsory Education and Rate Pay-
ment," 1867.
COLERIDGE (LORD), THE RIGHT
HON. JOHN DUKE, is the elder son
of the late Right Hon. Sir John
Taylor Coleridge, of Heath's Court,
Ottery St. Mary, by Mary, eldest
daughter of the late Rev. Gilbert
Buchanan, LL.D., Vicar of Wood-
mansterne, and Rector of Northfleet,
and was born in the year 1821. His
COLERIDGE, THE REV. DER-
WENT, son of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, | lordship was educated at Eton, and
COLFAX.
|
at Balliol College, Oxford, where he
obtained a scholarship, and graduated
B.A. in 1842 and M.A. in 1846, up to
which year he had been a Fellow of
Exeter College. He was called to the
bar at the Middle Temple, Nov. 6,
1846, and went the Western cir-
cuit, of which he was for some years
the leader. In 1855 he was appointed
Recorder of Portsmouth, and was
created a Queen's Counsel in 1861,
being soon afterwards nominated a
Bencher of the Middle Temple. He
was an unsuccessful candidate for the
representation of Exeter in August,
1864, but was elected for that city in
July, 1865, and continued to represent
it till Nov., 1873. In Dec., 1868, on the
formation of Mr. Gladstone's Govern-
ment, he was selected to fill the office
of Solicitor-General, when he received
the honour of knighthood, and in
Nov., 1871, on Sir Robert Collier
being appointed to a judgeship in
the Judicial Department of the
Privy Council, Sir John Duke Cole-
ridge was appointed to succeed him
as Attorney-General. On the retire-
ment of Lord Romilly, in 1873, from
the Mastership of the Rolls, Sir John
Coleridge, as Attorney-General,
though a member of the Common
Law bar, received the first offer of
that appointment, but after mature
consideration he declined the office,
which was conferred upon Sir George
Jessel, the Solicitor-General, who was
a member of the Equity bar. Soon
afterwards, however, the death of Sir
William Bovill left the Chief Justice-
ship of the Court of Common Pleas at
the disposal of the Government, and
this high office was at once conferred
upon Sir John Coleridge, who was
sworn in as Lord Chief Justice, Nov.
19, 1873. In the following month he
was raised to the peerage by the title
of Baron Coleridge of Ottery St.
Mary, in the county of Devon. Lord
Coleridge was at one time a contri-
butor to the Edinburgh Review, and
other periodicals. His lordship
married, in 1846, Jane Fortescue,
third daughter of the Rev. George
Turner Seymour, of Farringford-hill,
-
251
Isle of Wight, and has issue three
sons and a daughter, the sons being
-the Hon. Bernard John Seymour
Coleridge, born in 1851; the Hon.
Stephen William Buchanan Coleridge,
born in 1854; and the Hon. Gilbert
James Duke Coleridge, born in 1859.
COLFAX, SCHUYLER, born at New.
York, March 23, 1823. His early ad-
vantages of education were limited,
owing to the straitened circumstances
of his widowed mother. In 1836, his.
mother having married again, he re-
moved with the family to the State of
Indiana, where he was, for a while,
clerk in a country store. In 1841.
his step-father having been elected
auditor of St. Joseph county, Schuy-
ler was appointed his deputy, and
the family took up their residence at
South Bend. He began the study of
law, and for two years acted as re-
porter for a journal, published at
Indianapolis, the State capital. In
1845 he established, at South Bend,
a weekly newspaper, the St. Joseph
Valley Register, which came to be
the organ of the Whig party in
Northern Indiana. In 1848 he was
a delegate to the National Whig Con-
vention, which nominated General
Taylor for the Presidency. In 1850
he was a member of the convention
to frame a new constitution for the
State of Indiana, and opposed the
clause which prevented free coloured
men from settling in the State. In
1851 he was a candidate for Congress
in his district, then very strongly
Democratic, and came very near an
election. In 1854 he was elected by
a large majority, and immediately on
the organization of the Republican
party affiliated himself with it. He
was re-elected to each successive Con-
gress until 1868, and from Dec., 1863,
to March, 1869, was Speaker of the
House of Representatives. In May,
1868, he was nominated for Vice-
President on the ticket with Gen.
Grant for President, and was elected
in November following. In the Re-
publican Convention of 1872 he was
again a candidate for the Vice-Pre-
sidency. He received 314 votes, 384
•
→
252
COLLIER.
|
being cast for Henry Wilson, who re-
ceived the nomination, and was
elected. In 1873 Mr. Colfax was
implicated in charges of corruption
brought against many members of
Congress, and the Judiciary Com-
mittee of the House of Representa-
tives was directed to inquire whether
there was evidence to call for the
impeachment of any officer of the
Government. This Committee re-
ported (Feb. 24, 1873) that there
was no ground for the impeachment
of Mr. Colfax, since, if there had
been any offence committed by him,
it was before he became Vice-Pre-
sident. Since that time he has
frequently appeared as a public
lecturer, especially in 1878, upon
the life of President Lincoln.
COLLIER, JOHN PAYNE, philolo-
gist, bibliographer, and commentator
on Shakespeare, was born in London,
Jan. 11, 1789. His grandfather, de-
scended from the famous Jeremy Col-
lier, was, about 1775, one of the
medical attendants on the household
of Queen Charlotte. The father of
the subject of the present memoir,
who devoted himself to letters, was
editor of the Monthly Register, and
was connected with the management
of the Times. The son, called to the
bar by the Society of the Middle
Temple, acting as a law reporter and
as parliamentary reporter for the
Morning Chronicle, met with so much
success as a public writer in the news-
paper that Mr. Perry introduced him
to many of the leaders of the Whig
party, including Sir James Mackin-
tosh, Mr. Tierney, Mr. Windham, and
others. Having acquired, at an early
age, a taste for the Elizabethan poets
and dramatists, he published in the
journals with which he was connected
critical essays on these writers; and
his contributions to Constable's Edin-
burgh Magazine and the Critical Re-
view caused public attention to be
directed to many writers who had
been strangely neglected. He was
one of the earliest critics of the pre-
sent century who showed that the
works of Peele, Greene, Nash, Lodge,
Middleton, Marlow, and Webster
deserved to be rescued from the ob-
scurity into which they had fallen.
Mr. Collier proved himself able to
appreciate the merits of our old Eng-
lish dramatists, and to second the
efforts of Headly, Ritson, G. Ellis,
Hazlitt, and Lamb, in drawing atten-
tion to their writings. One of his
earliest works, "The Poetical Deca-
meron," published in 1820, was ex-
clusively devoted to this object. In
1822 he privately printed his allego-
rical poem in four cantos, "The
Poet's Pilgrimage." In his edition of
"Dodsley's Old Plays," published in
1825, Mr. Collier introduced six
dramas of high merit, not included in
any previous edition of the work; and
in a supplementary volume he pub-
lished five additional plays of the
time of Shakespeare, which had been
neglected by former critics. His
"History of Dramatic Poetry" was
published in 1831. The Duke of
Devonshire (to whom Mr. Collier be-
came librarian) and others opened
their valuable libraries to his re-
searches, and enabled him to compile
his
"Bibliographical and Critical
Catalogue ;" and there was scarcely
a collector of any note who did not
readily give him access to his stores.
It was amongst the manuscripts of
the late Lord Ellesmere's library that
Mr. Collier discovered the greater
part of the documents of which he
has availed himself in his "New
Facts regarding the Life of Shakes-
peare," a work which he followed up
in 1836 by "New Particulars," and
in 1839 by "Further Particulars."
He has edited several works, more or
less connected with the same subject,
for the Camden and Shakespeare
Societies, of the first of which he was
long treasurer, and of the last, director.
He was engaged for more than twenty
years in making collections of ma-
terials for a new Life of Shakespeare,
published in 1842-44. The Royal
Commission, established for the pur-
pose of inquiring into the condition
and management of the British
Museum, made him their secretary.
|
COLLIER.
He was, however, unable to carry out
his plan for the speedy preparation of
a catalogue. A pension on the civil
list of £100 per annum was conferred
upon him as a recognition of the
services he had rendered to literature.
In 1832 he had declined to become a
stipendiary magistrate, and after-
wards a Judge of the County Court,
when Lord Campbell would have pro-
cured his appointment. In 1850 Mr.
Collier was chosen a Vice-President
of the Society of Antiquaries, to the
Transactions of which he has been a
frequent contributor. Among his re-
maining publications may be men-
tioned "ABook of Roxburghe Ballads,"
"Extracts from the Registers of the
Stationers' Company, of Books entered
for publication 1557-70," published
in 1848; and "Memoirs of the Prin-
cipal Actors in the Plays of Shakes-
peare," in 1846. In 1858 he pub-
lished a second edition of his Shakes-
peare, and in 1862 a new impression
of the works of Spenser. He took a
prominent part in advocating the
early date and consequent authority
of the MS. marginal notes in a copy
of the folio edition of Shakespeare.
The publication of these emendations |
excited a very animated controversy,
and they were not generally accepted
by Shakespearian critics, although all
later editors have more or less adopted
them in their text. In 1866 Mr.
Collier commenced a series of re-
prints of the scattered and scarce
productions of our early poets and
pamphleteers, including a collection
of our old English poetical Miscella-
nies, beginning with Tottell, in 1557,
and coming down to Davison in
1602. His last published work was
a Bibliographical Account of Rare
Books," in 1865, 2 vols. 8vo.
|
|
((
COLLIER, THE RIGHT HON. SIR
ROBERT PORRETT, son of the late
John Collier, Esq. (member for
Plymouth from the passing of the
Reform Bill till 1841), born in 1817,
and educated at Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, was called to the bar at the
Inner Temple in 1843, and joined the
Western circuit, of which he became
253
one of the acknowledged leaders, re-
ceiving a patent of precedence in 1854.
He held the recordership of Penzance
for some years, was an unsuccessful
candidate for Launceston in 1841,
and sat for Plymouth in the Liberal
interest from 1852 until his ele-
vation to the judicial bench. In
1853 he introduced a bill for trans-
ferring the testamentary jurisdiction
of the Ecclesiastical Courts to a
civil tribunal, the main provisions of
which were adopted in the Act by
which the Probate Court was subse-
quently established.
He proposed
and carried a resolution in favour
of limited liability in partnerships,
which became the basis of subsequent
legislation on this subject. Mr. Col-
lier was made Solicitor-General in
Oct. 1863, on the promotion of Sir R.
Palmer to the Attorney-Generalship,
and retired with the Russell adminis-
tration in July, 1866. On the return
of the Liberal party to power in Dec.
1868, he was appointed Attorney-
General. He held that office until
Nov. 1871, when he was appointed a
paid member of the Judicial Com-
mittee of the Privy Council. Pre-
vious to taking his seat, however, he
temporarily succeeded Mr. Justice
Montague Smith as one of the Puisne
Judges of the Court of Common Pleas.
He has published treatises on The
Law of Railways" and "The Law of
Mines; " and a translation of "The
Oration of Demosthenes on the
Crown," 1875. Sir R. Collier is an
amateur painter, and has exhibited
many pictures at the Royal Aca-
demy.
(C
COLLIER, THE RIGHT REV.
WILLIAM BERNARD ALLEN, D.D., a
Catholic prelate, born in 1802, at
Rokeby-Close, Richmond, Yorkshire,
was educated at Ampleforth, and
afterwards at Douay, in France.
He was elected Prior of the College
at Douay in 1826, and left in 1833
to be incumbent of Little Crosby,
in Lancashire. In 1834 he was ap-
pointed representative of the Eng-
lish Benedictine Fathers at the Court
of Rome, and whilst residing there in
254
COLLIN-COLLINS.
that capacity, he was nominated in |
1840 Vicar Apostolic of Mauritius,
and was consecrated Bishop by
Cardinal Fransoni, assisted by the
Archbishop of Edessa, and Bishop
Kyle, of Scotland, who happened to
be in Rome at the time. He arrived
in Mauritius in 1841, and, revisiting
Europe in 1844, had conferred on him
by the Holy See the title of Roman
Count, assistant at the Papal Throne,
and titular Bishop of Port Louis, the
capital of Mauritius. He left Mau-
ritius finally in 1862. The governor
of the colony, the late Sir William
Stephenson, complimented Bishop
Collier before his departure on the pro-
gress of morality in Mauritius during
his episcopacy; and the Court of Rome
gave him the flattering assurance that
he had merited and secured its fullest
confidence-plenissimam fiduciam.
COLLIN, JACQUES ALLIN SIMON
COLLIN DANTON, known as DE
PLANCY, author, nephew of Danton,
born at Plancy, Jan. 28, 1793; went
to Paris in 1812, and undertook
literary work for various publishers.
Under the Restoration he started on
his own account as a printer and pub-
lisher. The revolution of July ruined
his business, and he took refuge in
Belgium, where he resided for several
years, publishing works which flat-
tered the Belgian nationality. He
returned to France in 1837, and en-
deavoured to found at Plancy a kind
of "Société Phalanstérienne,” after-
wards transformed into the "Société
de Saint Victor." From 1812 to 1835,
M. Collin de Plancy was Voltairian
and anti-clerical; but in 1837 he
made his peace with the Pope.
Whilst advocating Communist prin-
ciples he wrote "The Infernal Dic-
tionary," the "Feudal Dictionary,'
“Memoirs of a Vilain of the Four-
teenth Century," and the "Devil,
Painted by Himself." Since his re-
conciliation to the Roman Catholic
Church, he has written "Legends of
the Holy Virgin," "Legends of the
Wandering Jew," "Legends of the
Commandments of God," "Legends
of the Seven Mortal Sins," &c., all
""
circulated by the "Society for the
Propagation of Good Books."
He
has published under a variety of
aliases, such as Paul Béranger, Croque-
lardon, Hormisdas-Peath, Baron Ni-
lense, and le Neveu de mon Oncle.
COLLINGWOOD, CUTHBERT,
M.A. and B.M., Oxon., F.L.S., &c.,
was born at Greenwich, Dec. 25,
1826, and educated at King's College
School, Christ Church, Oxford, Edin-
burgh University, and Guy's Hospital.
He also studied in Paris and Vienna.
From 1858 to 1866 he resided in
Liverpool, occupying during that
period the chair of Botany in the
Medical School, and that of Biology
in the School of Science. He was
hon. secretary to the Liverpool Lite-
rary and Philosophical Society, and
vice-president of the Naturalists'
Field Club, of both which Societies
he is now an honorary member; also
senior physician to the Liverpool
Northern Hospital. Mr. Collingwood
has been a Fellow of the Linnæan
Society since 1853, and sat on the
Council in 1868. In 1866-67 he
undertook as a volunteer, under the
sanction of the Admiralty, a scientific
voyage for the study of marine zoo-
logy, &c., visiting China, Formosa.
Borneo, and Singapore; the results
being recorded in
"Rambles of a
Naturalist on the Shores and Waters
of the China Sea," 1868, in numerous
papers read before scientific societies,
and in scientific journals. He is the
author of "A Vision of Creation, a
poem, 2nd edition, 1875; and "The
Travelling Bird," 2nd edition, 1873.
Mr. Collingwood is a foreign member
of the Royal Physico-Economical
Society of Königsberg.
""
COLLINS, WILLIAM WILKIE,
eldest son of the late William Collins.
R.A., the well-known painter of rustic
scenes, was born in London in Jan.
1824. His mother was a sister of
Mrs. Carpenter, one of the best female
portrait-painters of the time. After
being educated at a private school,
and spending two years with his
parents in Italy, he was articled for
four years to a firm in the tea-trade.
COLLINSON.
|
|
Exchanging commerce for law, he
was a student of Lincoln's Inn at the
time of his father's death, and his
earliest literary performance was an
admirable biography of his father,
with selections from his journals and
correspondence, published in two
vols. 1848. From this time Mr.
Collins devoted himself entirely to
literature, and published successively,
"Antonina; or the Fall of Rome; a
Romance of the fifth century," 1850;
"Rambles beyond Railways; or Notes
in Cornwall, taken afoot," 1851;
"Basil: a Story of Modern Life,"
1852; "Mr. Wray's Cash Box; or
the Mask and the Mystery: a Christ-
mas Sketch," 1852;" Hide and Seek,"
1854.
Soon afterwards he became
a contributor to Household Words,
and his " After Dark," 1856, and "The
Dead Secret," 1857, are reprints of
tales which originally appeared in
that periodical. The later produc-
tions of his pen are, "The Queen of
Hearts," 1859; "The Woman in
White," 1860 ; "No Name," 1862,
which, as well as the preceding
novel, originally appeared in the
columns of All the Year Round;
'My Miscellanies," 1863; "Arma-
dale," 1866;" The Moonstone," 1868 ;
"Man and Wife," 1870; "Poor Miss
Finch," 1872; "Miss or Mrs. ? and
other Stories in Outline," 1873 ; "The
New Magdalen," 1873; "The Law
and the Lady," 1875; and "Two
Destinies," 1876. Mr. Collins' prin-
cipal works have passed through
several editions both in this country
and the United States, and have been
translated into French, Italian, Ger-
man, Dutch, Danish, and Russian. He
is a member of the Guild of Literature
and Art, and took a prominent part
in the amateur performances which
were got up for its benefit. He wrote
the "Lighthouse," first played in
private at Tavistock House, and
afterwards produced at the Olympic
Theatre. In 1857 his unpublished
drama, entitled "The Frozen Deep,"
was first produced at Tavistock House,
Mr. C. Dickens and other amateurs
performing it with great success. It
"(
,
255
was afterwards brought out with
the same cast at the Gallery of Illus-
tration, for the benefit of the "Jerrold
Fund," the Queen having previously
witnessed a private representation at
that place. A dramatic version, by
himself, of "The Moonstone," in four
acts, was brought out at the Olympic
Theatre in Sept. 1877.
COLLINSON, ADMIRAL SIR
RICHARD, K.C.B., F.R.G.S., was born
Nov. 7, 1811, at Gateshead, co. Dur-
ham, of which place his father was
rector. On Dec. 3, 1823, he entered
the Royal Navy as volunteer on board
H.M.S. Cambridge, Captain Maling,
under whose command he served
three years on the Pacific station.
After a short stay in England he
entered as midshipman on board the
Chanticleer, Captain Foster, which
vessel was fitted out under the aus-
pices of the Royal Society and em-
ployed in making pendulum, mag-
netic, and meteorological observations
on the shores and islands in the At-
lantic Ocean. In 1831 he was ap-
pointed to the Etna, Captain Belcher,
occupied in the survey of the Coast of
Africa; and subsequently to the Sala-
mander and Medea, under the com-
mand of Captain Austin. Being pro-
moted to the rank of lieutenant in
1835, he joined the Sulphur, Captain
Beechey, as assistant-surgeon, and
was employed in the examination of
the coasts of Central America and
Mexico; visiting California, Van-
couver's Island, Sitka, and fixing the
position of Mount St. Elias. Return-
ing to England in 1839, he was ap-
pointed additional lieutenant to the
Flagship on the coast for surveying
duty, and took an active part in all
the operations of the first Chinese
war; receiving his promotion to the
rank of commander in 1841, and
captain and C.B. in 1842 for his ser-
vices. At the conclusion of the war
he remained four years on the coast
of China in command of H.M.S.
Plover, laying down the coast-line
and making plans of the different
harbours between the Yangtsekiang
and Hongkong: thus enabling mer-
*
256
COLQUHOUN.
chant ships to approach the Treaty
Ports in safety. In 1849, on the
|
the surveys of Captain Collinson, was
published in 1855, and reached a
second edition in 1858. He is the
author of "Nine Weeks in Canada,"
published in "Vacation Tourists and
Notes of Travel in 1861; edited by
Francis Galton," (Cambridge, 1862;
and he edited for the Hakluyt Society,
"The Three Voyages of Martin Fro-
bisher, in search of a passage to
Cathaia and India by the North-
west, A.D. 1576-8," London, 8vo,
1867.
return of Sir James Ross in the
Enterprise and Investigator from
Lancaster Sound, after an ineffectual
search for Sir John Franklin, the
Government determined to despatch
those vessels to Behring Strait, and
the Admiralty selected Captain Col-
linson to command the expedition.
The two vessels left Plymouth on the
20th Jan., 1850, passing through the
Straits of Magelhaen, and calling at
the Sandwich Islands. The Enter-
prise reached Point Barrow on the
16th of August, 1850, when the ice was
found to butt close on the shore, and
after an ineffectual attempt to round
the point, in which lat. 73° 23′
in long. 164° was reached, the ship
returned to the southward, and after
passing the winter at Hongkong,
the Enterprise reached the edge of
the ice in lat. 60° on May 31, 1851,
and rounded Point Barrow in the pack
on the 25th of July. After passing
three winters in the ice, during which
period 5,735 miles of coast were
searched by means of boats and
sledges-one of the latter passing
within forty miles of the position in
which the Erebus and Terror were
abandoned the ship returned to
Behring Straits in the end of August,
1854, having been forty months on
her own resources. On his return to
England he received the medal of
the Royal Geographical Society for
his exploration of these regions, and
the proof that by bringing his ship
back in safety the northern face of
the continent of America was navi-
gable by a sailing ship from Behring
Strait to King William's Land. After
service on the Defence Commission
and the Lakes in Canada, Captain
Collinson received his promotion to
flag rank in 1862, and was made a
K.C.B. in 1875. In 1862 he was
elected an Elder Brother of the Cor-
poration of the Trinity House, and
since Sept. 7, 1875, he has occupied
the honourable position of Deputy
Master of that Corporation. "The
China Pilot," compiled chiefly from
COLOMBO. BISHOP OF. (Sec
COPLESTONE.)
COLQUHOUN, SIR PATRICK MAC
CHOMBAICH DE, LL.D., eldest son of
the late Chevalier James de Colqu-
houn, who was private secretary to
Mr. Dundas, and afterwards chargé
d'affaires of the Hanseatic republics,
was born in 1815, and educated at
Westminster, and became scholar of
St. John's College, Cambridge, where
he graduated B.A. in 1837 and M.A.
in 1844, taking the degree of Juris
utriusque Doctor at Heidelberg and
subsequently that of LL.D. at Cam-
bridge in 1851. He was called to the
barin 1838, and appointed Plenipoten-
tiary by the Hanseatic republics to
conclude commercial treaties with
Turkey, Persia, and Greece. On his
return, in 1844, he went the Home
circuito He is the author of "A
Summary of the Roman Civil Law,
illustrated by Commentaries and
Parallels from the Mosaic, Canon,
Mohammedan, English, and Foreign
Laws," published in 1849-60. He was
appointed Aulic Councillor to the king
of Saxony in 1857, and was stand-
ing counsel to H.M.'s Legation till
the abolition of the office by the war
of 1866. He was also Councillor of
Legation of the grand duke of Olden-
burg. By both of these sovereigns he
was decorated with the order of knight-
hood of Civil Merit in 1850 and 1856,
and received the first class, in bril-
liants, of the Iftihar of Turkey in 1844,
and the Grand Cross of the Redeemer
of Greece in 1847. He was appointed
Member of the Supreme Council of
Justice of the Ionian Islands by
COLVILE-CONANT.
Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton in 1858;
became Chief Justice of the court
in 1861, and received the honour of
knighthood. On the cession of the
Ionian islands to Grecce in 1864, Sir
P. Colquhoun returned to England,
and was appointed one of Her
Majesty's Counsel in 1868, and a
Member of the Inner Temple Bench.
Sir Patrick is the author of various
treatises on learned and classical sub-
jects in different languages; is an
Hon. Fellow of the Royal Academy
of History of Madrid, of the Royal
Antiquarian Society of Athens, of
the Imperial Academy of Sciences of
the Sublime Porte; Fellow of the
Royal Geographical Society; Vice-
President of the Royal Society of
Literature, and Juridical Society;
Hon. Secretary of the Highland
Society of London.
COLUMBIA, BISHOP OF.
HILLS, DR.)
| East India Agents, and the residence
of the family is at Little Bealings,
Woodbridge, Suffolk. Mr. Colvin was
educated at home and at Trinity Col-
lege, Cambridge, where he was Chan-
cellor's English Medallist in 1865,
and where he graduated, as third in
the first class of the Classical Tripos
in 1867. He was elected a Fellow of
Trinity College in 1869; Slade Pro-
fessor of Fine Arts, 1873 (re-elected
1876); and was appointed Director
of the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cam-
bridge, in 1876. He is a member of
the German Archæological Institute.
Since 1867 he has been a frequent
contributor, chiefly as a critic and
historian of art to the Fortnightly
Review, Cornhill Magazine, Pall Mall
Gazette, and other periodicals. He is
the author of "Children in Italian
and English Design," 1872; and "Al-
(Seebert Durer, his Teachers, his Rivals,
and his Followers."
257
|
COLVILE, THE RIGHT HON. SIR
JAMES WILLIAM, son of the late
Andrew Colvile, Esq., of Craigflower,
county Fife, by Louisa Mary, daughter
of William, first Lord Auckland, born
in 1810, was educated at Eton and
Trinity College, Cambridge, where he
graduated, and was called to the bar
of the Inner Temple. In 1845 he was
appointed Advocate-General of the
East India Company of Calcutta, and
a puisne judge of the Supreme Court
there in 1848, when he was knighted.
He held the post of Chief Justice
there from 1855 to March, 1859, when
he returned to England, and was ap-
pointed assessor to the Judicial Com-
mittee of the Privy Council on Indian
Appeals, being at the same time sworn
a Privy Councillor. In Nov., 1865,
he was nominated a member of the
Judicial Committee; and in Nov.,
1871, he was appointed to act as one
of the paid members of that body
under the provisions of the Act passed
in the previous session, but he retired
a few days afterwards.
CONANT, THOMAS JEFFERSON,
D.D., LL.D., born at Brandon, Ver-
mont, Dec. 13, 1802. He graduated
at Middlebury College in 1823, and
after a brief tutorship in Columbian
College, Washington, he accepted an
appointment as professor of languages
in Waterville College, Maine. In
1833 he resigned his professorship
and removed to the vicinity of Bos-
ton. In 1835 he became professor of
Biblical Literature and Criticism in
Hamilton Theological Seminary, New
York, and while connected with it
spent two years in the study of orien-
tal languages and literature at the
universities of Halle and Berlin, and
published a translation of the He-
brew grammar of Gesenius, with the ad-
ditions of Rödiger, which is a standard
text book in America and England.
In 1850 he accepted the professorship
of Biblical Literature and Criticism in
the Theological Seminary at Roches-
ter, New York, but in 1858 resigned,
and removed to Brooklyn, New York,
to devote himself to the production of
a revised translation of the Holy
Scriptures. His work in this depart-
ment consists of revised versions, with
notes, of "The Book of Job " (1857);
S
COLVIN, SIDNEY, M.A., was born
at Norwood, Surrey, June 18, 1845.
His father is Mr. D. D. Colvin, of the
house of Crawford, Colvin, and Co.,
|
258
CONGREVE-CONSCIENCE.
|
took a prominent place among the
leaders of his party, and in 1876 was
a prominent candidate for the Presi-
dential nomination, which, however,
was given to Mr. Hayes. Since that
time he has taken the lead in that
section of the Republican party which
is hostile to the general policy of the
new President.
"The Gospel of Matthew" (1860);
"The Book of Genesis" (1858); "The
Book of Psalms" (1868); also, with
some additional notes, in the Ameri-
can edition, of " Lange's Commen-
tary" (1872); "The Book of Pro-
verbs (1872); and "Barтiew; its
Βαπτίζειν
Meaning and Use, philosophically and
historically investigated" (1872). He
is a member of the American Com-
mittee co-operating with the Convo-
cation of Canterbury, England. in
the revision of the Authorized English
version of the Bible, and is conceded
to be one of the first Hebraists of the
time.
::
CONNAUGHT (DUKE OF), HIS
ROYAL HIGHNESS ÅRTHUR WILLIAM
PATRICK ALBERT, K.G., K.T.. K.P.,
G.C.M.G., Prince of the United
Kingdom, Duke of Saxony, Prince of
Coburg and Gotha, the third son of
Her Majesty Queen Victoria, was
born at Buckingham Palace, May 1,
1850. He entered the Military Aca-
demy at Woolwich as a cadet in 1866.
became a lieutenant in the Royal
Engineers in 1868, and a lieutenant
in the Royal Artillery in Feb., 1869.
He was appointed a lieutenant in the
Rifle Brigade in Aug.. 1869, and a
captain in excess of the establishment
of the regiment in 1871. On attain-
ing his majority in the last-named
year Parliament voted him a grant of
£15,000 per annum. Prince Arthur
was created Duke of Connaught and
Strathearn, and Earl of Sussex, May
26, 1874, and took his seat in the
House of Lords on the 8th of the
following month. At a Council held
at Windsor, May 16, 1878, the Queen
declared the intended marriage of
the Duke of Connaught and Strath-
earn to Princess Margaret Louise, of
Prussia, third daughter of Prince
Frederick Charles, and grand niece
of the Emperor of Germany.
CONSCIENCE, HENRI, novelist.
was born at Antwerp, Dec. 3, 1812.
His father, who was of French origin,
was long employed in the French
marine, and became a buyer and
seller of ships. The son, to gratify, as
far as he could, his avidity for read-
ing, became a private teacher, and
being thus engaged when the Belgian
revolution of 1830 broke out, he
entered the army, serving six years
as a volunteer. An active military
CONKLING, ROSCOE, born at
Albany, New York, in 1828. He
studied law, and in 1858 was elected
a Representative in Congress; he
was re-elected from term to term
until 1867, when he was chosen Sena-
tor, and re-elected in 1873, his pre-life had a wholesome effect on his
sent term expiring in 1879. He soon dreamy disposition, and he became
CONGREVE, RICHARD. M.A.,
born Sept. 4, 1818, was educated at
Rugby under Dr. Arnold, and became
successively Scholar, Fellow, and
Tutor of Wadham College, Oxford,
where he graduated B.A. in 1840,
taking first-class honours in classics.
Having acted for some time as an
assistant-master at Rugby, he re-
turned to Oxford, where he resumed
his tutorship at Wadham College.
In 1855 he published a small volume
on the history of the Roman Empire
of the West, and an edition of "Aris-
totle's Politics," with notes (2nd edit.,
1874). He resigned his fellowship,
and after deeply studying the social
and religious system of the late M.
Comte, embraced it as the best solu-
tion of the social and religious diffi-
culties which surrounded him. Mr.
Congreve has since published “Gib-
raltar;" a pamphlet on Indian matters,
in which he recommends England to
give up its Indian empire as inde-
fensible; "Italy and the Western
Powers ;" "Elizabeth of England;"
CC
The Catechism of Positive Religion
(1858); Essays Political, Social,
and Religious" (1874); and some ser-
mons.
-
CONSTANTINE.
the poet of the army. His French
songs, full of point and spirit, were
very popular amongst his comrades.
He was discharged in 1836, after
having attained the rank of sergeant-
major, but through some misunder-
standing he quarrelled with his
family. He was by turns a working
gardener, an employé in the archives
of Antwerp, and clerk to an Academy
of Arts. After quitting the military
-service, he allied himself to a party
which had in view the establishment
of a Flemish literature, in opposi-
tion to the French literature of the
18th century. To this task he de-
voted all his powers, and his first
work, "The Year of Miracles," pub-
lished in 1837, contains a series of
brilliant dramatic pictures of the
Spanish rule in Flanders. It was re-
ceived by the public with great favour.
The success of this publication excited
the resentment of his father, who re-
nounced him completely; but by the
kindness of a friend, the painter Wap-
pers, he obtained a small pension
from Leopold I., which saved him
from destitution, and enabled him to
publish in 1837 another volume,
Phantasia," a collection of Flemish
poetry and legends; "Leeuw van
Leeuw van
Vlandern," the Lion of Flanders, a
truly original work, which will sus-
tain his reputation as a national
romance writer, appeared in 1838.
In 1845 he obtained the appointment
of Assistant Professor in the Uni-
versity of Ghent, where he had to
instruct the Royal children in the
Flemish language and literature.
Henri Conscience has produced a
variety of interesting sketches, illus-
trative of Flemish manners; such as
"Evening Hours," "The Execu-
tioner's Child," "The New Niobe,"
"The Conscript," "The Poor Gentle-
man," Quintin Metzys," "Pages
from the Book of Nature," "Jacob
van Artevelde," "Blind Rosa," and
several other works which have been
translated into English, German,
Danish, and Italian. He published
his memoirs in the Revue Contempo-
raine in 1858. In 1870 he once more
259
gained the prize of literature, given
every fifth year, by his romance
"Bavo en Lieveken," which may be
classed among his best works. In
this work, as in all his writings, M.
Conscience contrives to insinuate the
gravest and best advice under the
most amusing forms, and, according
to his wont, he pleads the cause of
virtue, by proving that after all it is
the best policy. One of his latest
works is "De Kerels van Vlanderen,"
an historical romance, 1871. The
following tales by M. Conscience
have been translated into English :-
"The Progress of a Painter," 1852 ;
"The Good Mother," Dublin, 1852;
"The Lion of Flanders, or the Battle
of the Golden Spurs," 1855; "The
Curse of the Village; and "The Hap-
piness of being Rich," Lond., 1855;
"The Miser," Lond., 1855; "Tales
of Old Flanders, Count Hugo of
Craenhove and Wooden Clara," 1855;
"Veva, or the War of the Peasants;
and The Conscript," Baltimore, 1856;
"The Demon of Gold," Lond., 1857;
The Poor Gentleman," Baltimore,
1867; "Ricketicketack, and Wooden
Clara," Baltimore, 1867; "The Con-
script and Blind Rosa," 1867; The
Village Innkeeper,” 1867.
CONSTANTINE,
(6
(
NICOLE-
WITCH, the second son and fourth
child of the late emperor Nicholas,
Grand Duke of Russia, titular and
Grand Admiral of the Imperial fleet,
was born Sept. 21 (or, according to
the old style which Russia retains,
Sept. 9), 1827. He was educated with
great care for the naval service, and
had for his tutor Admiral Lütke, the
circumnavigator of the globe, under
whose orders the young prince sub-
sequently served, and acquired the
rank of "post-captain in the Russian
navy," as he thus subscribed himself
at the model-room of the Admiralty
at Somerset House, during his visit to
England in 1847. In his character
of Admiral he had ventured to arrest
his elder brother, the present emperor
of Russia, who was on board his ship,
for which he was himself placed
under arrest for a considerable time
·
S 2
260
CONYBEARE.
|
In Jan. 1878 he was reappointed
President of the Council of State for
three years. He is the author of &
"History and Description of the
Town of Pavlovsk," published anony-
mously.
by his father. The Grand Duke Con-
stantine married, Aug. 30, 1848, the
Princess Alexandra, daughter of Jo-
seph, duke of Saxe-Altenburg, by
whom he has issue. In addition to
being Grand Admiral of Russia, the
Grand Duke Constantine is Comman-
dant of the 4th brigade of Infantry of
the Guard, Colonel of the regiment of
Hussars of the late Grand Duke
Michael Paulowitch, a member of the
Council of Military Schools, and
President of the Grand Council of
the Empire. He allied himself to
the Muscovite national party,
whose fanaticism helped to bring
about the war with England and
France. At the death of the emperor
Nicholas, it was feared that the
Grand Duke Constantine might be-
come the chief of the opposition
represented by the old Muscovite
party against the moderate party, of
which the new czar, Alexander II.,
had been considered the centre. The
late emperor, foreseeing the probabi-
lity of commotion, had, however,
caused the Grand Duke Constantine
to take in his presence an oath of
fidelity and obedience to the heir of
the throne; and when Nicholas saw
that his end was approaching, he
called the two princes to his bedside,
and before giving them his blessing,
made Constantine, in presence of his
mother, renew the oath of fidelity to
his elder brother. A few hours after
the emperor's death, Constantine took
the oath of allegiance, adding that
the latter might rely upon him under
every circumstance. In 1857 the
Grand Duke paid visits to the courts
of England and France, and inspected
the naval arsenals of both countries.
At the outbreak of the Polish insur-
rection, in 1862, he was appointed
Viceroy of that principality, but he
esigned that post in a few months.
In Jan., 1865, he was appointed Pre-
sident of the Council of the Empire,
and in 1871 he paid another visit to
England. Of late he has been very
busy with a reorganisation of the
fleet, and he visited Turkey during
the war, though only for a short time.
K
CONYBEARE, HENRY, civil engi-
neer and architect, fourth son of the
Very Rev. William Daniel Conybeare,
dean of Llandaff, the well-known.
geologist, was born at Brislington, in.
Somersetshire, Feb. 22, 1823. After
leaving Rugby School, he entered the-
civil engineering department of
King's College, London, and went
through its three years' course, being
during this time a private pupil of the
Professor of Mathematics, Mr. Hall,
whom he accompanied into Cornwall,
to study the mining of that locality,
when Professor Hall, with Professor
Mosely, assisted in the organization.
of the Cornish School of Mines. On
leaving King's College, Mr. Cony-
beare spent three years in an engine-
manufactory at Newcastle, in order
to qualify himself in mechanical en--
gineering before going on railways.
Having completed his professional
education, he went to India on the en--
gineering staff of the Great Indian
Peninsula Railway, and he had the
civil engineering charge of the city
and island of Bombay from 1849 to
1852, during which period a large
number of his reports on the drain-
age, water supply, and gas supply of
Bombay were published as blue books
by the Indian Government amongst
the "Selections from the Records of
the Government of India." In con-
sequence of the prevalence of water
famines at Bombay, he was requested
in 1854 by the Government of that
presidency to report on the best
means of affording an adequate water
supply to the city and island. His
recommendations being approved by
the Supreme Government of India.
he was appointed to carry them into
execution. A description of the
works, which were on an unusually
large scale, may be found in the
Transactions of the Institution of
Civil Engineers. During his resi-
COOK.
261
|
lence in India, Mr. Conybeare prac- | engaged from 1868 to 1871 as assist-
tised architecture as well as civil ant editor of the Cornhill Magazine.
engineering, and designed the church From 1867 to 1875 he filled the post
erected at Colaba, in memory of those of dramatic critic to the Pall Mall.
who fell in the Afghan campaign, Gazette, and he has since been at-
the church of St. John at Satara, and tached in that capacity to The World
many civil buildings. As a justice newspaper. Mr. Cook has written upon
of the peace, he took a prominent fine art topics in various reviews, has
part in the business of the Bombay contributed to many periodicals and
bench; and on the breaking out of the journals, and has published the fol-
Mahomedan riots in 1854 he was ap-lowing works of fiction-" Paul Fos-
pointed to act as second Stipendiary ter's Daughter" (1861); "A Prodigal
Magistrate of Police. During the last Son" (1862); "The Trials of the Tred-
six years he remained in India he golds" (1864); "Leo" (1864); “Sir
was the Indian correspondent of the Felix Foy, Bart," (1865); "Hobson's
Times. Since his return to England Choice" (1866); "Dr. Muspratt's
in 1855, Mr. Conybeare has been in Patients" (1868); "Over Head and
extensive practice as a railway engi- Ears" (1868); "Young Mr. Nightin-
neer, and has been engineer-in-chief gale" (1874); "The Banns of Mar-
to a large number of railways. He riage" (1875); and "Doubleday's
was elected a member of the Insti- Children" (1877). He has also pub-
tution of Civil Engineers, and has lished a collection of essays and
taken a large part in the discussions studies, entitled "Art in England"
of that body. In 1856 he designed (1869), and a "Book of the Play :
locks for the port of Bombay, and in Studies and Illustrations of Histri-
the same year was appointed Lec- onic Story, Life, and Character”
turer on the Principles and Practice (1876).
of Civil Engineering at the Royal
Engineers' Establishment for Field
Instruction at Chatham. The course
of lectures Mr. Conybeare delivered
at Chatham, which was published in
1857, contains the first recommenda-
tion published for the use of iron in
land defences, and several other sug-
gestions which have since been car-
ried out. In April, 1869, Mr. Cony-
beare was appointed by the Home
Secretary to design and carry out
certain works of drainage required to
be executed under the authority of
the Home Office and of the Local
Government Act,, at Southover, in
Sussex. He is now (1878) engaged
at Caracas, in Venezuela.
|
COOK, DUTTON, born in London
in 1832, was educated at private
schools and at King's College, Lon-
don, and served articles in the office
of his father, George Simon Cook,
solicitor, of London, formerly of
Grantham, Lincolnshire. He studied
painting and engraving, and at one
time sought employment on Punch as
a draughtsman on wood. He was
COOK, ELIZA, poetess, the daugh-
ter of a respectable tradesman in
Southwark, was born about 1818.
At an early age she contributed to
various periodicals, including the
New Monthly, Metropolitan, Literary
Gazette, &c., and published in 1840 à
volume of poems, which at once at-
tracted the attention of the public.
and stamped her as a writer of great
merit and originality. She more
than sustained this favoured position
in the "Journal" which bore her
name, and which was published
weekly from 1849 until 1854, when,
on account of failing health, it was
given up, to the great regret of its
readers. Her poems, reprinted in a
collected form, have passed through
numerous editions, and a beautifully
illustrated Christmas volume was
issued in 1860. She published an-
other volume, entitled “New Echoes,
and other poems," in Oct., 1864, and
obtained a literary pension of £100
per annum the same year.
COOK, THE REV. FREDERIC
CHARLES, M.A., born about 1810,
262
COOKE.
Exhibition of the Royal Academy for
1864. He was elected A.R.A. in 1850,
R.A. in 1863, and in the same year a
Fellow of the Royal Society. Mr.
Cooke is a Fellow of the Linnæan,
Zoological, Geographical, and Geo-
logical Societies, of the Alpine Club,
and the Architectural Museum.
""
COOKE, JOHN ESTEN, born at
Winchester, Virginia, Nov. 3, 1830.
He studied law, and was admitted to
the bar in 1851. He wrote several
novels founded mainly upon scenes
and incidents in the early history of
Virginia. During a part of the civil
war he was on the Staff of General
"Stonewall Jackson and Gen. R.
E. Lee. After the war he was for a
while a resident in New York, where
he was engaged in journalism, but
subsequently returned to his farm
near Winchester, Virginia. Besides
numerous contributions to periodicals..
he has published "Leather Stocking
and Silk" (1854); "The Youth of
Jefferson," and "The Virginia Come-
dians" (1855); "The Last of the
Foresters" (1856); “Henry St. John,
Gentleman" (1858); "Life of Stone-
wall Jackson" (1866); "Wearing of
the Grey" (1867); "Mohun, or the
Last Days of Lee and his Paladins
(1868); "Hilt to Hilt, or Days and
Nights on the Shenandoah" (1869) ;;
"Hammer and Rapier" (1870); "Out
of the Foam" (1871); "Life of Ro--
bert E. Lee (1871); "Doctor Van
Dyke" (1872); and "Her Majesty
the Queen" (1873).
??
|
botanical works, "Loudon's Ency-
clopædia," "Loddiges' Botanical
Cabinet," &c. His first publication
was "Shipping and Craft," for which
he drew and etched fifty plates;
and then drew and engraved twelve
large plates of Old and New London
Bridges, published in one volume;
after which he took to painting in
oil and water colours. Mr. Cooke's
first works were coast and Dutch
subjects, large rough sea and marine
views, he having visited Holland six-
teen times. Between 1845 and 1854
he executed about 100 pictures on the
coast of Italy, from Marseilles to
Pæstum, including Florence and
Rome. After visiting Scandinavia,
he commenced a series of visits to
Venice, and painted a large number
of the principal buildings, fishing
craft, and the lagune. These were
succeeded by works on a large scale
of Arctic scenes, and of scenes in
Spain and Morocco; one large work
of the latter class appeared in the
received his academical education at
St. John's College, Cambridge (B.A.,
1831; M.A., 1844). He became
chaplain of Lincoln's Inn in 1860; a
canon residentiary of Exeter cathe-
dral in 1864; chaplain in ordinary
to the Queen; chaplain to the Bishop
of London in 1869; and precentor of
Exeter in 1872. Mr. Cook, who was
formerly one of Her Majesty's In-
spectors of Schools, has published the
"Acts of the Apostles," with a com-
mentary; and he is the general
editor of the "Speaker's Commen-
tary," the first volume of which ap-
peared in 1871 under the title of
"The Holy Bible, according to the
Authorized Version (A.D. 1611), with
an Explanatory and Critical Com-
mentary, and a Revision of the Trans-
lation. By Bishops and other Clergy
of the Anglican Church."
COOKE, EDWARD WILLIAM, R.A.,
F.R.S., the son of the eminent en-
graver, Mr. George Cooke, was born
in London, in 1811. For a short time
he studied perspective and architec-
ture under the elder Pugin. His
earlier efforts were illustrations to
COOKE, SIR WILLIAM FOTHER-
GILL, son of William Cooke, M.D..
of Durham, was born at Ealing,
Middlesex, in 1806, and having re-
ceived his education at Durham and
the University of Edinburgh, was
appointed in 1826 to the East Indian
army, in which he held various staff
appointments till 1831. On his re-
turn home he devoted his time to the
study of anatomy and physiology at
Paris and Heidelberg, and modelling
his anatomical dissections for the
illustration of his father's lectures
at Durham University. In March,
1836, directing his attention to the
COOKESLEY-COOPER.
|
mons (1843-44-47). He was appointed
vicar of Hayton, Yorkshire, in 1857,
incumbent of St. Peter's, Hammer-
smith, in 1860, and rector of Temps-
ford, Bedfordshire, in 1868.
electric telegraph, he occupied him-
self exclusively with it for many
years. He entered into partnership
with Professor Wheatstone, and
formed, in conjunction with Mr. J. L.
Ricardo, M.P., the first telegraph COOLEY, THOMAS MCINTYRE,
company, of which he became a born at Attica, New York, Jan. 6,
director. The first telegraph line 1824. In 1843 he removed to Michi-
in England was constructed by Mr. gan, where he was in 1845 admitted
Cooke, from Paddington to West to the bar. In 1857 he was appointed
Drayton, on the Great Western Rail- to compile and publish the laws of
way, in 1838-9.
In 1840 he esta- the State, and in 1858 he was made
blished the telegraph on the Blackwall reporter of the decisions of the Su-
Railway, and in 1841 a short line from preme Court, a position he held for
the Queen-street station at Glasgow, several years, during which he pub-
through the tunnel to the engine-blished eight volumes of reports, fol-
house at Cowlairs, on the railway to lowed by a digest of all the laws of
Edinburgh. In 1842-3 the line from the State. In 1859 the law depart-
West Drayton was continued to ment of the University of Michigan
Slough; in 1843 two short lines were was organized, and he was chosen one
made in Ireland and in England; and of the professors, and subsequently
in 1844 one of considerable length, became Dean of the Faculty. In
from London to Portsmouth, for Go- 1864 he was appointed to fill a va-
vernment. In 1867 he received the cancy on the bench of the Supreme
fourth Royal Albert Gold Medal, his Court of the State, and in 1869 was
name being preceded by Faraday's, elected to that office for the full term
for the first introduction of the prac- of eight years. He has published
tical electric telegraph. Her Ma- "The Constitutional Limitations which
jesty conferred upon him the honour rest upon the Legislative Power of
of knighthood, Nov. 11, 1869, as a the States of the American Union"
recognition of his great and special (1868 and 1871); an edition of Black-
services in connection with the prac- stone's "Commentaries" (1870); and
tical introduction of the electric tele- of Story's Commentaries on the
graph; and on July 25, 1871, con- Constitution of the United States,
ferred on him a civil list pension of with additional Chapters on the New
£100.
Amendments (1873). He furnished
nearly all the legal articles in
Appleton's " American Cyclopædia
(1873-76).
""
-
263
COOKESLEY, THE REV.WILLIAM
GIFFORD, M.A., born at Brasted, Kent,
Dec. 1, 1802, was educated as a king's
scholar at Eton and at King's College,
Cambridge, where he graduated B.A.
in 1825 and M.A. in 1827. He was
for many years one of the assistant-
masters of Eton College, and is well
known as the editor of "Pindar,"
published in four parts, with Eng-
lish notes, between 1842 and 1849;
"Electa ex Ovidio," 1850; "Electa
e Propertio," 1851;"Cæsar de Bello
Gallico," 1859; and as the author
of some able essays on Classical Lite-
rature; an "Account and Map of the
Ancient City of Rome," in 1850; a
similar "Account and Map of Athens,"
in 1851; and three volumes of Ser-
COOPER, BASIL HENRY, B.A.,
youngest son of the late Mr. Basil
Henry Cooper, solicitor, of Reading,
Berks, and brother of the late Charles
Henry Cooper, F.S.A., the historian
of Cambridge, was born June 29,
1819, at Maidenhead, Berks, where
his father was then residing. After
passing through private schools at
Great Marlow, Bucks, Hayes, in Kent,
Orsett, in Essex, and Ham, Surrey,
he entered Highbury College, an in-
stitution for the training of Indepen-
dent ministers, which has since been
absorbed in New College, London.
Here he spent four years, and the
|
264
COOPER,
college having become affiliated
during that period to the University
of London, he graduated in 1842.
The next year he was ordained pastor
of the Independent congregation at
Mayer's Green, West Bromwich,
Staffordshire, of which he retained
the charge for nine years. In 1844
he published "An Essay towards a
New Translation of the Epistle of St.
Paul to the Romans," and in 1846 he
edited for the Wycliffe Society, "Se-
lect Works of the Reverend and
Learned David Clarkson, B.D., and
some time Fellow of Clare Hall,
Cambridge." In 1852 appeared his
"Free Church of Ancient Christen-
dom," an ecclesiastical history of the
first three centuries, of which a se-
cond edition was published the same
year. After relinquishing his first
and only pastorate, he has devoted
himself almost wholly to literature,
especially to Egyptology and the
chronology of the Pharoahs. In 1860
was published his "Count Cavour;
his Life and Career," and in 1861
appeared his "Hieroglyphical Date
of the Exodus in the Annals of
Thothmes the Great." The latter, a
revised form of whose astronomical
and epigraphical argument is incor-
porated with the Appendix to the
Chevalier Ernst de Bunsen's recent
work, "The Chronology of the Bible"
(1874), was a reprint from the British
Quarterly Review, in which, and in
the Eclectic Review, the Monthly
Christian Spectator, the Transactions
of the Devonshire Association for the
Advancement of Literature, Science,
and Art, numerous papers by Mr.Basil
H. Cooper will be found. On Feb. 2,
1878, appeared in the Graphic news-
paper his "Cleopatra's Needle," an
illustrated history of the obelisk be-
longing to Great Britain, and of other
monoliths; and in the Journal of the
Society of Arts for the 22nd of the
same month was inserted a paper read
by him shortly before in the African
section on ((
Egyptian Obelisks, and
their Relation to Chronology and
Art."
|
COOPER, PETER, born in New
York, Feb. 12, 1791. His father was
a lieutenant in the war of the Revo-
lution, at the close of which he set
up a small hat manufactory. The
son attended school for only half of
each day for a single year. At the
age of seventeen he was apprenticed
to a coachmaker, and for some time
followed this trade. He next en-
gaged in the manufacture of machines
for shearing cloth, but these became
of no value after the peace with Great
Britain in 1815. Subsequently he
became a cabinet maker, a grocer,
and finally entered into the manufac-
ture of glue and isinglass, which he
carried on for half a century, and in
which he acquired a large fortune.
About 1830 his attention was called
to the importance of the iron manu-
facture, for which he erected large
works near Baltimore, where he built
the first locomotive engine ever con-
structed in America. Disposing of
these works, he erected a rolling and
wire mill in New York, in which he
was the first to successfully use an-
thracite coal in the puddling of iron.
These works were in 1845 removed
to Trenton, New Jersey, where he
erected a large rolling mill for the
manufacture of railroad iron, and in
which he was the first to roll wrought
iron beams for fire-proof buildings.
He was also one of the earliest and
most active promoters of the Atlantic
telegraph. About 1850 he resolved
to devote a considerable part of his
ample fortune to public use. For
this purpose he erected a large build-
ing, called the "Cooper Institute;
a part to be rented for offices and
warerooms, the remainder to be used
for educational purposes, but all the
rents to serve as income for the Insti-
tute. The original cost of the build-
ing was about $650,000, to which he
added an endowment of $150,000.
The Institute is designed especially
for the working classes. It comprises
a library and reading room; evening
schools for instruction in music, che-
mistry, architectural drawing, and
building; an art school for women,
popular lectures on social and politi-
";
COOPER.
265
cal science, &c. The instruction_is | ployed as a travelling lecturer on his-
all free, the entire cost being de- tory, poetry, and general literature.
frayed from the rents of the build- His "Alderman Ralph," a novel, ap-
ings and the income of the perma-peared in 1853, and a second novel,
nent endowment. Notwithstanding "The Family Feud," in 1854. To-
his advanced age, almost 90 years, wards the close of 1855 he began to
Mr. Cooper still devotes assiduous at- perceive the errors of scepticism; and,
tention to the development and im- having returned to London, com-
provement of his scheme, in which he menced a course of Sunday evening
is aided by his son-in-law and busi- lectures and discussions with the
ness partner, Abram S. Hewitt, who London sceptics, in Sept., 1856, and
was elected a Representative in Con- continued them until the end of May,
gress in 1874, and was re-elected in 1858. From that time he has been
1876.
continually travelling through Eng-
land and Scotland, lecturing and
preaching on the Evidences of Chris-
tianity. He published his autobio-
in 1872; and his "Poetical
Works" appeared in 1878.
COOPER, THOMAS, born at Lei-
cester, March 28, 1805, was taught
the humble trade of a shoemaker in
his youth, at Gainsborough, Lincoln-graphy
shire (where he and the late Thomas
Miller were companions in boyhood),
and having instructed himself in the
Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and French
languages while at his stall, became a
schoolmaster at twenty-three. Having
held appointments on the reporting
staff of one or two country news-
papers, he became leader of the Lei-
cester Chartists in 1841, lectured in
the Potteries during the "Riots"
in Aug., 1842, was sent to Stafford
gaol on a charge of conspiracy and
sedition, and was found guilty, and
sentenced to two years' imprisonment.
During that period he wrote his epic
poem, "The Purgatory of Suicides,"
and Wise Saws and Modern In-
stances,” a series of stories, both pub-
lished in 1845. His "Baron's Yule
Feast," a short poem, appeared in
Jan., 1846. During the latter half
of 1846 he wrote a series of papers
entitled "Condition of the People,"
in Douglas Jerrold's Newspaper, tra-
velling through the North of England
to collect material for his observations.
In 1847 appeared his "Triumphs of
Perseverance and "Triumphs of
Enterprise." In 1848 he became an
active political and historical lecturer
in London. In 1849 he edited the
Plain Speaker, a weekly penny jour-
nal of radical politics. In 1850 he
conducted Cooper's Journal, a scep-
tical weekly penny periodical. In
1851 and 1852 he was chiefly em-
(6
21
COOPER, THOMAS SIDNEY, R.A.,
was born at Canterbury, Sept. 26,
1803. His parents being in humble
circumstances, wished to apprentice
him to some trade; but, having a
strong desire to become an artist, he
was allowed to follow his inclinations.
He sketched long without instruction,
taking for subjects the buildings of
his native city and the country around
it, and gained a precarious income by
selling his drawings to strangers. At
the age of seventeen he became
painter at the Hastings Theatre, and
for three years gained a moderate
income by scene-painting. Then he
became a drawing-master at Canter-
bury till the year 1827, when a French
gentleman coming to that city to
teach drawing, he lost all his con-
nection. He had studied, as often
as opportunity presented, at the
British Museum, in the Angerstein
Gallery, and at the Royal Academy.
In 1827 he set out from Dover to
Calais, and literally "sketched his
way" from that French port to the
Belgian capital; paying tavern-bills
by likenesses of hosts and hostesses,
At Brussels his talents secured him
patrons and employment; and hav-
ing settled there, he married, and
enjoyed the friendship of various
Flemish artists. There, too, his pencil
was first directed to the study of
landscape, and the branch of art
266
COPE.
(animal-painting) which secured him
his present high reputation, with
abundant and profitable employment.
The revolution of 1830 involved him
and his family in difficulties, and
forced him to return to England. He
first exhibited in the Suffolk-street
Gallery in 1833. His picture attracted
attention, and he received a com-
mission from Mr. Vernon for a picture
now in the Vernon Gallery. About
ten years later his Cuyp-like groups
of cattle "Going to Pasture," "Water-
ing at Evening," "Reposing," in the
heat of a summer afternoon, attracted
general notice on the walls of the
Academy. From the time of the ex-
hibition of his first picture in the
Suffolk-street Gallery in 1833, Mr.
Cooper's success has been uniform;
and from the period when Mr. Ver-
non purchased the picture before
alluded to, he has not had a picture
unsold. Mr. Cooper was elected an
Associate of the Royal Academy in
1845, and a Royal Academician in
1867.
(6
""
had preceded the latter. These pic-
tures were followed by-" Help thy
Father in his Age," in 1840; Alms-
giving," "Poor-Law Guardians," and
"Childhood," in 1841. Subjects sug-
gested by the poets have always been
favourites with him; such as-" The
Schoolmaster,' from Goldsmith;
Hope 'Her silent Watch the
anxious Mother keeps;
"Goldsmith's
delightful lines on "The Hawthorn
Bush" (all in 1842), and "The Cotter's
Saturday Night," in 1843. In the
summer of 1843, his cartoon, the
"First Trial by Jury," gained one of
the first three prizes of £300 in the
Westminster Hall competition. In
the fresco competition of 1844, his
Meeting of Jacob and Rachel " ob-
tained for him a commission to prepare
a design for one of the six frescoes
destined to adorn the new House of
Lords. In 1845 his simple cartoon,
fresco, and coloured sketch for "Ed-
ward the Black Prince receiving the
Order of the Garter," exhibited in
Westminster Hall, were approved of.
That subject was in due time suc-
cessfully executed. To it succeeded
a private commission from Prince
Albert, for the "Last Days of Cardinal
Wolsey." Mr. Cope was elected Asso-
ciate of the Royal Academy in 1844,
and R.A.in 1848. Further commissions
for the New Palace followed :-
"Griselda's First Trial," "Prince
Henry's Submission to the Law," &c.
While these ably executed works
were in progress, others in the do-
mestic class proceeded from his
easel-the "Young Mother," in 1847 ;
"Girl at Prayer," and "Maiden Medi-
tation," in 1847; "L'Allegro and Il
Penseroso," in 1848; "Fireside Mus-
ings," and the "First-born,” in 1849 ;
"Milton's Dream," in 1850 ; “ Creep-
ing like Snail unwillingly to School,"
and " Florence Cope at Dinner-time,'
in 1852. Mr. Cope's love of children
and his habit of looking to his own
hearth for his best inspirations, are
manifested in his " Study of a Child's
Head," "Baby's Turn," in 1854, "The
Friends," and a boy and girl regaling
on "Robinson Crusoe." The tech-
-
(6
COPE, CHARLES WEST, R.A.,
painter, born in Leeds in 1811, is the
son of an artist of considerable repu-
tation in that town, whose career
was cut short by an untimely death.
After a course of study, first under
Mr. Sass, and then at the Royal
Academy, he resided for two years in
Italy. After his return to England,
he attracted much notice by a "Holy
Family," which was purchased by
the late Mr. Beckford. Mr. Cope is
one of the fortunate few whose pro-mestic class
gress to a high position has been
assisted by the favourable decisions
of the Royal Commission on the
Fine Arts. He first exhibited at
the Royal Academy in 1831. His
earlier pictures may be divided into
two distinct classes, the historical
and the domestic; the latter treated
in a larger manner than is now com-
mon. Hagar and Ishmael," in 1836,
alternated with "The Cronies," and
"Paolo and Francesca," in 1837, with
"Osteria di Campagna, near Rome,"
in 1838, and the "Flemish Mother,"
in 1839. A visit to Italy and Flanders
tation,
on the
|
17
COPE.
(4
Repose,"
Parting of Lord and Lady Russell,"
in fresco, in 1859;
"Evening
Prayer," Rest," in 1860; "Part-
ing of Lord and Lady Russell,"
in 1861; "Convalescent," and "Scho-
lar's Mate," in 1862. The eight fres-
coes in the Peers' Corridor are now
completed, and the whole form a
series of subjects from English his-
tory, illustrating the important
changes in the Constitution during
the great struggles in the time of
Charles I., &c. The four on each
side illustrate the opposite parties :-
1. "The Raising of the Royal Stan-
dard;"2. "Defence of Basing House;'
3. "Expulsion of Fellows from Ox-
ford for refusing to sign the Cove-
nant;” and 4. "Burial of Charles I."
On the other side are:-1. "Speaker
Lenthall asserting the Privileges of
the Commons ;" 2. "March of the
March of the
Train-bands to relieve the Siege of
Gloucester; 3. "Departure of the
Pilgrim Fathers;" and 4. "Parting
of Lord and Lady Russell." The
The
time occupied on these has prevented
Mr. Cope from executing large works
in oil. "Two Mothers," "Contem-
plation," and other small pictures,
were painted during intervals of re-
laxation. Since the completion of
the frescoes in the Peers' Corridor,
Mr. Cope has exhibited a fair propor-
tion of pictures at the Royal Aca-
lemy, of which the following are
the chief names and dates:- Shy-
lock and Jessica," in 1867; "Othello
relating his Adventures," and "Two
:1
|
nical mastery and native powers are
as legible in these as in the "Car-
dinal Wolsey," the "King Lear and
Cordelia" (of 1850), or his composi-
tions in fresco, a medium of which
he has happily conquered the difficul-
ties. This artist produced "Royal
Prisoners," "Death of the Princess
Elizabeth, daughter of Charles I.," in
1855; “ Departure of the Pilgrim
Fathers," painted in both oil and
fresco, in 1856; "Burial of Charles
I.," fresco, in 1857; "Upward Gaz-
ing," in 1858; "Cordelia receiving
Disciples at Emmaus," in 1868; “ A
Domestic Chaplain, and "Home
Dreams," in 1869; "Launcelot Gob-
bo's Siesta," in 1870; "Gentle and
Simple," and "Guy considering Plans
of the Hospital," in 1871; "Oliver
Cromwell receiving a Deputation,"
and "The Education of George Her-
bert," in 1872; "Yes or No," and
"The Gentle Craft," in 1873; "0
Hush thee, my Babie," and "Taming
the Shrew," in 1874; "Anne Page
and Slender," "Home Attraction,"
and "A Pair of Captives," in 1875;
18
(C
66
the news of her Father's Ill-treat- Selecting Pictures for the Royal
ment,' Elder Sister," (6
Academy Exhibition in 1876,"
Spring-time, "Bianca's Lovers,"
and Hope Deferred," in 1877;
"Lieut. Cameron's Welcome Home
from his Explorations in Africa," 1878.
To the specimens already mentioned
ought to be added a large early pic-
ture which attracted considerable
notice at the Fine Arts Exhibition in
1839, painted and presented by him
as an altar-piece for St. George's
Church, Leeds, where it now stands
as a memorial of the painter in the
town of his birth. Mr. Cope was
one of the original members of the
Etching Club. He was appointed
in 1867 to the post of Professor of
Painting at the Royal Academy, which
he resigned in 1874. He is also one
of the trustees of the Royal Aca-
demy.
">
267
**
COPE, EDWARD DRINKER, was
born in the city of Philadelphia in
1840. He took a three years' medical
course in the University of Pennsyl-
vania, and studied anatomy in Europe
in 1863-4. He was Professor of
Natural Science in Haverford College,
Philadelphia, for several years, and
has been Curator and Corresponding
Secretary of the Academy of Natural
Sciences. His work has extended
into three fields, viz.: that of Zoology
proper, of Paleontology, or the His-
tory of the Life of the Past-and
special studies of the phenomena of
Evolution. In the furtherance of the
sciences of Geology and Palæontology
he has made extensive collections in
the Eastern States, and has conducted
CON
268
COPLESTON-CORBAUX.
"doctrine of the unspecialized," and
of a theory of the origin of the
will.
|
several exploring expeditions in the
West. In 1871 he explored the cre-
taceous formations of Kansas; in
1872 the eocene of Wyoming ;
in
1873 the tertiary beds of Colorado;
in 1874 employed by the U. S. G. G.
Survey under Lieut. G. M. Wheeler
in New Mexico; in 1875 in Northern
Montana; in 1877 Oregon and Texas,
and in 1878 has several parties ex-
ploring the Western regions. The
result of these expeditions has been
the creation of a collection of over
600 species of extinct vertebrate
animals, of which Professor Cope has
made known to science at least 400
species. The structure of many of
these animals is in the highest degree
remarkable, and has been published
in numerous papers, read before the
scientific societies of Philadelphia, or
published in the reports of the Hay-
den U. S. Geological Survey of the
Territories, to which he is palæonto-
logist of vertebrata, or in those of
Lieut. Wheeler. In Zoology Professor
Cope has chiefly published essays on
Fishes, Batrachians, and Reptiles of
various parts of the world, and has
made various new observations on
the anatomy of these animals, which
have resulted in new views of their
systematic arrangement. In the his-
tory of the modern doctrine of
lution, Professor Cope has had a
share. He early resisted the too ex-
clusive use of the doctrines of natural
selection and atavism which many
naturalists adopted, and proposed
that the history of the origin of
variation is the true field of the his-
tory of evolution. He has published
a number of papers on the subject,
conmencing in 1869, which are to
be found in the Proceedings of the
Philadelphia Scientific Societies and
the Penn. Monthly Magazine. He
has carried the question into meta-
physics, has insisted on the import-
ance of consciousness as a factor in
evolution, and has opposed the purely
automatic school in the question of
the will. He is the author of the
doctrine of "acceleration and re-
tardation," of "repetition," of the
COPPING, EDWARD, journalist
and author, born in London in 1828,
formed a connection with the press
whilst very young. In 1856 he pub-
lished "Alfieri and Goldoni, their
Lives and Adventures," a compila-
tion from the well-known autobio-
evo-graphies of the two Italian dramatists.
During the greater part of 1857 he
assisted the late Mr. Bayle St. John
in translating into English and con-
densing the voluminous memoirs of
St. Simon. In 1858 Mr. Copping
published his experience of the
French capital, in a little book en-
titled "Aspects of Paris," a German
translation of which appeared shortly
afterwards at Berlin under the title
of "Pariser Bilder.” He acted at
Paris as correspondent of the Daily
Telegraph in 1858-59, and published
a novel, "The Home at Rosefield,"
in 1861. Mr. Copping has since been
engaged upon the editorial staff of
the Daily News, besides being a con-
tributor to various periodicals.
|
CORBAUX, MARIE FRANÇOISE
CATHERINE DOETYER, artist, was
born in 1812. Her father, English
COPLESTON, THE RIGHT REV.
REGINALD STEPHEN, D.D., Bishop
of Colombo, a son of the Rev. R. E.
Copleston, formerly Fellow of Exeter
College, Oxford, was born at Barnes,
Surrey, in 1845. From Merchant
Taylors' School he proceeded to Mer-
ton College, Oxford, where he gra-
duated B.A. (2nd class in classics) in
1869. He was then elected a Fellow
of St. John's College, of which he
became senior tutor; and he pro-
ceeded M.A. from that College in
1871. When Dr. Jermyn resigned
the Bishopric of Colombo, in Ceylon,
Mr. Copleston was selected by the
Crown to fill the vacant See, and he
was consecrated in Westminster
Abbey, Dec. 28, 1875. He has pub-
lished "Eschylus," in Blackwood's
"Classics for English Readers ;" and
was a contributor to the ** Oxford
Spectator."
·
CORBOULD.
|
by birth, had lived much abroad, and
was well known to the scientific men
of England and France as a statisti-
cian and mathematician. Miss Fanny
Corbaux, who gave early evidence of
a talent for drawing, was very young
when her father, while suffering from
advanced age and broken health, lost
a considerable competence. Under
these circumstances, she was obliged
to turn her talents to account. Whilst
struggling unaided with the technical
difficulties of art, she received, in 1827,
the large silver medal of the Society
of Arts for an original portrait in
miniature, the silver Isis medal for a
copy of figures in water-colours, and
the silver palette for one of an engrav-
ing. In 1828 an original composition
of figures in water-colours again ob-
tained the silver Isis medal; and a
portrait in miniature, exhibited in
1830, won the gold medal. Miss Cor-
baux, who had studied at the National
Gallery and the British Institution, at
the age of eighteen was able to launch
fairly into professional life. In 1830
she was made an honorary member of
the Society of British Artists, and for
a few years exhibited small oil-pic-
tures at its gallery ; but being obliged
to relinquish this branch of art, she
joined the New Society of Painters in
Water-Colours, and hardly ever failed
to contribute to its annual exhibitions.
Miss Corbaux was one of the first
to assert the right of women to
obtain admission as students to the
Royal Academy. She has gained
some reputation as a Biblical critic,
and has communicated many papers
to literary societies and periodicals
connected with Scripture history.
Among these may be mentioned:
"Letters on the Physical Geography of
the Exodus," published in the Athe-
næum ; and another series, giving the
history of a very remarkable nation,
called "the Rephaim" in the Bible,
showing their connection with the
political and monumental history of
Egypt, and that of the Exodus, which
appeared in The Journal of Sacred
Literature. She received a civil list
pension of £30 in consideration of
|
C
269
her researches in sacred literature
and attainments in learned languages,
Sept. 2, 1871.
CORBOULD, EDWARD HENRY,
the eldest son of Henry Corbould,
and grandson of Richard Corbould,
historical painters, was born in Great
Coram-street, London, Dec. 5, 1815.
Being at an early age ambitious of
distinction in art, he painted “The
Fall of Phaëton from the Chariot of
the Sun," for which he obtained the
gold Isis medal of the Society of Arts
in 1834, winning the same prize again
in 1835, with an original model of
"St. George and the Dragon." In
1836 he obtained the large gold medal
for his model of the Chariot-race, from.
Homer. He exhibited at the Royal
Academy, and at the Gallery of Bri-
tish Artists, subjects mostly from
Spenser's "Faery Queen," and even-
tually joined the New Society of Paint-
ers in Water-Colours. His first large
subject here was " The Assembling of
the Canterbury Pilgrims at the Tabard
Inn, Southwark," followed by "The
Woman taken in Adultery,
"The
Eglinton Tournament" (from sketches
made upon the spot), "Under the
Rose, "Salomé Dancing before He-
rod," "The Plague of London," "The
Baptism of Ethelbert," "William of
Eynesham reciting the Victory of
Towton Field" (in Westminster Hall),
"Scene from the Prophète (painted
for the Queen), "Floretta de Nerac,
the first love of Henry IV. of France
(purchased by her Majesty, and pre-
sented to the King of Prussia), "The
Entry of the Boy King into London
after his Coronation in Paris," and
"The Destruction of the Idols at
Basle "
(both in the collection of
the Crown Princess of Germany),
and various others which we can-
not enumerate. In 1851 Mr. Cor-
bould was appointed Instructor
of Historical Painting to the Royal
Family, but this appointment, after
having lasted for about twenty-one
years, died a sort of natural death
from the fact of there being no fur-
ther need of Mr. Corbould's services,
His picture painted from Tennyson,
::
17
M
-
270
CORCELLES-CORDOVA.
"The Struggle for the Last Dia-
mond," was perhaps the earliest pur-
chase of a work of art by the Prince
of Wales; but that from Tennyson's
"Morte d'Arthur," in 1864, pur-
chased by her Majesty and presented
to the Princess Louise, is generally
considered his best work.
|
CORCELLES, CLAUDE FRAN-
ÇOIS PHILIBERT TIRECUIR DE,
a French diplomatist, was born at
Mareilly d'Azergue, in the depart-
ment of the Rhône, June 27, 1802.
His father was an ardent politician,
and on being elected a Deputy voted
with the Extreme Left, who offered
so determined a resistance to the
Restoration and the Monarchy of July.
The younger M. de Corcelles was first
returned to the Chamber of Deputies
in 1837 by the arrondissement of
Séez, in the department of the Orne,
and he usually voted with that section
of independent Liberals of which M.
de Tocqueville was the leader. He
gave his attention mainly to politico-
economical subjects and the Algerian
question; and being a fervent Ca-
tholic, his liberalism attracted him to
the political school of M. de Monta-
lembert. After the Revolution of
February he was elected a represen-
tative of the people, his name appear-
ing second on a list of 11 members
chosen for the department of the
Orne. Nominated a member of the
Committee of Finances, he voted as a
rule with the Right, and always
adopted the Republican Constitution
in its integrity. After the election of
the 10th of December, 1848, he sup-
ported the Government of Louis Na-
poleon. As a matter of course he
thoroughly approved the design of
despatching an expedition to Rome,
and he personally took part in the
events which occurred in Italy at this
period. Being sent on a mission to
Pope Pius IX., he disavowed the
treaty which had been concluded by
M. Ferdinand de Lesseps with the
Roman Triumvirs, and, after the
capture of Rome by the French troops,
he presided at the re-establishment of
the Papal régime. M. de Corcelles
was re-elected to the Legislative As-
sembly, and took his seat among the
members of the anti-revolutionary
majority, though he declined to
pledge himself to the policy adopted
by the "Elysée."
After the coup
d'état of the 2nd of December, 1851,
he retired into private life, and did
not again take part in the manage-
ment of public affairs until the fall of
the Second Empire.
the Second Empire. At the elections
of Feb. 8, 1871, he was elected by the
department of the Nord as a member
of the National Assembly, and he
voted regularly with the Extreme
Right. He was nominated Ambas-
sador of the French Republic to the
Holy See, in succession to M. Bour-
going, in Dec. 1872. He resigned that
post in Oct. 1876, in consequence of
ill-health, and was replaced by M.
Baude, French Minister in Belgium.
CORDOVA, GENERAL DON FER-
NANDO FERNANDEZ DE, the com-
mander appointed to succeed General
de Rodas as Captain-General of Cuba,
is a distinguished militaire and poli-
tician of Spain. He was born at
Madrid in 1792. His studies were
conducted at the Madrid Military
School, and in 1810 he entered the
army, where, in the Napoleonic wars.
he acquired all the military grades.
After having survived all the govern-
ments that succeeded that era in
Spain, in 1841, in conjunction with
General Concha and Don Diego Leon.
he was seriously involved in the in-
surrection against Espartero which
was excited by General O'Donnell.
He afterwards attached himself to the
party of Moderate Progresistas, called
Salamancans. In September, 1847.
he was for two months Minister of
War, and became General Command-
ing the Spanish infantry. He was in
Italy in 1849 with the corps of Spanish
troops which had been despatched
to that country to aid in re-establish-
ing the Pope. On the 8th of March,
1850, he was nominated for the Cap-
tain - Generalship of Cuba, and in
the ensuing year assumed the duties
of his position. In this year, also,
he became Director-General of the

CORNELL-CORNER.
271
opening to do good than this. He
resolved to build and endow a uni-
versity where all branches of learn-
Cavalry of the kingdom. On the
outbreak of the revolution of 1854
at Madrid, General de Cordova was
called by the Queen Isabella to forming, technology, as well as science,
a new cabinet. He declined this and the arts as well as the classics,
duty; but he had no hesitation in could be taught. After fully consi-
ordering his soldiers, in the name of dering the plan, he set apart $760,000
the queen, to fire on the insurgents (£152,000) for this purpose, and giv-
of the capital. With the success of ing $25,000 (£5,000) to another college
the insurrectionists, he beat a hasty to secure his charter, founded the
retreat from Madrid on the night of Cornell University at Ithaca. The
July 27-28, and sought refuge in next year he procured the grant of
France. The turn of the political agricultural college lands made by
wheel in 1856 enabled General de Congress (990,000 acres) for his uni-
Cordova to return to Spain, where he versity, and by his skill in disposing
resumed his rank among the Spanish of the lands will add $2,000,000
generals. In September, 1864, he (£400,000) and perhaps more to the
was made Minister of War in the endowment. Cornell University has
cabinet of Narvaez. In 1868, De Cor- been in successful operation since
dova, in common with most of the 1868, and now has thirty-two resident
Spanish officials and grandees, took and seven non-resident professors; the
part in the Prim revolution against latter being chosen from men of ac-
Queen Isabella, which resulted in the knowledged eminence in particular
regency form of government in that branches of learning, each of whom
country. He was again appointed delivers a series of lectures every
Captain-General of Cuba in 1870, and year. By its charter the university is
in the following year Minister of State bound "without excluding other sci-
ad interim at Madrid.
entific studies, and including military
tactics, to teach such branches as are
related to agriculture and the me-
chanic arts." It is bound also to
educate free of charge for instruction,
one student from each of the 128
Assembly districts of the State. In
1874 there were 461 students. Be-
sides the endowments by Mr. Cornell,
more than $500,000 (£100,000) has
been given by others
been given by others; and in 1872
Mr. Henry W. Sage of Brooklyn, gave
$250,000 (£50,000) for the establish-
ment, in connection with the univer-
sity of an institution for the education
of women, to be called "The Sage
College of Cornell University.'
CORK, BISHOP OF. (Sec GREGG,
DR.)
|
CORNELL, EZRA, was born at
Westchester, New York, Jan. 11, 1807.
His advantages for school education
were very small. He acquired, almost
by intuition, a knowledge of tools and
machinery of all kinds, and turned in
succession to different kinds of busi-
ness, being moderately successful in
all. Soon after the invention of the
magnetic telegraph, he became_ in-
terested in it, accidentally at first,
but soon gave up all other pursuits
to devote his energies to this. He
invested his returns in telegraph
stock and in Western lands, and has
become of late years one of the most
wealthy men in the United States.
His first act of large liberality was
the endowment of a public library at
Ithaca, New York, where he had made
himself a home. Fifty thousand dol-
lars (£10,000) was expended for this
object, but Mr. Cornell, who was now
a member of the State Senate, soon
perceived that there was a wider
|
CORNER, JULIA, daughter of an
eminent engraver, was born in 1798,
and first became known as a writer
for children, but subsequently as the
author of many educational works,
chiefly historical. In 1837 she pub-
lished "Questions on the History of
Europe," and this was followed by
"The Historical Library," in 13 vols.,
"A Pictorial History of China and
India," Scripture History Simpli-
272
CORNISH-COSTA.
fied," "Historical Tales," and a va-
riety of smaller works, including
"Little Plays for Little Actors."
CORNISH, THE RIGHT REV.
ROBERT KESTELL, Bishop of Mada-
gascar, only surviving son of the Rev.
George James Cornish, of Salcombe
Hill, Sidmouth, Devon, Prebendary
of Exeter, was born in 1824, and edu-
cated at Winchester School, and at
Corpus Christi College, Oxford (B.A.
1846; M.A. 1849). He was vicar of
Coleridge, Devon, 1856-61; vicar
of Revelstoke in the same county,
1861-66; and vicar of Landkey,
Barnstaple, from 1866 till 1874, when
he was appointed the first Bishop of
Madagascar. In 1871 he assumed the
additional name of Kestell, as the
sole surviving representative of the
ancient family of Kestell of Kestell,
Cornwall.
|
CORNTHWAITE, THE RIGHT
REV. ROBERT, D.D., a Catholic prelate,
born at Preston, May 9, 1818. In
1831 he entered St. Cuthbert's Col-
lege at Ushaw, near Durham, and
after having completed his studies,
he remained there for two years, as
Professor of Humanities. He next
studied theology in the English Col-
lege at Rome, and was ordained
priest in 1845. In 1846 he returned to
England, but remained here only a
year, as in 1847 Pope Pius IX. nomi-
nated him rector of the English Col-
lege at Rome. He resigned that post
in 1857, and returning again to this
country, he became secretary to the
late Dr. Hogarth, Bishop of Hexham.
On Nov. 10, 1861, he was consecrated
Bishop of Beverley, in succession to
the late Dr. Briggs. The diocese of
Beverley comprises the county of
York.
|
CORRIGAN, SIR DOMINIC JOHN,
Bart., born in Dublin, Dec. 1, 1802,
was educated at the Lay College,
Maynooth, and graduated M.D. at
Edinburgh in 1825, having the same
degree conferred upon him by the
University of Dublin in 1849. He
began to lecture in Dublin on the
practice of medicine in 1833, held the
chair of Medicine in the Carmichael
School until increasing practice com→
pelled him to resign it, and was ap-
pointed Physician to the House of
Industry Hospitals in 1840. Dr. Cor-
rigan, who has been a member of the
Senate of the Queen's University in
Ireland since its formation in 1841,
was elected five years consecutively
President of the King's and Queen's
College of Physicians in Ireland, and
was made a baronet Feb. 5, 1866, in
recognition not only of his very high
and distinguished professional posi-
tion, but also of his great and gratui-
tous services to the cause of health
and education in his native country.
He was elected M.P. for the city of
Dublin, in the Liberal interest, Aug.
18, 1870, and continued to represent
that constituency till the dissolution
of 1874. In June, 1871, he was chosen
Vice-Chancellor of the Queen's Uni-
versity in the room of the late Sir
Maziere Brady. Sir Dominic has
contributed to medical science and
literature, has published lectures and
pamphlets, and an entertaining
volume, "Ten Days in Athens."
COSTA, SIR MICHAEL, musical
composer, was born in Naples, in Feb.
1810. Early displaying a strong taste
for music, he was placed by his
parents under an efficient master. His
progress was so rapid as to render
advisable his admission into the Royal
Academy of Music at Naples, and he
ultimately became the pupil of Pro-
fessor Tritto, then one of the most
celebrated musical professors in Italy.
His first original composition was a
cantata composed for the Academy,
entitled "L'Immagine," which had a
most encouraging reception, and was
followed by "Il Delitto punito," also
successful. When his academical
career was completed, he produced
his first opera, "Il Carcere d'Ilde-
gonda," at the Teatro Nuovo, which
kept possession of the stage during
the whole of the season. His next
attempt was "Malvina," for the San
Carlo, a work which has been per-
formed at the principal Italian thea-
tres. In 1828 he visited England,
and assisted at the Birmingham Musi-
-
་
COTTA.
273
du Lion d'Or de la Maison de Nassau,
3rd class, and is Knight-Commander
of the Crown of Italy.
cal Festival of that year. In 1831 he
assumed the bâton of conductor at
Her Majesty's Theatre, in place of
Signor Bochsa, and between 1831-3, COTTA, BERNHARD, geologist, was
produced three ballets, "Kenil- born in Thuringia, Oct. 24, 1808.
worth,"
""Une Heure à Naples," and His attention was directed by his
"Sire Huon," which were successful. father at an early age to the natural
In 1837 he produced his opera "Malck sciences, more especially mineralogy,
Adel," for the Italian Opera at Paris, as he intended that he should make
and it was afterwards played with mining his profession. From 1827 to
success in London. In 1839 he be- 1831 he studied at the Academy of
came a naturalised British subject. Mining in Freiberg, where he was
Under Mr. Lumley's management, he appointed professor in 1842. His
in 1844 brought out his " Don Carlos," first work, "The Dendroliths," pub-
which has been considered his chef-lished in 1832, gained him reputa-
d'œuvre in the operatic line. In 1846 tion as a diligent investigator. From
Mr. Costa became conductor of the 1832 to 1842 Cotta was engaged, in
Philharmonic Concerts, and in 1849 conjunction with Naumann, in the
was appointed conductor of the Sacred preparation of the "Geognostic Chart
Harmonic Society, and in 1847 con- of the Kingdom of Saxony," in twelve
ductor of the Royal Italian Opera, sections, of which a part was taken
Covent Garden, with which establish- by Cotta alone; and on the remaining
ment he has thoroughly identified portion of the work he was assisted
himself. His great work, the orato- by a collaborateur. Whilst engaged
rio of "Eli," produced at the Bir- in this work he wrote "Geognostic
mingham Musical Festival of 1855, Wanderings," published in 1836-8
at once raised its author to a high the well-known" Introduction to the
rank among contemporaneous com- Study of Geognosy and Geology," in
posers. Mr. Costa received from a 1838 and 1849, besides several minor
body of noblemen and gentlemen, essays. Having completed the
presided over by Lord Willoughby de "Chart of Saxony," he undertook a
Broke, a massive piece of plate, as a similar one of Thuringia, which was
testimonial of esteem and admiration. finished in 1847. In 1843 and 1844
In 1859 he was appointed conductor he travelled among the Alps and in
of the Handel Festivals. Under his Upper Italy, and the results of his
direction several new operas have observations are contained in his
been produced at the Royal Italian
Opera, with a completeness quite
paralleled. His oratorio entitled
"Naaman," brought out at the Bir-
mingham Musical Festival for 1864,
was a great success. He was knighted
by the Queen at Windsor Castle,
April 14, 1869. In May, 1869, the
King of Würtemberg conferred on
him the Royal Order of Frederick, as
a mark of the admiration entertained
by his Majesty of the oratorio of
|
|
Eli," performed under the com-
poser's direction at Stuttgard in the
previous November. Sir Michael is
also a Knight of the Turkish Order
of the Medjidie, has received the
Cross of the Prussian Order of the
Red Eagle, 3rd class, and the Order
(
Geological Letters from the Alps,"
un-published in 1850. In geology, Cotta
follows, especially in the small treatise
on the "Inner Structure of Moun-
tains," published in 1851, in general,
the Plutonic theory. He advocates a
progressive development of terres-
trial bodies, in accordance with natu-
ral laws, from an original molten
state, by a slow process of cooling,
with the co-operation of water, air,
and organic life. In his "Letters on
Humboldt's Kosmos," published in
1848-51, he extends into the organ-
ized kingdoms this theory, according
to which the higher is developed
from the lower and human beings
are the ultimate and highest de-
velopment of which we know any-
|
T
274
COTTERILL-COTTON.
thing. This idea of nature Cotta
denominates the empirical. He has
written many treatises with the
design of popularizing, as far as pos-
sible, the results of his investigations.
COTTERILL, THE RIGHT REV.
HENRY, D.D., is a son of the late
Rev. Joseph Cotterill, Rector of
Blakeney, Norfolk, and for some time
one of the Honorary Canons of Nor-
wich Cathedral. He was born at
Ampton, Suffolk, in 1812, and was
educated at St. John's College, Cam-
bridge, where he gained the Bell
University Scholarship, and took his
Bachelor's degree in 1833, as Senior
Wrangler, and First Smith's Prize-
man, and a First-class in Classics.
He was almost immediately after-
wards elected to a Fellowship on the
foundation of his college. Having
been ordained deacon in 1835 and
priest in the following year, he spent
some years in the Madras Presidency
as a British chaplain. Returning
home in 1847 he was appointed Vice-
Principal of the newly-established
Brighton College, and succeeded to
the principalship on the resignation
of Dr. Maclean in 1851. In 1856 he
was consecrated Bishop of Grahams-
town, on the death of the first incum-
bent of that see, Bishop Armstrong.
He resigned the see on being elected
Coadjutor Bishop of Edinburgh,
April 26, 1871, and on the decease of
Dr. Charles Terrot in 1872, he suc-
ceeded to the see of Edinburgh. Dr.
Cotterill, who is the author of "The
Seven Ages of the Church," and of
one or two minor works, married, in
1836, a daughter of Mr. John Parn-
ther, of Bellevue, Jamaica.
COTTESLOE (LORD), THE RIGHT
HON. THOMAS FRANCIS FREMAN-
TLE, is the eldest son of the late
Vice-Admiral Sir Thomas Francis
Fremantle, Bart., G.C.B., of Swan-
bourne, Bucks, by Elizabeth, daughter
and co-heiress of the late Mr. Richard
Wynne, of Falkingham, Lincolnshire.
He was born in London, in 1798, and
educated at Eton and at Oriel Col-
lege, Oxford, where he took his de-
gree with high honours in the year
1819. He entered Parliament at the
General Election of 1826 as member
for Buckingham, which he represented
in the Conservative interest down to
1846, when he was appointed Deputy-
Chairman of the Board of Customs.
He was subsequently promoted to
the chairmanship of this department,
a post which he held down to the end
of the year 1873. He was one of the
Secretaries of the Treasury under Sir
Robert Peel's first short-lived Ministry
in 1834-5, and again under his old
chief in 1841-4, and Secretary for
War in 1844-5. He also held the post
of Chief Secretary for Ireland during
the last year of Sir Robert Peel's
administration. He was raised to
the peerage by the title of Baron
Cottesloe in Feb. 1874. Lord Cottes-
loe (who is also a Baron of the Aus-
trian Empire), married in 1824
Louisa Elizabeth, eldest daughter of
the late Sir George Nugent, by whom
he has a family of five sons and six
daughters. His eldest son, the Hon.
Thomas F. Fremantle, who was born
in 1830, is married to a sister of the
Earl of Eldon.
COTTON, GENERAL SIR ARTHUR
THOMAS, K.C.S.I.. son of the late H.
C. Cotton, Esq., and a cousin of the
late Lord Combermere, born
at.
Woodcot House, Oxfordshire, in 1803,
was educated at Addiscombe. He en-
tered the Madras army in 1819, became
Colonel of Engineers in 1854, and
served in the Burmese war. In 1861
he received the honour of knighthood
for his activity in developing the
cotton-growing capabilities of India,
and was entertained at a public dinner
before returning to the East. He was
nominated a Knight Commander of
the Star of India on the re-organiza-
tion of that Order in 1866. In the
following year he was nominated a
Lieut.-General in the army, and
placed on the fixed establishment of
general officers. He attained the
rank of General in 1876, and was
placed on the retired list in the fol-
lowing year.
COTTON, THE RIGHT HON. SIR
HENRY, Lord Justice of Appeal, is
COUCH-COULTHART.
the younger son of the late William | in 1875, when his name was added to
Cotton, Esq., of Walwood House, the roll of the Privy Council.
near Leytonstone, Essex (formerly
High Sheriff of that county and at
one time Governor of the Bank of
England), by his marriage with Sarah,
only daughter of the late Thomas
Lane, Esq. He was born at Leyton-
stone, May 20, 1821, and educated at
Eton and at Christ Church, Oxford, of
which he was a student, and where
he took his bachelor's degree in
Michaelmas Term, 1842, obtaining a
Second Class in the School of Litera
Humaniores, and a First Class in
Mathematical Honours. He was
called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in
Jan. 1846, and having gained a large
practice as a Chancery barrister, he
obtained a silk gown in Dec., 1866.
He was made a bencher of his Inn
in Jan., 1867, and was appointed
Standing Counsel to the University
of Oxford, in 1872. He was ap-
pointed in June, 1877, to succeed the
late Sir George Mellish as one of the
Lords Justices of Appeal of the High|
Court of Judicature, and he received
the honour of knighthood and was
sworn of the Privy Council in the
following month. The University of
Oxford conferred upon him the
honorary degree of D.C.L. in Oct.,
1877. He married in 1853 Clemence,
youngest daughter of the Rev.
Thomas Streatfield, of Chart's Edge,
Kent.
COULTHART, JOHN Ross, the
representative of an ancient Scottish
family, born in 1807, at Dalton, co.
Dumfries, was educated at the gram-
mar-school of Buittle, in the stewar-
try of Kirkcudbright. In 1827 he
entered the law and banking offices
of Messrs. Hannay and Lidderdale,
of Castle Douglas, and in 1836 was
selected to establish and manage
the Ashton, Stalybridge, Hyde, and
Glossop Bank, in the county of
Lancaster, which he satisfactorily
accomplished, and afterwards con-
tinued its chief manager, and one of
its largest proprietors. He published,
in 1838, "Decimal Interest Tables
at various rates not exceeding five
per cent., a work which is highly
prized by bankers, as it greatly pro-
motes accuracy and expedition in the
calculation of interest at their half-
yearly periods of balancing. In 1843
he published a "Report on the Sani-
tary condition of Ashton-under-
Lyne," which attracted much public
notice, and was quoted with com-
mendation in both Houses of Parlia-
ment. In 1855 he was appointed
mayor of the manor of Ashton-under-
Lyne, in 1858 a justice of the peace
for Lancashire, and in 1860 a captain
in the 23rd regiment of Lancashire
Rifle Volunteers. In 1862 he was
called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn,
and in 1864 he published two volumes
of "Equation Interest Tables," at
rates varying between 5 and 10 per
cent., which are of great practical
utility to accountants in banks when
the minimum rate of discount by the
Bank of England exceeds 5 per cent.
In 1876 he was placed in the com-
mission of the peace for Ashton-
under-Lyne, of which borough,
Savings' Bank, and Poor Law Union,
he has been the treasurer for more
than thirty years. Mr. Coulthart is a
Fellow of the Royal Society of
Literature of England, of the Society
of Antiquaries of Scotland, and of
the Genealogical and Historical So-
ciety of Great Britain.
COUCH, THE RIGHT HON. SIR
RICHARD, born in 1817, was called
to the bar at the Middle Temple in
1841, and practised for many years
on the Norfolk circuit. He was for
some years Recorder of Bedford, but
in 1862 was appointed a Puisne Judge
of the Bombay High Court, entering
upon office in August of that year.
In April, 1866, on the retirement of
the late Sir Matthew Sausse, he was
promoted to be Chief Justice of the
High Court of Judicature at Bom-
bay, receiving soon afterwards the
honour of knighthood; and in 1870
he succeeded Sir Barnes Peacock as
Chief Justice of the High Court at
Calcutta. He resigned the latter post
275
T 2
276
COURTENAY-COWEN.
COURTENAY, THE RIGHT REV. | Examiner in Constitutional History
REGINALD, D.D., Bishop of Kingston in the University of London, (1873-
(Jamaica), son of the late Right 75). In 1874 he contested Liskeard
Hon. Thomas Peregrine Courtenay, but polled only 329 votes, against 334
born in 1813, graduated at Magdalen recorded for Mr. Horsman, but at the
Hall, Oxford (B.A., 1835; M.A., 1838; election which was held after that
D.D., 1853). He was rector of Thorn- gentleman's death, Mr. Courtney
ton Watlass, Yorkshire, from 1842 to gained the coveted seat Dec. 22, 1876,
1853; was appointed Archdeacon of polling 388 votes against 281 votes
Middlesex, Jamaica, in 1853, and con- given to his opponent, Lieut.-Col.
secrated as Bishop of Kingston, and Sterling. Mr. Courtney is an ad-
Coadjutor to the Bishop of Jamaica vanced Liberal, and in favour of the
in 1856, retaining his archdeaconry extension of the principle of propor-
and receiving £1,600 a year from the tional representation; and he is also
Bishop of Jamaica, with jurisdiction in favour of an absolute security
over the entire diocese, which in- being given by legislation to agricul-
cludes British Honduras. He has tural tenants for compensation for
written "The Future States, their their improvements. He has been a
Nature and Evidences; an "Ac- regular writer for the Times since
count of the Church of England" 1864. In 1860 he published a pam-
(for members of other churches), | phlet on
phlet on "Direct Taxation ;" and to
published in English, Italian, and the "Journal of the Statistical So-
Spanish; "Joseph and his Brethren;" ciety" (1868), he contributed a paper
and a volume of "Three Pastoral on the "Finances of the United
Charges."
States, 1861-67." He has been
charged with appropriating the credit
of Mr. M'Culloch's article on
"Money," when writing for the last
edition of the " Encyclopædia Bri-
tannica an article on "Banking."
The fact is that he revised the article
and brought it down to recent times,
and that he never asserted or pro-
fessed that he had done otherwise.
""
|
">
|
COURTNEY, LEONARD HENRY,
M.P., eldest son of Mr. John Samp-
son Courtney, banker, of Penzance,
Cornwall, by Sarah, daughter of Mr.
John Mortimer, of St. Mary's, Scilly,
was born at Penzance, July 6, 1832.
He was educated at the Regent House
Academy in that town, under Mr.
Richard Baines, and afterwards pri-
vately under Mr. L. R. Willan, M.D.
According to a memoir of him in
"Men of the West," he was for some
time in the bank of Messrs. Bolitho,
Sons, and Co., in which concern his
father is a partner. He went to St.
John's College, Cambridge, in 1851,
and graduated B.A. a8 Second
Wrangler in 1855, being bracketed
First Smith's Prizeman. In the fol-
lowing year he was elected a Fellow
of his college. For some time he
was engaged in private tuition at the
university. In 1858 he was called to
the bar at Lincoln's Inn.
He was
appointed in 1872 to the Chair of
Political Economy at University Col.
lege, London, and held that professor-
ship, until a lengthened visit to India
in the winter of 1875-6 necessitated
his retirement. For two years he was
COUSINS, SAMUEL, R.A., mezzo-
tint engraver, born in May, 1801, was
a pupil of the late Mr. Samuel Rey-
nolds. The plates by which he is
best known to the public are the por-
trait of "Master Lambton," after Sir
T. Lawrence, generally regarded as
Mr. Cousins' finest production
"Bolton Abbey in the Olden Time,'
"A Midsummer Night's Dream," the
Marquis of Stafford and the Lady
Evelyn Gower, the children of the
Marquis of Abercorn, and Miss Eliza
Peel, after pictures by Sir E. Land-
seer; "The Royal Family," and "The
Sailor Prince, after Winterhalter.
He was elected A.R.A. in 1838, and
promoted to the full honours of the
Academy in 1855.
""
COUTTS. (See BURDETT-COUTTS.)
COWEN, FREDERICK
;"
HYMEN,
COWIE-COWLEY.
musician, born Jan. 29, 1852, at
Kingston, in Jamaica, exhibited as an
infant an extraordinary love of music.
He came to England at the age of
four, and from that time showed
so much musical talent, both in com-
position and playing, as to render
it advisable to place him under the
tuition of Mr. Benedict and Mr.
Goss, whose pupil he remained until
the winter of 1865. He then studied
at the conservatoires of Leipsic and
Berlin, and returned to London in
1868. His first essay in composition
was a waltz, written at six years old.
This was followed by numerous small
pieces, including an operetta en-
titled "Garibaldi." On his return
from Berlin he wrote a fantasie
sonata, a trio, a quartett, a concerto
for piano, and a symphony in C minor,
the latter played firstly at the com-
poser's own concert, and then at the
Crystal Palace. His cantata, "The
Rose Maiden," was given in Nov.
1870, at St. James's Hall, with great
success.
COWIE, THE VEN. BENJAMIN
MORGAN, B.D., born about 1816, was
educated at St. John's College, Cam-
bridge, where he graduated B.A., as
Senior Wrangler, in 1839, and be-
came Fellow of his college. In 1844
he was appointed Principal of the
College of Civil Engineers at Putney.
He was a Select Preacher in his uni-
versity, and preached the Hulsean
Lectures in 1853 and 1854; was
elected Professor of Geometry at
Gresham College in 1854, and became
a Minor Canon of St. Paul's in 1858.
He also held the vicarage of St.
Laurence, Jewry, in the city of
London. In 1859 he was appointed
a Government Inspector of Training
Schools, and in 1866 Warburtonian
Lecturer at Lincoln's Inn. He was
nominated one of the Chaplains in
Ordinary to her Majesty, Jan. 14,
1871, and was appointed Dean of
Manchester in Oct. 1872. Mr. Cowie
published in 1846 a "Catalogue of
the Library of St. John's College,
Cambridge; and he is author of
some theological works.
""
277
COWIE, THE RIGHT REV. WIL-
LIAM GARDEN, D.D., Bishop of
Auckland, New Zealand, second son
of the late Alexander Cowie, Esq.,
formerly of Auchterless, Aberdeen-
shire, was born in London in 1831,
and educated at Trinity Hall, Cam-
bridge (B.A., 1855 ; M.A., 1865; D.D.,
1869). After taking orders he offi-
ciated as an army chaplain for some
years; became domestic chaplain to
Bishop Cotton, of Calcutta, in 1864 ;
rector of Stafford in 1867; and was
consecrated Bishop of Auckland in
1869, in succession to the late Dr.
Selwyn (afterwards Bishop of Lich-
field), who bore the title of Bishop of
New Zealand, and was Metropolitan.
He has published "Notes on the
Temples of Cashmere," "A Visit to
Norfolk Island," and some single ser-
mons.
COWLEY (EARL), THE RIGHT
HON. HENRY RICHARD CHARLES
WELLESLEY, K.G., G.C.B., the only
son of the first Baron Cowley (who
was a younger brother of the late
Duke of Wellington), born June 17,
1804, was educated at Eton, and
entered the diplomatic service at the
usual age. He became successively Se-
|cretary of Legation, and afterwards
Ambassador at the Ottoman Porte,
Minister Plenipotentiary to the Swiss
Cantons (1848), Minister Plenipo-
tentiary on a special mission at
Frankfort (1851), Envoy Extraordi-
nary and Minister Plenipotentiary to
the Germanic Confederation (1851),
and Ambassador at Paris (1852).
This post (which was occupied by
his father before him) his lordship
held both under the Republic and
the Empire, and he was believed
to have great influence with Na-
poleon III. He took part in the
conference at Paris in 1856, when,
jointly with the Earl of Clarendon,
he signed the treaty of peace with
Russia on behalf of England. He
was created Viscount Dangan and
Earl Cowley for his diplomatic ser-
vices, April 4, 1857, and made a K.G.
in 1865. His lordship resigned the
post of Ambassador at Paris in 1857.
278
COWPER-TEMPLE-COX.
The University of Oxford conferred
on him the honorary degree of D.C.L.
in 1870.
Medical Bill," 1858, by which the Me-
dical Council was established; "The
Thames Embankment Bill," 1862-3 ;
"The Courts of Justice Building Bill,"
1863; and "The Metropolitan Com-
mons Bill," 1866. In 1870, when the
Elementary Education Bill was un-
der consideration Mr. Cowper-Temple
brought forward a proposal to ex-
clude from all rate-built schools
every catechism and formulary dis-
tinctive of denominational creed, and
to sever altogether the relation be-
tween the local School Boards and the
denominational schools, leaving the
latter to look solely to the central
grants for help. On June 30, 1870,
by a majority of 252 to 95 votes, the
Commons rejected Sir S. Northcote's
proposal to eliminate from the Edu-
cation Bill Mr. Cowper-Temple's
proviso against distinctive religious
catechisms or formularies, and to
leave the whole question of religious
teaching to the discretion of each
School Board. Subsequently the Go-
vernment accepted the amendment,
which was added to the Bill. Of
late years Mr. Cowper-Temple has
endeavoured to remove the obstacles
which stand in the way of women
obtaining licences to practice medi-
cine.
|
COWPER-TEMPLE, THE RIGHT
HON. WILLIAM FRANCIS, M.P., is the
second son of the fifth Earl Cowper,
by Emily Mary, eldest daughter of
the 1st Viscount Melbourne. (She
married, secondly, the celebrated
Viscount Palmerston.) He was born
Dec. 13, 1811, and entering the army
as Cornet in the Horse Guards in
Dec. 1827, he became Lieutenant in
1832, and Captain in 1835, when he
retired upon half-pay. He was pro-
moted to the rank of Brevet-Major in
1852. After leaving the army he was
private secretary to Lord Melbourne,
1835; a Commissioner of Greenwich
Hospital, 1839; a Lord of the Trea-
sury, 1841; a Lord of the Admi-
ralty, July, 1846- Mar. 1852, and
Dec. 1852-Feb. 1855; Under-Secre-
tary for the Home Department, Feb.
to Aug. 1855; and President of the
Board of Health from Aug, 1855,
when he was sworn a Privy Coun-
cillor, till Feb. 1857, when he was
appointed to the newly-created office
of Vice-President of the Committee
of the Privy Council on Education.
Whilst holding this post he presided
over the Board of Health until the
resignation of the Ministry in 1858.
In Aug. 1859, he was appointed Vice-at-law, eldest son of the late William
President of the Board of Trade, and C. Cox, Esq., born in 1809, was called.
in Feb. 1860, First Commissioner of to the bar at the Middle Temple in
Public Works, which office he re- 1843, and raised to the degree of a
signed on the fall of the Russell serjeant-at-law in 1868. In the same
administration in 1866. Mr. Cowper year he was appointed Recorder of
represented the borough of Hertford Portsmouth, and in 1870 Deputy-
in the Liberal interest from 1835 till Assistant Judge of Middlesex. He
1868, when he was returned for South founded and was for many years the
Hampshire, which constituency he editor of the Lan Times, but has now
continues to represent in the House retired from it. He is author of
of Commons. He was sworn a Privy "The Advocate," 1852; "The Arts
Councillor in 1855. Under his admi- of Writing, Reading, and Speaking,'
nistration the parks were greatly im- 1863; "A Treatise on the Law of
proved. In Nov. 1871, he obtained Joint-Stock Companies," which has
Her Majesty's licence to use the sur- gone through six editions;
name of Temple in addition to and Treatise on the Law of Registration
after that of Cowper, in compliance and Elections," which has gone
with a clause in the will of the late through nine editions; "A Treatise
Lord Palmerston. Mr. Cowper-Tem- on the Principles of Punishment,'
ple promoted and passed "The 1870, and of other law books; and
COX, EDWARD WILLIAM, serjeant-
""
"A
M
>>
-
COX.
"What am I? a Popular Introduc- |
tion to Mental Philosophy and Psy-
chology," 2 vols. 1874. Mr. Serjeant
Cox is a Magistrate and Deputy-
Lieutenant for Middlesex.
COX, THE REV. SIR GEORGE
WILLIAM, Bart., M.A., born in 1827,
was educated at Rugby and at
Trinity College, Oxford, of which he
was scholar, and where he graduated
S.C.L. in 1849, and proceeded B.A.
and M.A. in 1859. He entered holy
orders in 1850, and was curate of
Salcombe Regis, Devon, in 1850-1, of
St. Paul's, Exeter, in 1854-7, and
held an assistant-mastership in Chel-
tenham College in 1860-1. He is
the author of "Poems, Legendary
and Historical," published in 1850;
"Life of St. Boniface," in 1853;
"Tales from Greek Mythology," and
"The Great Persian War," in 1861;
"Tales of the Gods and Heroes," in
1862; "Tales of Thebes and Argos,'
in 1863; "A Manual of Mythology in
the form of Question and Answer," in
1867; "Tales of Ancient Greece,"
collected edition, 1868; "Latin and
Teutonic Christendom," 1870 ; "The
Mythology of the Aryan Nations,"
2 vols. 1870; "A History of Greece,'
2 vols. 1874; "The Crusades,"
1874; "A General History
History of
Greece, from the earliest period to
the death of Alexander the Great,
with a sketch of the subsequent His-
tory to the present time," 1876;
"School History of Greece," 1877;
and "Tales of Ancient Greece,"
1877. He edited (jointly with the
late W. T. Brande) the "Dictionary
of Science, Literature, and Art," (3
vols. 1865-7; new edit. 3 vols. 1875).
On the death of his uncle Sir Edmund
Cox, which occurred in Canada in
Aug. 1877, he succeeded to the ba-
ronetcy; and he is the 15th baronet
in succession from Sir Richard Cox,
Chancellor of Ireland. With regard
to this baronetcy it is a singular cir-
cumstance that the title has never
descended from father to eldest son,
and only twice to a surviving son.
COX, THE REV. JOHN EDMUND,
D.D., F.S.A., born at Norwich, in
>>
279
|
""
1812, was educated at the Norwich
Grammar-school, and afterwards as
a Bible clerk at All Souls' College,
Oxford, where he graduated in 1836.
In 1837 he was presented to the per-
petual curacy of Aldeby, Norfolk, by
Bishop Stanley. In 1842 he became
minister of St. Mary's, Southtown,
Great Yarmouth, and was appointed
chaplain of the gaol in that town.
In 1844 he removed to the curacy of
St. Dunstan's, Stepney; and in 1849
he was preferred by the dean and
chapter of St. Paul's to the vicarage
of St. Helen's, Bishopsgate. He
edited the "Memoir of Sarah Martin,"
the Yarmouth prison visitor, and is
the author of "Principles of the Re-
formation," a "Life of Cranmer,"
"Life of Luther," "Protestantism
contrasted with Romanism," &c. He
edited James's "Bellum Papale,'
James's "Treatise on the Corruption
of Scripture," "The Works of Cran-
mer" (for the Parker Society), and
other religious and controversial
works. He has also written and
edited a considerable number of pub-
lications on Freemasonry, the most
important of which are "Dr. Ashe's
Manual and Lectures," and "The
Ancient Constitutions of the Order."
His more recent works are "Musical
Recollections of the last Half Cen-
tury," 2 vols. 1872; and "Annals of
St. Helen's, Bishopsgate," 1876. Dr.
Cox is the chairman and a trustee of
the Poor Clergy Relief Society, which
distributes money and clothes accord-
ing to the necessities of the clergy
and their families. He is honorary
chaplain of the Royal Society of Mu-
sicians, of the British Society of Mu-
sicians, and of the West Middlesex
Volunteer regiment; was for ten
years chaplain to the Grand Lodge of
Freemasons of England; and is a past
grand officer of that order.
COX, SAMUEL SULLIVAN, born at
Zanesville, Ohio, Sept. 30, 1824. He
graduated at Brown University in
1846, studied law, travelled in Europe,
and in 1855 was appointed Secretary
of Legation to Peru. In 1856 he was
elected to Congress from Ohio, and
280
COX-COXE.
was re-elected in 1858, 1860, and
1862. During the civil war he took
a prominent part in opposition to the
measures and policy of the adminis-
tration. In 1866 he took up his resi-
dence in New York, and was elected
to Congress from that city in 1868
and 1870, and was one of the Demo-
cratic leaders in the House. In 1872
he was candidate as member at large,
but with the rest of the Democratic
ticket was defeated by a large majo-
rity. In 1874 he was again elected
from a district in the city of New
York, and was re-elected in 1876.
He has published "The Buckeye
Abroad," 1852 ; Eight Years in
Congress," 1865; "Search for Win-
ter Sunbeams," sketches of travel in
Italy, Corsica, Algeria, and Spain,
1870; and "Why we Laugh," 1876.
(C
COX, WILLIAM SANDS, F.R. S.,
F.R.C.S., surgeon, and the founder of
the Queen's College and the Queen's
Hospital, Birmingham, is a son of
the late Edward Townsend Cox, of
Birmingham, where he was born in
1802. He was educated at Webb-
street, Guy's, and St. Thomas's, Lon-
don, and in Paris; became a member
of the Royal College of Surgeons in
1824, and honorary Fellow in 1843.
Having held the post of dresser to
the late Sir A. Cooper, Bart., and
having received as a student marked
consideration from Sir Henry Halford,
Bart., Baron Larrey, MM. Dupuytren,
Lisfranc, Boyer, and Laennec, he
settled in Birmingham in 1825, where
he obtained an extensive consulting
practice. In 1830 he founded that
noble institution the Queen's College,
and in 1841 the Queen's Hospital.
The former institution claims the
high honour, through his indomitable
perseverance and self-sacrificing ex-
ertions, of being the first to initiate
measures for the supply of those
wants and the remedy of those evils
which beset the medical student in
large towns during his attendance
in the lecture-room and the hospital;
namely, the institution of collegiate
residence, collegiate discipline, and
preliminary instruction in classical
literature, mathematics, and the
modern languages. To carry out the
system, his friend, the Rev. Dr.
Samuel Wilson Warneford, contri-
buted upwards of £25,000, part of
which was expended in the purchase
of the freehold site, in the erection
of chambers, common hall, chapel,
lecture-rooms, chemical laboratory,
museum, anatomical room and li-
brary. The course of study qualifies,
without residence elsewhere, for the
degrees of B.A. and M.A., M.B. and
M.D., LL.B. and LL.D. in the Uni-
versity of London; for the diplomas
of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of
London and Edinburgh; for the
licence of the Royal College of Phy-
sicians, and of the Society of Apothe-
caries; for entrance into holy orders;
for the examination of the Army,
Navy, and India Boards; and lastly,
for a degree in Civil Engineering, a
privilege enjoyed under the authority
of the Crown almost exclusively by
Queen's College. The college and
hospital have been incorporated by a
charter and supplemental charter.
Mr. Cox is the author of a Memoir
on Amputation at the Hip-joint,
illustrated with a successful case of
nearly twenty years' subsequent en-
joyment of health; of a "Synopsis of
the Bones, &c., of the Human Body;"
of an "Introductory Lecture on the
Study of Anatomy and Physiology;"
of " Clinical Reports on Surgical
Cases at the Queen's Hospital," and
of a paper on "Compression in Aneu-
rism," with case; and he has trans-
lated Maingault's "Operative Sur-
gery. "He holds the post of Dean of
the Faculty and Professor of Surgery
in Queen's College, and Consulting
Surgeon of the Queen's Hospital, Bir-
mingham. Mr. Cox is a Magistrate
and Deputy-Lieutenant for Warwick-
shire, and a member of several
learned societies at home and abroad.
(C
""
|
COXE, THE RIGHT REV. ARTHUR
CLEVELAND, Protestant Bishop of
Western New York, was born at
Mendham, New Jersey, May 10, 1818,
and was brought up from a child in
New York. He graduated at the uni-
|
59
COXE-CRAIG.
46
versity of New York, in1838, and at the |
General Theological Seminary in 1841.
Shortly after his ordination to the
diaconate, in 1841, he took charge of
St. Ann's church, Morrisania, West-
chester county, New York, where he
remained till Easter in the following
year, when he removed to Connecti-
cut, and became the rector of St. John's
Church, Hartford. In 1854 he was
appointed rector of Grace Church,
Baltimore. In 1863 he became rector
of Calvary Church, New York city.
He was consecrated Bishop Coadjutor COXWELL, HENRY TRACEY, was
of Western New York in Trinity born March 2, 1819, at the Parsonage
Church, Geneva, Jan. 4, 1865, and on House, Wouldham, near Rochester
the death of Bishop De Lancey, three Castle, and educated at the Military
months later, he succeeded to the School, Chatham. He was intended
bishopric. Dr. Coxe attended the for the army, but after the death of
Anglican Conference held at Lambeth his father, Captain Coxwell, R.N.,
Palace in 1878. He was one of the he repaired to London, and there be-
founders of the Anglo-Continental came a surgeon-dentist. From boy-
Society. Besides many pastoral let-hood he had a strong bent for bal-
ters, sermons, and controversial works, looning, and made many ascents with
he has published the following poems: other aeronauts before he had a bal-
""
"Advent, a Mystery," 1837; "Ath-loon of his own. He may be said to
wold," three cantos, 1838; "Chris- have commenced aërostatics profes-
tian Ballads," 1840; "Athanasion, sionally in 1844. In 1845 he pro-
and other poems," 1842; "Hallo-jected and edited the " Aerostatic
ween," 1844; "Saul, a Mystery," Magazine.' Since then he has made
1845; and "The Ladye Chase," an nearly 700 ascents, the most remark-
improved and enlarged edition of able being the extraordinary voyage
Athwold," after its suppression for from Wolverhampton (July 17, 1862),
forty years.
in behalf of the British Association,
when Mr. Coxwell took Mr. Glaisher
seven miles high, and owing to the
intense cold, Mr. Glaisher being in-
sensible, had to open the valve by
catching the line with his teeth, thus
saving the lives of both. Mr. Coxwell
is the author of several able papers
and lectures on Aërostation.
CRAIG, ISA, was born in Edin-
burgh, Oct. 17, 1831. At an early
age she began to contribute anony-
mously to several periodicals, and at
length her poetical contributions to
the Scotsman, under the signature
66
281
COXE, THE REV. HENRY OCTA-
VIUS, M.A., born in 1811, was edu-
cated at Westminster School and
Worcester College, Oxford, where he
graduated B.A. in 1833, and M.A. in
1836. He was appointed sub-librarian
of the Bodleian Library in 1838, and
succeeded to the chief librarianship
in 1860, on the retirement of the late
Dr. Bandinel. Mr. Coxe was select
preacher to the university in 1842;
Whitehall preacher. 1868; honorary
fellow of Worcester and Corpus
Christi colleges; Perpetual Delegate
of the Clarendon Press; Curator of
the University Galleries; and an
honorary fellow of the Royal Society
of Literature. He is also rector of
Wytham, Berkshire. He edited "The
Chronicles of Roger of Wendover,"
for the English Historical Society, in |
1841-44; a “Metrical Life of Edward
the Black Prince, in French, by
Chandos Herald," with a translation
and notes, for the Roxburghe Club,
in 1842, and John Gower's "Vox
Clamantis" for the same club in 1850.
He is the author of the "Catalogue
of the MSS. belonging to the Colleges
and Halls at Oxford," published by
the University Press in 1852; and of
(C
Catalogues of the Greek and other
MSS. in the Bodleian," issued by the
delegates of the Clarendon Press.
Isa," attracted attention, and led
to her employment in the literary
department of that journal. In 1856
she published a collection of her
poems. In 1857 she came to London,
and her services were engaged by
Mr. Hastings in organizing the Na-
CRAMPTON-CRÉMIEUX.
tional Association for the Promotion | administration, in July, 1866, he_be-
of Social Science, to which she acted
as secretary and literary assistant,
until her marriage to her cousin,
Mr. John Knox. In 1859 she won
the first prize for her Ode, recited at
the Burns' Centenary Festival, against
620 competitors, and in 1865 pub-
lished "Duchess Agnes," and other
poems.
282
CRAIK, MRS. (See MULOCK.)
CRAMPTON, SIR JOHN FIENNES
TWISLETON, BART., K.C.B., eldest
son of the late Sir Philip Crampton,
Bart., born in Dublin in 1807, was
educated at Eton and Trinity College,
Dublin. Entering the diplomatic ser-
vice, he rose by successive steps,
until in 1852 he became Envoy Ex-
traordinary and Minister Plenipo-
tentiary at Washington. This post
he vacated in 1856, on account of
an arbitrary demand made by the
United States Government, which
accused him of having violated the
sovereign rights of the States, by
attempting to enlist recruits for the
British army. In 1857 he was sent
in the same capacity to Hanover,
whence he was transferred to St.
Petersburg, March 31, 1858, and to
Madrid, Dec. 11, 1860, in which year
he married Miss Victoria Balfe, but
the marriage was annulled three years
later. Sir John resigned the post of
British Minister at Madrid in Novem-
ber, 1869.
CRANBROOK (VISCOUNT), THE
RIGHT HON. GATHORNE HARDY,
son of John Hardy, Esq., who was
member for Bradford, was born at
Bradford, October 1, 1814, and edu-
cated at Shrewsbury School and at
Oriel College, Oxford, where he was
second class in classics, and took the
degree of B.A. Mr. Hardy was one
of the members for Leominster from
1856 till July, 1865, when he was
elected for the University of Oxford,
after an exciting contest, Mr. Glad-
stone being his opponent. In 1858 he
was appointed Under Secretary for
the Home Department in Lord
Derby's second administration; on
the formation of Lord Derby's third
came President to the Poor - Law
Board; and, on the resignation of
Mr. Walpole, in May, 1867, Secretary
of State for the Home Department,
which office he held till Dec., 1868.
On the formation of Mr. Disraeli's
administration in Feb., 1874, Mr.
Hardy was nominated Secretary of
State for War. In May, 1878, he was
raised to the House of Peers by the
title of Viscount Cranbrook, of Hem-
sted, in the county of Kent. He
succeeded the Marquis of Salisbury
as Secretary of State for India.
CRAWFORD AND BALCARRES
(EARL OF), ALEXANDER WILLIAM
CRAWFORD LINDSAY, eldest son of
James Crawford, the twenty-fourth
Earl of Crawford and ninth Earl of
Balcarres, was born Oct. 16, 1812,
and educated at Eton and at Trinity
College, Cambridge, where he gra-
duated M.A. in 1833. He has written
"Letters on Egypt, Edom, and the
Holy Land," 1838; "A Letter to a
Friend on the Evidence and Theory
of Christianity," 1841; "Progression
by Antagonism, a Theory involving
Considerations Touching the Present
Position, Duties, and Destiny of
Great Britain," 1846; "Sketches of
the History of Christian Art," 1847 ;
"The Lives of the Lindsays," a
genealogical volume of more than
ordinary interest, 1849; "Scepticism,
a
Retrogressive Movement in Theo-
logy," 1861; "On the Theory of the
English Hexameter," 1862;
"Ecu-
menicity in relation to the Church of
England," in 1870; and "Etruscan
Inscriptions, analysed, translated,
and commented upon," 1872. He
was known as Lord Lindsay until
the death of his father, Dec. 15, 1869,
when he succeeded to the earldom
of Crawford and Balcarres. Lord
Crawford, at his own expense, fully
equipped and prepared an expedition,
which proceeded to the Mauritius to
take observations of the Transit of
Venus in Dec. 1874.
CRÉMIEUX, ISAAC ADOLPHE,
lawyer and legislator, born at Nismes,
of Jewish parents, April 30, 1796, was
CRÉTINEAU-JOLY-CRISPI.
283
subsequently at Bordeaux. On Feb.
14, 1871, he placed in the hands of
the President of the National Assem-
bly his resignation as Minister. He
was elected a Senator for Life by the
National Assembly, Dec. 15, 1875.
CRÉTINEAU-JOLY, JACQUES, a
French writer, born at Fontenay in
La Vendée, Sept. 23, 1803, passed
through a course of study in the
ecclesiastical seminary of St. Sulpice,
at Paris, and then travelled in Italy
and Germany. He commenced his
literary career by publishing some
volumes of poems; established "Le
Vendéen," a Legitimist journal, after
the Revolution of July; and then
successively edited the Hermine of
Nantes (1834-38), the Gazette du Dau-
phiné, and the Europe Monarchique.
In all these journals, as in his sepa-
rate publications, M. Crétineau-Joly
warmly supported the principle of
absolute and legitimate authority
both in Church and State. He has
written some valuable historical
works illustrative of the struggles of
the Vendeans against the Revolution ;
"Histoire des Traités de 1815 et de
leur exécution publiée sur des docu-
ments officiels et inédits," 1842;
"Histoire Religieuse, Politique, et
Littéraire de la Compagnie de Jésus,
composée sur des documents inédits
et authentiques," 6 vols., 1844-46;
"Le Pape Clément XIV.," 1853
"Scènes d'Italie et de Vendée,
1853; "L'Eglise Romaine en face de
la Révolution," 2 vols., 1859; “His-
toire de Louis-Philippe d'Orléans et
de l'Orléanisme," 2 vols., 1861-63;
"Le Cardinal Consalvi," memoirs,
with introduction and notes, 2 vols.,
1864; and "Histoire des trois der-
niers Princes de la Maison de Condé,"
2 vols., 1866.
a member of the Chamber of Deputies |
for several years during the reign of
Louis-Philippe, and always voted with
the Reform party against M. Guizot.
He was an energetic supporter of
the exclusion of paid functionaries
(Ministers excepted) from the Cham-
ber; and he advocated the most com-
prehensive principles of free-trade.
When the game-law, initiated in the
Chamber of Peers, was discussed in
the Chamber of Deputies, M. Cré-
mieux opposed it vigorously. Finding
that Ministers were resolved to carry
it, he succeeded in procuring the sup-
pression of the clause which exempted
crown lands from the provisions of the
measure; but the peers restored the
obnoxious paragraph. When Count
Duchâtel made his memorable declara-
tion that no reform would be granted,
and that the Government had resolved
to put down the Reform banquets,
M. Crémieux exclaimed, "There is
blood in this!" Encountering Louis-
Philippe and his Queen in the Place
de la Concorde, on the Thursday of
their flight, M. Crémieux recom-
mended them to depart immediately,
(C
no hope for them being left," and
proceeded to the Chamber of Depu-
ties, where he advocated the forma-
tion of a provisional government, and
was made Minister of Justice. He is
one of the authors of the Code des
Codes" (1834). After the coup d'état,
he was arrested and taken to Mazas.
He then retired from political life
for several years, and devoted himself
to his profession at the French bar.
When the new laws were passed re-
specting the right of public meeting
in the early part of 1869, M. Crémieux
emerged from his retirement and
made his voice heard at various
literary and political conferences at
Paris. In the same year he made an
attempt to enter the Corps Législatif,
but was defeated by the official can-
didate. When the Government of the
National Defence was established in
Sept. 1870, M. Crémieux was nomi-
nated Minister of Justice, and he was
one of the Ministers composing the
Government Delegation at Tours, and
""
CRISPI, FRANCESCO, an Italian
statesman, born at Ribera, in Sicily,
Oct. 4, 1819, studied law at Palermo,
and became a member of the bar of
Naples, where he took part in the
conspiracies which led to the over-
throw of the Kingdom of the Two
Sicilies in 1848. He was one of the
chief promoters of the insurrection of
284
CROFTON-CROOKES.
|
Palermo, became a deputy and gen-
eral secretary of war, and for two
years was the heart and soul of
the resistance offered by the Sicilian
people. After the victory gained by
the Swiss regiments, Signor Crispi
fled to France. In 1859 and 1860 he
organized the new Sicilian revolu-
tion; he landed at Palermo with
Garibaldi and his volunteers, and
after fighting as a simple soldier,
became a minister, in which capacity
he paved the way for the annexation
of the Two Sicilies to the Kingdom
of Italy. In 1861 he was returned
by the city of Palermo to the first
Italian Parliament, in which he took
a prominent and influential position,
becoming in a short time the ac-
knowledged leader of the constitu-
tional opposition. It was the under-
standing come to between Signor
Crispi and the old Piedmontese
"third party," which led to the for-
mation of the new Ratazzi ministry.
Hs was chosen as a Deputy at the
elections of Nov., 1876, by several
electoral colleges, and "opted" for
that of Bari. On the 22nd of that
month he was elected President of
the Chamber of Deputies by 232
votes against 115.
then removed to London, and studied
here for some years as a pupil under
the late Mr. A. B. Clay. Afterwards
he went to Düsseldorf, where he
became a pupil of Herr Emil Hünten,
the well-known military painter to
the Emperor of Germany. Mr. Crofts,
who now resides at Düsseldorf, was
elected an Associate of the Royal
Academy, June 19, 1878. Among
his pictures from time to time exhi-
bited, chiefly at the Royal Academy,
are the following :-" The Retreat :
an Episode in the German-French
War," 1874, now in the Public Gallery,
Königsberg, Prussia; "One Touch of
Nature Makes the Whole World
Kin," which obtained the Crystal
Palace Silver Medal, 1874; "Ligny,"
1875, exhibited at the Academy,
and afterwards at the Interna-
tional Exhibition, Philadelphia, 1876;
"On the Morning of the Battle of
Waterloo "-Napoleon seated outside
a cottage consulting a map-1876, in
the possession of Captain Bolton ;
"Oliver Cromwell at Marston Moor,"
1877, in the possession of Mr. John
Rhodes, Leeds; "Ironsides Returning
from Sacking a Cavalier's House,
1877; "Wellington on his March
from Quatre Bras to Waterloo," 1878,
in the possession of Mr. Mappin,
Sheffield; and "Westminster," exhi-
bited at the Paris International
Exhibition, 1878.
|
CROFTON, SIR WALTER FREDE-
RIC, C.B., a son of the late Captain
Walter Crofton, of the 54th Foot
(who was killed at Waterloo), born
at Courtrai in 1815, was educated at
Woolwich Academy, entered the
Royal Artillery in 1833, became
Captain in 1845, and afterwards re-
tired. He held from 1854 to 1862
the chairmanship of the Directors of
Convict Prisons in Ireland, and in
reward of the great success of his
management, he received the honour
of knighthood in 1862. Sir Walter
is a magistrate for Wiltshire.
CROFTS, ERNEST, A.R.A., was
born at Leeds, Sept. 15, 1847, being
the son of Mr. John Crofts, J.P., of
Adel, near that town. He was edu-
cated at Rugby school, and after
remaining there several years went
to Berlin, where he had more leisure
to develope his artistic tastes. He
ܕ܀
CROOKES, WILLIAM, F.R.S., was
born in London, in 1832. His scien-
tific career commenced in 1848, when
he entered the Royal College of
Chemistry as a pupil of the distin-
guished chemist Dr. Hofmann, now
of the University of Berlin. He
gained the Ashburton scholarship at
the age of seventeen. After two years
of study, Dr. Hofman appointed him,
first, his junior, and then his senior
assistant, which post he held until
1854, when he went to Oxford to
superintend the meteorological de-
partment of the Radcliffe Observa-
tory. In 1855 he was appointed
Teacher of Chemistry at the Science
College, Chester. In 1859 he founded
the Chemical News, and in 1864 he
CROSBY.
became editor of the Quarterly Jour- |
nal of Science. Mr. Crookes's re-
searches were begun while at the
Royal College of Chemistry, his first
paper, "On the Seleno-Cyanides,"
being published in the Quarterly
Journal of the Chemical Society, in
1851. Since then he has been almost
uninterruptedly engaged in private
research on subjects connected with
chemistry and physics. In 1861 Mr.
Crookes discovered, by means of
spectral observations and chemical
reactions, the metal thallium; and in
June, 1862, and Feb., 1863, he laid
before the Royal Society an account
of its occurrence, distribution, and
the method of extraction from the
ore, together with its physical cha-
racteristics and chemical properties.
He also discussed the position of
thallium among elementary bodies,
and gave a series of analytical notes
on the new metal. In the Journal of
the Chemical Society for April, 1864,
he collated all the information then
extant, both from his own researches
and from those of others, introducing
qualitative and quantitative descrip-
tions of an extended series of the
salts of the metal. In June, 1872, he
laid before the Royal Society the de-
tails and results of experiments which
had occupied much of his time during
the previous eight years, and which
consisted of laborious researches on
the atomic weight of thallium. In
1863 Mr. Crookes
Crookes was elected a
Fellow of the Royal Society. In
1865 he discovered the sodium amal-
gamation process for separating gold
and silver from their ores. In 1866
he was appointed by the Government
to inquire into, and report upon, the
application of disinfectants in arrest-
ing the spread of the cattle plague
then prevalent in England. In 1871
he was selected as a member of the
English expedition to Oran for ob-
serving the total phase of the solar
eclipse which occurred in December
of that year. Mr. Crookes commenced
his researches on "Repulsion resulting
from Radiation" in 1872. These ex-
periments were suggested by some
|
285
observations made when weighing
heavy pieces of glass apparatus in a
vacuum balance during his researches
on the atomic weight of thallium.
His first paper on the subject was
read before the Royal Society on
Dec. 11, 1873, and during the last
four years Mr. Crookes has sent six
other communications to the Society
on the same subject. The construc-
tion of the radiometer is one result
of his investigation. In 1875 Mr.
Crookes received the award of a
Royal Medal from the Royal Society
for his various chemical and physical
researches; and in 1876 he was elec-
ted a Vice-President of the Chemical
Society. In 1877 Mr. Crookes was
elected a member of the Council of
the Royal Society. He is the author
of "Select Methods in Chemical
Analysis," of "The Manufacture of
Beet-root Sugar in England," and
of a "Handbook of Dyeing and
Calico Printing." He is also joint
author of the English adaptation
of Kerl's "Treatise on Metallurgy.'
He has edited and rewritten the last
two editions of Mitchell's "Manual
of Practical Assaying," and trans-
lated into English and edited Rei-
mann's "Aniline and its Derivatives,"
Wagner's "Chemical Technology,"
and Auerbach's "Anthracen and its
Derivatives," 1877. It is stated
that Mr. Crookes was the first to
apply photography to the investi-
gation of the solar spectrum; but his
earlier researches were so numerous,
that it is impossible to refer to them
all. We may, however, mention his
papers "On the Opacity of the Yellow
Soda Flame to Light of its own
Colour," "On the Measurement of
the Luminous Intensity of Light,"
"On a New Binocular Spectrum
Microscope," and "On the Optical
Phenomena of Opals."
|
CROSBY, HOWARD, D.D., LL.D.,
born in New York, Feb. 27, 1826.
He graduated at the University of
New York in 1844, was made Pro-
fessor of Greek in 1851, and was ap-
pointed to the same chair in Rutgees
College, New Jersey, in 1859. He
286
CROSLAND-CROSS.
resigned this chair after some years,
and became pastor of a Presbyterian
Church in New York. In 1870, still
retaining his pastorate, he was made
Chancellor of the University of New
York. He has been prominent in
philanthropic and reformatory mea-
sures, especially in the temperance
cause. He has published "Lands of
the Moslem (1850); an edition,
with notes, of the " Edipus Tyrannus"
(1851); "Notes on the New Testa-
ment" (1861); and "Life of Christ"
(1871).
"">
public attention. In 1848 she mar-
ried Mr. Newton Crosland, a mer-
chant of London, who has contributed
to various periodicals, and published
in a separate form an essay on "Ap-
paritions." In April, 1854, Mrs.
Crosland commenced the investiga-
tion of those singular phenomena
known as "spiritual," and in 1857
she published the result of her
labours in a book entitled "Light in
the Valley:
the Valley my Experiences of
Spiritualism." In May, 1862, she
produced a novel entitled "Mrs.
Blake," and at Christmas, 1865, a
fairy tale, "The Island of the Rain-
bow." In 1871 she published "The
Diamond Wedding; and other
Poems," and in 1873 appeared her
latest work, "Hubert Freeth's Pros-
perity," a novel in three volumes.
Mrs. Crosland has written a number
of part songs for Messrs. Novello's
publications.
|
CROSS, THE RIGHT HON.
RICHARD ASSHETON, M.P., was
born at Red Scar, near Preston,
May 30, 1823, being the third son
of the late William Cross, Esq., by
Ellen, daughter of the late Edward
Chaffers, Esq. He was educated at
Rugby School and at Trinity College,
Cambridge, where he took the degree
of B.A. in 1846. In 1849 he was
called to the bar at the Inner Temple,
and for several years he went the
Northern Circuit. In 1852 he mar-
ried Georgiana, daughter of the late
Thomas Lyon, Esq., of Appleton Hall,
Warrington. He was elected M.P.
for Preston in the Conservative in-
terest in March, 1857, and continued
to represent that borough till March,
1862. At the general election of
Dec. 1868, he came forward as a Con-
servative candidate for South-West
Lancashire, in opposition to Mr. Glad-
stone, who had appealed to that con-
stituency, and who had in several
powerful speeches, addressed to large
multitudes of the electors, endea-
voured to gain their support to the
cause on which he had staked the
issue, viz., the Disestablishment of the
Irish Church. The election, which
|
|
""
CROSLAND, MRS. CAMILLA, for-
merly known under her maiden name
CAMILLA TOULMIN, born in Alder-
manbury, London, June 9, 1812, is
the daughter of a solicitor, who died
during her childhood, and grand-
daughter of the eminent physician,
Dr. William Toulmin. A love of
reading, and quickness of intellect,
supplied the place of a systematic
course of training in the earlier years
of her life; and having been by the
death of her father, and afterwards
by that of her brother, thrown
entirely upon her own resources, she
adopted literature as a profession.
Miss Toulmin's first production was
a short poem, published in the "Book
of Beauty for 1838. Since that
time she has contributed largely to
periodicals; among which may be
especially mentioned Chambers's and
the People's Journal. She edited for
some years the Ladies' Companion
and Monthly Magazine, and has pub-
lished the following works: "Lays
and Legends illustrative of English
Life;
""Partners for Life, a Christ-
mas Story; "Stratagems, a Tale
for Young People; ""Toil and Trial,
a Story of London Life," written at
the suggestion of the Early Closing
Association; Lydia, a Woman's
Book; 66 Stray Leaves from Shady
Places; " "Memorable Women;" and
Hildred, the Daughter." In some
of these books the themes selected
by her are the trials of the poor, and
the political and social progress of
the people, a subject to which Mrs.
Crosland was one of the first to direct
11
|
""
|
CROSSLEY-CROWE.
287
was attended with much excitement, | he is also president of the more
recently formed Spenser Society.
He is the editor of "Pott's Dis-
covery of Witches," "The Diary and
Correspondence of Dr. John Worth-
ington," 2 vols., and “ Heywood's
Observations in verse "in the Chet-
ham series. His aid and assistance
will be found to be acknowledged in
very many of the works of literary
research which have appeared during
the last forty years. He is well
known as an ardent book-collector,
and has accumulated a curious and
extensive library.
and was watched with extraordinary
interest throughout the kingdom, ter-
minated as follows:-For Mr. Cross
(C.) 7,729; for Mr. Turner (C.) 7,676;
for Mr. Gladstone (L.) 7,415; for Mr.
Grenfell (L.) 6,939. At the general
election of 1874, Mr. Cross was returned
without opposition. On the forma-
tion of Mr. Disraeli's administration,
Mr. Cross was appointed Secretary of
State for the Home Department, Feb.
21, 1874, on which day he was sworn
of the Privy Council. He was elected
a bencher of the Inner Temple in
1876, and the University of Cam-
bridge conferred on him the honorary
degree of LL.D., Oct. 24, 1878. Mr.
Cross is a member of the Council on
Education, and an Ecclesiastical
Commissioner for England; a magis-
trate for Cheshire and Lancashire,
a Deputy-Lieutenant for the latter
county, and Chairman of the Lan-
cashire Quarter Sessions. He is the
compiler of two legal works :-"The
Acts relating to the Settlement and
Removal of the Poor, with notices of
cases, indices and forms," 1853; and
"The General and Quarter Sessions
of the Peace: their jurisdiction and
practice in other than criminal mat-
ters (written in conjunction with
Mr. H. Leeming), 1858, 2nd edition,
1876.
""
CROSSLEY, JAMES, F.S.A., son of
a merchant at Halifax, Yorkshire,
born in 1800, was educated for the
law, and practised as a solicitor at
Manchester till 1860, when he retired
from the profession. He was a fre-
quent contributor to the earlier
volumes of Blackwood's Magazine,
one of the writers in the first Retro-
spective Review, and occasionally as-
sisted J. G. Lockhart in biographical
articles in the Quarterly Revien. The
peculiar department to which he has
devoted himself is criticism and anti-
quarian and literary research. Mr.
Crossley has been a member of the
Philobiblon Society since its com-
mencement. He was appointed pre-
sident of the Chetham Society in
1848, which office he still holds, and
-
CROWE, EYRE, A.R.A., a histori-
cal and genre painter, born in Lon-
don in Oct., 1824, studied painting in
the atelier of Paul Delaroche at Paris.
He went with that distinguished
artist and his other pupils to Rome in
1844. Acting as amanuensis to Mr.
W. M. Thackeray, he visited the
United States in 1852-3. He is an
occasional Inspector of the Science
and Art Department. Mr. Eyre Crowe
has painted "Goldsmith's Mourners,'
1863; "Friends," 1871;
"Friends," 1871; "Blue Coat
"After a Run,'
Subjects," 1872;
and "Brothers of the Brush," 1873;
"French Savants in Egypt," 1875;
"The Rehearsal" and "Darning Day,
Red Maids' School, Bristol," 1876;
"Sanctuary," "Silkworms,” "Prayer,"
and" Bridal Procession at St. Malou,
Rouen," 1877; "School Treat," 1878.
Mr. Crowe was elected an Associate
of the Royal Academy in April,
1876.
""
99.66
CROWE, JOSEPH ARCHER, brother
of Mr. Eyre Crowe, A.R.A., was born
in London in Oct., 1825. He was
correspondent for the Illustrated
London News in the Crimean war,
and for the Times during the Franco-
Austrian war, and was at Solferino. He
is now (1878) British Consul-General
at Düsseldorff. He is the author, con-
jointly with Mr. G. Cavalcaselle, of
several art works, viz. : —
"Early
Flemish Painters," 1857 and 1872;
"History of Painting in Italy," 1864;
"History of Painting in North Italy,'
1871; "Life of Titian," 1877.
CROWE, MRS. (See BATEMAN.)
""
288
CROWTHER-CUMMING.
|
CROWTHER, THE RIGHT REV.
SAMUEL ADJAI, D.D., Bishop of
Niger Territory, is a native of Africa.
His history, extending over sixty
years or more, from a state of abject
servitude to the episcopate, is a
very romantic one. His original
name was Adjai, and his family
lived at Ochugu, in the Yorubu
country, 100 miles inland from the
Bight of Benin. In 1821 he was
carried off by the Eyo Mahometans,
was exchanged for a horse, was again
exchanged at Dahdah and cruelly
treated, was then again sold as a
slave for some tobacco, was captured
by an English ship of war, and landed
at Sierra Leone in 1822. He was
baptised in 1825, taking the names
of the Evangelical vicar of Christ
Church, Newgate Street, Samuel
Crowther. In 1829 he married Asano,
a native girl, who had been taught in
the same school with him. He was
then for some years schoolmaster of
Regent's Town, and subsequently ac-
companied the first Niger expedi-
tion. Arrived in England, he was
sent to the Church Missionary Col-
lege, Islington, and was ordained by
the bishop of London. In 1854 he
accompanied the second Niger Expe-
dition, of which he wrote a very able
account. He was afterwards an active
clergyman at Akessa, translated the
Bible into Yorubu, and undertook
various other literary works of a
religious character for the benefit of
his African brethren. He was con-
secrated first Bishop of Niger Terri-
tory, West Africa, June 29, 1864.
|
CUBITT, JOSEPH, civil engineer,
born at Horning, in the county of
Norfolk, Nov. 24, 1811, received his
preliminary education at Bruce
Castle School, Tottenham, under Mr.
Hill, and his professional education
in the office and on the works of his
father, the late Sir William Cubitt,
F.R.S., civil engineer. His principal
works are, a considerable portion of the
system of the South-Eastern Railway
lines; the entire Great Northern
Railway; the London, Chatham, and
Dover Railway; the Rhymney Rail-
way; the Oswestry and Newtown
Railway; the Colne Valley Railway;
the Pier of Weymouth Harbour; the
Extension of the North Pier and
other works of Great Yarmouth
Haven; and the new Blackfriars
Bridge, London. Mr. Cubitt is a
member of the Geographical Society,
and was for many years a Vice-Pre-
sident of the Institution of Civil En-
gineers. He is also a Lieut.-Colonel
of the Volunteer Engineer and Rail-
way Staff Corps.
CULLUM, GEORGE W., born in
New York, about 1812, graduated
from the Military Academy at West
Point in 1833, and was engaged for
the next twenty-eight years in en-
gineering labours and in instructing
at West Point on practical military
engineering. During the civil war
he was Chief of Staff to the General-
in-Chief from Nov., 1861, to Sept.,
1864, and Superintendent of the Mili-
tary Academy, West Point, from
Sept., 1864, to Aug., 1866; since which
time he has been a member of the
Board of Engineers for Fortifications.
Besides numerous military memoirs
and reports, he has published “Mili-
tary Bridges with India-rubber Pon-
toons," 1849; "Register of Officers
and Graduates of the U.S. Military
Academy from 1802 to 1850," 1850; a
translation of Duparc's "Elements of
Military Art and History, with Notes,
&c.," 1863; "Systems of Military
Bridges," 1863; and a "Biographical
Register of the Officers and Graduates
of the U.S. Military Academy," com-
prising memoirs of all the graduates
of that institution since its organisa-
tion in 1802 (1868).
CUMMING, THE REV. JOHN, D.D.,
F.R.S.E., minister of the Scotch
Church, Crown Court, Covent Gar-
den, author of devotional and con-
troversial works, and a popular
preacher, was born in Aberdeenshire,
of a Highland family, Nov. 10, 1810.
Dr. Cumming came to London in
1833. On the platform he is distin-
guished for his decided and untiring
opposition to the doctrines of the
Catholic Church. Dr. Cumming
CUNNINGHAM-CURCI.
((
66
preached before her Majesty at Bal- pital, and at the Military College,
moral a sermon afterwards published Addiscombe. He was appointed 2nd
under the title of "Salvation." Lieutenant of Engineers in 1831;
Amongst his best known works are, Aide-de-camp to the Governor-
Apocalyptic Sketches," Daily General of India in 1834; sent
Life," and "Voices of the Night. specially to Cashmere in 1839; En-
Dr. Cumming published "The Great gineer to the King of Oudh in 1840 ;
Tribulation," a volume of upwards of head of a mission to Thibet, &c., in
500 pages, treating of the prophetic 1846; Chief Engineer of the North-
descriptions of the coming of Christ Western Provinces in 1858; Arch-
and end of this dispensation, whichæological Surveyor-General of India
has had a large sale; a companion in 1870; Companion of the Star of
volume, in 1861, called "Redemption India, 1871. General Cunningham
Draweth Nigh," and "The Destiny is the author of many articles on anti-
of Nations," or, the future of Europe quarian subjects in the Journal of
as delineated in the Bible. In these the Bengal Asiatic Society, and
works great events were predicted other periodicals; "The Bhilsa
for 1868, and in his work, "The Topes, or Buddhist Monuments of
Seventh Vial," published in Nov.,
published in Nov., Central India," 1854
Central India," 1854; "An Essay on
1870, he quotes evidence from the the Arian Order of Architecture,"
most reliable sources of the fulfilment 1846; "Ladak, Physical, Statistical,
of all the events predicted in the and Historical," 1854; and volumi-
page of prophecy. In his preface he nous official reports on the Antiqui-
states that he does not revise or re- ties of Northern Hindostan, which
cast a single explanation of prophecy are now being reprinted by order of
in his former works, but abides by, the Government of India.
and in this last volume justifies, all.
Dr. Cumming belongs to the Estab-
lished Church of Scotland, and has
invariably opposed alike the prin-
ciple and policy of those who felt it
their duty to secede in 1843 and
form a separate communion. In
the autumn of 1872 Dr. Cumming
preached before her Majesty at Dun-
robin. The subject of his sermon was
"Communion between Heaven and
Earth." Her Majesty walked to-
wards the preacher at the close of
divine service, and personally thanked
him for the sermon to which, she
was pleased to say, she had listened
with the greatest pleasure. This ser-
mon has been published in a very
cheap and tasteful shape.
CUNNINGHAM,
""
289.
MAJOR-GENE-
RAL ALEXANDER, C.S.I., of the
Bengal Engineers, second son of
Allan Cunningham, and brother to
the late Captain J. D. Cunningham,
author of the "History of the Sikhs,"
to Peter Cunningham, and to Colonel
Francis Cunningham, was born in
John-street, Westminster, Jan. 23,
1814, and educated at Christ's Hos-
CURCI, CARLO MARIA, an Italian
ecclesiastic, born about 1800, entered
the Society of Jesus, of which he
soon became a distinguished orna-
ment. Both as a pulpit orator and
as a writer on theological subjects
he acquired a high reputation
throughout Italy. His name drew
crowds to hear him when he preached,
and he delivered discourses in nearly
every city of the peninsula. Three
times he was the Lent preacher
before the Chapter of San Pietro in
Vaticano, where His Holiness, Pope
Pius IX., was wont occasionally to
be present, privately, at his sermon.
Father Curci also founded, and
mainly set forward, the Civiltà Cat-
tolica. So highly did the late Pope
esteem this periodical, that he pro-
vided for its permanent continuance,
in Rome or elsewhere, under the
management of the Jesuits. Father
Curci was a contributor to the Civiltà
Cattolica during a period of sixteen
years. In 1871 he was in high
repute as the famous preacher in the
great church of the Gesù, in Rome,
where crowds flocked to listen to his
U
290
CURLING-CURREY.
|
fervent discourses. After that he |
retired to Florence, and set himself,
entirely of his own accord, to preach
and publish his lectures on "The
Four Gospels," published under the
title of "Lezioni esegetiche e morali
sopra i quattro Evangeli, dette in
Firenze dal 1 Novembre, 1873, al 29
Giugno, 1874," 4 vols., 8vo. At the
same time he likewise published a
small volume of "The Four Gospels,"
with few and short notes. Father
Curci gave utterance to opinions
which were quite contrary to those
generally entertained by his col-
leagues of the Society of Jesus re-
specting the temporal power of the
Sovereign Pontiff, and the result was
that, in 1877, he was expelled from
the Order. His peculiar views are
given in a work published at Florence
in Dec., 1877, under the title of "Il
moderno Dissidio tra la Chiesa e lo
Stato, considerato per occasione di
un fatto particolare." ("The Modern
Dissension between Church and State,
examined on the occurrence of a
personal matter.") In March, 1878,
Father Curci wrote a letter from
Florence to His Holiness, Pope Leo
XIII., describing the unhappy posi-
tion in which he was placed by his
recent conduct, and expressing a
desire to offer a retractation of his
errors. To this letter, which appeared
to be a first step towards a reconcilia-
tion, a kind reply was given. En-
couraged by this, Father Curci wrote
a second letter, making the largest
offers of submission, declaring him-
self ready to make public reparation
if necessary, and expressing a desire,
as private affairs called him to Rome,
to make his atonement in person.
He went to Rome, and had an inter-
view with Cardinal Franchi, who
proposed that Father Curci should
see Professor Don Giuseppe Pecci,
the Pope's brother, who had formerly
a long acquaintance and intimacy
with Father Curci. The result of the
interview with Father Pecci was a
letter of retractation which appeared
in all the journals; but so many
persons regarded this retractation as
incomplete, and liable to misinter-
pretations, that the Holy Father was
dissatisfied with it, and refused a
private audience to Father Curci
until he had written a fresh recanta-
tion, in which he declared his sincere
intention to submit his opinions and
his writings to the judgment of the
Pope.
CURLING, THOMAS BLIZARD,
F.R.S., born in Jan., 1811, and edu-
cated at Manor-House, Chiswick, was
appointed assistant-surgeon to the
London Hospital in 1834, lecturer on
surgery in 1846, full surgeon in 1849,
examiner in surgery to the Uni-
versity of London in 1859, and mem-
ber of council of the College of Sur-
geons in 1864. He became consult-
ing surgeon to the London Orphan
Asylum in 1849, a Fellow of the
Royal Society in 1850, and was
President of the Royal
elected
Medical and Chirurgical Society in
1871. He is the author of a treatise
on tetanus, which gained the Jack-
sonian prize in 1835; of a "Practical
Treatise on Diseases of the Testis,"
published in 1843, and of "Observa-
tions on Disease of the Rectum,
in 1851. The last-mentioned have
reached a third edition. In Aug.,
1869, he resigned the post of senior
surgeon to the London Hospital,
after a service of nearly thirty-six
years.
">
✔
CURREY, THE REV. GEORGE,
D.D., Master of the Charterhouse,
London, is the son of the late Rev.
himself
James Currey, who was
preacher to that institution. He was
born in Charterhouse Square, April 7,
1816, and educated at Charterhouse
school, whence he removed to St.
John's College, Cambridge, of which
society he became a scholar in 1834.
The following year he was appointed
a Bell's University Scholar, and in
1838 he graduated B.A., being four-
teenth wrangler and fourth in the
first class of the Classical Tripos; he
was elected a fellow of his college in
1839; appointed Lecturer in 1840;
Tutor in 1844; Whitehall Preacher
in 1845; Hulsean Lecturer in 1851
•
and 1852; Preacher of the Charter- |
house in 1849; and Master of the
Charterhouse, Jan. 17, 1871. He
was appointed one of the Examining
Chaplains to the Bishop of Rochester,
May, 1877. Dr. Currey has pub-
lished the "Hulsean Lectures" for
1851 and 1852; and edited "Tertul-
liani de Spectaculis, de Idololatriâ et
de Corona Militis," Cambridge, 1854.
CURTIS, GEORGE TICKNOR, born
at Watertown, Massachusetts, Nov.
28, 1812. He graduated at Harvard
College in 1832, was admitted to the
bar in 1836, practised law in Boston
till 1862, when he removed to New
York. During his residence in
Boston he served for several terms in
the Massachusetts Legislature. He
also held the office of United States
Commissioner, and in this capacity,
in 1851, returned to his master a
fugitive slave, named Thomas Sims,
for which act he was sharply cen-
sured by the abolitionists. He has
made valuable contributions to legal
literature ; among which are
Rights and Duties of American
Seamen (1844); "The Law of
Copyright" (1847); "The Law of
Patents" (1849, 4th edition, 1873);
and Commentaries on the Juris-
prudence, Practice, and Peculiar
Jurisdiction of the Courts of the
United States " (2 vols., 1854-58).
He has also written a "Life of Daniel
Webster" (2 vols., 1855-58); and a
"History of the Origin, Formation,
and Adoption of the Constitution of
the United States" (2 vols., 1855-58).
CURTIS, GEORGE WILLIAM, born
at Providence, Rhode Island, Feb.
24, 1824. After leaving school, he
was for a year a clerk in a mercantile
house in New York, and in 1842 was
placed, together with an elder
brother, at the Brook Farm Socialistic
Institution in Roxbury, Massachu-
setts, where they remained about
eighteen months, when they were
placed on a farm in Concord, where
they remained
another eighteen
months. In 1842 he went to Europe,
residing mainly at Berlin and Rome,
and subsequently visiting Egypt and
¿í
CURTIS.
>>
291
Syria. Returning to America in
1850, he published "Nile Notes of
a Howadji," being sketches of his
observations in Egypt.
This was
followed in 1852 by "The Howadji
in Syria." In the meantime he had
connected himself with the New
York Tribune newspaper, and had
become one of the editors of Put-
nam's Monthly. About 1855 this
magazine passed into the hands of a
new firm, which also entered into the
publication of books, in which they
were unsuccessful, and became bank-
rupt in 1857. Mr. Curtis had entered
this firm, as he supposed, as a special
partner, investing only about 10,000
dollars; but by some informality he
was found to be legally a general
partner, and liable for at least ten
times that amount.
For the pay-
ment of this he devoted himself to
literary labour for several years; the
last dollar being paid in 1873. He
lectured on social and æsthetic topics
throughout the country, became a
regular contributor to Harper's
Magazine, to which, besides many
occasional articles, he furnished a
monthly paper under the general
title of the "Editor's Easy Chair."
This series, begun in 1858, has been
continued monthly, with only a brief
interruption in 1876, to the present
time. In 1857 Harper's Weekly, an
illustrated journal, was established,
and Mr. Curtis soon became one of
its principal editorial writers. When
the Civil War broke out this journal
took a decided political tone, and
soon became an influential organ of
the Republican party, nearly all the
political editorials being written by
Mr. Curtis. In 1867 was established
Harper's Bazar, an illustrated paper
devoted to art, literature, social life,
and the fashions. To this Mr. Curtis
also furnished a weekly paper, which
he continued as long as the burden
of indebtedness rested upon him. In
the canvas of 1868 he was made a
presidential elector on the Republican
ticket, and warmly supported the re-
election of President Grant, who in
1871 appointed him a member of the
U 2
CURTIUS CURWEN.
Commission to frame rules for the | April, 1864. Professor Curtius's works
regulation of the civil service. But all relate to Greek antiquities. The
towards the close of the administra- best known is his "History of
tion he became dissatisfied with the Greece," which has been ably trans-
policy of the President, and Harper's lated into English by A. W. Ward,
Weekly vigorously opposed the nomi- M. A., 5 vols., 1868-74.
nation of President Grant for a third
term, and as warmly advocated the
election of Mr. Hayes, who received
the Republican nomination. In the
disputes which soon sprung up in the
party in relation to the policy of
President Hayes, he has taken a firm
stand in its favour. He was in 1867
elected a delegate to the Convention
for revising the Constitution of the
State of New York, and in the same
year was appointed one of the
Regents of the University of that
State, a body which has the general
supervision of the higher grades of
institutions for public instruction.
He has published the following
works, all made up of previous con-
tributions to various periodicals:
"Lotus Eating," a series of news-
paper letters from watering-places
(1852); "The Potiphar Papers
(1853); Prue and I" (1856); and
Trumps" (1862).
CURTIUS, GEORGE, brother of
Professor Ernest Curtius, was born at
Lübeck in 1820, and studied philology
at Bonn and Berlin. His first appoint-
ment was as tutor in Blochmann's In-
stitute at Dresden. In 1845 he became
private docent in the University of
Berlin, and in 1849 Professor of Clas-
sical Philology in the University of
Prague. Doctor George Curtius has
written " Comparative Grammar in
its relation to Classical Philology,"
1845, 2nd edit., 1848; "Contributions
from Comparative Linguistics to the
Grammar of the Greek and Latin
Languages," 1846; "School Gram-
mar of the Greek Language," 1862,
which had passed through six editions
in 1864, and which has been edited in
English by Dr. William Smith; "In-
dications on the Present State of the
Homeric Question," 1854; "A First
Greek Course," and "Principles of
Greek Etymology, translated by
Augustus S. Wilkins, M.A., and
Edwin B. England, M.A.,” 1878.
CURWEN, JOHN, son of the Rev.
Spedding Curwen, of an old Cum-
berland family, born at Heckmond-
wike, in Yorkshire, Nov. 14, 1816, was
educated at Coward College and the
London University. He was appointed
assistant minister in the Independent
Church, Basingstoke, Hants, in 1838,
where he experimented in education,
invented the "Look and say method
of teaching to read," and taught
Sunday school children to sing. He
became co-pastor at Stowmarket,
Suffolk, in 1841, whence he visited
Miss Glover's schools at Norwich, and
where he tried her singing plans in a
large Bible class; and was elected
pastor at Plaistow, Essex, in 1844,
where he developed and promoted the
Tonic Sol-fa method of teaching to
sing for schools, homes, and congre-
gations; using it in his schools, Bible
classes, and church, and meanwhile
292
((
""
CURTIUS, ERNEST, a a German
Hellenist, born at Lübeck, Sept 2,
1814, after a preliminary training in
the college of his native town, pur-
sued his studies at the universities
of Bonn, Göttingen, and Berlin, and
in 1837 visited Athens in company
with Professor Brandis in order to
commence at head-quarters his re-
searches into Greek antiquities. Sub-
sequently he accompanied Ottfried
Müller in his archæological expedi-
tion to the Peloponnesus, and on the
decease of that eminent scholar in
1840, he returned to his native
country, was created Doctor by the
University of Halle, taught for some
time in the colleges of Berlin, be-
came Professor Extraordinary there,
and was appointed tutor to Prince
Frederick William, son of the present
emperor of Germany. In 1856 he
succeeded Hermann as Professor at
Göttingen. He went to Athens, to
undertake excavations at Olympia in
-
293
""
lecturing on the art of teaching gene- made a brigadier-general. In 1852
rally for Sunday schools in various he was chosen a justice of the Massa-
parts of the country. Having to chusetts Supreme Court, and in 1853
resign the ministry through ill-health called into President Pierce's cabinet
in 1867, he established a printing and as Attorney-General. In 1860 he
publishing business, in order the was President of the National Demo-
better to create a Tonic Sol-fa litera- cratic Convention, which nominated
ture. Along with many co-workers Mr. Breckinridge for President. In
he founded the Tonic Sol-fa Asso- 1866 he was appointed by President
ciation for the propagation of the Johnson one of three commissioners
method (1853), and the Tonic Sol-fa to codify and revise the laws of
College, for the education of teachers Congress. He was active in the
and issue of certificates of proficiency treaty by which Russia sold her pos-
(1862). Mr. Curwen is the author of sessions in North-Western America to
The Child's Own Hymn Book,' the United States, and in 1869
Standard Course of the Tonic Sol-fa | negotiated a treaty with the Colòm-
Method; "How to observe Har-bian Government for a canal across
mony; ""Construction Exercises in the Isthmus of Darien. In 1872 he
Elementary Musical Composition," was one of the counsel for the settle-
and other works.
ment of the Alabama claims, and in
the following year published a book,
"The Treaty of Washington," in
which he sharply criticised the action
of Sir Alexander Cockburn, the
British arbitrator. In December,
1873, he was named as Minister to
Spain, but did not enter upon the
office. In 1874 he was nominated by
President Grant as Chief Justice of
the United States, but the nomination
was soon withdrawn.
""
CUSHING-CUVILLIER-FLEURY.
|
CUSHING, CALEB, born at Salis-
bury, Massachusetts, in Jan., 1800.
He graduated at Harvard College in
1817; was college tutor for two
years; studied law, and in 1825
commenced practice at Newburyport,
Massachusetts, at the same time
contributing to the North American
Review articles on historical and
legal subjects. In 1829 he visited
Europe, where he remained two
years, and published, in 1833, “Re-
miniscences of Spain," and "Review
of the Revolution of the Three
Days' in France, and the consequent
Events in Europe." In 1835 he was
elected a member of Congress, a
position which he retained until
1843. He belonged to the Whig
party until 1841, when he took sides
with President Tyler, who in 1843
nominated him for Secretary of the
Treasury, but the appointment was
rejected by the Senate. He was
thereupon appointed Commissioner
to China, and concluded the first
American treaty with that court. On
his return he was again elected a
member of the Massachusetts legisla-
ture; and being defeated on a reso-
lution to raise and equip a regiment
of volunteers for the Mexican war,
he equipped them from his own
means, and, as their colonel, departed
for the seat of war, and was soon
|
CUVILLIER-FLEURY, ALFRED-
AUGUSTE, author, born in 1802,
studied at the College of Louis-le-
Grand, and obtained the prize of
honour for rhetoric in 1819. For ten
years he was secretary to Louis
Bonaparte, King of Holland, whose
exile he shared at Rome and Florence,
and upon his return to France was
appointed director of studies at the
College of Sainte-Barbe. In 1827
Louis-Philippe intrusted to him the
education of the young Duc d'Aumale.
In 1834 he commenced writing for
the Journal des Débats, maintaining
the cause of the monarchy of July;
was created officer of the Legion of
Honour, April 29, 1845; and unsuc-
cessfully presented himself for the
suffrages of the electors of Guéret in
1846.
1846. The revolution of Feb. 1848,
and subsequent events, did not change
his opinions, and he remained one of
the principal editors of the Dêbats
$
DACRES-DALE.
until 1860. À number of his articles | decorated with the insignia of several
have been collected under the fol- foreign Orders.
lowing titles :-" Portraits Politiques
et Révolutionnaires," published in
published in
1851;
"Études Historiques et Litté-
raires," in 1854; "Nouvelles Études
in 1855; “Voyages et Voyageurs," in
1854-6 "Dernières Études Histori-
ques et Littéraires," in 1859; "His-
toriens, Poëtes, et Romanciers," in
1863; and "Études et Portraits,'
2 vols., 1865-68. He was elected a
member of the French Academy in
1866.
""
294
""
D.
DACRES, ADMIRAL SIR SYDNEY
COLPOYS, G.C.B., son of the late
Vice-Admiral Sir Richard Dacres,
was born at Totnes, Devonshire,
in 1805, and educated at the Naval
College at Portsmouth. He entered
the Royal Navy in 1817, and in
1827, when lieutenant on board
the Blonde, he was sent ashore with
four cannons and a division of
seamen, and rendered valuable as-
sistance to the French army in the
Morea under Marshal Maison. Ap-
pointed a Commander in 1834, he
cruised on the Spanish coast in the
Salamander for several years during
the Carlist war, and in 1840 was
made captain of that vessel. At the
time of the Crimean war he was flag-
captain to Sir Charles Napier. He
received the command of the Sans
Pareil, a vessel in the fleet of Sir D.
Dundas, and greatly distinguished
himself before Odessa and Sebastopol,
where his ship was riddled with
cannon-balls. He was made Rear-
Admiral in 1858, Vice-Admiral in
1865, a Lord of the Admiralty in
1866, and Admiral in 1870. Since
1858, Sir Sydney Dacres served as an
admiral in the Mediterranean, West
Indies and Channel squadrons. He
was appointed Governor of Green-
wich Hospital in Nov. 1872. He was
made a C.B. in 1855; K.C.B. in 1865;
G.C.B. in 1871; and he has also been
|
D'ALBERT, CHARLES, musical
composer, son of a captain of cavalry
in the French army,
in the French army, born at a village
near Hamburg, in 1815, after his
father's death, was brought by his
mother to England, where his musi
cal talents attracted the notice of
Kalkbrenner, whose pupil he became,
and under whose instructions he
gained an acquaintance with the
classical works of the great masters.
He afterwards attended at the Aca-
démie Royale, Paris, where he
studied music and dancing to such
good purpose, that he was appointed
maître de ballet and first dancer at
Covent Garden Theatre, but aban-
doned the stage, and established him-
self as a teacher of music, and as a
composer. His success is proved by
the popularity of the dance-music
which he has composed, each piece
having a distinct individuality, sug-
gestive of the subject of the title.
"The Peri," "Faust,' "Haunt of
Fairies," "Queen of the Ball," and
"Lily of the Valley," waltzes; the
"Sultan's,
""The Bridal," "Helena,
"Coquette," "Isabelle," "King Pip-
pin," and "Soldier's" polkas; "The
Express and "Pelissier" galops,
and other compositions too numerous
to mention, are great favourites with
the public.
">
>>
""
3.
DALE, ROBERT WILLIAM, M.A...
an Independent minister, born in
London, Dec. 1, 1829, was educated
at Spring Hill College, Birmingham,
and graduated M.A. at the Uni-
versity of London in 1853. He
commenced his ministry at Carr's
Lane (Congregational) Church, Bir-
mingham, in June, 1853. At first
he was co-pastor with the late John:
Angell James, on whose death he
succeeded to the full charge of that
well-known place of worship. Mr..
Dale was chairman of the Congrega-
tional Union of England and Wales,
1868-9. He is editor of the Con-
gregationalist, and the author of
"Discourses on Special Occasions ;"
Week-day Sermons ;" a "Life of
DALTON-DANA.
•
**
the Rev. J. A. James; "Discourses | two years. In 1842 he became a
on the Epistles to the Hebrews; member of the Brook Farm com-
"The Ten Commandments; "The munity, in Roxbury, Massachusetts,
Ultimate Principle of Protestantism;" and remained there till 1844. He next
"The Atonement: a Series of Lec- edited, in connection with George
tures prepared at the request of the Ripley, Parke Godwin, and John S.
Congregational Union of England Dwight, The Harbinger, a weekly
and Wales;" and articles in the journal, devoted to social reform and
British Quarterly, Nineteenth Cen- general literature (1844-47). In 1847
tury, Fortnightly, and Contemporary he became connected with the New
Review. He has also edited a trans- York Tribune, and was for four or
lation of "Reuss on the Theology of five years managing editor, until the
the Apostolic Age." In 1877 he de- autumn of 1861. In 1855, in con-
livered a series of lectures on Preach- nection with Mr. George Ripley,
ing at Yale College, Connecticut, he projected Appleton's "American
being the first Englishman appointed Cyclopædia," in 16 vols., of which
to the Lyman Beecher lectureship. they were the responsible editors, to
The lectures have since been pub- its completion in 1863, as also of
lished both in England and America. the revised edition (1873-77). From
Mr. Dale has taken an active part in 1862 to 1865 he was in Government
Nonconformist controversies, and in service, during the last two years as
the agitation originated by the Assistant-Secretary of War. About
National Education League.
the beginning of 1866 he became
editor of the Chicago Republican, a
daily paper, published in Chicago,
Illinois; but in 1868 purchased an
interest in the New York Sun, a daily
paper, of which he has since been the
editor, and which has become notable
for its zealous opposition to the
administration of Presidents Grant
and Hayes.
"
DALTON, JOHN CALL, M.D., born
at Chelmsford, Massachusetts, Feb. 2,
1825. He graduated in arts at
Harvard College in 1844, and in
medicine in 1847. In 1851 he
received the prize offered by the
American Medical Association for
his "Essay on the Corpus Luteum."
In 1859 he published his "Treatise
on Human Physiology." He was in
a few months offered professorships
of physiology in several medical col-
leges, and accepted them in one of
the New York city medical schools,
and the Long Island Hospital Col-
lege in Brooklyn, New York. In the
civil war he was Surgeon of the
United States Volunteers, and for a
time Medical Inspector for the De-
partment of the South. In 1868 he
published a "Treatise on Physiology
and Hygiene for Schools, Families,
and Colleges." He has also published
many papers and memoirs in the
medical reviews and journals; and
he was a prominent scientific con-
tributor to the American Cyclopædia
(1873-76).
295
DANA, CHARLES ANDERSON, born
at Hinsdale, New Hampshire, Aug. 8,
1819. He entered Harvard College
in 1839, but remained there only
DANA, JAMES DWIGHT, LL.D.,
born at Utica, New York, Feb. 12,
1813. He graduated at Yale College
in 1833, and was teacher of mathe-
matics in the United States navy
from 1833 to 1835. In 1835 and 1836
he was assistant to Professor Silliman
in chemistry,
in chemistry, geology, &c., at Yalc
College. In Dec. 1836, he was ap-
pointed Mineralogist and Geologist
to the U. S. exploring expedition,
under Commodore Wilkes, and ac-
companied it during its whole tour,
returning home in 1842. In 1837 he
published his work on " Mineralogy,"
which has since passed through many
editions, and been enlarged and re-
modelled till it appeared in 1868-69
in two large volumes. Since 1846 he
has been one of the editors of the
American Journal of Science. For
some years he was engaged in the
preparation and classification of the
296
DANA-DANELL.
Being, on account of an affection of
the eyes, compelled to relinquish study
in 1834, in search of health he under-
took the voyage to California, des-
cribed in his "Two Years before the
Mast." Returned to college, he
studied law, and was admitted to the
Boston bar in 1840. He devoted him-
self especially to maritime law, and
soon secured a large admiralty prac-
tice. In 1841 he published a treatise
on seamanship, entitled, "The Sea-
man's Friend" (known in England
as "The Seaman's Manual "), con-
taining a Dictionary of Sea Terms.
He was one of the founders of the
""
materials brought home from the
Pacific. He prepared three volu-
minous reports, with their accom-
panying atlases of figures, describing
many new species, and some new
geological formations which he had
discovered. These reports were "On
the Zoophytes" (1846); "On the
Geology of the Pacific" (1849); " On
Crustacea (1852-54). In 1855 he
became Professor of Natural History
and Geology in Yale College, a posi-
tion which he still holds. He is a
member of many learned societies in
Europe, and in 1872 received the
Woollaston gold medal of the Geo-
logical Society of London. The Cop-Free-Soil Party " in 1848, and a
ley medal of the Royal Society of prominent actor in the Republican
London was awarded to him in Nov. movement of 1856. He has written
1877, "for his biological, geological, several biographies and review
and mineralogical investigations, car- articles; "To Cuba and Back: a
ried on through half a century, and Vacation Voyage," 1859; and in 1869
for the valuable works in which his put forth an enlarged edition of his
conclusions and discoveries have been early work, under the title "Two
published." Among his more popular Years before the Mast, and Twenty
works are : "Manual of Geology Years Afterwards." He has published
(1862); "Text Book of Geology several important legal works, among
(1864); and "Corals and the Coral which is an edition, with copious
Islands" (1872).
annotations, of Wheaton's "Inter-
national Law," 1866. One of his
notes, on the neutrality laws of Great
Britain and the United States, was
translated into French for the use of
the arbitrators at Geneva, in 1872.
""
""
DANA, RICHARD HENRY, born at
Cambridge, Massachusetts, Nov. 15,
1787. He studied at Harvard College,
and was admitted to the bar in 1811.
He became connected in 1814 with
the North American Review, and his
earliest writings, "An Essay on Old
Times," and an article on the poems
of Washington Allston, first appeared
in that periodical, of which he be-
came joint-editor in 1818. His works
are more noted for quality than
quantity. They comprise "The Idle
Man," a collection of tales and essays,
1821; "The Dying Raven," and "The
Husband at the Wife's Grave," two
short poems, 1825; "The Buccaneer,"
a somewhat longer poem, which has
become a classic, 1827; and a course
of ten "Lectures on Shakespeare,"
originally delivered in 1839, but not
published until long after.
DANA, RICHARD HENRY, jun., son
of the preceding, born at Cambridge,
Massachusetts, Aug. 1, 1815. He
entered Harvard College in 1832.
DANELL, THE RIGHT REV.
JAMES, D.D., Roman Catholic Bishop
of Southwark, was born in what was
formerly called the London district,
in 1821. He was educated under Dr.
Kenny at his father's house in Fitz-
roy-street, Fitzroy-square, and after-
wards at St. Edmund's College, Hert-
fordshire. In 1843 he was sent to
finish his ecclesiastical studies at St.
Sulpice, Paris, and received priest's
orders in 1846, being in August of
that year appointed to the mission of
St. George's, Southwark. For many
years he acted as Vicar-General to
Bishop Grant, and on the decease of
that eminent prelate he succeeded
him in the see of Southwark, his con-
secration taking place at St. George's
Cathedral, March 25, 1871. The
diocese of Southwark comprises
DARBY-DARLEY.
Surrey, Berkshire, Hampshire, Kent,
Sussex, the islands of Wight, Guern-
sey, Jersey, and the adjacent isles.
DARBY, JOHN NELSON, youngest
son of the late John Darby, Esq., of
Leap, King's county, Ireland, was
born in Westminster, in 1800, gra-
duated in 1819 at Trinity College,
Dublin, in high classical honours, and
was called to the bar. He subse-
quently took orders, but not long after
saw fit to abandon this position, only
the more freely to exercise his
ministry in Great Britain and Ire-
land, France, Switzerland, Germany,
Holland, &c., and at a later day also
in North and South America and the
West Indies, New Zealand, and
Australia. He has translated the
entire Bible into German, and the
New Testament into French as well
as English. Besides incessant preach-
ing in these and other languages
(chiefly among those commonly
known as "Brethren," or "Plymouth
Brethren "), he has written on scrip-
tural subjects so largely that his col-
lected writings, now in course of re-
publication, independent of, and
uniform with his longest single work,
"Synopsis of the Books of the Bible,"
five volumes, will exceed twenty-five
thick volumes crown 8vo.
DARIMON, ALFRED, journalist,
born at Lille, Dec. 17, 1819, after
finishing his studies, commenced his
literary career in 1840, by the pub-
lication of some
some letters on the
Archæology of Flanders in the Revue
du Nord. In 1848 he was one of the
principal editors of the Peuple,
founded by M. Proudhon, and when
that journal ceased to appear, became
editor in chief, first of La Voix du
Peuple, and afterwards of Le Peuple,
1850. Since 1854 M. Darimon has
contributed to La Presse numerous
articles relating to finance, and in
1857 published a work entitled "De
la Réforme Banquière." He was
candidate, in the democratic interest,
for Paris, at the election of 1857, was
elected by a considerable majority,
and re-elected in 1863. M. Darimon
stood aloof from his former political
297
| allies since 1864, and eventually be-
came a supporter of the Government,
the result being that he dared not
present himself again to his consti-
tuents at the general election in 1869.
In Nov. 1869, he was appointed
French consul at Rotterdam.
DARLEY, FELIX O. C., born at
Philadelphia, June 23, 1822. While
a clerk in a mercantile house, he
produced some humorous sketches,
which were so highly praised that he
was encouraged to devote himself to
art as a profession, making drawings
for engravers his speciality. His il-
lustrations for books and periodicals
are almost innumerable. For the
works of James Fenimore Cooper
alone they number more than 500.
He has also made many large and
highly-finished drawings, which when
reduced appear on bank-notes and
Government bonds. He has produced
many outline illustrations on stone,
which in grace and purity of treat-
ment are not inferior to those of
Retzsch. Among these are the series
illustrating Judd's
illustrating Judd's "Margaret," and
Irving's Rip Van Winkle and
"Legend of Sleepy Hollow." One
of his finest works is the wedding
procession in Longfellow's "Court-
ship of Miles Standish," 1859. About
1864 he began a long sojourn in
Europe, and on his return in 1868
put forth "Sketches Abroad, with
Pen and Pencil."
((
รา
DARLEY, THE RIGHT REV. JOHN
RICHARD, Bishop of Kilmore, Elphin,
and Ardagh, was born in Nov. 1799,
at Fairfield, co. Monaghan, Ireland.
After a preliminary training at
the Royal School of Dungannon, he
entered Trinity College, Dublin, in
1816. He obtained several scientific,
classical, theological, and Hebrew
prizes during his undergraduate
course; was appointed to a classical
scholarship in 1819; and graduated
B.A. in 1821, and M.A. in 1827. In
1826 he took holy orders, and the
same year was appointed head master
of the endowed grammar-school at
Dundalk. He became head master
of the Royal School of Dungannon in
298
DARU-DARWIN.
1831; rector of Drumgoon (Coole- | the Constituent Assembly, and was
hill), in the diocese of Kilmore, in elected Vice-President of the Legisla-
1850; and Archdeacon of Ardagh, tive Assembly for 1850 and 1851. After
and rector of Templemichael, co. the coup d'état he retired into private
Longford, in 1866. On Sept. 23, life, but continued to be among the
1874, he was elected Bishop of Kil- most consistent enemies of the Second
more, Elphin, and Ardagh, being the Empire, and a staunch adherent of the
second prelate elected to the epispocal Orleans family. He emerged from
dignity since the disestablishment of his retirement in May, 1869, when he
the Irish Church. His consecration was elected a member of the Corps
took place on Oct. 25. Bishop Darley Législatif by 16,086 votes against
is a divine of the most distinct "Evan- 15,809 recorded in favour of M. de
gelical" principles, and prior to his Tocqueville, the official candidate.
elevation to the episcopate was dis- Recognised as one of the leaders of
tinguished by his efforts to reunite the new Liberal "Tiers Parti," he
the Primitive Methodists in Ireland was, in Dec. 1869, elected Vice-
with the Protestant Episcopal Church. President of the Chamber, and in
He has published a "Treatise on
Jan. 1870, appointed Minister for
Homer," 1839; and "The Grecian Foreign Affairs in M. Ollivier's short-
Drama: a treatise on the Dramatic lived administration. Count Daru
Literature of the Greeks," 1840. incurred no inconsiderable amount
of unpopularity by his injudicious
meddling in the matters discussed in
the Ecumenical Council of the Vati-
can. When the Emperor determined
on submitting the new sénatus consulte
to be ratified by a plébiscite, Count
Daru tendered his resignation, which
was accepted (April 13, 1870). After
the early disasters in the war against
Germany, he was appointed a member
of the Committee of Defence, and
subsequently he withdrew to his de-
partment of La Manche, where he
devoted himself heart and soul to the
task of organising forces to oppose
the invader. Thus he gained such
popularity, that at the elections of
Feb. 1871, he was sent by the depart-
ment, at the head of the poll, to the
National Assembly, where he voted
with the Right Centre. In 1873 he
was one of the commission of nine
who undertook the difficult task of
re-establishing the Legitimate Mo-
narchy in France. On Jan. 30, 1876,
he was elected a Senator of the de-
partment of La Manche, as a candidate
of the Conservative Union. His term
of office will expire in 1879. He was
nominated an officer of the Legion of
Honour in 1840, and elected a mem-
ber of the Academy of Moral and
Political Sciences in 1860.
DARWIN, CHARLES ROBERT,
DARU (COMTE) NAPOLEON, a
French statesman and ex-peer of
France, born at Paris, June 11, 1807,
son of the celebrated historian of the
First Empire, and godson of Napo-
leon I. and the Empress Josephine.
After a suitable education at the
Lyceum of Louis-le-Grand and the
Polytechnic School, he entered the
artillery, and served for some time in
Algeria, but in 1847 he finally retired
from the army, in which he had at-
tained the rank of captain. In 1832
he entered the Chamber of Peers by
hereditary right, and was an ardent
supporter of the monarchy of July.
He was an active member of the
Chamber, took part in most of its
discussions, and was an earnest pro-
moter, both in its committees and in
the tribune, of measures relating to
public works. In a well-written
treatise, "Des Chemins de Fer," pub-
lished in 1843, he showed the appli-
cation and consequences of the law
of June 11, 1842; and he likewise
drew up many important reports on
subjects of political economy. After
the revolution of February, Count
Daru gave his adhesion to the new
Government, and was twice elected
by considerable majorities for the
department of La Manche. He took
a prominent part in the debates of
C
DARWIN.
299
In
(3
LL.D.. F.R.S.. was born at Shrews- | land; and for many years past he
has resided near Farnborough in
Kent, having married in 1831 his
cousin, Miss Emma Wedgwood, by
whom he has a large family.
addition to numerous papers on vari-
ous scientific subjects, Mr. Darwin
edited the "Zoology of the Voyage of
the Beagle," and wrote three separate
volumes on geology; viz., "The
Structure and Distribution of Coral
Reefs," 1842, 2nd edit. 1874 ;
"Geo-
logical Observations on Volcanic
Islands," 1844 ; and "Geological Ob-
servations on South America," 1846.
The most important of Mr. Darwin's
subsequent works are a "Monograph
of the Family Cirrhipedia," published
by the Ray Society in 1851-3, and on
the "Fossil Specics," by the Palæon-
tographical Society. His " Origin of
Species by means of Natural Selec-
tion," published in 1859, which has
gone through several editions at
home, and has been translated into
French, German, Italian, Spanish,
and other European languages, gave
rise to much controversy. In this
bold and ingenious essay he pro-
pounded his famous philosophical
theory, of which the main proposition
is, that all the various forms of vege-
table and animal life, past or present,
have been produced by a series of gra-
dual changes in natural descent from
parents to offspring. According to
him all the animals, beasts, birds,
reptiles, insects, fishes, and zoophytes,
have descended from at most four or
five progenitors; all the plants from
no greater number. But analogy
bury, Feb. 12, 1809, being the son of
Dr. Robert Waring Darwin, F.R.S.,
physician of that town. His grand-
father was the celebrated Dr. Eras-
mus Darwin, F.R.S., the poetical,
philanthropic, and scientific physician
of Lichfield, whose, "Botanic Gar-
den," "Temple of Nature," "Zoo-
nomia," and Origin of Society,"
were once extensively read and
Mr. Darwin's
greatly admired.
mother was a daughter of Josiah
Wedgwood, the modern founder of
the English pottery manufacture.
He was educated first at the Shrews-
bury grammar school, under Dr.
Butler, afterwards Bishop of Lich-
field; he went to the University
of Edinburgh in 1825, remained
there two years, and next entered
Christ's College, Cambridge, where
he graduated B.A. in 1832, and M.A.
in 1837. His hereditary aptitude for
the study of natural science was early
perceived by his instructors; the
Rev. Mr. Henslow, Professor of Botany
at Cambridge, recommended him
therefore to Captain Fitzroy and the
Lords of the Admiralty in 1831, when
a naturalist was to be chosen to
accompany the second surveying ex-
pedition of H.M.S. Beagle in the
Southern Seas. The first expedition,
that of the Adventure and Beagle
(1826-30) had explored the coasts of
Patagonia; the Beagle, which sailed
again Dec. 27, 1831, and returned to
England Oct. 22, 1836, made a scien-
tific circumnavigation of the globe.
Mr. Darwin served without salary,
and partly paid his own expenses on
condition that he should have the
entire disposal of his zoological,
botanical, and geological collec-
tions. On returning to England he
published a "Journal of Researches
into the Geology and Natural His-
tory" of the various countries he had
visited. This originally appeared
with a general account of the voyage
by Captain Fitzroy, but was after-
wards published separately. Since
that time Mr. Darwin has prosecuted
|
would lead to the belief that all ani-
mals and plants have together de-
scended from some one prototype.
Mr. Darwin's subsequent works have
had for their object the supplying
the data on which he founded his
conclusions. A treatise on the "Fer-
tilization of Orchids," published in
1862, was followed by "Domesticated
Animals and Cultivated Plants; or
the Principles of Variation, Inherit-
ance, Reversion, Crossing, Inter-
breeding. and Selection, under Do-
his scientific investigations in Eng-mestication," in 1867. In 1871 hc
-|
300
DASENT-DAUDET.
published the "Descent of Man and
Selection in Relation to Sex," 2 vols;
a new edition of which was published
in 1874, in one volume, with large
additions. In this work the author
infers that "man is descended from
a hairy quadruped, furnished with a
tail and pointed ears, probably arbo-
real in its habits." His more recent
publications are The Expression of
the Emotions in Man and Animals,"
1872; "Movements and Habits of
Climbing Plants," 2nd edition, 1875;
"Insectivorous Plants," 1875; "Cross
and Self-Fertilization in the Vege-
table Kingdom," 1876; and "Dif-
ferent Forms of Flowers in Plants of
the same Species," 1877. Mr. Darwin,
who has been elected a member of
various foreign and English scientific
bodies, received from the Royal
Society the Royal and Copley medals
for his various scientific works, and
from the Geological Society the
Wollaston Palladian medal. He has
been created a knight of the order
Pour le Merite by the Prussian
Government; and in June, 1871, he
was elected a corresponding member
of the Academy of Vienna. The
university of Leyden conferred upon
him the honorary degree of M.D. in
Feb. 1875; and the university of
Cambridge gave him the honorary
degree of LL.D. Nov. 17, 1877. He
was elected a corresponding member
of the French Academy of Sciences
in Aug. 1878.
(C
Icelandic, Low German, and other
Languages," in 1845; of " The Norse-
men in Iceland," in 1855; of " Popu-
lar Tales from the Norse with an
Introductory Essay," in 1859; and
of "Tales from the Fjeld," from the
Norse of Asbjörnsen, in 1873. He
published "The Saga of Burnt Nial,"
&c.; has translated much from the
German, the Norse, and the Icelandic
languages, and written "Annals of
an Eventful Life," a novel, 3 vols.,
1871, and "Three to One; or, Some
Passages out of the Life of Amicia
Lady Sweetapple," 3 vols., 1872. In
1874 his name was associated with
"An Icelandic-English Dictionary,
based on the MS. collections of the
late Richard Cleasby, enlarged and
completed by Gudbrand Vigfússon,
M.A." In point of fact, however, Sir
G. W. Dasent has no claim nor title
whatever to be called either editor or
author of the work in question, which
was wholly written and edited by
Mr. Vigfússon. Dr. Dasent acted for
some years as one of the assistant
editors of the Times, and he is married
to a daughter of the late Mr. W. F. A.
Delane. He has frequently been em-
ployed as an examiner in English
and modern foreign languages, in
connection with the Civil Service
appointments. On Feb. 5, 1870, he
was appointed by the Government to
the post of Civil Service Commis-
sioner. He was knighted June 27,
1876.
|
DASENT, SIR GEORGE WEBBE,
D.C.L., is son of John Roche Dasent,
Esq., Attorney-General of the Island
of St. Vincent, West Indies, by Char-
lotte Martha, daughter. of Mr. Alex-
ander Burroughes Irwin, of Union
Estate, St. Vincent, and Kells, co.
Tipperary. He was born at St. Vin-
cent in 1820, and educated at King's
College, London, and Magdalen Hall,
Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in
1840. He was called to the bar at
the Middle Temple in 1852. His
translation of "The Prose or Younger
Edda," from the Norse, appeared in
1842; that of "Theophilus Eutychi-
anus, from the original Greek, in
|
DAUDET, ALPHONSE, a French
novelist, brother of Ernest Daudet,
was born at Nîmes, of poor parents,
May 13, 1840. After studying in the
lyceum at Lyons, he became an usher
in a school at Alais, and did the
drudgery of that humble calling for a
couple of years. In 1857 he went to
Paris with his brother Ernest, in order
to try to gain a livelihood by literary
pursuits. He first brought out a vo-
lume of poetry, entitled "Les Amour-
euses," 1858, which immediately
gained for him a reputation, and led
to his employment on several news-
papers. The Figaro opened its co-
Îumns to a description of “Les Gueux
}
DAUDET-DAVID.
""
de Province,” in which he depicted
with extreme earnestness and fidelity
the miseries and sufferings of the
ushers in provincial schools. He next
published "La Double Conversion,"
a poem, 1861, which was followed in
1863 by "Le Roman du Chaperon
Rouge," a collection of articles which
had appeared originally in the Fi-
garo. He also wrote for the stage
with success, composing, in conjunc-
tion with M. Ernest Lépine, two little
pieces, "La Dernière Idole," (Odéon
theatre, 1862), and "L'Eillet blanc
(Comédie Française, 1865). Since
then he has written for the theatre
three pieces which were decided fail-
ures, viz., “Le Sacrifice, (Vaudeville);
"L'Árlésienne" (same theatre), 1872;
and "Lise Tavernier " (Ambigu),
1872. For five years he was private
secretary to the Duc de Morny, Pre-
sident of the Corps Législatif (1861-
65). M. Alphonse Daudet has contri-
buted extensively to a large number
of newspapers, particularly to the
Monde Illustré and to the Figaro, in
which his rhymed chronicles, signed
"Jean Froissart," and his "Lettres
de mon Moulin," signed "Gaston-
Marie," deserve special mention. Sub-
sequently he became one of the regu-
lar contributors to the Moniteur Uni-
versel, and he has published under the
pseudonym of “
Baptistet," or under
his real name, a number of novels,
tales, and collections of articles con-
tributed originally to newspapers.
Among these publications are:- "Le
Petit Chose, "Tartarin de Taras-
con," "Robert Helmont," "Lettres de
mon Moulin," "Lettres à un Absent,'
"Contes du Lundi," "Les Femmes
d'Artistes," "Jack, histoire d'un
Ouvrier," (1873), "Fromont jeune et
Risler aîné," (1874), his best work, to
which the French Academy awarded
the Jouy prize, in June, 1875, and
which was successfully dramatised by
M. Alphonse Belot in 1876; "Les
Contes Choisis," 1877; and "Le Na-
bab Mours Parisiennes," 1878, a
work in which the private life of the
Duc de Morny is minutely described.
M. Alphonse Daudet has been long
|
|
301
|
connected with the Journal Officiel,
being entrusted with the theatrical
department of that paper.
|
;
DAUDET, ERNEST, a French au-
thor and journalist, born at Nîmes,
May 31, 1837, went to Paris in 1857,
with his brother Alphonse, and ob-
tained employment as a writer for a
great number of Parisian and pro-
vincial newspapers. About 1860 he
was engaged to revise the reports of
the proceedings of the Corps Légis-
latif, and during the latter days of
the Empire he was secretary to the
President of the Senate. Since 1870
M. Ernest Daudet has been editor for
a time of the Journal Officiel (1874-
76), and of the Estafette. M. Ernest
Daudet has published several novels.
We may mention "Thérèse," 1859;
"Les Duperies de l'Amour," 1865;
"La Vénus de Gordes," in conjunc-
tion with M. Adolphe Belot, 1866
"Aventures de Raymond Rocheray;"
"Le Crime de Jean Malory;"
"Jean
le Gueux ;" "Marthe Varades ;""La
Petite Soeur;" "Le Prince Pogout-
zine;" "Le Roman de Delphine;"
"Jourdain Coupe-têtes," and "La
Succession Chavanet." He is also
the author of numerous political and
historical works, including "Les Jour-
naux religieux et les Journalistes
catholiques," 1860 ; "La Trahison
d'Emile Ollivier,,' 1864; "Diplomates
et Hommes d'Etat contemporains:
le Cardinal Consalvi, 1800-1824,
(1867); "La Vérité sur la Fusion,"
1873, an anonymous pamphlet on the
attempt to bring about a fusion be-
tween the two branches of the royal
house of France; "Le Ministère de
M. de Martignac, sa vie politique et les
dernières années de la Restauration,"
1875, and "Henriette, fragments du
Journal du Marquis de Boisguerny,
député," 1876. In "La Terreur
Blanche," published in 1878, he gives
an account of the excesses committed
by Legitimist partisans, or scoundrels
assuming the guise, in the early days
of the Restoration. M. Ernest Dau-
det was decorated with the Legion of
Honour, Aug. 15, 1868.
|
DAVID(BARON)JERÔMEFRÉDÉRIC
""
302
DAVIDS-DAVIDSON.
|
PAUL, a French statesman, grandson
of the celebrated painter, Louis
David, was born at Rome, June 30,
1823, and brought up for the naval
profession, but taking a dislike to the
sea, he entered the military college of
Saint-Cyr, subsequently served as an
officer of Zouaves in Algeria, rose to
the rank of captain, and resigned his
commission in 1867. He was elected
a deputy in the government interest
for the first circonscription of the
Gironde in 1859, being re-elected by
enormous majorities in 1863 and
1869. After having been for three
successive years Secretary of the
Committee of the Chamber, Baron
Jérôme David was appointed by the
Emperor Vice-President of the Corps
Législatif, during the sessions of
1867, 1868, 1869. He took a promi-
nent part in the debates of that body,
and was distinguished by his uncom-
promising advocacy of a Conserva-
tive policy. His re-appointment to
the Vice-Presidency in June, 1869,
was regarded as a pledge given to the
reactionary party, and led to Presi-
dent Schneider sending in his resig-
nation, which, however, he withdrew,
in consequence of the personal inter-
vention of the Emperor. At the time
when a conflict between France and
Prussia seemed imminent in conse-
quence of the candidature of the
Prince of Hohenzollern, he insisted
on the necessity of demanding a for-
mal renunciation of the prince's pre-
tensions, and by his speeches in the
Chamber and his influence at the
Tuileries, he contributed in no small
degree to bring about the late dis-
astrous war. After the downfall of
M. Émile Ollivier's cabinet, Baron
Jérôme David became Minister of
Public Works in that formed by the
Comte de Palikao (Aug. 10, 1870).
After the conclusion of the peace he
made an attempt, which was unsuc-portant work he had already pub-
cessful, to obtain a seat in the Na- lished on "Biblical Criticism," he
tional Assembly for the department produced in 1843 "Sacred Herme-
of the Gironde, but he was returned neutics;" in 1846 a translation of
by a narrow majority in March, 1876, Gieseler's Ecclesiastical History
and re-elected in Oct. 1877. Baron (Clark's Library); in 1848 "The
Jérôme David was promoted to the Ecclesiastical Polity of the New Tes-
|
DAVIDSON, THE REV. SAMUEL,
D.D., LL.D., was born in 1807
near Ballymena, Ireland. In 1825 he
entered the Royal College of Belfast,
where he eventually distinguished
himself in the various branches of
philosophy, philology, and Biblical
literature. He was appointed to the
Presbyterian ministry, and in 1835
was called to the Chair of Biblical
Criticism and Literature in his own
College. After a few years of suc-
cessful labour in that capacity, his
opinions respecting ecclesiastical
government underwent a change in
favour of Congregationalism, and he
was shortly afterwards (1842), invited
to the Professorship of Biblical Lite-
rature and Oriental Languages in the
newly erected College of the Congre-
gationalists at Manchester called the
Lancashire Independent College.
This institution was supported by
voluntary contributions and governed
by a committee chosen from among
the subscribers. Here Dr. Davidson
rapidly rose in reputation as a Bibli-
cal scholar. In addition to an im-
rank of Grand Officer of the Legion
of Honour, June 19, 1869.
|
DAVIDS, THOMAS WILLIAM RHYS,
was born at Colchester, May 12, 1843,
and educated in the university of Bres-
lau. He was appointed a writer in the
Ceylon Civil Service in Feb. 1866,
and filled various judicial appoint-
ments in that island. He was called
to the bar by the Middle Temple in
May, 1877. Mr. Davids is the author
of "Buddhism: a sketch of the life
and teachings of Gautama, the
Buddha," 1877, and joint author of
"The Jātaka: tales of the anterior
births of Gotama Buddha, for the first
time edited in the original Páli by
V. Fausböll, and translated by T. W.
R. D.” London and Copenhagen,
1877.
|
DAVIDSON.
""
303
|
|
tament;" in 1848-51, "An Introduc-
tion to the New Testament," 3 vols.;
in 1852, a new edit., which was also
almost a new work, of his "Biblical
Criticism," 2 vols.; in 1855, "The
The
Hebrew Text of the Old Testament
revised ;" in 1856, a new work on the
"Text of the Old Testament, and the
Interpretation of the Bible," to re-
place the 2nd volume in a new edit.
of "Horne's Introduction to the Sa-
cred Scriptures." He has since that
time written an "Introduction to the
Old Testament," 3 vols.; a translation
of Fürst's Hebrew Lexicon, with a
new preface; above all "An Intro-
duction to the New Testament, Cri-
tical, Exegetical, and Theological," 2
vols., 1868, in place of the former In-
troduction in 3 vols. In 1873 he
issued "On a fresh revision of the
English Old Testament," and in
1875, "The New Testament trans-racters, classification, history, geolo-
lated from the critical text of von gical and geographical distribution of
Tischendorf." In 1877 he published the recent and fossil Brachiopoda. His
"The Canon of the Bible," which is large work on "British Fossil Brachio-
the expansion of an article contri- poda," composed of three large quarto
buted to the new edition of the "En- volumes, and supplements, illustrated
cyclopædia Britannica. His contri- with 201 plates, is considered to
butions to the "Cyclopædia of Bibli- be one of the most complete mono-
cal Literature," first issued by Dr. graphs hitherto published. He has
Kitto, and since by other editors, have also published seventy scientific pa-
been numerous and marked by varied pers. In 1858 he was honorary secre-
and mature learning, and the same is tary of the Geological Society, and in
true with regard to communications 1865 he received from its council the
to various critical journals. Years Wollaston gold medal; in 1868 Sir
ago the university of Halle conferred R. Murchison presented him a Silu-
upon him the honorary degree of rian medal for his "Illustrations and
doctor in theology, a distinction History of Silurian Life;" in 1870 he
which he alone, among Englishmen, was awarded the gold medal of the
possesses at the present time. The Royal Society; and in 1871 he re-
volume which Dr. Davidson contri- ceived a presentation from the Palæ-
buted, by desire of the publishers and ontographical Society. Mr. David-
proprietors, to Horne's Introduction, son took the principal lead in the
led to unpleasant relations with the formation of the new Brighton Mu-
governing committee of his College.seum, and has officiated as chairman
The professor was known to be of a of the Museum committee ever since
liberal theological tendency, free in its foundation. He has on two occa-
criticism, and versed beyond most sions filled the office of Vice-Presi-
English theologians in the writings dent of Section C. at the meetings of
of German authors. The volume re- the British Association, is a member
ferred to gave offence by its free and of the General Committee, and is at
candid treatment of the Sacred Books present engaged to describe the re-
in the light of modern knowledge, cent Brachiopoda brought home by
although it adhered throughout to the Challenger expedition.
|
|
moderately conservative theological
opinions. A portion of the "religious"
press became clamorous; the com-
mittee took alarm; and in the end
the professor was obliged to resign
his post. Dr. Davidson has for seve-
ral years resided in the metropolis,
pursuing his favourite studies.
|
DAVIDSON, THOMAS, F.R.S.,
F.G.S., Vice-President of the Palæon-
tographical Society, and member of
numerous academies and other learned
societies, born in Edinburgh, May 17,
1817, was almost entirely educated
in France and Italy, under the direc-
tion of the Parisian great masters in
science, and was, during several years,
a favoured pupil of Paul Delaroche.
His researches were chiefly connected
with the sciences of geology and pa-
leontology, and were directed espe-
cially to the elucidation of the cha-
304
DAVIES-DAVIS.
JOHN
DAVIES, THE REV.
LLEWELYN, M.A., born at Chichester,
Feb. 26, 1826, was educated at Rep-ring,'
ton School and Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, being elected a fellow of that
society in 1850. He was appointed
Incumbent of St. Marks, Whitechapel,
in 1852, and Rector of Christ Church,
St. Marylebone, in 1856. Mr. Davies
has translated (jointly with D. J.
Vaughan) "Plato's Republic;" and
published several volumes of sermons;
an edition of Ephesians, Colossians,
and Philemon ; contributions
"Peaks, Passes, and Glaciers," and
to periodical literature; also "Theo-
logy and Morality, Belief and Prac-
tice," 1873, and "The Christian Call-
ing," 1875. He was a leading con-
tributor to Dr. William Smith's
"Dictionary of the Bible." For
some years he was a member of the
London School Board for the Mary-
lebone division, and Principal of
Queen's College in Harley Street.
He is a theologian of the school of
the Rev. F. D. Maurice.
to
""
DAVIS, HENRY WILLIAM BANKS,
R.A., was born at Finchley, Aug.
26, 1833, and educated at home.
When a student at the Royal Academy,
in 1854, he obtained two silver medals
-one for perspective, the other for a
model in the Life School. He ma-
triculated at Oxford in 1856, but
after residing a few terms at the
university he resumed his art pur-
suits, and was elected an Associate of
the Royal Academy in Jan., 1873.
In 1861 Mr. Davis painted "Rough
Pasturage," exhibited at the Royal
Academy; in 1865, "The Strayed
Herd; in 1866, " Spring Plough-
ing (engraved); in 1870, "Dewy
Eve; in 1871, "Moonrise," and
"The Prætorium at Neufchatel;
in 1872, “A Panic" (engraved), and
"Trotting Bull," in bronze, which
obtained a medal for sculpture at the
Vienna Exhibition; in 1873, "A
Summer Afternoon;" in 1874, A
French Lane," "The End of the
Day," and "In Picardy;" in 1876,
"Early Summer," "A Spring Morn-
ing," "The Rustling Leaves," and
""
""
""
""
"Mares and Foals: Picardy;" in
1877, "After Sundown," "Reconnoit-
"Contentment," and
"The
Approach of Night;" in 1878," Mid-
day Shelter," "Afternoon on the
Cliffs," "Evening Light," and "The
Lowing Herd winds slowly o'er the
Lea." All the above-mentioned pic-
tures were exhibited at the Royal
Academy. Mr. Davis was elected a
full member of the Academy June 18,
1877.
">
→
DAVIS, JEFFERSON, born in
Kentucky, June 3, 1808. During
his childhood his father removed
into the state of Mississippi. In
1824 he entered the United States
Military Academy at West Point,
where he graduated four years after-
wards. The first part of his military
career lasted seven years, during
which period he served with distinc-
tion against several hostile Indian
tribes. Resigning his commission in
1835, he returned to Mississippi,
married the daughter of Gen. Taylor,
afterwards President of the United
States, and became a cotton planter,
until 1843, when he interested him-
self in politics as a Democrat, and
took a prominent part in the election
of Mr. Polk. He was returned to
Congress in 1845, and took part in
the debates on the (6 tariff," the
"Oregon question," "military affairs,"
and upon the "preparations for the
Mexican War." Upon the breaking
out of this contest, he was elected
colonel of the Mississippi regiment
of volunteers, when he resigned his
seat in Congress, and joined the
army of Gen. Taylor on the Rio
Grande. He was engaged at the
storming of Monterey, and in the
battle of Buena Vista. At the close
of the war he was offered by Presi--
dent Polk the rank of brigadier-
general of volunteers, but declined it
on the ground that the appointment
to such offices belonged to individual
states only, and not to the Federal
executive. In 1847 he was elected
Senator for Mississippi; in 1850 he
became Chairman of the Committee
on Military Affairs, and was distin-
DAVIS-DAVOUD.
guished by the energy with which he | Deputy-Lieutenant of Gloucester-
shire, is the author of “A Descrip-
tion of China and its Inhabitants,'
"Sketches of China," "Chinese
Romance," "Chinese Moral Maxims,"
"Poëseos Sinicæ Commentarii,”
"China during the War and since the
Peace," and "Chinese Miscellanies."
In 1876 he gave to the university of
Oxford £1666, Three per cent. Con-
sols, for the purpose of endowing a
scholarship for the encouragement of
the study of Chinese. That university
has conferred upon him the honorary
degree of D.C.L.
caused
defended slavery, and by his zealous
advocacy of State rights. In 1851
he resigned his seat in the Senate to
enter upon a canvass for Mr. Frank-
lin Pierce, who on being elected
President, nominated Mr. Davis as
Secretary at War. He introduced
important reforms into this depart-
ment, and the military service gener-
ally. He was again elected as
Senator in 1858; but the election of
Mr. Lincoln in 1860, and the conse-
quent secession movement, caused
him to withdraw. When the move-
ment received shape and form, he
was chosen Provisional President of
the Confederate States, Feb. 4, 1861,
inaugurated Feb. 22, and elected as
President for six years in 1862.
After the fall of Richmond, President
Davis, while endeavouring to make
his escape, was captured at Irwins-
ville, Georgia, May 10, 1865, and
remained a prisoner for two years in
Fortress Monroe, awaiting a trial.
He was released on bail in the
summer of 1867, and was included in
the general amnesty of Dec. 25, 1868.
After his release he visited Europe,
and on his return took up his resi-
dence at Memphis, Tennessee, where
he became President of a Life Insur-
ance Company. He has occupied
himself in part in writing a "History
of the Civil War," which is now
(1878) on the point of publication.
DAVIS, SIR JOHN FRANCIS, Bart.,
K.C.B., the eldest son of S. Davis,
Esq., of Portland Place, was born in
1795. Entering the public service
at an early age, he was attached to
Lord Amherst's embassy to Pekin
in 1816, and was joint commissioner
with the late Lord Napier in 1834,
for the purpose of arranging com-
mercial and other matters with China.
From 1843 to 1848 he was British
Plenipotentiary and Chief Superin-
tendent of British trade in China,
and Governor and Commander-in-
Chief of the Colony of Hong-Kong.
He was created a baronet July 9, 1845,
and a K.C.B. (civil division), June 12,
1854. Sir John F. Davis, who is a
305
DAVIS, JOSEPH BARNARD, M.D.,
F.R.S., F.S.A., was born at York,
June 13, 1801, and educated at St.
Crux Grammar School and a private
school in that city. He adopted the
medical profession, and was ap-
pointed Medical Officer of the parish
of Stoke-upon-Trent. Dr. Davis
became a F.S.A. in Feb., 1853; a
F.R.S. in June, 1868; a foreign
member of the Dutch Society of
Sciences in May, 1871; and he is
besides a corresponding member of
other learned societies of Holland,
France, Spain, Italy, Austria, Ger-
many, Russia, and America. He is
the author of "Crania Britannica,"
1865; "Thesaurus Craniorum," 1867;
and of memoirs in the transactions
of different learned societies.
DAVISON, MRS. (see GODDARD,
ARABELLA).
DAVOUD PASHA, an Ottoman
statesman, was born at Constantinople
in March, 1816. He is a Catholic
Armenian, that is, of the sect of
Armenians who, whilst retaining their
own ancient rites and ceremonies,
are in communion with the Roman
Catholic church. After a complete
university course at Berlin, where he
gained more than one great prize
medal, by his writings and dis-
sertations, he commenced his offi-
cial career as professor of modern
languages in the Ottoman Military
College of Constantinople. He after-
wards entered the diplomatic service
as Secretary to the Ottoman Em-
bassy at Berlin, then at Vienna, and
X
306
DAWKINS-DAWSON.
M
subsequently at Paris, whence he re-
turned to Berlin as Chargé d'Affaires,
which post he held at various times
during a period of nine years. In
1854 he accompanied A'ali Pasha, as
chief secretary, to the Conference of
Vienna. In 1855 he was Imperial
Ottoman delegate on the commission
for arranging the navigation of the
Danube, and in 1858 went as chief
secretary with Fuad Pasha to the
Conference of Paris for the definite
organization of Wallachia and
davia. In the following year Davoud
Effendi was appointed Director-gene-
ral of telegraphs, and under his
auspices many of the great lines of
telegraphic communication now com-
pleted throughout the Turkish empire
were commenced. In 1861, after the
civil war in Mount Lebanon between
the Druses and Maronites, he was
selected by the Porte and the five
Powers to fill the very difficult post
of Governor-General of the Lebanon,
and during his seven years' rule,
proved himself worthy of the trust
reposed in him. On that occasion he
was created a Muchir or Pacha of the
highest grade, being the first Christian
raised to the rank of Muchir under
the Sublime Porte. In 1868 he re-
signed the governor-generalship of
Mount Lebanon, and returned to
Constantinople, where he was ap-
pointed Minister of Public Works, a
position, however, which ill-health
obliged him to vacate on June 19,
1871. Davoud Pasha speaks Turkish,
Armenian, Greek, Italian, German,
English, and French, and in the last
of these languages has published a
History of the Seven Years' War.
,
1867; Curator of the Manchester
Museum, 1869; lecturer on geology
in Owens College, Manchester, in
1870; Professor there in 1874; and
President of the Manchester Geo-
logical Society in 1874. Professor
Dawkins is the author of numerous
essays in the "Proceedings" of the
Geological, Anthropological, and
Royal Societies, relating principally
to fossil mammalia "British Pleis-
tocene Mammalia" in the Proceed-
Mol-ings of the Paleontological Society,
1866-78; and "Cave-Hunting: Re-
searches on the Evidences of Caves
respecting the Early Inhabitants of
Europe," 1874. In 1875 he went
round the world, by way of Australia
and New Zealand. In 1876 he was
elected Corresponding Member of the
Academy of Sciences of New York ;
in 1877 Corresponding Member of
the Academy of Sciences of Phila-
delphia, and Corresponding Member
of the Anthropological Society of
Berlin.
DAWKINS, WILLIAM BOYD, M.A.,
F.R.S., F.G.S., F.S.A., geologist and
osteologist, was born Dec. 26, 1838,
at Buttington vicarage, Welshpool,
Montgomeryshire. He received his
education at Rossall Hall, and at the
university of Oxford, where he be-
came a scholar of Jesus College, and
first Burdett-Coutts geological scholar.
He was appointed assistant geologist
in Her Majesty's Geological Survey of
Great Britain in 1862; geologist in
•
DAWSON, JOHN WILLIAM, LL.D.,
a geologist and naturalist, born at
Picton, Nova Scotia, in October, 1820.
He studied in the University of Edin-
burgh, and returning home devoted
himself to the study of the natural
history and geology of Nova Scotia
and New Brunswick. The results of
these investigations are embodied in
his "Acadian Geology" (2d ed. 1868).
Since 1843 he has contributed largely
to the " Proceedings" of the London
Geological Society, and to scientific
periodicals. He has also published
several monographs on special subjects
connected with geology. His two
volumes on the "Devonian and Car-
boniferous Flora of Eastern North
America," published by the Geological
Survey of Canada, and illustrated from
drawings by his daughter, are the
most important contributions yet
made to the paleozoic botany of North
America; and he is the discoverer
of the Eozoon Canadense of the Lau-
rentian limestones, the oldest known
form of animal life. In 1850 he was
appointed Superintendent of Educa-
tion for Nova Scotia, a position which
DAY-DECAZES.
he still holds; and in 1855 he became
principal of the McGill University at
Montreal, of which he is now Vice-
Chancellor. He is a member of many
learned societies in Europe and Ame-
rica. Among his works not already
mentioned are: Archaia, or Studies
on the Cosmogony and Natural His-
tory of the Hebrew Scriptures," 1858,
and, The Story of the Earth and
Man," 1872, in which he combats the
Darwinian theory of the origin of
species.
((
was sent as Minister Plenipotentiary
and Envoy Extraordinary to Madrid
and Lisbon, but when the revolution
of 1848 occurred, the Marquis De-
cazes, as he was then styled, retired
from public life. Subsequently he
was elected a member of the Conseil
Général of the Gironde, and in 1869
at the elections for the Corps Légis-
latif, he contested the fourth circon-
scription of that department, but was
defeated by the Government candi-
date, M. Chaix d'Est-Ange, jun. After
the fall of the empire he was more suc-
cessful, for renewing his candidature
at the general election of Feb., 1871,
he was returned to the National
Assembly by the department of the
Gironde, polling upwards of 100,000
votes. As one of the leading members
of the Right Centre he has since taken
a prominent part in the deliberations
of the Assembly. He resisted all the
attacks made by the monarchists on
the Government of M. Thiers, and
after the triumph of his friends he
was sent as Ambassador to the Court
of St. James's in Sept., 1873. Two
months afterwards he was recalled
from London, and entrusted with the
portfolio of Foreign Affairs, which he
held in several cabinets, in spite of
the modifications which the policy of
the Government from time to time
underwent. At the elections of Feb.-
March, 1876, his candidature at Ville-
franche (Aveyron), was unsuccessful,
but he gained a seat in the Assembly,
though not without difficulty, for the
8th arrondissement of Paris. On the
opening of the session in April that
year, the Duc Decazes took occasion
to declare his profound respect for
the laws which had organised the
Government of the Republic and the
powers of its illustrious President.
He and all his colleagues in the Jules-
Simon Cabinet sent in their resigna-
tions, May 16, 1877, but Marshal Mac-
Mahon declined to accept that of the
Duc Decazes, who consequently con-
tinued to be Foreign Minister in the
Broglie-Fourtou Cabinet. At the elec-
tions of Oct. 14, 1877, he was returned
to the Assembly by the circonscrip-
DAY, THE RIGHT REV. MAURICE
FITZGERALD, D.D., Bishop of Cashel,
is the youngest son of the late Rev.
John Day, rector of Kiltullagh, co.
Kerry, by Arabella, daughter of Sir
William Godfrey, of Bushfield, in the
same county. Hewas born at Kiltullagh
in 1816, and received his academical
education at Trinity College, Dublin
(B.A., 1838 ; M.A., 1858). For seve-
ral years he was chaplain of St. Mat-
thias, Dublin, was appointed Dean of
Limerick, and Vicar of St. Mary's
Limerick. in 1868, and was chosen to
succeed the late Dr. Daly in the
united sees of Cashel, Emly, Water-
ford, and Lismore, in March, 1872,
the consecration ceremony being per-
formed in St. Patrick's Cathedral,
Dublin, on April 13.
DEASY, THE RIGHT HON.
RICHARD, was born in 1812, and edu-
cated at Trinity College, Dublin,
where he graduated. Having been
called to the Irish bar, he was
made a Q.C. in 1849; he became third
Serjeant at Law in 1858; and was ap-
pointed Solicitor-General for Ireland
in 1859, from which post, in 1860, he
was promoted to the Attorney-Gene-
ralship, and was made Baron of the
Exchequer in Ireland in 1861. Mr.
Deasy, who is a "moderate" Catholic,
represented the county of Cork in the
House of Commons from 1855, till he
was raised to the bench.
307
DECAZES, LOUIS CHARLES ÉLIE
AMANIEU, Duc, eldest son of Élie,
Duc Decazes, a well-known French
statesman (who died in 1860), was
born May 19, 1819. Entering the
diplomatic service of his country he
X 2
308
DECHAMPS-DELANE.
|
tion of Puget-Théniers (Alpes-Mari-
times). He resigned the portfolio of
Foreign Affairs, Oct. 30, 1877. The
Duc Decazes is a Commander of the
Legion of Honour, has been decorated
with the Grand Cross of the Order of
Isabella the Catholic, and is honorary
chamberlain to the King of Den-
mark.
DECHAMPS, HIS EMINENCE
VICTOR AUGUSTE ISIDORE, Cardinal
of the Roman Church, Archbishop of
Mechlin, and Primate of Belgium,
was born at Melle, in the diocese of
Ghent, Dec. 6, 1810. In 1831 he
entered the seminary of Tournai, and
there commenced those theological
studies which he completed in the
Catholic University of Louvain. He
was afterwards admitted at the con-
vent of Saint Trond into the Congre-
gation of the Most Holy Redeemer.
After having taught theology for two
years at Wittem, near Aix-la-Cha-
pelle, he devoted himself exclusively
to preaching. He acquired great
renown as a pulpit orator, and
attracted large crowds of auditors
at Liége, Brussels, Louvain, and
Tournai. The constant fatigue of
preaching impaired his health, and
to restore it he went to Italy in 1847,
visited Rome and Naples, had several
interviews with Pope Pius IX., and
returned home by way of Vienna and
Munich. He next became superior
of a house of his order at Tournai.
On Sept. 20, 1865, he was appointed
Bishop of Namur, being consecrated
in the Redemptorist church of St.
Alfonso, on the Esquiline, Rome. He
was advanced on the death of Car-
dinal Sterckx to the archbishopric of
Mechlin, which he has filled since
Dec. 20, 1867. Pope Pius IX.
created him a Cardinal Priest, March
15, 1875, the "title" assigned to him
being that of St. Agnes without the
Walls. Cardinal Dechamps has
written many religious and contro-
versial works in French.
DEFRÉMERY, CHARLES, a French
orientalist, born at Cambrai, in 1822.
He went in 1840 to Paris, where he
learnt Arabic and Persian under
Caussin de Perceval and Quatremère.
Since then he has gained a high repu-
tation as an orientalist by publishing
in the Journal Asiatique de Paris a
large number of articles, the most
important of which have been repub-
lished in a collected form, under the
title of "Mémoires d'Histoire Ori-
entale," 1854. He has also translated
from the Persian language the follow-
ing works:-"Histoire des Sultans
Ghourides," by Mirkoud, 1844; "His-
toire des Sassanides," by the same
writer, 1845; "Histoire des Kans
Mongols du Turkestan et de la Trans-
oxiane," by Khoudémir, 1852; and
"Gulistan,' or the "Parterre des
Roses," by Sadi, 1858. From the
Arabic he has translated "Voyages
d'Ibn Batoutah dans la Perse, l'Asie
Centrale, et l'Asie Mineure," 2 vols.,
1853-56. M. Defrémery has likewise
edited the Persian text of the "His-
toire des Sultans du Kharezm," by
Mirkoud, 1842, with notes; and
"Fragments de Géographes et d'His-
toriens Arabes et Persans inédits,"
1849. M. Defrémery is a member of
the Asiatic Society, and of the Insti-
tute, and assistant Professor of Arabic
in the Collège de France. In 1869 he
was appointed director of studies for
the Persian and Oriental languages.
in the "École Pratique des hautes
Études." He received the honorary
degree of Doctor of Philosophy and
Literature from the University of
Leyden in Feb., 1875.
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T
DELANE, JOHN THADEUS, late
editor of the Times newspaper, is the
son of the late William F. A. Delane,
Esq., formerly financial manager of
the Times, who died in 1858. He was
born in Oct., 1817, was educated at
Magdalen Hall, Oxford, where he
graduated B.A. in 1839, and was
called to the bar at the Middle Tem-
ple in 1847. In 1839 he first became
connected with the Times as assistant-
editor under the late Mr. T. Barnes,
on whose death, in 1841, he succeeded
to the chief post of responsibility as
editor of that journal. He resigned
the editorship in Nov., 1877, and was
succeeded by Mr. Chenery.
DE LA RAMÉE DE LA RUE.
309
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house of Thos. De La Rue & Co.
Here he applied his scientific know-
ledge to purposes of practical utility,
and invented a great number of new
processes and machines, some of
which were patented. Among the
former may be cited processes for
utilizing earth-oils, and in the latter
machinery for printing surface colour-
ing paper, pasting cards, and for fold-
ing envelopes,-the last-mentioned in
connection with Mr. Edwin Hill. He
acted as a juror and reporter in the
department of Class XXIX. in the
Great Exhibition of 1851, was a juror
in Class X. of the Paris Exhibition of
1855; and President of Section B,
Class XXVIII., of the Exhibition of
1862. Mr. De La Rue has made some
important scientific investigations, of
which an account will be found in
the publications of the Royal and
other learned societies. He estab-
lished an observatory at Cranford
Middlesex, but this was dismantled
in 1873, and the instruments pre-
sented to the University of Oxford.
Mr. De La Rue has distinguished
himself by the eminent success with
which he has applied photography to
the recording of celestial phenomena.
In 1860 he went to Spain with the
"Himalaya expedition" and
and suc-
ceeded in obtaining a series of pho-
tographs of the total eclipse of the
sun, July 18. These photographs,
especially those obtained during the
total eclipse, are of high scientific
interest. The discussions of the re-
sults of the photographic expedition
formed the subject of the Bakerian
lecture, read at the Royal Society in
April, 1862, and since published in
their Transactions. He recently pub-
lished, in connection with Mr. Bal-
four Stewart and Mr. B. Loewy.
"Researches on Solar Physics,'
founded on observations made at the
Kew Observatory under his direc-
tions. He also took an active part
in making the preparations for the
photographic observation of the
transit of Venus in 1874. In 1874
he established a private Physical La-
boratory in which he has, in con-
|
DE LA RUE, WARREN, M.A.,
D.C.L., Ph.D., F.R, S., Corresponding
Member of the Imperial Academy of
Sciences, St. Petersburg, the Philo-
matic Society of Paris, the Royal
Society of Upsala, the Society of
Agriculture and Commerce, Caen, the
Society of Natural Science, Cher-
bourg, and past-President of the
Royal Astronomical Society, past-Pre-
sident, now Vice-President of the
of the
Chemical Society, Knight of the Le-
gion of Honour, Commander of the
Order of St. Maurice and St. Lazarus,
Knight of the Order of the Rose,
Brazil; is son of the late Mr. Thomas
De La Rue, and was born in the
Island of Guernsey, Jan. 18, 1815. He
was educated at the College of St.
Barbe, Paris, entered his father's busi-
ness, and is now the head of the
DE LA RAMÉE, LOUISA, a novel-
ist, better known by her nom de plume
of "Ouida,” was born at Bury St.
Edmunds, in 1840. She is of French
extraction on the father's side. At an
early age she came with her mother
and maternal grandmother, to reside
in London, and soon began, under the
nom de plume of "Ouida," (a child's
mispronunciation of Louisa), to write
for periodicals. While still under
age, she commenced her first novel in
Colburn's New Monthly Magazine.
This was
Granville de Vigne, a Tale
of the Day," published separately two
years later (1863) under the title of
"Held in Bondage." It was followed
by "Strathmore, a Romance" (1865);
"Chandos " (1866); "Cecil Castle-
maine's Gage, and other Novelettes,"
and "Idalia" (1867); "Tricotrin, a
Story of a Waif and Stray" and
"Under Two Flags" (1868);" Puck:
his Vicissitudes, Adventures, &c.
(1869); "Folle Farine" (1871); "A
Dog of Flanders" and "A Leaf in
the Storm " (1872); "Pascarel
(1873); "In a Winter City," a sketch
(1876) "Sigma," a story (1875);
"Two Little Wooden Shoes" a sketch
(1874); "Ariadne: the Story of a
Dream (1877); and "Friendship
(1878). Miss De la Ramée resides in
the neighbourhood of Florence.
"?
""
""
""
310
DELAUNAY-DENISON.
**
W. Müller, carried on an elaborate
research on the electrical discharge
with the chloride-of-silver battery.
The results obtained have been, from
time to time, communicated to the
Royal Society, and the Académie des
Sciences, Paris. This battery consists
of eleven thousand cells, and has the
highest potential of any hitherto
constructed.
*
">
junction with his friend, Dr. Hugo | works are- "Histoire du Règne de
Charles-le-Bon," in collaboration with
J. Perneel, 8vo., Brussels, 1830; "Les
Traditions et Légendes de Flandre,
Lille, 1834, translated into English by
the author under the title of "Old
Flanders," 12mo., London, 1845 ;
"Précis des Annales de Bruges,.
depuis les Temps les plus reculés,
jusqu'au commencement du XVII.
Siècle," 8vo., Bruges, 1835; "Le
Roman de Renard," from a Flemish
MS. of the 12th century, Brussels,
1838; "La Belgique illustrée par les
Sciences, les Arts, et les Lettres,"
8vo., Brussels, 1840; "Galerie d'Ar-
tistes Brugeois; ou Biographie con-
cise des Peintres, Sculpteurs, et
Graveurs célèbres de Bruges," Svo.,
Bruges, 1840; "Marie de Bourgogne,
fol., Brussels, 1841; "Macaronéana,
ou Mélanges de Littérature des diffé--
rents Peuples de l'Europe," Svo.,
Paris, 1852; "A Sketch of the His-
tory of Flemish Literature, and its
celebrated Authors, from the Twelfth
Century down to the Present Time,'
Svo., London, 1860; "Macaronéana
Andra, overum Nouveaux Mélanges.
de Littérature Macaronique," 4to.,
London, 1862; "Historical Difficul-
ties and Contested Events," Svo.,
London, 1868; "Essai Historique et
Bibliographique sur les Rébus," Svo.,
London, 1870; and “ Supercheries
Littéraires, Pastiches, Suppositions.
d'Auteur, dans les Lettres et dans
les Arts," London, 1872. Among
his miscellaneous publications are
"Examen de ce que renferme la
Bibliothèque du Musée Britannique,"
1846
;
"Histoire Littéraire des Fous,"
London, 1860; and "Analyse des Tra-
vaux de la Société des Philobiblon
de Londres," 8vo., London, 1862. M.
Delepierre has also reprinted various
rare texts and macaronic composi-
tions. The King of Denmark con-
ferred the knighthood of Dannebrog
on M. Delepierre in Jan. 1873.
►
|
DELAUNAY, CHARLES EUGÈNE,
a French mathematician and astrono-
mer, born at Lusigny (Aube), April
9, 1816, entered the Polytechnic
School at the age of eighteen, left it
in 1836 with the highest honours, and
subsequently was appointed Principal
Engineer of Mines of the first-class,
and Professor of Mechanics both in
the Polytechnic School and in the
Faculty of Sciences. M. Delaunay,
who is an officer of the Legion of
Honour, was elected a member of the
Institute in 1855, an honorary mem-
ber of the Board of Longitude in 1862,
and a foreign member of the Royal
Society of London in April, 1869. In
March, 1870, he was appointed to
succeed M. Le Verrier as Director of
the Paris Observatory. Among the
many highly esteemed works of M.
Delaunay, we may mention "Cours
Élémentaire d'Astronomie," second
edition, 1853; "Cours Élémentaire
de Mécanique," third edition, 1854;
"Traité de Mécanique Rationelle,"
1856; Rapport sur le Progrès de
l'Astronomie," 1867; "Table Alpha-
bétique et Table Analytique des
Matières contenues dans les additions
à la Connaissance des Temps, de 1823
à 1867," 8vo., 1867; and memoirs in
various scientific journals.
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DELEPIERRE, JOSEPH OCTAVE, a
Belgian historian and antiquary, and
writer on macaronic literature, born
at Bruges, in 1804, studied law in the
University of Ghent, and practised
as an advocate at Brussels. After
the revolution of September he en-
tered the diplomatic service, and in
Aug., 1849, was appointed Secretary
of Legation and Consul-General for
Belgium, at London. His principal
|
K
$5
K
DENISON, THE VEN. GEORGE
ANTHONY, Archdeacon of Taunton,
fourth son of the late John Denison,
Esq., M.P., brother of the late Vis-
count Ossington, of the late Bishop of
DENISON-DENTON.
311
Salisbury, and of the late Sir William | Reports of which issued in the con-
demnation of "Essays and Reviews,"
and of Dr. Colenso's published
writings. Archdeacon Denison pub-
lished his autobiography under the
title of "Notes of my Life" 1878.
|
(6
Denison, K.C.B., Governor of Madras,
was born in 1805. He was educated
at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford,
where he graduated B.A. in 1826,
taking a first-class in classical
honours; in 1828 was elected Fellow
of Oriel College; in the same year
was University prizeman, gaining the
Latin Essay, and the English Essay
in 1829. He was curate of Cuddes-
den, Oxfordshire, from 1832 to 1838;
married in 1838 Georgiana, eldest
daughter of the Right Hon. J. W.
Henley, M.P. for Oxon; and became
vicar of Broadwindsor, Dorset,
whence he was transferred, in 1845, to
the vicarage of East Brent, Somerset,
and became Examining Chaplain to
the Bishop of Bath and Wells, who
advanced him in 1851 to the Arch-
deaconry of Taunton. He has been
an active member of the London and
Bristol “Church Unions," and a
strong opponent of all schemes of
Government education. In 1853, in
consequence of a charge of unsound
doctrine publicly made against him
by Bishop Spencer, who was at that
time discharging the functions of the
Bishop of Bath and Wells, the Arch-
deacon resigned his Examining Chap-
laincy, and preached in the Cathedral
at Wells three sermons on "The Real
Presence," which he published as his
defence. Proceedings were taken
against him on account of matter
contained in these sermons, in Jan.,
1854. In 1856 the Archdeacon was
sentenced to deprivation of all his
preferments by judgment of a court
held at Bath, and presided over by
the Archbishop of Canterbury. This
sentence was set aside, upon appeal
to the Court of Arches, on a point of
law; and the judgment of the Court
of Arches was confirmed, on further
appeal, by the Judicial Committee of
the Privy Council, Feb. 6, 1858. The
Archdeacon was editor of the Church
and State Review from its establish-
ment in 1862 till Aug., 1865; and, as
a member of the Lower House of
Convocation in 1861 and 1864, was
Chairman of the Committees, the
DENMAN, THE HON. GEORGE,
is the fourth son of Thomas, first
Lord Denman (who was many years
Chief Justice of the Court of Queen's
Bench), by Theodosia Anne, eldest
daughter of the Rev. Richard Vevers,
rector of Kettering, Northampton-
shire. He was born in Russell-
square, London, Dec. 23, 1819, and
was educated at Repton Grammar
School, whence he proceeded to
Trinity College, Cambridge, of which
he was successively Scholar and
Fellow. He took his B.A. degree in
1842 as senior classic. He was also
Captain of the Poll." As the son of
a peer he was exempted from the
general rule then in force, which
made a place in the mathematical
tripos a necessary qualification for
competing for classical honours. He
proceeded M.A. in 1845, was called
to the bar at Lincoln's-inn in 1846,
and went the Home circuit. In
addition to his circuit practice he
held for some years the office of
auditor of his former College. In
1857 he was appointed one of the
University counsel. He was first
elected member for Tiverton as Lord
Palmerston's colleague in the Liberal
interest in May, 1859, and repre-
sented the borough from that time
until 1872, with the exception of a
very brief interval in 1865-66, when
he was out of Parliament. Mr. Den-
man was appointed one of the new
governing body of the Charterhouse
School in 1872.
School in 1872. In Oct., 1872, he
was chosen to succeed to the vacancy
caused in the Court of Common Pleas
by the death of Mr. Justice Willes.
He published in 1871 a translation of
"Gray's Elegy" into Greek elegiac
|
verse.
DENMARK, KING Of. (See
CHRISTIAN IX.)
DENTON, THE REV. WILLIAM,
M.A., born in March, 1815, at New-
G
•
312
DERBY.
port, Isle of Wight, was educated at
Worcester College, Oxford (B.A.,
1844; M.A., 1848). He was ordained
in 1844 to the curacy of St. Andrew's,
Bradfield, Berkshire, and presented
in 1850 to the vicarage of St. Bar-
tholomew, Cripplegate, London. He
published in 1861 a pamphlet "On
the Displacement of the Poor by
Metropolitan Railways," which gave
rise to two nights' debate in the
House of Lords, and the introduction
of a measure by the late Earl of Derby
to investigate in part the acknow-
ledged evil. His other works are a
"Commentary on the Gospels in
Communion Office," 3 vols., Svo.,
1860-63, 3rd edit. 1875-78; "Com-
mentary on the Epistles in Commu-
nion Office," 2 vols.; "Commentary
on the Acts of the Apostles," 2 vols.;
"Commentary on the Lord's Prayer,"
1864;
"Servia and the Servians,"
1862;
"The Christians of Turkey,"
1863, 2nd and 3rd edit., 1877, trans-
lated into German and Servian;
Servian;
"Montenegro; its People and their
History," 1877. Mr. Denton is a
Knight Commander of the Servian
Order of St. Saviour of Takhova.
DERBY (EARL OF), THE RIGHT
HON. EDWARD HENRY SMITH-
STANLEY, eldest son of the fourteenth
earl of Derby, born at Knowsley,
July 21, 1826, was educated at Rugby
and at Trinity College, Cambridge,
where he took a First Class in Clas-
sics in 1848. His lordship, who was
an unsuccessful candidate for Lan-
caster in March, 1848, was during
his absence in America elected Lord
G. Bentinck's successor for Lynn
Regis, which he continued to repre-
sent as Lord Stanley until he suc-
ceeded to the peerage; and having,
after a tour in the West Indies, re-
turned to England, he delivered in
the House of Commons, during the
summer of 1850, a very able speech
on the subject of the sugar colonies.
He paid a visit to the East, and when
in India was nominated, in March,
1852, Under-Secretary of State for
Foreign Affairs in Lord Derby's first
administration. In the spring of
|
1853 he submitted to the House of
Commons a motion, which had for
its object a more complete reform of
Indian affairs than that contemplated
by the Coalition Cabinet. The death
of Sir W. Molesworth, in 1855, having
created a vacancy in the Colonial
Office, Lord Palmerston, sensible of
Lord Stanley's talents and popularity,
offered him the seals of that depart-
ment; but the latter, although un-
derstood to be ambitious of serving
his country as a minister of the Crown,
remained true to his party, and de-
clined the tempting proposal. He
became Secretary of State for India,
with a seat in the Cabinet, under
Lord Derby's second administration,
in 1858-9, and it was under his
superintendence that the manage-
ment of our Indian empire was trans-
ferred from the Board of Directors
of the East India Company to the
responsible advisers of her Majesty.
His lordship was appointed Secretary
of State for Foreign Affairs in Lord
Derby's third administration, in July,
1866, and the tact with which he
conducted the negotiations for the
settlement of the Luxemburg diffi-
culty rendered him exceedingly popu-
lar. He held the seals of the Foreign
Office until the accession of Mr.
Gladstone to power in Dec., 1868.
His lordship was
His lordship was installed Lord
Rector of the University of Glasgow,
April 1, 1869. The death of his
father on Oct. 23, 1869, transferred
him to the House of Peers, and he
has since taken a prominent part in
the discussions of that assembly. In
Feb., 1874, when Mr. Disraeli formed
his cabinet, Lord Derby was again
entrusted with the seals of the Foreign
Office. In consequence of the deci-
sion taken at the Cabinet Council of
Jan. 23, 1878, to send up the British
fleet to Constantinople, Lord Derby
and Lord Carnarvon tendered their
resignations. That of Lord Car-
narvon was accepted; but the order
respecting the fleet having been
countermanded, and explanations
having been made with his colleagues,
Lord Derby consented to resume his
DERRY-DE VERE.
. .
post. But differences again arose
between him and the other members
of the Cabinet, and on March 28 he
announced in the House of Lords
that he had resigned the office of
Secretary of State for Foreign
Affairs. Lord Beaconsfield stated on
the same evening that Lord Derby
had not differed from his colleagues
with respect to the conditions they
had laid down for the Congress, but
in reference to the measures they had
adopted in view of its probable
failure. In the debate in the House
of Lords on the Eastern Question,
April 8, 1878, Lord Derby took occa-
sion to observe :-" I have been re-
ferred to
as having resigned
office in consequence of the calling
out of the Reserves. Now I feel
bound to tell your lordships that
whatever I may have thought of that
step, it was not the sole, nor indeed
the principal reason for the differ-
ences that unfortunately arose be-
tween my colleagues and myself.
What the other reasons are I cannot
divulge until the propositions of the
Government from which I dissented❘
are made known." In the debate in
the House of Lords on the Treaty of
Berlin, July 18, 1878, he said
"When I quitted the Government in
the last days of March, I did so
because it was said it was necessary
to seize and occupy the island of
Cyprus, together with a point upon
the Syrian coast, and that was to
be done by means of a Syrian expe-
dition sent out from India, with or
without the consent of the Sultan,
although undoubtedly part of the
arrangements was that full compen-
sation should be made to the Sultan
of any loss he might incur." The
correctness of this statement was
however emphatically denied by the
Marquis of Salisbury in the course of
the same debate. The Earl of Derby was
elected Lord Rector of the University
of Edinburgh in Nov. 1874. Before
his succession to the peerage his lord-
ship served as a member of the
Royal Commission on Army Purchase
in 1856-7; of the Cambridge Uni-
313
versity Commission in 1856-60 ; of
the Commission on the Organization
of the
of the Indian Army in 1858-9;
Chairman of the Commission on the
Sanitary State of the Indian Army in
1859-61; and of the Commission on
Patents in 1863-4.
DERRY AND RAPHOE, BISHOP
OF. (See ALEXANDER, DR.)
DESMAREST, ERNEST LEON
JOSEPH, born at Paris, May 17, 1815,
joined the bar in that city in 1837.
Having been appointed lieutenant of
the National Guard in 1848, for his
services during the insurrection in
June, he received the Cross of the
Legion of Honour in August of that
year, and for some time after the
establishment of the Republic ful-
filled the duties of Adjunct to the
Mayor of the 2nd arrondissement.
He is a member of the Council of the
order of Barristers, and has distin-
guished himself in numerous poli-
tical cases in which he has had
to plead. At the banquet given to
M. Berryer, Nov. 8, 1864, by the bar
of England, M. Desmarest, as bâton-
nier of the French bar, was present.
After the collapse of the Empire in
Sept. 1870, the Republican Govern-
ment appointed him a member of the
Council of State, which was tempo-
rarily substituted for the Imperial
Council. He was also elected Maire
of the ninth arrondissement of Paris.
When the insurrection of March 1871
broke out, he was returned to the
Communist Assembly by the Con-
servatives of his arrondissement, but
he declined to take his seat. Since
then he has resumed practice at the
bar. He wrote in La France while
M. Émile de Girardin was editor of
that journal (1875-76). M. Desmarest
is the author of "De Constantine
et de la Domination Française en
Afrique," conjointly with M. H.
Rodriguez, 1837; "Les Principes et
les Hommes, Esquisses rétrospec-
tives," 1840; and Les Etats Pro-
vinciaux; Essai sur la Décentralisa-
tion," 1868.
**
-
DE VERE, AUBREY THOMAS, a
poet and political writer, third son of
314
DEVON-DEWAR.
|
the late Sir Aubrey de Vere, Bart., of
Curragh Chase, co. Limerick, was
born in 1814, and educated at Trinity
College, Dublin. He has published
"The Waldenses; or the Fall of
Rora a lyrical tale," 1842; "The
Search after Proserpine, Recollections
of Greece, and other Poems," 1843;
Poems, Miscellaneous and Sacred,"
1856 ; (4
May Carols," 1857; "The
Sisters; Inisfail; and other Poems,"
1861;"The Infant Bridal, and other
Poems," 1864; "Irish Odes and other
Poems," 1869; "The Legends of St.
Patrick," 1872; and "Alexander the
Great, a Dramatic Poem," 1874.
His prose works are : "English Mis-
rule and Irish Misdeeds," 1848;
"Picturesque Sketches of Greece and
Turkey," 2 vols., 1850; "The Church
Settlement of Ireland, or Hibernia
Pacanda," 1866; "Ireland's Church
Property and the right use of it,"
1867; and "Pleas for "Seculariza-
tion," 1867. He edited in 1878 a
correspondence on religious and phi-
losophical subjects, under the title of
"Proteus and Amadeus."
27, 1808, and educated at Trinity
College, Cambridge, where he gradu-
ated M.A. as second wrangler and
Smith's prizeman in 1829, in which
year he was returned as one of the
members for the University of Cam-
bridge. Rejected by this constitu-
ency in 1830, Lord Cavendish was
returned for Maldon, and represented
North Derbyshire from 1832 till he
succeeded to the title of Earl of Bur-
lington in May, 1834. Lord Burling-
ton, who was Chancellor of the
University of London from 1836 to
1856, succeeded his cousin in the
dukedom, Jan. 17, 1858. His grace
was appointed Lord-Lieutenant of
Derbyshire in 1858, and succeeded
the late Prince Albert as Chancellor
of the University of Cambridge in
1862. Like his predecessor, the duke
is a great patron of the fine arts and
of literature, and is the head of one
of the great Whig houses which have
figured so prominently in our history.
DEWAR, JAMES, M.A., F.R.S.,
was born in 1842 at Kincardine-on-
Forth, Scotland, and was educated at
Dollar Academy and the University
of Edinburgh. About 1863 he was
appointed assistant to Dr. Lyon
Playfair, then Professor of Che-
mistry in the University of Edin-
burgh, from whom he received his
chemical training. Subsequently
he studied at Ghent, under the cele-
brated Professor Auguste Kekerlie,
now of Bonn. He was Demonstrator
of Chemistry in the University of
Edinburgh, Lecturer on Chemistry at
the Dick Veterinary College, and
Chemist to the Highland and Agri-
cultural Society.
cultural Society. At present he is
Jacksonian Professor of "Natural
Experimental Philosophy" in the Uni-
versity of Cambridge, and Fullerian
Professor of Chemistry in the Royal
Institution of Great Britain. He is
M.A, of St. Peter's College, Cam-
bridge, and F.R.S. of London and
Edinburgh. Professor Dewar is the
author of papers on organic and phy-
sical chemistry, viz., on "The Oxida-
tion Products of Picoline;” “Trans-
formation of Chinoline into Aniline;
DEVON (EARL OF), THE RIGHT
HON. WILLIAM REGINALD COURTE-
NAY, was born April 15, 1807, and
succeeded his father March 19, 1859.
The noble earl, who was educated
at Westminster and Christ Church
Oxford, was a Fellow of All Souls'
College, Oxford, and is an Honorary
D.C.L. of that Uuiversity. He was
called to the bar in 1832, and repre-
sented South Devon from July, 1841,
till Jan., 1849. In the last-mentioned
year he was appointed a Poor-Law
Inspector, which office he held until
the latter part of 1850. From 1850
to 1859 Lord Devon was Secretary
of the Poor-Law Board. He was
Chancellor_of_the Duchy of Lan-
caster in Lord Derby's third admi-
nistration, from July, 1866, to May,
1867, and President of the Poor Law
Board from the latter date to Dec.
1868.
DEVONSHIRE (DUKE OF),
(DUKE OF),
SIR WILLIAM CAVENDISH, K.G.,
F.R.S., D.C.L,, grandson of the late
Earl of Burlington, was born April
-
""
DEXTER-DICKENSON.
(:
Physical Constants of Hydroge- |
nien," and "Specific Heat of Carbon
at High Temperature." He also pub-
lished the well-known investigation
on the "Physiological Action of
Light," in connection with Professor
McKendrick of Glasgow, wherein
the authors proved that the effect of
light on the living retina, is to pro-
duce a sudden alteration of its elec-
trical condition; and this was proved
to hold through the whole animal
world.
DEXTER, THE REV. HENRY MAR-
TYN, D.D., was born at Plympton,
Massachusetts, United States, in 1821.
He received his collegiate education
at Brown University, graduated at
Yale College, and studied theology at
Andover Seminary. For many years
Dr. Dexter was pastor of the Pine
Street Church, Boston, but finally
left the ministry to undertake the
editorship of the Boston Congrega-
tionalist. In 1865 he published
"The Verdict of Reason;" in 1866,
"The Church Policy of the Pilgrims;"
in 1870, "The History of King
Philip's War;" and in 1876, "The
Banishment of Roger Williams," an
able work on the Quakers and reli-
gious liberty. In 1877 appeared
"The History of the Plymouth
Colony," a production on which he
had bestowed many years of arduous
study.
DHULEEP SINGH, THE MAHA-
RAJAH, G.C.S.I., son of the famous
Runjeet Singh, the Rajah of the
Punjaub, was born in 1838. Dhuleep
was an infant when his father died,
and the demoralized state of the
regency and army induced the British
ministry to annex the principality
under certain conditions; one being
that the young Maharajah should
receive four lacs of rupees, equivalent
to £40,000 sterling, per annum.
Afterwards the Maharajah became a
Christian, took up his abode in Eng-
land, and was naturalized. His
mother, the notorious Ranee, also re-
sided in this country until her death
in 1863, but resisted steadfastly all
persuasion to become a convert to
315
Christianity. It was at one time
supposed that the Maharajah would
take for a wife the Princess Victoria
of Coorg, but in 1864 he was married
at the British Consulate at Alexan-
dria, to a young Protestant lady, a
British subject. The Maharajah has
purchased an estate near Thetford,
where he resides.
|
|
DICEY, EDWARD, second son of
the late T. E. Dicey, Esq., of Clay-
brook Hall, Leicestershire, born in
May, 1832, was educated at Trinity
College, Cambridge, where he gradu-
ated B.A. in 1854. He has contri-
buted to the Fortnightly Review,
St. Paul's, and Macmillan's Maga-
zine, and other periodicals, and was
for some years a constant contributor
to the Daily Telegraph, for which he
has acted as special correspondent in
different parts of the continent.
While travelling in the East, Mr.
Dicey was asked to undertake the
editorship of the Daily News. He
held this post for about three months
in 1870, but left it, as he stated in a
communication which he addressed
to the Spectator newspaper, “on
account of a divergence of opinion
between himself and its proprietary,
as to the conditions under which he
had accepted the editorship." Im-
mediately on quitting the Daily
News Mr. Dicey was offered, and
accepted, the editorship of the
Observer, a position which he now
holds. He is the author of " A Memoir
"The
of Cavour;" "Rome in 1860;
Schleswig-Holstein War,' 1864;
"The Battle-fields of 1866," published
in 1866; "A Month in Russia during
the Marriage of the Czarewich,
1867; and "The Morning Land," an
account of three months' tour in the
East, 1870.
":
-
>>
DICKENSON, ANNA ELIZABETH,
born in Philadelphia, Oct. 28, 1842.
She received her early education in
the free schools of the Society of
Friends, to which her family be-
longed. At the age of seventeen she
left school, and for the next two
years was a teacher. In Jan. 1860
she made her first public speech at
316
DICKINSON-DIERINGER.
a Friends' Meeting in Philadelphia, |
her subject being "Woman's Rights
and Wrongs." From this period she
From this period she
was a frequent speaker in these
meetings, usually upon temperance
and slavery. In the meantime she
obtained a situation in the United
States Mint at Philadelphia, from
which she was dismissed on account
of some sharp remarks which she
made respecting the battle of Ball's
Bluff, one of the early engagements of
the civil war.
She then made lec-
turing her profession, speaking mainly
on social and political topics, and
attracting large audiences. In 1868
she published a novel, "What
Answer?" and for several subsequent
years continued her career as a lec-
turer. About 1875 she resolved to
enter upon the dramatic profession
as author and actress. She has
brought out two plays, "Mary
Tudor" (1876), and "Anne Boleyn
(1877), in both of which she played
the leading character, with only
moderate success.
""
DICKINSON, WILLIAM HOWSHIP,
M.D., was born June 9, 1832, at
Brighton, and educated at Caius
College, Cambridge, and St. George's
Hospital, London. He was appointed
Curator of the Pathological Museum,
St. George's Hospital, 1861, subse-
quently assistant physician and lec-
turer; assistant physician (1861), and
subsequently physician (1869) to the
Hospital for Sick Children. Dr. Dick-
inson was formerly Examiner in Medi-
cine at the University of Cambridge
and Honorary Secretary to the Pa-
thological Society. He has made ex-
tensive researches in connection with
pathology, physiology, and practical
medicine, of which the following are
the more important :-On the Action
of Digitalis upon the Uterus, de-
scribing for the first time its contrac-
tile effect upon that organ (1855);
on the Pathology of the Kidney,
distinguishing disease of the inter-
tubular structures from that of the
tubes, and asserting the intertubular
origin of granular degeneration (1859,
1860, 1861); on the Function of the
Cerebellum, assigning to this organ
an especial effect upon the lower
limbs (1865); on the Nature of the
so-called Amyloid or Lardaceous De-
generations, pointing out its connec-
tion with Suppuration and conse-
quent loss of Alkali (1867); on the
Nature of the enlargement of the
Viscera which occurs in Rickets,
showing the affection of these Organs
to be analogous to that of the Bones
(1869); on the Futility of Counter-
irritation as a Method of Treatment;
on the Changes produced in the
Nervous System by the Amputation
of limbs; on Chronic Hydrocephalus,
pointing out the frequent origin of
the disease in cranial relaxation; on
Diabetes, showing the general pre-
sence of structural changes in the
nervous system, and referring the
symptoms to organic change, instead
of, as hitherto, to functional derange-
ment. Most of the preceding papers
are published in the Transactions of
the Medico-Chirurgical Society. Dr.
Dickinson is also the author of a
work "On the Pathology and Treat-
ment of Albuminuria," 1869; and
"Diseases of the Kidneys and Urinary
Derangement," Part I., 1875.
DIERINGER, FRANCIS XAVIER,
D.D., Canon in Cologne Cathedral
and Professor of Theology in the
University of Bonn, was born in 1811
at Rangendingen in Hohenzollern-
Hechingen and studied theology in
the university of Tübingen. In 1835
he became teacher of Homiletics in
Freiburg; in 1840 Professor of Theo-
logy in the Seminary at Spires; in
1843 Professor in the same faculty at
Bonn, where he still remains; and
later University Preacher and
Director of the Theological Seminary.
Dr. Dieringer has writteu "System
der göttlichen Thaten des Christen-
thums," 2 vols, Mayence, 1841 ;
|
Pulpit Discourses," 2 vols, Mayence,
1844; "St. Karl Borromäus und die
Kirchenverbesserung seiner Zeiten,”
Cologne,
1846 ; "Lehrbuch der
Katholischen Dogmatik," 3rd edition,
Mayence, 1853. He also edits the
journal entitled The Catholic.
(
DIGBY-DILKE.
DIGBY, KENELM HENRY, youngest | commercial future. Visiting Ceylon
son of the Very Rev. Wm. Digby, on his way, Mr. Dilke passed from
dean of Clonfert, Ireland, a member West Australia to Madras and Cal-
of the family represented by Lord cutta, whence he crossed Upper India
Digby, was born in 1800, educated at to Lahore, and returned to England
Trinity College, Cambridge, where he by the Indus, Kurrachee, Bombay,
graduated B.A. in 1823, and soon after and Egypt; thus completing the cir-
becoming a convert to the Roman cuit of the globe. The result of those
Catholic Church, he studied exten- journeyings was the publication of
sively the scholastic system of theo- "Greater Britain: a Record of Travel
logy and the antiquities of the middle
ages. Inspired by these studies, and
thoroughly imbued with the spirit of
the ages with which he is so familiar,
he wrote "The Broad Stone of
Honour; or, Rules for the Gentlemen
of England, in four books," 1829;
"Mores Catholici, or Ages of Faith,'
1840; "Compitum, or the Meeting
of Ways at the Catholic Church,
1851 ; Evenings on the Thames;
and "The Epilogue to previous
Works in Prose and Verse," 1876.
""
7"
""
317
DILKE, SIR CHARLES WENT-
WORTH, Bart., M.P., was born at
Chelsea, Sept. 4, 1843, being son of
the late Sir Charles Wentworth
Dilke, and grandson of Charles
Wentworth Dilke, the critic, both of
whom were noticed in previous edi-
tions of this work. He received his
academical education at Trinity Hall,
Cambridge, where he graduated as
senior legalist in Jan., 1866. In the
same year he was called to the bar by
the Middle Temple, and soon after-
wards he proceeded to Canada and
the United States, where he travelled
alone for some months. At the end
of Aug., 1866, he met at St. Louis
Mr. Hepworth Dixon, with whom he
crossed the Great Plains and Rocky
Mountains, and visited the Mormon
cities. Parting at Salt Lake City
from Mr. Dixon, who returned to
England, and shortly afterwards
dedicated to him "New America,"
Mr. Dilke passed on to Nevada and
California, and, after a considerable
stay at San Francisco, sailed for
Panama, and thence to New Zealand,
Tasmania, and Australia, where he
visited all the colonies, and gathered
much information as to their political
present and their prospects of a great
|
in
English-speaking Countries during
1866-7," 2 vols., 1868, a work which,
treating the new subject of the in-
fluence of race on government, and
of climatic conditions upon race, had
perhaps the greatest success that ever
attended the publication of all
author's first work. It passed through
four editions in a single year in Eng-
land, and, having been republished
by two firms in America, has also
passed through a still larger number
of editions there. One of its results
was the election, in 1868, of its
author, who is in politics a Radical,
to represent the new borough of
Chelsea. He was returned at the
head of the poll, and by a majority
of nearly two to one over Dr. W. H.
Russell, and is the youngest man who
ever represented a metropolitan con-
stituency. In Parliament he chiefly
speaks upon foreign, Indian, and
colonial affairs. Sir Charles Dilke
has succeeded his father and grand-
father in the proprietorship of the
Athenæum, and is understood to have
at one time followed his grandfather's
example in assuming the editorship
himself. He is also the proprietor of
Notes and Queries, and the principal
proprietor of the Gardeners' Chronicle
and of the Agricultural Gazette. Hav-
ing in 1871 been attacked for holding
Republican opinions, he admitted
publicly that he had always preferred
a Republican form of government to
constitutional monarchy.
His re-
election at Chelsea was in conse-
quence violently opposed in Feb.,
1874, but he was again returned at
the head of the poll. Also in 1874 he
published an anonymous satire, the
authorship of which remained
secret for four months. It was called
a
318
DILLMANN.
"The fall of Prince Florestan of |
Monaco," and passed through three
editions, and was translated into
French. In 1875 he published the
works of his grandfather, with a
memoir, under the title of "Papers
of a Critic." His chief legislative
achievements have been the crea-
tion of School Boards, directly elected
by the ratepayers (in place of com-
mittees of boards of guardians, as
proposed by Mr. W. E. Forster), by
an amendment of the Education
Bill; the conferring of the municipal
franchise on women; the abolition
of the barbarous penalty of drawing
and quartering; and, in 1878, the
extension of the hours of polling at
parliamentary elections in the me-
tropolis by the measure known as
Dilke's Act."
Docent in the Theological Faculty of
the university of Tübingen, and in 1853
was nominated by the King a Pro-
fessor Extraordinary in the same
Faculty. In 1854 he was called as
Professor Extraordinary of Oriental
Languages to the University of Kiel
in Holstein (then belonging to Den-
mark), and on Dec. 2, 1859, was
nominated by the King a Professor
in Ordinary in the same department.
Here Professor Dillmann remained
until in 1864 he accepted a call as Pro-
fessor in Ordinary of Theology to the
University of Giessen, in the Grand
Duchy of Hesse, where he remained
till October, 1869, having in the mean-
while twice filled the office of Rector
of the University. In October, 1869, he
entered upon his new office as Pro-
fessor in Ordinary of Old Testament
Exegesis, in the Theological Faculty
of the Metropolitical University of
Berlin, which office he still holds. In
May, 1846, he graduated as M.A.,
and Ph.D. in the University of
Tübingen. In October, 1862, Pro-
fessor Dillmann received the honorary
degree of D.D. from the University
of Leipsic. The learned Professor
has written or edited : Catalogus
Codicum MSS. Orientalium qui in
Museo Britannico asservantur. Pars
III. codices Aethiopicos continens.
Londini, impensis curatorum Musei
Britannici," 1847;"Catalogus codi-
cum MSS. Bibliothecae Bodleianae
Oxoniensis. Pars. VII., codices
Aethiopici," 1848; "Liber Henoch,
Aethiopice, ad quinque codicum
fidem editus cum variis lectionibus,"
Leipsic, 1851; "The Book of Enoch
translated and explained" (Das Buch
Henoch übersetzt und erklärt von
A. Dillmann, Leipsic, 1853); "The
Book of the Jubilees or the little
Genesis translated from the Aethiopic
and elucidated by Observations,” in
Ewald's Yearbook of Biblical Science
(II. 1849, pp. 230-256, and III. 1850-
1851, pp. 1-96 (Göttingen); and “The
Christian Adam-Book of the Orient
translated from the Aethiopic," also
in Ewald's Jahrbuch der biblischen
Wissenschaft (V. 1853, pp. 1-144,
66
|
|
|
DILLMANN, CHRISTIAN FRIED-
RICH AUGUST, Ph.D., D.D., was
born April 25, 1823, at Illingen, in
the district of Maulbronn, in Wür-
temberg, and educated in the gymna-
sium at Stuttgart, and the Lower
Evangelical Theological Seminary at
Schönthal. From 1840 to 1844 he
studied philosophy, oriental philology,
and theology, in the University and
in the Higher Theological Seminary
at Tübingen. In the autumn of 1844
he passed the first theological official
examination, and then devoted an-
other year to the study of the oriental
languages. In 1845 he became a
parish vicar in Tersheim in the
district of Vaihingen in Würtemberg.
From 1846 to 1848 he made a scien-
tific tour visiting the libraries in
Paris, and in London and Oxford,
where he received from the authorities
of the libraries the proposal that he
should draw up catalogues of their
Aethiopic MSS. In April, 1848,
having returned to Würtemberg, he
became Repetent in the Theological
Seminary at Tübingen, and dis-
charged at the same time as such the
professorate of Old Testament Exe-
gesis in the university for the four
years, during which, through the de-
parture of Ewald, the office was
vacant. In 1852 he became Private
DINDORF-DIRCKS.
Göttingen). Dr. Dillmann has also
undertaken to edit the Old Testament
in Aethiopic. Of this splendid work
several portions have already been
issued. In 1859 Professor Dillmann
edited the Book of Jubilees in
Aethiopic. Already in 1857 this in-
defatigable Orientalist had published
his "Grammar of the Aethiopic Lan-
guage (Grammatik der Aethiopi-
schen Sprache); and in 1865 followed
his great work, the " Lexicon Linguae
Aethiopicae cum indice Latino,"
(Leipsic) in large quarto size with 1522
columns of letter-press. In 1866 came
his "Chrestomathia Aethiopica edita
et glossario explanata," and in 1869
his commentary on the Book of Job,
or "Job newly Explained," for the
third edition of the "Brief Exegetical
Handbook." Professor Dillmann's
other works are too numerous to be
mentioned here. He is a correspond-
ing member of the Royal Society of
Sciences in Göttingen, and a Chevalier
of the first class of the Order of Merit
of Philip the Magnanimous of Hesse.
DINDORF, WILLIAM, critic and
philologist, was born in 1804, at
Leipsic, where he was educated, and
where he distinguished himself by
his ability and zeal in the study of
classical literature, and was after-
wards appointed Professor of Literary
History. He has published critical
editions of Demosthenes, Aristotle,
Athenæus, Procopius; of the Greek
Scholiasts to Aristophanes, Demos-
thenes, Sophocles, and Eschylus;
the Poetæ Scenici Græci, Lucian, and
Josephus. His editions are the re-
ceived text-books of the Greek trage-
dians, as well as of Aristophanes and
Aristotle, at Oxford.
""
DIRCKS, HENRY, LL.D., civil
engineer, and author of several lite-
rary and scientific works, was born in
Liverpool, Aug. 26, 1806. He was
apprenticed to an eminent firm trad-
ing to the East and West Indies; but,
having short business hours, he oc-
cupied his leisure time in the study
of practical mechanics, chemical
science, and general literature. Be-
fore he was twenty-one he delivered
·
319
courses of lectures on chemistry and
electricity; contributed essays, criti-
cisms, and tales to the local press,
and various scientific articles to the
Mechanics' Magazine and other jour-
nals. In 1837 he became a life-mem-
ber of the British Association, con-
tributing, among numerous other
papers, one describing his invention
of Optical Illusions, afterwards popu-
larly known as "The Ghost," which
was read at Leeds in 1858.
In 1840,
being the honorary secretary of a
literary institution, and one of the
founders of a local mechanics' insti-
tution, he published a short treatise
on Popular Education, which was re-
printed at Manchester in 1841. Re-
linquishing mercantile pursuits, Mr.
Dircks was, till 1842, principally en-
gaged as a practical engineer, con-
ducting railway, canal, and mining
works, and from that date till his
retirement from business, in 1858, he
practised as a consulting engineer.
He afterwards travelled in France and
Belgium, visiting the great centres
of industry, science, and literature in
both countries. Mr. Dircks is a life-
member of the Society of Arts, the
Society of Engineers, the Practical
Engineers, the Inventors' Institute,
and a Life Fellow of the Chemical
Society, the Royal Society of Lite-
rature, and the Royal Society of
Edinburgh. His principal works are,
"Jordantype," 1852; Electro-Me-
tallurgy," 1863, both treatises relat-
ing to the origin of the Electrotype
process; "Optical Illusions," 1863;
"The Life, Times, and Scientific La-
bours of Edward Somerset, sixth Earl
and second Marquis of Worcester,'
1865; "Memoir of Samuel Hartlib,
Milton's familiar friend," 1865;
"Worcesteriana," 1866; "Inventors
and Inventions, a treatise on the Law
of Patents," 1867; "Scientific Stu-
dies," two lectures, 1869. His purely
literary works are "Joseph Anstey,'
a novel, 1863; and "Nature Study,
as applicable to the purposes of
Poetry and Eloquence," 1869, 2nd
edit. 1870; since which he has pub-
lished a pamphlet on " Patent Right,”
""
>>
320
DITTMAR-DIX.
and "Naturalistic Poetry of the last
Three Centuries," 1872.
DITTMAR, WILLIAM, an eminent
chemist, born April 14, 1833, at
Umstadt, near Darmstadt, was edu-
cated at the Polytechnic School of
Darmstadt. He passed his examina-
tion there as apothecary (pharma-
ceutist) in 1856. Subsequently he
studied at Heidelberg under Bunsen,
who appointed him to an assistant-
ship in his laboratory. Afterwards
he became assistant to Dr. H. E.
Roscoe in Owens College Man-
chester. From 1861 to 1869 he was
Chief Assistant in the chemical
laboratory of the University of Edin-
burgh. In March, 1873, he was ap-
pointed Assistant Lecturer in Owens
College; and in Sept., 1874, Professor
in Anderson's University, Glasgow.
Professor Dittmar has published
numerous chemical papers on original
researches. He is also the author of
articles in Watt's Dictionary, and
in Liebig's "Handwörterbuch," and
of part of Jahresbericht über die
Fortschritts der Chemie for 1870.
DIX, JOHN ADAMS, born at Bos-
cawen, New Hampshire, July 24,
1798. In 1812 he entered the army
of the United States as lieutenaut of
infantry, was subsequently trans-
ferred to the artillery, and became
captain. In 1828 he resigned his
commission, studied law, and was
admitted to the bar. He entered ac-
tively into politics, as a member of
the Democratic party. In 1842 he
was elected to the State Assembly,
and in 1845 was made Senator in
Congress for the unexpired term of
Mr. Silas Wright, at the close of
which he was an unsuccessful candi-
date for the ensuing sexennial term.
In 1853 he was appointed Assistant
Treasurer of the United States, at
New York; and in 1859 was made
Postmaster in that city. In Dec.,
1860, Mr. Howell Cobb, of Georgia,
the Secretary of the Treasury in Mr.
Buchanan's administration, resigned
his position, and joined the confede-
rates, and Mr. Dix was appointed in
his place, which he filled until March
| 4, 1861, when the administration of
Mr. Lincoln began. He took decided
ground in favour of the Union, and
has since been ranked in the Repub-
lican party. He had all along kept
up his early interest in military affairs,
and at the outbreak of the civil war he
was appointed Major-General in the
New York Militia; on May 16, 1861,
he was commissioned Major-Gen. of
Volunteers, and subsequently ap-
pointed to the same rank in the
regular army; was placed in charge
of the department of Maryland, and
in 1862 was transferred to Fortress
Monroe, with the command of the
seventh army corps. In 1863 he was
transferred to New York, where he
was Military Commandant during the
riots which followed President Lin-
coln's order for the draft; he com-
manded the department of the East
in 1864-5, and was appointed Minister
at Paris in Sept., 1866. He resigned
this position in 1868, and returned to
New York. In 1872 he was nomi-
nated by the Republicans for Gover-
nor of the State of New York, and
was elected by a majority of more
than 50,000. He was re-nominated
in 1874; but in the meanwhile a re-
action against the Republican party
had set in, and Mr. Dix was de-
feated, his Democratic opponent
(Mr. Tilden) being elected by about
50,000 majority. Being in possession
of an ample estate, Mr. Dix has
always devoted much attention to
literature and art. For some time he
conducted the Northern Light, a lite-
rary journal published at Albany;
and was for many years one of the
Regents of the University of the
State of New York, a position which
he resigned in 1878, in consequence
of his advanced age and more press-
ing occupations. Besides occasional
contributions to periodicals, and a
translation of "Dies Iræ," he has
published "Resources of the City of
New York," 1837; "Decisions of
New York,'
Common
the Superintendent of
Schools of New York," 1837; “A
Winter in Madeira," 1851;
Summer in Spain and Florence,"
C
"A
DIXON.
1855;
and two volumes
'Speeches," 1864.
DIXON, WILLIAM HEPWORTH, of
the Inner Temple, historian and tra-
veller, descended from an old Puritan
family, is the son of Abner Dixon, of
Holmfirth and Kirk Burton, in the
West Riding of Yorkshire, and was
born at Manchester, June 30, 1821.
Mr. Dixon's first literary effort was a
five-act tragedy, which was privately
printed. The early volumes of the
Illuminated Magazine, edited by
Douglas Jerrold, contain several
poems with his name or initials. At
that time he was acting as literary
editor of a paper at Cheltenham,
which place he quitted for London in
1846, and entered as a student at the
Inner Temple. He wrote a series of
papers in the Daily News on the
"Literature of the Lower Orders,"
which were precursors of Henry
Mayhew's inquiries into the condi-
tion of the London poor. In the
same paper appeared another series
of articles, afterwards revised and
enlarged in a work entitled "London
Prisons." In 1849 he published
"John Howard, a Memoir"-a book
which passed through three editions
in one year. The special object of
this work was to place the labours of
Howard in their proper relation to
the literature and history of the
period. The volume has often been
reprinted both in London and New
York. In 1850 Mr. Dixon was
appointed a Deputy-Commissioner to
the Royal Commission for carrying
out the Great Exhibition of 1851,
and was successful in organizing one
hundred committees out of the three
hundred that were established. In
1851 appeared the "Life of William
Penn," in which Macaulay's charges
against the founder of Pennsylvania
were first met and refuted. In 1852
appeared "Robert Blake, Admiral and
General at Sea," a volume in the
composition of which Mr. Dixon
had the advantage of help from
Lord Dundonald. Both "Penn" and
"Blake" have gone through several
editions in England and in the United
+6
321
of
| States. An enlarged edition of“ Penn "
appeared in 1872, inscribed to John
Bright. During the invasion panic in
1852 Mr. Dixon wrote an anonymous
pamphlet, called the "French in
England," urging that if the first Na-
poleon could not succeed in carrying
out his intention, the third Napoleon
would not. In that year he made a
tour of Europe, visiting Italy and
Spain, and travelling through Ger-
many and Hungary as far as Bel-
grade. On his return he became
chief editor of the Athenæum (1853),
in which journal he had written on
historical subjects for several years,
and has necessarily taken part in
most of the literary and scientific
controversies
controversies of the period. He
resigned the editorial chair in 1869.
An article from his pen on the
66
Shakespeare Folio Corrector," has
been reprinted in a pamphlet by a
Boston admirer. In 1858 Mr. Dixon
obtained free access for historical
students to the State Papers of the
country, which up to that date had
been guarded with extreme jealousy
by the various Secretaries of State.
In 1860 he first drew public attention ¨·
to Lord Campbell's statement of the
case against Lord Bacon, a subject
which he had studied for many
years. His papers were enlarged,
and have been published in London,
Boston, and Leipsic. In France and
Germany the book has been equally
popular. Mr. Dixon was left Lady
Morgan's literary executor, and
in conjunction with Miss Jewsbury
has published her memoirs.
Morning at Eden Lodge
-a paper
in which Mr. Dixon indicated the
great wealth and curiosity of the
Eden family papers-induced. Lord
Auckland to publish his father's
Journal; and a similar paper on
the "Treasures of Kimbolton" caused
the preparation of the Duke of Man-
chester's Court and Society," to
which Mr. Dixon contributed the
"Memoir of Queen Catharine." In
1864 Mr. Dixon made a long journey
through Turkey in Europe, Asia
Minor, Palestine, and Egypt, the
";
Y
"A
322
DOBSON.
|
literary result of which was the pub-
lication in the following year, of
"The Holy Land," in two volumes.
On his return from Syria he assisted
in founding the Palestine Exploration
Fund, and in conjunction with Dean
Stanley and others, conducted those
excavations in Jerusalem and else-
where, which have given so many
results to Biblical literature. From
the first he has been a member of
the Executive Committee. Mr. Dixon
spent the summer and autumn of 1866
in travelling through the United
States, including a visit to Salt
Lake City, the literary result of
which was given in the two following
years in the form of "New America
and "Spiritual Wives." The former
of these two works rapidly passed
through eight editions in this country,
three in America, and several in
France, Russia, Holland, Italy, and
Germany. While in America, Mr.
Dixon had the rare good fortune to
discover and recover the long-lost
Irish State Papers, a service of great
importance to the public, the story of
which was told in a remarkable letter
of Lord Romilly, published in the
Times. Mr. Dixon next directed his
footsteps towards the frozen north,
and in 1870 gave the results in his
work, "Free Russia," 2 vols.; mean-
time, however, had appeared the first
volume of "Her Majesty's Tower,"
which has already passed through
seven editions. The work has since
been completed in 4 volumes. His
next work, "The Switzers," appeared
in 1872, and was followed by the
"History of Two Queens, Catharine
of Aragon and Anne Boleyn," 4 vols.,
1873-4. Mr. Dixon was appointed
a magistrate for Middlesex in 1869.
Politics and public life have divided
his attention with history and travel.
He is constantly addressing meetings
on public questions. He is a strong
Liberal, but with Conservative views
on religion and the Church of Eng-
land. At the general election of
1868 a high-class committee brought
him forward for Marylebone, but he
declined the candidature for reasons
-
which he stated at the time. In 1870-
he was elected to the London School
Board, of which he has been an active
member, having identified his name
with the new system of training and
drill, and carried a resolution esta-
blishing drill in all rate-paid schools..
In 1872 the Emperor of Germany
created Mr. Dixon a Knight of the
Order of the Royal Crown. He spent
the summer months of 1873 in Spain,
and in Sept., 1874, started for a long
journey in the Great West, from
which he returned at the end of
March, 1875. Before setting out on
this journey, he commenced a move-
ment in favour of opening the Tower
of London to the public-a move-
ment to which Mr. Disraeli at once
assented. Mr. Dixon has taken a
leading part in establishing Shaftes-
bury Park and other centres of
improved dwellings for the labour-
ing classes. His latest works are
"Diana, Lady Lyle," a novel, 3 vols.,
1877, and "Ruby Grey," a novel,.
3 vols., 1878. He is the President
of the Tonic Sol Fa Teachers' Asso-
ciation, a member of the Council of
the Olympian Association, and a fel-
low of many learned societies, both
home and foreign.
|
DOBSON, WILLIAM CHARLES-
THOMAS, R.A., was born at Hamburg
in 1817. His father was an English-
man. He studied painting in the
Royal Academy of London; was
elected an Associate of that body in
1860; and became an Academician
in 1872. In 1870 he was elected an
Associate of the Society of Painters
in Water-Colours; and in 1875 a
member of the same Society. His
principal pictures are:-" Tobias and
the Angel," 1853; "The Charity of
Dorcas," 1854; "The Alms Deeds of
Dorcas," 1855, painted by command
of the Queen; "The Prosperous Days
of Job," 1856; "Reading the Psalms,"
and "The Child Jesus going down with
His Parents to Nazareth," 1857, both
in the collection of Baroness Burdett
Coutts; "Fairy Tales,” 1858; "Naza-
reth;""Christ in the Temple;
"Peace.
be to this House;" "Alms;" and "St.
.99
DODGE-DÖLLINGER.
|
|
DODGE, MARY ABIGAIL (known
by her pseudonym of "Gail Hamil-
ton," made up of the last syllable of
her christian name and the place of
her birth), born at Hamilton, Massa-
chusetts, about 1830. In 1851, and
for two or three years thereafter, she
was a teacher of physical science in
the public High School at Hartford,
Connecticut. She was at this time a
contributor to several periodicals.
Soon after the establishment of the
Atlantic Monthly she became one of
its regular contributors, and so con-
tinued for many years. Subsequently
she has written for other periodicals.
Many of her papers have been
collected and published in volumes.
Among these are :-" Country Living
and Country Thinking;" "Stumbling-
Blocks;" "Gala Days;" "Woman's
Wrongs: a Counter-Irritant; "A
New Atmosphere;" "Twelve Miles
from a Lemon ;" and "Nursery Noon-
ings," 1874. Since 1876 she has
resided at Washington, whence she
contributes long and caustic letters
to the New York Tribune, mainly
upon political topics.
Church," which appeared in 1838.
In 1845 Döllinger turned his atten-
tion to politics, and represented the
University of Munich in the Bavarian
Parliament, and in 1851 was a dele-
gate to that of Frankfort, where he
voted for the absolute separation of
the Church from the State. In 1861
he delivered some lectures advocating
the abandonment of the temporal
power by the Holy See, and he is the
author of "Origins of Christianity,"
published in 1833-5 ;
"The Religion
of Mahomet," in 1838; "The Re-
formation; its Interior Development
and its Effects," in 1846-8; "A Sketch
of Luther," in 1851; "The Church
and the Churches; or, the Papacy
and the Temporal Power," of which
a translation appeared in England in
1862; and several pamphlets. More
recently Dr. Döllinger has obtained a
world-wide notoriety by his persistent
opposition to the decrees of the
Vatican Council, and especially to
that one which declares the Pope to
be infallible when addressing the
Church ex cathedrâ on questions of
faith and morals. Dr. Döllinger has,
in fact, become the acknowledged
leader of all who, within the Church,
are disaffected towards the Holy
See. His conduct was approved by
the Bavarian Government, although
he was, on April 18, 1871, formally
excommunicated by the Archbishop
of Munich. The University of Oxford
conferred on him the degree of D.C.L.,
Jan. 6, 1871; and on the 29th of the
following month he was elected Rec-
tor of the University of Munich by
fifty-four votes against six. In 1872
the King of Bavaria decorated Dr.
Döllinger with the Order of Merit,
and the University of Edinburgh
conferred upon him the honorary
degree of LL.D. He was appointed
President of the Royal Academy of
Science at Munich in succession to
Baron Liebig, in May, 1873. Early
in the following year the Emperor
rewarded him for his opposition to
the Catholic party by conferring upon
him the Order of the Red Eagle,
second class. Dr. Döllinger presided
""
|
|
DOLBY. (See SAINTON-DOLBY.)
DÖLLINGER,JOHN JOSEPH IGNA-
TIUS, a theologian and historian, born
at Bamberg, in Bavaria, Feb. 28,
1799, became chaplain to the diocese
of Bamberg almost immediately after
receiving priest's orders in 1822. In
1826 he published a work on "The
Doctrine of the Eucharist during
the First Three Centuries," and was
the same year invited to lecture be-
fore the University of Munich, on the
History of the Church. The substance
of his lectures before that institution
was published in his "Manual of the
History of the Church," in 1828; and
in a more extended form in his
"Treatise on the History of the
Paul at Philippi," his diploma work
for the Royal Academy. Most of the
above have been engraved. Amongst
his water-colour drawings may be
mentioned "The Young Nurse," in
the possession of Mr. Cookson; "The
Camellia, 1873; and Nursery
Tales," 1874.
""
(6
323
Y 2
324
DONALDSON.
over the "Old Catholic" conference | read before the Royal Society of
convened at Bonn, in Sept., 1874; Edinburgh, May 17, 1875. Besides
when it appeared that his views on these, he edited the Museum, or
ecclesiastical subjects had been English Journal of Education, for
greatly developed since his rupture several years, and he has contributed
with the Church, as he frankly to the "Encyclopædia Britannica
declared that he and his colleagues and to various periodical journals.
did not consider themselves bound
by the Council of Trent. He also
introduced a declaration, which was
adopted unanimously, that the
Eucharistic celebration in the
Church is not a continuous repeti-
tion or renewal of the great pro-
pitiatory Sacrifice. Dr. Döllinger's
latest work, "Prophecies and the
Prophetic Spirit in the Christian
Era: an Historical Essay," was
translated into English by Mr.
Alfred Plummer, 1873.
|
DONALDSON, THOMAS LEVER-
TON, Ph. D., Emeritus Professor of
Architecture in London University
College, member of the Institute of
France, and numerous other foreign
academies of the fine arts, and ex-
President of the Royal Institute of
British Architects (1864), the son of
an architect, was born in 1795.
Early in his professional life he pur-
sued his studies for five years in
France, Italy, and Greece, and be-
came a writer, and afterwards a
lecturer, on architectural subjects,—a
branch of learning in which his name
stands deservedly high. He is the
author of numerous works; among
which the most remarkable are, “A
Collection of the most approved Ex-
amples of Door-ways, from ancient
and modern Buildings in Greece and
Italy," 1833; "Pompeii Illustrated,"
1837; "The Temple of Apollo Epi-
curus at Bassa, with other Antiqui-
ties of Peloponnesus, illustrated,” in
the supplementary volume of Stuart's
Athens, 1838; " Architectural Maxims
and Theories," 1847; Architectura
Numismatica," 1859; besides nume-
rous articles in the Transactions of
the Royal Institute of British Archi-
tects, and various pamphlets; a
"Handbook of Specifications, or
Practical Guide to the Architect and
Surveyor," 1860. On his retirement
from the Professorship at London
University College in 1864, his pro-
fessional brethren and pupils struck
a medal "to commemorate his long
and zealous services in promoting the
study of architecture," and two silver
impressions are given annually as
prizes in the classes of architecture
and construction at that college.
He was architect of Trinity Church
and University College Hall, Gordon-
square; of Brompton Church, Lon-
don; of various houses, churches,
DONALDSON, JAMES, M.A.,
LL.D., F.R.S.E., born April 26,
1831, at Aberdeen, was educated
at the Grammar School and Maris-
chal College and University in
Aberdeen, New College in London,
and the University of Berlin. He was
appointed Greek tutor in Edinburgh
University in 1852, Rector of the
High School of Stirling in 1854,
Classical Master in the High School
of Edinburgh in 1856, and Rector of
the same school in 1866. He has
published a "Modern Greek Grammar
for the use of Classical Students,'
1853; "Lyra Græca: Specimens of
the Greek Lyric Poets from Callinus
to Soutsos," with Critical Notes and
a Biographical Introduction, 1854;
"Critical History of Christian Litera-
ture and Doctrine from the Death of
the Apostles to the Nicene Council,"
3 vols., 1864-66; "The Ante-Nicene
Christian Library," edited by him in
conjunction with the Rev. Alexander
Roberts, D.D., 24 vols., 1867-72 ;
the article "Greek Language " in
Kitto's Cyclopædia," 3rd edit.;
"Lectures on the History of Educa-
tion in Prussia and England, and on
kindred topics," 1874; the article
“Education" in Chambers's "Infor-
mation for the People," 1874; and a
paper "On the Expiatory and Sub-
stitutionary Sacrifices of the Greeks,"
|
16
|
??
">
DONNET-DOO.
|
schools, &c., in the country; and of
the Flaxman Hall and Library, Uni-
versity College. He was awarded
the Royal Gold Medal of the R.I.B.A.
in 1851, and a great gold medal of
honour at the French Universal
Exhibition, 1855. The King of the
Belgians conferred on Professor
Donaldson the rank of Chevalier of
the Order of Leopold in 1872.
DONNET, HIS EMINENCE FERDI-
NAND FRANÇOIS AUGUSTE, a French
Cardinal, born at Bourg-Argental
(Loire), Nov. 16, 1795, studied at the
Seminary of Saint Irénée, became
priest in 1819, and was appointed
vicar of La Guillotière, and curé of
Irigny (Rhône). After two years of
study in the Maison des Hautes
Études founded by Cardinal Fesch,
M. Donnet delivered a series of ser-
mons in the dioceses of Tours, Blois,
and Lyons. In 1827 he was appointed
curé of Villefranche (Rhône), and was
afterwards named honorary Vicar-
general of Tours. In 1835 he was
appointed Coadjutor for the diocese
of Nancy, and succeeded Mgr. de
Cheverus, Nov. 30, 1836, in the arch-
bishopric of Bordeaux. His letters,
pastoral instructions, &c., have been
published in six volumes. The part
which he took relative to the mar-
riage of M. Pescotore and the French
expedition to Rome brought his name
prominently before the public. Mgr.
Donnet, who was made a cardinal in
1852, and by right became a senator,
was created Officer of the Legion of
Honour in March, 1851, afterwards
Commander of the same order; and
Grand Cross in March, 1875. He is
decorated with the Grand Cross of
the Order of Charles III. of Spain.
ing his pupils to draw the human
figure. On his return home he assisted
in the formation of an academy in
the Savoy, for the study of the life
model and the best examples of the
antique, which lasted for some years.
He lectured on engraving, its history,
theory, and practice, at Kensington
Museum and Harrow, and at different
places upon the dawn and maturity
of painting in ancient Greece; on the
revival of painting in Italy in the
twelfth century, and subsequently in
Western Europe. Mr. Doo was ap-
pointed Historical Engraver in Ordi-
nary to William IV. in 1836, and to
Queen Victoria in 1842. He is a mem-
ber of the Society of Arts. Amster-
dam; of the Academy of Fine Arts,
Pennsylvania; member of the Impe-
rial Academy of St. Petersburg, Cor-
responding Member of the Academy
of Parma. He was elected an Asso-
ciate of the Royal Academy in 1855,
and a Royal Academician in 1856.
Mr. Doo, like other eminent engra-
vers, has often been engaged in trans-
lating the works of others; and his
masterly transcripts of Raffaelle's
"Infant Christ and Correggio's
"Ecce Homo," in our National Gal-
lery; of Lawrence's "Calmady Chil-
dren," entitled "Nature;" his Lady
Meade, Lord Eldon, and Etty's noble
"Combat," deserve special mention.
His "Knox Preaching," after Wilkie,
is the plate which has, perhaps, gained
him most fame. "Pilgrims in Sight
of the Holy City," after Eastlake, is
another fine specimen of his art. He
completed, in 1864, a large engraving
of the great picture of the "Raising
of Lazarus," by Sebastian del Piombo,
in the National Gallery, intended to
form one of the series of plates after
Raffaelle, Titian, and Volterra, by
Morghen, Anderloni, Schiavoni, Des-
noyers, and Toschi. To this work he
devoted eight years. He engraved
Vandyck's "Gevartius' and five
other plates for the "National Gallery
Work," and six for the Elgin work
published by the British Museum,
with various published and private
""
DOO, GEORGE Thomas, retired
R.A., engraver, was born in Jan.,
1800. Having studied under the best
masters, he produced, in 1824, his first
published engraving, "The Duke of
York, after Sir Thomas Lawrence,"
for which he was appointed engraver
to his royal highness. He went to
Paris in 1825, and worked in the ate-
lier of Suisse; visited the school of
""
Gros, and learned his manner of teach-plates besides. In 1860 he was ap-
4
325
326
DORÉ DORNER.
|
pointed chairman of the committee of
Class 40 (engravings and etchings) of
the London International Exhibition
of 1862, and was chosen one of the
four representatives of the Royal
Academy at the Congrès Artistique,
held at Antwerp; in 1861 he was
elected President of the Artists'
Annuity Fund; and in 1863 he gave
evidence before the Royal Academy
Commission, held at Westminster.
The large engraving of "The Raising
of Lazarus," and the "Portrait of
Mrs. Hollond," after Ary Scheffer,
were exhibited at the Royal Academy
in 1864, and at the Paris International
Exhibition in 1867 his "St. Augus-
tine and St. Monica," after the same
painter.
|
DORÉ, PAUL GUSTAVE, artist, was
born as Strasburg, Jan. 6, 1832. In
boyhood he accompanied his father to
Paris, where he completed his educa-
tion. At an early age he contributed
comic sketches to the Journal pour
Rire. He exhibited "Les Pins Sau-
""Le Lendemain de l'Orage,'
vages,"
"Les Deux Mères," and "La Bataille
d'Alma," in 1855; and "La Bataille
d'Inkermann " in 1857. He is the
most German in style of French
artists, and is well known as the
illustrator of Rabelais, for his still
more delightful pictorial commen-
taries upon Balzac's wild Contes
Drolatiques, and his illustrations of
the legend of the "Wandering Jew,"
in a series of grotesque yet epical
pictures, which bear the stamp of
Holbein and A. Durer, combined with
the racy humour of Hogarth. This
book in English, translated by Mr.
Walter Thornbury, appeared in 1857.
M. Doré, who has illustrated a book
of travels in every part of the world,
in 1861 published seventy-six large
drawings illustrative of the "Divina
Commedia" of Dante, accompanied
by a blank-verse translation of the
text by Mr. W. M. Rossetti, and a
series of wonderful folio illustrations
to Don Quixote, which are all careful
studies from Spanish life, in 1863.
His illustrations of the Holy Bible,
and of Milton, published in this
>>
:>
>>
;;
""
country in 1866, are of the highest
excellence. His principal paintings
which, since 1870, have been on view
at the "Doré Gallery," in New Bond
Street, London, are "Christ leaving
the Prætorium,' "The Triumph of
Christianity over Paganism," "Paolo
and Francesca di Rimini," "The
Dream of Pilate's Wife," "Christian
Martyrs in the reign of Diocletian,"
"The Entry into Jerusalem,'
"The
Brazen Serpent,' "The Victor An-
gels, "The Flight into Egypt,
"The Neophyte," "Evening in the
Alps," "The Prairie," "Spanish Pea-
sants," and "Mont Blanc." M. Gus-
tave Doré has been recently devoting
his energies to the production of a
colossal vase ornamented with 150
figures, which was exhibited at the
Paris Exposition of 1878. He has
also finished another sculptural group,
"The Prize of Glory"—a young hero
dying beneath the kiss of Glory. He
has lately been engaged in illustrating
Ariosto. M. Doré was decorated with
the Cross of the Legion of Honour,
Aug. 15, 1861.
|
|
ĎORNER, ISAAC AUGUST, D.D.,
a Lutheran divine, born at Neuhau-
sen-ob-Eck (Würtemberg), June 20,
1809, after completing his studies at
Tübingen, returned to his native
village, and officiated as curate under
his father, who was pastor of the
parish. He subsequently visited
Holland and England, in order to
make himself acquainted, by per-
sonal observation, with the condition
of the Protestant sects in those
countries; and since then he has
occupied in succession the chairs of
Divinity at Tübingen (1838), Kiel
(1839), Königsberg (1840-49), Bonn
(1847), and Berlin. He is a Coun-
cillor of the Upper Consistory. Dr.
Dorner is well known as a contributor
to Herzog's "Encyclopädie für Pro-
testantische Theologie," and as the
author of several theological works,
the principal one being entitled “The
History of the Development of the
Doctrine of the Person of Christ,"
Stuttgart, 1839; 2nd edit., 2 vols.,
1854. An English translation, by
DOUGLASS-DOVE.
D. W. Simon, was published in 2
vols., 1859, and forms the 10th and
11th volumes of Clark's "Foreign
Theological Library." His "History
of Protestant Theology, particularly
in Germany, viewed according to its
Fundamental Movement, and in con-
nexion with the Religious, Moral, and
Intellectual Life," has been trans-
lated into English by the Rev. George
Robson, M.A., and Sophia Taylor, 2
vols., Edinburgh, 1872. Dr. Dorner
is co-editor of the Jahrbücher für
deutsche Theologie.
|
DOUGLASS, FREDERICK, born at
Tuckahoe, Maryland, about 1817.
His father was a white man, and his
mother a negro slave, and, in accord-
ance with common usage, he was
known by his master's name. When
about nine years old, his master
"lent" him to one of his relatives,
from whom he received kind treat-
ment, and learned to read and write.
In 1832 he was purchased by a Bal-
timore shipbuilder, and employed,
first as a waiter on the workmen, and
afterwards as a shipcaulker, paying
his owner three dollars a week, and
retaining the remainder of his earn-
ings. After serving in this way for
some years, he made his escape in
Sept. 1838, and reached New Bed-
ford, Massachusetts, where he as-
sumed the name of Douglass. Not
long after he became acquainted with
William Lloyd Garrison, who en-
couraged him in his efforts at self-
education. He soon developed such
power as all orator, that the
opponents of slavery felt that he
could serve their cause as a public
lecturer. In 1841 he was employed
by the American Anti-Slavery Society
as one of their lecturers, and soon
drew crowds to hear his portraitures
of slavery. In 1845 he published
"My Bondage and my Freedom," an
autobiography, which he re-wrote
and enlarged in 1855. In 1859 he
came to England, where his eloquence
attracted great attention. His friends
there raised £150, which was sent to
his former master, and his legal
emancipation thereby secured. After
327
some years he removed to Rochester,
New York, where he established a
weekly newspaper, named Fred.
Douglass's Paper, and subsequently
The North Star. He was often
called to Washington to consult with
President Lincoln in regard to the
interests of the coloured race.
In
1870 he commenced at Washington
the publication of a journal entitled
The New National Era. In 1871 he
was appointed Secretary of the Com-
mission to Santo Domingo, and upon
his return was made a member of the
Territorial Council of the district of
Columbia. In 1872 he was chosen a
Presidential Elector for the State of
New York; and in 1877 received
from President Hayes the appoint-
ment of Marshal of the district of
Columbia.
DOVE, HENRY WILLIAM, born at
Liegnitz, in Silesia, Oct. 6, 1803,
studied at Breslau and at Berlin;
and at the latter university he took
the degree of Doctor in 1826. He
was assistant-professor of Natural
Philosophy, first at Königsberg, and
then at Berlin, where he became full
professor, and was elected to a seat
in the Royal Academy of Sciences.
The most celebrated of his numerous
writings refer to meteorology, climat-
ology, electricity, and polarized light.
"A Treatise on the Art of Measuring,
and the Origin and Comparison of
the Metrical Standards of Different
Nations," was published in 1835, and
"Meteorological Researches" in 1837.
In conjunction with other distin-
guished German philosophers, Pro-
fessor Dove commenced, in 1837, the
publication of an extensive series of
treatises on different branches of
natural philosophy. To him is due,
amongst a great variety of optical
discoveries, the application of the
stereoscope to the detection of forged
bank-notes. To English readers he
is best known by his treatise on the
"Distribution of Heat on the Surface
of the Globe," which was published
in 1853 by the British Association.
In addition to this, he has published
several popular volumes, including
· 328
DOVER-DOYLE'
a treatise on electricity in 1848. In
his capacity of Director of all the
observatories in Prussia, he pub-
lishes every year an account of their
labours. Dr. Dove is a Chevalier of
the Legion of Honour of the fourth
class; a Knight Grand Cross of the
Baden Order of the Zähringen Löwen,
of the third class; and a Knight of
the Russian Order of St. Stanislaus,
second class. In 1877 the German
Government named a new steamer
after Professor Dove in recognition
of the advantages accruing to navi-
gation from his onerous observations
and discoveries.
Dowse succeeded him as Attorney-
General for Ireland in Jan. 1872.
Mr. Dowse withdrew from political
life in Nov. 1872, on being appointed
a Baron of the Court of Exchequer
in Ireland, in the room of the late
Mr. Baron Hughes. Mr. Dowse is
a member of the Royal Dublin So-
ciety, and a Fellow of the Zoological
and Royal Geological Societies of
Ireland.
DOYLE, SIR FRANCIS HASTINGS
CHARLES, Bart., born Aug. 22, 1810, at
Nunappleton, near Tadcaster, York-
shire, being son of the first baronet;
was educated at Eton and Christ
Church, Oxford. He was appointed
Receiver-General of Customs in
1846, a Commissioner of Customs
in 1870, and Professor of Poetry at
Oxford in 1867, being re-elected
June 20, 1872. He ceased to be
Professor in 1877 on the expiration.
of the second term of five years'
tenure of the chair. Together with
the professorship, he held a fellow-
ship of All Souls' College. He has
published at different times a certain
amount of poetry-not more un-
successful than that of many other
contemporary writers of verse-and
three lectures on poetry in 1869.
DOVER, BISHOP OF. (See PARRY.)
DOWN, CONNOR, AND DRO-
MORE, BISHOP OF. (See KNOX, DR.)|
DOWSE, THE RIGHT HON.
RICHARD, is the son of the late
Mr. William H. Dowse, of Dun-
gannon, CO. Tyrone, by Maria,
daughter of the late Mr. Hugh
Donaldson, of the same place. He
was born in June, 1824, and received
his early education at the Royal
School, Dungannon; he afterwards
went to Trinity College, Dublin,
where he was a sizar, scholar (1848),
and first honour man. He gra-
duated as B.A. in 1850. In 1852
he was called to the bar in Ireland,
and was nominated a Queen's Counsel
in Feb. 1863. He was returned to
Parliament in the Liberal interest
as member for Londonderry, at the
general election of Nov. 1868, and
in the following year received the
appointment of Queen's Serjeant
in Ireland. In 1870 he became Soli-
citor-General, on Mr. Barry being
promoted to the Attorney-General-
ship, and he was then re-elected for
Londonderry. As Mr. Barry failed
to obtain a seat in Parliament during
his tenure of the office of Attorney-
General, Mr. Dowse took a prominent
part in all the debates on Irish sub-
jects during the sessions of 1870 and
1871, and materially assisted the
Government in the defence of their
legislative measures affecting the
sister kingdom. On Mr. Barry being
elevated to the judicial bench, Mr.
|
DOYLE, RICHARD, artist, born in
London, in 1826, is a son of Mr. John
Doyle, a gentleman of Irish extrac-
tion, and the reputed author of the
celebrated "H.B." sketches. He first
attracted attention by his sportive
and graceful designs from the life
and manners of the day, in Punch, to
which he was a constant contributor
for several years; but in 1850 he
severed this connection in conse-
quence of its incessant attacks upon
his Roman Catholic brethren, and
especially upon Cardinal Wiseman.
By this step he voluntarily sacrificed,
for conscience' sake, what was in
itself a secure and handsome income.
Mr. Doyle's fancy and feeling have
been shown in his illustrations to the
"Fairy Ring," to Leigh Hunt's "Jar
of Honey," to Ruskin's "King of the
Golden River," to Montalba's "Fairy
Tales from all Nations," to "Jack the
DRAKE-DRAPER.
Giant-killer," and to similar books. |
In 1854 he published "The Continen-
tal Tour of Messrs. Brown, Jones, and
Robinson," contributed the illustra-
tions to "The Newcomes," by his friend
Thackeray, and some capital sketches
of modern English society to the
Cornhill Magazine. Mr. Doyle pub-
lished a Christmas book for 1869,
called "In Fairy Land: Pictures from
the Elf World."
ܕ
|
torney in Westminster. He was ap-
pointed Treasurer of County Courts
in 1862. In 1867 he was created by
the King of Italy a Commander of the
Order of St. Maurizio and St. Lazzaro ;
in 1868 the Sultan conferred on him
the (second-class) Order of the Medji-
die; and the Emperor of Austria has
also bestowed upon him the Order of
Knighthood of the Iron Crown. On
Sept. 6, 1869, he was knighted at the
instance of Mr. Gladstone, as 2
personal recognition of the services
rendered to the Liberal party by Mr.
Drake during the several years of
close and confidential relations which
had existed between him and its
recognized representatives. His
"Notes on Venetian Ceramics," and
his contributions to art literature and
archæological literature, have made
him known to the more retired class
of students and scholars.
|
DRAKE, FREDERICK, a renowned
German sculptor, born at Pyrmont,
June 23, 1805. He was the son of a
skilled mechanic, who brought him up
to his own trade. Young Drake spent
his leisure in carving figures in wood
and ivory, and succeeded so well that
he eventually resolved to devote him-
self exclusively to sculpture. Ac-
cordingly, at the age of twenty-one he
entered the studio of Rauch, of Berlin,
and in course of time produced a
series of works which placed him in
the foremost rank among German
sculptors. Ultimately he became Pro-
fessor of Sculpture in the Academy of
Fine Arts at Berlin, a member of the
Senate of that academy, and a Knight
of the Third class of the Red Eagle.
His chief works are, a "Madonna and
Child," purchased by the Empress of
Russia; "A Dying Soldier with the
Crown of Victory ;' "The Female
Grape-gatherer ; "The Eight Pro-
vinces of Prussia," a colossal work
executed in 1844 in one of the halls
of the Castle of Berlin; eight groups
decorating the bridge of the same
castle; and another, "Warriorginia.
Crowned by Victory." His fame rests
mainly, however, on the numerous
admirable statues, busts, and medal-
lions which he has executed. Among
these are the statues of Schinkel, of
the two Humboldts, of Rauch, of Jus-
tus Möser, at Osnabrück; the colossal
bust of Oken, the naturalist, at Jena;
and two colossal statues of King
Frederick William III., one at Stet-
tin, the other at Berlin.
**
DRAKE, SIR WILLIAM RICHARD,
F.S.A., born in 1817, was brought up
to the legal profession, and has
practised for many years as an at-
329
DRAPER, JOHN WILLIAM, M.D.,
LL.D., born at St. Helens, near
Liverpool, May 5, 1811. He was
placed under private instructors,
giving special attention to chemistry,
natural philosophy, and the higher
mathematics, and subsequently pro-
secuted his chemical studies at the
University of London. In 1833 he
went to America, and continued his
chemical and medical studies at the
University of Pennsylvania, where he
graduated in 1836. Soon after he
was appointed Professor of Chemistry..
Natural Philosophy, and Physiology
in Hampden-Sidney College, in Vir-
In 1839 he was called to the
chair of Chemistry and Natural
History in the University of the
City of New York. In 1841 he was
appointed Professor of Chemistry in
the University Medical College, and
in 1850 the chair of Physiology was.
added to that of Chemistry; and he
is now President of the Scientific and
Medical departments of the Uni-.
versity. Besides numerous contribu-
tions to European and American
scientific journals, he has published
several purely scientific works of
great value. Among these are :—
Treatise on the Forces which pro--
330
DROUYN-DE-LHUYS.
duce the Organization of Plants"
(1844); "Text Book on Chemistry
(1846); "Human Physiology" (1856),
several times republished; and "Ex-
perimental Examinations of the
distribution of Heat and of Chemical
Force in the Spectrum." Perhaps of
more importance than his purely
scientific works, are those which per-
tain to the departments of philosophy
and history. His "History of the
Intellectual Development of Europe"
(1862), has been translated into
French, German, Italian, Polish, and
Russian. Four lectures given by him
before the New York Historical
Society, were in 1865 issued in a
volume entitled "Thoughts on the
future Civil Policy of America."
His "History of the American Civil
War" (3 vols., 1867-'70), has been
justly described as a "philosophical
history," as distinguished from a
mere narrative of events. His latest
publication is a "History of the Con-
flict between Religion and Science"
(1874). Two sons of Dr. Draper
have attained distinction : JOHN
CHRISTOPHER (born March 31, 1835),
graduated in 1857 in the medical
department of the University of the
City of New York, in which from
1858 to 1860 he was Professor of
Physiology. Subsequently he was
for three years Professor of Chemistry
in the Cooper Union; after which he
became Professor of Chemistry in the
University Medical College, and of
Physiology and Natural History in
the College of the City of New York,
both which positions he now holds.
He has contributed largely to Ameri-
can and English scientific journals,
and has also published a treatise on
Respiration,” and a "Text Book on
Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene."
HENRY, another son of Dr. John
William Draper (born March 7,
1837), graduated in 1858 at the
medical department of the University
of the City of New York, where in
1860 he became Professor of Physi-
ology; he is also Professor of Physi-
ology and Analytical Chemistry in
the scientific department. At his
((
""
residence in Hastings, a few miles
from New York, he has one of the
largest telescopes in the United
States. He has published a memoir
"On the Construction of a Silvered
Glass Telescope," a "Text Book of
Chemistry," and has been a frequent
contributor to scientific periodicals.
F.
DROUYN-DE-LHUYS, EDOUARD,
statesman, born in Paris, Nov. 19,
1805, was educated at the Collége
Louis-le-Grand, where he carried off
all the first prizes.
He entered the
diplomatic service, and became
Chargé d'Affaires at the Hague
during those events which led to the
separation of Belgium from Holland;
was sent in the same capacity to
Spain; after which, returning to
France, be filled a post in the de-
partment of Foreign Affairs. Whilst
holding this appointment, he obtained,
in 1842, a seat in the Chamber, de-
feating the candidate of M. Guizot,
then in power. A second act of par-
liamentary opposition to the govern-
ment upon the Tahiti question cost
him his official post. He was one of
the most earnest of those who com-
bined to overthrow M. Guizot in
Feb. 1848. In M. Odillon- Barrot's
ministry, under Prince Louis Napo-
leon, M. Drouyn-de-Lhuys took the
portfolio of Foreign Affairs, and was
the author of the instructions given
to Gen. Oudinot for the expedition to
Rome. In 1849 he was appointed to
the London embassy, and represented
France at this Court during the Paci-
fico quarrel with Grecce. A differ-
ence arose between the cabinets of
London and Paris, the latter taking
part with Greece; and M. Drouyn-
de-Lhuys, without formally with-
drawing, absented himself from Lon-
don for a short time in consequence.
Lord Palmerston, then at the Foreign
Office, made some concessions, and
the good relations of the two great
countries were re-established. After
the coup d'état of 1851, M. Drouyn-de-
Lhuys again became Minister for
Foreign Affairs, but being disap-
pointed at the issue of the Confer-
ences of Vienna in 1855, resigned.
·
DROYSEN-DU CAMP.
In 1863 he was recalled to his old | 1818, he became, two years later,
post, and was Minister for Foreign assistant-surgeon in the Royal " Mai-
Affairs during the Dano-Germanic son de Santé," and next assistant
war, and during the Conferences of professor in the Maternity Hospital,
London and of Vienna, again resign- where, in 1823, he succeeded his
ing in 1866. Under the Empire, M. father as professor and principal
Drouyn-de-Lhuys was a senator; he
surgeon. In the same year he was
was decorated with the Grand Cross elected a member of the Academy
of the Legion of Honour, Aug. 9, of Medicine, and in 1830, on the re-
1853; received several foreign organisation of the Faculty of Medi-
orders; and was president of many cine, he was appointed Professor of
provincial societies. On the downfall Clinical Midwifery. In 1852 he be-
of the Empire he fled to St. Helier's, came Dean of the Faculty of Paris;
Jersey, but he has since returned to and he was also appointed accoucheur
France.
to the Empress Eugénie, whom he
attended at the birth of the Prince
Imperial. Baron Dubois retired from
his professorship on a pension in
1863, having some years previously
resigned the post of Dean of the
Faculty, and received the title of
honorary dean. His writings con-
sist almost exclusively of reports and
memoirs printed in various medical
journals.
DU BOIS-REYMOND, EMIL
HEINRICH, PH.D., Member and Per-
petual Secretary of the Imperial
Academy of Berlin, Imperial Privy
Councillor, Professor in Ordinary of
Physiology in the University of
Berlin and Director of the Physiolo-
gical Apparatus, and of the Physiolo-
gical Laboratory, was born at Berlin,
Nov. 7, 1818. În 1851 Dr. Du Bois-
Reymond, who by his researches in
the department of Animal Electricity
has rendered the most important
services to science, was elected a
Member of the Imperial Academy.
In 1858 he was nominated Professor
of Physiology in the University, and
afterwards was made a Perpetual
Secretary of the Academy. He has
written "Investigations on Animal
Electricity" (vol. I., 1848, vol. II.,
Pt. I., 1849, Pt. II., 1860);
fibræ muscularis reactione ut chemi-
cis visa est acida," 1859; and other
learned works.
"De
DROYSEN, JOHN GUSTAVUS, Pro-
fessor of History at Berlin, was born
July 6, 1808, at Treptow, in Pome-
rania, and in 1835 became Professor
in the University of Berlin, in 1840
in Kiel, in 1848 was intrusted with
a commission from the provisional
government of the Elbe Duchies to
Frankfort, and became at a later date
Member of the Parliament at Frank-
fort, and Secretary of the Constitu-
tional Committee. In 1851, Dr. Droy-
sen was nominated a Professor in the
University of Jena, and in 1859 re-
turned to Berlin, where he still re-
mains. He is a Chevalier of the Order
of Leopold of Belgium, and of the Or-
der of the House of Ernest of Saxony.
He has written a (
History of Alexan-
der the Great," 1837; "History of
Hellenism," 2 vols., 1836-43; "Lec-|
tures on the History of the War of
Freedom," 2 vols. 1846; "Life of F.
Marshall, Count York of Warten-
burg," 2 vols., 4th edit., 1863; "His-
tory of Danish Politics from Acts and
Documents," conjointly with Samwer,
1850; and a 66
History of Prussian
Politics," vols. i.-x., 1855-70. Dr.
Droysen has also edited "A Transla-
tion of Eschylus," 3rd edit., 1868;
and a "Translation of Aristophanes,'
2nd edit. 1869.
DUBLIN, ARCHBISHOP OF. (See
TRENCH, DR.)
DUBOIS, (BARON), PAUL AN-
TOINE, a French physician, son of
the celebrated Baron Antoine Dubois,
was born at Paris, Dec. 7, 1795.
Having taken his doctor's degrees in
331
DU CAMP, MAXIME, son of a dis-
tinguished French surgeon, Théodore
Joseph Du Camp (who died in 1824),
was born at Paris, Feb. 8, 1822. On
leaving college he travelled exten-
332
DU CANE-DU CHAILLU.
|
sively in the East in 1844-45, and
again in 1849-51. During his last
journey he made a large collection of
photographic negatives and scenes in
Egypt, Nubia, Palestine, and Asia
Minor, which he has since published
in connection with descriptive texts
in several volumes. In 1851 he was
one of the five founders of the Revue de
Paris, and he contributed to it, both
in prose and verse, until its suspen-
until its suspen-
sion in 1858. Besides his works of
travel in the East, he has published
"Les Chants modernes," poems,
1855;
"Mes Convictions," poems,
1858; "En Hollande, lettres à un
ami," 1859; Expédition des Deux
Siciles," 1861;"Paris, ses organes, ses
fonctions, et sa vie," 6 vols., 1869-75,
his most important work; and
"L'Attentat Fieschi," 1877, being an
account of the attempt, which, as a
school-boy of twelve, he chanced to
witness, that was made by Fieschi in
the Boulevard du Temple on the life
of Louis Philippe, July 28, 1835.
M. Du Camp has been an officer of
the Legion of Honour since 1853.
DU CANE, SIR EDMUND FRE-tary Prisons.
DERICK, K.C.B., son of Major Richard
Du Cane, by Eliza, daughter of
Thomas Ware, Esq., of Woodfirt,
near Mallow, co. Cork, was born at
Colchester, Essex, in 1830. He was
educated at the Military Academy,
Woolwich, and obtained his commis-
sion as second Lieutenant in the Royal
Engineers Dec. 19, 1848. In 1850
he was appointed to assist in prepar-
ing for and carrying out the Great
Exhibition of 1851, and he appeared
in the list of the Staff as assistant
secretary to the jurors and assistant
superintendent of the foreign side.
At that time Lord Grey was forming
a convict establishment in Western
Australia to carry out a system em-
bodying all the improvements which
nearly a century of experience
had suggested, and a company of
Sappers, to which Lieutenant Du
Cane was appointed, was sent out to
assist in the operation. He was
made a magistrate of the colony and
a visiting magistrate of convict
66
depôts, and directed the labour of
the convicts, who were employed in
developing the communications of
the colony. In July, 1856, he was
attached to the War Department for
special service, and employed on the
design of the large works of defence
undertaken under the auspices of
Lord Palmerston; the fortification
of the western heights at Dover and
the long line of works which protect
the dockyard at Plymouth on the
land side have been carried out on
plans submitted by him to the De-
fence Committee. În February, 1854,
In
he had been promoted to be first
lieutenant, and on the 16th of April,
1858, he became second captain. In
July, 1863, he was appointed by Sir
George Grey a director of Convict
Prisons when the Board was recon-
structed after the death of Sir Joshua
Jebb, and when the report of the
Royal Commission on Penal Servi-
tude suggested considerable modifi-
cations in the convict system. He
was at the same time appointed by
Lord Ripon to be Inspector of Mili-
In 1869, on the
appointment of Colonel Henderson
to succeed Sir Richard Mayne as
Chief Commissioner of the Metro-
politan Police, Captain Du Cane was
made Chairman of Directors of Con-
vict Prisons, Surveyor-General of
Prisons, and Inspector-General of
Military Prisons.
Military Prisons. In July, 1872, he
was promoted to be Major, and on
December 11, 1873, to be Lieutenant-
Colonel, having also in the same year
been made a Companion of the Bath.
In July, 1877, he was created a
K.C.B., and made Chairman of the
Prison Commissioners, appointed by
Royal Warrant under the Prisons
Act, 1877, to undertake the difficult
task of reorganizing and managing
the county and borough prisons,
which from April 1, 1878, came
under the control of the Government.
DU CHAILLU, PAUL BELLONI,
born in Paris, July 31, 1835. His
father was a trader on the west coast
of Africa, whither Paul went at an
early age, and where he acquired a
DUCKWORTH-DUCROT.
|
knowledge of the languages and
modes of life of the neighbouring
tribes, also devoting much attention
to natural history. In 1852 he went
to the United States with a cargo of
ebony, and published a series of
papers on the Gaboon country. In
Oct., 1855, he sailed from New York
for Africa, purposing to explore the
then unknown region lying two
degrees on each side of the equator.
He spent nearly four years in this
region, penetrating to about longi-
tude 14° 15′ E. During this time he
shot and stuffed more than 2,000
birds, of which 60 species were pre-
viously unknown to naturalists, and
killed fully 1.000 animals, among
which were several gorillas, a species
probably never before seen by any
European, and 20 other species of
animals previously unclassified. He
returned to New York in 1859, tak-
ing with him a large collection of
native arms and implements, and
numerous specimens in natural his-
tory, which were publicly exhibited,
and many of which were afterwards
purchased by the British Museum.
The history of this expedition was
published under the title "Explora-
tions and Adventures in Equatorial
Africa," (1861; revised edition, 1871).
A sharp controversy arose concerning
the truthfulness of this book, and Du
Chaillu resolved to vindicate himself
by undertaking a second expedition
to the same region. He sailed from
England Aug. 6, 1863, and reached
the mouth of the Ogobai river, Oct.
10. Here the canoe containing his
astronomical and photographic in-
struments was swamped, and he was
obliged to send to England for a new
supply. While awaiting these he
made many hunting excursions, in
which he had fresh opportunity of
studying the habits of the gorilla.
In Sept., 1864, he set out for the in-
terior, revisited some of the scenes of❘
his former explorations, and pene-
trated among tribes hitherto un-
tribes hitherto un-
known. He was forced, in Sept. 1865,
to return to the coast in consequence
of a conflict with the natives, which
|
|
333
resulted in the loss of everything
except his journals. He published
an account of this expedition under
the title "A Journey to Ashango
Land" (1867). He spent several
subsequent years in the United
States, where he lectured frequently,
publishing in the meanwhile a series
of books for the young, in which the
salient points of his adventures were
narrated, with perhaps some embel-
lishments. This series comprises:
"Stories of the Gorilla Country
(1868), "Wild Life under the
Equator" (1869), "Lost in the
Jungle" (1869), "My Apingi King-
dom (1870), and "The Country of
the Dwarfs" (1871). Subsequently
he made a journey to Sweden, Nor-
way, Lapland, and Finland, and has
now (1878) nearly ready for publica-
tion a narrative of this tour.
""
""
DUCKWORTH, THE REV. ROBIN-
SON, M.A., second son of Robinson
Duckworth, Esq., a Liverpool mer-
chant, born in 1834, was elected to
an open scholarship at University
College, Oxford, in 1853, and gradu-
ated B.A. in first-class classical
honours in 1857; he was afterwards
elected a Fellow of Trinity, and was
Assistant Master at Marlborough
College from 1858 to 1860, and
Tutor of Trinity College from 1860
to 1866. In 1864 he was appointed
Examining Chaplain to the late
bishop of Peterborough, and in 1866
was selected by her Majesty as in-
structor to his Royal Highness Prince
Leopold. In 1867 he was appointed
Governor to his Royal Highness, and
held that post for three years. On
his retirement in 1870 he was ap-
pointed Chaplain in Ordinary to the
Queen, and presented to the crown
living of St. Mark's, St. Marylebone.
He was appointed a Canon of West-
minster in succession to the late Mr.
Charles Kingsley in March, 1875.
In the same year he was appointed
Vicar of St. Mark's, Hamilton-
terrace, London, and Honorary Chap-
lain to the Prince of Wales.
DUCROT, AUGUSTE ALEXANDRE,
a French General, born at Nevers in
e.
&
334
DUFAURE.
1817. After receiving his education | vols., illustrated with coloured maps,.
on "La Défense de Paris, 1870-71."
at Saint Cyr, he served for many
years in Algeria, and subsequently
in Italy. In 1865 he was promoted
to the rank of General of Division,
and in 1869 was put in command of
the sixth division, quartered at
Strasburg. During the ensuing war
he was attached to the forces of
MacMahon. In the attempt at
effecting a junction with Bazaine at
Metz, he was the first to reach the
Meuse. On Sept. 1, 1870, he fought
valiantly at the battle of Sédan, and
when MacMahon was wounded, he
received from him the command in
chief. He intended to retreat to-
wards Belgium, but was prevented
by the arrival of General Wimpffen,
who took command in accordance
with precautionary orders brought
from the Minister of War. After
the surrender Ducrot refused to
accept the favours which were ex-
tended to French officers, and he was
put under arrest at Pont-à-Mousson.
Soon afterwards he escaped, and,
reaching Paris, obtained command of
the 13th and 14th Army Corps, with
which he fought the bloody but in-
decisive battles of Rueil, La Jon-
chère, and Buzenval. At the close
of November, and the beginning of
December, he operated with the
second army in the great sorties
south of Paris and on the Marne, but
failing in his enterprises, he with-
drew to the woods of Vincennes. He
also participated in the last and
disastrous sortie of Jan. 19, 1871.
After the capitulation of Paris he
was elected to the National Assembly.
On Sept. 1, 1872, he was appointed
Commander-in-Chief of the 8th Army
Corps at Bourges, and he vacated his
seat in the Chamber Nov. 29, 1873,
in order that he might devote his
undivided attention to his military
duties. He was removed from the
command of the Army Corps at
Bourges in Jan., 1878. In 1871 he
published "La Journée de Sédan,"
De l'état-major et des différentes
Armes," and
"La vérité sur l'Al-
gérie "; and in 1875 a work in 3
|
DUFAURE JULES-ARMAND--
STANISLAS, advocate and politician,
born Dec. 4. 1798, at Saujon, Cha-
rente-Inférieure, was educated for the
bar, and practised at Bordeaux. He
entered political life in 1834, and
under the Guizot ministry became a
Councillor of State, and afterwards
Minister of Public Works. On the
rejection of the law of dotation, he
quitted the cabinet and was one of
the Liberal opposition. After the
revolution of Feb., 1848, he was
elected for the Charente-Inférieure,
and became Minister of the Interior,
June 2, 1849. When the President
resolved to usurp the whole power of
the state, M. Dufaure was one of the
representatives who escaped seizure
and imprisonment. M. Dufaure hav-
ing always supported the cause of law
and order, opposed the coup d'état,.
against which he protested with M.
de Tocqueville and many of the
constitutional statesmen of France.
When elected to the Academy, M..
St.-Marc-Girardin was chosen by that
body to announce M. Dufaure's elec--
tion to the emperor. His Majesty
received him most graciously, and
said that, although M. Dufaure was
not among the number of his sup-
porters, he altogether approved the
choice of the Academy, and he should
never forget the services rendered by
M. Dufaure at the time of the Presi-
dency. During the prosecution of
the Count of Montalembert, in 1862,
M. Dufaure defended the publisher
of his pamphlet with great skill and
eloquence. After the fall of the em-
pire he was returned to the National
Assembly by the department of Cha-
rente-Inférieure, and when M. Thiers
formed his government in Feb., 1871,
he selected M. Dufaure as Minister of
Justice. On the overthrow of M..
Thiers's government in May, 1873,.
M. Dufaure went out of office. He
again became Minister of Justice
under M. Buffet's administration in
March, 1875. At the senatorial elec--
tions of Jan. 30, 1876, M. Buffet did
DUFF DUFFERIN.
algte e
not succeed in getting elected for his
department, where the Bonapartist
list was carried; but in the following
month he was returned as Deputy
from the arrondissement of Marennes.
The result of the legislative elections
was so hostile to M. Buffet, that he
retired from office, and M. Dufaure
then, at the request of the Marshal
President, formed a cabinet more in
accord with the opinion manifested
by the nation. In Aug., 1876, he
was elected a Senator for Life in suc-
cession to the late M. Casimir Périer.
On Dec. 1, 1876, the Ministry suffered
a defeat in the Senate, and M. Buffet
with all the members of his cabinet
retired from office on the following
day. A new ministry was formed
under the presidency of M. Dufaur
in Dec. 1877.
DUFF, MOUNTSTUART ELPHIN-
STONE GRANT, M.P., son of the late
J. C. Grant Duff, Esq. (formerly Resi-
dent at Sattara, and author of "The
History of the Mahrattas "), was born
in 1829, and educated at Edinburgh,
and Balliol College, Oxford, where he
graduated B.A. in 1850, and proceeded
M.A. in 1853. He was called to the
bar at the Inner Temple in 1854. He
is a Deputy-Lieutenant for Elginshire
and Aberdeenshire, and a Magistrate
for Elginshire, Banffshire, and Aber-
deenshire. He is the author of
"Studies in European Politics," "A
Political Survey," &c., and has sat in
the Liberal interest for the Elgin
burghs since Dec., 1857. He was in-
stalled Lord-Rector of the University
of Aberdeen March 22, 1867. He
was appointed Under-Secretary of
State for India, Dec., 1868, and held
that office till the downfall of Mr.
Gladstone's administration in Feb.,
1874. Mr. Grant-Duff was re-installed
in the Lord-Rectorship of Aberdeen
University in Nov., 1870. A volume
of his "Elgin Speeches" appeared
|
in 1871.
DUFFERIN, (EARL OF), THE
RIGHT HON. FREDERICK TEMPLE
BLACKWOOD, K.C.B., K.P., is the
only son of Price, fourth Baron Duffe-
rin, by Helen Selina, eldest daughter
335
of the late Thomas Sheridan, Esq.
(she re-married in 1862 the Earl of
Gifford, and died in 1867). From
Eton School his lordship was sent to
Christ Church, Oxford, but he left the
University without taking a degree.
He succeeded to his father's title
July 21, 1841, while still in his
minority; and for some years he was
a lord-in-waiting on the Queen under
Lord John Russell's first administra-
tion, and again in 1854-58. Accom-
panied by a friend he went from
Oxford to Ireland at the time of the
famine in 1846-47, and on his return
published an account of his expe-
riences under the title of "Narra-
tive of a Journey from Oxford to
Skibbereen, during the year of the
Irish Famine." In Feb., 1855, he
was specially attached to the mission
undertaken by Lord John Russell to
Vienna. In 1859 he made a yacht
voyage to Iceland, a well-known
narrative of which expedition he
published in the following year under
the title of "Letters from High Lati-
tudes." He was sent to the East by
Lord Palmerston in 1860 as British
Commissioner in Syria, for the pur-
pose of prosecuting inquiries into the
massacre of the Christians there, in
which capacity he acted with great
firmness. For his services on that
occasion he was nominated on his
return a K.C.B. (civil division). He
was Under-Secretary of State for
India from 1864 to the early part of
1866, and Under-Secretary for War
from the latter date to the following
June. On the advent of Mr. Glad-
stone to power in Dec., 1868, he was
nominated Chancellor of the Duchy
of Lancaster, and he held that office
till April, 1872, when he was ap-
pointed Governor-General of the
Dominion of Canada. In the summer
of 1876 his lordship, who was accom-
panied by Lady Dufferin, made a
most successful tour through British
Columbia, where much discontent
had prevailed in consequence of a
belief that the conditions had been
broken on which that remote province
had joined the Dominion of Canada.
G
336
DUFFY.
He held the post of Governor-General,
of Canada till Oct. 1878, when he was
succeeded by the Marquis of Lorne.
In May, 1878, he was elected Presi-
dent of the Royal Geographical So-
ciety, and in the following month he
attended the Harvard University Com-
memoration, when the honorary
degree of LL.D. was conferred upon
him. His lordship was created an
English baron in 1850; nominated a
Knight of St. Patrick in 1863; ap-
pointed Lord-Lieutenant of the county
of Down in 1864; sworn a Privy
Councillor Dec. 12, 1868; and was
made an Earl of the United Kingdom
in Nov., 1871. In addition to the
works already mentioned, the Earl of
Dufferin has written several works in
light literature, among them a satire
on high life in the nineteenth century,
entitled, "The Honourable Impulsia
Gushington." He is also the author
of "Irish Emigration and the Tenure
of Land in Ireland ;""Mr. Mill's
Plan for the Pacification of Ireland
examined;" and, "Contributions to
an Inquiry into the State of Ireland."
The earl married, in 1862, Harriet,
eldest daughter of the late Captain
Archibald Rowan Hamilton, of
leagh Castle, co. Down, by whom he
has several children.
the most cultivated and independent
section of the Irish organization in
favour of legislative independence. A
remarkable literature sprang up in
connection with the Nation, one of
Mr. Duffy's contributions to which,
the "Ballad Poetry of Ireland," has
run through forty editions, the latest
of which appeared in 1870. In 1844
Mr. Duffy was tried and convicted of
sedition along with O'Connell; the
conviction, however, was set aside, on
appeal, by the House of Lords. In
1846 O'Connell quarrelled with the
Young Ireland Party, and they estab-
lished the Irish Confederation, of
which Mr. Duffy was one of the
founders. He was tried with the
other leaders of that body for treason-
felony in 1848, but after four indict-
ments it was found impossible to pro-
cure a conviction. He then revived
the Nation, which had been sup-
pressed, and opposed Sir Thomas
Redington, Under-Secretary for Ire-
land in the Government which had
prosecuted him, and defeated that
gentleman at New Ross, for which
borough Mr. Duffy was elected mem-
ber in July, 1852. He was one of the
Killy-founders of the Tenant League, and
in connection with Frederick Lucas
and George Henry Moore, of the In-
dependent Irish Party in the House
of Commons, which sprang out of the
League. The defection of a large
section of that party induced him to
resign his seat in Parliament in 1856,
when he emigrated to Australia. He
practised for some time at the bar in
Melbourne, but was finally drawn
back to politics, and in 1857 became
Minister of Public Works in the first
administration under responsible
government in Victoria. In 1858 he
became Minister of Lands, which
office he again accepted in a third ad-
ministration in 1862. Mr. Duffy was
chairman of a parliamentary com-
mittee, and subsequently of a royal
commission on the subject of Fede-
ration of the Australian Colonies,
which obtained the assent of the
leading statesmen of Australia to the
principle of ultimate federation. After
DUFFY, THE HON. SIR CHARLES
GAVAN, was born in Monaghan in
1816, descended of a native family
which produced eminent scholars and
ecclesiastics. At the period of the
English Invasion (1172), the Irish
chiefs sent an embassy to Rome, con-
sisting of two archbishops, one of
whom bore the Celtic name which is
Anglicised as Charles Duffy. In his
twentieth year Mr. Duffy became sub-
editor of the Dublin Morning
Register, and a little later editor of
an influential journal in Belfast. He
returned to Dublin in 1842, and
established the Nation in conjunction
with Thomas Davis and John Dillon.
The Nation, which was a journal of
the largest circulation and the
greatest influence that had appeared
in Ireland, was the organ of what was
known as the Young Ireland Party,
DUMAS.
a visit of two years to Europe, he re-
entered Parliament in Victoria, and
became Prime Minister in 1871. Mr.
Duffy having in June, 1872, suffered
a parliamentary defeat, claimed the
right of dissolution, but Viscount
Canterbury, the governor of Victoria,
did not think fit to comply with his
request. Accordingly, Mr. Duffy re-
signed office. Subsequently he was
asked, through Viscount Canterbury,
whether a Companionship of the
Order of St. Michael and St. George
would be acceptable to him; this he
respectfully declined, but soon after-
wards Viscount Canterbury wrote
again offering him knighthood, where-
upon he overcame his scruples and
was gazetted a knight, May 31, 1873.
On his return to the colony at the
commencement of the year 1876, after
two years' absence in Europe, he was
returned a member of the Legislative
Assembly on the first vacancy oc-
curring; and on the meeting of a new
Parliament in May, 1877, he was
unanimously elected Speaker of the
Legislative Assembly. Sir Gavan
Duffy is Chairman of the Trustees of
the National Gallery of Victoria, and
has taken an active share in projects
for encouraging art, literature, and
industrial enterprise in that new
country. He was twice married, and
was called to the bar in 1846, but
only practised for a short period.
DUMAS, ALEXANDRE, the younger,
son of the late M. Alexandre Davy
Dumas, novelist and dramatic writer,
was born in Paris, July 28, 1824, and
received his education in the Collége
Bourbon, where he distinguished him-
self. He was early introduced into
the society of literary men, actors,
and actresses, and was conspicuous
for his wit and precocity. At the age
of seventeen he composed a collection
of poems,
"Les Péchés de Jeunesse,"
a work of small literary merit. He
travelled with his father in Spain
and in Africa, and on his return
wrote "Les Aventures de Quatre
Femmes et d'un Perraquet," published
in 1846-7. He had early the sense to
perceive that he could not excel as a
337
-
poet, and has succeeded best as a
dramatic writer, by his objective in-
stincts, and a microscopical power of
delineating and magnifying the worst
side of society in his dramas. He
may be said to belong to the sensuous
school of French literature. His
principal work of fiction, "La Dame
aux Camélias," became one of the
best-known productions of the day.
A dramatic version was played in
1852, after having been interdicted by
M. Léon Faucher, and, reproduced
in Verdi's opera “La Traviata,”
created a still greater sensation. M.
Dumas, who has written many dra-
matic pieces, is considered by the
public the greatest living dramatist
of the Demi-monde. A new comedy
from his pen, entitled "Les Idées de
Madame Aubray," was produced at
Paris early in 1867. His "Visite de
Noces" was brought out at the Gym-
nase Dramatique, Oct. 10, 1871, and
"La Princesse Georges" at the same
theatre on Dec. 2, 1871. In 1872
he published a pamphlet entitled
"L'Homme-Femme," which caused a
considerable sensation. It was elicited
by the "Affaire Clemenceau," and a
dramatic version of it was produced
at the Gymnase, Jan. 16, 1873, under
the title of "La Femme de Claude.
M. Dumas was installed as a member
of the French Academy, Feb. 11,
1875. His drama "Joseph Balsamo,'
based on his father's romance of
""
،،
Cagliostro," was represented for the
first time at the Odéon Theatre,
March 18, 1878.
DUMAS, JEAN-BAPTISTE, at one
time Minister of Agriculture and
Commerce, Professor of Chemistry at
the Sorbonne, in the School of Medi-
cine, and member of the Institute,
was born at Alais, July 14, 1800.
When fourteen, M. Dumas went to
Geneva to study chemistry, botany,
and medicine, and his first publica-
tion was an essay in connection with
De Candolle, then a professor in the
Swiss city. The attention of scien-
tific men was attracted by his re-
searches in animal physiology, in
which he was associated with M.
Z
#
DU MAURIER—DÜMICHEN.
Prévost. In 1823 he was appointed | were emigrés from Brittany during
Teacher of Chemistry in the Ecole the Reign of Terror. He came over
Polytechnique, Paris. M. Dumas to England at the age of seventeen,
published a memoir on the relations and studied chemistry under Dr.
existing between the specific weights Williamson at University College,
of solid bodies and their atomic London. Afterwards he studied
weight; and from that time to the painting in Paris under the famous
present has been constantly adding Mr. Gleyre. He first began to draw
to our stock of knowledge of organic on wood in England for Once a Week,
chemistry. M. Dumas' theory of afterwards for Punch and the Corn-
substitution is one of his most im- hill Magazine, and subsequently he
portant works; and his treatise on joined the Punch staff. Mr. Du
chemistry, as applied to the arts, is Maurier has illustrated "Esmond,"
another valuable offering to practical "The Story of a Feather," and many
science. His "Leçons sur la Philo- other books.
sophie Chimique," published in 1837,
are popular, and as a lecturer he is
one of the most distinguished in
Paris. In May, 1849, he was elected
to the National Assemby; and the
President of the Republic summoned
him, Oct. 31, to join the administra-
tion, intrusting him with the post of
Minister of Agriculture and Com-
merce, where his chemical knowledge
enabled him to render public service.
He originated annual meetings bear-
ing on agriculture, commerce, and
manufactures. M. Dumas was chair-
man of the jury, Class 2, in the Great
Exhibition of 1851, in London; re-
tired from the ministry Jan. 9, 1851 ;
and was Vice-President of the Senate
from 1861 to 1863. He has contri-
buted to French literature a number
of memoirs on chemical subjects; was
promoted Commander of the Legion
of Honour, April 27, 1845; Grand
Officer, Dec. 29, 1855, and Grand
Cross, Aug. 14. 1863. In 1868 he
was elected permanent Secretary of
the Academy of Sciences. M. Dumas
delivered the first Faraday Lecture
before the Chemical Society of Lon-
don, June 17, 1869. He was a member
of the International Monetary Com-
mission (1875-76); and on June 1,
1876, he was installed a member of
the French Academy in succession to
the late M. Guizot.
338
DU MAURIER, GEORGE LOUIS
PALMELLA BUSSON, artist, was born
March 6, 1834, and educated in
Paris, but is a British subject. His
grandparents on his father's side
DÜMICHEN, JOHANNES, Egypto-
logist, born Oct. 15, 1833, at Wissholz,
near Grossglogan, in Silesia, where
he received the first elements of cul-
ture from his father, who was a
clergyman. He afterwards studied
at the Glogau gymnasium, and at the
universities of Berlin and Breslau, in
theology and philology. After acting
as private tutor for some years, he
again resorted to Berlin for the pur-
pose of studying the Egyptian lan-
guage and antiquities under Prof.
Lepsius. In Oct., 1862, he went
upon an archæological expedition to
Egypt, under the auspices of the
Prussian government. When there,
he extended his travels to Nubia and
the Soudan, and spent several years
altogether in the Nile valley, return-
ing in April, 1865, with a bulky
portfolio of the inscriptions he had
copied, and copious notes of his
wanderings. In 1868 he went to
Egypt a second time at the command
of the King of Prussia, and added
considerably to the number of his
photographs of the monuments. The
results of these travels appeared in a
splendid work published at Berlin in
2 vols., 1869-70. The opening of the
Suez Canal afforded him a third
opportunity of visiting the Nile
countries at the special invitation of
the Khedive. On this occasion he
acted as the cicerone of the Prussian
Crown Prince on his travels through
Egypt. Besides the work already
referred to should be mentioned his
"Baurkunde der Tempelanlagen
44
""
""
von Dendera (Leipzig, 1865);
"Geographische Inschriften (2
vols., Leipz., 1865-66, and a vol. of
text); "Altägypt. Kalendarin-
schriften" (120 plates, Leipz., 1866);
Altägypt. Tempelinschriften (2
vols., Leipz., 1867); "Die Flotte
ciner ägypt. Königin (33 plates,
with text, Leipz., 1868, and simul-
taneously in English, having been
translated by the author's wife, who
is an Englishwoman); "Historische
Inschriften Altägypt. Denkmäler "
(2 vols., fol., Leipz., 1867-69); "Eine
Altägypt. Getreiderechnung" (Leipz.,
1870), besides numerous contribu-
tions to Lepsius and Brugsch's " Jour-
nal for the Egyptian Language and
Antiquities." Herr Dümichen is now
Prof. of Egyptology at Strasburg.
DUNBAR, SIR WILLIAM, Bart., of
Mochrum, Wigtonshire, N.B., eldest
son of the late James Dunbar, Esq.,
formerly of the 21st Light Dragoons,
born March 2, 1812, and educated at
the University of Edinburgh, was
called to the Scotch bar in 1835, but
has never practised. He succeeded
as seventh baronet, on the death of
his uncle, Sir William Rowe Dunbar,
June 22, 1841. He is a Magistrate
and Deputy-Lieutenant for the
county of Wigton, and represented,
in the Liberal interest, the Wigton
burghs from 1857 to 1865. In 1859
he was appointed a Lord of the
Treasury, and Keeper of the Privy
Seal to the Prince of Wales, as owner
of the Duchy of Cornwall; in 1863
he became Keeper of the Great Seal
of the Prince of Wales, as Steward of
Scotland, which office, though hono-
rary and unsalaried, is one of high
distinction, ranking next to that
of Chancellor of the Duchy of Corn-ingly came to reside in London.
wall; and he was appointed Comp- Among his works are a treatise “On
troller-General of the Exchequer Perimetritis and Parametritis;""Re-
and Chairman of the Board of Audit, searches in Obstetrics; Fecundity,
July 27, 1865. On the abolition of Fertility, Sterility, and allied topics;
the Board of Audit in April, 1867, he "On the Mortality of Childbed and
was appointed, by patent under the Maternity Hospitals; "Contribu-
Great Seal, Comptroller-General of tions to the Mechanism of Natural
H.M.'s Exchequer and Auditor- and Morbid Parturition."
General of public accounts.
M.D., F.R.S.E., born April 29, 1826.
at Aberdeen, was educated at the
Grammar School of Aberdeen, Maris-
chal College and University, spent
one winter at the University of Edin-
burgh, and the next at the Medical
School of Paris. He was formerly a
member of Council of the Royal
Society of Edinburgh, and is at
present a member of Council of the
Royal College of Physicians. Dr.
Duncan took an active and intimate
part in the discovery of the anæs-
thetic property of chloroform in 1847,
contributing largely to the diffusion
of knowledge regarding it; and was
the means of extending the operation
of the "Medical Benevolent Fund "
to Scotland. In 1860 he began, with
a few others, the Edinburgh Royal
Hospital for Sick Children, which is
now in successful operation, and is
one of the largest and best hospitals
of the kind in the world. Dr. Dun-
can began, in 1853, to lecture on
midwifery, and diseases of women
and children, in connection with the
Surgeons' Hall Medical School; in
1870 he was a candidate for the chair
of Midwifery in the University of
Edinburgh, when his claims were
supported by 420 former and present
pupils. In consequence of his not
getting the chair much public indig-
nation was excited against the
patrons, and a meeting was held in
London, of those interested in the
University of Edinburgh, to recom-
mend and procure a change in the
method of electing professors. In
1877 he was offered the offices of
obstetric physician and lecturer in
St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London,
which he accepted, and he accord-
99 (6
""
DUNCAN, JAMES
JAMES MATTHEWS,
DURHAM, BISHOP OF. (Sec
BARING, Dr.)
DUNBAR-DURHAM.
""
339
>>
z 2
340
DURNFORD-DURUY.
>>
a
DURNFORD, THE RIGHT REV.
RICHARD, D.D., eldest son of the
Rev. Richard Durnford, rector of
Goodworth Clatford, Hampshire, by
Louisa, daughter of Mr. William
Mount, of Wasing Place, Berkshire,
was born at Sandleford, Berkshire, in
1802. He received his education at
Eton, where he was a contributor to
the celebrated Etonian, of which the
late Mr. Winthrop Mackworth Praed
was editor; and many of his Latin
verses appear in the "Musæ Eto-
nenses. He passed in due course
from Eton to Oxford, and was elected
successively a Demy and a Fellow of
Magdalene College, where he took
his B.A. degree in 1826, obtaining
first class in classical honours, and
proceeded M.A. in 1829. In 1835 he
was appointed rector of Middleton,
Lancashire. He was preferred to the
archdeaconry of Manchester in 1867,
and made a Canon of Manchester
Cathedral in 1868. He was chosen to
be one of the Proctors in Convoca-
tion. In 1870, on the recommenda-
tion of Mr. Gladstone, he was nomi-
nated by the Crown to the bishopric
of Chichester, being consecrated at
Whitehall on May 8. Bishop Durn-
ford has devoted himself earnestly
to the prominent movements of the
time within the Established Church,
especially temperance, middle-class
education, and the organised work of
He has published some ser-
mons and charges. He married in
1830, Emma, daughter of the late
Rev. John Keate, D.D., late head-
master of Eton and Canon of
Windsor.
women.
DURUY, JEAN VICTOR, born at
Paris in 1811, commenced his classi-
cal studies in 1823 at the Collège
Rollin, then called Collège Sainte-
Barbe; was admitted into the Nor-
mal School in 1830, was appointed
to the class of history at the College
of Reims in 1833, and in the same
year to a similar position in the Col-
lege of Henry IV. at Paris, after-
wards called the College Napoléon.
About this time he published anony-
mously various elementary histo-
|
rical works, In 1853 he took the de-
gree of Doctor "ès lettres," afterwards
became Inspector of the Academy of
Paris, Master of the Conferences at
the École Normale, and Professor of
History at the École Polytechnique,
and by decree June 23, 1863, was
appointed Minister of Public Instruc-
tion. The changes and reforms which
he introduced in his department and
his numerous programmes and cir-
culars gave rise to much discussion.
Of course, the systematic opponents
of the Government saw nothing good
in what he did, and he was often
severely criticised by such of them as
belonged to his own profession. By
the Catholic party, too, he was sharply
attacked, and his "Synopsis of Con-
temporary History," for the use of
the Lyceum, in which work several
material points relating to the poli-
tical events of our day were discussed,
exposed him to severe censure. On
resigning the office of Minister of
Public Instruction in July, 1869, he
was appointed a Senator, with a
dotation of 30,000 francs. He sat in
the Senate until the revolution of
Sept. 4, 1870. His principal works
are Géographie Politique de la
République Romaine et de l'Empire,"
1838; "Géographie Historique du
Moyen Age," 1839; "Géographie de
la France," 1840; "Atlas de Géogra-
phie Historique," 1841; "Histoire
des Romains, 1840-4; "Histoire
Romaine,'
1848; "Histoire de
France," 1852; "Histoire Grecque,"
1851; "Histoire de la Grèce An-
cienne," 1852-a work 'crowned
by the French Academy; "Histoire
Moderne," 1863;
"Histoire Popu-
laire de la France," 1863; "Histoire
Populaire Contemporaine,” 1864 ; and
"Introduction Générale à l'Histoire
de France," 1865. M. Duruy was
decorated with the Cross of the
Legion of Honour in 1845; pro-
moted to the grade of Officer of
that order, Aug. 12, 1863; to that
of Commander, Aug. 13, 1864; and
to that of Grand Officer, Aug. 4, 1867.
He has been an Officer of the Turkish
(6
""
Order of the Medjidié since 1857.
**
DUVAL-DUVERNAY.
341
DUVAL, EDGAR RAOUL, a French | and the tribune. In his work entitled
politician, born at Laon, April 9, "Des Principes du Gouvernement
1832. His father was President of Représentatif et de leur Applica-
the Court of Bordeaux, and he him- tion," 1838, he manifested great sym-
self entered the legal order at an early pathy for constitutional monarchy,
age. Under the Empire he was con- and formulated the celebrated maxim:
nected with the official lawyers at
Nantes; was Advocate-General at
Angers, Bordeaux, and Rouen; and
was inscribed at the bar in the latter
city. He was but little known in the
political world when he was elected
Deputy from the Seine Inférieure, July
2, 1871, by 58,387 votes, but he had no
sooner entered the Assembly than he
took position as one of the leaders of
the Right. He first became noted on
account of his frequent and vigorous
attacks on M. Thiers. After the fall
of the Thiers Ministry he turned round
and attacked his old ally the Duc de
Broglie. At the commencement of
1875 he joined the Bonapartists and
in several remarkable speeches praised
the much-vilified Second Empire,
and prophesied its restoration. Thus
he made himself the chief of the
Young Imperialist" party. In 1876
he was elected for Louviers, but at
the elections of Oct. 14, 1877, he
failed to secure his re-election. In
1876 he established at Paris La
Nation, a new organ of the Bo-
napartist party.
DUVERGIER DE HAURANNE,
PROSPER, a French author and
member of the Academy, son of
Jean Marie Duvergier, a well-
known politician (who died in
1831), was born at Rouen, Aug. 3,
1798. Having completed his studies
he spent a year in England, and
the impressions his mind then
received led him in after life to extol
our political institutions. On his
return home he wrote several farces,
and became connected with various
influential journals, in which he
earnestly advocated the moderate
policy inaugurated by M. Casimir
Périer. Under the Molé ministry
(April 15, 1837) he was a member
and one of the promoters of the
famous coalition. Indeed, he was its
principal mouthpiece in the press
|
"The King reigns and does not
govern." At this period he, in con-
junction with M. Guizot and M. Rossi,
revived the Revue Française, which
had been dormant since 1830. In
1839, M. Duvergier de Hauranne took
a prominent part in the discussion
which led to the dissolution of the
Chamber and the retirement of the
Ministry. Afterwards he sharply
attacked the policy of M. Guizot on
the Eastern question. In 1846 he
published a remarkable treatise, “De
la Réforme Parlementaire et de la
Réforme Electorale," and he em-
bodied his ideas on this important
subject in a measure which was re-
jected. At this time he was at the
head of the reform party, but after
the 24th of Feb. he adopted Con-
servative opinions, and on being
elected to the Constituent Assembly
for the department of Cher, he cast
in his lot with the royalist minority.
He was not returned to the Corps
Législatif at the general election of
1849, but he was elected at a bye-elec-
tion in the following year, and voted
with the monarchical majority, which
at the earliest opportunity separated
from the policy of the Élysée. After
the coup d'état (Dec, 2, 1851) he was
first imprisoned and, then banished,
but in the following August he was
allowed to return to France. During
the Empire he devoted himself
to literary research, the principal
production of his pen being an
elaborate "History of Parliamentary
Government in France," 7 vols., 8vo,
1857-65. He was installed a member
of the French Academy, Feb. 29, 1872.
DUVERNAY, YOLANDE - MARIE
LOUISE, dancer, daughter of M. Jean-
Louis Duvernay, was born in France,
about 1815, and made her first ap-
pearance in England at Drury Lane,
Feb. 13, 1833, in a ballet called the
"Sleeping Beauty." She was re-
342
DUVERNOIS-DYER.
ceived with extraordinary favour, and
afterwards performed in the "Maid
of Cashmere," a ballet opera, adapted
from "Le Dieu et la Bayadère," by
M. Auber, the part having been ren-
dered famous by Mdlle. Taglioni in
Paris. In Dec. 1836 was produced
the ballet of "The Devil on Two
Sticks," in which Mdlle. Duvernay
introduced to the English publie the
graceful dance with castanets, "La
Cachuca," with which her name has
been more especially identified. Her
charming execution of this dance
established her fame as the worthy
compeer of Mdlles. Taglioni and
Fanny Elssler. In 1845 she retired
from the stage, having married Mr.
Stephens Lyne Stephens, of Roe-
hampton, Surrey, and Lyndford Hall,
Norfolk, at one time member for
Barnstaple, and was left a widow in
1860. This lady gave £20,000 to the
Middlesex Hospital in 1866.
DUVERNOIS, CLÉMENT, a French
journalist, born at Paris, April 6,
1836, was educated in Algeria, and
commenced his journalistic career by
writing for La Colonisation, a paper
published in that colony. On its sup-
pression he went to Paris, but soon
returned to Algeria, where, under the
patronage of Prince Napoleon, Minis-
ter of Algeria and of the Colonies, he
established L'Algérie Nouvelle, which
journal, however, was suppressed in
1859, its editor being sentenced to
three months' imprisonment. Again
going to Paris, he wrote for the
Temps, the Presse, the Courrier du
Dimanche, and the Liberté. He carried
on political disputations with much
bitterness, and in 1866 fought a duel
with M. Francisque Sarcey, which led
to his being sentenced to two months'
imprisonment. About this time he
undertook the editorship of the
Courrier de Paris, a journal which was
the means of establishing a constitu-
tional opposition. In 1865 he went
to Mexico. As principal editor of the
Époque, he hailed with satisfaction the
Emperor's letter of Jan. 19 in that
year, announcing a liberal pro-
gramme, and in 1869 he brought out
|
a cheap paper, called first Le Peuple,
and afterwards Le Peuple Français, in
which he advocated imperialism as
being perfectly compatible with free
institutions. M. Duvernois was
elected a deputy for the Hautes
Alpes in May, 1869. In June, 1870,
he relinquished the editorship of the
Peuple Français at the express desire,
it is said, of the Emperor Napoleon.
After the declaration of war against
Prussia he was appointed Minister of
Commerce in the cabinet of the Comte
de Palikao, but his tenure of this
office was of brief duration. When
the empire came to an end M. Clément
Duvernois fled to England. Return-
ing to his own country he established,
at Paris, in Sept. 1871, an Imperialist
journal, Le Mot d'Ordre, which he
continued to conduct until Nov. 1872.
In Nov. 1874 he was condemned to
two years' imprisonment for com-
mercial irregularities, which may be
concisely described as swindling, in
connection with the Territorial Bank
of Spain. M. Duvernois has pub-
lished many political pamphlets, and
a History of the French Interven-
tion in Mexico," 1867.
((
DYER, THOMAS HENRY, historian,
born May 4, 1804, in the parish of
St. Dunstan in the East, in the city
of London, and educated privately.
He was engaged during the earlier
part of his life in a West India house,
and after the ruin of Jamaica, in
consequence of Negro Emancipation,
adopted the profession of literature.
Mr. Dyer travelled extensively on the
Continent, and particularly studied
the topography and antiquities of
Rome, Athens, and Pompeii. He was
presented in 1865 with the honorary
degree of Doctor of Laws by the Uni-
versity of St. Andrews. He published
in 1850 a "Life of Calvin," which
was pirated in America; in 1861, a
History of Modern Europe," 4 vols.;
in 1865, a "History of the City of
Rome;" in 1867, an enlarged edition
of "Pompeii ;" in 1868, a "History
of the Kings of Rome ;" and in 1873,
"Ancient Athens;" besides many
articles in the Classical Museum, in
(
343
Dr. Smith's Dictionaries of Biography | Gibson, R.A." Lady Eastlake has
and Geography, &c.
been an occasional contributor to the
Quarterly Review, and two of her
contributions on "Dress" and "Mu-
sic" have been reprinted in "Mur-
ray's Home and Colonial Library."
E.
EARLY-EBURY.
EARLY, JUBAL A., born in Vir-
ginia about 1815. He graduated in
1837 at the Military Academy at West
Point, and was appointed a lieutenant
of artillery, but soon resigned and
studied law. During the war with
Mexico he was a major in a Virginia
volunteer regiment. Upon the break-
ing out of the Civil War he entered
the Confederate service, and was pre-bury in 1822, and represented Ches-
ter from 1826 till 1847, when he suc-
ceeded Mr. George Byng as member
for Middlesex, which he continued to
represent till he was raised to the
peerage, Sept. 10. 1857. In the House
of Commons he supported measures
for the advancement of civil, reli-
gious, and commercial liberty, took
an active part in the struggles to ob-
tain the Ten Hours Factory Bill, in
the reform of the Ecclesiastical Courts,
the Irish Church, and in endeavour-
ing to secure purity of election; and
in order to effect the latter object,
proposed and carried, after a severe
fight, the bill reducing the county
polls to one day. He introduced a
bill to relieve nonconformists from
the payment of rates, one for prohi-
biting the payment of voters' expenses
by the candidate, and another for im-
posing upon the constituencies all
outlay connected with the taking of
the poll. Lord Ebury held the office
of Comptroller of the Royal House-
hold from Nov., 1830, till the retire-
ment of Earl Grey's ministry, in the
autumn of 1834, and that of Treasurer
of the Household from July, 1846, to
July, 1847. He was sworn a member
of the Privy Council in 1831. His
lordship, who is a magistrate for Mid-
dlesex, Hertfordshire, and Cheshire,
and a deputy-lieutenant for the latter
county as well as for Middlesex, has,
since his elevation to the House of
Peers, laboured constantly to obtain
from Parliament such a revision of
the Book of Common Prayer as he
sent in several actions during the
early part of the war. In May, 1863,
he held the lines at Fredericksburg,
while Lee was engaged with Hooker
at Chancellorsville; and in July he
commanded a division at Gettysburg.
In 1864 he commanded in the Valley
of the Shenandoah, where he was at
first successful, but was finally routed
by Sheridan. After the close of the
war he came to Europe, but returning,
resumed the practice of the law at
Richmond. In 1867 he published
"Memoirs of the Last Year of the
War." He subsequently took up his
residence at New Orleans, where,
with Gen. Beauregard, he is (1878)
manager of the Louisiana State Lot-
tery.
??
EASTLAKE, LADY, widow of Sir
Charles Locke Eastlake (who died
Dec. 23, 1865), to whom she was
married in 1849, is a daughter of the
late Edward Rigby, Esq., M.D., of
Norwich. She was born about 1816,
and, as Miss Elizabeth Rigby, gained
considerable literary reputation by
a work published in 1841, entitled
"Letters from the Shores of the
Baltic," a pleasant and vivid record
of a lengthened visit to a sister who
was married to an Esthonian baron,
and had settled on the shores of that
sea. "Livonian Tales," comprising
the three graphic stories of "The
Disponent, "The Wolves," and
"The Jewess," appeared in 1846.
She is also author of a "History of
Our Lord," and the "Life of John
EBURY (LORD), THE RIGHT
HON. ROBERT GROSVENOR, third son
of Robert, second Earl Grosvenor, and
first Marquis of Westminster, born
April 24, 1801, received his education
at Westminster School, and Christ
Church, Oxford, where he graduated
in honours in 1821. He was returned
to the House of Commons for Shaftes-
344
¡
ECCARIUS-EDEN.
believes will render it more in har-
mony with the feelings of the nation
at large upon religious questions, and
the repeal of the Parliamentary test
imposed upon clergymen by the Act
of 1662.
EDEN, THE RIGHT REV. ROBERT,
D.D., Bishop of the united diocese of
Moray, Ross, and Caithness, and
Primus of the Episcopal Church of
Scotland, was born in 1804, being
third son of the late Sir Frederick
Morton Eden, Bart. From Westmin-
ster school he proceeded to Christ
Church, Oxford. He held the rectory
of Leigh, Essex, from 1837 to 1853 ;
was consecrated Bishop of Moray,
Ross, and Caithness in 1851; and was
elected Primus of the Episcopal
Church of Scotland in 1862. Bishop
Eden married in 1827 a daughter of
the late Sir James Allan Park,
Justice of the Common Pleas.
ECCARIUS, JOHANN GEORG, was
born Aug. 23, 1818, at Friedrichroda,
in the duchy of Gotha. His father
being a tailor, he was set down to
tailoring at the age of ten; five
consecutive hours of schooling in the
forenoon and seven to ten hours
tailoring in the afternoon, made up
his juvenile days. In 1835, at the
first public examination, he received
the first silver medal for being the
best Sunday scholar in the town in
mathematics and geometry, and sub-
sequently he officiated as teacher to
the junior classes. In the autumn of
1846 he turned up amongst the latest
arrivals from the fatherland in the
Londoner Arbeiter Bildungs Verein.
In 1850 he made his début in the
press by a German article on London
tailoring, published in the September
number of the Revuc der Neuen
Rheinischen Zeitung. An English
article on the same subject, pub-
lished in Julian Harney's Red Repub-giate
lican, opened him the columns of the
Chartist press, to which he remained
a gratis contributor till the extinc-
tion of Ernest Jones's People's Paper.
He took an active part in the
foundation of the International Work-
ing Men's Association in 1864. He
was a member of the first executive
of the Reform League in 1865, but
afterwards resigned. In Feb., 1866,
he was appointed paid editor of the
Commonwealth, but was soon dis-
missed from that post, and had to
return to shop-board. In 1867 he
published, under the title of "A
Working Man's Refutation of Stuart
Mill," a series of articles which had
originally appeared in the Common-
wealth. An enlarged edition has
since been published in German by
Eichhoff, Berlin, 1869. In July, 1867,
he was elected General Secretary of
the International Working Men's
Association.
|
EDEN, THE REV. ROBERT, M.A.,
son of the late Rev. Thomas Eden,
born at Whitehall, near Bristol, was
educated at a private school near that
city. Having first entered at St.
John's College, Oxford, as Bible
Clerk, he became Scholar, and after-
wards Fellow of Corpus Christi Col-
lege, where he graduated B.A. in
1825, and M.A. in 1827. He was ap-
pointed an Examiner at Oxford in
1828-9, was successively Head Master
of Hackney and Camberwell Colle-
Schools between 1829 and 1838;
and held the post of Examiner for
the East India Civil Service from
1839 to 1856; was Chaplain to the
Bishop of Norwich in 1849; Vicar of
North Walsham in 1851; Honorary
Canon of Norwich in 1852; and
Vicar of Wymondham in 1854.
Canon Eden is the author of the
"Churchman's Theological Diction-
ary;" "The Examination and Writ-
ings of Archdeacon Philpot, with
Biography," for the Parker Society,
and "Some Thoughts on the Inspi-
ration of the Holy Scriptures," 1864.
He edited, in 1842, for the Clarendon
Press, Bishop Bilson's "Perpetual Go-
vernment of Christ's Church, with
Life of the Author; "The Modera-
tion of the Church of England," by
Timothy Puller, D.D., with Introduc
tory Essay; "Faithfulness to its
Scriptural Principles the Safeguard
of our Church," 1870; and in 1848,
Dean Stanley's "Faith and Practice
:2
EDHEM PASHA-EDINBURGH.
|
of a Church of England Man." He
wrote in the Christian Observer for
some years; and has published
"Sermons preached before the Uni-
versity of Oxford, and on other pub-
lic occasions."
345
EDHEM PASHA, a Turkish states-
man, born in 1823. He studied in
Paris, where for three years he at-
tended the lectures in the School of
Mines. On returning to Turkey he
was attached to the staff of the army
with the rank of captain, rapidly at-
tained to that of colonel, and was
appointed a member of the Council
of Mines at the time of its formation.
Having been appointed aide-de-camp
to the Sultan in 1849, he soon was
placed at the head of His Majesty's
household troops. Meanwhile he had
been promoted General of Brigade,
and then General of Division. In
1854 he was charged, in the capacity
of Government Commissioner, to
convey to the Prince Alexander
Karageorgovitz of Servia, the hatti-
sheriff confirming the immunities
accorded to that country. In 1856
he resigned the functions which he
had fulfilled at the palace, and was
appointed a member of the council of
the Tanzimat, and afterwards Minister
of Foreign Affairs, with the rank of
Muchir. He only held that post for
one year. Subsequently he played
an important part in the affairs of
his country, where he was nominated
President of the Council of State.
He was also for some time ambas-
sador at Berlin. At the Conference | March 21, 1866, and received the
freedom of the City of London, June 8.
Early in 1867 the Duke was ap-
pointed to the command of the frigate
Galatea, which sailed from Plymouth
Sound Feb. 26. Since then he has
visited nearly every country in the
world, proceeding first to Australia,
where he met with a most enthusi-
astic reception on the part of the in-
habitants, and great indignation was
felt at the dastardly attempt of an
Irishman, named O'Farrell, to assas-
sinate the Prince at a picnic held at
Clontarf, near Port Jackson, New
South Wales, on March 12, 1868.
Birch; from 1852 to F. W. Gibbs,
Esq., C.B.; and in 1856 the prince
was placed under the special care of
Major Cowell, R.E., and spent the
winter of 1856-7 at Geneva, studying
modern languages. Having decided
upon joining the naval service, Prince
Alfred was placed under the Rev. W.
R. Jolly, at Alverbank, near Gosport,
where he pursued the preparatory
studies for his profession during the
summer of 1858. He entered the
service, after a strict and searching
examination, Aug. 31, 1858, was ap-
pointed a Naval Cadet, and joined
her Majesty's screw steam-frigate
Euryalus, 51 guns, Capt. John Walter
Tarleton, C.B. After a leave of ab-
sence of a few weeks, Prince Alfred
joined his ship for active sea-service,
Oct. 27, 1858, and served in the St.
George on various foreign stations,
visited many of the countries on the
shores of the Mediterranean, and
extended his travels to America and
the West Indies. In Dec., 1862,
Prince Alfred declined the offer made
to him of the throne of Greece. In
Feb., 1866, Parliament granted him
£15,000 a year, payable from the
day on which he attained his majority,
with an additional £10,000 on his
marriage. He was created Duke of
Edinburgh, Earl of Kent, and Earl
of Ulster in the peerage of the
United Kingdom, May 24, 1866, and
took his seat in the House of Lords,
June 8. His Royal Highness was
sworn in Master of the Trinity House,
of Constantinople (1876-77) he acted
as the second Turkish plenipoten-
tiary, and he was appointed to suc-
ceed Midhat Pasha as Grand Vizier
Feb. 5, 1877.
EDINBURGH, BISHOP OF. (See
COTTERILL, DR.)
EDINBURGH (DUKE OF), H.R.H.
PRINCE ALFRED ERNEST ALBERT,
K.G., K.P., the second son of her
most gracious Majesty the Queen and
his royal highness the late Prince
Albert, was born at Windsor Castle,
Aug. 6, 1844. His early education
was entrusted to the Rev. H. M.
346
EDWARD.
The Prince, however, was only slightly
wounded by a pistol-shot in the back.
O'Farrell was tried on March 31,
found guilty, and executed on April
21. His Royal Highness subsequently
visited Japan (where he was received
both publicly and privately by the
Mikado), China and India. In 1873
he went to Italy, and on April 20
had an audience with the Pope at
Rome. On Jan. 23, 1874, his marriage
with the Grand Duchess Marie, only
daughter of Alexander II., Emperor
of Russia, was celebrated with great
pomp at St. Petersburg; and on
March 12, the Duke and Duchess,
accompanied by Her Majesty the
Queen, made a public entry into
London amid much popular enthu-
siasm. On Oct. 15, 1874, the Duchess
gave birth at Buckingham Palace to
a son, who, on the 23rd of the follow-
ing month, was baptized by the names
of Alfred Alexander William Ernest
Albert, the sponsors being Queen
Victoria, the Emperor of Russia, the
Emperor of Germany, the Prince of
Wales, the Crown-Princess of Ger-
many, and the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-
Gotha. The Duke of Edinburgh's
other children are the Princess Marie
Alexandra Victoria, born Oct. 29,
1875; and the Princess Victoria
Melita, born at Malta, Nov. 25, 1876;
and a princess born in 1878. His
Royal Highness is Duke of Saxony
and Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.
EDWARD, THOMAS, son of a
private in the Fifeshire Militia, was
born at Gosport in 1814, and after
his parents' return to Scotland, was
brought up by them at Aberdeen.
His education, such as it was, termi-
nated when he was six years old.
For the next four years he earned
his own bread by working at Grand-
holm factory, and then he was
apprenticed to a shoemaker, and he
worked at this trade till 1875. In
1837 he married, gave up the idea of
emigration, which for some time he
had seriously entertained, and settled
at Banff. From his earliest boyhood
he displayed the greatest enthusiasm
for the study of natural history.
|
After settling at Banff he gave his
days to his handicraft, and his nights
to the study of nature. His nocturnal
ramblings made him acquainted with
much that never falls within the ken
of the ordinary observer; he became
familiar with the habits of owls,
bats, badgers, and foxes. Later on
the kindness of a neighbouring
minister supplied him with some
books on natural history, from which
he not only gained the special infor-
mation he sought, but also learned to
write good and vigorous English.
The result of his ardour and per-
severance was a valuable collection
of zoological specimens stuffed by
himself, which he exhibited, first at
Banff, and then at Aberbeen, not
without a hope that it might bring
him more than mere pecuniary aid.
But it failed to do even this, and he
had to dispose of it at a serious loss.
Again and again did he renew his
collections, making each more perfect
than the last, but he was obliged to
part with them under the pressure of
sickness and increasing wants. He
contributed well-written articles on
natural history to the Zoologist and
similar publications; and in 1866 he
was elected an Associate of the
Linnæan Society. He also obtained
the curatorship of the Banff Museum
at a salary first of £2 2s., and
afterwards of £4 4s. a year. In
1874 Mr. Samuel Smiles, and Mr.
Reid, a Scotch artist, found this aged
man of science living in great
poverty at Banff, maintaining him-
self as a cobbler, whilst, as long as
his strength lasted, he devoted all
his leisure time to his favourite
scientific pursuits. A biography of
him, published by Mr. Smiles in
1876, drew the attention of the
general public to his merits, one
gratifying result being that a pension
of £50 a year was granted by the
Queen to Mr. Edward. The intima-
tion was conveyed to him by the
following letter:-"2, Whitehall
Gardens, Christmas Day, 1876. Sir,-
The Queen has been much interested
in reading your biography by Mr.
EDWARDS.
>>
Smiles, and is touched by your suc-
cessful pursuit of natural science
under all the cares and trouble of
daily toil. Her Majesty has been
graciously pleased to confer on you a
pension of £50 a year. I am, &c.,
yours faithfully, Beaconsfield. In
Dec., 1877, Mr. Edward was elected
a corresponding member of the Royal
Physical Society of Edinburgh. His
name appears as a "reference or
'authority on page after page of
such classical treatises as Westward
and Bate's "Sessile-eyed Crustacea,"
Couch's "British Fishes," and Nor-
man's "Echinoderms," and many
new species have been named after
him. Of crustacea alone-not to
speak of birds, fishes, insects, zoo-
phytes, and other kinds of animals-
he seems to have rooted out some-
thing like two hundred species, many
of them wholly new to science, and
nearly all of them new to his part of
the country.
EDWARDS, MISS AMELIA B., is
the daughter of a Peninsular officer,
and is maternally descended from the
family of Walpole. Her taste for art
and literature was evidenced from an
early age, and in 1853, while yet very
young, she began to be known to the
public as a contributor to periodical
literature. Since that time, though
best known as a novelist and traveller,
she has written many juvenile and
educational works, besides contri-
buting art and dramatic criticisms,
literary reviews, and political leaders
to certain of our foremost weekly and
daily papers. The following are
among Miss A. B. Edwards's best-
known novels:-"My Brother's Wife"
(1855); “Hand and Glove" (1859);
"Barbara's History" (1864); "Half
a Million of Money," which first ap-
peared as a serial in All the Year
Round (1865); "Debenham's Vow,"
first passed through the columns of
Good Words (1870); " In the Days
of my Youth (1873); "Monsieur
Maurice," a novelette (1873). "Miss
Carew" (1865) consists of short tales
chiefly. Besides the foregoing, Miss
Amelia B. Edwards is the author of
|
"
347
"An Abridgement of French His-
tory," published in Messrs. Rout-
ledge's Useful Library; of the bio-
graphical letterpress to Messrs. Col-
naghi's Photographic Historical Por-
trait Gallery; of a volume of
"Ballads" (1865); and of a record
of travel in the then little known De-
lomite region, entitled "Untrodden
Peaks and Unfrequented Valleys
(1873), with illustrations by the
author. This was followed at the
beginning of 1877 by "A Thousand
Miles up the Nile," illustrated with
upwards of eighty wood engravings
from drawings by the author, made
and finished on the spot, in Egypt
and Nubia. This work, which occu-
pied Miss Edwards's pen and pencil
for more than two years after her
return from the East, contains a full
account of the remarkable discoveries
made at Aboo-Simbel (forty miles
below the Second Cataract) by Miss
Edwards's party, together with a
ground-plan of the temple which
they excavated, and facsimiles of the
inscriptions found upon its walls. A
series of selections from English poets
and English prose writers, compiled
by Miss Edwards expressly for the
Tauchnitz Library, is at this present
time (1878) passing through the
Tauchnitz press.
17
1
EDWARDS, EDWARD, born in Lon-
don in 1812; after having been for
many years employed on the new
general catalogue of the printed books
in the British Museum, became in
1851 principal librarian of the Free
Libraries of the City of Manchester,-
the first established in this country
under the Act of 1850-and held the
office until 1858. He edited "The
Great Seals of England,” 1836; and
"The Napoleon Medals," 1837—works
which first introduced to the English
public the method of medallic engrav-
ing, invented in France by M. Achille
Collas. He is the author of "Remarks
on the Ministerial Plan of a Central
University Examining Board," 1836;
of "A Descriptive Catalogue of a
Series of French Medals in the Cabinet
of the British Museum," 1838; of
348
EDWARDS.
"The Economy of the Fine Arts in
England," 1840; of "A Letter on
the Present State of the Education
Question," 1846; and of various pub-
lications on the question of Public
Libraries in this country and in the
United States. Mr. Edwards contri-
buted several biographical and other
articles to the eighth edition of the
Encyclopædia Britannica," and
wrote "A View of the Various
Schemes which have been proposed
for the Classification of Human Know-
ledge," published in the Transactions
of the Liverpool Historical Society.
EDWARDS, HENRI MILNE, natu-
ralist, of Belgian origin, member of
the Institute and of the Academy of
Medicine, born at Bruges, Oct. 23,
1800, studied medicine at Paris, and
obtained his degree of Doctor in July,
1823. After holding the Professorship
of Natural History at the Lycée
Henri IV., he was appointed in 1841
to a similar position at the Museum
of the Faculty of Sciences, of which
he became Dean, and was made Pro-
fessor of Zoology to the Museum, in
place of M. Isidore Geoffroy Saint-
Hilaire, May 28, 1862. In 1838 he
was admitted a member of the Aca-
demy of Sciences (section of Anatomy
and Zoology) as successor to M.
Cuvier; was elected an associate of
the Academy of Medicine in 1854 ;
created an officer of the Legion of
Honour in April, 1847, and was pro-
moted to the rank of Commander,
Aug. 13, 1861. He is the author of
"Recherches Anatomiques sur les
Crustacés," 1828, "crowned" by the
Academy of Sciences; "Manuel de
Matière Médicale," 1832; "Nouveau
Formulaire Pratique des Hôpitaux,"
1840; "Histoire Naturelle des Crus-
tacés,” 1837-41; "Leçons sur la Phy-
siologie et l'Anatomie comparée de
l'Homme et des Animaux," 1855-60;
and other works. M. Edwards super-
intended the publication of a new
edition of Lamarck's "L'Histoire
Naturelle des non-Vertébrés," 1838-
1845; and has contributed to various
scientific reviews, dictionaries, and
periodicals. The honorary degree of
M.D. was conferred upon him by the
university of Leyden in Feb., 1875.
In 1878 the King of Portugal con-
ferred on him the Grand Cross of the
Order of Christ.
""
EDWARDS, HENRY SUTHERLAND,
born in 1828, was educated at one of
the branch schools of King's College,
London, and in France, where he lived
many years. In 1856 he visited Russia,
on the occasion of the coronation of
Alexander II., and, remaining some
months in Moscow, studied the Rus-
sian language. He published, in 1858,
a collection of" Sketches and Studies
(contributed originally to a magazine),
under the title of the "Russians at
Home." This was followed, in 1862,
by a "History of the Opera.” In
that year Mr. Edwards went to Poland,
where an insurrection seemed to be
preparing, and to Russia, where mea-
sures were being taken for the eman-
cipation of the serfs, as special corre-
spondent of the Times; and, on his
return to England, published "The
Polish Captivity." In 1863, imme-
diately after the rising in Poland,
he was again sent out by the Times.
He took part in and described some
of the principal expeditions from Ga-
licia into the kingdom of Poland
went, at the crisis of the insurrection,
to Warsaw, and, soon after his arrival,
was ordered to quit the city within
twenty-four hours. Allowed to choose
his route, he proceeded to St. Peters-
burg, and thence to Moscow, and
the South of Russia, returning to
Galicia through Kieff and Volhynia.
In 1864 he published the "Private
History of a Polish Insurrection;
was special correspondent of the Times
at Luxemburg, when, in 1867, the
"Luxemburg Question" threatened
to produce war; and in July, 1870,
when war between France and Prus-
sia actually broke out, was appointed
one of the special correspondents of
the Times on the German side.
that capacity he followed the King's
head-quarters from Saarbrück to the
neighbourhood of Beaumont; went
through the battle of Beaumont with
a Bavarian Infantry Regiment; after
;
In
A
""
EDWARDS-EGGER.
Beaumont and Sedan, joined General |
von Werder before Strasburg, and,
on the fall of Strasburg, traversed
the occupied country from Alsace to
Normandy, remaining at Rouen and
Amiens, with the Army of the North,
until the end of the war. He has
written a few novels, and many pieces
for the stage. His latest novel is
"Malvina," 3 vols., 1871. He has
since published a translation of the
"Statistics of All Countries" com-
piled by Dr. Otto Hübner, the Di-
rector of the Prussian Statistical
Archives, 1872; and "The Germans
in France," 1874.
EDWARDS, MISS MATILDA BAR-
BARA BETHAM, born at Westerfield,
Suffolk, in 1836, on the maternal side,
of a good old north country family,
the De Bethams of Betham, near
Kendal, Westmoreland. From the
Bethams, this lady inherited literary
tastes; her grandfather, the Rev. W.
Betham, Rector of Stonham Aspall,
Suffolk, her uncle, Sir William Betham,
Ulster King-at-Arms, and her aunt,
Matilda Betham, having all won for
themselves an honourable place in
literature. On her father's side, Miss
Betham Edwards came of a highly
respectable Suffolk family, the elder
branches having been landed proprie-
tors for many generations.
Her
first effort in fiction, a story, "The
White House by the Sea," published
when she was nineteen, has since
been many times reprinted in popular
editions, and since that time she has
devoted herself entirely to literature,
contributing to Punch, the Graphic,
the Pall Mall Gazette, Fraser's Maga-
zinc, and other leading periodicals,
and publishing several novels, the
most popular of which are "Doctor
Jacob," and "Kitty;" but all have
been reprinted in America and on the
continent, and in several editions at
home. Among her miscellaneous con-
tributions to literature may be men-
tioned "A Winter with the Swallows
in Algeria," "A Year in Western
France,' "Mrs. Punch's Letters to
Her Daughter," in Punch, "History
of the International Working-Men's
349
Association," in Fraser's Magazine,
besides a vast number of critical and
social papers, and several works for
the young. Miss Betham-Edwards is
cousin to Amelia B. Edwards, author
of "Barbara's History.'
??
"" (4
EGAN, PIERCE, son of Pierce Egan,
author of "Life in London,"
"Tom
and Jerry," and many other works,
is of Irish extraction, and was born
in London at the close of the year
1814. Brought up as an artist, he
was admitted in 1834 as a student at
the Royal Academy, but afterwards
adopted literature as a profession. His
first publication, a romance, entitled
"Robin Hood," has been followed by
above thirty novels, including "The
Flower of the Flock,' Imogen,"
"The Poor Girl," and "Fair Lilias."
He edited the Home Circle from 1849
to 1854; the Weekly Times newspaper ;
and has of late years been the pro-
prietor of a London local newspaper,
and one of the principal writers in
the London Journal. Mr. Pierce
Egan, who is an accomplished artist
on wood, and has contributed largely
with his pencil to the Illustrated
London News, was for many years
London correspondent to one of the
oldest leading daily papers of the
United States.
??
EGGER, EMILE, member of the
Institute, born at Paris, July 18,
1813, is of German extraction. He
received his degree of Doctor in
Letters in 1833; was professor in
various colleges in Paris, and first
became known by his editorship of
new editions of the works of Varro,
Longinus, and of fragments of Festus
and Verrius Flaccus. In 1839 he
gained the prize offered by the Aca-
démie des Inscriptions et Belles-
Lettres for "Examen Critique des
Historiens Anciens de la Vie et du
Règne d'Auguste," which was pub-
lished at Paris in 1844. He was ap-
pointed Maître de Conférences at the
Normal School, and Assistant Pro-
fessor of Greek literature to the Paris
Faculty of Letters; was elected a
member of the Académie des Inscrip-
tions et Belles-Lettres in 1854, in
EGYPT-EICHWALD.
|
place of M. Guérard, and was deco-
rated with the Cross of the Legion of
Honour in 1845, and was advanced to
the grade of Officer in 1866. M. Egger
is the author of "Latini Sermonis
Vetustioris Reliquiæ Selectæ," pub-
lished in 1843;" Méthode pour étudier
l'Accentuation Grecque," in 1844, in
conjunction with M. Galusky;
Aperçu sur les Origines de la Lit-
térature Grecque," in 1846 ; "Essai
sur l'Histoire de la Critique chez
les Grecs," in 1850; "Notions Elé-
mentaires de Grammaire comparée,
pour servir à l'étude des trois langues
classiques," in 1852; "Apollonius
Dyscole," in 1854; "Considérations
Historiques sur les Traités Inter-
nationaux chez les Grecs et chez les
Romains," in 1856; "Mémoires de
Littérature Ancienne," in 1862;
"Mémoires d'Histoire Ancienne et de
Philologie," in 1863; "Observations
sur un Procédé de Dérivation très-
fréquent dans la Langue Française,"
in 1864; and other works. M. Egger
has contributed articles to various re-
views and periodicals.
peared in a separate form, in 1842:
and another entitled
"Etude sur
l'Histoire Primitive des Races Océani-
ennes et Américaines." In concert
with M. Ismayl Urbain, he published,
in 1839, "Lettres sur la Race Noire
et Blanche." M. d'Eichthal, who had
previously been appointed a member
of the central committee of the
Société Géographique, assisted in
1848 in the editorship of the journal
Le Crédit, and since that time has
devoted himself to social questions
and the amelioration of the condition
of the human race. In 1863 M.
d'Eichthal published an exegetical
work entitled "Les Évangiles," and in
the Revue Archéologique," Études sur
les Origines Boudhiques de la Civili-
sation Américaine." These were fol-
lowed by "Examen Critique et Com-
paratif des trois premiers Évangiles;
"Etude sur la Philosophie de la Jus-
tice Platon ;" and "De l'Usage Pra-
tique de la Langue Grecque," con-
jointly with M. Renieri, of Athens,
1864; and "Les trois Grands Peuples
Méditerranéens et le Christianisme,"
EGYPT, VICEROY OF. (See ISMAIL 1865. After the downfall of the
PASHA.)
Napoleonic dynasty M. Eichthal
sought refuge in London, but he soon
returned to France, where he has
since published "La Sortie d'Egypte
d'après les Récits combinés du Pen-
tateuque et de Manethon," 1872.
EICHWALD, EDWARD, naturalist
and traveller, born at Mitau, in Cour-
land, July 4, 1795, studied medicine
and the natural sciences, at Berlin.
After travelling in Germany, Swit-
zerland, France, and England, he
returned to Russia in 1821, where he
became a private tutor in the Uni-
versity of Dorpat. In 1823 he was
appointed Professor of Zoology and
Midwifery at Kasan. From 1825 to
1827 he explored the Caspian Sea
and the Caucasus, and on his return
was made Assistant Professor in the
University of Wilna. This university
was suppressed, and Professor Eich-
wald held several minor but
respon-
sible posts, until, in 1838, he was
summoned to St. Petersburg, where
he occupied the chair of Zoology and
350
40
EICHTHAL, GUSTAVE D', publi-
cist, descended from a family of rich
bankers of Jewish origin, was born at
Nancy in 1804; studied economical
questions upon leaving college, and
joined the Saint-Simonian school.
Taking part in the association which
had for its head M. Enfantin, he as-
sisted in the editorship of the Globe,
and Organisateur. Upon the disper-
sion of the sect, M. Eichthal, who had
sacrificed a large portion of his for-
tune in the promotion of his ideas,
went to Greece, became a member of
the bureau of Political Economy, and
published anonymously a work en-
titled "Les Deux Mondes," which
served as an introduction to that on
Turkey by Mr. Urquhart. He is one
of the principal founders of the
Société d'Ethnologie, of which he be-
came Secretary, and in the Transac-
tions of which he has published a
work entitled "Histoire et Origine
des Poulhas ou Fellans," which ap-
">
-
EISENLOHR.
351
|
Mineralogy in the Academy of the
Medico-Chirurgical Society, and was
afterwards appointed Professor in the
School of Mines. In order to com-
plete his geological studies, he tra-
velled in Esthonia, in Finland, in
the government of St. Petersburg, &c.
In 1846 he undertook a number of
scientific excursions into the Tyrol,
Italy and Germany, his chief object
being the prosecution of the palæon-
tological studies to which he had
directed his attention. In 1851 he
retired from active life with the title
of Councillor of State. Since the
days of Pallas, he has contributed
more than any other writer or na-
turalist to our knowledge of the
geography, natural history, and eth-
nography of Russia. His principal
works are written in German, French,
Latin, and Russian. The following
are best known in this country :-
"A Journey to the
the Caspian and
the Caucasus," 1834-7; "Memoir
on the Mineral Wealth of the Wes-
tern Provinces of Russia," 1835;
"Palæontology of Russia," 1851, in
the Russian language, which has
been translated into French; and
"Scientific Observations made in a
Journey through the Tyrol," pub-ing to the British Museum for £3,300
lished in 1851 in the German lan- her valuable collection of Greek and
guage.
Egyptian papyri. Of this collection,
and especially of the Great Harris
Papyrus, he gave a description, trans-
lation, and commentary in a pamphlet
Ein
EISENLOHR, AUGUST, Ph. D.,
Egyptologist, was born Oct. 6, 1832,
at Mannheim in the Grand Duchy of
Baden, where his father was a phy-"Der grosse Papyrus Harris.
sician. After a preliminary training wichtiges Beitrag zur Ægyptischen
in the lyceum of his native town he Geschichte, ein 3000 Jahr alte Zeug-
entered the University of Heidelberg niss für die Mosaische Religionstif-
in 1850, applying himself to the tung enthaltend," Leipsic, 1872. He
study of Protestant theology, which treated the same subject with the
he continued at Göttingen till 1853, original text in the Transactions of
when he returned to Heidelberg, and the Society of Biblical Archæology
entered the theological seminary. (vol. i., part ii., 1872), "On the poli-
Illness compelled him to avoid seri- tical condition of Egypt before the
ous study for several years, and on his reign of Rameses III." His expla-
recovery he abandoned theology, and nations were, however, sharply criti-
devoted his attention to the natural cised by M. Chabas, in his "Re-
sciences, especially chemistry, under cherches pour servir à l'Histoire de
the instruction of Professors R. Bun- la XIXe Dynastie " (Châlons and
sen and Erlenmeyer. He graduated Paris, 1873). Dr. Eisenlohr replied
Ph.D. in 1859, and afterwards esta- to M. Chabas in an article in the
blished a chemical manufactory. By | Egyptische Zeitschrift, 1873.
In
|
commercial intercourse with China
he became acquainted with the
Chinese language, and was thus led
to the study of hieroglyphics, which
he has prosecuted with great zeal
since 1864, aided by the advice of
MM. Chabas and Brugsch. On giving
up commercial pursuits, he entered,
after some years, the academical career
as Privatdocent of the Egyptian
language and Archaeology by a dis-
sertation "Die analytische Erklärung
des demotischen Theils der Roset-
tana," Theil i. Leipsic, 1869. In the
same year he undertook, generously
aided by the Grand Duke of Baden,
a scientific exploration of Egypt.
Having been present at the inaugu-
ration of the Suez Canal, he sailed
up the Nile to the second cataract of
Wadi Halfa, studying, copying, and
photographing the inscriptions. On
this occasion he had the good for-
tune to be allowed to study the Great
Harris Papyrus in the House of the
late Consul Harris, at Alexandria, and
to make extracts from it, which he
afterwards translated. In March,
1870, he left Egypt and returned
home. Coming to this country in
1872, he assisted Miss Harris in sell-
·
-
352
ELCHO-ELLICOTT.
the same periodical he published a
translation of the whole of the great
Harris Papyrus. In Dec., 1872, he
was nominated a Professor Extra-
ordinary in the University of Heidel-
berg, and was elected an honorary
member of the Society of Biblical
Archæology at London, and of the
Society "El Chark" at Constanti-
nople. He attended the Interna-
tional Congress of Orientalists held
in London in 1874.
""
which were intended to form a part
of a "History of Liberty," which he
had meditated for some years. The
first instalment appeared in 1849,
under the title of "The Liberty of
Rome," altered to that of "History
of Liberty, Part I., the Ancient
Romans; followed in 1853 by
Part II., "The Early Christians."
In 1856 he published "A Manual of
the United States History between
the years 1492 and 1850," which is
distinguished for its great clearness
and research. He was Professor of
History and Political Science in
Trinity College, Hartford, from 1856
to 1860, and President of the College
from 1860 to 1866, and is now Pro-
fessor of Political Science and Con-
stitutional Law in that institution.
|
ELCHO (LORD), THE RIGHT HON.
FRANCIS WEMYSS CHARTERIS, the
eldest son of the Earl of Wemyss, born
in 1818, was educated at Eton and
Christ Church, Oxford, where he
graduated B.A. in 1841. In the same
year he was returned to the House of
Commons for the Eastern division of
Gloucestershire, which he represented
until 1846, when he resigned his seat,
having abandoned the support of the
protective Corn Laws, and become a
convert to the Free Trade measures
of Sir R. Peel. In Aug., 1847, he was
returned as a Liberal Conservative for
Haddingtonshire, which he continues
to represent; was a Lord of the
Treasury under the Aberdeen ministry,
1852-5, retiring with the Peclite party
in Feb. of that year from the ad-
ministration of Lord Palmerston.
His lordship has taken a very con-
spicuous part in the Volunteer move-
ment. He is Colonel of the London
Scottish Volunteers, and, as Chair-
man of the Council of the National
Rifle Association, he has frequently
presided over the Wimbledon Rifle
Meetings. He has been a Deputy-ceed
Lieutenant of Haddingtonshire since
1846. His lordship is the author of
"Letters on Military Organisation,"
1871.
|
ELIOT, SAMUEL, born in Boston,
Dec. 22, 1821. He graduated at
Harvard College in 1839; was for
two years engaged in mercantile
business in Boston, and subsequently
travelled in Europe. In 1849 he
published some Passages from the
History of Liberty," treating of the
lives of Arnold of Brescia, Savona-
rola, and other Italian reformers,
(6
--
ELLICOTT, THE RIGHT REV.
CHARLES JOHN, D.D., Bishop of
Gloucester and Bristol, was born
April 25, 1819, at Whitwell, near
Stamford, of which parish his father,
the Rev. Charles Spencer Ellicott,
was rector. He received his early
education at Oakham and Stamford
schools, and then proceeded to Cam-
bridge, where he graduated B.A.
with honours in 1841, and was
elected a Fellow of St. John's Col-
lege. In 1842 he carried off the first
Member's prize, and in the following
year the Hulsean prize on "The His-
tory and Obligation of the Sabbath.”
In 1848 he was collated to the rec-
tory of Pilton, in Rutlandshire, but
he resigned this small living ten
years later on being chosen to suc-
Dr. Trench, the present Arch-
bishop of Dublin, as Professor of
Divinity in King's College, London.
In 1859 he was appointed Hulsean
Lecturer, and in the following year
was elected Hulsean Professor of
Divinity in the University of Cam-
bridge. The Hulsean Lectures for
1860 "On the Life of our Lord
Jesus Christ" displayed profound
theological erudition, and showed
that their author possessed a critical
knowledge of the Greek language.
They attracted much attention even
beyond the limits of the university,
-
ELLIOT.
353
and it became obvious that Dr. Elli-annual addresses to the clergy of
his diocese, published under the title
of "Diocesan Progress." He is also
the editor of "A New Testament
Commentary for English readers, by
various Writers," Vol. I., 1877.
ELLIOT, THEVERY REV. GILBERT,
D.D., a son of the late Right Hon.
Hugh Elliot, and brother of Sir C.
Elliot, K.C.B., born in 1800, was edu-
cated at St. John's College, Cam-
bridge (B.A., 1822; M.A., 1824).
Having held some inferior prefer-
ments, including the incumbency of
Trinity Church, Marylebone, he was
nominated in 1850 to the Deanery of
Bristol. Dr. Elliot, who is well known
as a leader of the Low Church party,
took an active part as prolocutor in
the Lower House of Convocation from
1857 till 1864, when he resigned. He
is the author of one or two volumes
of sermons.
cott would be selected for high pre-
ferment in the church. He was
nominated by the Crown to the
Deanery of Exeter in 1861, and in
1863 to the united sees of Gloucester
and Bristol, which had been vacated
by the translation of Bishop Baring
to Durham. A principal feature of
Bishop Ellicott's episcopate is said
to be his hearty sympathy with
the clergy of different theological
"schools of thought." To him the
city of Bristol owes its "Church Aid
Fund" for supplying spiritual help
of a missionary kind to its overgrown
parishes, and he has instituted a
plan of issuing every year a Pastoral
Letter, in which he comments on
passing ecclesiastical events, without
waiting to deal with them for the first
time in a Triennial Charge. His
lordship takes an active part in the
deliberations of the Upper House of
the Convocation of the Province of
Canterbury. Besides his Hulsean
Lectures, already referred to, which
have reached a 5th edition (1869),
Bishop Ellicott has published "The
"The
History and Obligation of the Sab-
bath;" a dissertation which obtained
the Hulsean Prize for 1843, Camb.,
1844; a
"Treatise on Analytical
Statics," 1851; "Critical and Gram-
matical Commentaries on the Epis-
tles to the Galatians (1854), and
Ephesians (1855), Philippians, Co-
lossians. Thessalonians, Philemon,
and on the "Pastoral Epistles
(1858); an essay on the "Apocry-
phal Gospels" in Cambridge Essays,
1856; "The Destiny of the Creature,"
and other sermons, preached before
the University of Cambridge " 1858;
an article on (6
Scripture, and its
Interpretation "in Archbishop Thom-
son's "Aids to Faith," 1861; "The
Broad Way and the Narrow Way,"
2 sermons, 1863; "Considerations
on the Revision of the English ver-
sion of the New Testament," 1870;
"Modern Scepticism, a course of
lectures delivered at the request of
the Christian Evidence Society,"
3rd edition, 1871; and of late years
22
ELLIOT, THE RIGHT HON. SIR
HENRY GEORGE, G.C.B., second sur-
viving son of the second Earl of
Minto, by Mary, eldest daughter of
Patrick Brydone, Esq., was born in
1817. He was educated at Eton,
and held the post of secretary and
aide-de-camp to Sir John Franklin
in Tasmania from 1836 to 1839. He
was appointed a précis writer in the
Foreign Office in 1840; an attaché
to the embassy at St. Petersburg in
1841; Secretary of Legation at the
Hague in 1848; transferred to Vienna
in 1853; and nominated Envoy to
Denmark, March 31, 1858. In 1859
he was sent on a special mission to the
king of the Two Sicilies, and in 1862
to the king of Greece; was appointed
Envoy to the king of Italy, Sept. 12,
1863, in succession to Sir James Hud-
son; and Ambassador to the Sublime
Ottoman Porte in 1867. Shortly
afterwards he was sworn of the Privy
Council, and on Nov. 22, 1869, he
was created a Knight Grand Cross of
the Order of the Bath. He was
associated with the Marquis of Salis-
bury as joint-plenipotentiary at the
Conference of the representatives of
the great Powers held at Constanti-
nople in 1876-77 for the purpose of
|
A A
""
354
ELLIOTT-ELLIS.
ex-
of the Society of Antiquaries in 1870,
and of the College of Preceptors in
1873. He was President of the Phi-
lological Society during 1872-4, of
which Society he is now a Vice-
President. Mr. Ellis is also a mem-
ber of the Mathematical Society of
London, and in 1825 entered the
Middle Temple as a student, of which
he is still a member, though he has
considering the critical position of
affairs in the East. At the close of
that Conference the plenipotentiaries
returned to England, and Sir Henry
Elliot, who happened to be
tremely unpopular among the section
of the Liberal party who sympa-
thised with Russia, was not sent
back to the Sublime Porte as Ambas-
sador, that post being conferred on
Mr. Layard. On Dec. 31, 1877, how-never been called to the bar. He is
ever, he was appointed Ambassador the author of "Alphabet of Nature,”
at Vienna.
1845;
"Essentials of Phonetics,"
1848; "Plea for Phonetic Spelling,'
second edition, 1848; "Universal
Writing and Printing," 1856; "Early
English Pronunciation, with especial
reference to Chaucer and Shakspere,'
Parts I. and II. 1869, Part III. 1871,
Part IV. (to p. 1432), 1875, (Parts V.
and VI. in preparation); Glossic,"
1870; "Practical Hints on the Quan-
titative Pronunciation of Latin,'
1874; "On the English, Dionysian,
and Hellenic Pronunciation of
Greek," 1877; " Pronunciation for
Singers," 1877; "Speech in Song,"
1878; with numerous other works
and tracts on Phonetics, Mr. Ellis
having been the proprietor, editor, and
chief writer of the "Phonetic News,"
1849; "Only English Proclamation
of Henry III.," 1868; translation of
Professor M. Ohm's "Spirit of
Mathematical Analysis," 1843; "Self-
proving Examples in Arithmetic,"
1855; "Algebra identified with
Geometry," 1874; "How to teach
Proportion without reference to Com-
mensurability," 1877; translation of
Prof. Helmholtz's "Sensations of
Tone as a Physiological Basis for the
Theory of Music," with an additional
appendix, 1875; "Basis of Music,"
1877; numerous papers on Music,
Barometic Hypsometry, Logic, and
the Geometrical Meaning of Imagi-
Col-naries, Stigmatics, &c., in the "Pro-
ceedings of the Royal Society,"
1859-75, and on Phonologic Philo-
logy, with three Annual Presidential
Addresses in the Transactions of the
Philological Society, 1866-74 ; besides
various lectures on logic and educa-
tional subjects in the " Educational

ELLIOTT, CHARLES WYLLYS,
born at Guildford, Connecticut, May
27, 1817. After spending some years
in mercantile pursuits, he studied
horticulture and landscape garden-
ing, and from 1840 to 1848 practised
these pursuits in Cincinnati. He
then returned to New York, and
engaged with his brother in the iron
business, but devoted much time to
literary and philanthropic labour. In
1857 he was appointed one of the
Commissioners to lay out the Central
Park in New York. He now resides
at Cambridge, Massachusetts, where
he is manager of the "Household
Art Company" of Boston. Besides
contributions to periodicals he has
published: "Cottages and Cot-
tage Life (1848); "Mysteries, or
Glimpses of the Supernatural" (1852);
"St. Domingo, its Revolution and its
Her" (1855); "The New England
History" (1857); " Remarkable Cha-
racters and Places in the Holy
Land" (1867); "Wind and Whirl-
wind," a novel (1868); and an illus-
trated work on "Household Art"
(1877).
*9
ELLIS, ALEXANDER JOHN, F.R.S.,
F.S.A., formerly Sharpe, the name
having been changed by royal li-
cense in 1825, was born June 14,
1814, at Hoxton, and educated at
Shrewsbury, Eton, and Trinity
lege, Cambridge, of which he was
elected a scholar in 1835, and gradu-
ated B.A., being sixth wrangler, and
first of second-class in classics in
1837. He was elected a Fellow of
the Cambridge Philosophical Society
in 1837, of the Royal Society in 1864,
|
|
((
**
";
ELLIS-ELMORE.
Academy.
Times," 1869-74, and in the "Journal | Journal of Philology, and to the
of the Society of Arts," 1870; and in
the latter "On the Measurement and
Settlement of Musical Pitch," 1877,
for which he received a silver medal
from the Society of Arts.
ELLIS, WILLIAM, a writer on social
science, was born in London about
1800. Educated for commercial pur-
suits, he became the manager of an
insurance company, but happening
to extend the sphere of his knowledge,
by the aid of the writings of Tooke,
Mill, Bentham, &c., he devoted him-
self to the study of social science in
its highest form. He took a great
interest in education, and may be re-
64
"
33
ELLIS, GEORGE EDWARD, D.D.,
born in Boston, Aug. 8, 1814. He
graduated at Harvard College in
1833, studied theology at the Cam-
bridge Divinity School, and after
travelling for a year in Europe, was
in 1840 ordained pastor of the Har-
vard Church (Unitarian), Charles-garded as the founder of the Birk-
town, Massachusetts, a position which beck schools. He is the author of
he resigned in 1869. In the mean- Progressive Lessons' on social
while, from 1857 to 1864, he was Pro-subjects, "The Outlines of Social
fessor of Doctrinal Theology in the Economy, ""An Introduction to the
Cambridge Divinity School. For a Study of Social Science,' "Outlines
long time he edited the Christian of the History and Formation of the
Register, the organ of the Unitarians Understanding," "Progressive Les-
of Massachusetts, and in conjunction sons in Social Science," "The Pheno-
with the Rev. George Putnam, D.D., mena of Industrial Life," and
the Christian Examiner. He has pub- "Education as a means of Prevent-
lished many sermons and addresses, ing Destitution." He has contri-
has contributed largely to periodicals, buted papers on social questions to
and in 1864 delivered a course of the Westminster Review and other
Lowell Lectures on the Evidences of periodicals.
Christianity. He wrote the lives of
John Mason, Ann Hutchinson, and
William Penn, in Sparks's "American
Biography," and has published "The
Half Century of the Unitarian Con-
troversy" (1857), "The Aims and
Purposes of the Founders of Massa-
chusetts " (1869), "Memoir of Jared
Sparks" (1869), and "Memoirs of
Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rum-nell, and both are in a Catholic
ford" (1871).
church in Dublin. Mr. Elmore hav-
ing visited Italy, on his return
exhibited "Rienzi in the Forum," in
1844. One or two pictures of slighter
pretension at the British Institution,
the gleanings of Italian travel, were
selected by the Art-Union prize-
holders. Historical or semi-historical
incidents, treated by him in the spirit
of the genre painters, proved even
more successful. The "Origin of the
Guelph and Ghibelline Quarrel," of
1845, gained a purchaser in the holder
of the Art-Union's highest prize-
£300; and in the same year Mr.
Elmore was elected Associate of the
Academy. The "Fainting of Hero,”
|
ELMORE, ALFRED, R.A., born at
Clonakilty, in the county of Cork,
in 1815, first exhibited at the Royal
Academy in 1834. Among his earlier
pictures were "The Crucifixion,"
exhibited at the British Institution
in 1838; and "The Martyrdom of
Becket," at the Academy in 1839.
The latter was painted for Mr. O'Con-
ELLIS, ROBINSON, son of James
Ellis, Esq., born Sept. 5, 1834, at
Barming, near Maidstone, Kent, was
educated at Elizabeth College, Guern-
sey, and Rugby School, then at Balliol
College, Oxford. He was elected a
Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, in
1858, and appointed Professor of
Latin in University College, London,
Jan. 8, 1870. Professor Ellis pub-
lished a small edition of Catullus in
1866, a larger and more elaborate
one in 1867; "The Poems and Frag-
ments of Catullus, translated in the
Metres of the Original," 1871. He
is a contributor to the Cambridge |
-
355
AA 2
356
ELVEY-EMERSON.
>>
from "Much Ado about Nothing," in
1846, was the choice of the Art-
Union's leading prizeholder. Among
Mr. Elmore's chief pictures are "The
Invention of the Stocking-Loom
(1847); "The Death-bed of Robert,
King of Naples, Wise and Good
(1848);
"Religious Controversy in
the Time of Louis XIV." (1849);
"Griselda" (1850); "Hotspur and
the Fop" (1851); "A Subject from
Pepys' Diary-'Mr. Hale began my
Wife's Portrait'” (1852).
|
ELVEY, SIR GEORGE J., born
March 27, 1816, at Canterbury, was
educated at the cathedral school,
Canterbury; entered New College,
Oxford, and took his degree of
Bachelor of Music in 1838, and that
of Doctor of Music in 1841, having
obtained a dispensation from the late
Duke of Wellington, by which he was
enabled to take his degree two years
earlier than the statutes of the uni-
versity would permit. He was ap-
pointed organist of St. George's
Chapel Royal, Windsor, in 1835, and
organist to the Queen in 1837. He
was knighted by the Queen at Wind-
sor, March 24, 1871. He gained the
Gresham Gold Medal in 1834 for
ecclesiastical composition. On taking
his bachelor's degree he produced an
oratorio entitled "The Resurrection
and Ascension;" wrote two festival
wrote two festival
anthems for Gloucester and Worces-
ter triennial meetings, and also many
compositions which are well known,
and constantly performed in English
cathedrals.
|
""
ELWIN, THE REV. WHITWELL,
M.A., a member of a good family in
Norfolk, born Feb. 26, 1816, was edu-
cated at Caius College, Cambridge,
where he graduated B.A., in 1839. He
held for some years the curacy of
Hemington-with-Hardington, Somer-
set, and was appointed, in 1849,
rector of Booton, Norfolk, a living in
the patronage of his family. He
became in July, 1853, editor of the
Quarterly Review in succession to
Mr. Lockhart, and resigned the post
in July, 1860. Since then he has
been engaged in preparing a new
edition of "The Works of Alex-
ander Pope," the eighth volume of
which appeared in 1872.
ELY, BISHOP OF.
FORD, DR.)
(See WOOD-
>>
EMERSON, RALPH WALDO, LL.D.,.
born at Boston, May 25, 1803. He
graduated at Harvard College in
1821, and was ordained minister of
the Second Unitarian church of Bos--
ton; but soon after abandoned his
profession, and, retiring to the village-
of Concord, devoted himself to his
favourite study-the nature of man.
and his relation to the universe. He
delivered an oration called "Man-
thinking," before the Phi-Beta-Kappa
Society, in 1837; and an address to
the senior class of the Divinity Col-
lege, Cambridge, in 1838. In 1838
he published, "Literary Ethics, an
Oration; in 1839, "Nature, an
Essay; and in 1840 he was asso-
ciated with Margaret Fuller, in
editing the Dial, a magazine of
literature, transcendental philosophy,
and religion, which was continued
four years. In 1841 he published
"The Method of Nature," "Man the
Reformer," three lectures on the
times, and the first series of his
Essays; " in 1844 the second series
of his " Essays." In 1846 the first
volume of his "Poems" appeared..
In 1848 he travelled in England, and.
delivered lectures on "The Mind and
Manners of the Nineteenth Century.
In 1850 he published a small volume
entitled "Representative Men. The
men whom he portrayed were Plato,
Swedenborg, Montaigne, Shakspeare,
Napoleon, and Goethe, each of whom
he regarded as the type of a class.
In 1852, in connection with Mr. W.
H. Channing and James F. Clarke,
he published the "Memoirs of Mar-
garet Fuller, Marchesa d'Ossoli."
His more recent works are Eng--
lish Traits"
lish Traits" (1856);
(1856); "The Conduct
of Life" (1860); an "Oration on the
Death of President Lincoln ” (1865);
May Day and other Pieces," in verse
(1867); "Society and Solitude;
third volume of essays (1870); an
introduction to Professor Goodwin's
|
"?
|
((
(6
a
""
""
EMLY-ENGLAND.
translation of Plutarch's Morals
(1871); "Parnassus, selected Poems "
(1871); and a fourth volume of
essays (1871).
EMLY (LORD), THE RIGHT HON.
WILLIAM MONSELL, eldest son of the
late William Monsell, Esq., of Tervoe,
co. Limerick, born in 1812, and edu-
cated at Winchester and Oriel Col-
lege, Oxford, is a Magistrate and
Deputy-Lieutenant for the county of
Limerick, for which he served as
High Sheriff in 1835. He sat as
one of the members, in the Liberal
interest, for the county of Limerick
from Aug., 1847, until his elevation
to the peerage.
He was Clerk of
the Ordnance from Dec., 1852, till
Feb., 1857, when he was transferred
to the Presidentship of the Board of
Health, which he held till Sept. ; was
sworn a Privy Councillor in 1855;
was Vice-President of the Board of
Trade from Feb. till July, 1866;
Under-Secretary of State for the
Colonies from Dec., 1868, till 1870;
and Postmaster-General from the
latter date till 1873, when he was
created a peer.
ENAULT, LOUIS, journalist and
author, born at Isigny, Calvados, in
1824, studied law at Paris, and be-
came an advocate. He was im-
prisoned a short time after the revo-
lution of 1848, on account of his con-
nection with the Legitimist party,
and on his release he quitted France
and visited England, Scotland, the
Hebrides, and Germany. Returning
to Paris in 1851, he engaged in lite-
rary pursuits; in 1863 made a jour-
ney to the East; and in 1854 was
intrusted by the Government with a
mission, having for its object the ex-
amination of the north of Europe,
including the shores of the Baltic,
Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. M.
Énault was for some time engaged
upon the Constitutionnel and Le Nord,
as literary critic, and has contributed
to the Revue Contemporaine, Le Pays,
L'Illustration, Figaro, La Corre-
spondance Littéraire, and La Revue
Française either in his own name or
under the pseudonym of Louis de
357
Vermond. He is the author of "Pro-
menade en Belgique et sur les Bords
du Rhin," published in 1852;
"La
Terre Sainte," in 1854; "Constanti-
nople et la Turquie, Tableau his-
torique," in 1855; ((
Voyage en
Laponie et en Norvége," in 1857 ;
"De la Littérature des Indous," in
1860; and "La Méditerranée, ses
Îles et ses Bords," in 1862. Many of
M. Enault's works are romances, the
scenes being laid in places he has
visited. Amongst them may be
named "Christine," 1857; "La
Vierge du Libau," 1858;
"L'Amour
en Voyage," and "Un Amour en
(C
1861;
Laponie,
Stella," 1863;
"En Province," and "Olga," 1864
"Irène;""Un Mariage Impromptu,
"Deux Villes Mortes," 1865; "Un
Drame Intime," 1866; "Le Roman
d'une Veuve," 1867; "Frantz Muller,
Axel, le Rouet d'Or," tales, 1868;
"Le Secret de la Confession," 1870 ;
and "La Vie à Deux," 1874. He has
translated for the Pays, Mrs. Stowe's
"Uncle Tom; "Werther," in 1855;
and has edited the "Memoirs and
Correspondence of Madame d'Epi-
nay." M. Énault was decorated with
the Cross of the Legion of Honour,
Aug. 13, 1861.
>>
39
•
ENGLAND, SIR RICHARD, G.C.B.,
son of the late Gen. Richard England,
of Lifford, co. Clare, Ireland, was
born in Canada, in 1793, and entering
the army at the age of sixteen, saw
active service at Flushing in 1809, on
the staff in Sicily in 1810-11, and in
France, where he served with the
army of occupation. In 1832-3 he
held the chief military command in
Kafraria, and distinguished himself
in the Kaffir war of 1835-6. In the
latter year he served in India, in com-
mand of the field force in Upper and
Lower Scinde, and was nominated a
K.C.B. for his services in the Afghan
war, in which he effected the relief of
Kandahar with a brigade of the Bom-
bay army. In 1854-5 he commanded
the third division of infantry in the
Crimea, and took part in the battles
of Alma and Inkermann, as well as in
the unsuccessful attack upon Sebas-
-
358
ERCKMANN-CHATRIAN.
topol, June 18, 1855, and in the sub-
sequent operations. Returning to
England towards the close of that
year, he was made a G.C.B., and he
has received various foreign orders
from France, Turkey, &c. Sir Richard
was a General in the army, and
Colonel of the 41st foot. He retired
in Oct. 1877.
►
the
|
ERCKMANN - CHATRIAN,
compound name of two French novel-
ists, who have always written in col-
laboration with each other, and whose
names are as indissolubly united as
those of our own Beaumont and
Fletcher. Emile Erckmann was born
at Phalsbourg in the department of the
Meurthe, May 20, 1822. He was the
son of a bookseller, and after studying
by fits and starts in the college of
his native town, he proceeded to
Paris to study law, but never prac-
tised that profession. He resolved to
earn a living with his pen, and ac-
cordingly commenced a series of
works of fiction in conjunction with
M. Alexandre Chatrian, who was born
in the hamlet of Soldatenthal in the
commune of Abreschwiller, in the
department of the Meurthe, Dec. 18,
1826, and who was an usher in the
college at Phalsbourg, when M. Erck-
mann made his acquaintance in 1847.
From that time the two friends com-
posed numerous tales, all signed
"Erckmann-Chatrian," and charac-
terized by such unity of composition,
that no one doubted they were the
production of a single individual. At
first they contributed feuilletons,
which attracted little attention, to
provincial journals, and wrote some
dramatic pieces, which were failures.
They at length despaired of being
able to gain a subsistence by their
literary efforts, and accordingly M.
Erckmann returned to his law books,
while M. Chatrian obtained a situa-
tion in the offices of the Eastern Rail-
way Company. It was not until 1859
that the publication of "L'Illustre
Docteur Mathéus gave a certain
amount of popularity to the name of
Erckmann-Chatrian. Since then their
reputation as writers of romances has
•
91
""
been constantly and steadily increas-
ing in consequence of a series of works
containing faithful and graphic nar-
ratives of the manners and customs.
of Germany, and of the glories
and military reverses of the Revolu-
tion and the First Empire. The titles.
of these works are-" Contes Fantas-
tiques," 1860; "Contes de la Mon-
tagne," 1860; "Maître Daniel Rock,'
1861; "Contes des Bords du Rhin,"
1862; "Le Fou Yégof," 1862; "Le
Joueur de Clarinette," 1863;
"La
Taverne du Jambon de Mayence,"
1863; "Madame Thérèse, ou les Vo-
lontaires de '92," 1863, originally
published in the Journal des Débats;
"L'Ami Fritz," 1864; "Histoire d'un
Conscrit de 1813," 1864, translated
into English under the title of "The
Conscript; a Tale of the French War
of 1813;" "L'Invasion-Waterloo,"
1865, translated under the title of
Waterloo, a Story of the Hundred
Days; "Histoire d'un Homme du
Peuple," 1865; "La Maison Fores-
tière," 1866; "La Guerre," 1866;
"Le Blocus," 1867, translated under
the title of "The Blockade of Phals-
burg; an Episode of the Fall of the
First French Empire; "Histoire
d'un Paysan," 1868, an historical
romance, which has also been trans-
lated into English; and "Le Juif
Polonais," a play brought out suc-
cessfully at the Théâtre de Cluny in
1869. Among their more recent pro-
ductions are "The Story of the
Plébiscite, related by one of the
7,500,000 who voted "Yes (trans-
lated into English 1872), “ Brigadier
Frederic: A Story of an Alsatian
Exile' (translated into English
1875),; "Maître Gaspard Fix; suivi
de l'Education d'un Féodal ;
"His-
toire d'un Conservateur
" "L'Isthme
de Suez; and "Souvenirs d'un
ancien Chef de Chantier; suivi de
l'Exilé," 1876. Their three-act
comedy “L'Ami Fritz" was brought
out successfully at the Théâtre Fran-
çais, Dec. 4, 1876, notwithstanding
the discredit which the Bonapartists
had endeavoured to cast beforehand
on the piece by accusing the authors
""
"""
>>
""
97
-
mb
ERICHSEN-ERICSSON.
((
of want of patriotism, and sympathy | signed his commission in the Swedish
with Germany.
navy, and devoted himself, in Eng-
land, to mechanical inventions, in-
cluding that of the steam boiler, on
the principle of artificial draught.
This principle was applied in the
Novelty," a locomotive engine,
which he constructed to compete for
a prize offered in 1829 by the Liver-
pool and Manchester Railway for the
lightest and fastest locomotive en-
gine. The "Novelty" failed, by an
accident, to meet the conditions of
the prize, which was awarded to
George Stephenson. In 1833 he re-
duced to practice his long cherished
359
ERICHSEN, JOHN ERIC, F.R.S.,
was born in 1818, and educated at
the Mansion House, Hammersmith,
and at University College, London.
He became a Fellow and a member
of the Council of the Royal College
of Surgeons, a Fellow of the Royal
Society, and a member of various other
learned and scientific institutions
home and foreign. He was appointed
Professor of Surgery and of Clinical
Surgery at University College, and
surgeon to the hospital in 1850. Mr.
Erichsen is now Emeritus Professor
and consulting surgeon to the hospi-project of a caloric engine, which
tal, and to many other medical excited much attention among scien-
charities. He was appointed Secre- tific men, but was not practically in-
tary to the Physiological Section of troduced in England. In 1839 he
the British Association for the Ad- went to New York, where he was, in
vancement of Science in 1844; was
was 1841, employed to construct the
member of the Royal Commission on war steamer Princeton, the first
Vivisection in 1875, and is Surgeon- ever built in which the propelling
Extraordinary to the Queen. Mr. machinery was below the water line,
Erichsen is the author of many and out of the reach of shot. To
works and essays on physiology and the London Exhibition of 1851, he
surgery · more especially of the sent several inventions for which he
"Science and Art of Surgery," received prizes. In 1852 he built the
which has gone through seven large Ericsson, a steamer of 2,000 tons,
editions in this country, and many
fitted with caloric engines. Although
editions in America, besides being the experiment was satisfactory in
translated into several foreign lan- several respects, the engines did not
guages. This work, from its exten- develop sufficient power to give a
sive circulation, has probably exer- requisite rate of speed, and they were
cised more influence on the progress replaced by steam-engines. He then
of surgery in all English-speaking turned his attention to the manufac-
countries, than any other publication ture of stationary caloric engines, for
of the day. Mr. Erichsen has been purposes in which no great amount
largely engaged as a consulting and of power was required. He will be
operating surgeon for many years, best known in history in connection
and has devoted much attention to with what is called the "Monitor"
surgery in its medico-legal aspects. system of naval armament, which
consists in placing the guns in an im-
pregnable revolving turret, mounted
upon a heavily armoured hull. He
does not claim to have originated the
principle; but only to have first put
it in practical operation. The Monitor,
a small vessel built by him in 100
days, proved more than a match for
the confederate iron-clad Virginia,
which had just before (in March,
1862) easily destroyed the two finest
frigates in the United States navy.
in
ERICSSON, JOHN, born in the pro-
vince of Wermeland, Sweden, in
1803. He entered the navy as ensign
in 1820, was employed in surveys
Northern Sweden, and rose to the
rank of captain. In 1826 he came
to England, hoping to introduce his
invention of a "flame engine," which
should work independently of steam
but owing to the circumstances
under which it was tried, it proved
unsuccessful. Soon afterwards he re-
360
ERLE-ESPARTERO.
ERLE, THE RIGHT HON. SIR WIL- | stimulus to those liberal movements
LIAM, for some time Chief Justice of which induced the Emperor of
the Common Pleas, the son of a Dorset | Austria to make concessions to his
clergyman, was born in 1793, at Fife- subjects. He is an accomplished
head Magdalen, in that county, and musician, and has composed several
educated at Winchester and at New operas which have been produced in
College, Oxford. His father, the Rev. Germany with success.
Christopher Erle, of Gillingham, Dor-
set, was descended from a family of
some antiquity and note in the West
of England. Having graduated B.C.L.
in 1818, Mr. Erle was called to the
bar in 1819, and went the Western
circuit. In 1834 he married the eldest
daughter of the Rev. Dr. Williams,
warden of New College, and preben-
dary of Winchester, and became
King's Counsel; and in 1837 was
returned to the House of Commons
by the city of Oxford, which he con-
tinued to represent till the dissolu-
tion of 1841. In Parliament he was
a silent member, steadily supporting
the Whig party, and devoting himself
to his profession, in which he attained
the highest eminence. In 1844 he
was appointed one of the Judges of
the Court of Common Pleas; in 1846
was transferred to the Court of
Queen's Bench; in 1859 was promoted
to the Chief Justiceship of the Com-
mon Pleas, on the elevation of Lord
Campbell to the woolsack, and retired
into private life, taking his farewell
of the bench, Nov. 26, 1866.
He was
elected an honorary fellow of New
College, Oxford, in Feb., 1870. After
his retirement from the bench he pre-
sided over the Royal Commission on
Trades Unions.
ERNEST II. (DUKE OF SAXE-
COBURG AND GOTHA). AUGUSTUS-
ERNEST CHARLES JOHN LEOPOLD
ALEXANDER EDWARD, who reigns as
Ernest II., was born June 21, 1818,
succeeded his father Jan. 29, 1844,
and married the Princess Alexandrina,
daughter of the late Grand Duke
Leopold of Baden, brother of the late
Prince Consort, May 3, 1842. In 1863
his name was put forward as a candi-
date for the vacant crown of Greece,
but for state reasons he declined it.
Duke Ernest, who has laboured to
promote German unity,
gave the
ESCOSURA, DON PATRICIO DE LA,
politician and author, born at Madrid,
Nov. 5, 1807, passed his early years
in Portugal, his father serving in the
army of Castaños. Having studied
at Valladolid, he returned in 1820 to
Madrid, and studied under Lista. In
1824, in consequence of his connec-
tion with the secret society of the
"Numantinos," he retired to Paris,
studied mathematics under Lacroix,
and afterwards repaired to London.
On his return to Spain in 1826, he
entered a regiment of artillery, and
was promoted in 1829 to the rank of
officer. During this period he devoted
himself to literary pursuits and poli-
tics. In 1834 he was exiled as a Car-
list to Olivera; in 1835 he was ap-
pointed aide-de-camp and secretary
to Gen. Cordova, upon whose retire-
ment in 1836 he obtained his dis-
charge. Upon the accession of Gen.
Espartero to power, Escosura was
again exiled, and retired to France.
Returning to Madrid in 1843, he was
appointed a Secretary of State, and
held office under the Narvaez ministry,
retiring from public affairs in 1846.
He has obtained reputation as a poet,
dramatist, and novelist, and is the
author of the following poems :-"El
Bulto vestido de Negro Capuz," and
"Hernan Cortés en Cholula ;" dramas,
"Corte del Buen retiro," played in
1837; "Barbara Blomberg," "Don
Jaime el Conquistador," "La Aurora
del Colon," "El Higuamota,”in 1838 ;
"Las Mocedades de Hernan Cortés,
""
(:
Roger de Flor," &c., in 1844-6; has
written two historical romances, viz.,
"El Conde de Candespina," pub-
lished in 1832; and "Ni Rey, ni
Roque," in 1835; a political romance,
entitled "El Patriarca del Valle,” in
1846; and "Historia Constitucional
de Inglaterra," in 1859.
ESPARTERO, DON BALDOMERO,
ESSEX.
|
DUKE DE LA VICTORIA, Marshal and
at one time Regent of Spain, was
born in 1792, at Granatula, in La
Mancha. The youngest of the nine
children of a cartwright, he was in-
tended, on account of his feeble con-
stitution, for the priesthood, but in
1808, when the French invaded Spain,
he enrolled himself as a volunteer in
the body of students called the Sacred
Battalion, and was placed at a mili-
tary school until his twenty-third
year, when he entered upon active
service as sub-lieutenant. Upon the
expulsion of Napoleon from Spain,
his restless spirit led him to join Gen.
Morillo in the South American Colo-
nies. He returned to Spain, and in
1833, when Ferdinand VII. died,
took a decided part in favour of his
daughter, Isabella II., opposed Zuma-
lacarregui, and sustained many de-
feats; but the tide of victory at
length turned, and in 1841 Espartero
became Regent of Spain, and governed
the country with a fair share of suc-
cess, although continually thwarted
by intrigue. When Gen. Narvaez
entered Madrid in 1843, Gen. Espar-
tero, compelled to retire, sought the
protection of a British man-of-war,
and sailed to England. Having re-
mained for some time in London, he
was invited to return to Spain, where
he resided as a private citizen until
June, 1854. In July, Queen Isabella,
much against her will, having sent
for Gen. Espartero, and commissioned
him to resume the direction of affairs,
he entered the capital, and in conjunc-
tion with Gen. O'Donnell, his former
rival, formed a ministry, July 19;
but his government encountered great
difficulties in the corruption of the
court and of the administrative de-
partments, in the hostility of the
clergy, the restlessness of the Carlists,
and the fickleness and insubordina-
tion of its own professed supporters.
At length, in the summer of 1856,
matters came to a crisis. It was im-
possible that two such men as Es-
partero and O'Donnell could work
together in harmony for any length
Gen. Espartero was dis-
|
of time.
361
missed, and insurrections broke out
in Madrid, Barcelona, and Zaragoza ;
but he took no part in the quarrels
made in his name, and again lost one
of the most brilliant positions that
fortune or military prestige could
offer. In 1857 he resigned his dignity
as senator, and since that time has
rarely appeared in connection with
Spanish politics. After the revolution
of 1868, which ended in the expulsion
of Queen Isabella, Gen. Espartero
gave his hearty adhesion to the Pro-
visional Government, although he
took no active part in the events of
that period. In May, 1869, during
the debates on the policy of re-esta-
blishing the monarchical form of
government, a deputy, Señor Garido,
suggested that Espartero should be
chosen King of Spain, but the pro-
posal was not favourably received by
the Cortes. In Feb., 1875, he gave in
his adhesion to the cause of King
Alfonso XII.
ESSEX, THE DOWAGER COUNTESS
OF, better known formerly by her
maiden name of Katherine Stephens,
the daughter of a carver and gilder,
born Sept. 18, 1794, was placed under
the tuition of Mr. Lanza in 1807, and
was his articled pupil for five years,
during which time she sang at Bath,
Bristol, Southampton, and the Pan-
theon, London.
theon, London. In 1812 she became
the pupil of Mr. Welch, and made
her debut at Covent Garden Theatre
as Mandane, in " Artaxerxes after-
wards appeared as Polly in the "Beg-
gars' Opera," and as Clara in the
"Duenna." In 1814 she sang at the
Ancient Concerts. After remaining
some years at Covent Garden, she
transferred her services to Drury
Lane. She had been offered an en-
gagement at the Opera House, to
supply the place of Mdme. Catalini,
but declined it, not being sufficiently
acquainted with the Italian language.
For some few years before her retire-
ment, she devoted herself almost
exclusively to oratorios and concert
singing. Her voice, a soprano of
unusual compass and purity, reached
to the high D, and her rendering of
.""
362
ÉTEX-EUGÉNIE.
simple and pathetic ballads was con-
sidered perfect. A more spotless
character has not been known on the
stage, Miss Stephens being as much
loved as admired by her audiences.
In 1838 she became the second wife
of the fifth Earl of Essex, and was
left a widow, without issue, in the
following year.
ÉTEX, ANTOINE, sculptor, born at
Paris, March 28, 1806, studied in the
ateliers of MM. Dupaty and Pradier,
receiving at the same time lessons
from MM. Ingres and Duban. From
1827 to 1829 he competed for the prize
at Rome; obtained a second prize in
1828, the subject being "Le Jeune
Hyacinthe tué par Apollon;" and
visited Italy, Algieria, Corsica, Spain,
Germany, and England. At the
"Salon" of 1833 he exhibited, amongst
other important works, a colossal
"Cain," which attracted much atten-
tion, and led to his receiving the
commission to execute two of the
groups for the Arc de l'Étoile. Several
of his works having been rejected
for exhibition at the " Salon," he did
not again compete until 1841, when
he was again successful. M. Étex,
in addition to being a sculptor, has
achieved renown as a painter, en-
graver, and architect; obtained a
first class medal for sculpture in 1833,
and the decoration in June, 1841. He
is the author of "Essai sur le Beau,"
published in 1851; "Cours Élémen-
taire de Dessin," and "J. Pradier,
Ary Scheffer, Études," in 1859.
Marshal of the Empire, he took the
command of the Brazilian forces as
they were straining every nerve for
a supreme effort in Paraguay, and
brought to a happy termination a
campaign which, were its particulars
entrusted to the treatment of a great
poet, might rank among the most
epic exploits of our times. The struggle
with Lopez, the Dictator of Paraguay,
lasted for six years with varying
success, and was closed by the death
of Lopez on March 1, 1870, when
General Camara, of the Brazilian
cavalry, overtook the Dictator at
Aquidubon, and, as he refused to
surrender, he was cut down, sword in
hand, at the head of a small body of
troops, who manifested their attach-
ment to their leader till the last.
The Comte d'Eu afterwards made
a triumphant entry into Rio de
Janeiro with the élite of his victori-
ous troops.
|
EUGÉNIE, EX-EMPRESS OF THE
FRENCH. EUGÉNIE-MARIE DE GUZ-
MAN, COUNTESS OF TÉBA, born
May 5, 1826, is the daughter of
Doña Maria, Manuela Kirkpatrick,
of Closeburn, countess-dowager de
Montijos, whose father was English
consul at Malaga at the period of her
marriage with the Count de Montijos,
an officer in the Spanish army, con-
nected, more or less closely, with the
houses of the duke de Frias, repre-
sentative of the ancient admirals of
Castile, of the duke of Fyars, and
others of the highest rank, including
the descendants of the kings of
Aragon. On the death of the count
de Montijos, his widow was left with
a fortune adequate to the maintenance
of her position, and two daughters,
one of whom married the Duke of Alba
and Berwick, lineally descended from
James II. and Miss Churchill. For
Eugénie, the second, a still higher
destiny was reserved. In 1851, the
Countess Téba, accompanied by her
mother, paid a lengthened visit to
Paris, and was distinguished at the
various entertainments given at the
Tuileries by the dignity and elegance
of her demeanour, and by great per-
EU (COMTE D'), PRINCE LOUIS
PHILIPPE MARIE FERDINAND GAS-
TON D'ORLEANS, born at the château
de Neuilly, in the department of the
Seine, April 28, 1842, is the eldest son
of the Duke de Nemours, and one of
the grandsons of King Louis Phillipe.
Brought up in exile, he was educated
for the military profession, and went
to take service in South America. In
1864 he married Isabella, the eldest
daughter of Don Pedro II. of Brazil,
heiress apparent of that vast empire.
Domesticated in the palace of the
male branch of the House of Braganza,
and distinguished by the title of
EVANS.
sonal beauty,-of the aristocratic
English rather than the Spanish style.
Her mental gifts were not less attrac-
tive; for her education, partly con-
ducted in England, was very superior
to that generally bestowed upon
Spanish women, who seldom quit
their native country. Shortly after
the opposition of the higher Northern
Powers had put an end to the idea❘
of a union between the Emperor Na-
poleon III. and the Princess Carola
Wasa of Sweden, he apprised the
council of ministers of his intended
marriage with the daughter of the
Countess Montijos; a measure which
excited some disapproval among them,
and even led to their temporary with-
drawal from office. During the short
time which intervened between the
public announcement of the approach-
ing event and its realization, the
Countess Téba and her mother took
up their abode in the palace of the
Elysée. The marriage was celebrated
with much magnificence on Jan. 29,
1853, at Notre Dame. The life of
the Empress Eugénie after her
marriage was comparatively un-
eventful, being passed chiefly in the
ordinary routine of state etiquette;
in visits to the various royal mais-
sons de plaisance, varied by an ex-
tended progress through France in
company with her husband; by an
annual sojourn for the benefit of her
health at Biarritz, in the Pyrenees,
the favourite summer resort of her
family in the days of her girlhood; by
a journey to England and Scotland,
in the autumn of 1861, and in 1864
to some of the German baths. The
Empress Eugénie, who became the
mother of an heir to the house of
Bonaparte, March 16, 1856, was a de-
voted supporter of the claims of the
Holy See, and to her influence much
of the policy of the emperor towards
Italy has been attributed. Accom-
panied by the emperor, she visited
the cholera hospitals in Paris, in Oct.,
1865, and her conduct on this occa-
sion was very highly commended. In
July, 1866, she made, with the Prince
Imperial, an official tour in Lorraine,
|
|
363
|
and was present at the fête held at
Nancy in commemoration of the re-
union of that province with France.
On the occasion of the centenary of
Napoleon I., in Aug., 1869, she pro-
ceeded with the Prince Imperial to
Corsica. In Oct. of the same year
her Majesty made a voyage to the
East on board the steam yacht l'Aigle.
She went first to Venice, thence to
Constantinople, next to Port Saïd,
where she was present at the formal
opening of the Suez Canal (Nov. 17),
visited the most interesting places in
Turkey and Egypt, and returned to
France at the end of November. At
the commencement of the war be-
tween France and Germany she was
appointed Regent (July 27, 1870)
during the absence of the Emperor.
Immediately after the revolution in
Paris, on the 4th of Sept., she hur-
riedly left the Tuileries, and escaped
from France. She landed at Ryde,
in the Isle of Wight, Sept. 9, 1870,
and shortly afterwards proceeded to
join the Prince Imperial at Hastings.
Camden House, Chislehurst, was sub-
sequently selected as a residence by
the Imperial exiles. In Oct., 1871,
the Empress went to Spain on a visit
to her mother. The Emperor died at
Chislehurst, Jan. 9, 1873.
EVANS, JOHN, F.R.S., F.S.A.,
F.G.S., son of the late Rev. A. B.
Evans, D.D., of Market Bosworth,
Leicestershire, was born in 1823, and
educated at Bosworth school. In 1864
he published "The Coins of the An-
cient Britons." He has also written
on the "Flint Implements in the
Drift" (Archæologia, vols. 38 and 39),
and a variety of papers in the
Numismatic Chronicle, of which he
is one of the editors. He was Presi-
dent of the Geological section of
the British Association at the meet-
ing held in Dublin in Aug., 1878,
when the University of Dublin con-
ferred on him the honorary degree
of LL.D.
EVANS, MARIAN, a popular Eng-
lish novelist, well known under the
pseudonym of "George Eliot." She
is the daughter of a poor clergyman,
364
EVANS-EVERSLEY.
but in early life was adopted by a
wealthy clergyman, who gave her a
first-class education. When she left
school, which happened while she was
still very young, Mr. Herbert Spencer
became her tutor and friend, and
under his skilful training her mind
was developed rapidly and broadly.
She applied herself to the languages,
mastering German, French, and
Italian, became an accomplished
musician, and familiarized herself
not only with the fine arts, but also
with metaphysics and logic. While
in this stage she translated Strauss's
"Life of Jesus (1846) from the
fourth German edition, and soon
afterwards became one of the staff of
the Westminster Review. Here by
her intimacy with Mr. John Stuart
Mill and others, she became confirmed
in
|
""
their peculiar religious and
philosophical views. Her translation
of Feuerbach's "Essence of Chris-
tianity" appeared in 1853. Sub-
joined is a list of her subsequent
works :-"Scenes of Clerical Life,'
2 vols, 1858, published originally in
Blackwood's Magazine; “Adam Bede,
her most popular novel, 1859; "The
Mill on the Floss," 1860 ; "Silas
Marner, the Weaver of Raveloe," 1861;
Romola," 1863; "Felix Holt, the
Radical," 1866; "The Spanish Gypsy,"
a poem, 2nd edit., 1868; "Agatha,
a poem, 1869; Middlemarch, a
study of provincial life," 4 vols.,
1871-72; "The Legend of Jubal and
other Poems." 1874; "Daniel De-
ronda," 4 vols., 1876.
""
>>
EVANS, SEBASTIAN, LL.D., young-
est son of the late Arthur Benoni
Evans, D.D., born at Market Bos-
worth, Leicestershire, March 2, 1830,
was educated at Emmanuel College,
Cambridge, graduating B.A. in 1853,
M.A. in 1857, and LL.D. in 1868.
He became manager of the artistic
department in Messrs. Chance Bro-
thers and Co.'s glass works in 1857,
in which capacity he designed the
“Robin Hood" window exhibited in
the International Exhibition of 1862,
and lithographed by Mr. Waring in
his "Masterpieces of Industrial Art."
|
In 1865 he published a volume entitled
"Brother Fabian's MS. and other
Poems," and in 1875, a second, "In
the Studio, a decade of Poems." In
1867 he became editor of the Bir-
mingham Daily Gazette, and in 1868
unsuccessfully contested the borough
of Birmingham in the Conservative
interest.
interest. He resigned the editorship
in Oct., 1870, and was called to the
bar in 1873, when he joined the
Oxford Circuit. Dr. Evans is author
of a number of essays and poems,
which have appeared in various peri-
odicals. Several of his lectures have
also been separately published.
EVARTS, WILLIAM MAXWELL,
LL.D., born in Boston, Feb. 6, 1816.
He graduated at Yale College in
1837, studied at the Harvard Law
School, and in 1841 was admitted to
the New York bar, where he soon
took a high position. In the Im-
peachment trial of President Andrew
Johnson, in the spring of 1868, Mr.
Evarts was the leading counsel for
the defendant. and from July, 1868,
to the close of Mr. Johnson's adminis-
tration, he was Attorney-General of
the United States. In 1872 he was
counsel for the United States in the
tribunal of arbitration on the Alabama
claims at Geneva. Upon the acces-
sion, March, 1877, of Mr. Hayes to
the Presidency, he was made Secre-
tary of State. Although an accom-
plished scholar and able speaker, he
has published only a few occasional
discourses and addresses. Among
these are the "Centennial Oration
before the Linonian Society of Yale
College " (1853), an "Address before
the New England Society" (1854),
and an oration upon the unveiling of
the statue of Mr. Seward in Madison
Square, New York, in 1876.
EVERSLEY (VISCOUNT), THE
RIGHT HON. CHARLES SHAW LE-
FEVRE, D.C.L., the eldest son of
the late Charles Shaw Lefevre, Esq.,
M.P. for Reading (who assumed
the name of Lefevre in addition to
Shaw on marrying a lady of that
name, whose ancestors were among
the French refugee families that fled
|
EXETER-EYRE.
|
|
an
to England at the revocation of the
Edict of Nantes), born Feb. 22, 1794,
and educated at Winchester and
Trinity College, Cambridge, where he
graduated in due course, was called
to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, but did
not practise. In 1830 he was returned
to the House of Commons for the now
disfranchised borough of Downton, sat
for Hampshire in 1831-2, and reprc-
sented the northern division of that
county from the passing of the Re-
form Act till his elevation to the
peerage. He was chosen in May,
1839, Speaker of the House of Com-
mons, in succession to the late Mr.
Abercromby (afterwards Lord Dun-
fermline), and retired after
eighteen years' tenure of office, in
1857. In this capacity his dignified
and courteous demeanour, strict im-
partiality, and thorough acquaintance
with the forms and rules of the
House, secured him the confidence
and respect of all parties, and even
under Sir R. Peel's Conservative ad-
ministration no attempt was made to
substitute another in his place, though
he professed Liberal politics. His
Lordship, who was created Viscount
Eversley on his retirement from the
Speakership, April 11, 1857, is High
Steward of Winchester, Governor of
the Isle of Wight, honorary Lieut.-
Col. of the Hants Yeomanry, and an
Aide-de-Camp to the Queen for the
Yeomanry service, with the rank of
Col. in that force. In 1858 he was
appointed a Commissioner of Church
Estates, which office he resigned in
1859, when he was appointed an Ec-
clesiastical Commissioner.
|
EXETER, BISHOP OF. (See
TEMPLE.)
EYRE, THE MOST REV. CHARLES,
a Catholic prelate, born in 1817, at
Askam Bryan Hall, York, and edu-
cated at Ushaw College, Durham, and
in Rome. He was appointed assistant
priest at St. Andrew's church, New-
castle-on-Tyne, in 1843; removed to
St. Mary's, Newcastle, in 1844; be-
came senior priest at St. Mary's
Cathedral, Newcastle, in 1847, and
remained there, with a short interval,
365
till Christmas, 1868. He was for
many years canon of the diocese of
Hexham and Newcastle; and for
some time was Vicar-General; was
appointed Archbishop for the Western
district, and Delegate-Apostolic for
Scotland in December, 1868; and
was consecrated in the church of St.
Andrea della Valle, Rome, Jan. 31,
1869, by the title of Archbishop of
Anazarba, in partibus infidelium.
When the ancient hierarchy was re-
stored in Scotland by Pope Leo
XIII., on March 4, 1878, Mgr.
Eyre was appointed Archbishop of
Glasgow. The Letters Apostolic con-
stituting the new dioceses in Scot-
land ordain that while, in considera-
tion of its antiquity, importance, and
ancient archiepiscopal dignity, Glas-
gow is erected into an Archbishopric.
it shall not, until it is otherwise
decreed by his Holiness or his suc-
cessors, possess any real prerogatives
of an archiepiscopal or metropolitan
See, and that, while he remains
without suffragans, the Archbishop
of Glasgow shall take his seat with
the Archbishop and Bishops of the
province of St. Andrews and Edin-
burgh in the Provincial Synod of
Scotland. Archbishop Eyre is the
author of a "History of St. Cuthbert,"
1849 (2nd edit. 1858).
at
EYRE, EDWARD JOHN, some time
Governor of Jamaica, born in Aug.,
1815, son of the late Rev. Anthony
Eyre, vicar of Hornsey and Long
Riston, in the East Riding of York-
shire, finished his education
the Louth and Sedbergh grammar-
schools. Failing to obtain a com-
mission in the army at seventeen
years of age, he determined to try his
fortune in Australia, and having ar-
rived at Sydney about 1833, with a
capital of £400, engaged in sheep-
farming and the transporting of cat-
tle. He was successful, and invested
the profits in the purchase of an
estate situated on the lower Murray,
upon which he settled and remained
for several years, during which period
he was appointed resident magistrate
of his district, and Protector of the
366
EYRE.
|
Aborigines. In the numerous disputes | the Leeward Islands, who was on
which arose between the European leave of absence. In 1860, upon the
settlers and the aborigines, he acted termination of his Governorship of
with much discretion, and upheld as Antigua, Mr. Eyre returned to Eng-
much as possible the lawful rights of land to recruit his health, which had
the wandering native tribes. In a become much impaired by his long
work entitled "Discoveries in Central residence in tropical climates and
Australia," published in 1845, he overwork. The rest he obtained was,
earnestly pleads their cause. In the however, short, for in 1862 he was
meantime he distinguished himself as chosen by the late Duke of Newcastle,
an Australian explorer of the then Secretary of State for the Colonies,
unknown shore, extending from 118 to administer the Government-in-
deg. to 134 deg. of east longitude Chief of Jamaica and its dependen-
between King George's Sound, in cies during the absence of Governor
West Australia, and Port Lincoln, in Darling, who had returned to Eng-
South Australia. Mr. Eyre had land on account of ill-health. When
strongly opposed the notion that a Mr. Eyre reached Jamaica he had a
practical road existed in that direc- difficult task before him. The island
tion for sending sheep and cattle to was in a state of retrogression. Cuba.
West Australia, though he believed had usurped its trade, several of the
that there were fertile lands in the richest estates were uncultivated, and
interior beyond a salt marsh called demagogues used inflammatory lan-
Lake Torrens. An expedition to test guage in order to excite the negroes
this idea was set on foot, which to rebellion. In consequence of the
started June 20, 1840, Mr. Eyre being non-return of Governor Darling, Mr.
at its head. After experiencing in- Eyre was appointed Captain-General
numerable difficulties and privations, and Governor, General-in-Chief and
and having been considered as lost, he Vice-Admiral of the Island of Jamaica,
reached Albany, King George's Sound, July 15, 1864 and an insurrection
July 7, 1841. His journey proved having broken out in Oct., 1865, he
the enormous difficulty and prac- proclaimed martial law, and used
tical uselessness of the Western route. very vigorous measures for its sup-
In 1845 Mr. Eyre returned to Eng- pression. His policy was completely
land, and in 1846 received from Earl successful, and what was believed to
Grey, then Secretary of State for the be a dangerous insurrection was
Colonies, the appointment of Lieut.- crushed. His measures, more espe-
Governor of New Zealand, as second cially in the trial by court-martial,
to the Governor, Sir George Grey. and condemnation to death of George
He remained there six years, residing William Gordon, a mulatto of pro-
generally at Wellington, but adminis- perty, excited much resentment
tering the government of the middle among certain sections at home, and
Island, in which the provinces of a commission of inquiry was de-
Nelson, Canterbury, and Otago are spatched to Jamaica, Governor Eyre
situated. While in New Zealand he being superseded, and Sir Henry
married a daughter of Captain Or- Storks temporarily appointed in his
mond, R.N., by which lady he has place. The report of the committee,
several children. Having served his published in June, 1866, exonerated
full term as a colonial governor, he Governor Eyre from the heavy
returned to England in 1853, and charges brought against him, but he
about a twelvemonth afterwards was was recalled, and Sir P. Grant ap-
appointed Lieut.-Gov. of the island pointed his successor. Mr. Eyre, who
of St. Vincent. This post he held for reached Southampton, Aug. 12, was
six years; and in the years 1859 and entertained at a banquet there, Aug.
1860 he was in the island of Antigua, 21. In the meantime, large funds
filling the place of the Governor of were collected by an association of
|
EYRE-FAED.
persons who styled themselves "The
Jamaica Committee," for the prose-
cution of the ex-Governor, and some
of the officers who acted under him.
Immediately a numerous and influen-
tial committee of noblemen and gen-
tlemen, presided over by the Earl of
Shrewsbury, was formed for the pro-
tection and defence of Mr. Eyre, and
funds were liberally subscribed by the
public. Colonel Nelson and Lieu-
tenant Brand were charged with
murder, but the Grand Jury, after a
very exhaustive charge from the
Lord Chief Justice of the Queen's
Bench, threw out the bills, April 11,
1867; and the magistrates at Market
Drayton, before whom Mr. Eyre was
arraigned, alsc on a charge of murder,
refused to coramit him. Numerous
other legal proceedings, both criminal
and civil, were instituted against Mr.
Eyre, extending ove: a period of
about four years, an entailing an
expenditure connected with his de-
fence of over £10.000.
In every
instance, however, the proceedings
instituted failed to substantiate any
case against Mr. Jyre.
367
|
period of the Indian Mutiny, is a
Fellow of the Royal Geographical
Society, and of other learned bodies,
was made a C.B. in 1858, and a
Knight Commander of the Order of
the Star of India in 1867 in reward
for his Indian services. During the
late conflict between France and
Prussia he was chairman of the Bou-
logne branch of the English National
Society for Aid to the Sick and
Wounded, and made public some of
his experiences in a little work enti-
tled "A Fortnight's Tour among
French Ambulances," 1870.
FAED, JOHN, artist, born in 1820,
at Burley Mill, in the stewartry of
Kircudbright, where his father was
an engineer and millwright, showed
an early taste for art, and, encouraged
by a successful painting, which he
finished at the age of twelve, began
to paint miniatures in his own neigh-
bourhood. He repaired, in 1841, to
Edinburgh, where he exhibited, in
1850, some pictures of humble life,
which met with a ready sale. His
principal works are "Shakespeare
and his Contemporaries; and two
series of drawings illustrating "The
Cotter's Saturday Night," and (6 The
Soldier's Return." Since coming to
London in 1864, Mr. Faed has painted
"The Wappenschaw; or Shooting
Match; "Catherine Sefton;""The
Old Style; "Tam O'Shanter;
"Haddon Hall of Old; " "The Bal-
"Old Age;
lad
"The Stirrup
"The Old Crockery Man
Cup;
"John Anderson, my Jo';
"" Parting
of Evangeline and Gabriel;" "The
Old Brocade;" "Auld Mare Mag-
"Gamekeeper's Daughter;
and "The Hiring Fair."
""
**
FAED, THOMAS, R.A. (brother of
Mr. John Faed), born at Burley Mill
in 1826, lost his father in his boyhood,
but, aided by his brother, who was
working his way to reputation as an
EYRE, MAJOR-GENERAL SIR
VINCENT, C.B., K.C.S.I., of the Ben-
gal Artillery, born in 1811, was
educated at the Military College,
Addiscombe, entered the Bengal Ar-
tillery in 1828, served in Afghanistan
in 1841-2, and as a volunteer with
the Horse Artillery during the insur-
rection in Cabul, in which he was
severely wounded. He accompanied
the army ca its retreat, was made
prisoner by Akbar Khan, and after a
captivity of eight months effected his
escape to Sir. G. Pollock's camp in
Sept., 1842, and published an inter-
esting account of the "Military Ope-
rations at Cabul," in 1843. He has
shown his skill as a practical engineer
by several scientific inventions, and is
the author of a pamphlet on "Metal-gie;
lic Boats and Floating Waggons for
Naval and Military Service; with
Observations on American Life-pre-
serving Cars," published in 1854.
Major-General Eyre, who distin-
guished himself during the trying
25
•
>
""
F
??
""
·
""
""
368
FAIDHERBE.
|
artist in Edinburgh, resolved to follow |
the bent of his genius. While a stu-
dent at the School of Design in Edin-
burgh, where for a short period he
was under the tuition of Sir W. Allan,
he was annually successful at the
competition for prizes in various de-
partments. The earliest work of art
he exhibited in public was a drawing
in water-colours from the "Old Eng-
lish Baron." He soon after com-
menced oil-painting, exercising his
brush on such subjects as draught
players and shepherd boys. Mr. Faed
became an Associate of the Royal
Scottish Academy in 1849, and after
executing, among other approved
works of art, the popular picture of
"Scott and his Friends at Abbots-
ford," settled permanently in London
in 1852, and began to exhibit at the
Royal Academy. In 1855 his work,
"The Mitherless Bairn," elicited from
critics the praise of being "the picture
of the season." In 1856 Mr. Faed
exhibited "Home and the Home-
less ;" and in 1857, "The First Break
in the Family ;" his more recent pic-
tures being "Sunday in the Back-
woods," "His only Pair," "From
Dawn to Sunset," "Baith Faither
and Mither," and "The Last o' the
Clan." Mr. Faed was made A.R.A.
in 1859, and R.A. in 1864. He was
elected an honorary member of the
Vienna Royal Academy in Jan.
1875.
FAIDHERBE, LOUIS LÉON CÉSAR,
a French general, born at Lille, June
3, 1818, studied first at the college of
his native town, entered the Poly-
technic School at Paris, and next pro-
ceeded to that of Metz, which he left
in 1842, with the rank of lieutenant
in the first regiment of engineers.
He commenced his military career in
Algeria, where he was stationed during
the years 1844 and 1845; and in 1848
he went to Guadaloupe with the rank
of captain. Being habituated to life
in the tropics, and acquainted with
questions of colonization, which he
had thoroughly studied during his re-
sidence in the Antilles, he addressed
in 1850 a demand to the Ministry of
War to be attached to the staff at
Senegal; but as there happened to be
no vacancy at the time, he returned
to Algeria, where he constructed the
advanced fort of Bou-Saada, took part
in the campaign against the Kabyles
under General Saint-Arnaud, 1851;
and in the expedition in the high-
lands under General Bosquet, 1852.
The services he rendered at the time
of the disaster which brought this last
expedition to an end, procured for
him the Cross of the Legion of Ho-
nour. At the end of the same year he
was, in consequence of his reiterated
requests, sent to Senegal, and after a
residence of two years there he had
acquired such an extensive and ac-
curate knowledge of the wants, the
dangers, the economy, and the prac-
tical policy of the colony, that M.
Ducos, the Minister of Marine, did
not hesitate to entrust him, in 1854,
with the supreme government of the
French possessions in Senegal. M.
Faidherbe therefore devoted his whole
energies to the task he had so long
desired to undertake, namely, the
renovation of the colony, and it took.
him no less than seven years to ac-
complish it. After a warfare of four
years' duration, he recaptured from
the Moors the left bank of the river
Trarza, 1858; annexed the coasts of
Baol, Sine, Saloum, and Casamanza;
established a system of fortresses,
forts, and wooden blockhouses, which
guaranteed the security of the coun-
try, and also a network of electric
telegraphs; opened new factories at
Dagana, Podor, Matan, and Saldé ; and
finally waged a war of extermination
against the Prophet El-Hadji-Omar,
who had conceived the vast project
of founding an immense Mussulman
empire in Central Africa, by driving
out the foreigners, and uniting the
native tribes in a kind of confedera-
tion. This war, which was a question
of life or death for the colony, and
which spread over a territory no less
than 300 leagues in extent, is the
chief military exploit of M. Faidherbe.
It terminated in 1860 by the submis-
sion of the apostle of Islam. After
FAIRBAIRN-FAITHFULL.
having crowned his undertaking by
establishing regular relations with
Caylor, a powerful state which sepa-
rates the two important French es-
tablishments at St. Louis and Goree,
he quitted Senegal in order to take
the command of the subdivision at
Sidi-bel-Abbès, having been previ-
ously appointed Lieutenant-Colonel
of Engineers in 1855, and Colonel in
1858. During his absence from the
coast of the Atlantic, the programme
drawn up by him was disregarded by
the authorities, and affairs came to a
crisis. Consequently, on May 20, 1863,
the Minister of Marine again sought
the intervention of M. Faidherbe,
who, raised to the rank of General of
Brigade, resumed the reins of govern-
ment in Senegal. Two years later
the state of his health compelled him
to return to a less deadly climate, and
accordingly he was appointed to the
chief command of the subdivision of
Bona, in Algeria. During the late
disastrous war between France and
Germany, General Faidherbe acted a
conspicuous part, being nominated in
Nov. 1870, to the chief command of
the Army of the North (22nd corps).
In July, 1871, he was returned to the
Assembly for three departments-
the Nord, the Pas-de-Calais, and the
Somme-but in the following month
he resigned his position as deputy, in
consequence of his conviction that the
Assembly was assuming duties other
than those conferred upon it by the
electors, and also because he entirely
disapproved the disbanding of the
National Guards. He was afterwards
sent by the French Government on a
scientific mission to Upper Egypt,
and on his return the towns of Saint-
Quentin and Amiens presented him
with a sword of honour. General
Faidherbe is the author of "Notice
sur la Colonie du Sénégal et sur les
Pays qui sont en relations avec elle,"
1859;
"L'Avenir du Sahara et du
Soudan," 1863; "Chapitres de Géo-
graphie sur le Nord-Ouest de l'Afrique,
avec une carte de ces contrées, à
l'usage des écoles de la Sénégambie,"
1865;
"Recherches Anthropolo-
|
369
(4
giques sur les Dolmens d'Algérie,”
1868; Inscriptions Lybiques et
Aperçus Ethnographiques sur les
Numides," 1870; "Campagne de
l'Armée du Nord en 1870-71," Paris,
1871; "Essai sur la langue Poule,
1875; and a large number of articles
in periodical publications.
77
FAIRBAIRN, SIR THOMAS, Bart.,
eldest surviving son of the late Sir
William Fairbairn,Bart.,LL.D.,F.R.S.,
was born in Manchester in 1823, and
received a private education. Along
residence in Italy afforded him oppor-
tunities for the study and appreciation
of art, and induced him to make
efforts for its encouragement in this
country, especially in connection with
education. Under the signature of
"Amicus " he has contributed, during
many years, to the Times news-
paper, on the relations between em-
ployers and employed, the social pro-
gress of England, Trade Unionism,
and other subjects. Mr. Thomas
Fairbairn was chairman of the Exhi-
bition of the Art Treasures of the
United Kingdom at Manchester in
1857, and on her Majesty's visit in
June, was offered the honour of
knighthood, which he declined. He
was one of her Majesty's Commis-
sioners for the Exhibition of 1851,
and took an active part in the or-
ganization of the Great Exhibition
of 1862, in the same capacity. He
succeeded to the baronetcy on the
death of his father, Aug. 18, 1874. Sir
Thomas Fairbairn is a Magistrate and
Deputy-Lieutenant for Lancashire
and Hampshire, and was High Sheriff
of the latter county in 1870.
FAITHFULL, MISS EMILY,
daughter of the late Rev. Ferdinand
Faithfull, was born at Headley rec-
tory, Surrey, in 1835, and educated
in a school at Kensington, where
she early showed that singular firm-
ness and independence which have
since characterised her.
She was
presented at court in her twenty-
first year, and entered for a short
time into the gaieties of London life.
On becoming interested in the condi-
tion of women, she devoted herself to
BB
370
the extension of their remunerative | In 1847 he began his legal career; in
spheres of labour. In 1860 she col-
In 1860 she col-
lected a band of female compositors,
and, in spite of great difficulties,
founded a typographical establish-
ment in Great Coram-street, in which
women (as compositors) were em-
ployed, and for which she obtained
the approval of her Majesty. Among
many other specimens of first-rate
workmanship produced at the Vic-
toria Press, is the "Victoria Regia,"
dedicated, by special permission, to
the Queen, who was pleased to signify
her approbation by giving a warrant
appointing Miss Faithfull printer and
publisher in ordinary to her Majesty.
In May, 1863, Miss Faithfull com-
menced a monthly publication en-
titled The Victoria Magazine, in which
the views she seeks to advocate, and
the claims of women to remunerative
employment, were carnestly set forth.
In the spring of 1868 Miss Faithfull
published a novel, entitled "Change
upon Change," which ran into a
second edition within a month of its
publication, and was received with
great favour by the press, "as abound-
ing in clever pictures of social life of
the higher class." Shortly after this
Miss Faithfull made her début at the
Hanover Square Rooms as a lecturer.
She has achieved a marked success
in this capacity, and frequently lec-
tures in our leading literary and
philosophical institutions. In 1872-73
Miss Faithfull visited the United
States, and received the most unique
reception in Steinway Hall ever ac-
corded to a woman. In Sept., 1877,
Miss Faithfull started the West Lon-
don Express, which has already proved
such a success that she has been
obliged to introduce steam machinery
into her office, and to increase her
staff of female compositors.
1850 he became an assistant of the
Public Prosecutor in Breslau; in 1853
chief of this office at Lyck; in 1861
he assumed the same functions before
the Kammergericht or Superior Court,
with duties in the Ministry of Justice;
in 1862 he became Judge of the Court
of Appeals at Glogau; and in 1868
he was permanently assigned as Privy
Councillor, or Geheimrath, to the
Ministry of Justice. He sat in the
Prussian House of Deputies from 1858
to 1861; he was elected to the Con-
stituent North German Reichstag in
1867, and he has been a member of
the Imperial Parliament ever since
its establishment. When Prince Bis-
marck resolved to weaken the influ-
ence of the Roman Catholic Church
in Prussia, he caused Dr. Falk to be
nominated Minister of Public Wor-
ship (Jan. 22, 1872), in succession to
Dr. Von Mühler. Since then Dr.
Falk has succeded in passing various
repressive laws directed against the
hierarchy and the clergy, and his
name has thus become known beyond
the limits of the German Empire. He
lost his seat for Berlin at the general
election of members of the Imperial
Parliament in July, 1878.
FALKENSTEIN, EDWARD
VOGEL VON, a German general, born
Jan. 5, 1797, in Silesia, was destined
for the clerical vocation, but in 1813
he entered as a volunteer Jäger into
the West Prussian Grenadier regi-
ment, and before the termination of
the year became second lieutenant of
his regiment, with which he took part
in the campaign of 1813, and particu-
larly in the battles of Grossgörschen,
Bautzen, Katzbach, Bischofswerde,
and Potczaplitz. In the campaign of
1814 he led, as junior lieutenant, his
battalion out of the fight in the battle
of Montmirail, where all the other
officers were wounded, and received,
in recognition of his conduct, the
Iron Cross. He moreover took part,
during this campaign, in the battle of
Château Thierry, in the blockade of
Thionville, and in the affairs at Mercy
and Laon, and received the Prussian
|
FALK-FALKENSTEIN.
•
FALK, DR. ADALBERT, a German
statesman, born at Metschkau, in
Silesia, in 1827, is the son of a Lutheran
minister, who was a "liberal theolo-
gian.” He studied first in the
"Realschule" of Landeshut, then at
the Gymnasium in Breslau, and finally
at the University of the latter city.
FALLOUX.
371
|
Order of St. George of the fifth class.
In the campaign of 1815 he took part
in the Emperor Francis's Grenadier
Guards regiment, and marched into
Paris. In 1821 he became First Lieu-
tenant, and was ordered to the Typo-
graphical Bureau, where he continued
until the end of 1824. In 1829 he
became Captain and chief of a com-
pany, in 1841 Major, then Command-
ant of the combined reserve battalion
of the Guards, and afterwards of the
first battalion of the EmperorFrancis's
Grenadier Guards regiment, in which
character he led his battalion against
the insurgents during the days of the
Berlin revolution of 1848. On March
18, 1848, he was wounded in a street
fight. He had scarcely recovered
when he entered on the campaign in
Schleswig-Holstein, taking part par-
ticularly in the affair of Schleswig,
for which he received the Order of the
Red Eagle (third-class with swords).
In 1849 he became Lieutenant-
Colonel; in 1850, Chief of the Gene-
ral Staff of the Third Army-Corps ; in
1851, Colonel; in 1855, Commander
of the 5th Infantry Brigade; and
later of the 3rd Guards Brigade; and
in 1855, Major-General. In 1856 he
was placed at the disposal of the
Government as Director of the De-
partment of Military Economy.
Having become, in 1858, Lieutenant-
General and Commander of the Fifth
Division, and later of the Second
Division of the Infantry Guards, he
was ordered, in Dec., 1863, as Chief
of the General Staff, to the command
of the troops in Holstein, in which
capacity he took part in the campaign
in Schleswig and Jütland, particu-
larly in the battles of Fredericia and
Düppel. He also received the su-
preme command over the two Prus-
sian Divisions then in Jütland, and
the rank of Military Governor of Jüt-
land. His services were rewarded by
the Order pour le Mérite. After the
peace he undertook the command of
the Seventh (Westphalian) Army
Corps, and attained, on June 18, 1865,
to the grade of a General of Infantry.
In 1866, on the outbreak of the war
|
with Austria, Vogel von Falkenstein
was nominated to the command of
the so-called Main army, with which
he marched rapidly into Hanover,
took possession of the whole country,
and sent a division under General von
Beyer against Cassel, of which he
took possession, and barred the way
to the march of the Hanoverian army
southwards, so as to effect a junction
with the South-German troops. After
the Hanoverian army had capitulated
at Langensalza, Vogel von Falken-
stein hastened with the main army viâ
Fulda and through the Rhone; on July
10, gave battle to the Bavarians at
Hammelberg, Kissingen, Waldasch-
ach; and on July 16 took possession
of Frankfort. He had brilliantly dis-
charged the difficult task committed
to him, and on July 19 was relieved
of the command of the Main army,
and nominated Military Commander
of Bohemia, in order that he might
thence conduct the operations against
Bavaria. On the conclusion of peace,
General von Falkenstein undertook
the command of the First Army Corps,
and received the Grand Cross of the
Order of the Red Eagle, with swords,
in recognition of his splendid services.
On the outbreak of the war with
France, in 1870, Vogel von Falken-
stein received the supreme command
as Military Governor of the Home
troops, to which was committed the
defence of the German coast against
expected invasion.
FALKLAND ISLANDS, BISHOP
OF THE. (See STIRLING, DR.)
FALLOUX, ALFRED FRÉDÉRIC
PIERRE, COMTE DE, a French politi-
cian, born May 7, 1811, at Angers, is
the son of a merchant, who, at the
Restoration, received a patent of no-
bility as a reward for his zeal in the
cause of the monarchy. The son
showed by his two earliest works—
Histories of Louis XVI. and of Pope
St. Pius V.-published respectively
in 1840 and 1844 that he inherited
the Legitimist principles of his family,
and their ardent love of the cause of
order and religion. The department
of Maine-et-Loire returned him in
:
B B 2
FARLEY.
|
1846 to the Chamber of Deputies,
where he became conspicuous by his
zealous advocacy of liberty of reli-
gious teaching. After the flight and
abdication of King Louis Philippe, in
1848, M. de Falloux was returned to
the Constituent Assembly, and la-
boured there with an amount of zeal
and political courage which extorted
admiration even from his opponents.
He was one of the deputies who or-
ganized the resistance to the insur-
gents of the 15th of May, and on the
29th, being appointed reporter in the
question of national workshops, he
moved the dissolution of the Chamber,
which was the signal for the uprising
of the Red Republicans in June.
After the election of Louis Napoleon
as President of the Republic, M. de
Falloux was appointed Minister of
Public Instruction, Dec. 20, 1848, and
held that post until the end of Oct.,
1849, when he resigned in conse-
quence of his being censured for sub-
mitting to the Assembly an organic
measure relating to education without
having first brought it under the
notice of the Council of State. There-
upon he took his place in the Legis-
lative Assembly, to which he had
been again returned by the depart-
ment of Maine-et-Loire, and, acting
in concert with Montalembert, pro-
voked the most violent recriminations
from the Left. After the coup d'état,
withdrawing from the arena of poli-
tics, he occupied himself with agri-
cultural pursuits, but his name con-
tinued to be brought very frequently
under the notice of the public in con-
nection with his extreme Catholic
sentiments. He took an active part
in the proceedings of the Catholic
Congress held at Mechlin in 1867.
In 1869 he attempted to re-enter the
Assembly for the 3rd circonscription
of La Vendée, but was defeated by
the official nominee. The Count de
Falloux, who was elected a member
of the French Academy in 1856, has
written a vast number of articles in
the Correspondant, of which he is one
of the editors, and also the following
works:-" Histoire de Louis XVI.,"
|
372
发
​1840, 2nd edit. 1843; "Histoire de
Saint Pie V., Pape, de l'ordre des
Frères Prêcheurs," 2 vols., 1844, 3rd
edit. 1859; "Souvenirs de Charité,"
1857; "Madame Swetchine, sa Vie et
ses Euvres," 2 vols., 1859; "Médita-
tions et Prières," 1863; "La Con-
vention du 15 Septembre,” 1864 ;
"Itinéraire de Turin à Rome," 1865;
"Agriculture et Politique," 1868;
and "Les Elections prochaines," 1869.
He has also edited the Letters of Ma-
dame Swetchine and some devotional
works by the same author.
FARLEY, JAMES LEWIS, only son
of the late Mr. Thomas Farley, of
Meiltran, co. Cavan, was born at
Dublin, Sept. 9, 1823. He was ori-
ginally destined for the legal profes-
sion, and studied at Trinity College.
After the Crimean war and the
Peace of Paris, in 1856, the atten-
tion of English capitalists was di-
rected to Turkey, and the Ottoman
Bank was formed. Mr. Farley ac-
cepted the post of Chief Accountant
of the branch at Beyrout, which he
assisted in successfully establishing.
In 1860 he was appointed Accountant-
General of the State Bank of Turkey
at Constantinople, which subse-
quently became merged in the Impe-
rial Ottoman Bank. He has been a
frequent contributor to the newspaper
press on questions relative to the
trade and finances of Turkey, and
was special correspondent for the
Daily News during the Sultan's visit
to Egypt in 1863, and during the
Imperial and Royal visits to Constan-
tinople in 1869. He is also the
author of "Two years in Syria,"
1858; "The Druses and Maronites,
1861; "The Resources of Turkey,'
1862; "Banking in Turkey," 1863 ;
and "Turkey," 1866. In recognition
of his literary services to the Turkish
empire, he was, in March, 1870, ap-
pointed Consul at Bristol for his
Imperial Majesty the Sultan. Since
then he has contributed a series of
"Letters on Turkey" to one of the
Bristol journals, and made consider-
able efforts in developing the trade
between that port and the Levant.
-
"
FARNALL-FARRAR.
He is a Fellow of the Statistical So-
ciety of London, and a Corresponding
Member of the Institut Egyptien,
founded by the First Napoleon in
Alexandria.
FARNALL, HARRY BURRARD,
C.B., eldest son of the late Captain
Harry Farnall, R.N., born in 1802,
was educated at the Charterhouse
and at Downing College, Cambridge.
He has held for some years the post
of an Inspector of Poor Laws, and
during the distress in the manufac-
turing districts, caused by the civil
war in the United States, was ap-
pointed Special Commissioner by
Lord Palmerston's government, and
administered with much success and
ability the funds raised for the relief
of the Lancashire operatives. Mr.
Farnall is a Deputy Lieutenant for
Dorsetshire, a Magistrate for both
Devon and Kent, and Lieut.-Col. in
the 1st battalion of Kent Rifle Volun-
teers. He was made a C.B. in Dec.
1865.
FARR, WILLIAM, M.D., F.R.S.,
D.C.L., Superintendent of the Statis-
tical Department of the Registrar-
General's Office, Somerset House, born
at Kenley, Shropshire, in 1807, was
educated at Dorrington and Shrews-
bury, entered the University of Paris,
and proceeded to the University of
London in 1831. At an early age he
showed a strong taste for statistical
inquiry and the systematizing of
figures. He discharged the duties of
house surgeon of Shrewsbury In-
firmary for six months in 1832, and
afterwards commenced the practice
and teaching of medicine in London;
edited the Medical Annual and the
British Annals of Medicine, was ap-
pointed Compiler of Abstracts in the
Registrar-General's Office in 1838, and
organized there the statistical depart-
ment, of which he continues to be
the superintendent. He assisted the
Registrar-General in taking the cen-
sus in 1851, 1861, and 1871; he was
a member of the Royal Commission
for Inquiring into the Sanitary Con-
dition of the Army in India in 1859;
and was delegated by the Govern-
373
ment to attend the International Sta-
tistical Congresses held at various
times in the chief capitals of Europe.
He is the author of many contribu-
tions to the medical journals, the
article "Vital Statistics," in McCul-
loch's "Statistics of the British Em-
pire," annual official Reports on the
Public Health, and on the Causes of
Death in England (1837-78), the "Fi-
nance of Life Assurance,'
" "Paper on
the Income-Tax ; " and parts of the
Census Reports 1851 and 1861. He
has contributed many papers to the
Statistical Society of London; re-
ported in detail on the Colera Epide-
mic of 1849; framed a New Statistical
Nosology; and constructed the Eng-
lish Life Tables, with Values of An-
nuities and Premiums for Single and
Joint Lives. Dr. Farr read a paper
before the Royal Society, in 1859,
describing the method of constructing
Life Tables, and the application of
Scheutz's calculating machine to that
purpose. He was chosen a corre-
sponding member of the French In-
stitute in May, 1872.
FARRAR, THE REV. FREDERIC
WILLIAM, D.D., F.R.S., Canon of
Westminster, son of the Rev. C. R.
Farrar, rector of Sidcup, Kent, was
born in the Fort, Bombay, Aug. 7,
1831. He received his education at
King William's College, in the Isle of
Man, and at King's College, London.
He became a classical exhibitioner of
the University of London in 1850,
graduated B.A. there, and was ap-
pointed a University scholar in 1852.
Mr. Farrar was successively a scholar
and Fellow of Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, and in 1854 he took his
Bachelor's degree in that University
as fourth in the first class of the Clas-
sical Tripos, and a Junior Optime in
mathematics. He had already ob-
tained the Chancellor's Prize for
English Verse by his poem on “The
Arctic Regions," and he subsequently
gained the Le Bas Classical Prize,
and became also Norrisian Prizeman.
In 1854 he was ordained deacon by
the Bishop of Salisbury, and in 1857
he was admitted into priest's orders
374
FARRAR-FAUCIT.
|
dia," the "Encyclopædia Britannica,”
the "Transactions of the Ethnologi-
cal Society," and the "Quarterly Re-
view;" and published papers and
lectures delivered before the Royal
Institution, Sion College, the British
Association, and the Church Con-
gress; some of which have led to im-
portant modifications in the training
given in our public schools.
(C
FARRAR, THE REV. JOHN, a
Wesleyan minister, born at Alnwick,
Northumberland, July 29, 1802, and
educated at Woodhouse Grove School,
near Leeds. He became a Wesleyan
minister in Aug. 1822; governor and
tutor of Abney House Wesleyan
Theological Institution in 1839; clas-
sical tutor in Richmond College in
1843; governor of Woodhouse Grove
School in 1858; governor of Head-
ingley College in 1868; secretary of
the Wesleyan Conference from 1851
to 1853, and from 1859 to 1869; and
president of the Wesleyan Confer-
ence in 1854 and 1870. He is the
author of a "Biblical and Theological
Dictionary," an Ecclesiastical Dic-
tionary; Proper Names of Scrip-
and a
ture;
66 Manual of Biblical
Geography."
FAUCIT, HELEN, daughter of Mrs.
Faucit, an actress of considerable re-
pute, born in 1816, made her formal
début in London, Jan. 5, 1836, at
Covent Garden, in the character of
Julia, in the "Hunchback,” and
achieved a distinguished success.
She at once took rank as a leading
actress, and became an important
member of Mr. Macready's companies,
during the production of his Shak-
sperian revivals, at Covent Garden
and Drury Lane. Miss Helen Faucit
was the original representative of the
heroines in Lord Lytton's "Lady of
Lyons," "Money,"
The Sea Cap-
tain," "Richelieu," and the "Duchess
de la Vallière ;" in Mr. Robert Brown-
ing's "Strafford," the "Blot on the
Scutcheon," and "Colombe's Birth-
day;" in Mr. Westland Marston's
"Patrician's Daughter, "The Heart
and the World," and "Marie de Me-
ranie;" in Mr. Troughton's "Nina
|
|
by the Bishop of Ely. For many
years he was one of the Assistant
Masters at Harrow under Dr. Vaug-
han, and under his successor Dr.
Butler; and he held, with great dis-
tinction, the Head Mastership of
Marlborough College from Jan. 1871
till April 1876. Dr. Farrar was a
select preacher before the University
of Cambridge in 1868, and again in
1874-5, and he preached the Hulsean
Lectures in 1870. He was an Hono-
rary Chaplain to the Queen from 1869
to 1873, when he was nominated one
of Her Majesty's Chaplains in Ordi-
nary. In April 1876 he was ap-
pointed to a canonry in Westmin-
ster Abbey and the rectory of St.
Margaret's, vacant by the death of
Canon Conway. Dr. Farrar is the
author of the following works of fic-
tion:-"Eric, or Little by Little,"
10th edition, 1858; "Julian Home,"
4th edition, 1859; and "St. Wini-
fred's, or the World of School," 4th
edition, 1863. His philological works
are" The Origin of Language,"
1860 ; CC
Chapters on Language,"
1865; "Greek Grammar Rules,"
6th edition, 1865; "Greek Syntax,"
3rd edition, 1867; "Families of
Speech," 1870; and "Language and
Languages," being a revised edition
of "Chapters on Language " and
"Families of Speech," comprised in
one volume, 1878. He has also pub-
lished "A Lecture (before the Royal
Institution) on Public School Educa-
tion," with notes, 1867; and edited❘
Essays on a Liberal Education," 2nd
edition, 1868. His theological works
are-"The Fall of Man and other
Sermons," 1865; "Seekers after
God" (Sunday Library), 1869; "The
Witness of History to Christ; being
the Hulsean Lectures for 1870," 1871;
"The Silence and the Voices of God,"
a volume of sermons, 1873; "The
Life of Christ," 2 vols., 1874, which
reached its twelfth edition in a single
year; and "Eternal Hope," a volume
of sermons, 1878. Besides these
works, Dr. Farrar has been a contri-
butor to Smith's "Dictionary of the
Bible," Kitto's "Biblical Cyclopæ-
(C
""
"" 66
FAURE-FAVRE.
""
"}
Sforza ; and in many other plays. | join in a vote of thanks to Gen. Ca-
Her rendering of the Shaksperian vaignac, and opposed the expedition
characters Juliet, Beatrice, Constance, to Rome of Dec., 1848. He became
Imogen, Portia, Rosalind, and Lady the strenuous opponent of Louis Na-
Macbeth, has been highly commended.poleon after the latter's election to
Miss Helen Faucit obtained great the Presidency, and the leader of the
success in her representation of Montagne on the flight of M. Ledru
Antigoné," and in"
King René's Rollin. Elected after the coup d'état
Daughter, an adaptation from the of 1851 to the General Council of the
Danish, by Mr. Theodore Martin, to Loire-et-Rhône, he refused to take
whom she was married in 1851. This the oath to the new constitution.
lady, who has continued to appear on His defence of Orsini in 1858 created
the stage at rare intervals since her
a great sensation by its boldness and
marriage, fulfilled an engagement at eloquence. In the same year he be-
Drury-lane Theatre for a limited num- came a member of the Legislative
ber of nights in 1864 and 1865.
body; since which time he has dis-
tinguished himself by his speeches in
favour of complete liberty of the
press, against the law of "deporta-
tion," the war with Austria of 1859,
and in 1864 by an attack on the policy
of the Imperial Government in the
Mexican war. At the general elec-
tion of 1869 M. Favre narrowly es-
caped losing his seat. He was pro-
posed for various constituencies, "but
it was thought he had the best chance
in the 7th circonscription of the Seine,
and the 1st circonscription of the
Rhône. At Lyons, however, he sus-
tained a severe defeat, polling only
5,991 votes against 16,985 recorded
in favour of the Socialist candidate,
M. Raspail. In Paris the contest was
a closer one. M. Favre was opposed
by M. Cantagrel, who held very ad-
vanced radical opinions, and by M.
Henri Rochefort, who was well known
to be particularly odious to the Govern-
ment. The result of the first ballot
showed that out of 34,308 votes re-
corded M. Favre obtained only 12,028
against 10,033 given to Rochefort and
7,437 to Cantagrel. The latter there-
upon retired, but M. Rochefort main-
tained his candidature. M. Favre,
however, was returned by 18,267 votes
against 14,503 given to his opponent.
On the downfall of the Empire and
the establishment of the Government
of the National Defence, he was ap-
FAVRE, GABRIEL CLAUDE JULES,
a French statesman, born at Lyons,
March 31, 1809, was prosecuting his
studies for the bar at the outbreak of
the revolution of July, 1830, in which
he took an active part. He soon after-
wards commenced practice, whilst the
independence of his character, the
bitter irony of his address, and the
radicalism of his opinions, made him
a reputation, and he has remained the
consistent champion of French Re-
publicanism, in the press, in the dif-
ferent national assemblies, and at the
bar: After the revolution of Feb.,
1848, he became Secretary-General of
the Ministry of the Interior, and was
the author of the circular to the Com-
missioners of the Provisional Go-
vernment, as well as of the "Bul-
letins "of the same year. He officiated
for some time as Under-Secretary for
Foreign Affairs, voted for the prose-pointed Minister of War (Sept., 1870),
cution of MM. Louis Blanc and Caus- in which capacity he proceeded, on
sidière for their complicity in the the 18th of that month, to the head-
insurrection of June, 1848: refused to quarters of the King of Prussia at
375
FAURE, JEAN-BAPTISTE, singer,
born at Moulines, Jan. 15, 1830, was
educated at the "Conservatoire," from
1843 to 1852, and made his début at
the Opéra Comique in the latter year.
M. Faure performed at the Opera
House in Paris, in "Pierre de Medi-
cis," Oct. 14, 1861. In 1857 he was
appointed Professor of Singing to the
Conservatoire, in succession to M.
Frédéric Pouchard, and has appeared
several seasons at the Royal Italian
Opera, Covent Garden.
376
FAWCETT.
to
Ferrières, in order to consult with
Count Bismarck as to the terms on
which an armistice could be arranged
for the purpose of permitting elections
for a constituent assembly to take
place. The negotiation came
nothing, in consequence of Count
Bismarck insisting, as a preliminary
condition, on the surrender of Stras-
burg, Toul, and Verdun. In Jan.,
1871, M. Favre was invited by Lord
Granville to attend, as representative
of France, the conference held in
London on the Black Sea question;
but he declined to do so for various
reasons, one of the principal being the
refusal of Count Bismarck to provide
him with a safe-conduct. M. Favre
resigned the office of Minister for
Foreign Affairs July 23, 1871, and
on the 1st of the following month he
made his reappearance in his robes as
a barrister in the Salle des Pas Perdus,
at the Palace of Justice. Afterwards
he resumed practice at the bar. In
Jan., 1876, he was elected a Senator
for the department of the Rhône;
his term of office will expire in
1882. He was elected bâtonnier of
the Order of Advocates at Paris in
Aug., 1860, and again in 1861, and a
member of the French Academy in
May, 1867. Many of his most famous
speeches have been published, and he
is also the author of several pamphlets.
The principal of these are, "De la
Coalition des Chefs d'Atelier à Lyon,
1833; "Anathème," 1833; “Sixième
Procès du Précurseur," 1833;" Affaire
Ladvocat et Boullenois," 1837; "Bio-
graphie Contemporaine," 1837, of
which only two numbers were pub-
lished; "La Liberté de la Presse,"
1849; and "Défense de Félix Orsini,"
1866.
|
""
| accident when out shooting in Sept.,
1858. Having written and published
"A Manual of Political Economy,"
the "Economic Position of the British
Labourer," 1865, and having been an
extensive contributor of articles on
economic and political science to
various magazines and reviews, he
was elected, in 1863, Professor of
Political Economy in the University
of Cambridge. He unsuccessfully con-
tested, on Liberal principles, South-
wark, in 1857, the borough of Cam-
bridge, in 1862, and Brighton in Feb.,
1864; was returned for the last-men-
tioned constituency, at the general
election in July, 1865; and was re-
elected in 1868. He was unseated
at Brighton at the general election of
Feb. 1874, and was elected for
Hackney in April of the same year.
A new and revised edition of his
"Manual of Political Economy" was
published in 1869, with two new
chapters on "National Education ”
and "The Poor Laws and their In-
fluence on Pauperism," and another
edition with some additional chapters
was published in 1874. He has since
published "Pauperism, its Causes and
Remedies," 1871 ; Speeches on
some current Political Questions,'
1873; and "Free Trade and Pro-
tection," 1878. Professor Fawcett
married Millicent, daughter of New-
son Garrett, Esq., of Aldeburgh,
Suffolk, on April 23, 1867. Mrs.
Fawcett, who was born in 1847, pub-
lished in 1869, "Political Economy
for Beginners;" in 1872 Mr. and Mrs.
Fawcett published a joint volume of
essays and lectures on political and
economical subjects; in 1874 Mrs.
Fawcett published a little volume of
"Tales in Political Economy." Mrs.
Fawcett has taken an active part in
advocating the extension of the par-
liamentary suffrage to those women
who fulfil the qualifications of pro-
perty and residence demanded of the
male elector.
66
FAWCETT, HENRY, M.P., Professor
of Political Economy at Cambridge,
son of W. Fawcett, Esq., J. P. of
Salisbury, born 1833, was educated at
Trinity Hall, Cambridge, of which he
was a scholar; graduated in high
mathematical honours in 1856, and
was elected a Fellow of the society in
the same year. Mr. Fawcett was
totally deprived of his sight by an
FAWCETT, JOHN HENRY, was born
on Dec. 11, 1831, being the eldest son of
John Fawcett, Esq., of Great Petterin
Bank, Cumberland, J.P., D. L. for that
FAYE-FAYRER.
|
county, by his wife, Sarah, daughter
of J. Hodgson, Esq., Clerk of the
Peace for the county, and sister of
Nicholas Hodgson, for many years
M. P. for the city of Carlisle and the
county of Cumberland. He was edu-
cated at Rugby School under Dr.
(now Archbishop) Tait, and at Cam-
bridge. He was elected a scholar of
Trinity Hall in that university in
1851, and took his degree as first-
class in the law tripos in 1853. He
was called to the bar at the Middle
Temple in Jan., 1857, and joined the
northern circuit. He was appointed
a revising barrister in 1868; unsuccess-
fully contested the borough of Cocker-
mouth in Feb., 1874, in the Conser-
vative interest; was appointed As-
sistant-Judge and Vice-Consul at
Constantinople in June, 1875; and
was Acting-Judge and Consul-Gene-
ral from August, 1876, to Feb. 14,
1877, when he was appointed Judge
of the Supreme Consular Court of
the Levant, and her Britannic Ma-
jesty's Consul-General for Turkey.
After the raid of General Gourko
across the Balkans in July, 1877, and
his subsequent retreat, Mr. Fawcett
was requested by her Majesty's ambas-
sador to proceed to the valley of the
Tundja to carry relief to the starving
populations. He visited Rodosti,
anople, Philopoli, Tartar Bascojick,
Sofia, Korlosa, Kalnfar, Resanlick,
Shipka, and the whole valley of the
Tundja, and for some weeks remained
in the country distributing relief to
the suffering populations. Mr. Faw-
cett's dispatches to her Majesty's
ambassador were the means of a large
amount of money being subscribed
by the British public to the Compas-
sionate Fund. In May, 1878, he was
requested by the Marquis of Salis-
bury to proceed to Volo, in Thessaly,
to investigate in concert with his
Excellence, Redjib Pasha, the cir-
cumstances concerning the death of
Mr. Ogle, correspondent of the Times
newspaper. He remained there some
time, and made a report which was
the subject of a debate in Parliament
on the last day but one of the
377
Session in Aug., 1878. Mr. Fawcett
was selected by her Majesty's Go-
vernment to be the English member
of the International Commission of
the Rhodope, proceeded to Philopoli,
and thence to Enos, Fuerti, Gurvul-
gera, and during a month traversed
the Rhodope mountains, taking evi-
dence of the state of the refugees and
sufferings of the Mahometan popula-
tion.
re-
FAYE, HERVÉ AUGUSTE ETI-
ENNE ALBANS, astronomer, was born
at Saint Benoît du Sault (Indre),
Oct. 5, 1814, and finished his studies
at the École Polytechnique. He
afterwards went to Holland, and on
returning to France became, on the
recommendation of M. Arago, a pupil
in the Observatory.
in the Observatory. He discovered,
Nov. 22, 1853, a new comet, to which
his name was assigned, and
ceived the Lalande prize from the
Academy of Sciences, to which
learned association he submitted, in
1846, a paper, entitled "La Pa-
rallaxe d'une Etoile Anonyme de la
Grande Ourse." This was followed
by a work entitled "Sur un Nouveau
Collimateur Zénithale et sur une
Limite Zénithale Nouvelle." He was
elected a member of the section of
Astronomy in place of Baron de Da-
Adri-moiseau, Jan. 18, 1841; a member of
the Bureau of Longitudes, March 26,
1862; and was decorated with the
Cross of the Legion of Honour in
1843. In 1864 he was appointed a
member of the Imperial Council of
Public Instruction, and was promoted
to the rank of Officer of the Legion of
Honour. M. Faye was Professor of
Geodesy at the École Polytechnique
from 1848 to 1854, and in the latter
year he was appointed Rector of the
University Academy of Nancy. In
addition to the works already men-
tioned, M. Faye is the author of " Sur
l'Anneau de Saturne," published in
1848; "Sur les Déclinaisons Abso-
lues," in 1850; and "Des Leçons de
Cosmographie," in 1852. M. Faye
was appointed Director of the Paris
Observatory in Jan., 1878.
FAYRER, SIR JOSEPH, K.C.S.I.,
278
FECHTER.
M.D., F.R.S., second son of the late R.
J. Fayrer, Esq., Commander R.N., by
Agnes, daughter of Agnes Wilkinson,
Esq., of Westmoreland, was born at
Plymouth, Dec. 6, 1824. He was
brought up under private tuition in
Scotland, and he afterwards conti-
nued his studies in London, in Edin-
burgh, and on the Continent. He
took the degree of M.D. in the Uni-
versity of Edinburgh, and became a
Fellow of the Royal College of Phy-
sicians of London, a Fellow of the
Royal College of Surgeons of Edin-
burgh, and a Fellow of the Royal
Societies of London and Edinburgh,
entering the medical service of the
army, and serving in the military hos-
pital of Palermo during the siege of
that city (1847-48); and he was also
present at the siege of Rome (1848).
In 1850 he entered the Bengal Medi-
cal Service, from which he retired in
1874 as Surgeon-General. He served
throughout the Burmese war of 1852,
and the Indian mutiny of 1857; also
at the defence at Lucknow, where he
was Political Assistant and Residency
Surgeon. For these services he re-
ceived medals and clasps and the
brevet rank of Surgeon. He was
Professor of Surgery in the Medical
College of Bengal from 1859 to 1874;
was Fellow, Member of Senate, and
during two years President of the
Medical Faculty of the Calcutta Uni-
versity; and was successively Vice-
President and President of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal. He was created
C.S.I., Dec. 22, 1868, and advanced to
K.C.S.I. in March, 1876, at an inves-
titure of the Order held at Allahabad
by the Prince of Wales, whose tour in
India he accompanied as physician.
In acknowledgment of this service he
received a letter from the Queen.
He had previously accompanied the
Duke of Edinburgh in his visit to
India in 1870. He was appointed
President of the Medical Board of
the India Office in Dec. 1874. He is
honorary physician to the Queen, the
Prince of Wales, and the Duke of
Edinburgh. Sir J. Fayrer has written
Clinical Surgery in India ;" a work
|
-
on the poisonous snakes of India,
which he presented to the Indian
Government, from whom he received
thanks, and by whom it was pub-
lished in 1872; " Clinical and Patho-
logical Observations in India;" and
many contributions to European and
Indian journals, including papers on
"Disease in India; ""European Child
Life in Bengal ;
""Malarial Splenic
Cachexia of Tropical Climates;
"Bronchocele in India; "Liver
Abscess;" "Physiological Action of
the Poison of Naja Tripudians" (in
conjunction with Dr. Brunton);
"Some of the Physical Conditions of
the country that affect Life in India;
"The Claws of Felidæ ;" and "Ana-
tomy of the Rattlesnake." He has
received the second-class of the Order
of S. Maria from the King of Portu-
gal, the third-class of the Redeemer
of Greece from the King of Greece,
and the third-class of the Medjidie
from the Viceroy of Egypt. In Aug.
1878 the University of Edinburgh
conferred on him the hon. degree of
LL.D.
"
"2
""
Spla
FECHTER, CHARLES, born in
Hanway-yard, Oxford-street, London,
about 1823. His father was a Ger-
man and his mother an Englishwo-
man. He was educated in France,
and for some time applied himself to
sculpture; but having an inclination
for the stage, he made his début at
the Salle Molière, in "Le Mari de
la Veuve," spent some weeks at the
Conservatory, and enrolled himself
in a company that made the round of
Italy. His first success on the French
stage was as Duval, in "La Dame
aux Camélias," and he appeared at
Berlin in 1846. On the English stage
he became known by his impersona-
tion of Hamlet, in which character
he first appeared at the Princess's
Theatre in 1860, and performed
Othello at the same house in 1861.
At the Lyceum, opened under his
lesseeship in Jan. 1863, M. Fechter
brought out "The Duke's Motto,"
"Bel Demonio," "The Long Strike,"
and other successful pieces, in most
of which he played the principal cha-
❤
FELIX-FERGUSSON.
LL.D., was born at Belfast in 1810,
being the third son of the late John
Ferguson, Esq., formerly of Cider
Court, and afterwards of Calton
House, co. Antrim, by Agnes, daugh-
racter. At the commencement of the
year 1870 he went to the United
States, where he has remained, with
the exception of occasional visits to
Europe. In the early part of 1878
he was successfully playing in Newter of Mr. John Knox, of Belfast.
York.
He was educated at the Belfast
Academical Institution and at Trinity
College, Dublin. He was called
to the Irish bar in 1838, to the
Inner bar in 1859; and appointed
Deputy Keeper of the Public Re-
cords in Ireland in 1867. He is a
LL.D. honoris causâ, of Dublin
University; an honorary Member
of the Society of Antiquaries of
Scotland, and a Vice-President of the
Royal Irish Academy. Sir Samuel is
the author of "Lays of the Western
Gael," 1865; Congal, a Poem in
Five Books," 1872, and of numerous
contributions to Blackwood and the
Dublin University Magazine, inclu-
ding "The Forging of the Anchor,'
"Father Tom and the Pope," "The
Widow's Cloak," and a series of Irish
pictorial tales, called "The Hiber-
nian Nights Entertainments." As
first Deputy Keeper of the Records
in Ireland he has been charged with
the organization of the records de-
partment in that country, and with
the administration of the subsequent
Acts for the formation of the paro-
chial records of the late Established
Church in Ireland. The honour of
knighthood was conferred upon him
in March, 1878, in acknowledgment
of his literary and antiquarian merits.
He married, in 1848, Mary Catherine,
daughter of Mr. Robert R. Guinness,
of the Farm, Stillorgan, county
Dublin.
|
FÉLIX, "FATHER, preacher, born
at Neuville-sur-l'Escaut, June 28,
1810, entered the Society of Jesus in
1837, of which he afterwards became
a professed member. He completed
his theological studies at Bruge-
at Bruge-
lette, Louvain, and Laval, and at a
distribution of prizes at the college
of the first-named place, his oratorical
powers attracted notice. In 1851
Father Félix preached in Paris with
much success, and worthily fulfilled
the duties of the office held by
Fathers Lacordaire and Ravignan.
To L'Ami de la Religion he has con-
tributed largely, and is the author of
some works. As a preacher, Father
Félix has obtained high reputation.
His conferences at Notre Dame, and
several of his sermons have been
reprinted.
|
|
379
FERDINAND IV. (SALVATOR-
MARIE - JOSEPH - JEAN-BAPTISTE -
FRANÇOIS-LOUIS-GONZAGUE-
RAPHAEL - RENIER - JANVIER), ex-
Grand-Duke of Tuscany, eldest son
of Leopold II., grandson of Ferdi-
nand III., and of Marie Antoinette
Anne, daughter of Francis I., king
of the Two Sicilies, the late grand
duke's 'second wife, was born June
10, 1835, succeeded to the grand
duchy on the abdication of his
father, July 21, 1859, and reigned as
Ferdinand IV.; but his career as a
sovereign prince was brief, as he was
obliged to quit his dominions on the
consolidation of the kingdom of Italy
under Victor Emmanuel in 1861.
He married the Archduchess Aune
Marie, daughter of the king of
Saxony, Nov. 24, 1859. In the
"Almanach de Gotha," the grand
duke is described as being an arch-
duke of Austria, Prince-Royal of
Hungary and Bohemia, and a Colonel
of Austrian Dragoons.
|
FERGUSON, SIR SAMUEL, Q.C.,
|
""
FERGUSSON, JAMES, D.C.L..
F.R.S., architect, was born at Ayr, in
Scotland, in 1808. His early educa-
tion was commenced at the High
School at Edinburgh, and afterwards
at a private school in England,
whence he passed to the counting-
house, and eventually proceeded to
India, where he became an active
partner in a large mercantile estab-
lishment, in which he remained some
years. At length he gave up business,
380
FERGUSSON-FERRARA.
""
and journeyed through various parts |
of the East, chiefly with a view of
studying the styles of architecture
these countries contained. One of
the first fruits of the direction given
to his studies was, Illustrations of
the Rock-cut Temples of India," pub-
lished in 1845, the plates, working
plans, and sections, as well as the
text, being from his own hand.
Picturesque Illustrations of An-
cient Architecture in Hindostan,"
and an "Essay on the Ancient To-
pography of Jerusalem," appeared in
1847. His "Historical Inquiry into
the True Principles of Art, more es-
pecially with reference to Architec-
ture," enforces many valuable truths
ignored in modern practice. This
volume is an instalment of a pro-
jected work in three parts, which
was to have comprised a universal
résumé of past art-Hindoo, Moham-
medan, Gothic, &c. The materials
collected for this work were used in
his "Handbook of Architecture,
published in 1855. An Essay on
a Proposed New System of Fortifi-
cation," by earthworks, published in
1849, has been referred to with re-
spect by competent military autho-
rities, and received a practical illus-
tration in the Russian defence of
Sebastopol, and in the great military
operations of the Civil War in the
United States. A pamphlet of prac-
tical suggestions for the improve-
ment of the British Museum and of
the National Gallery was followed by
a "New Design" for the latter at
the Academy Exhibition of 1850.
Mr. Fergusson, who is the author of
"The Palaces of Nineveh and Perse-
polis Restored," published in 1851,
was the architect of the Nineveh
Court in the Crystal Palace, Sy-
denham. Since 1859 he has been
employed as one of the Royal Com-
missioners appointed to inquire into
the defences of the United Kingdom.
In 1862 Mr. Fergusson published a
"History of the Modern Styles of
Architecture as a sequel to the
Handbooks, and in 1865, that work
being out of print, he remodelled the
19
whole, and published it as "A History
of Ancient and Modern Architec-
ture," in 3 volumes. In addition to
these works, he published, in 1868, a
large work in quarto, at the expense
of the Indian Government, entitled
"Tree and Serpent Worship," with
upwards of 100 plates and illustra-
tions. A second edition of this work
appeared in 1873. On April 17, 1871,
at a meeting of the Royal Insti-
tute of British Architects, he was pre-
sented with the Royal Gold Medal,
which, with her Majesty's approval,
is annually awarded to an eminent
architect, or, as in the present case, to
an author who has distinguished him-
self by his architectural researches.
His latest work is entitled
"The
Temples of the Jews and the other
Buildings in the Haram Arca at
Jerusalem," 1878.
FERGUSSON, THE RIGHT HON.
SIR JAMES, BART., K.C.M.G., son of
the fifth baronet, was born at Edin-
burgh, in 1832, and succeeded to the
title on his father's death in 1849.
After leaving Rugby School, he
entered the Grenadier Guards, and
attained the rank of Captain in 1854,
but in the following year he retired
from the Army. He represented the
county of Ayr in the House of Com-
mons in the Conservative interest,
from Dec. 1854, to April, 1857, and
from Oct. 1859, to 1868; was Under-
Secretary for India from June, 1866,
to July, 1867; and Under-Secretary
for the Home Department from the
last date till Aug., 1868, when he was
appointed Governor of South Austra-
lia and sworn of the Privy Council.
On March 2, 1873, he was appointed
Governor of New Zealand, but he
resigned that post in the following
year.
FERRARA, FRANCESCO, an Italian
professor, financier, and political eco-
nomist, born at Palermo, in Dec.,
1810, became, in 1834, head of the
Statistical Department in Sicily, and
established the Giornale di Statistica,
to which he contributed numerous
articles. A friend of the revolutionary
movement, he became a member of
FERREY-FERRY.
381
FERREY, BENJAMIN, F.S.A.,
born at Christchurch, Hants, April 1,
1810, and educated at Queen Eliza-
beth's Grammar School, Wimborne,
Dorset, was articled in 1825 to the
elder Augustus Pugin, father of the
distinguished Welby Pugin, architect,
and accompanied the former in his
several travels when publishing "The
Antiquities of Normandy," and other
works. On completing his articles,
he entered the office of the late
Walter Wilkins, R.A. After leaving
him, he commenced practice as an
architect in 1832. He was appointed
honorary diocesan architect to the
diocese of Bath and Wells in 1835.
In May, 1870, he received the Royal
Gold Medal, annually awarded, with
her Majesty's sanction, to some emi-
nent architect or architectural savant.
Mr. Ferrey has executed numerous
churches and other public and private
buildings: among the former may be
noticed St. Stephen's, Westminster,
|
the Provisional Government in 1848, | for the Baroness Burdett Coutts, and
and was one of the Commissioners St. James's Church, Morpeth. He
appointed to convey to the Duke of has published the " Antiquities of
Genoa, brother of King Charles the Priory Church of Christchurch,"
Albert, the offer of the Neapolitan 1834, and "Recollections of Augustus
crown; but as the authority of the Welby Pugin," 1861. With the ex-
King of Naples was re-established ception of the late Sir Gilbert Scott,
during his absence, Signor Ferrara he has built more churches than any
prudently remained in Turin, where, other architect of the present day.
in 1849, he was appointed Professor
of Political Economy. As Finance
Minister in the Ratazzi cabinet, he|
proposed in 1867 the liquidation of
the ecclesiastical patrimony by im-
posing special taxes on the clergy to
the extent of about £24,000,000. He
is a
warm advocate of free trade
principles. His chief works on poli-
tical economy are:-"Importanza
della Economia Politica e condizioni
per coltivarla; introduzione al Corso
1849-50, nell' Università di Torino,"
1849; and his "Biblioteca dell' Eco-
nomista," which gives annually bio-
graphies of eminent political econo-
mists and selections from approved
treatises on the science. The latter
publication was commenced in 1850,
and ten volumes of it had appeared
in 1858.
FERRY,JULES FRANÇOISCAMILLE,
a French statesman, born at Saint
Dié (Vosges), April 5, 1832, studied
law at Paris, where he was admitted
to the bar in 1854. He joined the
group of young lawyers who aided
the Deputies in maintaining constant
opposition to the Empire, and he was
one of those condemned in the famous
trial of the "thirteen" (1864). He
also became connected with jour-
nalism, and he published, in 1863, a
pamphlet entitled
pamphlet entitled "La Lutte Élec-
torale," in which he exposed the
method so persistently practised under
the Empire, of electing official candi-
dates.
dates. He joined the staff of the
Temps in 1865, and won new renown
for himself by contributing to that
journal a series of articles on current
politics, as well as by the terrible
analysis which he bestowed upon the
accounts of Baron Haussmann, Pre-
fect of the Seine, who was then occu-
pied in rebuilding Paris, and who
consequently handled
consequently handled very large
sums of money. These latter articles
were republished in book form, under
the title of "Comptes Fantastiques
d'Haussmann." He had previously
made, in 1863, an unsuccessful at-
tempt to secure his election to the
Corps Législatif; but in 1869 he was
better known, and he was clected, on
a second scrutiny, by 15,729 votes,
from the sixth circonscription of the
Seine, and he took his seat among
the members of the Left. He was a
member of several important com-
missions, including that which was
appointed to consider the extraordi-
dary budget of the city of Paris.
Among the propositions submitted by
him to the Chamber was one relating
to the election of the Municipal Council
of Paris, and another for abolishing
|
382
FESTING.
|
the jurisdiction of the High Court of
Justice, which had just acquitted
Prince Pierre Bonaparte. He was
one of the deputies of the Left who
demanded the dissolution of the Corps
Législatif, on the ground that it no
longer represented the majority in
the country. On the occasion of that
demand he engaged in a heated dis-
cussion with Emile Ollivier, in which
he reproached the latter with having
dishonoured his father's name, and
for having brought discredit on Re-
publican fidelity. Foreseeing that
the war with Prussia would be dis-
astrous, he, with his colleagues of the
Left, voted against the fatal declara-
tion. At the Revolution of Sept. 4,
1870, he and the other Paris Deputies
were proclaimed members of the
Government of the National Defence,
located at the Hôtel de Ville. On
the 5th he was appointed Secretary
to the Government. and on the 6th
he was charged with the administra-
tion of the Department of the Seine.
When the Communal insurrection of
Oct. 31, 1870, occurred, he placed
himself at the head of the column
which was to charge the rioters at
the Hôtel de Ville, whom he sum-
moned to retire. Delecluze and other
leaders of the movement offered to
retire, provided their lives and the
lives of their men might be spared.
M. Ferry consented to allow those
rioters who were in the Hôtel de Ville
to leave it, and he at once took pos-
session of the building. The rioters,
however, remained there, and M.
Ferry was arrested by the Com-
munists; but in a very short time he
was released by the National Guards,
and he then succeeded in putting
down the insurrectionists. Subse-
quently he was delegated to the cen-
tral mayoralty of Paris, after the re-
signation of M. Arago (Nov. 15,1870).
In this capacity he presided over the
assembly of mayors, which, on Jan.
18, 1871, decided on the distribution
of rations of bread, and two days
later he issued a decree authorizing
a search to be made for articles of
food in the houses of absent persons.
On Jan. 22 he was a second time
called upon to resist a body of insur-
gents, who, enraged at the defeat of
the French armies in the sortie on
Montrebout and Buzenval, attacked
the Hôtel de Ville, with the intention
of overthrowing the Government of
the National Defence. This was the
closing episode of the siege, for Paris
capitulated four days later. At the
elections of Feb. 8, 1871, he was
elected one of the representatives of
the department of the Vosges, and
thereupon he resigned his functions.
as a member of the Government
of the Defence and administrator
of the department of the Seine,
although he retained the latter of
fice provisionally until the 18th of
March. After the second siege and
the entry of the troops into Paris, M.
Thiers nominated him Prefect of the
Seine (May 24); but the appoint-
ment gave rise to so much hostile
criticism, that M. Ferry resigned after
ten days, and was succeeded by M.
Léon Say. Subsequently it was
understood that M. Ferry would be
sent as Ambassador to Washington,
but the proposed appointment was
so unpopular that it was never offi-
cially announced. He was, however,
sent as Minister to Athens (May,
1872).
1872). After holding that appoint-
ment for a year he resigned it, and
resumed his place in the ranks of the
Republican Left, of which he became
President. He was chosen one of the
vice-presidents of the Budget Com-
mittee in May, 1878. He was re-
elected for the arrondissement of
Saint Dié at the general elections of
Feb., 1876, and Oct., 1877. He was
elected a member of the Council
General of the Vosges in 1871, and
for some time he was vice-president
of that body.
FESTING, COLONEL SIR FRANCIS
WORGAN, K.C.M.G., second son of
Captain Benjamin Morton Festing,
R.Ñ., K.H., by Caroline Jane, only
daughter of Mr. F. B. Wright, of
Henton Blewett, Somersetshire, was
born at High Littleton, in that county,
in 1833. He was educated at the
FEUILLET.
the advanced posts. He was twice
wounded in engagements near Dun-
quah-the second time severely when
rescuing Lieut. Eardley Wilmot, who
was mortally wounded. He received
from the Queen the rank of Colonel
in the army for services in the field,
and was nominated a K.C.M.G. and
C.B. at the conclusion of the Ashan
tee campaign. He was appointed
Assistant Adjutant-General of the
Royal Marines in Aug. 1876.
Royal Naval School, New Cross, and
entered the Royal Marine Artillery
as Lieutenant in 1850. He served
with distinction in the Baltic in 1854,
for which he received a medal; also
at Sebastopol and the surrender of
Kinburn, for which he received a
medal with clasps, and was made a
Knight of the Legion of Honour. For
his services at Canton (1857-59), he
received a medal with clasps and the
brevet of Major. In 1872 he became
a Lieutenant-Colonel in the army.
The beginning of our war on the
Gold Coast was in May, 1873, when
the Ashantee army, led by Amanqua-
tia, had overrun the country under
the British Protectorate, and threat-
ened Cape Coast Castle. Colonel
Festing came to be in command of
the military force which was aug-
mented by four corps of the 2nd
West India regiment. No time was
lost in setting the combined military
and naval forces in action. It was
most urgent to deprive the Ashantee
army, then encamped around Mam-
pon, between Abrakrampa and the
river Beyah, of its facilities for ob-
taining warlike stores from Elmina.
The natives of the "King's Town" at
Elmina resenting their transfer from
the Dutch to the English Govern-
ment, had become the active, though
covert, allies of the Ashantee inva-
der. Some parties of Ashantee war-
riors had been introduced into the
town, while others lurked in the ad-
jacent bush. To put an end to this
danger within nine miles of Cape
Coast Castle, it was determined by
the Administrator, Colonel Harley,
that the chiefs of Elmina should be
forced to lay down their arms. They
refused to obey the summons, and
their town was consequently attacked
the next day (June 13, 1873) by the
boats of the squadron and the troops
under Col. Festing, with the aid of
Capt. Fremantle. The hostile native
quarter of Elmina was destroyed,
and the enemy was expelled from the
neighbourhood. Soon afterwards Col.
Festing was placed in command of
the native camp at Dunquah and of
|
FEUILLET, OCTAVE, & French
novelist and dramatist, born at Saint-
Lô (Manche), Aug. 11, 1812, was sent
to the College of Louis-le-Grand, at
Paris, where he greatly distinguished
himself. Under the name of Désiré
Hazard, he commenced his literary
career in 1844, by contributing, in
conjunction with Paul Bocage and
Albert Aubert, to a romance called
the "Grand Vieillard," which ap-
peared in the National. Since that
time he has been a constant contri-
butor to newspapers and reviews, and
has written for the various theatres
comedies, dramas, and farces, nearly
all of which have been received with
favour by the public. He was elected
in 1862 to fill the chair in the French
Academy left vacant by the death of
M. Eugène Scribe, and in the follow-
ing year was made an officer of the
Legion of Honour. Afterwards he
was appointed Librarian of the Im-
perial Residences, which position he
held until the revolution of Sept. 4,
1870. His most remarkable dramatic
productions are "La Nuit Terrible,"
"Le Bourgeois de Rome," "La
Crise," "Le Pour et le Contre,"
"Péril en la Demeure," "La Fée,"
"Le Village," "Dalila," "Le Roman
d'un Jeune Homme Pauvre,"
Tentation,"
"La Rédemption,"
Montjoye," "La Belle au Bois dor-
mant," "Le Cas de Conscience," and
"Julie." "La Clé d'Or," a comic
opera, and "L'Acrobate." Among
his novels are, Polichinelle," 1846;
"Onesta," 1848; Rédemption,"
1849; Bellah," 1850; "Le Cheveu
Blanc." 1853; "La Petite Comtesse,"
1856 ; Le Roman d'un Jeune
(*
|
66
29
..
•
La
384
FEVAL-FIELD.
Homme pauvre," 1858, which has been
translated into many languages;
"Histoire de Sibylle," 1862, scarcely
less popular than the preceding ;
"Monsieur de Camors." 1867, a story
remarkable for invention and vigour ;
"Julia de Trécoeur," 1872; "Un
Mariage dans la Monde," 1875; and
"Le Journal d'une Femme," 1878.
He has also written, jointly with
Paul Bocage, a number of other
dramas, and he has published several
poems.
FÉVAL, PAUL HENRI CORENTIN,
a popular French novelist, born at
Rennes, Sept. 27, 1817, was bred to
the law, and called to the bar at his
native place; but soon abandoned the
legal profession, and turned author.
He has written an astounding number
of novels, many of which had a large
circle of readers. Some of these have
been translated into English, viz. :—
"The Loves of Paris," translated by
J. W. Ross, 1846; "The Duke's Mot-
to," translated by B. Browne, 1863;
"The Woman of Mystery," translated|
by J. Stebbing, 1864; and "Thrice
Dead," 1869. M. Féval was made an
officer of the Legion of Honour in
1869. In 1876, M. Féval's conver-
sion to Catholic practice was re-
corded in the religious newspapers,
and in the following year he published
a pamphlet in defence of the Jesuits.
FFOULKES, EDMUND SALUS-
BURY, B.D., born at Eriviatt, Den-
bigh, Jan. 12, 1819, was educated at
Shrewsbury School, and Jesus Col-
lege, Oxford. He was appointed
Fellow, and subsequently Tutor, of
his college, but he resigned both ap-
pointments in 1855, on being received
into the Roman Catholic Church.
He re-entered the Church of England
in 1870. In 1876 he was presented
to the rectory of Wigginton, Oxford-
shire. Mr. Ffoulkes is the author of
"A Manual of Ecclesiastical History,'
"The Counter Theory," "Christen-
dom's Divisions;" two letters to
Archbishop Manning, viz., "The
Church's Creed and the Crown's
Creed," and "The Roman Index;
"The Athanasian Creed, by whom
""
#2
>7-
written, and by whom published ;
"Difficulties of the Day, and How to
Meet Them; Eight Sermons preached
at St. Augustin's Church, Queen's
Gate," 1872; and other minor works..
FICHTE, IMMANUEL HERMANN,
a German philosopher, son of the
celebrated philosopher Johann Gott-
lieb Fichte (who died in 1814), was
born at Jena, July 18, 1797, studied
philology and philosophy at the Uni-
versity of Berlin, filled between 1822.
and 1842 professorships at Saar-
brücken, Düsseldorf, and Bonn ; and
in 1842 was appointed Professor in
the University of Tübingen. He has
written a large number of works, in
which he mostly follows the philoso-
phical theories of his father, though
he also claims to be the author of an
original system which, in contradis-
tinction to the Hegelian pantheism,.
he calls "concrete theism." He has
also edited his father's "Complete
Works," 8 vols., Berlin, 1845-46.
FIELD, CYRUS WEST, born at
Stockbridge, Massachusetts, Nov. 30,.
1819. After an education in his
native town, he entered a counting--
house in New York, and became in a
few years the proprieter of a large
mercantile establishment. In 1854
he began to turn his attention to the
subject of Ocean telegraphs, and was
instrumental in procuring a charter
from the legislature of Newfound-
land, granting an exclusive right for
fifty years to establish a telegraph
from the continent of America to
that colony, and thence to Europe..
From this time he devoted himself
exclusively to the execution of this
undertaking. He was actively en-
gaged in the construction of the land
line of telegraph in Newfoundland,
and in the two attempts to lay the
submarine cable between Cape Ray
and Cape Breton. He accompanied
the expeditions of 1857 and 1858
fitted out to lay the cable under the
Atlantic, between this country and
Newfoundland. He took a pro-
minent part in the expeditions of
1865 and 1866; the complete success
in the last-mentioned year being, in
385
field, Massachusetts, and in 1854 he
became one of the proprietors and
editors of The Evangelist, a religious
newspaper published in New York.
In 1858 he made another European
tour, which he has described in
"Summer Pictures from Copenhagen
to Venice." In 1867 he again came
to Europe to visit the Paris Exposi-
tion, and as delegate to the Free
Church of Scotland and the Presby-
terian Church of Ireland. In 1877
he made a tour around the world.
He has published, "The Good and
the Bad in the Roman Catholic
Church (1848); "The Irish Con-
federates, a History of the Rebellion
of 1798" (1851); "History of the
Atlantic Telegraph" (1872); “From
Egypt to Japan" (1878).
"}
FIELD, THE REV. JOHN, M.A.,
was born at Wallingford, Berkshire,
in 1812, and educated at Magdalen
Hall, Oxford, where he graduated
B.A. in 1834, and M.A. in 1837. He
was appointed to the Curacy of St.
Clement's, Worcester, in 1835; to the
Curacy of Chipping Norton, in 1839 ;
to the Chaplaincy of the Berkshire
Gaol in 1840; and to the Rectory of
West Rounton, Yorkshire, in 1857.
Mr. Field is a Justice of the Peace
for the North Riding (1859), and
Chairman of the Visiting Justices
of the North Riding prisons. He
was one of the earliest and most
earnest advocates for establishing
Reformatory schools, and the separate
system of imprisonment. To promote
these objects he gave much evidence
before committees of both Houses of
Parliament, and his published works
have been numerous. He is the
author of "Prison Discipline." 2 vols.,
1848; "The Life of John Howard,"
1850 "University and other Ser-
mons," 1853; "Convict Discipline,"
1855; "Correspondence of John
Howard," 1856; "Remarks on the
Lord's Prayer," 1857; several pam-
phlets and sermons; some publica-
tions issued by the Society for Pro-
moting Christian Knowledge; and
papers in the Transactions of the
FIELD.
a great measure, due to his exertions,
in the course of which he has crossed
the Atlantic more than fifty times.
He and some of his fellow-labourers
received from Congress a gold medal,
in commemoration of the successful
enterprise, and at the Paris Exposi-
tion he received the grand medal.
In 1877 he became President of a
company who are constructing an ele-
vated railway for steam traffic in some
of the principal streets of New York.
FIELD, THE REV. FREDERICK,
M.A., born in London in 1801, was
educated at Christ's Hospital, and at
Trinity College, Cambridge, where he
graduated B.A. in 1823, as 10th
Wrangler, was Chancellor's Medallist,
and Tyrwhitt's Hebrew Scholar, and
in 1824 was elected Fellow of his
college. He edited the Greek text of
St. Chrysostom's Homilies on St.
Matthew, with various readings and
notes, published in 1839; the same
writer's "Interpretation of the
Pauline Epistles," on a similar plan
in 7 volumes, 8vo, forming part of
the "Bibliotheca Patrum," in 1845-
62 ; and the Septuagint version of
the Old Testament, according to the
Alexandrian codex, published at the
Oxford University Press. This latter
work was revised and rearranged for
the Foreign Translation Committee
of the Society for Promoting Christian
Knowledge. In 1842 Mr. Field was
presented by his college to the rectory
of Reepham, Norfolk, which he re-
signed in 1863. He has since edited
Origen's Hexapla (for the delegates of
the Clarendon Press), 2 vols. 4to, 1867-
75. Mr. Field is a member of the
"Old Testament Revision Company."
FIELD, HENRY MARTYN, D.D.,
brother of Cyrus West Field, born at
Stockbridge, Massachusetts, April 3,
1822. He graduated at Williams
College in 1838, studied theology,
and in 1842 became pastor of a
Presbyterian church in St. Louis,
Missouri. In 1847 he resigned his
charge, and came to Europe, where
he remained two years. Returning
to America he became, in 1851,
pastor of a church at West Spring-Social Science Association.
|
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386
FIELD-FISCHER.
FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON, |
LL.D., brother of Cyrus West Field
and of Dr. Henry Martyn Field,
born at Haddam, Connecticut, Nov. 4,
1816. At the age of thirteen he
went to the East and passed about
three years in Smyrna and Athens,
engaged in the study of modern
languages, especially of Romaic. Re-
turning to America, he entered
Williams College, where he graduated
in 1837. He afterwards studied law,
and entered into practice in New
York. In 1849 he went to California,
where, after holding various legisla-
tive positions, he was in 1857 chosen
a Judge of the Supreme Court of the
State, of which, in 1859, he became
Chief Justice. In 1863 he was ap-
pointed by President Lincoln an
Associate Justice of the Supreme
Court of the United States. In 1873
he was nominated by the Governor
of California one of a commission to
examine the code of laws of the state,
and to prepare amendments to it for
the action of the legislature. In
1877 he was one of the fifteen
members of the Commission ap-
pointed by Congress to decide upon
the counting of the electoral vote
for President. He was one of the
seven members who voted that the
disputed votes should be cast for Mr.
Tilden, the other eight voting for Mr.
Hayes, who was accordingly declared.
elected
FIELD, THE HON. SIR WILLIAM
VENTRIS, eldest son of Mr. Thomas
Flint Field, of Fielden, Bedfordshire,
was born in 1813. He was educated
at Burton Grammar school, in Somer-
setshire, and was at first articled to
Messrs. Terrell, Barton, and Smale,
solicitors, of Exeter, but was after-
wards with Messrs. Price and Bolton,
of Lincoln's Inn. He practised in
He practised in
that branch of the profession in
London from 1840 to 1843, as one of
the firm of Thompson, Debenham,
and Field, of Salters' Hall-court; but
from 1843, having entered himself as
a member of the Inner Temple, and
reading in the chambers of Mr. T.
Kingdom of the Western circuit, he
prepared for the bar. He began in
1847 to practise under the bar as a
special pleader. In 1850 he was
called to the bar, and joined the
Western circuit. This he afterwards
exchanged for the Midland, where
he gained a large practice, as well as
in London, both in commercial cases
at Guildhall and before the Privy
Council. In 1864 Mr. Field was
appointed a Queen's Counsel, and
was elected a bencher of the Inner
Temple. He became leader of the
Midland circuit, besides practising
largely before the Judicial Committee
and Railway Commission, and other
tribunals. Mr. Field was nominated
a Justice of the Queen's Bench divi-
sion in the High Court of Judicature in
Feb., 1875, and shortly afterwards he
received the honour of knighthood.
FIGUIER, GUILLAUME Louis, a
French chemist and scientific writer,
was born at Montpellier, Feb. 15,
1819, being nephew of Pierre Oscar
Figuier, Professor of Chemistry in
the School of Pharmacy in that town.
He commenced the study of medicine
under his uncle, was created Doctor
of Medicine in 1841, and in the fol-
lowing year went to Paris to continue
his studies. In 1846 he was ap-
pointed Professor of the School of
Pharmacy in his native place. After-
wards, however, he returned to Paris,
and in 1855 became scientific editor
of La Presse. His contributions to
scientific journals are almost innu-
merable, and the list of his separate
publications would occupy a consider-
able space. Among the most import-
ant of the latter are:-"Exposition et
Histoire des principales Découvertes
Scientifiques Modernes," 3 vols., 1851-
53, 5th edition, 1858; "Histoire des
Merveilleux dans les Temps Mo-
dernes," 4 vols., 1859-60; and "Vies
des Savants Illustres depuis l'An-
tiquité jusqu'au XIXe Siècle," 1866.
"The Human Race" (1872); "The
Insect World" (1872); and several
other popular works by M. Louis
Figuier have been translated into
English.
FISCHER, KUNO, was born at
FISCHER-FISHER.
|
Sandewalde, in Silesia, in 1824, and
studied in the Universities of Leipsic
and Halle. Dr. Fischer belongs to
the younger Hegelian tendency in
philosophy. Having held, from 1848
to 1850, a post as private tutor, he
delivered in 1850, as a private docent,
philosophical lectures in the Univer-
sity of Heidelberg. In 1855 he went
to Berlin, in order to habilitate in the
philosophical faculty, but had not
begun his lectures when he received
his call as Professor of Philosophy in
the University of Jena. Dr. Kuno
Fischer has written, "Diotima, the
Idea of the Beautiful," Pforzheim,
1849; "History of Modern Philoso-
phy," 2 vols., Mannheim, 1852-55;
Apology for my Doctrine," Mann-
heim, 1854; " Logic and Metaphy-
sics," Stuttgard, 1852; "Bacon of
Verulam," Leipsic, 1856; and “ Die
Selbstbekenntnisse Schillers," Frank-
fort, 1858.
46
FISH, HAMILTON, born in New
York, Aug. 3, 1808. He was educated
at Columbia College, where he gra-
duated in 1828; studied law, and was
admitted to the New York bar in
1830. In 1837 he was a member of
the State Legislature, was elected to
Congress in 1842, and served until
1845. In 1847 he was chosen
Governor of New York, serving till
1850; and in 1851 was elected
United States Senator. On the ex-
piration of his term, in 1857, he
spent several years in Europe, study-
ing carefully the institutions and
governments of the different nations.
He returned home at the commence-
ment of the civil war, and exerted his
influence, and contributed liberally
of his fortune to maintain the
Government. In 1869, on the resig-
nation of Mr. E. B. Washburne, who
was appointed Ambassador to France,
President Grant called Mr. Fish to
the position of Secretary of State,
which he retained during the two
terms of President Grant, ending
March 4, 1877. To Mr. Fish belongs
the credit of suggesting the Joint
High Commission with Great Britain,
which met in 1871, for the purpose
387
of settling the various difficulties be-
tween the two nations; his labours.
in the negotiation of the treaty of
Washington were arduous, and en-
hanced his previous reputation as
a diplomatist.
FISHER, HON. CHARLES, D.C.L.,
member of the Executive Council, and
Attorney-General of the province of
New Brunswick, graduated at King's
College, New Brunswick, and received
the degree of D.C.L. Having studied
law, he was admitted as an attorney
and visited England. In the autumn
of 1837 he was elected to represent
York, his native county, in the pro-
vincial parliament; in March, 1865,
he was rejected for his advocacy of
the union of the various provinces of
British America; but a vacancy oc-
curring soon after, he was elected by
a large majority. In 1848 he was
appointed a member of the Executive
Council by Sir Edmund Head, and he
then declined to accept any office of
emolument, not wishing to interfere
with his private business, and he
resigned his seat at the council at the
end of two years and a half. In 1852
he was appointed, by the Government
of New Brunswick, one of the com-
missioners to consolidate and codify
the statute law of the province, and to
inquire into the proceedings of the
courts of law and equity, and into
the law of evidence, and several of
his suggestions were adopted. In the
session held in October, 1854, to con-
sider the "Reciprocity Treaty," Mr.
Fisher carried a vote of want of con-
fidence in the Government, which re-
signed, and he was commissioned to
form a new administration, and was
appointed Attorney-General.
his colleagues he resigned office in
May, 1856, but after a few months
was again called upon to form an
administration, in which he succeeded,
and resumed the office he had pre-
viously held until the spring of 161
In Oct., 1864, he was appointed a
delegate to consider the question of
the union of British America, and in
July, 1865, shortly after he had lost
his election, he was unanimously
With
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388
FITZGERALD.
|
chosen a delegate from Fredericton to
the great trade convention held in
Detroit. He has always been an ad-
vocate of the union of British America.
Upon the resignation of the Govern-
ment, in April, 1866, he was again
appointed Attorney-General, with a
seat in the Executive Council. In
July, 1867, on behalf of the Govern-
ment, he moved the address in the
Assembly for the appointment of
delegates to settle the terms of union
with other provinces, and was selected,
with other gentlemen, to proceed to
London with reference to this ques-
tion. Mr. Fisher accordingly attended
the conference of the representatives
of British North America held in
London, by which the terms of the
union were arranged.
|
FITZGERALD, THE RIGHT HON.
JOHN DAVID, son of the late David
Fitzgerald, born in Dublin in 1816,
and educated at Trinity College,
Dublin; was called to the Irish bar in
1838, and obtained a silk gown in
1847. Having led the Munster circuit
for some years, he was appointed
Solicitor-General for Ireland in 1855,
and Attorney-General in 1856. Mr.
Fitzgerald represented Ennis in the
House of Commons from July, 1852,
till Feb., 1860, when he was promoted
to the Judicial Bench, as one of the
judges of the Court of Queen's Bench
in Ireland. He is a commissioner of
national education in Ireland, of
charitable donations and bequests,
and of endowed schools.
FITZGERALD, PERCY HETHRING-
TON, M.A:, F.S.A.. son of the late
Thomas Fitzgerald, M.P., born in
1834, at Fane Valley, co. Louth, Ire-
land; was educated at Stonyhurst
College, Lancashire, and at Trinity
College, Dublin, after which he was
called to the Irish bar, and appointed
a Crown Prosecutor on the North-
Eastern circuit. He is the author of
many works of fiction, the following of
which originally appeared in All the
Year Round : "Never Forgotten,"
"The Second Mrs. Tillotson," "The
Dear Girl," "Fatal Zero, "The
Doctor's Mixture," "The Bridge of
""
??
17 60
19 (6
""
""
Sighs; " and "The Middle Aged
Lover; also of Bella Donna "
(published in the Dublin University
Magazine), "Mildrington the Bar-
rister," Seventy-five, Brook Street,"
which, in the first instance, passed
through the columns of the same
magazine; "Beauty Talbot," Jenny
Bell;
"Polly;
"The Sword of
Damocles," in Once a Week; "Rev.
Alfred Hoblush ; "The Woman
with the Yellow Hair" (stories for
Household Words);
"The Night
Mail;' ""Diana Gay," and " Fairy
Alice.' His other works are:
"The
Life of Sterne," 2 vols.; "Life of
Garrick," 2 vols.; "Charles Towns-
hend; "A Famous Forgery," being
the life of Dr. Dodd; "Charles
Lamb;
Principles of Comedy;
""
** (6
"Le Sport at Baden; "" Proverbs
"" 66
>>
and Comediettas," 1869;. "School
Days at Saxonhurst; Autobiogra-
phy of a Small Boy; "Loves of
Famous Men; "Pictures of School
Life and Boyhood:" "Story of my
Uncle Toby" (Bayard series); "The
Kembles," 2 vols., 1871; "Life and
Adventures of Alexander Dumas
"The Romance of the English Stage;
an edition of "Boswell's Life of
Johnson," in 3 vols.
""
""
"
•
">
FITZGERALD, THE RIGHT REV.
WILLIAM, D.D., Bishop of Killaloe,
Kilfenora, Clonfert, and Kilmac-
duagh, son of Maurice Fitzgerald,
M.D., born in Ireland, Dec. 3, 1814,
was educated at Trinity College,
Dublin, where he graduated B.A. in
1837, and of which he became a
Fellow. In 1840 he endeavoured
to break a lance with the writers of
"The Tracts for the Times." The
late Archbishop Whately appreciating
his merits, transferred him from the
curacy of Clontarf to the prebend of
Donoughmore, co. Wicklow, and
thence to the vicarage of St. Anne's,
Dublin, and the archdeaconry of
Kildare. In 1848 he was appointed
Professor of Moral Philosophy in
Trinity College; and in 1853 Pro-
fessor of Ecclesiastical History. Dr.
Fitzgerald is known in England as
the editor of "Constable's Ethics,"
FITZGERALD-FITZPATRICK.
·
election of Feb., 1874, re-entered
Parliament as M.P. for Horsham. He
resigned his seat in Nov., 1875, when
he was appointed Chief Charity Com-
missioner for England and Wales in
the room of the late Sir James Hill.
and of "Butler's Analogy," as one of
the writers in Archbishop Whately's
"Cautions for the Times," and of
one of the answers to "Essays and
Reviews." He was joint editor (with
Dr. Abeltshauser) of the Irish Church
Journal, and has published several
sermons and charges. In 1859 he
supported Lord Wodehouse's bill for
legalizing marriage with a deceased
wife's sister. He was consecrated to
the see of Cork in 1857, and was trans-
lated to that of Killaloe, Kilfenora,
Clonfert, and Kilmacduagh in 1862.
FITZPATRICK, WILLIAM JOHN,
son of John Fitzpatrick, Esq., of
Dublin and Griffinrath, co. Kildare,
born Aug. 31, 1830, was educated
first at a Protestant school, and after-
wards at the Roman Catholic College
of Clongowes Wood. He is a Magis-
trate for co. Dublin, and is the author
FITZGERALD, THE RIGHT HON. of "The Life, Times, and Correspon-
SIR WILLIAM ROBERT SEYMOUR dence of Bishop Doyle," 2 vols.,
VESEY FITZGERALD, G.C.S.I., born lately reprinted; "The Life, Times,
in 1817, completed his education at and Contemporaries of Lord Clon-
Oriel College, Oxford, where he gra- curry ; ""The Friends, Foes, and Ad-
duated second class in classics in ventures of Lady Morgan ;""Lady
1837, gained the Newdigate prize in Morgan, her Career, Literary and
1835, became M.A. in 1844, and re- Personal; ""Anecdotal Memoirs of
ceived the honorary degree of D.C.L. Archbishop Whately
Whately" (2 vols.);
in 1863. Having adopted the legal "Lord Edward Fitzgerald and his
profession, he was called to the bar Betrayers, or Notes on the Corn-
at Lincoln's Inn in Jan., 1839, and wallis Papers; "The Sham Squire
went the Northern circuit. At the and the Informers of 1798" (of which
general election in Aug., 1847, he 16,000 copies are known to have been
offered himself for the borough of sold); "Ireland before the Union,
Horsham, and although then unsuc- with the unpublished Diary of Lord
cessful, he gained the seat in June, Chief Justice Clonmel, 1774-1798 (6
1848, holding it only for a few months, editions); "Irish Wits and Wor-
as he was unseated on petition. In 1854 thies, with Dr. Lanigan, his Life and
he was re-elected for that borough Times; Charles Lever-a Biogra-
without opposition, and retained his phy; Historic Disclosures of the
seat until the general election in July, Days of Tone and Emmet," and
1865, when he was beaten by five several pamphlets, historical and
votes. On the accession of the Earl critical. Mr. Fitzpatrick's books have
of Derby to office, in 1859, Mr. been reprinted in America. In Ireland
Seymour Fitzgerald was appointed he has been invited to preside at
Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, some meetings of the Historical So-
and discharged the duties of that ciety of Trinity College, and his books
post with singular ability. After the have been quoted in the judgments of
retirement of Lord Derby's second the Lord Chief Justice of the Queen's
administration, Mr. Seymour Fitz- Bench, especially in the O'Keefe case.
gerald took a prominent position In 1869, on the death of Mr. Moore,
amongst the opposition debaters. He the popular member for Tipperary,
was appointed Governor of Bombay Mr. Fitzpatrick was called upon by
in 1866, made a Privy Councillor its press and people to succeed him,
Dec. 28, 1866, and left England for but a modest note in the Times of the
India in Feb., 1867. In the same day declined the proffered trust. He
year he was nominated Grand Cross has contributed biographic sketches
of the Order of the Star of India. He to the Athenæum, to Fraser, to the
resigned the Governorship of Bombay University, to the "Imperial Dic-
|
in March, 1872, and at the general | tionary of Biography," and to some
""
*:
">
389
.*
330
FLAMMARION-FLEURY.
of the trimestrial reviews. He is a
member of the Royal Irish Academy,
an Honorary Member of the Royal
Hibernian Academy of Arts, and
one of the executive of the Royal
Dublin Society. In 1871 he was
created an Honorary Doctor of Laws,
and in 1876, when the Professorship
of History and Archæology in the
Royal Hibernian Academy once
held by Petrie-was declared vacant
by the long continued illness of
Mr. Gilbert, the able Irish archivist
and historian, Mr. Fitzpatrick, was
elected by the Academy to that post.
On the recovery of Mr. Gilbert Mr.
Fitzpatrick resigned his office, but
the Academicians refused to accept
his resignation, while appointing Mr.
Gilbert to a chair of Archæology.
m
FLAMMARION, CAMILLE, a
French astronomer, born at Mon-
tigny-le-Roi (Haute-Marne), Feb. 25,
1842, received his education in the
ecclesiastical seminary of Langres
and at Paris, was a student in the
Imperial Observatory from 1858 till
1862, when he became editor of the
Cosmos, and was appointed scientific
editor of the Siècle in 1865. At this
period he obtained, by a series of
lectures on astronomy, a certain re-
putation, which was subsequently
increased by his giving in his ad-
hesion to "spiritualism." In 1868
he made several balloon ascents, in
order to study the condition of the
atmosphere at great altitudes. M.
Flammarion is the author of "La
Pluralité des Mondes Habités," 1862,
15th edit. 1869; "Les Mondes Imagi-
naires et les Mondes Réels," 1864;
"Les Merveilles Célestes," 1865;
"Dieu dans la Nature," 1866; "His-
toire du Ciel," 1867;"Contempla-
tions Scientifiques," 1868; "Voyages
Aériens," 1868;
"L'Atmosphère,"
1872; “Histoire d'un Planète," 1873;
and "Les Terres du Ciel," 1876.
a time, but he soon determined to
adopt literature as a profession, and
accordingly he resumed his classical
studies, which he had previously pro-
secuted with brilliant success at col-
lege. He also tried his hand at the
composition of poetry, taking Lord
Byron and Victor Hugo for his
models. But abandoning the ro-
mantic school, he subsequently sought
to describe events and things with
photographic accuracy and minute-
ness. After working hard for several
years, he made his début by publish-
ing in the Revue de Paris his romance
of "Madame Bovary," 2 vols., 1857.
This work, which chronicles the illicit
amours of a country surgeon's wife,.
was prosecuted as being contrary to
public morals, but was not con--
demned, and the unsuccessful prose-
cution of course gave to the novel an
amount of notoriety which ensured
its success. The author next made a
journey to Tunis and the ruins of
Carthage, where he gathered the ma-
terials for his second romance, which
was published under the title of
"Salammbô," 1862, new edit.. 1876.
His later works are-" L'Education.
Sentimentale, Histoire d'un Jeune
Homme," 2 vols., 1869; "La Tentation
de Saint Antoine," 1874; and "Trois
Contes: Un Coeur Simple, Herodias,.
et la Légende de Saint Julien l'Hos-
pitalier, 1877. M. Flaubert was.
made a Knight of the Legion of
Honour in 1866.
11
FLEURY, ÉMILE FÉLIX, a French
general, born in Paris, Dec. 23, 1815,
studied at the Collége Rollin, but
having met with pecuniary reverses,
accepted an engagement in Nov.,
1837, in the corps of Spahis, then
just formed, and took part in eleven
campaigns in Algeria, during which
he was three times wounded and five
times commended in "orders of the
day." His advancement was rapid.
He became Sub-Lieutenant in 1840,.
Captain in 1844, and Major in July,
1848, when he returned to France,
and became a General of Brigade,
March 18, 1856, and General of Divi-
sion, Aug. 13, 1863. He embraced
|
|
FLAUBERT, GUSTAVE, a French
writer, was born at Rouen, Dec. 12,
1821, and was educated in the College
of that city. His father was a distin-
guished physician, who died in 1846,
and he himself studied medicine for
FLINT-FLOTOW.
391
with ardour the Bonapartist cause, | Northampton, Massachusetts, March
and was wounded in the head in the 28, 1836, studied medicine, and in
disturbance which followed the coup 1859 was appointed Professor of
d'état, a movement in which it is Physiology in the New York Medical
said he took a prominent if not College. In 1861 he was appointed
actually a leading part. On the Professor of Physiology in the Belle-
establishment of the empire he was vue Hospital, New York, a position
nominated aide-de-camp to the Em- he still holds. In 1869, he received
peror, Colonel of the Guides, and honourable mention and an award of
Grand Equerry of the Crown. He 1,500 francs from the committee of
was promoted Officer of the Legion the French Academy on the Mon-
of Honour in 1849, and Grand Officer thyon prize. He has published "The
Aug. 13, 1859. Summoned to the Physiology of Man" (5 vols. 1866-74),
Senate by decree, March 15, 1865, he and "Sources of Muscular Power"
became Chief Equerry to Napoleon (1878). In 1878 he was nominated
III. in Dec., 1865. He received the for Health Officer of the Port of New
Grand Cross of St. Anne in 1864. | York.
General Fleury has been employed
in several diplomatic missions. In
particular he was sent, at the close
of 1866, to King Victor Emmanuel,
after the annexation of Venetia, and
in Sept., 1869, he was chosen to re-
place M. de Talleyrand as ambas-
sador at St. Petersburg. He resigned
the latter post immediately after the
revolution in Paris, in Sept., 1870,
and proceeded to Switzerland with
Madame Fleury and his children.
FLOTOW, FREDERICK FERDI-
NAND ADOLPHUS VON, composer,
born at Tenterdorf in Mecklenburg-
Schwerin, April 27, 1812, was in-
tended for the profession of di-
plomacy. His fondness for music
induced him to go to Paris, where he
placed himself under the composer
Reicha. The revolution of 1830 re-
called him to Germany, whence he
returned a few years later with
several operas composed by him
during the interval. None of these,
however, found favour with the
Parisian managers, and it was only
the impression they produced by
their representation in private before
amateurs that obtained for him the
commission, in 1838, to furnish the
music to "Le Naufrage de la Mé-
duse."
duse." This at once established his
position, the opera being successful.
Since that time he has composed
several, of which the "Forrester,"
Prac-produced in 1840; "L'Esclave de
Camöens," in 1843; and "L'Ame
en Peine," in 1846, hold possession
of the French stage; while "Stra-
della," in 1844, "Martha," in 1858,
and "Zilda," in 1866, established his
reputation in Germany as a composer
of light operas. "Indra," "Rübezahl,"
and Marie-Katerina," are favourites
in Germany. After residing in Paris
and in his native town, M. Flotow
settled in 1855 at Schwerin, where he
became director of the Court Theatre.
He was elected a corresponding mem-
(C
FLINT, AUSTIN, M.D., born at
Petersham, Massachusetts, Oct. 20,
1812. He was educated at Harvard
College, where he graduated M.D. in
1833. He practised his profession in
Buffalo, New York, where he rose to
eminence, and was one of the founders
of the Buffalo Medical College in 1847.
He was called some years later to
the chair of Theory and Practice of
Physic, in one of the medical colleges
of Philadelphia, and in 1861 became
Professor of the Principles and
tice of Medicine in the Bellevue
Hospital Medical College, New York,
and of Pathology and Practical Medi-
cine in the Long Island Hospital
College of Brooklyn, New York. He
has published many valuable medical
works, the most important being a
"Practical Treatise on the Diseases of
the Heart" (1859); and "The Practice
of Medicine "1856, (5th edition 1871.)
In 1872 he was elected President of
the New York Academy of Medicine.
His son, AUSTIN FLINT, jun., born at
392
FLOWER-FORBES.
|
ber of the French Institute in 1864.
His latest composition is "Fiore di
Harlem," an Italian opera, at the re-
hearsals of which he himself presided
at Turin, in Nov., 1876.
FLOWER, WILLIAM HENRY,
F.R.S,, F.L.S., second son of E. F.
Flower, Esq., of Stratford-on-Avon,
born at that place Nov. 30, 1831, was
educated for the medical profession at
University College, London, and the
Middlesex Hospital. He entered the
army as assistant-surgeon, in April,
1854, served in the Crimean war;
and settling afterwards in London,
was appointed Assistant-Surgeon and
Demonstrator of Anatomy at the
Middlesex Hospital. In 1861 he was
elected Conservator of the Museum
of the Royal College of Surgeons, and
in 1869 Hunterian Professor of Com-
parative Anatomy and Physiology,
which offices he now holds. He was
President of the section of Biology
at the meeting of the British Asso-
ciation in Dublin, in August, 1878,
when the University of Dublin con-
ferred on him the honorary degree
of LL.D. Professor Flower is the
author of numerous memoirs on sub-
jects connected with anatomy and
zoology in the Transactions of the
Royal, Zoological and other learned
Societies; also of "An Introduction
to the Osteology of the Mammalia,"
1870; and of "Diagrams of the
Nerves of the Human Body," 2nd
edit., 1872. He married in 1858, the
youngest daughter of Admiral W. H.
Smyth.
FLÜGEL, GUSTAVE LEBRECHT,
Orientalist, born at Bautzen, Feb. 18,
1802; was educated at the University
of Leipsic, whence he proceeded to
Vienna in 1827, and became the pupil
and friend of the celebrated Von
Hammer. He devoted himself with
zeal to the study of Hebrew and the
Semitic languages. His "Arabic
Anthology of Thâalibi," published
in 1829, attracted
attracted the attention
of the Austrian Government, who
intrusted him with a scientific mis-
sion. In this capacity he spent three
years in traversing Hungary, Styria,
parts of Germany, and France. In
1832 he was elected to a Professorship
in the College of Meissen, and in 1833
published his "History of the Arabs "
and an edition of the Koran. After
other journeys to Paris and Vienna
he produced his " Concordance of the
Koran," a valuable work. His most
important production, published at
the expense of the Oriental Society of
London, is an edition, with a Latin
translation, of "The Encylopædic and
Biographic Dictionary of Hadschi-
Chalfa," which appeared in 1835-1854.
FONVIELLE, WILFRID, a French
aëronaut and popular writer on scien-
tific subjects, born at Paris in 1828,
was originally a teacher of mathe-
matics, but first became known to the
public as a journalist, and as a popular
exponent of scientific knowledge. Of
late years he has made numerous
balloon ascents, in order to carry on
scientific experiments at great alti-
tudes. During the siege of Paris he
escaped from the city in a balloon, and
proceeding to London, gave a series
of conferences, in which he expatiated
on the benefits of the Republican form
of government. His principal scien-
tific works are,-"L'Homme Fossil,"
1865; "Les Merveilles du Monde
Invisible," 1866; "Eclairs et Ton-
nerres," 1867, translated into English
by T. L. Phipson, under the title of
"Thunder and Lightning," Svo,
London, 1868; "L'Astronomie Mo-
derne," 1868. An account of the
balloon ascents made by M. Fonvielle,
Mr. Glaisher, and others, appeared in
French in 1870, and an English trans-
lation was published in 1871, under
the title of "Travels in the Air." In
addition__to__ the above-mentioned
works, M. Fonvielle has written
several political pamphlets.
M
FORBES, ARCHIBALD, journalist,
born in 1838, is a native of Moray-
shire, Scotland. After studying at
the university of Aberdeen he served
for several years in the Royal Dra-
goons, and his knowledge of the prac-
tical details of military affairs stood
him in good stead when, accepting a
journalistic career as special corre-
FORBES-ROBERTSON-FORMAN.
393
spondent for the Daily News, he ac-
companied the German army from
the commencement to the close of
the Franco-German war. Later, in
the same capacity, he witnessed the
close of the Commune, visited India
during the famine of 1874, saw fight-
ing in Spain, at one time with
Carlists, at another with Republicans,
at a third with Alfonsists. In the
capacity of representative of the
Daily News, he accompanied the
Prince of Wales in the tour of his
Royal Highness through India in
1875-6. In the summer and autumn
of 1876, he was in Servia, and was
present at all the important fights of
that campaign. He made the Russo-
Turkish campaign in the summer and
autumn of 1877, attached to the
Russian army, and was present at
the crossing of the Danube, the cap-
ture of Bjela, the advance of the
Cesarewitch's army towards Rustchuk,
the disastrous battle of Plevna on
July 3rd, the severest fighting in the
Shipka Pass, and the five days' attack
by the Russians on Plevna, in Sep-
tember, remaining continuously in
the field until attacked by fever in
the middle of September. In 1878
he proceeded to Cyprus as special
correspondent of the Daily News.
Among his works are "Drawn from
Life," a military novel; "My Expe-
riences of the War between France
and Germany ;" and "Soldiering and
Scribbling: a Series of Sketches," 1872.
FORBES-ROBERTSON, JOHN, is
lineally descended from the Forbeses
of Tolquhon, Thanes of Formartin.
He is the son of the late John
Robertson, merchant in Aberdeen,
and was born there, Jan. 30, 1822.
He was educated at the Grammar
School, and at the Marischal College
and University of his native city, and
became sub-editor of one of the local
papers (under the late Joseph Robert-is
son, the eminent historian and anti-
quary) and contributor to the "poet's
corner" of another, while still a stu-
dent, making dramatic and musical
criticism his special care. In 1844
he came to London; the year after-
wards he visited France, and subse-
quently the United States of America.
On his return he aided materially in
opening up the Salmon resources of
Norway, and carried on a corre-
spondence with the French authori-
ties on the artificial propagation of
the fish, long before any practical
results of the knowledge obtained
became visible in England. Mr.
Forbes-Robertson studied English
literature at University College, and
in due time identified himself with
that branch of it, viz., art criticism,
which he afterwards made a profes-
sion. To perfect himself for its
duties he visited most of the chief
European galleries, and has always
been on terms of familiar intimacy
with many of those men who have
given art emphasis and character to
the last thirty years. Mr. Forbes-
Robertson was editor for several
years of Art, Pictorial and Industrial,
art editor of the Pictorial World,
and has been on the staff of most of
those London journals which make
art a feature. For the last four years
he has been chief art-critic in the Art
Journal, and who contributes largely
to the Illustrated London News. He
is the author of several brochures of
special art-criticism, and in 1877 he
published a large quarto volume en-
titled "The Great Painters of Christ-
endom," which was most favourably
reviewed both in this country and in
America. Mr.Forbes-Robertson is well
known in London and elsewhere as â
most successful lecturer on the history
of art.
FORMAN, HARRY BUXTON, born
in London, July 11, 1842, was edu-
cated at Teignmouth, and was ap-
pointed to a Clerkship in the Secre-
tary's Department of the General
Post Office in 1860, and is now in the
first class of that establishment. He
the author of "Our Living Poets;
an Essay in Criticism" (1871), and
editor of the Library Edition of "The
Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shel-
ley," 4 volumes (1876-7); and of " Let-
ters of John Keats to Fanny Browne "
(1878). Mr. Forman has been a con-
·
FÖRSTER-FORSTER.
|
tributor of critical articles, mainly of | 1875) that the Bishop, after his de--
position by the Prussian Govern-
ment, would proceed to govern from
Austrian territory that portion of his
diocese in which he was no longer
recognized by the law. Fears were
naturally entertained, therefore, that
political complications of a delicate
nature might arise. In Oct., 1875,
he was deprived of his office by the
judgment of the Ecclesiastical Court
of Berlin, and on the 12th of that
month he issued an order dated from
Johannisberg dissolving his
nection with all the ecclesiastical
authorities in the Prussian portion of
his diocese, and enacting that from
the above-mentioned date all official
intercourse between him and those
authorities should cease. Bishop För-
ster has written "Life of Diepen-
brock," 2nd edition, 1859;
"The
Christian Family," 4th edition, 1854 ;
and other works.
con-
394
a serious kind, to the Fortnightly Re-
view, the Fine Arts Quarterly Re-
rien, the Contemporary Revien, and
the London Quarterly Review.
At
FÖRSTER, Dr. ERNST JOACHIM,
a celebrated German art-critic and
painter, brother of Frederick Förster,
a distinguished historian and poet,
who died in 1868, was born at Mun-
chengosserstädt, April 8, 1800.
first he applied himself to the study
of theology and philosophy, but soon
determined to devote himself to art,
and accordingly entered the studio of
Peter Cornelius at Munich. He was
employed in painting the frescoes in
the Aula at Bonn, and those of the
Glyptothique and the Arcades at
Munich, but his reputation rests
chiefly on his discovery of several
ancient pictures, and on his works in
elucidation of the history of art. His
greatest "find" was the frescoes of
Avanzo, which date as far back as
1376, in the chapel of San Giorgio at
Padua. Of his works, which are all
written in German, we may mention
three excellent guide-books to Munich,
Italy, and Germany; "Studies re-
lating to the History of Modern Art,"
1835; "Letters on Painting," 1838;
"History of German Art; "Monu-
ments of German Architecture, Sculp-
ture, and Painting," 1855; and a
"History of Italian Art," 1869. He
has likewise written a life of Jean
Paul Richter, and edited several of
his works.
??
FÖRSTER, THE RIGHT REV.
HENRY, D.D., was born at Grossglo-
gau, Nov. 24, 1800. In 1837 Dr.
Förster became Canon of Breslau
Cathedral, and from 1844 to 1848
was
a prominent defender of the
Roman Catholic Church. On May
19, 1853, he was made Prince Bishop
of Breslau. In March, 1875, he
boldly published the Pope's Encycli-
cal, which declared the Falk laws to
be null and void. The Prussian
Government took immediate steps to
depose him from his see, but as the
Breslau diocese extends to Austrian
territory, it was apprehended (April,
FORSTER, THE RIGHT HON.
WILLIAM EDWARD, M.P., F.R.S., is
the only son of the late William Forster
(who was for more than half a century
a minister of the Society of Friends,
and who died when engaged on an
anti-slavery mission in Tennessee), by
Anna, sister of Sir Thomas Fowell
Buxton, the first baronet. He was
born at Bradpole, Dorsetshire, July
11, 1818; received his education at
the Friends' School, Tottenham; and
became a worsted manufacturer at
Bradford. In 1846-7 he visited some
of the distressed districts in Ireland,
and distributed a Famine Relief
Fund which had been raised by the
Quakers. At the general election of
April, 1859, he came forward in the
Liberal interest as a candidate for
the representation of Leeds, but was
defeated, the numbers being :-Ed-
ward Baines (L.), 2,343; George S.
Beecroft (C.), 2,302; Forster, 2,280.
In Feb., 1861, at a bye-election, he
was returned without opposition for
Bradford, which he has continued to
represent down to the present time.
At the general election of July, 1865,
he was re-elected without opposition,
and at the general election of Nov.
|
FORSYTH.
1868, he was returned at the head of
the poll, the numbers being :-For-
ster, 9,468; H. W. Ripley (L.),
9,347; Edward Miall (L.), 8,768.
Mr. Forster was Under-Secretary for
the Colonies in Lord Russell's ad-
ministration, from Nov., 1865, till
July, 1866, and was Vice-President
of the Committee of Council on Edu-
cation from Dec., 1868, to Feb., 1874.
He was sworn of the Privy Council
in 1868, and admitted a member of
the Cabinet in 1870. He displayed
remarkable tact and ability in pass-
ing through the House of Commons
the Education Bill in 1870, and the
Ballot Bill in 1872, though he gave
great offence to the Nonconformists
by his advocacy of the famous 25th
clause. When Mr. Gladstone retired
from the leadership of the Opposition
at the commencement of the year
1875, it seemed probable that Mr.
Forster would become the leader of
the Liberal party in the House of
Commons; but in a letter dated Feb. 1,
he stated that even if the choice of
the party fell upon him at the
"caucus" which had been summoned
to meet at the Reform Club two days
prior to the assembling of Parliament,
he could not undertake the task of
leading the party, as it appeared
to him clear that he should not receive
that general support without which
he ought not to attempt to fulfil the
duties of this most difficult but ho-
nourable post." The choice of the
party consequently fell on the Mar-
quis of Hartington. Mr. Forster was
elected a Fellow of the Royal Society
in 1875. On Nov. 13, 1875, he was
elected Lord Rector of the University
of Aberdeen by 233 votes against 145
recorded for Lindsay; and the same
University conferred upon him the
honorary degree of LL.D. in 1876.
He is the author of a narrative of his
visit to Ireland, published by Joseph
Crosfield in 1847; "William Penn
and T. B. Macaulay; being brief
observations on the charges made in
Mr. Macaulay's History of England
against the character of William
Penn," 1849; "How we tax India;
(6
395
(6
a Lecture on the Condition of India
under British Rule," 1858; and
Speech delivered after laying the
memorial stone of the first school
built by the Liverpool School Board,"
8vo. Lond., 1873. Mr. Forster is a ma-
gistrate and deputy-lieutenant for the
West Riding of Yorkshire. He married,
in 1850, Jane Martha, eldest daughter
of the late Rev. Thomas Arnold,D.D.,
head-master of Rugby school.
|
FORSYTH, SIR THOMAS Doug-
LAS C.B., K.C.S.I., son of the late
Thomas Forsyth, Esq., of Liverpool.
born in 1827, educated at Rugby and
afterwards at Haileybury, where he
highly distinguished himself and car-
ried off several gold medals. He
went out to India in 1848 in the
civil service of the East India Com-
pany, and was first appointed Assist-
ant Commissioner in the Punjab, and
afterwards Deputy Commissioner,
which office he held from 1852 to 1856.
He took an active part in the suppres-
sion of the Indian Mutiny in 1857,
while holding office at Umballa, and
was in consequence made a C.B. He
then became secretary to the Chief
Commissioner of Oudh, and in 1859
Commissioner and Civil Judge in the
Punjab, of which Sir Robert Mont-
gomery was the Lieut. Governor.
For a short period he held the office
of Financial Commissioner in the
Punjab. In 1870 he was selected
by Lord Mayo, the Governor-General
of India, to conduct a mission to
Yarkund, in Eastern Turkistan, and
was thanked by the Governor-General
for his services. When in 1873 it was
determined to send an envoy to the
ruler of that country in order to ne-
gociate a commercial treaty, Sir T. D.
Forsyth was again appointed to that
post, and after an arduous journey
across the gigantic mountain ranges
which separate India from Kashgar,
he succeeded in getting a treaty
signed which is likely to produce im-
portant advantages by opening up
commercial intercourse with the most
flourishing country in central Asia.
For this service he received the
honour of knighthood and was made
-
•
396
FORSYTH-FORTUNE.
a Knight Commander of the Order of | Bath in Oct. 1873, but was returned
the Star of India. In 1874 he was to the House of Commons by the
appointed Member of the Legislative borough of Marylebone at the general
Council of India, and in 1875 he was election of Feb., 1874.
sent as Envoy to the king of Burmah.
|
a
FORTESCUE (EARL), THE RIGHT
FORSYTH, WILLIAM, Q.C., LL.D., HON. HUGH FORTESCUE, the eldest
M.P., son of the late Thomas Forsyth, son of the late Earl (who was Lord-
Esq., of Liverpool, was born at Lieutenant of Ireland in 1839-41),
Greenock in 1812, and educated at born April 4, 1818, and educated at
Trinity College, Cambridge, where he Harrow; entered Parliament in 1841,
graduated B.A. in 1834. He was
whilst Viscount Ebrington, as mem-
third in the first class of the classical ber for Plymouth, which he repre-
tripos, and second Senior Optime, sented in the Liberal interest until
was Chancellor's Medallist, and Fel- 1852, when he unsuccessfully con-
low of Trinity, and proceeded M.A. tested Barnstaple. In Dec., 1854, he
in 1837. He was called to the bar
was elected for Marylebone, for
at the Inner Temple in 1839, went which he resigned his seat, and was
the Northern Circuit, became called to the Upper House in his
Queen's Counsel in 1857, and a father's barony of Fortescue, Dec. 5,
Bencher of the Inner Temple. He 1859, and succeeded as third earl,
was standing counsel to the Secretary Sept. 14, 1861. His lordship was a
of State in Council of India, and is Lord of the Treasury from 1846 to
Commissary of the University of 1847, and Secretary of the Poor-Law
Cambridge. He is the author of Board from 1847 to 1851, being at the
"On the Law of Composition with same time an active member, and
Creditors," published in 1841; "Hor- latterly chairman, of several succes-
tensius; or, the Duty and Office of sive metropolitan commissions of
an Advocate," in 1849; "On the Law
sewers. In May, 1856, while visiting
relating to the Custody of Infants," a military hospital with a view to the
in 1850;
"The History of Trial by motion which he carried afterwards
Jury," in 1852; “ Napoleon at St. in 1858, in favour of sanitary reform
Helena and Sir Hudson Lowe," in in the army, he caught the ophthalmia,
1853; "The Life of Cicero," in 1864; which deprived him of one eye, per-
"Cases and Opinions in Constitu- manently impaired the other, and so
tional Law," in 1869; "The Novels much injured his health as to compel
and Novelists of the Eighteenth him to retire from the House of
Century, in illustration of the Man- Commons. His lordship is the
ners and Morals of the Age," in 1871; | author of pamphlets upon
"The
"Hannibal in Italy: an Historical
an Historical Health of Towns," 1844
"Official
Drama," in 1872; "Essays Critical Salaries," 1852;
|
"Representative
and Narrative," in 1874; "The Sla- Self-Government for the Metropolis,'
vonic Provinces South of the Danube," 1854 ; "Parliamentary Reform,
in 1876; and has contributed to the 1859; and a work on "Public
Quarterly and Edinburgh Reviews Schools for the Middle Classes," 1864.
and Blackwood's Magazine. Having He married, March 11, 1847, the
been elected member for the borough eldest daughter of the late Right Hon.
of Cambridge in the Conservative in- Col. G. Dawson Damer. She died
terest in July, 1856, he was unseated, in 1866, leaving him a large family.
on petition, on the ground that the
office he held of standing counsel to
the Secretary of State for India was
one of profit under the Crown, and
disqualified him from sitting in Par-
liament. He was an unsuccessful
candidate for the representation of
FORTUNE, ROBERT, author and
botanist, born in Berwickshire about
1813, was educated at a village school
in the Merse, and early exhibited a
spirit of perseverance. Selecting
horticulture as his occupation, he
obtained employment in the Botani-
3
""
FORTUNE-FOURTOU.
|
cal Gardens of the Scotch capital.
Having in that position made the
most of the opportunities afforded
for acquiring knowledge, he was
promoted to a post in the gardens
of Chiswick; and in his new sphere
acquitted himself with so much cre-
dit, that in 1842, when news of the
peace with the Celestial Empire
reached England, the Horticultural
Society of London appointed him
its collector of plants in Northern
China. Setting sail in that capacity,
Mr. Fortune, besides sending home
some of the finest plants that ever
reached this country, became fami-
liar with the varieties of Chinese
life. Mr. Fortnne published his
"Three Years' Wanderings in China,"
in 1847. The book attracted much
attention, and its author, whilst
curator of the Physic Garden at
Chelsea, was, in the summer of 1848,
intrusted by the East India Com-
pany with a mission to make investi-
gations respecting the tea-plant.
After an absence of more than three
years, Mr. Fortune returned to Eng-
land, and having published his valu-
able work, entitled "Two Visits to
the Tea-Countries of China," started
once more to pursue his adventurous
career and prosecute his scientific
researches. The results of this last
journey are embodied in "Residence
among the Chinese, Inland, on the
Coast, and at Sea; being the third
visit, from 1853 to 1856." In 1857
Mr. Fortune was employed by the
United States Patent Office to collect
in China the seeds of the tea-shrub
and other plants, a duty which oc-
cupied him two years, and which he
discharged with considerable success.
He has been a frequent contributor to
the Athenæum.
FOSTER, BIRKET, born at North
Shields, Northumberland, in 1812,
educated at Hitchen, Herts; at the
age of sixteen was placed with Mr.
Landells, the wood-engraver, by
whose advice, after he had practised
engraving for a short time, he be-
came a draughtsman. At the age of
twenty-one he started on his own
397
(6
account, illustrated several children's
books, and drew a great deal for the
Illustrated London Nen's. He illus-
trated Longfellow's Evangeline,"
Beattie's "Minstrel,' "Goldsmith's
Poetical Works," and several other
works of the same kind; and has
since been employed on most of the
better class of illustrated books that
have issued from the press, especially
a handsome volume devoted to Eng-
lish landscape, with descriptions from
the pen of Mr. Tom Taylor, published
in 1863. Having resolved to follow
a different branch of art, and having
in 1860 been elected a member of the
Water-Colour Society, he has met
with very great encouragement.
""
FOURTOU, MARIE FRANÇOIS OS-
CAR BARDY DE, a French statesman,.
born at Ribérac (Dordogne), Jan. 3,
1836. After having completed his
legal studies at Paris, he became a
member of the local bar at Bergerac,
in his native department, and for
some time during the later years of
the Empire, he was sub-prefect of
the arrondissement, of which that
town is the chief place. On being
elected a representative of the Dor-
dogne in the National Assembly,
Feb. 8, 1871, he took his place among
the Bonapartists in the Right Centre..
On Dec. 7, 1872, M. Thiers appointed
him Minister of Public Works, in
succession to M. de Larcy. This post
he held till May 19, 1873, when he
was transferred to the Ministry of
Public Worship; but he resigned
with his colleagues on the 24th of
May. On the 20th of Nov. following,
he again became a member of the
Ministry, succeeding M. Batbie in
the department of Public Instruction
and Public Worship. Marshal Mac-
Mahon, the President of the Republic,
advanced M. de Fourtou (May 23,
1874) to the Ministry of the Interior,
in the place of the Duc de Broglie.
He did not fill this important position
very long. M. Magne having re-
signed, M. de Fourtou insisted that
he should be succeeded by a member
of the same party, viz., by a Bona·
partist; and as this was not the case.
*398
FOWLER-FRANCILLON.
M. de Fourtou himself resigned July |
19, 1874, On Feb. 20, 1876, he was
elected a Deputy for the arrondisse-
ment of Ribérac, under the auspices
of the National Conservative Com-
mittee. He again became Minister
of the Interior May 17, 1877, and
exercised great influence in the deli-
berations of the Cabinet. At the
elections of Oct. 1877 he was again
chosen Deputy for Ribérac, but the
Chamber declared the election invalid
Nov. 18, 1878. In the debate on the
latter occasion, M. Gambetta called
M. de Fourtou a liar, and this unpar-
liamentary expression led to their
fighting a duel with pistols. The en-
counter was a perfectly harmless one,
neither of the combatants receiving
any injury. Indeed, it was hinted
that blank cartridges were used, with
the connivance of the seconds.
FOWLER, JOHN, Past President
of the Institution of Civil Engineers,
the eldest son of Mr. John Fowler, of
Wadsley Hall, Sheffield, was born in
1817. After completing his educa-
tion, he became a pupil of Mr. J. F.
Leather, the eminent hydraulic engi-
neer, and obtained his first practical
knowledge under that gentleman,
who was then engaged in the con-
struction of the large reservoirs which
supply the town of Sheffield with
water, and other important works.
He at the same time acquired a
knowledge of railway engineering,
and surveyed the country for a line
between Stourbridge and Birming-
ham, passing through Dudley and
Wolverhampton. This railroad, com-
menced twenty years afterwards by
Mr. Brunel, was completed by Mr.
Fowler. As assistant to Mr. Rastrick,
he gained further experience in rail-
way engineering. He then became
acting-engineer in the construction
of the Stockton and Hartlepool Rail-
way, and was afterwards engineer
and general manager of the Clarence,
and of the Stockton and Hartlepool
Railways. At the age of twenty-
seven he was selected as engineer for
the construction of the large group of
railways known as the Manchester,
Sheffield, and Lincolnshire. Having
settled in London, Mr. Fowler was
continuously employed in the laying
out and construction of railways,
docks, &c., in the United Kingdom
and on the Continent, including the
Oxford, Worcester, and Wolverhamp-
ton Railway, the Severn Valley, Mid
Kent, London, Tilbury and Southend,
the Great Northern and Western (of
Ireland), the Victoria Station and
Pimlico Railway, the Hammersmith
Railway, &c., the Millwall Docks,
and improvements of rivers and
reclamation of lands from the sea.
He was also Chief Engineering
Member of the Royal Commission
on Irish Railways. But probably he
is better known to the public as
'Fowler of the Underground Rail-
way," having designed and con-
structed the Metropolitan "Inner
Circle" Railway. Mr. Fowler is
consulting engineer to the Great
Northern Railway, to the Great
Western Railway, and to other com-
panies; and is also Consulting Engi-
neer to the Government of Egypt.
FRANCILLON, ROBERT EDWARD,
eldest son of James Francillon,
County Court Judge, was born at
Gloucester in 1841, and educated at
the Cheltenham College and at Trinity
Hall, Cambridge. He was a scholar
of that Hall, and graduated in the
first class of the Law Tripos of 1862;
was called to the bar at Gray's Inn
in 1864, joined the Oxford circuit,
and was, during 1867, editor of the
Law Magazine. His first work of
fiction was "Grace Owen's Engage-
ment," which appeared in Black-
wood's Magazine in 1868.
As a
novelist, he is the author of Earl's
Dene," 1870; "Pearl and Emerald.”
1872; "Zelda's Fortune," 1873;
'Olympia," 1874; "A Dog and His
Shadow,"
(6
and
1876;
Strange
Waters," 1878. He was editor and
principal writer of "Like a Snow-
ball," and "Streaked with Gold,"
published at Christmas 1874 and
1875 respectively; and sole author
of "Rare Good Luck" and
the Dark," Christmas, 1876, 1877.
(C
"In
FRANCIS II.—FRANCIS-JOSEPH I.
During the same period he has also
contributed several novelettes and
shorter tales to Blackwood, the
Gentleman's Magazine, All the Year
Round, and other magazines, and
many articles, chiefly critical and
social, to these and various journals.
He was for some time on the staff of
the Globe newspaper, and in 1872 he
re-published, under the title of "Na-
tional Characteristics: and Flora and
Fauna of London," a series of sketches
which had originally appeared in that
journal. He has also written many
well-known songs for music, and is
author of the libretti of Mr. F. H.
Cowen's cantatas, "The
Maiden" and "The Corsair," and of
some uncollected poems, most of
which have appeared anonymously.
|
FRANCIS II., EX-KING OF
NAPLES, was born Jan. 31, 1836, and
succeeded his father, Ferdinand II.,
better known by his sobriquet of
Bomba," in 1858. His first act was
to liberate Poerio, Settembrini, and
other Neapolitans, who had been in-
carcerated for ten years on account
of their political opinions. Hopes
at first entertained, that the young
king would endeavour to correct the
abuses of his father's government,
were not fulfilled. In 1860 an in-
surrection broke out in Sicily, and
Palermo and Messina were bom-
barded. An expedition, headed by
Garibaldi, landed in Sicily, and de-
feated the Neapolitan army in every
encounter; Naples was soon after
occupied, and the king, with his
queen and family, were compelled to
take refuge in the fortress of Gaeta,
which, after an obstinate siege of six
months, capitulated to the Sardinian
troops, Feb. 14, 1861. Francis II.
retired to Rome, where he was en-
gaged for some time in organizing
fruitless expeditions against the
government of the new kingdom of
Italy. He married, in 1858, Caroline,
daughter of Maximilian-Joseph of
Bavaria, and sister to the empress of
Austria. The courage displayed by her
at the siege of Gaeta was the theme
of general admiration in Europe.
*
399
FRANCIS-JOSEPH I. (FRANCIS-
JOSEPH-CHARLES), Emperor of Aus-
tria, King of Hungary and Bohemia,
&c., was born Aug. 18, 1830, and
ascended the throne of Austria
Dec. 2, 1849, on the abdication of
his uncle, Ferdinand I. He is the
eldest son of the late Archduke
Francis-Charles (who stood next to
the late emperor in the legal order
of succession, and who died March
8, 1878) and of the Princess Sophia.
On mounting the throne he found
the empire shaken by internal dis-
sensions; and his first step was to
promise a free and constitutional go-
Rose-vernment to the country. The course
of events compelled him to close the
National Assembly, and to assume
absolute power. At the same time he
abrogated the Constitution of Hun-
gary, the people being in rebellion
against him, and were only brought to
subjection by the armed intervention
of Russia, while he owed his hold on
Italy to the skill of his veteran gene-
ral Radetsky. Having at length
obtained internal peace and freedom
for governmental and legislative
action, he promulgated the edict of
Schönbrunn, Sept. 26, 1851, in which
he declared the Government" respon-
sible to no other political authority
but the throne." Assisted by Prince
Schwarzenberg, and after his death
by Count Buol and Baron Bach, he
centralised the government of his
heterogeneous nationalities at Vienna,
and, aided by Herr von Bruck, inau-
gurated a series of fiscal and com-
mercial reforms favourable to the
interests of the middle classes. In
1853-4, the Emperor endeavoured,
though in vain, to induce the Czar
Nicholas to abandon his ambitious
designs against Turkey, and further
excited that autocrat's displeasure by
refusing to assist Russia against the
Western Powers, whose rulers also
felt aggrieved because he resolved to
remain neutral, and not to throw the
weight of his name into their scale.
The policy of Austria on this occasion
will, however, be more fairly esti-
mated by posterity. Her unwilling-
400
FRANCIS.
|
ness to make common cause with the
Western Powers has been severely
punished, for had she joined the
alliance against Russia in 1854, in
all probability Louis Napoleon would
not have crossed the Alps and dictated
the peace of Villafranca. It is, there-
fore, more than probable that her
reluctance to act against Russia in
that war was the cause of her losing
Lombardy three years later. The Em-
peror Francis-Joseph is tall and hand-
some. At Solferino he gave proof of
bravery amounting almost to rashness.
In April, 1854, he married the Princess
Elizabeth Amalie Eugenie, daughter
of the Duke Maximilian-Joseph, and
cousin, on her mother's side, to the
king of Bavaria. In 1857 the emperor
and empress paid a visit to their
Italian and Hungarian dominions,
and granted an amnesty to political
offenders. The Reichsrath was en-
larged by imperial patent March 5,
1860, and the Emperor sanctioned
the principle of the responsibility of
ministers May 1, 1862. The pleni-
potentiaries of Austria, Prussia, and
Denmark assembled at Vienna to con-
sider the terms of a peace, July 26,
1864, which was concluded Oct. 30.
Early in 1865 the Emperor liberated
Joseph Langiewicz, the Polish insur-
gent. The Ministerial Council was
reconstituted July 27. The Con-
vention of Gastein, signed Aug. 14,|
1865, which transferred the govern-
ment of Schleswig to Prussia, and that
of Holstein to Austria, was a few days
afterwards confirmed by the Emperor
and the King of Prussia at Salzburg.
The Emperor issued an important
manifesto to his people Sept. 20, in
which he expressed very conciliatory
intentions towards the people of Hun-
gary and Croatia. The Emperor again
visited Hungary, in order to open the
Diet, in Dec., 1863. The ratifications
of a treaty of commerce between
Austria and England were exchanged
in Jan., 1866. The Emperor and
Empress visited Pesth-Ofen Jan. 29,
where they remained until March 5.
The armaments against Prussia com-
menced, and councils of war were
established in the circles of Prague,
Pisek, Tabor, and Pilsen, in March,
1866. An imperial order was issued
May 6, placing the whole army on a
war footing, and concentrating the
Army of the North on the frontiers of
Bohemia and Silesia. The Emperor
published a manifesto relative to the
impending contest, June 17, the
Prussian minister having received
his passports June 12. The Emperor
showed much devotion in the struggle
which ensued, and the fortunes of war
having been adverse, at once made
peace and applied his energies to the
difficult task of reconstructing the
empire. In this work he was power-
fully aided by Count Beust, the late
Prime Minister of Saxony, whom he
summoned to his councils in Oct.
1866, and who remained in office as
his principal Minister until Nov. 1870,
when he resigned, and was succeeded
by Count Andrassy. One of the prin-
cipal results of the policy pursued by
Count Beust was the coronation of
the Emperor at Pesth, as King of
Hungary, June 8, 1867. The Em-
peror was present at the opening of
the Isthmus of Suez Canal in Nov.
1869. In 1871 he had a memorable
interview at Gastein with the Em-
peror of Germany; and there was a
meeting of the Emperors of Germany,
Russia, and Austria at Berlin in the
autumn of 1872. The Emperor of
Austria visited the Emperor of Russia
at St. Petersburg in Feb. 1874. In
1878 the Congress of Berlin sanc-
tioned the occupation by Austria of
the provinces of Austria and Herze-
govina.
FRANCIS, FRANCIS, born in 1822,
at Seaton, in Devonshire, was edu-
cated at St. Paul's School, Southsea,
and appointed Commissioner of Oyster
Fisheries for Ireland in 1869. He is
a Director of the Hammam, or Turk-
ish Bath, and the Brighton Aquarium
companies, and has been editor of
the fisheries department of the Field
for twenty years. Mr. Francis in-
spected and reported on the oyster-
fisheries of France and the United
Kingdom, and the sea-fisheries of Ire-
FRANCLIEU-FRANKLAND.
(C
land, and has written several works
on the fisheries and fishing, notably,
"The Angler's Register, "Fish
Culture,' ""A Book on Angling," "By
Lake and River," 1874; and Re-
ports on salmon-ladders, besides
many works of fiction, " Pickackifax,"
"The Real Salt," "Newton Dogane,"
Sidney Bellew," &c. He has for
many years been an energetic agi-
tator for fishery reforms, and a con-
tributor to current literature. Mr.
Francis has received medals from
the French and Australian Govern-
ments for his services to the fisheries.
FRANCLIEU, PAUL PASQUIER,
MARQUIS DE, a French senator, born
in 1810, was an officer in the navy
under the Restoration, but resigned
his commission at the Revolution of
July 1830. He then devoted himself
to the cultivation of his extensive
estates in the Hautes-Pyrénées, and
wrote several works on political eco-
nomy (in favour of Protectionist doc-
trines) and on agriculture. In 1848
he published a pamhplet under the
title of "La Question de la Veille
est encore celle du Lendemain."
Many years afterwards he was re-
proached on account of a supposed
Republican profession of faith con-
tained in this brochure; but there can
be no doubt that he has always been
a consistent opponent of that form of
government. For forty years he lived
in retirement, and he did not begin
his active political career until after
the fall of the Empire. He was
elected a Deputy for the Hautes-
Pyrénées by 26,139 votes, being the
fourth on a list of five successful
candidates. He took his seat on the
Extreme Right. On many an occa-
sion he affirmed in the tribune, and
in letters published by the Legitimist
journals, his devotion to the Comte
de Chambord and the Legitimate
Monarchy, which," he said, "has
been, and which will always remain,
the only principle of life of France.
It is under the folds of this flag that
we shall all rally in the hour of
supreme danger to preserve what
remains to us, and to recover what
66
401
we have lost."
|
M. De Franclieu was
one of the most persistent adversaries
of M. Thiers, whom he called "the
evil genius of the country;" and
whom he several times attacked from
the tribune in the strongest language.
He has consistently continued to hold
the opinions which he entertained
under the Empire, respecting the evil
of too great centralisation of power
in France. He was the author of a
proposition relative to the nomina-
tion of Maires, and it was he who on
Jan. 8, 1874, proposed the adjourn-
ment of the measure relating to
Maires, "not being able to admit,"
said he," that after having combatted
during twenty years, the repressive
system of the Empire, we should
commit the faults of that régime."
The Left supported this motion, which
being adopted on the secret ballot,
led to the resignation of the De
Broglie Cabinet, which resignation
was withdrawn, however, after a vote
of confidence in the Ministry that
the Assembly was induced to pass.
M. De Franclieu also voted against
the law which on Jan. 30 conferred
on the Government the right of nomi-
nating the Maires. He likewise pro-
tested against the prorogation of the
Municipal Councils, and bitterly op-
posed the Septennate. He signed
the demand for the re-establishment
of the Monarchy, and the address of
adhesion to the Syllabus; and he took
part in the great pilgrimage to
Paray-le-Monial. He was elected a
Life Senator Dec. 11, 1875.
|
FRANKLAND, EDWARD, D.C.L.,
Ph.D., F.R.S., born at Churchtown,
near Lancaster, Jan. 18, 1825, re-
ceived his education at the Grammar
School, Lancaster, the Museum of
Practical Geology, London, and the
Universities of Marburg and Giessen.
He was appointed Professor of Chemis-
try in Owens College, Manchester,
in 1851; in St. Bartholomew's Hos-
pital in 1857; in the Royal Institution
of Great Britain in 1863; and in the
Royal College of Chemistry (Royal
School of Mines), in 1865. He was
nominated one of her Majesty's Com-
D D
402
FRANKS-FRASER.
|
missioners for inquiring into the pol-
lution of rivers in 1868, elected
President of the Chemical Society in
1871, and President of the Institute
of Chemistry in 1877. Dr. Frank-
land was elected in 1853 a Fellow of
the Royal Society; in 1866 a corre-
sponding Member of the French
Academy of Sciences; in 1869
Foreign Member of the Royal Aca-
demy of Sciences in Bavaria, and
subsequently of the Academies of
Sciences of Berlin, St. Petersburg,
and Bohemia. He is the author of
"Researches on the Isolation of the
Radicals of Organic Compounds, and
other Researches in Organic Che-
mistry," for which he received, in
1857, a gold medal from the Royal
Society; also of "Researches on the
Manufacture and Purification of Coal-
gas," on the "Influence of Atmo-
spheric Pressure on the Light of
Gas, Candle, and other Flames," on
"Winter Sanitariums in the Alps and
elsewhere," on "The Purification of
Town Drainage and other Polluting
Liquids," and on the "Composition
and Qualities of Water used for
Drinking and other Purposes." He
He
is also the joint author, with Mr. J.
Norman Lockyer, of "Researches
connected with the Atmosphere of
the Sun."
|
physics in the University of Edin-
burgh, was born, in Sept., 1819, at
Ardchattan, co. Argyll, of which
parish his father was minister, his
mother being a daughter of Campbell
of Barcaldine. He was educated at
the University of Edinburgh. He
early devoted himself to metaphysi--
cal studies and literary pursuits. In
1850 he became editor of the North
British Review, which he conducted
till 1857. In the previous year he
entered on the duties of his present
chair in the University of Edinburgh..
as successor to Sir W. Hamilton. In
1871 he was chosen one of the exami-
ners in the Moral Science Tripos of
the University of Cambridge.
In
1872, and the four following years,
he acted as Examiner in Moral Sci-
ence at the India Civil Service Exa-
minations. In 1877 he was chosen
to represent the Senatus Academicus
in the Edinburgh University Court..
He has contributed numerous arti-
cles, chiefly philosophical and edu-
cational, to the North
North British
Review, Macmillan's Magazine, and
other periodicals. In 1856 he pub-
lished" Essays in Philosophy," and
in 1858 "Rational Philosophy." In
1871 he produced a "Collected Edi-
tion of the Works of Bishop Berke-
ley, with Dissertations and Annota-
tions," and in the same year the
"Life and Letters of Bishop Berke-
ley, and many of his Writings hitherto
unpublished, with an account of his
Philosophy," both of them published
by the Oxford Clarendon press. These
were followed, in 1874, by" Selections
from Berkeley," the second edition of
which (1878) contains an historical
introduction to modern philosophy.
FRASER, THE RIGHT REV. JAMES
D.D., Bishop of Manchester, son of
James Fraser, Esq., late of Heavi-
tree, Exeter, was born at Prest-
bury, near Cheltenham, in 1818. He
was educated at Bridgenorth school,
at Shrewsbury school, under Dr.
Butler, and at Lincoln College, Ox-
ford. He obtained the Ireland
scholarship in that University in
1839, and took his B.A. degree the
FRANKS, AUGUSTUS WOLLAS-
TON, F.S.A., F.G.S., born in 1826,
was educated at Eton and at
Trinity College, Cambridge, where
he graduated B.A. in 1849, and pro-
cecded M.A. in 1852. He is the
author of a work on "Ornamental
Glazing Quarries," of a treatise on
"Vitreous Art in the Art Treasures
of the Manchester Exhibition," and
editor of Kemble's "Horæ Ferales."
He has contributed to the Trans-
actions of various archæological
societies, was elected Director of
the Society of Antiquaries in 1858,
and is keeper of the department of
British and Medieval Antiquities
and Ethnography in the British
Museum.
FRASER, ALEXANDER CAMPBELL,
LL.D., professor of logic and meta-
-
ފ
FREDERICK CHARLES.
same year, gaining a first class in
classics. In 1840 he was elected a
Fellow of Oriel College. He acted
as Tutor there for five years, and
then, in 1847, accepted the college
living of Cholderton, in Wiltshire,
which he exchanged for that of
Upton Nervet, near Reading, in 1860.
During his connection with the dio-
cese of Salisbury, he became chaplain
to the late Bishop Hamilton, Chan-
cellor of Salisbury Cathedral, one of
its Prebendaries, and chaplain to the
Salisbury Diocesan Training School.
Mr. Fraser was select preacher in
the University of Oxford in 1854-56,
and again in 1862-64. He took an
active part in connection with educa-
tion under the Duke of Newcastle's
Commission in 1858-60, to which he
presented a valuable "Report on
Elementary Education in England."
He was also Assistant Commissioner
in the Schools Inquiry Commission of
1865, to which he reported on the
educational systems of the United
States and Canada. This latter re-
port, which fills a bulky volume, was
reprinted at Sydney in 1868, by order
of the Legislative Assembly of New
South Wales. Mr. Fraser was nomi-
nated a member of the Commission
appointed in 1867 to inquire into the
employment of women and children
in agriculture. In Jan., 1870, he was
selected by the Prime Minister, Mr.
Gladstone, to succeed the late Dr.
Prince Lee in the bishopric of Man-
chester. He was accordingly conse-
crated March 25, 1870, having, on
the 3rd of the previous month, been
created D.D. at Oxford by diploma.
His lordship is the author of "Six
Sermons preached before the Univer-
sity of Oxford," 1855; "The Revised
Code of the Committee of Council on
Education, its Principles, Tendencies,
and Details, considered in a Letter to
the Lord Bishop of Salisbury; with
an Appendix, reviewing Sir J. K.
Shuttleworth's Letter to Earl Gran-
ville," 1861; a Charge delivered at
his Primary Visitation in the Cathe-
dral, Manchester, Dec. 3 and 4, 1872;
"Cathedrals and Utilitarianism," a
403
sermon preached at the re-opening of
Chester Cathedral in 1872; a Speech
delivered at the great demonstration
held in the Free Trade Hall at Man-
chester, April 14, 1873; and of nu-
merous single sermons preached on
special occasions.
·
The ex-
FREDERICK CHARLES (FREDE-
RICK CHARLES NICHOLAS), Imperial
Prince of Germany, eldest son of
Prince Charles, the second brother
of the emperor, was born March 20,
1828, and has from early youth
devoted himself to the military
profession, and holds a number of
appointments in the German Army.
He commanded in the war against
Denmark in 1864. In 1866 he was
placed at the head of the First Army
destined to operate against Austria,
entering Bohemia through Saxony,
and so conducted his forces through
the latter country as to make its
people friends of Prussia.
treme rapidity and energy of move-
ment which he displayed in Bohemia
disconcerted the Austrian general
Benedek, who had calculated upon
being allowed to assume the offensive.
In a series of actions he drove the
Austrians to Sadowa, and won the
great battle of Königgrätz, aided by
the Crown Prince, who, bringing up
the Second Army, effected his junction
with Prince Frederick Charles at the
crisis of the day. Prince Frederick
Charles had for years previously
laboured strenuously, and with great
success, to make the Prussian military
system more elastic, giving greater
freedom to the officers and relying
more upon moral means than upon
the rule and method in dealing with
the men. The unexpected suppleness
and dash displayed by the Prussians
in 1866 were, in a great measure, the
consequence of these reforms. The
reputation he achieved in the war
with Austria was increased by his
successes in the conflict with France.
At the close of July, 1870, he was on
the Rhine frontier in command of the
Second German Army, comprising
the 2nd, 4th, 7th, 9th, 10th, and 12th
North German corps, estimated at
DD 2
404
FREDERICK WILLIAM.
ww
Before he had practically effected his
junction with Prince Frederick
Charles, General Benedek had made
preparations to attack the latter with
superior force, and the battle of Sa-
dowa or Königgrätz was the result
(July 3, 1866). The Crown Prince ap-
peared on the field unexpected by the
Austrians in the middle of the battle,
struck the heart of the Austrian posi-
tion, and decided the fortunes of the
day. His march from Miletin to
Königgrätz, and his series of victories
on entering Bohemia, established his
reputation as an energetic commander.
In the war between Germany and
France the Crown Prince of Prussia
acted a most conspicuous part. The
close of July, 1870, found him on the
Rhine frontier, in command of the
Third German Army, comprising the
5th, 6th, and 11th North German
corps, the 1st and 2nd Bavarian
corps, and the divisions furnished by
Baden, Würtemberg, and Hesse, in
all about 200,000 men and 500 guns.
On the 4th of August he vigorously
attacked the position held at Weissen-
burg by that portion of Marshal Mac-
Mahon's corps which was commanded
by General Abel Douay. The French
were repulsed and dispersed after a
severe struggle. Following up this
important victory, the Crown Prince
attacked on the 6th the united army-
corps of Generals MacMahon, Failly,
and Canrobert, drawn up in position
at Woerth. MacMahon had under
him 50,000 men in all, and occupied
a strong defensive position on the
slopes of the Vosges. The Crown
Prince arrived from Weissenburg on
the evening of the 5th with an army
of 130,000 men, and began the attack
at seven the next morning. The
French line was turned at two points,
and their left and centre broken,
notwithstanding a desperate charge
of cavalry, which was ordered by
MacMahon as a last resort. At the
memorable engagement near Sédan
(Sept. 1) his troops and those of
Prince Frederick Charles were en-
gaged against the greater part of
MacMahon's forces; and the Germans
|
|
260,000 men and 500 pieces of artil-
lery. On Aug. 6 he defeated General
Froissart at Speichern, and ten days
later made a vigorous attack on the
right of the French position held by
Marshal Bazaine between Doncourt
and Vionville, driving the French
troops back to Metz. He closely in-
vested that fortress, which, after
enduring a siege of seventy days,
capitulated on Oct. 27, when Marshal
Bazaine surrendered with 150,000
prisoners (including the Imperial
Guard, three marshals, 50 generals,
and 6,000 officers) and 20,000 sick
and wounded. Shortly afterwards
Prince Frederick Charles defeated
General Aurelle de Paladines and the
Army of the Loire (Nov. 28), re-
captured Orleans (Dec. 4), and after
a struggle protracted over six days he
took Le Mans and compelled General
Chanzy to withdraw his troops in a
northward direction (Jan. 13, 1871).
He was created a Field-Marshal
Oct. 28, 1870. The Prince married,
Nov. 29, 1854, Marie Anne, daughter
of Leopold Frederick, reigning Duke
of Anhalt, and has four children.
|
FREDERICK WILLIAM (FRE-
DERICK WILLIAM NICHOLAS CHAR-
LES), Imperial Prince of Germany,
and Crown Prince of Prussia, is the
eldest son of William, King of Prussia,
and now Emperor of Germany. He
was born Oct. 18, 1831, entered the
military service at an early age, rose
to the rank of general, and held
and held
numerous important appointments. |
In 1866, when the war broke out
between Prussia and Austria, the
chief of his staff was Major-General |
von Blumenthal, and he had under
his orders three army-corps, besides
the Guard Corps under Prince Au-
gustus of Würtemberg. The Crown
Prince led his army, composed of
125,000 men, from Silesia through the
passes of the Sudetic Hills, an opera-
tion exposed to great difficulties and
to considerable danger. By a series
of brilliant operations the army pushed
its way through the mountains, fight-
ing severe actions at Trautenau,
Nachod, Skalitz, and Schweinschadel.
FREDERICK WILLIAM LOUIS-FREEMAN.
succeeded in crossing the river Meuse,
this extremely difficult operation being
effected by the Crown Prince with
his Prussians and Würtembergers,
supported by the Bavarians under
General von der Tann. He next made
his way towards Paris, entered Ver-
sailles Sept. 20, commenced to throw
additional troops round the capital,
and remained in the vicinity of the
invested city until after the conclu-
sion of peace. On Oct. 28 he was
created a Field-Marshal of Prussia,
and on Nov. 8 a Russian Field-Marshal.
After the termination of the war the
Imperial Prince, as he has been styled
since his father's being proclaimed
Emperor of Germany, paid a visit to
this country (July, 1871), accom-
panied by the Princess, and, after
spending a few days in London, their
Imperial Highnesses became the
guests of the Queen at Osborne. The
Prince married, Jan. 25, 1858, Vic-
toria Adelaide, Princess Royal of
Great Britain, by whom he has six
children,-Frederick William Victor
Albert, born Jan. 27, 1859; Victoria
Elizabeth Augusta Charlotte, born
July 24, 1860; Albert William Henry,
born Aug. 20, 1862; Frederica Amelia
Wilhelmina Victoria, born April 12,
1866; Joachim Frederick Ernest
Waldemar, born Feb. 10, 1868;
Sophia Dorothy Ulrica Alice, born
June 14, 1870; and Margaret Beatrix
Feodore, born April 22, 1872.
|
|
FREDERICK WILLIAM LOUIS,
Grand Duke of Baden, born Sept. 9,
1826, succeeded his father, the Grand
Duke Leopold, as Regent, April 24,
1852, to the exclusion of his elder
brother Louis, who was mentally in-
capable of governing. Since 1853
he has been continually engaged in
struggles with the ecclesiastical power,
and at the end of 1855 banished the
Jesuits from the duchy. In Sept.,
1856, he had a narrow escape from
assassination. He assumed the title
of Grand Duke Sept. 5, 1856, and
married a daughter of William I. of
Prussia, Sept. 20. An ardent advo-
cate of German unity, he became an
ally of Prussia in the Franco-German
405
war (1870-71), and the Badenese sol-
diers contributed in no small degree
to the triumph of the German arıns.
FREEMAN, EDWARD AUGUSTUS,
D.C.L., LL.D., son of the late John
Freeman, Esq., of Pedmore Hall,
Worcestershire, was born at Har-
borne, Staffordshire, in 1823. He
was elected Scholar of Trinity College,
Oxford, in 1841, Fellow in 1845, filled
the office of Examiner in the School
of Law and Modern History in 1857-8
and in 1863-4, and in the School of
Modern History in 1873. He was
created honorary D.C.L. by the Uni-
versity of Oxford at the installation
of the Marquis of Salisbury in 1870,
and honorary LL.D. by the University
of Cambridge in 1874; honorary
member of the Imperial University
of St. Petersburg, 1877. He is also a
Knight Commander of the Order of
the Redeemer of Greece (1875), of the
Order of Danilo of Montenegro, and
of the Order of Takova of Servia ;
Corresponding Member of the Impe-
rial Academy of Sciences of St.
Petersburg, of the Royal Society
of Sciences of Göttingen, and of the
Historical Society of Massachusetts.
He was an unsuccessful candidate
for Mid-Somerset in 1868.
On May
24, 1872, he delivered the Rede lec-
ture at Cambridge, the subject being
"The Unity of History." He has
written much on historical, political,
and architectural subjects, and is the
author of "A History of Architec-
ture," 1849; an Essay on Window
Tracery," 1850; "The Architecture of
Llandaff Cathedral," 1851;"The His-
tory and Conquests of the Saracens,
1856; "The History and Antiqui-
ties of St. David's, -the latter con-
jointly with Dr. Basil Jones, the pre-
sent Bishop of St. David's ;
"History
of Federal Government," of which
the first volume appeared in 1863;
"History of the Norman Conquest,'
of which the five volumes appeared
in 1867-76; "Old English His-
tory," 1869; History of the Cathe-
dral Church of Wells," 1870; Growth
of the English Constitution," 1872;
"General Sketch of European His-
(6
"
""
<<
406
FREMONT.
tory," 1872; "Historical Essays," 2 | Great Britain. He returned to Cali-
series, 1872-3; "Comparative Poli-fornia, and found that the Mexican
tics," 1873; "Disestablishment and
governor was about to attack the
Disendowment, what are they? American settlements. Fremont
1874; "Historical and Architectural placed himself at the head of the
Sketches, chiefly Italian," 1876; and settlers, by whom he was chosen Go-
"The Ottoman Power in Europe, its vernor of California. War had now
Nature, its Growth, and its Decline," been declared between Mexico and
1877.
the United States, and an American
fleet, under Commodore Stockton,
was sent with orders to take posses-
sion of the country. In the mean-
while Gen. Kearney had arrived with
a small military force. Fremont re-
fused to obey some orders given by
Kearney, who was his military supe-
rior, and was put under arrest, and
ordered to report at Washington. He
was tried by court-martial, found
guilty, and ordered to be dismissed
from the service. President Polk re-
mitted the sentence; but Fremont
resigned his commission. In October,
1848, he fitted out at his own expense
a large expedition, with the object of
finding a practicable route over the
mountains to California. After innu-
merable hardships he reached Sacra-
mento in the spring of 1849. Here
he bought a large estate, containing
rich gold mines. In 1855 he took up
his residence in New York, and in the
ensuing year was nominated for Pre-
sident by the Republican party. The
Democrats nominated Mr. Buchanan,
and the "American" party nominated
Mr. Fillmore. Fremont received 114
electoral votes, Fillmore 8, and Bu-
chanan, receiving the remaining 174
votes, was elected; he did not, how-
ever, receive a majority of the popu
lar vote, there being 1,838,000 for
him; 1,341,000 for Fremont; and
874,000 for Fillmore. Soon after the
civil war broke out Fremont was
made a major-general, and placed in
command of the western department,
his head quarters being at St. Louis.
He issued a proclamation freeing the
slaves in his district, a measure which
the President thought unwise at the
time, and Fremont was recalled, and
placed in command in Western Vir-
ginia, where he was outgeneralled by
Confederate General Jackson. Soon
FREMONT, JOHN CHARLES, born
at Savannah, Georgia, Jan. 21, 1813.
While quite young, he taught mathe-
matics in Charleston, South Carolina.
In 1833 he received the appointment
of teacher of mathematics on board
the sloop-of-war, Natches, and two
years afterwards was made Professor
of Mathematics in the United States'
navy; but soon resigned, and became
a railroad surveyor. In 1839 he was
commissioned as lieutenant in the
corps of topographical engineers;
and in 1842 projected a geographical
survey of the then almost unknown
region between the Missouri river and
the Pacific ocean. The expedition
lasted four months, and resulted in
the acquisition of much geographical
and scientific information. In May,
1843, he set out upon a still longer
expedition from the Rocky Mountains
to the Pacific; came upon the Great
Salt Lake, of which there had before
been only vague accounts, and finally
reaching the head waters of the Co-
lumbia river, descended that stream
to its mouth. In November he set
out on his return by another route,
and his whole party came near perish-
ing by cold and hunger. He finally
reached the settlements in Kansas in
July, 1844, having been absent four-
teen months. He was brevetted as
captain, and in the spring of 1845
was sent to explore the great western
basin, and the maritime region along
the Pacific. He made his way to
California, but was ordered by the
Mexican authorities to leave the
country. He went northward to
Oregon; but in 1846 received orders
from Washington to look out for
American interests in California, it
being reported that the Mexicans
were about to cede the country to
|
C
FRENCH-FRERE.
407
afterwards General Pope was placed
in command of all the Federal forces
in Northern Virginia, and Fremont,
who outranked him, resigned his
commission, and took no further ac-
tive part in the war. He subsequently
devoted himself mainly to the promo-
tion of a Southern railroad across the
continent, spending much time in
Europe for this purpose. In connec-
tion with this enterprise he was
charged with fraudulent transactions
in France was tried while absent,
found guilty, and sentenced to fine
and imprisonment; but not being in
France, the penalty could not be en-
forced. Since that time he has re-
sided in New York and in Maine,
taking no part in public affairs.
arrangements for the Vatican Coun-
cil. By an imperial decree dated
Dec. 27 in that year he was appointed
Bishop of Angers, and he was pre-
conised in the consistory of March
21 following, and consecrated at
Rome, March 18, 1870. Monseigneur
Freppel, who is decorated with the
Legion of Honour, has published-
Les Pères Apostoliques et leur
Époque," 1859; "Les Apologistes
Chrétiens au deuxième Siècle," two
series, 1860; "Saint Irénée et l'Élo-
quence Chrétienne dans la Gaule aux
deux premiers Siècles," 1861; “Ex-
amen Critique de la Vie de Jésus'
de M. Renan," 1863, an admirable
work, which has passed through nu-
merous editions "Conférences sur
la Divinité de Jésus-Christ," 1863;
"L'Oraison Funèbre du Cardinal
Morlot, Archevêque de Paris," 1863;
"Tertullien," 2 vols., 1864 ; Saint
Cyprien et l'Église d'Afrique au troi-
sième Siècle,' 1865; "Clément
d'Alexandrie," 1865; "Examen Cri-
tique des Apôtres' de M. Renan,'
1866; "Panégyrique de Jeanne d'Arc,
prononcé dans la Cathédrale d'Or-
(
;
""
|
FRENCH, THE RIGHT REV. THO-
MAS VALPY, D.D., Bishop of Lahore,
born about 1825, was educated at
University College, Oxford, where he
graduated B.A. as a first-class in
classics (1846), and was elected to a
Fellowship. He was Principal of the
Church Missionary Divinity School
at Lahore, in the Punjab, 1850-74;
Vicar of St. Paul's, Cheltenham,
1865-69; Vicar of Erith, 1874-75; | léans à la fête du 8 Mai, 1867," Paris,
and Rector of St. Ebbe, Oxford, 1867; "Origène," 1868; and "Dis-
1875-77. On the creation of the cours et Panégyriques," 1869. He
bishopric of Lahore he was appointed has contributed extensively to the
by the crown to be first occupant of Monde newspaper.
that see, and he was consecrated
thereto in Westminster Abbey, Dec.
21, 1877.
FRENCH, EX-EMPRESS OF THE.
(See EUGENIE.)
FREPPEL, THE RIGHT REV.
CHARLES ÉMILE, Bishop of Angers,
was born at Obernai (Bas-Rhin), June
1, 1827, and after being admitted to
holy orders was appointed Professor
of Sacred Eloquence in the theolo-
gical faculty at Paris, where he soon
became noted as a teacher, writer,
and preacher. He was for some
years an honorary canon of Notre
Dame; preached the Lent "confer-
ences" in the chapel of the Tuileries
in 1862; was appointed Dean of the
church of St. Geneviève in 1867; and
was summoned to Rome in Aug. 1869
to assist in making the preliminary
.
C
S
-
FRERE, THE RIGHT HON. SIR
BARTLE EDWARD, G.C.B., G.C.S.I.,
fifth son of the late Edward Frere,
Esq., and nephew of the well-known
scholar, wit, and diplomatist, the late
Right Hon. John Hookham Frere,
M.P., was born in 1815, and having
received his early education at King
Edward the Sixth's grammar-school
at Bath, he was sent to Haileybury
College. In 1834 he entered the
India Civil Service, and after holding
some revenue appointments, became
in 1842 secretary to Sir George
Arthur, then Governor of Bombay.
He was appointed, in 1856, British
Resident in Scinde, and Chief Com-
missioner there in 1860. For his
services during the Indian mutiny
he was created a K.C.B. (civil divi-
sion) in 1859, and twice received the
-
408
FRERE-ORBAN-FREUND.
thanks of Parliament. In March,
1862, he was nominated Governor of
Bombay, from whence he returned to
England early in 1867, when he was
created a Knight Grand Cross of the
Order of the Star of India, and was
nominated a member of Her Majesty's
Indian Council at home. In the
same year he received from the uni-
versity of Oxford the honorary degree
of D.C.L. Sir Bartle Frere also be-
came vice-president of the Royal
Geographical Society. In Oct., 1872,
he was appointed by the British
government a special commissioner
to proceed to East Africa to inquire
into the slave trade. Sir Bartle
Frere, with his suite, arrived at Zan-
zibar in the Enchantress, March 12,
1873, and in May he procured the
signing of a treaty by the Sultan of
Zanzibar abolishing that traffic. On
his return to England he was sworn
a member of the Privy Council;
created an honorary LL.D. of the
University of Cambridge; and on
July 16, 1874, he was presented with
the freedom of the City of London,
in a gold box of the value of 100
guineas, for his successful exertions
in East Africa. Subsequently he
visited India in the suite of the
Prince of Wales, and in Jan., 1877,
he was appointed Governor of the
Cape of Good Hope, and High Com-
missioner (for Great Britain) of
South Africa. He was created a
G.C.B. in 1876. He is President of
the Royal Asiatic Society, and a
Vice-President of the Royal Geo-
graphical Society and of the Society
for the Propagation of the Gospel in
Foreign Parts. He married, in
1844, Catharine, second daughter
of the late Right Hon. Sir George
Arthur, some time Governor of
Bombay. Sir Bartle Frere has writ-
ten a biographical memoir of his
uncle, the Right Hon. John Hook-
ham Frere, prefixed to his "Works,"
1872; "Christianity suited to all
Forms of Civilization," a lecture
delivered in connection with the
Christian Evidence Society, 1872;
"Indian Missions," reprinted from
|
"The Church and the Age," 1873;
"Pandurang Hari: or, Memoir of a
Hindoo," new edit., 1873; “On the
impending Bengal Famine how it
will be Met, and how to Prevent
future Famines in India," a lecture
delivered before the Society of Arts,
Dec. 12, 1873 (London, 8vo., 1874);
and "Eastern Africa as a Field for
Missionary Labour," in four letters
to the Archbishop of Canterbury,
1874.
|
|
FRÈRE-ORBAN, HUBERT JOSEPH
WALTHER, a Belgian statesman, born
at Liège, April 22, 1812, was called to
the bar of his native city, and soon
acquired a high reputation among the
Liberal party there, who returned him
to the Belgian Chamber as their re-
presentative in 1847. He was Finance
Minister in that year, and again from
1848 to 1852, being in the interval
between the two administrations
Minister of Public Works. He again
became Finance Minister in 1861,
was soon afterwards appointed Presi-
dent of the Council, and once more
received the portfolio of Finances
when the new Government was formed
in Jan., 1868. The principal event
of his administration was the quarrel
between Belgium and France as to
the law relating to the Belgian rail-
ways and the transfer to a French
company of the management of the
Luxemburg lines. The difference was
amicably settled in 1869. M. Frère-
Orban resigned his portfolio in 1870,
when the Catholic Ministry came into
office. When the Liberals again
came into power in June, 1878, he
was appointed head of the Cabinet
with the portfolio of Foreign Affairs
FREUND, WILHELM, Ph.D., lexi-
cographer, was born in 1806, at Kem-
pen, in Posen, and, having studied
philosophy and philology in the uni-
versities of Breslau and Berlin, he
established, in 1828, an Israelitish
educational institute in Breslau, and
became afterwards tutor in the Eliza-
beth gymnasium in Berlin. In 1848
he received a provisional appointment
as tutor in the gymnasium in Hirsch-
berg, but as a definite position was
A
FREYCINET-FREYTAG.
refused to him, in consequence of his
being an Israelite, he proceeded to
England in 1851. Dr. Freund has
written a "Dictionary of the Latin
Language," Leipsic, 1834-1845, in
vols., which has furnished the basis
of Dr. William Smith's "Larger Latin
Dictionary; "Gesammtwörterbuch
der lateinischen Sprache," Breslau,
1844; "Latin-German and German-
Latin-Greek School Dictionary,” 2
vols., Berlin, 1848-55. He has also
edited Cicero's "Pro Milone," Bres-
lau, 1838, and "School Library of
Greek and Roman Antiquities," 2
vols., Berlin, 1846.
""
On the conclusion of peace M. de
Freycinet retired for a time from
public life. He was elected a Senator
by the department of the Seine, Jan.
430, 1876, being placed first on the list
of successful candidates; his term of
office will expire in 1882. When the
Dufaure ministry was formed in Dec.
1877, he accepted the portfolio of
Public Works.
409
|
""
FREYCINET, CHARLES LOUIS DE
SAULCES DE, French senator and en-
gineer, born at Foix, Nov. 14, 1828.
He received his professional training
in the Polytechnic School, was fourth
in the examination for the Corps des
Mines in 1848, and was employed by
the Government in the same year on
several important public works. Ap-
pointed engineer of the mines at
Mont-de-Marsan, he was, in the re-
gular course of promotion, transferred
to Chartres in 1854, and to Bordeaux
in 1855. In the latter year the Com-
pany of the Railways of the South
appointed M. de Freycinet as their
principal engineer. During the five
years of his tenure of this important
post he gave to the "Compagnie du
Midi" a typical organisation which
the other French railway companies
did not fail to imitate. M. de Frey-
cinet was next employed by the
Government in various scientific or
industrial missions in France and in
foreign countries. In 1864 he was
nominated ordinary engineer of the
first class, and he was likewise a
member of the Conseil Général of the
department of Tarn-et-Garonne, when
the war of 1870 broke out. After
the revolution of Sept. 4 he was ap-
pointed Prefect of Tarn-et-Garonne.
On the 10th of Oct. following M.
Gambetta having taken possession, in
the provinces, of the office of Minister
of War, chose M. de Freycinet as his
delegate, and entrusted him with the
supreme control of that department.
FREYTAG, GUSTAV, a German
novelist, dramatist, and journalist,
born at Kreuzburg, in Prussian
Silesia, July 13, 1816, received his
preliminary education at the College
of Oels, and next studied in the uni-
versities of Breslau and Berlin, ob-
taining the degree of Doctor of
Philosophy in 1838. In 1847 he went
to Dresden, and afterwards to Leipsic,
where, in conjunction with Julian
Schmidt, he established a journal
called The Messenger of the Frontier
(" Grenzboten”), of which he became
the principal editor. Previously to
this he had made his first essay as an
author by publishing a volume of
poems entitled "In Breslau," 1845,
which was followed by "The Espou-
sals, or Kuntz von Rosen
("Die
Brautfahrt, oder Kuntz von Rosen "),
an historical comedy, 1845; two
dramas, "Valentine, 1847, and
"Count Waldemar," 1848;
Journalists" ("Die Journalisten "), a
comedy, 1854; "The Scholar " ("Der
Gelehrte "), a tragedy, printed in
Ruge's "Poetische Bilder; and
"Eine arme Schneiderseele,” a
comedy. His novel, entitled,
"Soll
und Haben," the 6th edition of which
was published in 1856, at once ob-
tained for him a prominent position
among German writers of fiction. It
was translated into English by Mrs.
Malcolm, under the title of "Debit
and Credit," Svo., Lond., 1857; and
another trauslation,
another trauslation, by L. C. C.,
appeared the same year at Edin-
burgh, in 2 vols. His more recent
works are "Neue Bilder aus dem
Leben des Deutschen Volkes," Svo.,
Leipsic, 1862, translated by Mrs.
Malcolm under the title of "Pictures
of German Life," 4 vols., 8vo., Lond.,
*>
""
"The
410
FRITH.
""
1862-3; and “Die Verlorene Hand- | Wakefield, "The Squire describing
schrift," 8vo., Leipsic, 1864, trans- his experiences of town life to Mrs.
lated by the same lady under the Primrose and her daughters.'
title of "The Lost Manuscript, a "Sterne in the Shop of the Grisette'
novel,” 8vo., Lond., 1865. Most of is the title of a little picture exhibited
Herr Freytag's dramatic composi- at the British Institution in 1845, in
tions were printed in a collected form which year he contributed the well-
at Leipsic in 3 vols., 1848-50. In known picture of the "Village Pas-
consequence of differences with the tor," which was the means of placing
publisher of the Grenzboten, Herr him on the roll of Associates of the
Freytag retired in 1870 from the Royal Academy. In 1846 he ex-
editorial chair of that journal, which hibited at the British Institution his
he had occupied for twenty-three "Norah Creina," and at the Academy
years, and became the conductor of
a new weekly journal published at
Leipsic.
""
"Scene from Molière's Bourgeois
Gentilhomme," and "The Return of
Labour," a cottage scene. After be-
coming A.R.A., Mr. Frith almost
entirely discontinued his contribu-
tions to the British Institution, ex-
cept in 1852, when he sent a small
female portrait, entitled "Wicked
Eyes." In 1847 he produced his
large picture of "
large picture of "English Merry-
making a Hundred Years Ago," and
the" Saracen's Head," illustrative of
a story in the "Spectator; and in
1848, his "Old Woman accused of
Bewitching a Peasant Girl," in the
reign of James I. In the same year
he exhibited his "Stage Coach Ad-
venture in 1750," and another" Scene
from Molière's Bourgeois Gentil-
homme." His picture of 1849, en-
titled "Coming of Age," is a felicit-
ous illustration of English country
life in the days of Queen Elizabeth.
In the Exhibition of 1850, Mr. Frith
exhibited three pictures,— "The Por-
trait of a Lady; a scene from "The
Good-natured Man; and "Sancho
telling a tale to the duke and duchess
to prove that the Knight of La
Mancha is at the bottom of the table."
The Exhibition of 1851 contained
two of his pictures, "The Gleaner,”
and "Hogarth brought as a Spy
before the Governor of Calais." In
1852 he was elected R.A., and ex-
hibited "A Child at its Evening
Prayers," and "Pope making Love
to Lady Mary Wortley Montagu."
In 1854 he contributed five subjects,
"Life at the Sea-Side," purchased
by her Majesty ; "Portrait of Ann
Page," "The Love Token," "A Scene
""
""
FRITH, WILLIAM POWELL, R.A.,
born in 1819, at Studley, near Ripon,
lost his father while young. In 1835
he entered the Art Academy, con-
ducted by Mr. Sass, where he con-
tinued for three years, studying draw-
ing and composition; in 1839 he ex-
hibited, at the British Institution, a
portrait of one of the children of his
preceptor. This was followed in 1840
by "Othello and Desdemona," a pic-|
ture which was favourably noticed at
the time by the literary reviews and
journals, and "Malvolio before the
Countess Olivia," exhibited at the
Academy the same year; and in 1841
by his "Parting Interview between
Leicester and Amy Robsart.” In
1842 he exhibited at the British
Institution a sketch from "Sterne's
Sentimental Journey," and contri-
buted to the Exhibition a scene from
the "Vicar of Wakefield," represent-
ing Olivia and the Squire trying to
ascertain which was the taller. This
picture, a general favourite, was pur-
chased on the first day after the
opening of the Exhibition. In 1843
he sent two contributions to the
British Institution, "Dolly Varden,"
from Dickens's "Barnaby Rudge,"
and the Duel Scene from Shak-
speare's "Twelfth Night;" and to the
Exhibition of the Royal Academy,
"Falstaff and his Friends with the
Merry Wives of Windsor," followed
in 1844 by his "Interview between
Knox and Mary Queen of Scots," and
another scene from the "Vicar of
a
"5
(
""
·
FROEBEL.
411
""
and "Amy Robsart and Janet;" in
1871, "The Salon d'Or, Homburg,"
and "I know a maiden fair to see;
in 1872, "Henry VIII. and Anne
Boleyn deer-stalking in Windsor
Forest;" in 1874, "Blessing the
little children, an episode in the
great annual procession of our Lady
of Boulogne;" in 1875, “Tom Jones
shows Sophia her image in the glass
as a pledge of his future constancy,"
and "Sophia Western at the Inn
fire;" in 1876, another scene from
the "Vicar of Wakefield," a scene
from Molière's “L'Amour Médecin,'
"The Lovers' Seat," and "Below the
Doge's Palace, Venice, 1460;
" and
in 1878 a series of five pictures en-
titled "The Road to Ruin." Mr.
Frith was elected an honorary mem-
ber of the Imperial Academy of Fine
Arts at Vienna in March, 1869, a
member of the Royal Academy of
Belgium in August, 1871, and a
member of the Royal Academy of
Sweden in Dec., 1873.
""
from the Bride of Lammermoor,'
the "Poison Cup," from "Kenil-
worth," and a "Portrait." In 1855
he exhibited "Maria Tricking Mal-
volio," "The Lovers,” “A Lady at
the Opera," and "Feeding the
Calves" and in 1856 "Garden
Flowers," "Many Happy Returns of
the Day," and "A Dream of the
Future." "The Derby Day" was
exhibited at the Academy in 1858.
The interest excited by this picture
was so great that it was found neces-
sary to protect it by a barrier from
the pressure of the crowds who daily
thronged to see it. In 1859 Mr.
Frith's only contribution to the
Academy was a portrait of the late
Charles Dickens, now at South Ken-
sington. In 1860 appeared" Claude
Duval," a fine engraving of which
was executed by Mr. Lionel Stocks.
In 1861 there was no work exhibited
by Mr. Frith, he being occupied in
painting the large picture of the
"Railway Station," purchased by the
late Mr. Flatou, and exhibited in
1862 at a gallery in the Haymarket.
In this same year a portrait of the
late Thos. Creswick, Esq., R.A., was
Mr. Frith's only contribution to the
Academy. In 1863 he exhibited
there "Juliet in the Balcony; " in
1865, "The Marriage of their Royal
Highnesses the Prince of Wales and
the Princess Alexandra of Denmark,
in St. George's Chapel, Windsor,
March 10, 1863" (painted for the
Queen); in 1866, "Widow Wadman
lays Siege to my Uncle Toby;" in
1867, "King Charles II.'s last Sun-
day;" in 1868, "Before dinner at
Before dinner at
Boswell's lodgings in Bond Street,
1769," which work was sold in
1875 for £4,567 the highest price
ever given for any picture during
the artist's lifetime; in 1869,
"Hope and Fear," "Altisidora,
pretending love for Don Quixote,
feigns a swoon
swoon at the sight of
him,' "A Man in Armour," "Nell
Gwyn," and "Malvolio married to
the Countess in imagination, solilo-ing house at Zurich and Winterthur,
quises;" in 1870, "Sir Roger de under the name of "Literarisches
Coverley and the perverse Widow," | Comptoir," and, devoting himself ex-
FROEBEL, JULIUS, a German
writer, traveller, and politician, born
at Griesheim, near Stadtilm, in 1806,
is the son of a clergyman, and a
nephew of the late Friedrich Froebel,
the founder of the "Kindergärten
system of schools for children, who
died in 1852. After studying at
Rudolstadt, Keilhau, Stuttgart, Mu-
nich, Weimar, and Berlin, he was
appointed in 1833 to the chair of
Philosophy and Natural History at
Zurich. Subsequently he officiated
in the high school of that town as
Professor of Mineralogy, to which
science he made an important con-
tribution by his "Grundzüge eines
Systemes der Krystallogie, oder der
Naturgeschichte der unorganischen
Individuen," 8vo., Zurich, 1843; 2nd
edit. 1847. Having become a natu-
ralized citizen of Switzerland in 1826,
he took part in politics, in the in-
terest of the extreme Radical party,
and edited Der Sweizerische Republi-
kander. He also founded a publish-
""
""
?>
412
FROTHINGHAM-FROUDE.
by
sey. In 1859 he went to New York,.
where he is now the minister of an
independent religious society. He
has written largely for journals and
reviews, has published more than 150
sermons and discourses, and is the
author of "The Parables" (1864);
"Stories from the Old Testament
(1864): "Rénan's Critical Essays
(translated 1864); " The Child's Book
of Religion" (1871): "The Religion
of Humanity" (1872); "Life of
Theodore Parker" (1874);
"Tran-
clusively to this establishment, he
relinquished his professorship in 1844,
and issued several scientific works
and many political pamphlets, which
found a large circle of readers. Many
of them, however, were suppressed
the Government. Having returned
to Germany, Herr Froebel was ex-
pelled from the Prussian territory,
and took up his abode in Dresden
until the revolution of 1848, when he
became a popular leader of the Demo-
cratic party, and a member of the
German Parliament at Frankfort-on-scendentalism in New England"
the-Maine. He accompanied Robert (1876); and "Life of Gerrit Smith"
Blum to Vienna, and was arrested, (1878).
but acquitted by the same court-
martial which pronounced the sen-
tence of death upon his unfortunate
friend. On the dissolution of the
Parliament he repaired to Switzer-
land, and afterwards to the United
States. He lectured in New York on
German politics, engaged in com-
mercial pursuits there, went in 1850
to Nicaragua, and afterwards engaged
in one or two commercial expeditions
to Santa Fé and Chihuahua. In 1855
he edited a journal at San Francisco,
and in 1857, after his return to Ger-
many, he was expelled from Frank-
fort, since which period he has re-
sided in this country. Among his
works, which include many on geo-
graphy and politics are: "System
der socialen Politik," 2 vols., Mann-
heim, 1847; Die Republikander,"
an historical drama in five acts,
Leipsic, 1848; and "Aus Amerika,
Erfahrungen, Reisen, und Studien,
2 vols., Leipsic, 1857-58, trans-
lated into English, under the title of
"Seven Years' Travel in Central
America, Northern Mexico, and the
Far West of the United States,"
London, 1859.
""
FROTHINGHAM, OCTAVIUS
BROOK, born at Boston, Massachu-
setts, Nov. 26, 1822. He was educated
at Harvard College, where he studied
theology in the Divinity School. In
1847 he was ordained, and settled as
pastor over a Unitarian church in
Salem, Massachusetts. In 1855 he
removed to Jersey city in New Jer-
27.
|
FROUDE, JAMES ANTHONY,
youngest son of the late Venerable
R. H. Froude, archdeacon of Totnes,
born at Dartington, Devonshire, April
23, 1818, was educated at Westminster
and at Oriel College, Oxford, where
he graduated in 1840, taking a second
class in classics, and he proceeded
M.A. in due course. In 1842 he car-
ried off the Chancellor's Prize for an
English Essay on "The Influence of
the Science of Political Economy on
the Moral and Social Welfare of the
Nation;" and in the same year he
became a Fellow of Exeter College..
He was ordained a deacon in the
Established Church in 1844. For
some time he was connected with
the High Church party under the
Rev. J. H. Newman and wrote in
"The Lives of the English Saints."
Under the pseudonym of "Zeta" he
published in 1847, a volume entitled
"Shadows of the Clouds," which
comprised two stories-" The Spirit's
Trials " and "The Lieutenant's.
Daughter." His "Nemesis of Faith”
appeared in 1848, and reached a
second edition in the following year.
It marked his defection from the
teaching of the Church of England,
against whose reverence for what he
called the "Hebrew Mythology," it
is, inter alia, a protest. Both these
works were severely condemned by
the University authorities. About this
time Mr. Froude resigned his Fellow-
ship, and he was obliged to give up
an appointment which he had received
|
FRY-FULLERTON.
413
1871-74.
FRY, THE HONOURABLE SIR ED-
WARD, second son of Joseph Fry,
Esq., was born at Bristol, Nov. 4,
1827, and educated at Bristol College
and University College, London, of
which he is a Fellow. He was called
to the bar by the Society of Lincoln's
Inn, in 1854; in 1869 he received a
silk gown; and in April, 1877, was
made a judge of the High Court of Ju-
dicature and knighted. He is a bencher
of Lincoln's Inn, and has been an
Examiner in Law to the University
of London and the Council of Legal
Education. He is the author of a
legal work "On the Specific Perform-
ance of Contracts," and of some
theological essays, including a volume
"On the Adaptation of Christianity
to the Nature of Man," Edinburgh,
1857, and "Darwinism and Theo-
logy," 1872, a reprint of letters in
the Spectator.
to a teachership in Tasmania. For
two or three years he wrote almost
constantly for Fraser's Magazine and
the Westminster Review. One of his
articles in the latter on the Book of
Job has been reprinted in a separate
form (1854). În 1856 he published
the first two volumes of his "History
of England from the Fall of Wolsey
to the Defeat of the Spanish Ar-
mada," which has been continued
from time to time, vols. 11 and 12
having been published in 1870, con-
cluding the work. The materials for
this history are mainly derived from
the public documents of the time,
and the boldness and originality of
the anthor's views have attracted
much attention. One of the most
marked features of the work is an
elaborate attempt to vindicate the
reputation of Henry VIII. His
"Short Studies on Great Subjects
appeared in 1867, being reprints of
essays which had appeared in various
periodicals. Mr. Froude was installed
Rector of the University of St. An-
drews, March 23, 1869, on which
occasion the degree of LL.D. was
conferred upon him. For a short
time he was editor of Fraser's Maga-
zine, but he resigned that position in
Aug., 1871. On Sept. 21, 1872, taking
advantage of the Clerical Disabilities
Act, he executed a deed of relinquish-
ment of the office of deacon. In the
autumn of 1872 Mr. Froude went to
the United States, where he delivered
a series of lectures on the relations
between England and Ireland. The
burden of his addresses was that
Irishmen had themselves, to a large
extent, caused their country's pros-
tration by their Own intestine
jealousies and want of patriotism. An
animated controversy ensued between
him and Father Thomas Burke, the
Dominican orator. At the close of
the year 1874 Mr. Froude was sent
by the Earl of Carnarvon, Secretary
of State for the Colonies, to the Cape
of Good Hope, to make inquiries
respecting the late Caffre insurrec-
tion, and he returned to London in
March, 1875. His latest work is
FULLERTON, LADY GEORGIANA,
second daughter of the first Earl
Granville, for some years ambassador
at the Court of France under the
Orleans dynasty, was married in 1833
to Alexander George Fullerton, Esq.,
eldest son of George A. Fullerton, Esq.,
of Ballintoy Castle, Ireland. Her
career as an authoress commenced
with a novel, entitled "Ellen Middle-
ton," a domestic story, published in
1844, followed by " Grantley Manor,"
a novel bearing on the war of creeds;
and "Lady Bird," a tale published in
1852, after her conversion to the
Roman Catholic religion. That event
occurred in the year 1846. Her more
recent works are, "The Life of St.
Frances of Rome," and "La Com-
tesse de Bonneval," 1857; "Rose
Leblanc," like the former work, in
French, 1860; "Laurentia, a Tale of
Japan," 1861; a novel entitled" Too
Strange not to be True," 1864; "Con-
stance Sherwood," an autobiography,
1865; "A Stormy Life," 1867; "Mrs.
Gerald's Niece,
1869; "Life of
Louisa de Carvajal," 1873 ; and “ Life
of Father Henry Young of Dublin,”
|
entitled "The English in Ireland in
the Eighteenth Century," 3 vols.,
""
414
FURNIVALL-GACHARD.
reprinted from the Irish Monthly,
1874.
FURNIVALL, FREDERICK JAMES,
M.A., born Feb. 4, 1825, at Egham
in Surrey, received his education at
private schools at Englefield Green,
Turnham Green, and Hanwell, at
University College, London (1841-2),
and Trinity Hall, Cambridge; B.A.,
1846; M.A., 1849. He has devoted his
life mainly to the study of Early and
Middle English literature, and his re-
searches have thrown much light on
the growth and development of our
language. Indeed he may be re-
garded as one of the founders of
the new school of English philology.
He has established "The Early Eng-
lish Text Society," 1864 (with Extra
Series, 1867) ; "The Chaucer So-
ciety," 1868; "The Ballad Society,"
1868; and "The New Shakspere So-
ciety," 1874; and he has also acted
as honorary secretary of the Philo-
gical Society since 1854. Through
his Societies, Mr. Furnivall has
raised and expended nearly £20,000
in printing early MSS. and rare books.
As one of the original band of workers
round the Rev. F. D. Maurice, he was
specially charged with the ballast-
heavers' case; and, being fortunate
enough to enlist in it the sympathies
of the late Prince Consort and Lord
Cardwell (then at the Board of
Trade), he secured the rescue of the
men from the curse of their truck-
drinking system of employment. He
was also for ten years Senior Member
of the Executive Committee of the
Working Men's College in London,
and he took a leading part in the
organisation of the college work. He
taught in the College regularly every
term for above ten years, and was for
a like period a Captain in their
Volunteer Corps. Mr. Furnivall has
edited a large number of books,
mostly printed under the auspices of
the above-mentioned Societies, or of
the Roxburghe Club. Among them
are:-"Saint Graal, the History of
the Holy Grail, in English verse, by
Henry Lonelich (A.D., 1440), with its
original, the Old-French prose, His-
toire del Saint Graal," 2 vols. 1861-
"Roberde of Brunne's 'Hand-
lyng Synne' (on the Sins of England,
with Legends, A.D., 1303), and the
Old-French Poem, on which it is
founded," 1862;
"Walter Map's
"Queste del Saint Graal.'
1864;
Love
'Political, Religious, and
Poems," 1866; "The Book of Quinte
Essence," 1866; "Bishop Percy's
Folio MS. of Ballads and Romances
(edited jointly with Mr. J. W. Hales),
2 vols., with 2 parts of humorous
songs, 1867-68; "Ballads from Manu-
scripts on the Condition of Tudor
England, 1520-50," 2 vols, 1868-72;
"Caxton's Book of Curteseye," 1868;
"A Six-Text Print of Chaucer's Can-
terbury Tales, from the MSS. of Lord
Ellesmere, Lord Leconfield, Mr. W. E.
W. Wynne of Peniarth, the Cambridge
University Library, Corpus Christi
College, Oxford, and the British Mu-
seum," 7 parts, 1868-75; "The Suc-
cession of Shakspere's Works," an
introduction to Gervinus's Commen-
taries, 1874; "Thynne's Animadver-
sions on Speght's Edition of Chaucer's
Works, with large additions," 1875;
"Parallel Edition of Chaucer's Mi-
nor Poems ;" and "William God-
dard's Three Satires."
63;
"""
""
-.
G.
GACHARD, LOUIS PROSPER, an
historical writer, born at Paris, Oct.
12, 1800, was brought up as a practical
printer, and settled in Belgium, where
he associated himself with the move-
ment for independence, and was
naturalised in 1831.
At the same
time he was appointed Keeper of
the Public Records of Belgium, and
since that time he has been frequently
commissioned by the Government to
search national and foreign libraries
for documents illustrative of the
history and antiquities of Belgium..
M. Gachard, who is a member of the
Academy of Brussels, and Secretary
of the Historical Commission, has
published "Analectes Belgiques,"
1830; "Rapports sur les produits de
(6
GADE-GALE.
|
|
l'Industrie Belge," 1835; "Docu- | 3,000 crowns to two musical com-
ments Politiques et Diplomatiques sur posers, one of whom is Niels Gade.
la Revolution Belge, de 1790," 1843; Besides his prize compositions he has
"Documents Inédits," 3 vols., 1845; also written five symphonies, a quin-
"Extraits des Registres des Consaux tette and an octette, several pieces for
de Tournay," 1846; "Relation des the voice with orchestra, as the "Erl
Troubles de Gand sous Charles- King's Daughter," and "Springtide
Quint," 1846; "Mémoires sur les Phantasy," and many smaller com-
Bollandistes et leurs Travaux, depuis positions.
1773 jusqu'en 1789," 1847; Inven-
taire des Archives du Royaume,"
1849; “Correspondance de Guil-
laume le Taciturne," 6 vols., 1851-59;
Correspondance de Charles-Quint et
d'Adrien VI.," 1859 ; " Don Carlos et
Philippe II.,” 2 vols., 1863; "Actes
des Etats Généraux des Pays-Bas,
1576 à 1585," 2 vols., 1866; " Cor-
respondance de Marguerite d'Autriche
avec Philippe II." vol. i., 1867;
"Jeanne la Folle," 1869, in which he
gives a view of the question con-
nected with the unhappy mother of
Charles V., which is opposed to that
of Gustave Bergenroth; and "La
Bibliothèque des Princes Corsini à
Rome," 1869, in which the history of
a library is made as interesting as if
it were a personal narrative. He was
elected a Corresponding Member of
the French Academy of Sciences,
Dec. 30, 1876.
((
415
|
GADE, NIELS WILHELM, a Danish
composer, born at Copenhagen, Feb.
22, 1817, became first violinist in the
Chapel Royal at Copenhagen. In 1841
he won the prize offered by the
Copenhagen Musical Association, by
his first great composition, "Nach-
klänge von Ossian." Supported by the
king he proceeded, in 1843, to
Leipsic, there to complete his musi-
cal education. Having in 1844 made
a tour into Italy, he returned to
Leipsic in order to undertake, in the
absence and in the place of Mendels-
sohn, the direction of the Gewand-
haus concerts. In 1848 he settled
down in Copenhagen, where he be-
came Organist, Director of Music,
and Master of the Chapel Royal.
He was elected one of the foreign
members of the Berlin Academy of
Arts in 1874; in 1876, the Danish
Folkething voted life pensions of
GAERTNER, FRIEDRICH VON,
Chief Surveyor and Director of the
Royal Academy of Fine Arts at
Munich, born at Coblentz in 1792,
studied at Munich and Paris, in
England and Italy. In 1820 he was
appointed Professor of Architecture
in the Munich Academy, and having
passed some time as a practical artist,
in 1822 became Director of the Royal
Porcelain Manufactory. He is the
architect of the new library at
Munich, which is one of the most
remarkable of modern structures, for
the simple magnificence of its façade,
if not for the regularity of its arrange-
ment, and he furnished the design for
the royal palace at Athens, where he
accompanied the King of Bavaria in
1836, and re-opened the quarries of
Pentelicus, which had been forgotten
ever since the time of Hadrian. The
restoration of the Cathedrals at Ratis-
bon and Bamberg was executed
chiefly under his direction. On the
departure of Cornelius from Munich,
Gaertner was appointed Director of
the Academy of Arts.
GALE, JAMES, Ph.D., F.G.S., an
inventor, born at Crabtree, near Ply-
mouth, Devonshire, in July, 1833, and
educated at Tavistock in a select
class, formed by the master of the
British School. While still a youth
he was afflicted with the total loss of
sight, but he bore this terrible afflic-
tion with patience, devoted himself
to the acquisition of knowledge, be-
came a partner in a manufacturing
business, and subsequently practised
as a medical electrician at Plymouth.
His name first became generally
known in 1865, when he announced
that he had discovered “a means of
rendering gunpowder non-explosive
and explosive at will, the process for
416
GALIGNANI-GALT.
|
rated with the Legion of Honour.
The English Government presented to
them, in 1866, through Lord Cowley,
the English ambassador at Paris, a
magnificent silver épergne, bearing an
inscription to the effect that it was
given to Messrs. Galignani in recog-
nition of their constant efforts to pro-
mote benevolent objects in favour of
British subjects, and more especially
for their munificence in erecting and
supporting at their private expense
an hospital in Paris for the use of our
distressed countrymen.
effecting the same being simple,
effectual, aud cheap, the quality and
bulk of the gunpowder remaining
uninjured." Arrangements were
made for a trial of the process at the
Government House, Mount Wise,
Plymouth, June 27, 1865, and the
experiments, carried on in the pre-
sence of a number of military and
naval officers, were attended with
the most satisfactory results. The
experiments were repeated with equal
success at Wimbledon, London,Wool-
wich, and on the coast of Sussex, and
also by Mr. Gale himself in the
presence of the Queen and the royal
family. The invention is very simple;
it consists of mixing powdered glass
with the gunpowder, which is there-
by rendered unexplosive. The glass
can, by a simple process, be again
separated from the gunpowder, which,
of course, then resumes its explosive
character. Mr. Gale is likewise the
inventor of the ammunition slide-gun,
the fog-shell, the balloon-shell, &c.
He was elected a Fellow of the
Chemical Society in 1866; a Fellow
of the Royal Geological Society the
same year; and received the degree
of Doctor of Philosophy from the
University of Rostock in 1867.
GALIGNANI, WILLIAM, was born
in London, March 10, 1798. He and
his brother, John Anthony Galignani
(born Oct. 13, 1796; died Dec, 1873)
became well known as the proprietors
and directors of the English daily
newspaper issued at Paris under the
title of Galignani's Messenger, and
as the publishers of many valuable
works. The Messenger was established
in 1814, by their father, who_com-
menced an English publishing house
in Paris in 1800, and brought out an
important monthly review, entitled
the "Repertory of English Literature.
Arts, and Sciences," in 1808. After
his decease, in 1821, the Messenger
assumed, under the management of
his sons, a more important position.
Its principal object is the advocacy
of cordial relations between Great
Britain and France. Mr. William
Galignani and his brother were deco-
|
|
GALLAIT, LOUIS, historical
painter, born at Tournay (Belgium),
in 1810, studied at Antwerp and
Paris, first exhibited at Brussels, and
produced, in 1833, his picture of
"Tasso in his Cell visited by Mon-
taigne," which was a brilliant success,
and at once established his reputa-
tion. His pictures, which are generally
on a large scale, represent subjects
from the history of the Low Countries.
"The last Moments of Egmont,"
painted in 1853, "The Abdication of
Charles V.," and "The Last Honours
paid to Egmont and Horn," were
among the chief attractions in the
Foreign Gallery of the International
Exhibition of 1862. This artist, who
resided at Brussels, was, in July, 1862,
entertained at a public dinner given
to him by the amateurs and artists of
Great Britain. He is a member of
the Academy Royal of Belgium;
obtained a medal in France in 1835,
and the decoration in June, 1841.
Mr. Gallait was elected an honorary
member of the Royal Academy of
London, Dec. 15, 1869; and the Paris
Academy of Fine Arts elected him,
Jan. 29, 1870, to the position of
Foreign Associate, vacant by the
death of the great German painter
Overbeck.
GALT, SIR ALEXANDER TILLOCH,
G.C.M.G., son of John Galt, the
author, by Elizabeth, daughter of Dr.
Tilloch, was born at Chelsea, Sept. 6,
1817, and educated in this country
and in Canada. He was in the ser-
vice of the British and American
Land Company from 1833 to 1856,
GALTON.
and the Commissioner and Manager
of their entire estates from 1844 to
1856. He was first elected to the
Canadian Parliament in 1849. The
Governor-General, Sir E. W. Head,
requested him to form an administra-
tion in Aug., 1858. This task he de-
clined, though he joined Mr. Cartier's
administration as Finance Minister,
and held that office until that ministry
was defeated on the Militia Bill, in
May, 1862. Mr. Galt resumed his
post as Finance Minister in March,
1864, and retired in Aug., 1866, when
Ministers failed to carry a measure
securing certain educational privi-
leges to the Protestant minority in
Lower Canada, in view of the greatly-
increased power obtained by the
French and Roman Catholic majority
under Confederation. Mr. Galt felt,
as the representative in the Govern-
ment of the Protestants of Lower
Canada, that he could best serve their
interests by retiring. The result
appears to have justified his view.
He was appointed one of the Dele-
gates for Lower Canada, to confer
with the Imperial Government on the
subject of Confederation, and in that
capacity, although not a member of
the Canadian Government, has secured
protection for his co-religionists. Mr.
Galt is regarded as the ablest financier
in the colonies, and has taken a pro-
minent part in all the measures
adopted to unite and consolidate
British America. He is still a member
of the Dominion Parliament. He was
created a Knight Commander of the
Order of SS. Michael and George in
1869, for his long official colonial ser-
vices. In July, 1875, he was ap-
pointed a Commissioner on behalf of
Great Britain under the Treaty of
Washington of May, 1871, and more
recently he has acted as a member of
the Halifax Fisheries Commission.
He was nominated a Knight Grand
Cross of the Order of SS. Michael and
George, May 25, 1878.
|
GALTON, FRANCIS, F.R,S., F.G.S.,
youngest son of S. T. Galton, of
Duddeston, near Birmingham, and
grandson of Dr. Erasmus Darwin,
417
| author of "Zoonomia " and the
"Botanic Garden," was born in 1822,
and educated at King Edward's
Grammar School, Birmingham, which
he left to study medicine, first at the
Birmingham Hospital, and subse-
quently at King's College, London.
He graduated at Trinity College,
Cambridge, in 1844, travelled in North
Africa and on the White Nile, then
rarely visited, in 1846, and afterwards
made a journey of exploration in
the western regions of South Africa
in 1850, starting from Walfisch Bay.
For this journey, of which he after-
wards published an account, "Narra-
tive of an Explorer in Tropical South
Africa," 1853, he received the gold
medal of the Royal Geographical
Society in 1852, in whose proceedings
he subsequently took an active share,
first as member of council, and for
several years as one of its secretaries.
Mr. Galton is also the author of the
"Art of Travel, or Shifts and Con-
trivances in Wild Countries," a work
which has gone through numerous
editions, and has been warmly appre-
ciated by travellers and emigrants;
also of "Meteorographica," 1863, the
first attempt to chart the progress of
all the elements of the weather, on a
large scale, and through which, the
existence and theory of anti-cyclones
was first established by him. He was
appointed, on behalf of the Royal So-
ciety, a member of a committee of the
Board of Trade, which examined,
after the death of Admiral Fitzroy,
into the past and future duties and
administration of the Meteorological
Office, and he is now one of the
council to whose hands the Parlia-
mentary grant for the maintenance of
that office is entrusted. In later years
he has published the following works
bearing, more or less directly, on
Heredity "Hereditary Genius, its
Laws and Consequences," 1869;
(C
English Men of Science: their
Nature and Nurture," 1874; also
several memoirs on the same topics,
including "Experiments in Pangenis,
by breeding from rabbits of a pure
variety, into whose circulation, blood
EE
418
GAMBETTA.
taken from other varieties, had pre-
viously been largely transfused."
Proc. Royal Soc., 1871. He was
general secretary of the British Asso-
ciation from 1863 to 1868, president
of its Geographical section in 1862
and in 1872, and of the Anthropologi-
cal sub-section in 1877; he has been
vice-president of the Royal, Royal
Geographical, and Anthropological
Societies, and has served in the coun-
cils of many others.
GAMBETTA, LÉON, a French
statesman, born at Cahors, of a
Genoese family, Oct. 30, 1838. Adopt-
ing the legal profession, he became a
member of the Paris bar in 1859,
and soon acquired fame as a forensic
orator, being much employed in poli-
tical causes, both in the capital and
the provinces, while he obtained im-
mense popularity among certain
classes of the Parisians on account of
his advanced Republican opinions. In
March, 1869, on the occasion of the
prosecution of the Emancipation
newspaper at Toulouse, the young and
eloquent orator received a most enthu-
siastic reception in the south. At the
general election held that year, M.
Gambetta stood for Paris and Mar-
seilles, as a representative of the
"irreconcilable opposition," and was
returned for both constituencies, but
elected to take his seat for Marseilles.
In Jan., 1870, he made a violent attack
on the Ollivier Ministry, declaring
that the day would come when the
majority of the people would, without
appealing to force, succeed in estab-
lishing a Republic. On the fall of the
Empire and the consequent formation
of the Government of the National
Defence in Sept., 1870, he was nomi-
nated Minister of the Interior, and
soon showed that he possessed ad-
ministrative powers of a high order.
When a serious misunderstanding took
place between the Delegate Govern-
ment at Tours and the National De-
fence Committee in Paris, regarding
the contemplated election of deputies,
M. Gambetta was selected by his col-
leagues to proceed to the former city
and explain the position of affairs in
the capital. Accordingly he left Paris
on Oct. 7, 1870, in a balloon named
the" Armand-Barbès," accompanied
by a secretary and an aëronaut, passed
safely over the Prussian lines, and
reached Rouen in the evening. Pro-
ceeding without loss of time to Tours,
he there assumed the direction, and
for some months was virtually Dictator
of all those provinces of France which
were free from the German invaders.
He urged the people to continued
resistance, raised the Army of the
Loire, and after the Delegate Govern-
ment had been obliged to remove to
Bordeaux, he issued a proclamation
advocating war à outrance, and re-
sistance even to complete exhaustion.
It is scarcely necessary to add, that
his dream of driving out the Prussians
was not realized, and that his volun-
teer armies were completely crushed
by the well-trained forces of the
enemy. On Feb. 6, 1871, MM. Arago,
Garnier-Pagès, and Eugene Pelletan,
members of the Paris Government,
arrived at Bordeaux, bringing with
them a decree signed by all the mem-
bers of the Government, which an-
nulled that of M. Gambetta, by which
certain classes of electors were dis-
qualified as candidates for the Assem-
bly. In consequence of this censure,
M. Gambetta at once resigned his
functions. Shortly afterwards he
proceeded to Spain, and resided there
for some months in seclusion, but he
has since returned to France and ob-
tained a seat in the Assembly, where
he is regarded as leader of the Radical
wing of the Republican party. His
political conduct has been character-
ised by moderation and reserve, but
nevertheless he has constantly directed
his efforts to one object-the defini-
tive establishment of the Republic.
In Sept., 1872, he made a kind of
Democratic " Progress" in the South
of France, receiving a semi-official
welcome from the municipal authori-
ties. He delivered a famous speech
at Grenoble, which was regarded as
a manifesto and programme of the
Red party, amounting to a declaration
of war against the Government of
GARBETT-GARIBALDI.
the National Assembly. Another Academicæ," five volumes of sermons,
pamphlets on the great questions
of the day, and "Archidiaconal
Charges."
|
famous speech of his was delivered at
Aix in Jan., 1876. At the close of the
year 1877 M. Gambetta paid a visit
to Rome, and had private conferences
with the leading statesmen of the
Italian Kingdom. On Sept. 11, 1877,
he was condemned by the eleventh
Correctional Tribunal of Paris to three
months' imprisonment and to pay a
fine of 2,000 francs, for having said of
Marshal MacMahon, at a private
meeting at Lille, that after the next
elections the President of the Re-
public must either submit or resign-
"Il faudra ou se soumettre, ou se dé-
mettre." M. Gambetta was also pro-
secuted for his circular to the electors
of the twentieth arrondissement of
Paris. Judgment was pronounced on
Oct. 12, two days before the election,
M. Gambetta being condemned to
three months' imprisonment and to
pay a fine of 4,000 francs. Two days
later he was elected Deputy for the
twentieth arrondissement. In the
discussion in the Chamber respecting
the election of M. de Fourtou (Nov.
18, 1878), M. Gambetta called that
statesman a liar. This unparliamen-
tary expression led to their fighting a
duel with pistols at Plessis Piquet,
about five miles from the Tuileries.
The encounter was a perfectly harm-
less one, and it was hinted that blank
cartridges were used with the conni-
vance of the. seconds.
419

GARCIA. (See VIARDOT-GARCIA.)
GARIBALDI, GIUSEPPE, was born
at Nice, of poor parents, July 22, 1807.
Being fond of the sea, he made voy-
ages, when very young, to Odessa and
to Rome. Having, in 1832, been im-
plicated with Mazzini in a conspiracy
against Charles Albert, king of Sar-
dinia, he was compelled to quit his
country, was again in trouble in 1834,
and was condemned to death in his
absence for a similar attempt. He
escaped to France, and landed at Mar-
seilles, whence he sailed in an Egyp-
tian corvette, and offered his services
to the Bey of Tunis; but the life was
not stirring enough for him, and in
1836 he fought for the republic of Rio
Grande, then at war with Brazil. He
commanded a vessel of thirty tons,
with sixteen men, and having been
taken prisoner at Gualeguay, on try-
ing to escape, was cruelly treated.
After being set at liberty, he again
fought for Rio Grande, and, attended
by his wife Anita, passed through a
variety of stirring adventures. He
commanded an Italian legion of 800
men against the Dictator Rosas, and
fought the battle of Salto Sant' Anto-
nio. In 1847, on hearing of the ele-
vation of Pius IX. to the Papacy, he
offered his services, transferred in
1848 to the provisional government of
Rome, Charles Albert declining them.
Received with great enthusiasm at
Rome, he was in the thick of the
struggle which ensued when the
French troops attacked that city.
On the entry of the French, Garibaldi
fled, the French and Austrians pur-
suing him. During the terrible time
which followed, his wife sank from
exhaustion and dread. Garibaldi
became a manufacturer of soap and
candles on Staten Island, went to Val-
paraiso, and returned to the United
States. In 1854, on visiting the
Tyne, he was presented by the
people of Newcastle with a sword.
Afterwards he settled in the desolate
|
GARBETT, THE VENERABLE
JAMES, M.A, born about 1802, was
educated at Brasenose College, Ox-|
ford, where he graduated B.A., taking
first-class honours in 1822. He was
elected to a Michel fellowship at
Queen's College, afterwards became
Fellow and Tutor of Brasenose Col-
lege, Public Examiner at Oxford in
1829, Rector of Clayton, Sussex, in
1835, Prebendary of Chichester in
1843, and Archdeacon of Chichester
in 1851. He preached the Bampton
lectures before the University of
Oxford in 1842, and held the post of
Professor of Poetry from that date
until 1852. He has published his
Bampton Lectures," "Prælectiones
|
46
EE 2
420
GARIBALDI.
island of Caprera, where he com-
menced farming with great success.
On offering his services to the Sar-
dinian generals, he was much op-
posed, but was allowed to organize a
body of volunteers, called Alpine
Chasseurs, consisting of 17,000 men;
and with this force he engaged at
Varese, Camerlata, Como, Brescia,
Magenta, Montebello, Solferino, &c.
He landed at Marsala in May, 1860,
took Palermo, marched on the main-
land, and the struggle was carried
from Reggio to Pizzo, to San Gio-
vanni, Mileto, and finally to Naples,
which King Francis II. abandoned.
On his mareh to Gaeta he met Victor
Emanuel, and saluted him "King of
Italy." Capua and Gaeta afterwards
capitulated. He did not get on well
with the Sardinian lieutenants of the
king, and, as poor in purse as he was
when he set out, without any honours
or titles, he went on board a vessel,
and returned to his home in Caprera.
The cession of his native city Nice to
France caused him deep sorrow. His
insular retirement was not, however,
of long duration; and he published at
Palermo, July 26, 1862, a revolution-baldi
ary address to the Hungarians, inciting
them to revolt, possibly with the hope
that such a movement would divert a
large body of the Austrian troops from
Venetia. But the effect of this pro-
clamation was neutralized by a public
letter from Gen. Klapka, addressed to
Garibaldi, in which he demonstrated
that any rising of the Hungarian
people at that juncture would be ruin-
ous to their cause. Garibaldi, who
was not to be easily thwarted, joined
a body of volunteers at Ficuzza, a
forest district, about twenty miles
from Palermo, Aug. 1. Gen. Cialdini
was sent by the government at Turin
to check this hasty and ill-advised
movement; but before he arrived
Garibaldi and his followers had
crossed in two French steamers from
Catania to Melita, a small port on
the Calabrian coast. They were fol-
lowed by a strong body of the royal
troops under Col. Pallavacino, and
were attacked on the mountain pla-
teau of Aspromonte, when they sur-
rendered, Garibaldi himself being
severely wounded by a rifle-bullet in
the ankle. He was conveyed to Spez-
zia, where the bullet was extracted,
and he was attended by Mr. R. Par-
tridge, an English surgeon sent out
specially for the purpose, and by the
most distinguished Italian practition-
ers. On account of his services in
the cause of Italian independence in
1860, he was pardoned, and he re-
turned to Caprera. In the spring of
1864 Garibaldi visited England. An
immense concourse of people as-
sembled on his arrival in London,
where he was entertained by some
leading members of the aristocracy,
and was honoured with a banquet by
the Lord Mayor and the city of Lon-
don. In the midst of these ovations,
he suddenly announced his intention
of returning to Italy, thereby putting
an end to his engagements to visit
several provincial towns. The cause of
this resolution on his part was the
subject of much controversy at the
time. Having paid a visit to some
friends in the west of England, Gari-
embarked in the Duke of Suther-
land's yacht (the Duke and Duchess
accompanying him), and reached Ca-
prera in safety. During the cam-
paign of 1866, Garibaldi again took
the field, was engaged in operations
in the Tyrol, sustained a severe re-
pulse from the Austrians, July 22,
and retired upon the Soro. This re-
verse he retrieved July 23, and was
preparing to advance, when the war
was brought to a close, and Garibaldi
retired to Caprera. The year 1867
was a still more disastrous one for
Garibaldi. In spite of the reserve
maintained by the Italian Govern-
ment, he determined to complete, if
possible, the unification of Italy.
Accordingly he revived the agitation
on the Roman question, and openly
organised an invasion of the States
of the Church. The Government re-
solved to suppress this movement,
and accordingly its leader was ar-
rested at Asinalunga, by order of
the Minister Ratazzi, on Sept. 24.
*
GARNETT.
Garibaldi was taken in the first in-
stance to Alessandria, but was after-
wards permitted to return home to
Caprera, in the neighbourhood of
which island a man-of-war was sta-
tioned in order to prevent the escape
of the revolutionary chief. This vigi-
lance was, however, unavailing, as
Garibaldi escaped on the 14th of
Oct., and proceeding to Florence,
harangued the populace and started
on the 22nd to join the insurgent
bands on the Roman frontier. At
the head of four battalions of volun-
teers he defeated the Pontifical
troops at Monte Rotondo (Oct. 26):
but on the 4th of Nov. the Garibal-
dians again encountered, at Mentana,
the Pontifical troops, who had been
reinforced by a portion of the French
expeditionary corps, and suffered a
speedy and crushing defeat, thanks
mainly, according to the official re-
port of General de Failly, to the
superiority of the Chassepot rifle,
which "did wonders on this memo-
rable occasion. Garibaldi was arrested
at Figline, on his journey to Caprera,
and carried to the fortress of Varig-
nano, near Spezzia. The General
protested against this act, and
claimed the protection due to an
Italian Deputy and an American
citizen. He was set at liberty on
the 26th, and retired to his island
home, which he again left on hearing
of the downfall of the French Empire
and the establishment of the Republic,
when, hastening to France, he placed
his sword at the disposal of the Go-
vernment of the National Defence.
He landed at Marseilles Oct. 7, 1870,
arrived at Tours, the seat of the Go-
vernment delegation, two days later,
and on the 16th was nominated to the
command of the irregular forces in
the Vosges. Great expectations were
formed in some quarters of the Gari-
baldian troops, but they rendered
little or no service in the field, while
their conduct towards the clergy
and the inmates of conventual esta-
blishments excited a feeling of disgust
in the minds of all the respectable
people in the country. In Feb., 1871,
|
""
421
|
Garibaldi was returned a Deputy to
the National Assembly for Paris and
several of the departments, but at the
preliminary sitting of that body at
Bordeaux, on the 12th, the General,
"loving the Republic but hating the
priesthood," ungraciously gave in his
resignation. He also resigned the
command of the Army of the Vosges,
and soon afterwards took his depar-
ture for Caprera. In the year 1874 the
fact was made public that Garibaldi
was in necessitous circumstances,
whereupon offers of pecuniary assist-
ance were made to him by several of
his admirers in England, Scotland,
and the United States. Some of these
offers he accepted, but he declined, in
not very respectful language, to accept
a national gift which was voted to
him in the Chamber of Deputies by
207 votes against 25 (Dec. 19). Being
elected a member of the Italian Par-
liament, he emerged from his island
retreat and proceeded to Rome,
where he took his seat amid much
popular enthusiasm, Jan. 25, 1875.
Since then he has been engaged in
promoting a project for the deviation
of the Tiber, and for the improvement
of the Roman Campagna. In April,
1876, he wrote a letter to Signor
Depretis announcing his acceptance
of the donation of 100,000 lire, pre-
sented to him by the nation and the
king.
|
GARNETT, RICHARD, son of the
late Rev. Richard Garnett of the
British Museum, was born at Lich-
field, Feb. 27, 1835, and educated
privately. He was appointed Assis-
tant in the Printed Book Department
of the British Museum, in 1851, and
Assistant-Keeper of Printed Books
and Superintendent of the Reading
Room in 1875. Mr. Garnett is the
author of Io in Egypt, and other
Poems," 1859; "Poems from the
German," 1862; "Idylls and Epi-
grams, chiefly from the Greek Antho-
logy," 1869. He has edited his
father's" Philological Essays," 1859,
and "Relics of Shelley," a collection.
of poetical fragments discovered by
himself among Shelley's MSS., 1862.
|

422
GARNIER-GARRISON.
He has besides contributed exten-
sively to periodical literature, and
written the articles, "Alexander
VI.,' "" Anthology, Calderon," and
of the Legion of Honour. He was
appointed Inspector-General of Civil
Constructions, Paris, in Oct. 1877.
GARRETT, ELIZABETH, M.D. (See
ANDERSON.)
several others in the ninth edition of
the Encyclopædia Britannica.
GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD,
GARNIER, JEAN LOUIS CHARLES, born at Newburyport, Massachusetts,
architect, born at Paris, Nov. 6, 1825, Dec. 12, 1804. At the age of ten he
studied sculpture and high-relief at was apprenticed to a shoemaker, and
the École Spéciale de Dessin, obtain- subsequently to the printer and pub--
ing several prizes. At the commence- lisher of the Newburyport Herald.
ment of 1842 he entered the École des When about eighteen years of age he
Beaux-Arts, and remained there six began to write for the Herald, and
years, studying under MM. Léveil and for the Salem Gazette. Soon after
Hippolyte Lebas, and gaining the the expiration of his apprenticeship
great prize in architecture in 1848 for he became editor of the Free Press,.
his design for a "Conservatoire pour and in 1827 he took charge of the
les arts et métiers." Afterwards he Natural Philanthropist, a temperance
travelled in Greece, measured in the paper published in Boston. In 1829
island of Egina the temple of Jupiter, he was engaged by Benjamin Lundy,
a polychromatic design for the resto- to assist him in editing The Genius
ration of which he exhibited at the of Universal Emancipation, a journal
Salon de Beaux-Arts in 1853, and at advocating the emancipation of the
the Exposition Universelle of 1855. slaves, and published at Baltimore.
Returning to France in 1854, after a His invectives against the internal
short visit to Constantinople, M. Gar-slave-trade, and the men who were
nier was attached as a sub-inspector prosecuting it, led to his imprisonment
to the works at the Tour de Saint- for libel; he remained in prison for
Jacques la Boucherie, under M. Ballu. two months, when Mr. Arthur Tappan,..
In 1856 he published in the "Revue a New York merchant, paid his fine
Archéologique," an explanatory paper and effected his release. On the 1st
relative to the Temple of Egina. He of Jan., 1831, he commenced, in
exhibited various works in water- Boston, the publication of the Libe--
colours, &c., at the salons of 1857, rator, a weekly anti-slavery journal,
1859, and 1863, obtained a third-class which he continued for thirty-four
medal in 1857, a first-class medal in years. The Legislature of Georgia
1863, and was decorated with the passed an act offering a reward of
Cross of the Legion of Honour, Aug. $5,000 (£1,000), to any person who
9, 1864. In 1861 he took part in the should arrest, bring to trial, and pro-
open competition for the new Opera- secute to conviction under the laws
house at Paris; his plans were una- of the State the editor or publisher of
nimously adopted by the jury, over that paper. For the first five years.
which Count Walewski presided, and he was frequently threatened with
he was intrusted with the excution assassination; and his friends urged'
of this important work. The Grand him to go armed; but being consci-
Opera House, which had been nearly entiously a non-resistant, he refused.
completed under Imperial auspices, In 1835 a mob in Boston broke
up a
was opened Jan. 5, 1875. There was meeting of the Female Anti-Slavery
a large concourse of foreign visitors Society, and violently dragged Mr..
present, and many of the highest Garrison, who was one of the speakers,
rank; the ex-King of Hanover, the through the streets, intending to
ex-Queen of Spain, her son the young murder him. He was rescued by the
King Alfonso, and the Lord Mayor mayor, and placed in the gaol for the
of London. On this occasion M. night, to preserve his life. He had
Garnier was decorated as an Officer visited Great Britain in 1833, and
|
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GARTH-GATTY.
made the acquaintance of the emi-
nent anti-slavery leaders there. On
his return he aided in organizing the
American Anti-Slavery Society, of
which he was subsequently president
for twenty-two years. In 1840 he
again visited England, and was most
cordially received. During the next
twenty years and more he continued
to contend for the immediate eman-
cipation of the slaves, gaining in
influence and power each year; and
when the great result was accom-
plished, in 1865, he resigned the pre-
sidency of the Anti-Slavery Society,
and discontinued the publication of
the Liberator, as its mission was
accomplished. His friends presented
him with $30,000 (£6,000), as a me-
morial offering for his services to the
nation. In 1867 he again visited
England. A volume of his poems
and sonnets was published in 1843,
and "Selections from his Writings
and Speeches" in 1852.
GARTH, SIR RICHARD, son of the
late Rev. Richard Garth, of Farn-
ham, Surrey, born in 1820, was edu-
cated at Eton and at Christ Church,
Oxford, where he proceeded to the
degree of M.A. He was called to
the bar in Lincoln's Inn in 1847, and
went the Home Circuit. He sat in
Parliament for a short time (1866-68)
in the Conservative interest, as one
of the members for Guildford. In
March, 1875, he was nominated Chief
Justice of Bengal, and received the
honour of knighthood.
3
-
GASCOIGNE, CAROLINE LEIGH,
youngest daughter of the late John
Smith, Esq., of Dale Park, long a
member of the House of Commons,
born May 2, 1813, and married to
Gen. Gascoigne, eldest son of Gen.
Gascoigne, of Chillwall, M.P. for
Liverpool in 1834, was at an early
age distinguished for her devotion to
literature. Her first work, "Tempta-
tion, or a Wife's Perils," published in
1839, was followed by "The School for
Wives," in 1839; "Evelyn Harcourt,"
in 1842; ،،
Belgravia," a poem, in 1851;
"Spencer's Cross Manor-House," a
tale for children, and "Recollections
423
""
of the Crystal Palace," a poem, in
1852; "The Next-Door Neighbours,'
in 1855; "Doctor Harold," a novel,
in 1865; "My Aunt Prue's Railway
Journey," in 1865; and "Dr. Harold's
Note-Book," in 1869.
GATLING, RICHARD JORDAN,
M.D., was born in North Carolina,
Sept. 12, 1818. While a boy he as-
sisted his father in perfecting a
machine for sowing cotton seed, and
another for thinning out cotton plants.
Subsequently he invented a machine
for sowing rice. Removing to St.
Louis, in 1844, he adapted this in-
vention to sowing wheat in drills,
For several winters he attended
medical lectures in Cincinnati, and
in 1849 removed to Indianapolis,
where he engaged in railroad enter-
prises and real estate speculations.
In 1850 he invented a double acting
hemp-brake, and in 1857 a steam
plough, which, however, he did not
bring to any practical result. In
1861 he conceived the idea of the
revolving battery gun which bears
his name. Of these he constructed
six at Cincinnati, which were de-
stroyed by the burning of his factory.
Afterwards he had twelve manufac-
tured elsewhere, which were used by
Gen. Butler on the James River.
In 1865 he improved his invention,
and in the year following, after satis-
factory trial, it was adopted into the
United States service. It has also
been adopted by several European
governments. He now resides at
Hartford, Connecticut.
t
GATTY, THE REV. ALFRED, D.D.,
is a member of a Cornish family, but
was born in the city of London,
April 18, 1813. He was for five
years at the noted school, Temple
Grove, East Sheen, acquiring the rudi-
ments of education; afterwards both
at the Charterhouse and Eton. For
a short time he prepared for the
legal profession, but in April, 1831,
he entered at Exeter College, Oxford,
and whilst an undergraduate printed
a small volume of Poems. At the
beginning of 1836 he took the degree
of B.A., having some time previously
424
GAVAZZI.
passed the necessary examinations; |
and in 1837 was ordained by the
Bishop of Ripon to the curacy of
Bellerby, in the parish of Spenni-
thorne, Yorkshire. In 1838 he gra-
duated M.A., and in the following
year married Margaret, the younger
daughter of the Rev. Dr. Scott, best
known as having been the friend and
chaplain of Lord Nelson. In the year
of his marriage he was presented to the
vicarage of Ecclesfield, near Sheffield,
a very large and arduous parish,
where he has ever since resided. Mrs.
Gatty, being highly accomplished,
and with fine literary taste, joined
her husband in writing a Life of Dr.
Scott in 1842, which was quickly out
of print. They also subsequently
edited a Life of Dr. Wolff, the mis-
sionary, which passed through two
editions; and they wrote their Tour
in Ireland in 1861, under the title of
"The Old Folks from Home," which
had a like success. Mrs. Gatty was
also assisted by her husband, during
her long fatal illness, in the compila-
tion of her last work, "A Book of
Sundials." Dr. Gatty's own literary
works are a volume of Sermons, 1846;
a second volume of Sermons, 1848;
"The Bell; its origin, history, and
uses," second edition, 1848; "The
Vicar and his Duties," 1853; "Twenty
Plain Sermons," 1858; "The Testi-
mony of David," 1870; a folio edition
of Hunter's "History of Hallamshire,"
to which he added about one-third
new matter (1869); also "Sheffield:
Past and Present," 1873. In 1861 he
was appointed a rural dean by Arch-
bishop Longley, who during the fol-
lowing year bestowed upon him the
honorary dignity of Sub-dean of
York Cathedral. On Oct. 4, 1873,
Dr. Gatty had the misfortune to lose
his amiable and gifted wife, after ten
years of suffering, during which time
her intellect never lost its strength or
clearness.
GAVAZZI, ALESSANDRO, a "No
Popery" lecturer, born at Bologna in
1809, was admitted into minor orders
in the Church of Rome in 1825, and
was made Professor of Rhetoric at
Naples, illustrating the theory of the
art by his eloquence in the pulpits of
the chief cities of Italy. On the ele-
vation, in 1846, of Pius IX. to the
papal chair, he expressed the views
he had long entertained on the state
of his country and the Church with
increasing freedom. When the insur-
rection of the Milanese and the
discomfiture of the Austrians became
known in Rome, Gavazzi, who was
called on by the people to speak, pro-
ceeded to the Pantheon. and pro-
nounced a fervid oration on the
patriots who had fallen at Milan.
He took the tricolour cross as his
standard, and for weeks harangued
crowds of citizens at the Coliseum,
on the prospects and duty of Italians.
Pius IX., who was understood to
favour these attempts to rouse the
nation, conferred upon him the office
of Chaplain-general of the Forces
then being reorganized by the levy of
volunteers and national guards, and
he accompanied the Roman army to
the walls of Vicenza. While thus
engaged, a reactionary spirit came
over Pius IX., who recalled the Roman
legion, and Gavazzi, passing into Tus-
cany, made Florence ring with his ap-
peals. Expelled from the duchy, he
took refuge in Genoa, whence he was
recalled to restore quiet in Bologna,
the people in that city having broken
into open mutiny against the papal
government. Rossi having by this time
become the chief adviser of Pius IX.,
shortly afterwards ordered the arrest
of Gavazzi, who was sent off, under a
strong escort, to the prison at Corneto.
On his way the people of Viterbo rose
to deliver him, and Pius IX. ordered
his release. On the flight of the
Pope after the assassination of Rossi,
and the formation of the republican
government, Gavazzi, who was re-ap-
pointed Chaplain - general of the
Forces, organized a committee of
noble Roman ladies to provide for the
wounded, and superintended the mili-
tary hospitals. During the armistice
concluded with Gen. Oudinot, the
Romans made a sortie under Garibaldi
to repel the king of Naples, who had
GEDEN-GEIKIE.
invaded the territory of the republic. |
Gavazzi accompanied them, and after
the defeat of the invader, assisted the
dying and wounded on both sides.
Returning to Rome, he occupied him-
self in sustaining the spirit of the
people until they were overwhelmed
by the superior forces of the French.
At the close of the struggle he left his
country, to gain a livelihood by teach-
ing Italian, and lecturing against the
Catholic Church. For about six months
his lectures in London were attended
by crowds, and he afterwards visited
the chief towns of Scotland, where
he was received with hearty wel-
come. In 1851 Gavazzi published his
memoirs in English and Italian, and
a few months later his "Orations."
From Scotland he proceeded to the
United States, where he was not so
warmly received, and in Canada his
orations on more than one occasion,
nearly caused a riot. On his return,
he resumed his occupation of propa-
gandizing his particular views in
Italy, in the service of the national
cause, and was present with Garibaldi
at Palermo during the expedition of
1860. Since then he has several
times visited England. At present
he is residing at Rome.
GEDEN, THE REV. JOHN DURY,
born at Hastings, May 4, 1822, was
educated at Kingswood School, near
Bristol; entered the Wesleyan minis-
try in 1846; from 1846 to 1851 was
Assistant Tutor in the Wesleyan
Theological College, Richmond, Sur-
rey; and in 1856 was appointed
Professor of Hebrew and Classics in
the Wesleyan Theological College,
Didsbury, near Manchester, which
office he still holds (1878). In 1870
Mr. Geden became a member of the
Old Testament Company for the
Revision of the Bible. He has
written "The Doctrine of a Future
Life as contained in the Old Testa-
ment Scriptures," and Didsbury
Sermons."
**
GEFFRARD, FABRE, son of
Nicholas Geffrard, one of the
founders of Haytian independence,
was born at L'Anse-à-Veau, Hayti,
425
|
Sept. 19, 1806. After graduating
in 1821, he joined the 13th regi-
ment as a private soldier, attaining
the grade of captain in 1843, in
which year he joined Hirard in re-
bellion against Boyer, and displayed
much talent. Having in 1845 been
appointed General of Division, he was
in 1846 deprived by President Riche
of his command, and tried by a court-
martial. From 1849 to 1856 he was
actively engaged in the army, and
distinguished himself in the cam-
paign of 1856, particularly in the
retreat from San Juan. Finding that
it was the intention of President Sou-
louque (Faustin I.) to arrest him, he
proclaimed himself President, Dec. 21,
1858: drove Soulouque from Port-au-
Prince, Jan. 15, 1859, and established
himself as President. A rebellion
raised by Salnave in 1864-5, was
suppressed by President Geffrard.
A further revolutionary movement,
headed by Salnave, was begun in
Feb. 1867, which was so successful
as to compel President Geffrard's ab-
dication and flight to Jamaica, where
he now resides with his family. He
had been for many years extremely
popular, and his administration of
the government was attended with
great success.
GEIKIE, ARCHIBALD, F.R.S., born
in Edinburgh in 1835, and educated
at the High School and the Univer-
sity, was appointed to the Geological
Survey in 1855. He is a Fellow of
the Royal Societies of London and
Edinburgh, of the Geological Society
of London, &c. ; is the author of
various geological memoirs in the
Quarterly Journal of the Geological
Society, in the Transactions of the
Royal Society of Edinburgh, in “ Me-
moirs of the Geological Survey," in
the Quarterly and North British Re-
view, in Nature, &c.; of "The Story
of a Boulder," 1858; "The Life of
Professor Edward Forbes" (con-
jointly with the late Dr. George
Wilson), 1861; "The Phenomena of
the Glacial Drift of Scotland," 1863;
"The Scenery of Scotland viewed in
connection with its Physical Geo-
GEINITZ-GÉRÔME.
|
of the late Rev. Philip Gell, of Derby,
born in 1821, took his B.A. degree at
Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1843,
and soon afterwards became Fellow
and Tutor of Christ's College. He
proceeded to the degree of M.A. in
1846. Having been chaplain to the
Bishop of London, and one of Her
Majesty's preachers at Whitehall, he,
in 1861, was consecrated to the see of
Madras.
logy,” 1865; “A Student's Manual of
Geology," (in conjunction with the
late J. B. Jukes, 1871), and "Physi-
cal Geography," Geology," in the
"Science Primers," 1874; "Memoir
of Sir Roderick I. Murchison; with
Notices of his Scientific Contempo-
raries, and of the Rise and Progress
of Palæozoic Geology in Britain," 2
vols. 1874; "Geological Map of
Scotland," 1876; "Class-Book of
Physical Geography," 1877. Mr.
Geikie was associated with Sir
Roderick Murchison in working out
the true geological structure of the
Scottish Highlands, in the prepara-
tion of a Memoir of that district, and
of a new Geological Map of Scotland,
both published in 1861. On the ex-
tension of the Geological Survey in
1867, he was appointed Director of
the Survey of Scotland, and in Dec.
1870, he was nominated by Sir
Roderick Murchison as first occupant
of the new chair of Mineralogy and
Geology founded in the University of
Edinburgh by Sir Roderick and the
Crown. The University of St. An-
drews conferred on him the degree
of LL.D. in Feb. 1872.
426
(C
GEORGE I. (CHRISTIAN WIL-
LIAM FERDINAND ADOLPHUS
GEORGE), King of Greece, second
son of the King of Denmark, and bro--
ther of the Princess of Wales, born
Dec. 24, 1845, served for some time in
the Danish navy. After the abdication
of Otho I., the late King of Greece,
in 1863, the vacant throne was first
tendered by a majority of the Greek
people to Prince Alfred of England,
whose nomination the English Go-
vernment refused to accept. It was
then offered to Duke Ernest of Saxe-
Coburgh Gotha, who declined it; and
eventually to Prince Christian, who,
with the concurrence of his own
family and the consent of the Great
Powers, accepted it, and began to
reign as King George I. He was
married at St. Petersburg to the
Princess Olga, daughter of the Grand
Duke Constantine, Oct. 27, 1867.
The Princess Olga was born Sept. 3,
1851.
GEINITZ, JOHANN BRUNO, a Ger-
man geologist, born at Altenburg,
Oct. 16, 1814, first studied pharmacy
in his native town, and in 1834 en-
tered the University of Berlin. In
1837 he was created Doctor of Philo-
sophy by the University of Jena, and
the next year he became Assistant
Professor of Chemistry and Natural
Philosophy in the Technical Institute
of Dresden, which was converted soon
afterwards into a Polytechnic School.
In 1850 he was appointed Professor of
Mineralogy and Geology in that in-
stitution. Long previously to this heat the École des Beaux-Arts. He re-
had been lecturer on natural history mained under that celebrated artist
at the Pedagogic Institute at Bloch- until 1844, and accompanied him in
mann, and keeper of the Royal Mu- his voyage to Italy. Returning to
seum of Mineralogy. Professor Geinitz France in 1845, he exhibited, for the
has written a considerable number of first time, at the Salon of 1847, went
works and interesting memoirs on the on an excursion to Turkey and the
geognostic state of certain parts of eastern banks of the Danube in 1853,.
Germany, particularly Saxony. and to Upper and Lower Egypt in
GELL, THE RIGHT REV. FRE- 1856. These travels furnished him.
DERICK, D.D., Bishop of Madras, son | with numerous subjects for his paint--
GERMANY, EMPEROR OF. (See
WILLIAM I.)
GÉRÔME, JEAN LÉON, artist, born:
at Vesoul, Haute-Saône, May 11,1824,
studied in his native place, went to
Paris in 1841, and entered the studio
of Paul Delaroche, under whose direc-
tion he pursued, for a time, his studies
""
GERSTER-GIBSON.
""
""
Professor of Painting in the Ecole
des Beaux-Arts. Since 1847, M. Gé-
rôme has exhibited "The Virgin, the
Infant Jesus, and Saint John;"
"Bacchus and Cupid;
"A Greek
Interior;
the "Frieze " of the vase
commemorative of the Great Exhibi-
tion held in London in 1851; "The
Age of Augustus and the Birth of
Jesus Christ; "Rembrandt; a
"Portrait of Rachel;" "The Plague
at Marseilles ; "The Death of St.
Jerome ;
"Lioness meeting a Ja-
guar; "Rex Tibicen," 1874; and
L'Eminence Grise," 1874. M. Gé-
rôme obtained a third-class medal in
1847, two second-class medals in 1848
and 1855, and the decoration of the
Legion of Honour in Nov. 1855. He
He
was decorated with the order of the
Red Eagle in 1869; and appointed a
Commander of the Legion of Honour
in Feb. 1878.
""
""
ings. In Dec. 1863, he was appointed | been known previously in the Ger-
man capital. The demand for places.
was so great that the administration
of the theatre was compelled to ask
the public to apply by writing, and
it is said that more than 21,000 appli--
cations were refused. She then made
a short sojourn at Buda-Pesth, whère
she appeared in the operas of "La
Somnambula " and "Hamlet." The
"Hungarian Nightingale," as she has
been called, next went to St. Peters-
burg and Moscow, where she carried
everything before her, and was, at
the Emperor's express desire, ap-
pointed
pointed "Kammer-sängerin." For
her co-operation in the Court con-
certs His Majesty presented her with
4,000 marks and a handsome bracelet,
while the Empress gave her a magni-
ficent chain ornamented with pearls
and diamonds. After she had sung
at Pesth and Breslau, Mr. Mapleson
had the good fortune to secure her,
and she came to London. Here she
first sang before an English audience
on June 23, 1877, in "La Somnam--
bula." She at once became a great
favourite with the English public,.
and her performances at Her Majes-
ty's Theatre during the season of
1878 were a continued series of
triumphs.
(C
">
19
427
GERSTER, Madame ETELKA, was
born at Kaschau, in Hungary, June
16, 1857. At a very early age she
evinced musical abilities of no ordi-
nary kind. By the advice of the
director of the Conservatoire at
Vienna, who chanced to hear her sing
at the head of one of the Catholic
processions in her native town, she
was placed under the tuition of the
far-famed Madame Marchesi, with
whom she studied most diligently for
three years (1873-76). In the mean-
time rumours of her wonderful voice
had got abroad, and offers were made
to her from several German towns.
Etelka, however, declined these, as
she was determined to commence her
career in an Italian school; and in
Jan. 1876 she made her début at
Venice, under the management of
Signor Gardini, in the character of
Gilda, in Verdi's "Rigoletto," and
with wonderful success. Almost at
once followed the parts of Ophelia,
Lucia, Amina in "La Somnambula
and "Marguerite," which last cha-
racter she at first sang, as it was
originally written, in French. Her
next triumph was at Berlin, where
she created such a furore as had never
GIBRALTAR, BISHOP OF. (See
SANDFORD.)
GIBSON, THE RIGHTHON.THOMAS.
MILNER, born at Trinidad, in 1807,
the only son of the late Major T.
Milner-Gibson, of the 27th regiment,
was educated at the Charterhouse,
and graduated B.A. in 1830, as a
wrangler, at Trinity College, Cam-
bridge. He was returned in Aug.
1837, as member in the Conservative
interest for Ipswich; and having
changed his opinions, resigned his
seat, and appealed, in 1839, once
more to his constituents. He was de--
feated, and remained for some time
out of Parliament, having in Sept..
1839, contested the borough of Cam--
bridge, without success. During this
interval he entered into the great
movement which had for its object
the abolition of the duty on corn, and
-428
GIFFARD-GILBERT.
·
became one of the most successful 1850. He obtained a silk gown in
orators of the League. In 1841 he 1865. He twice unsuccessfully con-
was invited to stand for Manchester, tested Cardiff in the Conservative in-
and after a close contest with Sir terest-namely, at the election of
George Murray was, in July, returned Nov. 1868, and again at the general
|
for that important constituency. In election of Feb. 1874. He was ap-
1846, at the conclusion of the Anti-pointed Solicitor-General in Mr. Dis-
Corn-law agitation, when Lord John raeli's administration in Nov. 1875,
Russell had taken office, and declared when Sir John Holker was promoted
that his general policy was to carry to the Attorney-Generalship. On this
out to their natural consequences the occasion he received the honour of
principles of free trade embodied in knighthood. He finally succeeded in
Sir Robert Peel's legislation, the getting a seat in the House of Com-
minister thought to strengthen his mons in Feb. 1877, when he was
government by obtaining the aid of elected for Launceston.
some of the leading members of the
League. Mr. Gibson was accordingly
appointed Vice-President of the Board
of Trade, which office he held until it
was thought that his connection with
the Government might embarrass him
in his relations with his constituents.
In April, 1848, he resigned, and iden-
tified himself so completely with the
"Peace party," during the struggle
with Russia, that he was defeated at
Manchester at the general election in
March, 1857, but was shortly after-
wards returned for Ashton-under-
Lyne, which he represented till Dec.
1868. In 1859 he was appointed Pre-
sident of the Board of Trade, with a
seat in the Cabinet. Mr. Milner-Gib-
son took an active part in urging upon
Parliament, and in other ways pro-
moting, the repeal of what have been
designated the "Taxes on Know-
ledge ;" viz. the newspaper stamp, the
advertisement duty, and the excise on
paper; and his public services in this
respect were recognized by a testi-
monial in 1861. Mr. Milner-Gibson,
who was made a Privy Councillor in
1846, resigned the Presidency of the
Board of Trade on the dissolution of
the Russell ministry in June, 1866.
He unsuccessfully contested Ashton-
under-Lyne in 1868.
GIFFARD, SIR HARDINGE STAN-
LEY, M.P., is a member of the family
of Giffard, of Kilcorrall, co. Wexford,
and a connexion by marriage of the
late Sir William Webb Follett. He
was born about 1825, and was called
to the bar of the Inner Temple in
|
GIFFORD (LORD), ADAM GIF-
FORD, a Scotch Lord of Session, son
of Mr. James Gifford, a merchant of
Edinburgh, was born in that city in
1820. After studying in the univer-
sity of Edinburgh he was called to
the Scotch bar in 1849, and he be-
came an advocate-depute in 1861.
Mr. Gifford was sheriff of Orkney
and Shetland from 1865 till he was
nominated a Judge of the Court of
Session in Scotland in Jan. 1870,
when he assumed the courtesy title
of Lord Gifford.
GIGLIUCCI,
NOVELLO.)
COUNTESS. (See
GILBERT, SIR JOHN, R.A., Pre-
sident of the Society of Painters in
Water-Colours, was born in 1817. In
1836 his first exhibited picture, a
water-colour drawing, "The Arrest
of Lord Hastings by the Protector,
Richard Duke of Gloucester," was in
the Suffolk-street Gallery, and an oil
painting was in the Royal Academy,
then at Somerset House, in the same
year. In 1839 he first exhibited at
the British Institution, and from that
time has been almost constantly re-
presented at that Gallery, and occa-
sionally at the Royal Academy. His
best-known oil pictures are :-" Don
Quixote giving advice to Sancho
Panza," followed by many other sub-
jects from Cervantes; "The Educa-
tion of Gil Blas;" a scene from
"Tristram Shandy; " "Othello before
the Senate ;" "The Murder of Thomas
Becket;""The Plays of Shakspere,"
a kind of tableau, in which the prin-
|
cipal characters in each play are in-
troduced: {{
Charge of Cavaliers at
Naseby;
"A Drawing-room at St.
James's;
"A Regiment of Royalist
Cavalry; "Rubens and Teniers;
"The Studio of Rembrandt ; ""Wol-
sey and Buckingham; ""A Convoca-
tion of Clergy; " and "The Entry of
Joan of Arc into Orleans." More re-
cently he has exhibited at the Royal
Academy, "The Field of the Cloth of
Gold," in 1874; "Tewkesbury Abbey:
Queen Margaret carried prisoner to
Edward after the battle of Tewkes-
bury;
""Mrs. Gilbert," and "Don
Quixote and Sancho at the Castle of
the Duke and Duchess," in 1875;
"Crusaders," and "Richard II. re-
signing the Crown to Bolingbroke,"
in 1876; "Cardinal Wolsey at Leices-
ter Abbey," and "Doge and Senators
of Venice," in 1877; "Ready!" and
May-dew," in 1878. As an illustra-
tor of books, pictorial newspapers,
and other weekly publications, his
name has, for a long period, been
familiar to the public. He contributed
in this way to the Illustrated London
News for many years, from the first
number of that journal, but has for
some time ceased to do so. Most of
the best editions of the British classics
have been illustrated by him, con-
cluding with an edition of Shakspere,
a work upon which he was occupied for
many years. In 1852 he was elected
an associate, in 1853 a member, and
in 1871 the President of the Society
of Painters in Water-Colours, in whose
gallery he has been a constant exhibi-
tor. He shortly afterwards received
the honour of knighthood. He is a
honorary member of the Royal Society
of Painters in Water-Colours of Bel-
gium, of the Society of Artists of Bel-
gium, and Honorary President of the
Liverpool Society of Water-Colour
Painters. He was elected an Associate
of the Royal Academy, Jan. 29, 1872,
and an Academician, June 29, 1876.
، ،
""
""
GILBERT.
""
""
GILBERT, JOSIAH, born at the
Independent College, Rotherham,
Yorkshire, Oct. 7, 1814, son of the
Rev. Joseph Gilbert, grandson of the
Rev. Isaac Taylor, of Ongar, was edu-
429-
|cated chiefly at home, became after-
wards a student in the RoyalAcademy,
practised as a portrait-painter for
some years in London, but has lived
since 1843 at Marden Ash, Ongar,
engaged in literary and artistic pur-
suits. He is the author of "Art, its
Scope and Purpose," 1858; “Cadore,
or Titian's Country," 1869; "Art and
Religion," 1871 ; and joint author of
"The Dolomite Mountains," 1864..
Mr. Gilbert is a member of the Alpine
Club.
""
""
""
""
(C
""
GILBERT, WILLIAM SCHWENCK,
B.A., was born Nov. 18, 1836, at
17, Southampton-street, Strand, Lon-
don, and educated at Great Ealing
School. He took the degree of B.A.
at the University of London, was
called to the bar of the Inner Temple
in Nov., 1864; was Clerk in the Privy
Council Office from 1857 to 1862 ;
and was appointed Captain of the
Royal Aberdeenshire Highlanders
(Militia) in 1868. Mr. Gilbert is well
known as a dramatic author and con-
tributor to periodical literature. His
first piece," Dulcamara," was pro-
duced at the St. James's Theatre, in
Jan. 1866. He is also author of
"An Old Score ;
"The Princess ;
Ages Ago; "Randall's Thumb ;'
"Creatures of Impulse; ""A Sensa-
tion Novel; "Happy Arcadia,'
(Gallery of Illustration);
"The
Palace of Truth," a fairy comedy in
three acts, brought out in Nov., 1870;
'Pygmalion and Galatea," a fairy
comedy, in three acts, brought out in
Dec., 1871; "The Wicked World,”
a fairy comedy in three acts, brought
out in Jan., 1873; and " Charity," a
play in four acts, brought out in Jan.,
1874, at the Haymarket Theatre,
where the three preceding pieces had
also first appeared. "Sweethearts," a
dramatic contrast in two acts, was
produced at the Prince of Wales's
Theatre, in Nov., 1874.
"Broken
Hearts,' a fairy comedy, was pro-
duced at the Court Theatre, in 1876,
"Tom Cobb," a three act farcical
comedy, at the St. James's in the same
year, and "Trial by Jury" (written
in conjunction with Dr. Arthur Sul-
66
""
430
GILBERTSON-GILL.
|
livan), at the Royalty. This was fol-
lowed by "Dan'l Druce," a three act
drama, at the Haymarket; and this
again by "Engaged," a three act far-
cical comedy, at the same theatre.
"The Sorcerer," a two act opera
(written in conjunction with Dr.
Arthur Sullivan), was afterwards
played at the Opera Comique. "The
Palace of Truth" is based on a story
of Madame de Genlis, and "The
Princess " on Mr. Tennyson's poem,
but the other pieces are original. His
"Bab Ballads," originally published
in Fun, have since been printed in a
separate form.
His most recent
works are: "On Bail," a comedy
in three acts, from "Le Réveillon"
(Criterion, Feb., 1877), and the
“Ne'er-do-Weel" (Olympic, Feb. 25,
1878).
GILBERTSON, EDWARD, was born
in London in 1813. The early years
of his life were passed in various parts
of Russia, the language of which
country he speaks fluently. He left
Russia in 1840, and for several years
after his return to London was a fre-
quent contributor of leading articles
to the Daily News and other papers.
In 1857 he became Secretary to the
Ottoman Bank in London, and during
the following four years paid several
visits of inspection to the branches at
Beyrout, Smyrna, and Constantinople.
In 1861 he undertook the management
of the bank in the latter city, and in
1862, as member of the Financial
Commission, had the chief direction,
under Edhem Pasha, of the operations
for withdrawing the Caimé, for which
service he received the third class of
the Mejidié. In 1863 he was one of
the signatories of the concession of
the Imperial Ottoman Bank, and from
that date until May, 1871, was As-
sistant Director-General of the bank
at Constantinople. He has taken an
active part in negotiating all the
Turkish public loans in which the
bank was interested since 1858, and
has been a member of various finan-
cial commissions formed by the Otto-
man Government; such as that for
the amelioration of the system of
public accounts, for the Budget of
1867, &c. The Sultan, in recognition
of his services to the imperial treasury,
has conferred on him the order of the
Osmanié of the third class. Upon his
arrival in England, in May, 1871, he
was unanimously elected a member
of the committee of the Bank in
London.
GILES, THE REV. JOHN ALLEN,
D.C.L., born at Mark, Somersetshire,
Oct. 26, 1808, was educated at the
Charterhouse and Corpus Christi Col-
lege, Oxford, where he graduated B.A.
as a double first-class in 1828, and
became a fellow of his college. He
was appointed Head Master of the
City of London School in 1836,
which post he resigned in 1840, and
is now rector of Sutton, Surrey. He
has been a prolific writer on educa-
tional, antiquarian, and ecclesiastical
subjects, and, amongst other books,
has edited or translated the works of
Lanfranc, of the Venerable Bede;
"Letters of St. Thomas of Canter-
bury ""Codex Apocryphus Novi
Testamenti; ""Scriptores Græci Mi,
nores; ""Terentii Comœdiæ;
" "Se-
veri Sancti Carmen" and "The Works
of King Alfred the Great." He is the
author of "Life and Times of Alfred
the Great; "Life and Letters of
Thomas Becket; "The History of
Bampton ;""The History of Witney;"
"History of the Ancient Britons;
"First Lessons on Various Subjects;
Story-Book of English History;
"Keys to the Classics," &c., about
160 volumes altogether.
>>
>>
((
•
""
"
"",
GILL, EDMUND, landscape painter,
was born Nov. 29, 1820, at 28, Sydney-
street, City-road, in the parish of
Clerkenwell. His father, who was
himself an artist, and an occasional
exhibitor of the Royal Academy,
settled at Ludlow, in Shropshire,
where the son was attracted by the
picturesque scenery around their
place of residence, and resolved to
adopt landscape painting as a pro-
fession. The family afterwards re-
moved to Hereford. In 1841 young
Gill came to London, and two years
later he was admitted a student
GILLMORE-GIRARDIN.
""
at the Royal Academy. To the man in his movement through South
exhibitions of the Academy he has Carolina, and after the surrender of
been a regular contributor. With a the Confederate forces, was, in June,
few exceptions his numerous pictures 1865, placed at the head of the new
are drawn from the scenery of Wales department of South Carolina. After
or Scotland; from the rocky sea- the close of the war he was mustered
coast, the banks and rivers, and from out of the volunteer service, but holds
streams having a sufficient volume of the rank of major in the United
water to furnish a cataract on a small States Corps of Engineers, and is
scale. Among his works we may engineer in charge of the defences of
mention "A Storm Scene at St. the Atlantic coast. He is the author
Gowan's" (1846); "Fall of the of "A Practical Treatise on Limes,
Llugwy, Bettws-y-Coed (1860); | Hydraulic Cements, and Mortars "
"Rhiadr Du, North Wales" (1861); (1863); "Siege and Reduction of
"On the River Lledr, North Wales Fort Pulaski, Georgia (1863); "Offi-
(1864); "Fall on the River Clyde, cial Reports of Operations against the
Cora Linn
"The Waters Defences of Charleston Harbour
(1866);
dividing from the Dry Land," as ex- (1864); and "A Supplementary Re-
pressed in the Book of Genesis (1869); port on the Engineer and Artillery
and “Waterfall on the River Mellte, Operations" (1865). He has also con-
South Wales (exhibited at the tributed scientific articles to Apple-
Crystal Palace, 1872).
ton's "American Cyclopædia" (1873-
76), and to Johnson's "Universal
Cyclopædia" (1874-77).
"3
|
""
""
|
GILLMORE, GEN. QUINCY ADAMS,
born in Loraine county, Ohio, Feb.
28, 1825. In 1849 he graduated at
West Point, being first in his class,
and was employed as second-lieu-
tenant of engineers on the fortifica-
tions in Hampton Roads. From
1852 till 1856 he performed the duties
of assistant-instructor in practical
engineering at West Point. Soon after
the commencement of the civil war he
was made Captain of Engineers, and
attached to General Sherman's staff
on the South Carolina expedition. In
this capacity he commenced opera-
tions against Fort Pulaski, on the
Savannah river, Georgia, in Feb., 1862,
and commanded the assaulting party
when that fort was reduced. Having
been promoted to the rank ofBrigadier-
General of Volunteers, he was ordered
to the West as Commander of the
district of Western Virginia, of the
department of the Ohio. Shortly
afterwards he was appointed to a
division in the Army of Kentucky.
Ordered to South Carolina, he took
command of the land forces engaged
in the siege of Charleston. For his
services during this campaign, he
was promoted to the rank of Major-,
General of Volunteers. He subse-
quently co-operated with Gen. Sher-larger and cheaper journal than any
GIRARDIN, EMILE DE, journalist,
was born in Switzerland, of legally
unknown parents, about 1802. While
employed in the office of a stock-
broker, he was known as Emile Dela-
mothe, but being suddenly claimed,
he took by authority the name of Gen.
Alexandre de Girardin, who, ten years
after, was declared to be his father
by a commission of the Chamber of
Deputies. "Emile," his first produc-
tion, appeared in 1827, and "Au
Hasard" in 1828. In 1831 he mar-
ried Mdlle. Delphine Gay, one of the
muses of the Restoration, whose lite-
rary abilities gave lustre to the name
of her husband. He was for some
time an Inspector of the Fine Arts,
and he established the Journal des
Connaissances Utiles, and other pe-
riodicals, at the same time dabbling
in all sorts of commercial affairs;
such as the mines of St. Bérain, the
"Panthéon Littéraire," for which he
was largely subsidized by M. Guizot.
Associated with an adroit man of
business, M. Boutemy, he projected
the Presse newspaper, since become
so celebrated throughout Europe, and
which was at first announced as a
|
431
""
·
432
GIRAUD.
then published in France, and as the ❘ of the paper gradually decreased, and
property of a joint stock company. on Dec. 1, 1862, M. de Girardin again
În 1836 La Presse appeared, and at assumed the editorship; but even he
once became a popular favourite. M. was powerless to restore it to the
De Girardin made a merit of belong-position it formerly occupied, and
eventually he abandoned it altogether
in order to take the direction of La
Liberté, which he continued to edit
until June, 1870. In the columns of
that journal he incessantly attacked
the Imperial Government, and in
1867 he was condemned to pay a fine
of 5,000 francs for having inserted an
article which held up the administra-
ing to no party, and took for his
motto Au jour le jour. True to this
and to the pecuniary interests of his
speculation, he supported and re-
nounced, in turn, every minister and
every opposition leader. To two prin-
ciples only was he constant-hostility
to England and advocacy of Russia.
M.de Girardin introduced the" feuille-
ton," as it is called-a novel or tale,tion to public hatred and contempt.
written in an ad captandum fashion, After the siege of Paris and during
of which several columns are pub- the Communistic period he estab-
lished daily. Alexandre Dumas, lished,
Dumas, lished, May 5, 1871, the Union
Georges Sand, De Balzac, Frédéric Française, a daily newspaper, in
Soulié, and other writers, were en- whose columns he advocated the or-
gaged by him at high rates of remu-ganization in France of a Federal
neration, and greatly extended the Republic, on the model of the United
circulation of his journal. In 1834 States. In 1872 he became pro-
M. de Girardin obtained a seat in the prietor of the Journal Officiel, in
Chamber of Deputies by the influence 1873 one of the proprietors of the
of the ministry, of which he was then Petit Journal; and in Nov., 1874, he
an ardent supporter. In 1836 an assumed the political editorship of
event occurred which leaves an inde- La France. M. de Girardin is the
lible stain upon his memory. Actuated author of a large number of political
less by personal animosity than by a pamphlets, and a collection of his
desire to improve the speculation in leading articles appeared in 12 vols.
which he had embarked, he attacked Svo, 1858, under the title of "Ques-
M. Armand Carrel, of the National, tions de mon Temps, 1836 à 1856.”
so grossly in the columns of La He has also written a few pieces
Presse, that a duel ensued, and his for the stage. Having become a
antagonist was killed. In the Revo- widower in 1855, he married, in 1856,
lution of 1848 he was particularly Mina Drunold, Countess of Tieffen-
active, and received from the hands bach, widow of Prince Frederick of
of Louis-Philippe his act of abdica- Nassau, but he obtained a decree of
tion. M. de Girardin did not gain judicial separation in 1872.
the confidence of any considerable
body of his countrymen, and has jus-
tified in every act of his public life
the sobriquet bestowed upon him of
"La Girandole," the Weathercock.
At the coup d'état, M. de Girardin
quitted France, but after the re-elec-
tion of Louis-Napoleon a new law
regulating the press was promulgated,
and he was permitted to return to
Paris, and re-issue his paper, which
was again published under his editor-
ship. In 1856 he sold his share in
La Presse for £32,000. From this
period the circulation and influence
GIRAUD, HERBERT, M.D., Deputy
Inspector-General of Her Majesty's
Bombay army, was born at Faversham,
Kent, in 1817, of a Waldensian family.
He graduated with honours in 1840 in
the University of Edinburgh, where
he was a member of the so-called
“Oineromathic Brotherhood,"
which the naturalist, Edward Forbes,
the two Goodsirs, George Wilson,
J. Hughes Bennett, and others since
eminent in science, were members.
In 1842 he entered the H.E.I. Co.'s
Bombay Medical Service, and in that
year the Linnæan Society published
of
GIRDLESTONE.
He
>>
| sanitary and social subjects.
edited, jointly with the Rev. W. A.
Osborne, "The Works of Horace for
Young Persons." He has also pub-
lished several volumes of sermons,
now out of print; and lately a
volume entitled "Christendom
sketched from History in the Light
of Holy Scriptures,
Holy Scriptures," 1870; also
"Number; a Link between Divine
and Human Intelligence,
1875;
"Devotions and Devotional Medita-
tions in
tions in prose and verse, for private
use;" "Our Church Catechism Re-
viewed," and "Thoughts on Dying
Daily," 1878.
in their Transactions his "Observa-
tions on Vegetable Embryology,'
which were subsequently embodied
in several of the British and foreign
systematic works on botany. In 1845
he was appointed Professor of
Chemistry and Botany in the Grant
Medical College, Bombay, of which
institution he became Principal, and
also Chief Medical Officer of Sir
Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy's Hospital, and
Chemical Analyst to the Bombay
Government. He was the first to
introduce the study of chemistry and
botany into Western India. In 1863
Dr. Giraud was Syndic and Dean of
the Faculty of Medicine in the Uni- GIRDLESTONE, THE REV. ED-
versity of Bombay. He was also on WARD, born in London, Sept. 6, 1805,
the staff of Lord Elphinstone, of Sir was educated at Balliol College, Ox-
George Clerk, and of Sir Bartle Frere, ford, of which he was a scholar. He
as surgeon to those Governors of graduated B.A. in 1826, and M.A. in
Bombay. Dr. Giraud has contributed 1829; became Vicar of Deane, Lanca-
papers on chemical and botanical shire, in 1830; Canon Residentiary of
subjects to the Transactions of the Bristol in 1854; Vicar of St. Nicholas
Botanical Society of Edinburgh, the with St. Leonard's Bristol, in 1855;
Annals of Natural History; the Vicar of Wapley, Gloucestershire, in
London and Edinburgh Philosophical 1858; Vicar of Halberton, Devon-
Magazine; the Edinburgh Philo-shire, in 1862; and Vicar of Olveston,
sophical Journal; the Transactions of near Bristol, in March, 1872. Mr.
the Bombay Branch of the Royal Girdlestone is the author of a volume
Asiatic Society; and the Transac- of sermons, "Reflected Truth," and
tions of the Medical and Physical many occasional sermons and pam-
Society of Bombay. Several of his phlets. From 1867 to the present
chemical lectures have been pub- time he has never ceased publicly and
lished.
urgently to advocate the cause of the
agricultural labourer. At a meeting
of the British Association at Norwich
in 1868 he made the first suggestion
of an Agricultural Labourers' Union;
and subsequently in London, at
Exeter, Bristol, Bath, and other
places, he has read papers, and spoken
on the same subject, at meetings of
the British Association, the Social
Science Congress, and the Church
Congress. He removed no fewer than
600 families from the badly paid
districts of the west of England to
the better paid districts of the north,
and thus gave the first impulse to
that movement, which has now be-
come so general, and which is making
the improvement of the agricultural
labourers one of the most prominent
questions of the day.
|
GIRDLESTONE, THE REV.
CHARLES, M.A., born March 6, 1797,
was educated at Wadham College,
Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in
1818, in first-class honours, and was
elected Fellow of Balliol College. He
held the University offices of Public
Examiner and Select Preacher, be-
came Vicar of Sedgeley, Staffordshire,
in 1826; Rector of Alderley, Cheshire.
in 1837; and Rector of Kingswinford,
Staffordshire, in 1847. Mr. Girdle-
stone published" A Family Commen-
tary on the Bible," in 1832-42; "The
Book of Psalms, according to the
two authorized translations, in paral-
lel columns, with marginal notes," in
1836; " A Concordance of the Prayer-
Book Translation of the Psalms," and
several sermons and pamphlets on
""
433
F F
434
GLADSTONE.
|
|
GLADSTONE, THE RIGHT HON.
WILLIAM EWART, M.P., fourth son
of the late Sir John Gladstone, Bart.,
of Fasque, county Kincardine, N.B.,
a well-known merchant of Liverpool,
born there, Dec. 29, 1809, was edu-
cated at Eton and Christ Church,
Oxford, of which he was nominated
a student in 1829, and graduated,
taking a double first-class in Michael-
mas term, 1831. Having spent some
time in a continental tour, he was re-
turned, at the general election in
Dec., 1832, in the Conservative in-
terest, for Newark, and entered Par-
liament just as the struggle of parties
was at its height. His mercantile
origin, the success of his university
career, his habits of business, and his
high character, recommended him to
the notice of Sir Robert Peel, who,
in Dec., 1834, appointed him to a
junior Lordship of the Treasury, and
in Feb., 1835, Under-Secretary for
Colonial affairs. Mr. Gladstone re-
tired from office, with his ministerial
leader, in April, and remained in
opposition until Sir Robert Peel's
return to power in Sept., 1841. On
accepting office under Sir Robert
Peel, in 1841, as Vice-President of
the Board of Trade and Master of the
Mint, Mr. Gladstone was sworn a
member of the Privy Council. In
his new position he had to explain
and defend in the Lower House of
Parliament the commercial policy of
the Government; and in the dis-
charge of this duty he had whatever
advantage his mercantile origin and
connection could give him. The
revision of the tariff in 1842 was
almost entirely the result of his
energy and industry. When this
laborious work was brought before
the House of Commons, it was found
to be as admirably executed in its
details as it was complete in its
mastery of general principles, and it
received the sanction of both Houses
with scarcely an alteration. In 1843,
Mr. Gladstone succeeded the Earl of
Ripon as President of the Board of
Trade, but resigned that office early
in 1845. In Jan., 1846, Sir Robert
Peel announced his intention of pro-
posing a modification of the Ĉorn
Laws. Mr. Gladstone, who had suc-
ceeded Lord Stanley (the late Earl of
Derby) in the post of Secretary of
State for the Colonies, adhered to the
leader under whom he had entered
upon ministerial life; but, possibly,
unwilling to remain under obliga-
tions to the late Duke of Newcastle,
who sympathised strongly with the
Opposition party, resigned his seat
for Newark, and remained for some
time out of Parliament. At the
general election in Aug., 1847, he
was, with the late Sir Robert Harry
Inglis, elected for the University of
Oxford. In the Parliament of 1847-
52, the questions of University Re-
form and the removal of Jewish
disabilities were frequently and
earnestly agitated in the Lower
House. Though Mr. Gladstone's
early sympathies no doubt bound
him strongly to the High Church and
Tory party, yet he felt that on both
these points the exigencies of the
times required that some concessions
should be made. He consequently
found himself frequently opposed to
his former friends, and eventually
separated himself from the great body
of the Conservative party, in Feb.,
1851. At the general election in
July following, Mr. Gladstone was
re-elected for the University of Ox-
ford, but not without a severe con-
test. On the formation of what is
generally known as the "Coalition "
ministry, under the Earl of Aber-
deen, in Dec., 1852, Mr. Gladstone
was appointed to the Chancellorship
of the Exchequer, in which office the
thorough knowledge of finance which
he had acquired in former life, and
had tested by practical experience at
the Board of Trade, proved of the
greatest assistance to the ministry.
After the breaking up of the Aber-
deen administration, or rather, on its
reconstruction under Lord Palmer-
ston at the commencement of 1855,
Mr. Gladstone at first continued to
occupy the same post, which he re-
signed in the course of a few weeks,
|
་
GLADSTONE.
435
on finding that it was not the inten-
tion of the ministry collectively to
oppose the vote of censure implied
in the resolution of Mr. Roebuck, in
favour of the appointment of a com-
mittee of inquiry into the state of the
British army before Sebastopol, and
the causes of its sufferings. For some
time Mr. Gladstone, who held no
public office, gave Lord Palmerston's
ministry an independent support.
In the winter of 1858-9 he accepted,
under Lord Derby's second cabinet,
a special mission to the Ionian
Islands, to arrange certain difficulties
which had arisen in the administra-
tion of that dependency; and in
June, 1859, resumed office under
Lord Palmerston as Chancellor of
the Exchequer. In this capacity he
was mainly instrumental in repealing
the paper duty, and in promoting the
negotiations conducted by Mr. Cob-
den, which resulted in the commer-
cial treaty between this country and
France. Mr. Gladstone, though
originally very jealous of an inter-
vention on the part of the State in
the matter of University Reform,
lent the Government from time to
time very valuable assistance, by sup-
porting the suggestions of the Oxford
University Commissioners, through
his extensive personal and official
influence with the authorities of Ox-
ford as one of the representatives of
that university in Parliament. Besides
being eminent as a statesman, Mr.
Gladstone had acquired celebrity as
an author. His first work, a treatise
entitled "The State in its Relations
with the Church," published in 1838
(4th edition enlarged, 2 vols., 1841),
and followed, in 1841, by his " Church
Principles considered in their Re-
sults," stamped him, while still a
young man, as a deep and original
thinker. His views on these sub-
jects, as they are unfolded in these
treatises, had, we need scarcely say,
been formed and moulded by the
education and associations of Oxford,
to which university they are dedi-
cated as the first-fruits of her teach-
ing and training. Soon after their
appearance, they were thought
worthy of a long and elaborate
criticism by the late Lord Macaulay
in the pages of the Edinburgh Review.
Mr. Gladstone's "Remarks on Recent
Commercial Legislation," published
in 1845, while the country was on the
eve of an important change in her
commercial system, were intended to
pave the way for the extensive modi-
fication in the restrictions on com-
merce imposed by the corn laws, and
contain an able and comprehensive
summary of the beneficial results of
the tariff of 1842. In 1851 he pub-
lished a work of a different kind,
which created considerable interest
both at home and abroad. During a
visit to Naples in the previous year,
he learned that a large number of
citizens of that place, who had formed
the "Opposition" in the Neapolitan
Chamber of Deputies, were exiled or
imprisoned by King Ferdinand, and
that (it is said) above 20,000 of his
subjects had been thrown into prison
on a charge of political disaffection.
Having ascertained the truth of these
statements, Mr. Gladstone wrote to
the Earl of Aberdeen, urging his in-
terposition on their behalf; and that
noble lord's remonstrances proving
ineffectual, he published an indignant
letter on the subject of the state
prosecutions at Naples, which was
translated into several foreign
languages, and was sent by Lord
Palmerston to our ambassadors and
ministers on the Continent, with
orders to forward copies of it to their
respective courts. In 1858 he pub-
lished an elaborate work on Homer
("Studies on Homer and the Homeric
Age," 3 vols.), and in July, 1861, he
was solicited to become a candidate,
in the Liberal interest, for South
Lancashire, but refused to forsake his
former constituents. Having been
rejected by the University of Oxford
at the general election in July, 1865,
Mr. Gladstone was returned, being
third on the poll, for South Lanca-
shire. After the death of Lord
Palmerston, he became leader of the
House of Commons, retaining the
FF 2
436
GLADSTONE.
Chancellorship of the Exchequer in | Act (1872);
Lord Russell's second administration. Act (1873).
Early in the session of 1866 he
brought in a Reform Bill, and a
motion in committee having been
carried, June 18, against the Govern-
ment by eleven votes, Mr. Gladstone
and his colleagues resigned. The
divisions in the Liberal ranks pre-
vented him from defeating Mr. Dis-
raeli's Reform Bill, which he strenu-
ously opposed. In the early part of
the session of 1868 Mr. Gladstone
brought forward and passed through
the House of Common a series of
resolutions, having for their object
the disestablishment and disendow-
ment of the Irish Church. These
resolutions were the basis of the Irish
Church Suspensory Bill, which, on
May 22, was read a second time in
the Lower House by 312 votes to
258, but was soon afterwards rejected
in the House of Peers by a majority
of 95. At the general election of
1868 Mr. Gladstone stood as one of
the candidates for South-west Lanca-
shire. After a fierce contest, the
result of which excited the most in-
tense interest throughout the country,
he was defeated; but this defeat did
not exclude him from the House of
Commons, as in anticipation of such
an event, the electors of Greenwich
had, a few days previously, returned
him, by a large majority, as one of
the members for that borough, which
he still represents. On the resigna-
tion of Mr. Disraeli's Ministry, in
Dec., 1868, Mr. Gladstone succeeded
that statesman as First Lord of the
Treasury. The principal events of
his administration were the passing
of the Irish Church Disestablishment |
Act (1869), of the Irish Land Act
(1870); and of the Elementary
Education Act (1870); the abolition
of Purchase in the Army by the
exercise of the Royal Prerogative,
in consequence of an adverse vote
by the House of Lords on the Army
Regulation Bill (1871); the negotia-political life, Mr. Gladstone had de-
tion of the Treaty of Washington voted a portion of his time to litera-
respecting the
Claims ture.
Alabama
His "Ecce Homo," reprinted
(1871); the passing of the Ballot | from Good Words, appeared in 1868;
and the Judicature
The principal mea-
sure proposed by the Government
in the session of 1873, was the Uni-
versity Education (Ireland) Bill,
which was opposed by the Roman
Catholic members, who, voting on
this occasion with the Conservatives,
caused the rejection of the Bill by
287 votes against 284 (March 11).
Upon this Mr. Gladstone tendered his
resignation to Her Majesty, and Mr.
Disracli was sent for; but as he de-
clined to take office, Mr. Gladstone,
though with reluctance, undertook
(March 16) to reconstruct the cabinet.
In August, 1873, immediately after
the close of the session, the cabinet
was considerably re-modelled, Mr.
Gladstone assuming the Chancellor-
ship of the Exchequer, in addition to
his office of First Lord of the Trea-
sury. On Jan. 24, 1874, a fort-
night before both Houses were to
have met for the despatch of public
business, Mr. Gladstone took every-
body by surprise by announcing the
immediate dissolution of Parliament,
and issuing his address to his con-
stituents at Greenwich, in which he
promised to abolish the Income Tax.
At the general election which en-
sued, the votes were, for the first
time, taken by secret ballot. The
result proved most disastrous to the
Liberal party. The returns, com-
pleted on Feb. 27, showed that 351
Conservatives had been elected and
302 Liberals, inclusive of the Home
Rulers, who, in point of fact, declined
to identify themselves with either of
the old political parties. Mr. Glad-
stone at once resigned, and Mr. Dis-
raeli became Prime Minister. In the
session of 1874, Mr. Gladstone, who
had been re-elected for Greenwich,
was rarely to be seen in his place in
the House of Commons; but at its
close he offered a persistent opposi-
tion to the Public Worship Regula-
tion Bill. Even amid the turmoil of
GLAISHER.
|
**
a pamphlet on the Irish Church ques-
tion, entitled "A Chapter of Auto-
biography," was published Nov. 23,
1868; and "Juventus Mundi: the
Gods and Men of the Heroic Age," in
1869. After his unsuccessful attempt
to prevent the passing of the Public
Worship Regulation Act, he contri-
buted to the Contemporary Review for
Oct., 1874, an article on "Ritualism,"
which gave rise to an animated con-
troversy. In it he asserted that
"Rome had substituted for the proud
boast of semper cadem a policy of
violence and change in faith," that
she "had refurbished and paraded
anew every rusty tool she was fondly
thought to have disused," that no
one could become her convert with-
out renouncing his moral and mental
freedom, and placing his civil loyalty
and duty at the mercy of another,'
and that "she had equally repudiated
modern thought and ancient history."
Challenged by his Roman Catholic
friends to substantiate these grave
charges, Mr. Gladstone published
(Nov. 7, 1874) a bulky pamphlet en-
titled "The Vatican Decrees in their
bearing on Civil Allegiance: a Poli-
tical Expostulation," which elicited
numerous elaborate replies from Mgr.
Capel, Dr. Newman, Archbishop
Manning, and other distinguished
members of the Roman Catholic
Church. Mr. Gladstone's reply to
his opponents, published Feb. 24,
1875, is entitled "Vaticanism; an
Answer to Replies and Reproofs."
Mr. Gladstone followed up his
attacks on the Roman Catholic
Church in an article On "The
Speeches of Pius IX." in the Quarterly
Review for Jan., 1875. On Jan. 13,
1875, three weeks before the asscm-
bling of Parliament, Mr. Gladstone
announced in a letter to Earl Gran-
ville his determination to retire from
the leadership of the Liberal party.
*
|
At the age of sixty-five," he re-
marked, "and after forty-two years
of a laborious public life, I think my
self entitled to retire on the present
opportunity. This retirement is dic-
tated to me by my personal views as
C
437
|
(6
to the best method of spending the
closing years of my life." Soon
afterwards the Marquis of Harting-
ton was chosen by the Liberal party
to be their leader in the House of
Commons. Since then, however, Mr.
Gladstone has constantly taken part
in the discussions of that assembly.
In
In 1876 he published "Homeric
Synchronism: an Inquiry into the
Time and Place of Homer," and on
Sept. 6 in the same year, appeared
his famous pamphlet on Bulgarian
Horrors and the Question of the
East." It was followed (March 13,
1877) by another pamphlet, entitled
"Lessons in Massacre; an Exposi-
tion of the Conduct of the Porte in
and about Bulgaria, since May 1876.”
Mr. Gladstone took an active part
in the agitation respecting the mas-
sacres in Bulgaria, and strenuously
opposed, both in and out of Parlia-
ment, the policy of the Conservative
Government, which resulted in the
Treaty of Berlin and the signing of
the Anglo-Turkish Convention. In
the autumn of 1877 (Oct. 17-Nov.
12) he paid a visit to Ireland, and
was presented with the freedom of
the city of Dublin. On Nov. 15 in
that year, he was elected Lord Rector
of the University of Glasgow, suc-
ceeding Lord Beaconsfield. Mr.
Gladstone sent a letter to the presi-
dent of the Greenwich Liberal "Five
Hundred," on March 9, 1878, stating
that he should only represent the
borough until the next general elec-
tion.
GLAISHER, JAMES, F.R.S., the
well-known aëronaut, of humble ex-
traction, was born early in the cen-
tury, and when a youth was em-
ployed in a subordinate capacity at
the observatory at Madingley, near
Cambridge. He has since acquired
considerable fame as a meteorologist.
For the manner in which he has turned
to a scientific account the results of
his experiments above the clouds in
his balloon voyages, he was chosen a
Fellow of the Royal Society, June 7,
1849. In 1865 he was appointed to
succeed Admiral Fitzroy in the con-
K
438
GLEICHEN-GLEIG.
trol of the Meteorological Department
of the Board of Trade. His name is
appended to a work entitled "Travels
in the Air, a Popular Account of Bal-
loon Voyages and Ventures; with
recent Attempts to accomplish the
Navigation of the Air," 1870.
GLASGOW AND GALLOWAY,
BISHOP OF. (See WILSON.)
GLEICHEN (COUNT), H.S.H.,
PRINCE VICTOR FERDINAND
FRANCIS EUGENE GUSTAVUS
ADOLPHUS CONSTANTINE FREDE-
RIC, of Hohenlohe Langenburg, was
born at Langenburg, Nov. 11, 1833.
He is brother of the reigning Prince
Hermann Ernest Francis Bernard,
and son of the late Prince Ernest,
and the Princess Feodor, daughter
of the late Prince Emich Charles
of Leiningen. Prince Victor of
Hohenlohe is therefore the nephew
of Her Majesty the Queen. He is a
retired captain in the Royal Navy,
and served in the Baltic campaign
of 1854, with the Naval Brigade before
Sebastopol in 1855, and in the China
war of 1857. In common with many
members of the Royal family, he
possesses a keen taste for the arts,
and has exhibited statues at the
Royal Academy and other exhibi-
tions of sculpture since 1867. Among
his numerous works may be men-
tioned a fine marble group of "The
Deluge; an ideal figure for his
mother's grave at Baden, several
statuettes and busts of members of
the Royal family, and a monumental
figure of Sir George Seymour. In
1875 he undertook, at the desire of
Colonel Lloyd Lindsay, a colossal
statue of Alfred the Great, in Sicilian
marble, for erection in the market-
place of Wantage, the birthplace of
the Saxon monarch. On the comple-
tion of the statue in 1877 it was pre-
sented to the inhabitants of the town
by Colonel Lindsay. The ceremony
of inauguration was performed by
the Prince of Wales, the cousin of the
sculptor, and was the occasion of
great rejoicings in the neighbour-
hood (July 14, 1877). Prince Victor
of Hohenlohe holds the office of
:>
Governor and Constable of Windsor
Castle, and bears for himself, his wife
(Laura, youngest daughter of the late
Admiral Sir George Seymour, G. C.B.),
and for his descendants by this
marriage, his second title of Count
Gleichen.
GLEIG, THE REV. GEORGE
ROBERT, the son of a Scotch Bishop,
born in 1796, was educated at Glas-
gow and at Balliol College, Oxford,
which he entered at the early age of
fifteen. After keeping six terms, he
chose the military profession, re-
ceived a commission in 1812, and
joined the army of the Duke of Wel-
lington in 1813. His career in the
Peninsula formed the subject of his
very amusing book, "The Subaltern,"
published in 1825. He served in the
campaign of Washington, was severely
wounded at the capture of that city,
returned to Oxford, completed his
studies there, and took orders. In
1822 he was presented by the Arch-
bishop of Canterbury, first to the per-
petual curacy of Ash, and afterwards
to the rectory of Ivychurch, both in
Kent, and in 1844 was made chaplain
of Chelsea Hospital. In 1846 he be-
came Chaplain-General to the Forces ;
and having devised a scheme for the
education of the soldiers, was ap-
pointed Inspector-General of Military
Schools, and Prebendary of St. Paul's.
In addition to "The Subaltern," he
has written "Campaigns at Washing-
ton and New Orleans," "The Story
of the Battle of Waterloo," "The Life
of Lord Clive," "The Life of Warren
Hastings," "Life of the Duke of Wel-
lington," "Memoirs of Sir Thomas
Munro, "Traditions of Chelsea
College and Chelsea Pensioners,"
"Chelsea Veterans," "Chronicles of
Waltham," "Country Curate," "The
Family History of England,'
"Ger-
many Visited," "The Hussar," "Mili-
tary History of Great Britain,"
"Soldiers Help to Divine Truth,"
and "Things Old and New.”
signed the office of Chaplain-General
to the Forces in 1875.
He re-
GLOUCESTER AND BRISTOL,
BISHOP OF. (See ELLICOTT, DR.)
""
>>
"
439
and the Grand Cross of the Order of
SS. Michael and George. He was
appointed Governor of Newfoundland
in Jan. 1876.,
GLOVER-GLYN.
|
GLOVER, SIR JOHN HAWLEY,
G.C.M.G., son of the Rev. John
Glover, British Chaplain at Cologne,
was born in 1829, and entered the
navy at an early age, being gazetted
a lieutenant in 1851. He served in
the Baltic in 1854; was appointed to
command the Otter steam vessel on
special service on the West Coast of
Africa in March, 1855; and was
promoted to the rank of commander
in Nov. 1862. After cruising about
for several years on the African
coast, he quitted the navy, and be-
came attached to the colonial service
as Governor of Lagos, an island and
port on the Guinea Coast. Here he
established his fame as a successful
administrator. One of his most im-
portant acts while he occupied this
position, was the raising of a force
of Mohammedan soldiers, or armed
policemen, emigrants
emigrants from the
country of Houssa, and a loyal
band of Mussulmen, from the Yoruba
country, with which he contrived to
repress the turbulent and contuma-
cious tribes in the neighbourhood,
and to inspire them with respect for
the British Government. Captain
Glover resigned the Governorship of
Lagos in 1872, and in the following
year was nominated Special Com-
missioner to the friendly native
chiefs, in the British Settlements on
the Gold Coast, and was entrusted
with the duty of collecting a force,
many thousand strong, to take the
Ashantees by the right flank by
marching north-west from the Volta
river. At the close of Dec. he crossed
that stream with a force of 12,000
men, and proceeded towards the river
Prah. When within twenty miles of
Coomassie, at a place called Adu-
massie, Commissioner Glover halted
until Feb. 8. 1874, on which date he
received news of the capture of
the Ashantee capital by Sir Garnet
Wolseley. Subsequently he opened
communications with Sir Garnet,
and marched through the capital to
the coast without opposition. On his
return to England he received for
his services the thanks of Parliament
GLYN, ISABELLA, a distinguished
actress, was born at Edinburgh, May
22, 1825. The strict Presbyterian
views of her family led them to op-
pose her inclination for the stage;
but coming by chance among a com-
pany of amateurs, who were engaged
in getting up a performance for the
St. James's Theatre, in London, she
took the leading female character.
At Paris, under M. Michelot, of the
Conservatoire, she commenced her
education for the French stage; and
returning home in 1846 was advised
to devote herself wholly to the English
drama. Mr. Charles Kemble volun-
teered to aid her in the study, of
Shakspere, and interesting himself
warmly in her professional career,
secured for his pupil a hearing at the
Theatre Royal, Manchester, Nov. 8,
1847, in the part of Lady Constance
in "King John," which led to an en-
gagement at the Olympic, where she
appeared as Lady Macbeth. On the
retirement of Mrs. Warner from
Sadler's Wells Theatre, Miss Glyn was
invited to fill the vacancy, and com-
menced a series of performances in
Sept., 1848, as Volumnia, in "Corio-
lanus." The favourable impression
made by her in this character was
confirmed by her representation of
Hermione, Belvidera, and more parti-
cularly of Queen Katherine. During
the season of 1849 she appeared not
merely in these characters with in-
creasing effect, but in several others,
such as Margaret of Anjou; Portia ;
Isabella, in "Measure for Measure;"
Emilia, in "Othello; Cleopatra; and
Julia, in the "Hunchback.” During
the third year of her engagement,
Miss Glyn achieved another triumph
in Southern's tragedy of "Isabella,"
traditionally regarded as a test of the
power of a great actress, and pro-
duced a remarkable impression as
Bianca, in "Fazio,” and in 1852 by
her representation of the part of the
Duchess of Malfi, in Webster's play
440
GNEIST-GODDARD.
of that name. Miss Glyn has given, | Missionary Society. In 1826 he was
in the metropolis and the provinces, sent as a missionary to Abyssinia,
readings from Shakspere, which
Shakspere, which | but owing to the civil war then raging
have proved very successful, and in that country, could not reach his
reappeared at the Princess's as destination until after a three years'
Cleopatra, in May, 1867. She went residence in Cairo. From 1830 to
to the United States on a lecturing 1832 he laboured in the highlands of
tour in 1870. Miss Glyn was married Abyssinia, and returned to Europe,
at Glasgow, in 1853, to Mr. Dallas, without having been able to effect
but the marriage was, on her peti- any important results. In 1835 he
tion, dissolved by the Divorce Court made a second journey to Abyssinia,
in 1874.
but was completely prevented from
accomplishing his designs by sick-
ness, and accordingly, in Sept. 1836,
left the country, returned to Europe,
and resided, during 1837 and 1838, in
Switzerland and Southern Germany.
About 1839 he proceeded to Malta as
Principal of the Missionary College
in that island, and conducted the
translation of the Bible into Arabic.
In 1846 Dr. Gobat was nominated
Bishop of Jerusalem by the King of
Prussia, was consecrated in London
on July 5, in the same year, and pro-
ceeded in the following December to
He is
Jerusalem to occupy his see.
the author of "A Journal of Three
Years in Abyssinia," 1847.
GNEIST, RUDOLPH, Doctor of
Laws, regular Professor in the
Faculty of Jurisprudence in the
University of Berlin, was born Aug.
13, 1816. After the usual course of
study at the gymnasium and univer-
sity, he adopted the legal profession,
and in 1833 became "Auscultator."
In 1841 he was Assessor before the
Superior Court, or "Chamber," and
in 1846 Assistant-Judge in the Su-
preme Tribunal. This post, and with
it the judicial career, he abandoned
in 1850. Already, in 1839, he was a
privat-docent in law; in 1844, pro-
fessor; in 1872-74, rector and pro-
rector. His 'parliamentary career
began in 1848, with a seat, which he
still retains, in the Municipal Council.
From 1858 to the present time, he
has been a member of the Prussian
Lower House; in the Imperial Par-
liament he has sat from the first. In
the Prussian House of Deputies he
sits for a district in the province of
Saxony; in the Reichstag he is
elected from the district of Lande-
shut. In his earlier days he belonged
to the so-called "Fraction Vincke;
later he was leader of the Left Centre;
and now he ranks among the National
Liberals.
"1
GOBAT, THE RIGHT REV.
SAMUEL, D.D., Anglican Bishop of
Jerusalem, was born Jan. 26, 1799, at
Cremuse, in the Canton Berne, Swit-
zerland. In his twentieth year he
devoted himself to the study of the
Bible, entering, in 1821, the mission
house at Bâle. In 1823 he proceeded
to Paris and London, where he learnt
Arabic, Æthiopic, and Amharic, and
entered into the service of the Church
GODDARD, ARABELLA, pianist,
daughter of Mr. T. Goddard, of Wel-
beck Street, born at St. Servan, near
St. Malo, in Brittany, in Jan. 1836,
almost from infancy showed an ex-
traordinary taste for music, which
was fostered by her parents. On her
first appearance in public, at a con-
cert given for some charitable purpose
in her native village of St. Servan,
when she played a fantasia on themes
from Mozart's "Don Juan," she was
little more than four years of age. At
this time the promise of future cele-
brity in the child was so great, that
her parents removed with her to Paris,
where she received lessons from Kalk-
brenner. Returning to London soon
after the revolution of Feb. 1848,
Mr. and Mrs. Goddard confided the
cultivation of their daughter's musical
talents to Mrs. Anderson, her Majesty's
pianiste. She was only eight years of
age when she was called upon to per-
form at Buckingham Palace before
her Majesty and the late Prince Albert,
-
GODKIN-GODWIN.
▸
441
:)
who highly complimented her on her
playing. The completion of her mu-
sical education was intrusted to Thal-
berg, under whose able tuition she
rapidly progressed, and in a short time
she could play the most difficult pas-
sages at sight; in addition to which
her musical memory was surprising.
She first appeared in public, at a
matinée at her father's residence,
March 30, 1850; and in Oct. made
her début at the Grand National Con-
certs, when she played the "Elisire"
fantasia, and the "Tarantella of
Thalberg, with marked success. From
that time she appeared frequently in
public, and established her fame by
her performance of various fantasias
by Thalberg, Prudent, &c. The first
performances of Miss Goddard at the
concerts given at her Majesty's
Theatre were confined principally to
works of the modern romantic school.
She has since become equally distin-
guished as a pianiste in more classi-
cal compositions. Miss Goddard
afterwards became the pupil of Mr.
G. A. Macfarren, under whom she
studied harmony; and left England GODWIN, GEORGE, F.R.S., F.S.A.,
for a tour on the Continent in 1854, the son of an architect, born at
visiting Paris, Leipsic, Berlin, Vienna, Brompton, Middlesex, in Jan. 1815,
Florence, and nearly all the principal was, in 1835, rewarded by a medal
cities of France, Germany, and Italy; from the Royal Institute of British
giving concerts, and meeting with Architects for an "Essay on Con-
great success. She returned to Eng-crete," which was afterwards trans-
land in May, 1856, and in 1860 was lated into several languages. In 1838
married to Mr. Davison, a musical he published a work on the "Churches
critic, though she, in public and of London," and in 1839 became one
private concerts, retains her maiden of the founders and honorary secre-
name. Miss Goddard took her fare- tary of the London Art Union.
well of the British public at St. Amongst his chief works as an archi-
James's Hall, Feb. 11, 1873, and tect are St. Mary's,
tect are St. Mary's, West Brompton,
soon afterwards went on a profes- St. Jude's, and St. Luke's, South Ken-
sional tour through Australia, the sington, and the restoration of Red-
Sandwich Islands, and the United cliffe Church, Bristol. He is a Fellow
States. She returned to England in of the Royal and Antiquarian So-
April, 1876.
cieties, a Vice-President of the So-
ciety of British Architects, and was
one of the jurors at the Great Exhibi-
tion of 1851. Mr. Godwin, who is
the author of "
the author of "History in Ruins,"
1853; "London Shadows," 1854;
'Town Swamps and Social Bridges;
GODKIN, JAMES, was born at
Gorey, co. Wexford, in 1806. He was
ordained as pastor of a dissenting
congregation at Armagh in 1834, and
afterwards became a general mission-
ary to Roman Catholics, in connec-
tion with the Irish Evangelical So-"Memorials of Workers ;" and "An-
ciety. That connection ceased in other Blow for Life;" contributed
*
consequence of his writing a prize
essay on Federalism, called The
Rights of Ireland." He came to
London in 1847, and became a leader-
writer for several provincial journals,
Irish and Scotch, and a contributor
to reviews and magazines. He was
editor of the Christian Patriot, a
weekly journal, which he established
in Belfast, of the Derry Standard,
and of the Dublin Daily Express,
which he conducted for about ten
years. While in that office he acted
for nearly seven years as Dublin cor-
respondent of the Times. He is the
author of "Ireland and her Churches,"
"The Land-War in Ireland,"
"The
Religious History of Ireland," " Illus-
trated History of England" from
1820 to the death of the Prince Con-
sort, Religion and Education in
India," and "The New Handbook of
Ireland." Early in life he wrote
several controversial works. A few
years ago, on Mr. Gladstone's recom-
mendation, the Queen conferred on
Mr. Godkin a pension for "literary
merit."
66
"
442
GODWIN-GOLDSCHMIDT.
largely to the Civil Engineer and
Architects' Journal, the Art Journal,
&c., and has been editor of the
Builder since 1844.
,,
|
GODWIN, PARKE, born at Pater-
son, New Jersey, Feb. 25, 1816. He
was educated at Princeton College,
graduating in 1834, studied law and
was admitted to practice, but pre-
ferred literary pursuits. He married
a daughter of William Cullen Bryant,
and from 1837 to the present time,
with occasional intervals, he has been
connected in an editorial capacity
with the New York Evening Post.
He edited in 1843-4 The Pathfinder,
a literary journal, and was for some
years a contributor to the Democratic
Review. Of Putnam's Magazine, he
was for a considerable time the prin-
cipal editor, and always a contri-
butor. Two volumes of critical and
miscellaneous essays in this magazine
have been collected under the title
"Out of the Past." Besides his
almost continuous journalistic labour,
he has translated and edited Goethe's
"Autobiography,"Zschokke's "Tales:"
"Undine;' (6 Sintram and his Com-
panions ;" and compiled a "Handbook
of Universal Biography" (1851; new
ed. entitled ({
Cyclopædia of Bio-
graphy," 1871); and has written,
among other works, "A Popular
View of the Doctrines of Fourier
(1844); Constructive Democracy;
and Vala, a Mythological Tale,"
(1851). Many years ago he began
an elaborate "History of France," of
which only the first volume has been
published.
on account of her want of personal
attractions; but after hearing her
sing, he caused her name at once to
be entered at the Musical Academy,
where she made rapid progress. She
acted repeatedly in children's parts
on the Stockholm stage until her
twelfth year, when her upper notes
lost their sweetness. For four years
she studied music theoretically, until
on one occasion, when the fourth act
of Meyerbeer's "Robert le Diable
was to be performed at a grand con-
cert, and the humble part of Alice
was declined by the female vocalists
of the city, Berg, the director of the
academy, applied to Jenny Lind.
Her performance showed that every
note of her register had recovered its
power and purity, and she was greeted
with enthusiasm. Her next success
was in the part of Agatha, in "Frei-
schütz," and for a year and a half she
continued the star of the opera at
Stockholm. Having, by a series of
concerts in the principal towns of
Norway and Sweden, obtained the
means of going to Paris, she studied,
not without some previous discourage-
ment, under Garcia. A year after
her arrival in Paris. she was intro-
duced to Meyerbeer, who was anxious
to engage her for Berlin, but she pre-
ferred returning to her native city,
where she enjoyed a great triumph
on her reappearance. In 1844 she
went to Dresden, in 1845 sang at the
fêtes on the Rhine during the Queen
of England's visit to Berlin, and
afterwards at Frankfort, Cologne, and
Vienna. She first appeared before a
London audience in May, 1847, as
Alice, in "Robert le Diable," followed
by a series of unparalleled triumphs
in the "Sonnambula,'
"La Figlia
del Reggimento,' "Puritani," &c.
She sang in 1848 for the first time in
a sacred oratorio, "Elijah," which
was given at Exeter Hall for the
pur-
pose of founding musical scholar-
ships in honour of Mendelssohn.
She visited New York in 1850, under
the auspices of Mr. Barnum, and was
enthusiastically received, but dis-
solved the engagement prematurely
""
??
""
GOLDSCHMIDT, MADAME, better
known by her maiden name of Jenny
Lind, is the daughter of a teacher of
languages in Stockholm, in which city
she was born, Oct. 21, 1821. At three
years of age she could sing correctly
any piece she had once heard, and at
nine she was placed, by the advice of
Madame Lundberg, a celebrated ac-
tress at Stockholm, under Croelius,
a famous teacher of music. Count
Pücke, manager of the Court Theatre,
felt disinclined to act on Croelius's
recommendation of his youthful pupil,
""
GOLDSCHMIDT-GOOCH.
|
in 1851, and was married to M. Otto
Goldschmidt, a skilful pianist and
conductor, and retired from the stage.
She reappeared in 1855, in 1861, in
1863, and in 1864 for a limited period.
She has shown a generous disposi-
tion, and has been instrumental in
adding many thousands of pounds to
the charitable institutions of every
country which she has visited.
|
GOLDSCHMIDT, MEIER, poet,
novelist, and journalist, is the son of
Aaron Goldschmidt, and of his wife
Lea Rothschild, and was born at Vor-
dinborg in the island of Zealand,
Denmark, Oct. 26, 1819. He studied
at the University of Copenhagen, and
first appeared as an author in 1840,
when he founded The Corsair, a
weekly paper, satirical, æsthetical,
and political, attacking the then
absolute Government of Denmark,
and although vehemently persecuted,
lic contributed to the wide and deep
breach in Danish absolutism through
which liberty subsequently marched
in. In his new magazine, North and
South, he contended for the moderate
exercise of liberty, and for the educa-
tion of the people, so that they might
become fit for the enjoyment and
exercise of its rights, and against that
policy which has since led to the
national disasters. Goldschmidt's
æsthetic works are "A Jew," trans-
lated into German and English, of
which several editions have appeared
under the titles of "The Jew of Den-
mark," and "Jacob Bardixen the
Jew;" "Homeless," translated into
German and English: "The Heir;"
The Rock;" Love Tales from
Many Lands;" and many smaller
tales in Danish, German, and English.
Besides these, he has published seve-
ral dramas, to two of which the laurel
crown has been awarded.
GOLDSMID, MAJOR GENERAL
SIR FREDERICK JOHN, C.B., K.C.S.I.,
born at Milan, in Lombardy, August 19,
1818, was educated at the private
English school of the Rev. Mr. Maturin,
in Paris, at King's College School,
and at King's College, London. He
was appointed ensign in the Madras
443
|
|
Army in 1839; lieutenant in 1840 ;
captain in 1851; brevet major in
1856; major in 1861; brevet lieut.
colonel in 1863; lieut. col. in 1865 ;
and brevet col. in 1870. From 1839
to 1856 he held several military staff
appointments, general
appointments, general and regi-
mental; but from 1852 to 1873 he
was chiefly in civil and political
employ. From 1865 to 1870 he was
chief director of the Government
Indo-European Telegraph; from 1870
to 1873, Boundary Commissioner and
Arbitrator for the Eastern Frontiers
of Persia, with the rank of Major
General. He served in the Chinese
campaign of 1840-42; and with
the Turkish troops in the Eastern
Crimea in 1855-56; was employed,
after 1854, on several official missions,
especially in India, Persia, and inter-
vening countries; among the later
of these, to Makran in 1861,1863, and
1869; through Turkish Arabia and
Asia Minor to Constantinople in 1864;
to Eastern Persia and Bahuhistan in
1866-70-71; and Western Afghanistan
in 1872. He laid down the Perso-
Bahuh frontier in 1871; and arbi-
trated on the Perso-Afghan fron-
tier in 1872. He has published
pamphlets or miscellaneous writ-
ings of a minor character, and
in 1874, a volume entitled "Tele-
graph and Travel: a Narrative of
the Formation and Development of
Telegraphic Communication between
England and India, under the Orders
of Her Majesty's Government; with
Incidental Notices of the Countries
traversed by the Lines." He was
created a C.B. in 1866 ; K.C.S.I. in
1870; has the 4th class of the Order
of the Mejidie, the China Medal, and
Turkish War Medal. He is a Fellow
and member of Council of the Royal
Geographical Society, and a member
of the Council of the Royal Asiatic
Society.
GOOCH, SIR DANIEL, Bart., M.P.,
born in 1816 at Bedlington, Northum-
berland, studied the profession of an
engineer at Newcastle, under the late
Robert Stephenson, and in the large
iron-works of South Wales. He was
444
GOODALL.
|
chief locomotive engineer to the
Great Western Railway for twenty-
seven years, is chairman of the Board
of Directors of that company, and is
a distinguished Freemason, having
been at one time Grand Sword-bearer
of England, and is Provincial Grand
Master of Berks and Bucks. He was
one of the shareholders of the Great
Eastern from the commencement; one
of the mortgagees to whom it was
mortgaged for £100,000; and when
the vessel was sold for £25,000, over
and above all liens upon her, was one
of the purchasers, with a view to em-
ploying her in the laying of the
Atlantic cable. Sir Daniel, who was
returned for Cricklade in July, 1865,
is chairman of the Great Eastern
Steam-Ship Company, chairman of
the Telegraph Construction and Main-
tenance Company, and a director of
the Anglo-American Company. The
dignity of a baronet was conferred
upon him after the laying of the
Atlantic cable, Nov. 13, 1866.
GOODALL, FREDERICK, R.A., son
of the late Mr. Edward Goodall, the
eminent engraver (who died April
11, 1870), was born in London, Sept.
17, 1822. At thirteen he was taken
from school and placed in the studio
of his father to learn the art of
engraving; but soon after it was
resolved that he should become a
painter-still, however, under the
superintendence of his father, whose
general knowledge of art well quali-
fied him to be the instructor. Mr.
Frederick Goodall has said, in an
autobiographical sketch, that his
father, "instilled into him, at the
outset, the necessity of varying his
studies, and although he commenced
with the idea of becoming a land-
scape painter, he never lost sight of
the figure, but kept during the winter
months drawing from casts, and
studying anatomy. In the summer
months for the first three years he
sketched from nature in the vicinity
of London, devoting a great portion
of the time at the Zoological Gardens
sketching the animals, which gave
him facility of drawing objects in
(6
motion." Before he was fifteen he
had won the "Isis," and the large
silver medals of the Society of Arts.
In 1838 he went on a sketching tour
through Normandy. 'My father
accompanied me thither," says he in
the notice just quoted, "and, arrived
at Rouen, I was so enchanted with
the picturesque views of the city that
I did not wish to go any further; to
which he consented after some hesi-
tation, for I was not yet in my
sixteenth year. He gave me £10,
telling me to make it last as long as
I could, saying at the same time,
'Be sure you save enough to bring
you home again.' This was my first
lesson in economy; for after staying
there a fortnight, and going down
the Seine to Havre, I reached London
with a folio of sketches, and £5 in
my pocket." In 1839, when but
seventeen, he exhibited his first
picture at the Academy-" Card
Players," a cleverly painted interior
of a Normandy cabaret, with French
soldiers playing cards. Subsequent
visits to Normandy, Brittany, and
Ireland, supplied him with materials
for a long series of popular pictures,
some of which were purchased by,
and secured the patronage and en-
couragement of, Samuel Rogers, Mr.
Wells, of Redleaf, the Marquis of
Lansdowne, Mr. T. Baring, and other
distinguished patrons of art. One of
these early pictures, The Return
from Christening," received a prize
of £50 from the British Institution.
Another, "The Tired Soldier"
(painted in 1842, and a remarkable
work for a youth of twenty), was
purchased by Mr. Vernon. În 1847
the elaborate Village Holiday,"
also bought by Mr. Vernon, and now,
with the preceding, in the National
Gallery, greatly extended his reputa-
tion. Other important pictures
drawn from old English life were
"Hunt the Slipper" and "Raising
the Maypole" (1851). A charming
scene from Milton's "L'Allegro
was in a walk he has seldom trod.
In 1853 he was elected an Associate
of the Academy. Two years later he
(6
""
GOODFORD—GOODMAN.
|
exhibited "An Episode of the Hap-
pier Days of Charles I.," a charming
work, representing a water party in
the Royal barge at Hampton Court;
and after this came The Swing
(1855), and “Cranmer at the Traitor's
Gate" (1856), engraved in line by
his father. In 1857 Mr. Goodall
visited Venice and Chioggia, where
he made studies for "Felice Ballarin
reciting Tasso," which was not com-
pleted for the following exhibition,
but exhibited in 1859. The winter of
1858 and the spring of 1859 he spent
in Egypt, and the following pictures
have been the result of that journey:
(C
1812, and was educated upon the
foundation at Eton, procceding
thence as scholar to King's College,
Cambridge, of which he became a
fellow (B.A., 1836; M.A., 1839).
He was for many years an Assistant
Master at Eton, and became Head
Master in 1853, on the promotion to
the provostship of the late Dr.
Hawtrey, whom he succeeded in
Feb., 1862. He has held the rectory
of Chilton Canteloc since 1856. He
is the editor of "P. Terentii Afri
Comœdiæ," 4to., Lond., 1854.
GOODMAN, WALTER, was born
in London, May 11, 1838. He re-
ceived his art education first at Mr.
J. M. Leigh's academy, and after-
wards at the Royal Academy, where
he was admitted a student in 1857.
In 1860 he started for the continent,
where he remained three years, visit-
ing France, Belgium, Germany, Swit-
zerland, Italy, and Spain, and in
1864 he left Europe for the West
Indies, in company with Señor
Joaquin Cuadras, a Spanish artist.
There he lived five years, passing
most of the time at Cuba in the pur-
suit of painting.
suit of painting. He also acted as
correspondent of the New York
Herald, and his familiarity with the
Spanish language enabled him to
contribute to the Spanish press occa-
sional articles, the most notable being
a series of humorous social sketches,
under the title of "Un viaje al
estranjero," which were afterwards
translated by the author for publica-
tion in an English
an English journal. Mr.
Goodman also adapted the farce of
"Box and Cox" for the Spanish
stage, and devoted some of his leisure
to scene-painting and taking leading
parts at a Spanish theatre. During
his sojourn in Cuba Mr. Goodman
was arrested and imprisoned in the
Morro Castle upon suspicion of being
connected with political matters.
The Cuban revolution led, in 1869, to
Mr. Goodman's abrupt departure
from the island, and after visiting
Porto Rico, Jamaica, Santa Domingo,
and other islands, he set sail for the
United States. Since his return to
|
GOŎDFORD, THE REV. CHARLES
OLD, D.D., eldest surviving son of the
late John Goodford, Esq., of Chilton
Cantelo, Somerset, High Sheriff of
that county (who died in 1835), by
Charlotte, sister of the late Sir
Montagu Cholmeley, Bart..
of
Easton, Lincolnshire, was born in
445
Early Morning in the Wilderness
of Shur," 1860; The First Born,"
1861; "The Return of a Pilgrim
from Mecca," 1862; and "The Palm
Offering," 1863, in which year he
was elected a Royal Academician.
Since then he has exhibited "The
Song of the Nubian Slave," his
diploma work, and "The Messenger
from Sinai at the Wells of Moses," in
1864 ; (6
Rising of the Nile," in 1865; |
"Hagar and Ishmael," in 1866
in 1866;
"Mater Purissima " and Mater
Dolorosa," in 1868; "Jochebed," in
"Jochebed," in
1870; "The Head of the House at
Prayer," in 1872; “An Arab Impro-
visatore," and "Subsiding of the
Nile," in 1873; "Rachel and her
Flock," Agriculture in the Valley
of the Nile," "A Fruit Woman of
Cairo," A Seller of Doves," and
"The Day of Palm Offering," in
1875; " An Intruder on the Bedouin's
Pasture," "The Holy Mother," and
Sheep-washing near the Pyramids
of Geezeh," in 1876; Glencroe,"
The Time of Roses," and The
Water-carriers: Egypt," in 1877;
|
**
"
**
❝ Oxhey Place, Herts," "The
Daughters of Laban," and "Palm
Sunday," in 1878.
·
446
GOODWIN-GORDON.
Europe he has devoted his attention |
to portrait painting, and has exhi-
bited figure-pictures at most of the
London and provincial exhibitions.
He is also a contributor of drawings
on wood and literary articles to
several well-known periodicals.
Shortly after his return to England
Mr. Goodman began a series of social
sketches of life in Cuba, which ap-
peared from time to time in All the
Year Round. These sketches, with
several more, were afterwards repub-
lished in the form of a volume under
the title of "The Pearl of the Antilles;
or, an Artist in Cuba." Mr. Good-
man enjoys the singular reputa-
the singular reputa-
tion of being the first European
artist to receive a commission from a
Chinese. At the beginning of the
year 1878, His
His Excellency Liu
Hsi-hung, the Chinese Minister at
Berlin, commissioned Mr. Goodman
to copy for him the "Madonna in
Prayer," by Sassoferrato, in the
National Gallery. Mr. Goodman
was afterwards commissioned by His
Excellency Kuo Ta-jen, the Chinese
Minister to the Court of St. James's,
to paint his portrait and that of his
wife.
chism; a "Guide to the Parish
Church," Parish Sermons, University
Sermons, &c.; and of some mathema-
tical treatises, including an "Elemen-
tary Course of Mathematics,"" Mathe-
matical Problems," "Elementary Sta-
tics," "Elementary Dynamics."
GORDON, THE HON. SIR ARTHUR
HAMILTON, G.C.M.G., youngest son
of George, fourth Earl of Aberdeen,
sometime Prime Minister of England,
by his second wife Harriet, daughter
of the late Hon. John Douglas, was
born Nov. 26, 1829. In 1854 he was
elected in the Liberal interest for
Beverley, having defeated Mr. G. W.
Hastings, and he retained the seat
until the general election of 1857,
when he unsuccessfully contested
Liskeard against Mr. Ralph Grey,
who was afterwards appointed a
Commissioner of Customs. Sir Arthur
Gordon was assistant private secretary
to his father when Foreign Secretary,
and also when Prime Minister; and
he was specially attached to Mr.
Gladstone's mission to the Ionian
Islands in 1858. He was appointed
Governor of New Brunswick in 1861;
Governor of Trinidad in 1866; and
Governor of Mauritius in Oct., 1870.
In 1871 he was created a Knight
Commander of the Order of SS.
Michael and George. When the Fiji
Islands were erected into a separate
colony, called the "Colony of Fiji,"
Sir Arthur Gordon was appointed its
first Governor and Commander-in-
Chief, Feb. 4, 1875; also Consul-
General and High Commissioner for
the Western Pacific, 1877. He was
nominated a Knight Grand Cross of
the Order of SS. Michael and George
in Aug., 1878. Sir Arthur married in
1865, Rachel Emily, eldest daughter
of Sir J. G. Shaw-Lefevre, the Clerk
of the Parliaments.
GOODWIN, THE RT. REV. HARVEY,
D.D., Bishop of Carlisle, formerly
Dean of Ely, son of the late Charles
Goodwin, Esq., was born at King's
Lynn, Norfolk, in 1818, and educated
privately. Entering Caius College,
Cambridge, in 1836, he graduated as
second Wrangler and Smith's Prize-
man in 1840. He was Fellow and
Mathematical Lecturer of his Col-
lege, and incumbent of St. Edward's
Church, Cambridge, from 1848 to
1858, during part of which time he
held the Hulsean Lectureship in the
University. He was Dean of Ely
from 1858 to 1869, when he was
appointed Bishop of Carlisle in suc-
cession to Dr. Waldegrave. He is
the author of "A Memoir of Bishop
Mackenzie ; Essays on the Penta-
teuch; a "Commentary on St. Mat-
thew, St. Mark, and St. Luke;
"Hulsean Lectures," in 1855-6; in the Crimea from Dec., 1854, to
"Lectures on the Church Cate- | May, 1856, was present before Sebas-
GORDON, LIEUTENANT-COLONEL
CHARLES GEORGE, C.B., R.E.
(GORDON PASHA), entered the Royal
Engineers as a second lieutenant June
23, 1852, and was promoted to be first
lieutenant Feb. 17, 1854. He served
"" (
**
""
GORDON.
447
of captain in 1859; of major in 1862 ;
of lieut.-colonel Feb. 16, 1864; and
was nominated a Companion of the
Bath Dec. 9, 1864. Colonel Gordon
was British Vice-Consul of the delta
of the Danube, Turkey, from 1871 till
1873, when he undertook an expedi-
tion into Africa under the auspices of
the Khedive of Egypt, who appointed
him Governor of the Provinces of the
Equatorial Lakes. Subsequently he
was created a Pasha, and in Feb.,
1877, the Khedive appointed him
Governor of the whole of the Soudan.
|
|
topol, and was wounded in the
trenches. After peace had been made
he was employed in surveying and
settling the Turkish and Russian
frontier in Asia-a work of no little
danger and difficulty owing to the
wild character of the tribes of
Armenia and Koordistan. Engaged
in the expedition against Pekin, he
continued on service in China after
our difficulties with the Imperial
Government had been arranged; and
at the close of the year 1861 he made
a long journey from that capital to
the Chotow and Kalgan passes on the
Great Wall, striking down from the
latter place through Shensi, and
passing Tiayuen, the capital of that
province, a city before unvisited by
foreigners, unless by Catholic priests
in disguise. Next entering the service
of the Emperor of China, he was ap-
pointed, in March, 1863, commander of
the "Ever Victorious Army," and was
mainly instrumental in suppressing
the formidable Tai-Ping rebellion in
that and the succeeding year. The
result of his operations was this. He
found the richest and most fertile
districts of China in the hands of the
most savage brigands. The silk
districts were the scenes of their
cruelty and riot, and the great his-
torical cities of Hangchow and Soo-
chow were rapidly following the fate
of Nanking, and were becoming deso-
late ruins in their possession. Gordon
cut the rebellion in half, recovered
the great cities, isolated and utterly
discouraged the fragments of the
brigand power, and left the marauders
nothing but a few tracts of devastated
country and their stronghold at Nan-
king. All this he effected, first, by
the power of his arms, and after-
wards still more rapidly by the terror
of his name. A detailed account of
his exploits is given in an interesting
work entitled "The Ever Victorious
Army; a History of the Chinese
Campaign under Lieut.-Colonel C. G.
Gordon, C.B., R.E.. and of the Sup-
pression of the Tai-Ping Rebellion,
by Andrew Wilson," published in
1868. He was promoted to the rank
GORDON, THE RIGHT HON.
EDWARD STRATHEARN, M.P., son of
the late Major John Gordon, was
born at Inverness in 1814, and re-
ceived his academical education in
the University of Edinburgh. He was
called to the Scotch bar in 1835; was
Sheriff of Perthshire from 1858 to
July, 1866; and became a Queen's
Counsel. In Dec., 1867, he was
elected M.P. for Thetford in the Con-
servative interest, and he continued
to represent that borough till its dis-
franchisement in Dec., 1868. He re-
presented the Universities of Glasgow
and Aberdeen in the House of Com-
mons from Nov., 1869, till his eleva-
tion to the peerage. Mr. Gordon was
Solicitor-General for Scotland from
1866 till March, 1867; Lord Advocate
of Scotland from 1867 till Dec., 1868,
and again from 1874, when he was
sworn of the Privy Council, till Oct.,
1876, when he was created a Lord of
Appeal under the provisions of the
Appellate Jurisdiction Act (1876), and
created a peer for life under the title
of Baron Gordon.
GORDON, JOHN, born in Upson
county, Georgia, Feb. 6, 1832. He
was educated at the University of
Georgia, and was admitted to the bar.
At the beginning of the civil war he
entered the Confederate Army as
Captain, and rose to the rank of
Major-General. He became promi-
nent towards the end of the war
especially during the protracted siege
of Petersburg by General Grant, at
the close of which he commanded a
division of Lee's army. His division,
GÖRGEI-GORTSCHAKOFF.
|
reduced to barely 8,000 men, was all
that remained in arms at the final
surrender at Appomatox Court House,
the remaining 20,000 who were there
paroled having thrown away their
arms and scattered into squads in
search of food. The State of Georgia
having been "reconstructed' as a
member of the Union, he was, in 1868,
the Democratic candidate for Go-
vernor, and, it is claimed, received a
majority of the votes, but his Repub-
lican opponent was declared to be
elected. In 1873 he was chosen
Senator from Georgia, his term ex-
piring in 1879. He has taken a lead-
ing part in the Senate, and although
a Democrat, has given a moderate
support to the policy of President
Hayes.
448
Aug. 11, 1849, and Kossuth made
Görgei dictator in his place. Shortly
after this the Hungarian forces laid
down their arms. For this Görgei
had been called a traitor, though the
state of affairs seemed desperate
enough to warrant submission. The
most suspicious part of the affair is
the leniency with which he was treated
by the victors. He went to Klagen-
furt, was afterwards allowed to leave
on parole, and pursued his favourite
study of chemistry at Pesth. A nar-
rative of his connection with the in-
surrection, under the title of "
My
Life and Acts in Hungary," appeared
in 1851. From that time he has lived
in retirement, keeping completely
aloof from politics.
GORTSCHAKOFF, ALEXANDER
MICHAELOWITSCH, statesman, and
cousin of the celebrated general who
defended Sebastopol, was born in
1798, and educated at the Lyceum of
Zarskoe-Selo. He commenced his
diplomatic life at the Congresses of
Laybach and Verona, in the capacity
of attaché to Count Nesselrode; was
secretary to the Russian embassy in
London in 1824, chargé d'affaires to
the court of Tuscany in 1830, and
was attached for the first time, in
1832, to the legation at Vienna, where
the death of his superior, the Russian
GÖRGEI, ARTHUR, General, born
Feb. 5, 1818, at Topporcz, in Hungary,
entered the military school of Tuln,
where he completed the three years'
course of study in two. His ability
having been recognized, he was ap-
pointed at Vienna to the Hungarian
body-guard, and was in five years
promoted First Lieutenant in the Pa-
Îatinal Hussars. He left the army in
order to study chemistry at Prague;
but the news of the rising in Hungary
called him to action, and he hastened
to Buda-Pesth, and placed his sword
at the disposal of the Hungarian mi-ambassador, gave him great influence.
nistry. The firmness of his conduct In 1841 he was sent on a mission to
attracted the attention of Kossuth, Stuttgard, where he negotiated the
and, until he became his rival, Görgei marriage of the Grand Duchess Olga
appears to have been his favourite. of Russia with the Prince Royal of
After the battle of Schwechat he Würtemberg. During the events of
assumed the chief command of the 1848-9 Prince Gortschakoff main-
Hungarian army, and in that position tained a dignified neutrality, but it is
showed great military talent. He rumoured that in 1850 he exercised
was driven out of Raab by Windisch- some influence in procuring the abdi-
grätz, it being impossible for him cation of the Emperor Ferdinand I.
to defend the place with his small in favour of his nephew, Francis Jo-
force; was again repulsed at Wind- seph. During the dispute respecting
schacht, and saved his army by a the Eastern question, the prince was
bold retreat over the Sturecz moun- ambassador at Vienna; at his instance
tain. Soon after this his differences the Russian government accepted the
with the civil authorities began. four points which formed the basis of
Twice he was superseded in his the Conference of Paris in 1856, and
command, and on resuming it, was he was recalled to St. Petersburg in
alternately victor and vanquished. that year, to replace Nesselrode as
The Governor and Council resigned, Minister for Foreign Affairs, which
|
-
GÖSCHEN-GOSS.
office he still holds. A proclamation of
his, very hostile to the Western powers,
during the Sicilian and Neapolitan
revolution, excited much attention,
and his policy during the Polish
surrection of 1863 has been freely
commented upon. In October, 1870,
while Paris was being besieged by
the Germans, Prince Gortschakoff
issued a circular to the representa-
tives of Russia abroad, announcing
the resolution of the Emperor to be
no longer controlled by the treaty of
1856 so far as it limited his rights of
sovereignty in the Black Sea. This
led to the Conference held in London
in 1871, when the treaty was modified
so as to satisfy the demands of Russia.
In recognition of his services on this
occasion Prince Gortschakoff was ac-
credited with the rank of Highness.
He was one of the Russian Plenipo-
tentiaries at the Congress of Berlin in
1878.
|
GÖSCHEN, THE RIGHT HON.
GEORGE JOACHIM, M.P., son of the
late William Henry Göschen, a Lon-
don merchant, of German extraction,
was born Aug. 10, 1831. He received
his education at Rugby, under Drs.
Tait and Goulburn, and at Oriel Col-
lege, Oxford, where he graduated
B.A., taking a first class in classics, in
1853. Formerly he was a merchant
in partnership with Messrs. Fruhling
and Göschen, of Austinfriars, but he
retired from that firm on taking office
in the Russell-Gladstone ministry.
He was returned in the Liberal inte-
rest for the City of London, in May,
1863, on the death of Mr. W. Wood,
and he took an active part in the
movement for throwing open the uni-
versities to dissenters, and the aboli-
tion of religious tests. Mr. Göschen.
who was re-elected for the City of
London, at the head of the poll, at
the general election in July, 1865,
was made Vice-President of the Board
of Trade, Nov. 20, 1865, when he was
sworn of the Privy Council, and Chan-
cellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and
a Cabinet Minister Jan. 26, 1866, re-
tiring with the Russell ministry in
June of that year. On the accession
+
of Mr. Gladstone to power, in Dec.,
1868, he was appointed President of
the Poor-Law Board, which office he
held till March, 1871, when he suc-
in-ceeded Mr. Childers as First Lord of
the Admiralty. He went out of office
with his party in Feb., 1874. At the
general election which was held in
that year he was the only Liberal
candidate returned for the City. The
numbers were :-Alderman Cotton,
8,397; Mr. Twells, 8,330; Mr. Hub-
bard, 8,210; and Mr. Göschen, 6,787.
Alderman W. Lawrence and Baron
Rothschild failed to secure their elec-
tion, polling respectively only 6,654
and 6,490 votes. In 1876 Mr. Gös-
chen and M. Joubert were chosen as
delegates of the British and French
holders of the Egyptian debts to con-
cert measures for the conversion of
the debts. They proceeded to Egypt,
where they were received by the Khe-
dive (Aug. 14), and eventually an
agreement was signed at Cairo (Nov.
18) for a reorganisation of the
finances and public debt of Egypt.
On July 17, 1878, Mr. Göschen issued
an address to the Liberal electors of
the City of London, declining to come
forward again at the next general
election, on the ground that his votes
on the County Franchise question
had not been in accord with the views
generally entertained by the party.
Mr. Göschen attended the Inter-
national Monetary Conference held at
the Foreign Office, Paris, in Aug.,
1878. He has written largely on
financial questions, and his treatise
on
on "The Theory of the Foreign Ex-
changes" (5th edit.), 1864, has been
translated into French by M. Léon
Say. He has published in pamphlet
form his Speech on the Oxford
University Tests Abolition Bill," 1865,
and his Speech on Bankruptcy
Legislation and other Commercial
Subjects," 1868.
|
|
GOSS, SIR JOHN, Mus. Doc., was
born in 1800, at Fareham, Hants, his
father, Joseph Goss, being organist
of that place. Early in 1811 he became
one of the "young gentlemen " of the
Chapel Royal, St. James's, under the
G G
449
**
•
450
GOSSE.
| Cornhill Magazine, Fortnightly Re-
view, Athenæum, and Academy, con-
sisting of critical studies of old
English poetry, and of Scandinavian
and Dutch literature. He has also
supplied articles on poetic literature
to the new edition of the Encyclo-
pædia Britannica. In 1872 and 1874
he visited Norway, Denmark, and
Sweden for the purpose of studying
the literature of those countries; and
in 1877 he visited Holland with a
similar purpose. The results have
been a number of studies published
in the above-mentioned and other
reviews.
charge of the late John Stafford
Smith; was a pupil of the late Thomas
Attwood, and succeeded him as or-
ganist of St. Paul's in April, 1838,
having previously been organist at
St. Luke's, Chelsea. He was appointed
Composer to her Majesty's Chapels
Royal on the death of Mr. William
Knyvett, in 1856. Mr. Goss composed
the "Te Deum," and the anthem,
"The Lord is my Strength," per-
formed at the Thanksgiving Service
held in St. Paul's Cathedral, Feb. 27,
1872, in commemoration of the re-
covery of the Prince of Wales from a
dangerous sickness. This gained for
him the honour of knighthood. Sir
John Goss resigned the post of organ-
ist of St. Paul's in 1872. He is the
author of various orchestral composi-
tions (MSS), including overtures in
F minor and E flat, as well as of nu-
merous glees and anthems. Of the
glees may be mentioned "There is
Beauty on the Mountain" and "O
Thou whose Beams." Amongst the
anthems may be mentioned his an
them, "If we believe," a dirge com-
posed for the funeral of the Duke of
Wellington in 1852, and his anthem,
"Praise the Lord, O my soul," written
for the bicentenary festival of the
Sons of the Clergy. His later com-
positions include the "Wilderness"
and "O Saviour of the World; " be-
sides the Thanksgiving "Te Deum "
and anthem already mentioned. He
was admitted to the degree of Doctor
in Music by the University of Cam-
bridge, June 1, 1876.
GÖSSE, EDMUND WILLIAM, only
son of Mr. Philip Henry Gosse, F.R.S.,
was born in London, Sept. 21, 1849,
and educated in Devonshire. He was
appointed assistant librarian at the
British Museum in 1867 ; and received
in 1875 the post of Translator to the
Board of Trade. His poetical writ-
ings consist of "Madrigals, Songs,
and Sonnets" (in conjunction with a
friend), 1870; "On Viol and Flute,
"On Viol and Flute,"
lyrical poems, 1873; "King Erik,"
a tragedy, 1876; and "The Unknown
Lover," a drama, 1878. His prose
writings are contributions to the
GOSSE, PHILIP HENRY, F.R.S.,
born at Worcester, in 1810, removed
in infancy to Poole, Dorset, where he
early imbibed a taste for natural his-
tory. In 1827 he went, in a mer-
cantile capacity, to Newfoundland,
where he occupied his leisure in col-
lecting insects, and making coloured
drawings of them and their transfor-
nations. After a residence in that
colony of eight years, he visited Lower
Canada, pursuing zoology, but espe-
cially entomology, with avidity, for
three years. He afterwards travelled
through the United States, and re-
sided in Alabama for nearly a year,
making a large collection of drawings
of insects, especially the fine lepi-
doptera of that region. In 1839 he
returned to England, and in 1840
published "The Canadian Naturalist."
In 1844 Mr. Gosse visited Jamaica,
and spent eighteen months in the col-
lection and study of the zoology of
that magnificent island; publishing
on his return the result of his re-
searches in "The Birds of Jamaica,"
followed by an Atlas of "Illustra-
tions," and "A Naturalist's Sojourn
in Jamaica." The composition of
numerous works on zoology and other
subjects chiefly for the Society for
Promoting Christian Knowledge, oc-
cupied several years, during which
Mr. Gosse began to turn his attention
to the microscope, by the aid of which
his more recent researches have been
conducted. The British Rotifera have
constituted his favourite branch of"
GOT-GOULBURN.
66
study, and he has accumulated an
immense number of original drawings
and observations, with a view to a
monograph on this class of animals.
Having repaired, on account of ill-
health, to the sea-side, Mr. Gosse
pursued those investigations, of which
an account is given in a "Natura-
list's Rambles on the Devonshire
Coast." In 1853 he took a prominent
part in the formation of those public
and private collections of living ma-
rine animals which have become so
popular, and in 1854 published "The
Aquarium." "A Manual of Marine
Zoology," and Tenby, a Seaside
Holiday," followed; and in 1857
"Omphalos; an attempt to Untie the
Geological Knot." In the autumn of
that year he removed from London to
reside in the neighbourhood of Tor-
quay, in order to obtain greater faci-
lities for bringing out the most im-
portant of his works, "Actinologia
Britannica; a History of the British
Sea Anemones and Corals," which
was completed in Jan., 1860. He
has written "Evenings at the Micro-
scope,"
""Letters from Alabama, on
Natural History," "The Romance of
Natural History" (1st and 2nd series),
"A Year at the Shore," and "Land
and Sea." In 1856 Mr. Gosse was
elected a Fellow of the Royal Society,
to the Philosophical Transactions of
which he had previously contributed
two memoirs on the natural history
of the class Rotifera.
GOT, FRANÇOIS JULES EDMOND, a
popular French comedian, born at
Lignerolles (Orne), Oct. 1, 1822, re-
ceived his education at the Collége
Charlemagne, and after being em-
ployed for a short time at the Pre-
fecture of the Seine, entered M. Pro-
vost's class at the Conservatoire,
where, in 1842, he carried off the
second, and in 1843, the first prize for
comedy. After a year's compulsory
service in the army, he made his first
bow to a Parisian audience in 1844 at
the Comédie Française, of which
Society he became a member in 1850.
M. Got's reputation steadily increased,
and he is now most deservedly re-
451
garded as one of the cleverest comic
actors on the French stage. He
excels in the representation of the
leading comic parts in the old
classical dramas, and has created
scores of original characters in modern
pieces. M. Got's name has been
frequently before the public, in con-
nection with the internal dissensions
of the Comédie Française. When M.
Got and his colleagues of the Théâtre
Français visited London in 1871, they
were entertained at a public dinner at
the Crystal Palace.
GOUGH, JOHN B., born at Sand-
gate, Kent, Aug. 22, 1817. In 1829
he emigrated to New York, learned
the trade of a bookbinder, and fell
into habits of intemperance. In Oc-
tober, 1842, he was induced to attend
a temperance meeting. Here he took
the pledge of abstinence, and soon
began publicly to advocate the prin-
ciple. His reputation as an orator
spread through the United States and
Canada, and reached England. In
1853 the London Temperance League
invited him to visit Great Britain.
The visit, intended to last only six
weeks, was protracted to two years,
during which he advocated the cause
of temperance throughout the island.
He then resumed his labours in Ame-
rica. In 1857 he again came to Eng-
land, and lectured with still greater
success until 1860, when he returned
to America. He now began to lec-
ture on other topics with great suc-
cess, acquiring a large income, and
having an elegant residence near
Worcester, Massachusetts. In 1846
he published his "Autobiography,"
and a volume of "Orations" in 1854.
In 1873 he announced that he was
about to leave the field as a public
lecturer; but he has subsequently
appeared at intervals down to 1878,
when he again visited England.
GOULBURN, BISHOP OF. (See
THOMAS, Dr.)
GOULBURN, THE VERY REV. ED-
WARD MEYRICK, D.D., Dean of Nor-
wich, son of Edward Goulburn, Esq.,
Serjeant-at-law, born about 1818,
was educated at Eton and Balliol Col-
G G 2
452
GOULD.
|
lege, Oxford, of which he was elected
a scholar in 1835, and where he gra-
duated B.A. in 1839, taking first-class
honours in the school of Litera Hu-
maniores, and was elected Fellow of
Merton College in 1841. Having held
for some years a college tutorship
conjointly with the incumbency of
Holywell, in Oxford, he was elected in
1850 successor to Dr. Tait, Dean of
Carlisle (now Archbishop of Canter-
bury) in the Head-mastership of
Rugby School, from which post he
retired in 1858. He preached the
Bampton Lectures at Oxford in 1850,
was appointed minister of Quebec
Chapel and prebendary of St. Paul's
in 1858, one of the Queen's chaplains
in ordinary, and incumbent of St.
John's, Paddington, in 1859,and Dean
of Norwich in 1866. In addition to
a large number of single sermons and
lectures, Dean Goulburn has pub-
lished, "The Doctrine of the Resur-
rection of the Body, as taught in Holy
Scripture," eight Sermons, 1851;
"Rudimentary Treatise on the Philo-
sophy of Grammar, with especial
reference to the Doctrine of the Cases,"
1852;
"Introduction to the Devo-
tional Study of the Holy Scriptures,"
1854, third edit., 1860; "The Idle
World: short religious essays upon
the gift of speech and its employment
in conversation," 1855, second edit.,
1864;
"Manual of Confirmation,'
1855, ninth edit., 1872: "The Book of
Rugby School," 1856 ; a collection of
Family Prayers," 1857, new edit.,
1868; "The Inspiration of the Holybridge, Massachusetts, the Astrono-
Scriptures," 1857;" Sermons preached mical Journal, which he edited until
on different occasions during the last its suspension in 1861, the expenses
twenty years,” 2 vols. 1862;"Thoughts being defrayed by himself and a few
on Personal Religion," 2 vols. 1862; friends. His principal works are:
"The Office of the Holy Communion
in the Book of Common Prayer; a
series of lectures," 2 vols. 1863; "The
Functions of our Cathedrals," 1869;
"The Pursuit of Holiness," 1869, fifth
edit., 1873;" The Ancient Sculptures
in the Roof of Norwich Cathedral de-
scribed and illustrated; with a history
of the See and Cathedral of Norwich
from its foundation to modern times,"
London, 1872, &c.; "The Great Com-
""
|
Report on the Discovery of the
Planet Neptune" (Smithsonian In-
stitution Reports, 1850); "Investi-
gation of the Orbit of the Comet V."
(1847); "Discussions of Observations
made by the U. S. Astronomical Ex-
pedition to Chili, to determine the
Solar Parallax " (1856); and several
charts of stars of scarcely less im-
portance than those already noted.
GOULD, JOHN, F.R.S., ornitho-
-
mission; meditations on Home and
Foreign Missions," 1872; "Is it true?
Is it widely received and believed by
God's Church? Reasons for neither
mutilating nor muffling the Atha-
nasian Creed," 1872; "The Holy
Catholic Church; its divine ideal,
ministry, and institution," 1873.
GOULD, BENJAMIN APTHORP,
born at Boston, Massachusetts, Sept.
27, 1824. He graduated at Harvard
College in 1844, and afterwards stu-
died at Göttingen, where he took his
degree in 1848, and was for come
time an assistant in the observatory
at Altona. After visiting the princi-
pal observatories in Europe, he re-
turned to America, and was employed
in the Coast Survey, having in special
charge the longitude determinations,
the methods of which he greatly im-
proved. In 1856 he was appointed
director of the Dudley Observatory,
at Albany, New York, retaining the
post until the beginning of 1859. In
1868 he was appointed by the Govern-
ment of the Argentine Republic, South
America, to organise and direct the
National Observatory at Cordova,
and having erected the building, he
began work, with four assistants, in
1870. Since that time he has com-
pleted a set of maps of the stars visi-
ble to the naked eye from the obser-
vatory, and has also undertaken a
series of zone observations on the
southern stars. Up to April, 1874,
more than 83,000 stars had been ob-
served. In 1849 he founded at Cam-
(6
GOUNOD.
|
logist, born at Lyme, in Dorset, Sept.
14, 1804, at a very early age evinced
a strong desire for the study of
nature. He spent the interval be-
tween his fourteenth and twentieth
years under the care of the late Mr.
J. T. Aiton, at the Royal Gardens,
Windsor, where a taste for botany and
floriculture was added to his previous
bent for zoology. Shortly afterwards
he removed to London, as a field
likely to afford a wider scope for his
studies. In 1830 a fine series of birds
from the hill countries of India came
into his possession. This was the
first collection of any extent which
had reached England from the Great
Himalaya range, and Mr. Gould
hastened to illustrate the more im-
portant species in a work which he
published in 1831 under the title of
"A Century of Birds from the Hima-
laya Mountains." The success of
this publication induced the author
to commence another of a more ex-
tensive character on the birds of
Europe. This was followed by a
monograph of the "Ramphastidæ,"
and a monograph of the "Trogonidæ,"
on the completion of which Mr. Gould
left England for Australia, in the
spring of 1838, for the purpose of
studying the natural productions of
that country. The result of this visit
was The Birds of Australia," a work
in seven folio volumes, containing
figures and descriptions of upwards
of six hundred species. He has since
published a work on the "Mammals
of Australia," a monograph of the
Odontophorinæ, or Partridges of
America," a "Monograph of the
Trochilidæ, or Humming-Birds," a
supplementary volume to the "Birds
of Australia," comprising the novel-
ties discovered subsequent to the
publication of the former seven, and
a "Handbook to the Birds of Austra-
lia," comprising all the information
known respecting the various species
to the close of 1865. Mr. Gould, who
has devoted much attention to the
humming-birds, and formed an un-
rivalled collection, is engaged upon
a still more extensive publication on
((
|
(C
-
453
the birds of Asia, and an entirely
new work on "The Birds of Great
Britain."
GOUNOD, CHARLES FRANÇOIS,
composer, was born at Paris, June 17,
1818. After the usual course of train-
ing in musical science, and the pro-
bationary attempts in composition
common to professional novitiates,
M. Gounod became known as a lyric
composer for the stage by his pastoral
of "Philemon and Baucis." This was
followed by "La Nonne Sanglante;"
"Sappho," a cantata, and "La Co-
lombe." Although these works con-
tained unquestionable marks of genius
none achieved success. Indeed, few
composers who have risen to emi-
nence have had more failures at
the outset of their career than the
author of one of the most successful
of modern operas, "Faust." It is
greatly to the credit of French ope-
ratic managers that they should
possess the skill to discern latent
faculties of a high order, and that
they should determine to foster them
by affording the possessors every
chance of developing their powers,
despite a succession of failures at the
outset. In this instance, at all events,
M. Carvalho, of the Théâtre Lyrique,
one of M. Gounod's principal sup-
porters, has proved triumphantly that
his prognostications of the ultimate
triumph of his friend were well
founded. "Faust," although not
actually the first successful work of
Gounod, took all the lovers of operatic
music by surprise. What rendered
his success more remarkable was the
fact that, though Goethe's masterpiece
had been previously set to music a
hundred times, not one of these
efforts was considered worthy of the
theme. M. Gounod is the composer,
amongst other works, of a comic opera
founded on Molière's "Médicin mal-
gré lui," produced in London by the
English Opera Company under the
title of the "Mock Doctor :" of "La
Reine de Saba ;" ""Mirelle," brought
out in London in 1864; "Romeo and
Juliet," produced at Paris and London
in 1867 and "Polyeucte," produced
454
GOURKO-GRAMONT.
at the Grand Opéra, Paris, Oct. 7,
1878. He was elected a member of
the French Institute, section of Music,
in May, 1866, and was promoted to
the rank of Commander of the Legion
of Honour in Aug. 1877.
GOURKO (COUNT), JOSEPH VAS-
SILYÉVICH, one of the most distin-
guished generals of the Russo-Turk-
ish war, is of Polish origin, and was
born in 1828, and educated in the
Imperial "Corps de Pages." He was
created ensign of the regiment of
Hussars of the Imperial Body Guard
in 1846. In 1857 he was already
captain, and commanded a squadron
in the same regiment, and was made
in 1860 adjutant to the Emperor. In
1861 he received his colonel's com-
mission. In 1866 Gourko was ap-
pointed commander of the 4th Hus-
sar regiment of Marinpol. In 1867
the Emperor named him major-
general, and ordered him to be at
his suite. Then he commanded the
Grenadier regiment of the Imperial
Guards, and in 1873 the 1st brigade
of the 2nd division of the Cavallerie
de la Garde. We may add that
Count Gourko took part, although in
inferior ranks, in the Crimean war,
being stationed at Belbeck. His late
heroic deeds are almost too well
known to be minutely recorded; we
will only mention some of the prin-
cipal feats of this valiant general,
who commanded the vanguard of the
Imperial army, On the 25th June,
1877, with a detachment of cavalry
and a single battery, he attacked and
took by assault the strong and power-
fully occupied town of Tyrnovo
(Tirnowo). On the 5th of July he
occupied Kazanlyk and the vil-
lage of Shipka, and after occupying
and defending the passes of Shipka,
Hanko, and others, he, together with
General Radetzky, traversed the Bal-
kans in the middle of the winter
snowstorms and frosts, with but few
losses, and led the victorious Russian
troops into the fertile valleys beyond,
thus occupying Sofia, Philippopolis,
and Adrianopolis. The hazardous and
almost impossible feat of traversing
the Balkans in the middle of winter
will for ever remain one of the
greatest deeds performed by the sol-
diers of Russia. Count Gourko has
been elevated to the rank of Adjutant-
General, is a Knight of St. George of
the second class, and of several other
high orders. He was made a Count
in April, 1878.
GRADY, STANDISH GROVE-, born
in 1815, at Killester Park, county of
Dublin, fourth son of Henry Grove-
Grady, Esq., of Bellewood, Temple-
more, co. Tipperary. He was called
to the bar at the Middle Temple in
Jan., 1841, and chose the Home
Circuit. He was appointed Recorder
of Gravesend in Sept., 1848; and
Reader to the Inns of Court on the
Hindoo and Mahomedan Laws, and
the laws in force in British India in
July, 1869. Mr. Grady is the author
of "The Law of Fixtures and Dilapi-
dations, Ecclesiastical and Lay;"
"The Law of the Registration of
Voters and of Elections;" "Equalisa-
tion of the Poor Rates;" "The Pre-
sent State of our Public Schools;"
"Abuses of Public Charities;"
"Hindoo Law of Inheritance;" "The
Mahomedan Law of Inheritance and
Contract
Contract;" "A Manual of Hindu
Law;" joint author of "The Law
and Practice at the Crown side of
the Court of Queen's Bench," and
editor of the "Institutes of Menu,"
"The Hedaya," and the "Indian
Codes."
GRAFTON AND ARMIDALE,
BISHOP OF. (See TURNER).
GRAHAM'S TOWN. BISHOP OF.
(See MERRIMAN).
GRAMONT, (DUC DE), ANTOINE-
AGÉNOR-ALFRED, diplomatist, for-
merly Duc de Guiche, since the death
of his father (March 3, 1854), Prince
de Bidache, born at Paris, Aug. 14,
1819, entered the Polytechnic School
in 1837, but two years afterwards de-
clined to join the artillery, to which
service he had been appointed. He
made his début in public life, Dec. 2,
1852, and was sent as Minister
Plenipotentiary to Cassel; to Stutt-
gard in 1852; to Turin in April,
40
GRANIER.
455
|
|
1853; and as Ambassador to Rome in
1857, which post he held till 1861,
when he was nominated Ambassador
to Vienna. Whilst at Turin, he used
his influence to induce the Sardinians
to enter into the alliance of the
Western powers against Russia. He
was appointed Minister of Foreign
Affairs in April, 1870, and held that
office until the downfall of the empire
in September following. He was pro-
moted to the rank of General of Divi-
sion in 1873. He was made com-
mander of the Legion of Honour.
June 3, 1857; Grand Cross of the
Order of Frederick of Würtemberg,
and of that of Saint Maurice and St.
Lazarus of Sardinia. He married in
1848 a daughter of Mr. Mackinnon,
by whom he has four children.
tembre," 1860; "Histoire des Ori-
gines de la Langue Française," 1873 ;
and numerous pamphlets. In 1840
he made a voyage to the French West
Indies, where he married a lady
of Creole extraction. M. Granier
de Cassagnac was promoted Grand
Officer of the Legion of Honour, May
23, 1857, and Commander, Aug. 30,
1865. On the fall of the empire he
went to Brussels, where, towards the
close of the year 1870, he founded a
new Imperialist journal called Le
Drapeau. He was returned to the
National Assembly by the arrondisse-
ment of Mirande, in the department
of Gers, at the general elections of
Feb. 1876, and Oct. 1877.
|
GRANIER DE CASSAGNAC,
PAUL DE, son of Adolphe Granier
de Cassagnac, born about 1840, be-
came at an early age a contributor
to the minor Parisian journals, and
soon acquired notoriety by the fierce-
ness of his personal attacks on his
contemporaries and the numerous
duels to which they gave rise. In
1866, under the auspices of his father
he joined the staff of Le Pays, of
which soon afterwards he became the
principal editor. Since then he has
been perpetually embroiled in quar-
GRANIER, ADOLPHE BERNARD,
better known as GRANIER DE CAS-
SAGNAC, born at Averon-Bergelle
(Gers), in 1808, was educated in the
Lyceum of Toulouse, and went to
Paris in 1832, where he wrote in the
Journal des Débats and the Revue de
Paris, under the direction of M.
Victor Hugo. From that time till
1850, when he joined the Constitu-
tionnel, to which he contributed for
several years, he wrote in or edited
various political journals, distinguish-rels with his brother journalists and
ing himself by his ultra-imperialism anti-Bonapartist politicians. It would
and the violence of his attacks upon be difficult to enumerate all the
his opponents. So violent, indeed, "affairs of honour" in which he has
did these become in the ministerial been engaged, but his duel with the
journal, L'Époque, which he edited, late M. Gustave Flourens in 1869,
that the editors of the newspapers may be mentioned as being one of
assailed refused to reply, which re- the most desperate fought in recent
serve was called "the conspiracy of times. M. Paul de Cassagnac was
silence." He entered the Corps Lé- decorated with the Legion of Honour
gislatif in 1852 as member for Gers, on the Emperor's fête-day in 1868,
and was re-elected in 1857 and 1863. and in July, 1869, was elected a mem-
He has written, among other works, ber of the Conseil Général for the
“Histoire des Classes Ouvrières et des Department of Gers. On the declara-
Classes Bourgeoises," 1837, announced tion of war against Prussia, in Aug.,
as the introduction of a "Histoire Uni- 1870, M. Paul de Cassagnac, who was
verselle;" "Histoire des Classes Nobles still suffering from a recent wound
et des Classes Anoblies," 1840; "Voy- in the chest, and who had just been
age aux Antilles Françaises," 1842-4; appointed a Major of the Garde
"Histoire des Causes de la Révolu- Mobile of the department of Gers,
tion Française," 1850; a collection preferred to enrol himself as a volun-
of "Euvres Littéraires," 1852; "Les teer in the first regiment of Zouaves.
Girondins et les Massacres de Sep- Taken prisoner at Sedan he was in-
456
GRANT.
|
terned for eight months in a casemate | lege, Oxford, of which he was elected
at Kösel in Silesia. On recovering Scholar, and whence he was elected
his liberty he went to Venice for the to a Fellowship at Oriel College in
benefit of his health; and afterwards 1849. In 1855 he was nominated
he established in the department of one of the Examiners for the Indian
Gers, L'Appel au Peuple, a political Civil Service appointments, succeeded
journal which met with considerable his father as eighth baronet, Aug. 1,
success. Returning to Paris in Jan. 1856, and having acted as one of the
1872, he resumed the editorship of Public Examiners in Classics at Ox-
Le Pays. In July of that year he ford, was appointed in 1858 Inspector
was condemned to a week's imprison- of Schools in the Madras Presidency.
ment, and to pay a fine of 100 francs He became Professor of History and
in consequence of his duel with M. Political Economy in Elphinstone
Lockroy. On July 7, 1873, he fought College at Madras in 1860; Principal
a duel on the Luxemburg frontier of that college in 1862; Vice-Chan-
with M. Ranc, a Paris journalist; cellor of the University of Bombay
both combatants being wounded, and in 1863; Director of Public Instruc-
M. Ranc disabled. He was tried in tion in the Bombay Presidency in
Paris, July 2, 1874, for the publica- 1865; a member of the Legislative
tion in Le Pays of articles calculated Council of Bombay in 1868; in the
to disturb the public peace, and to same year, Vice-Chancellor and Prin-
stir up hatred and contempt between cipal of the University of Edinburgh;
citizens. M. Paul de Cassagnac and in 1872 a member of the Board
undertook his own defence and ob- of Education for Scotland. Sir Alex-
tained a verdict of "Not Guilty," a ander Grant edited "The Ethics of
result which was regarded by the Aristotle, with English Notes," 1851,
Bonapartists as a signal triumph. In third edition revised and partly re-
1874 he published in his journal a written,
written, 1874; and "Xenophon,"
series of violent articles in reference forming vol. 8 of "Ancient Classics
to the capitulation of Sédan, the for English Readers,” in 1871.
whole responsibility of which was
thrown on to General Wimpffen's
shoulders. The General accordingly
instituted a prosecution for libel in
the Assize Court of the Seine, but M.
Paul de Cassagnac was acquitted by
the jury (Feb. 1875). On Nov. 24,
1875, he delivered, at a meeting at
Belleville, a speech in which he con-
tended that the restoration of the
Empire was the essential condition of
the welfare of the people. The Pays
and other newspapers were prose-
cuted for printing a report of this
discourse, but they were all acquitted.
M. Paul de Cassagnac was returned
to the National Assembly by the
arrondissement of Condom in the
department of Gers, at the general
elections of Feb. 1876 and Oct. 1877.
GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER, Bart.,
LL.D., eldest son of the late Sir
Robert Innes-Grant, Bart., of Dalvey,
North Britain, born in 1826, and
educated at Harrow and Balliol Col-
-
GRANT, JAMES, born at Elgin,
Morayshire, about 1805; became a
contributor to the Statesman, a Lon-
don paper, and wrote, in the Imperial
Magazine, a series of forty essays,
under the title of "Solitary Hours."
In 1827 he started the Elgin Courier.
Whilst thus engaged, he found time
to produce the Elgin Annual and the
Elgin Literary Magazine, and his
contributions to these were highly
commended by Sir Walter Scott.
In 1834 he removed to London, and
after a short connection with the
Chronicle, then under Mr. Black,
attached himself to the Morning Ad-
vertiser, of which he became editor in
1850, a position which he held till
1870. Mr. Grant is the author of
"Random Recollections of the House
of Lords," "Random Recollections
of the House of Commons," "The
Great Metropolis," "The Bench and
the Bar," and "Sketches in London.”
He has been a frequent contributor to
GRANT.
the Metropolitan Magazine, of which
he was for a long time both editor
and proprietor, and has written ex-
tensively on theological subjects.
The series of works of a purely re-
ligious character, consisting of 14
volumes, includes "God is Love,"
"Our Heavenly Home," and "The
End of All Things." His latest pub-
lications are "Memoirs of Sir George
Sinclair, Bart.," 1870; and "The
Newspaper Press; its Origin,
gress, and Present Position, 2 vols.,
1871. The third and concluding
volume of the last-named work was
published in 1872, under the title of
"The Metropolitan Weekly and Pro-
vincial Press."
""
as
""
keteers," 1854, published in Paris
"Les Mousquetaires Écossais;
"Frank Hilton, or the Queen's
Own," 1855; "The Yellow Frigate,”
1855; "The Phantom Regiment,'
1856; "Harry Ogilvie, or the Black
Dragoon," 1856; "Laura Evering-
ham," 1857; "Memoirs of the Mar-
quis of Montrose (illustrated with
designs by himself); "Arthur Blane,
or the Hundred Cuirassiers," 1858
Pro-"The Cavaliers of Fortune," 1858;
"Lucy Arden, a Tale of 1715," 1859
"Legends of the Black Watch,
1859; ""
Mary of Loraine," 1860;
"Oliver Ellis, or the Fusiliers," 1861;
"Dick Rodney, or the Adventures of
an Eton Boy," 1862; "Captain of
the Guard,” 1862; Adventures of
Rob Roy," 1863; "Second to None,"
1864; King's Own Borderers,"
1865; "Constable of France," 1866 ;
"The White Cockade," 1867; "First
Love and Last Love, a Tale of the
Indian Mutiny," 1868; "The Secret
Despatch," 1869; "The Girl he Mar-
ried," 1869; "Lady Wedderburn's
Wish, a Tale of the Crimean War,"
1870 ; Only an Ensign," 1871;
"Under the Red Dragon," 1872;
"British Battles on Land and Sea,'
vol. i., 1873; "British Heroes in
Foreign Wars," new edit., 1873 :
"Shall I Win Her?" 1874; "Fairer
than a Fairy," 1874; and " Six Years
Ago," 1877. Most of these works
have been printed in the United
States; all have been translated into
German and Danish, and several into
French. Mr. Grant has been a con-
stant contributor of memoirs to the
(6
((
""
457
|
GRANT, JAMES, was born at Edin-
burgh, Aug. 1, 1822. When only ten
years old he sailed with his father,
who had the command of a detach-
ment of soldiers for Newfoundland,
and was several years with the troops
in America, his education being prin-
cipally received in barracks. To
this military training may be traced
the style and character of many of
his works. Returning home in 1839,
he was gazetted to an ensigncy in
the 62nd foot, joined the provisional
battalion at Chatham, and in 1840
had charge of the depôt. He left
the army soon afterwards, and de-
voted himself to literature and the
study of Scottish_antiquities. His
first work, "The Romance of War;
or, Highlanders in Spain," was pub-
lished in 1846; an additional volume
appearing in 1847, with the secondary
title of "Highlanders in Belgium."
It was followed by "Adventures of
an Aide-de-Camp, or a Campaign in
Calabria," 1848; "Memoirs of Kir-
caldy of Grange," 1849; "Walter
Fenton, or the Scottish Cavalier,"
1850; "Memorials of Edinburgh
Castle," illustrated by drawings of
his own, 1850; "Bothwell, or the
Days of Mary Queen of Scotts," 1851;
"Memoirs of Sir John Hepburn,
Marshal of France, and Colonel of
the Scots Brigade," 1851; "Jane
Seton, or the King's Advocate," 1853;
"Philip Rollo, or the Scottish Mus-
""
""
Dublin University Magazine, the
United Service Magazine, &c. In
1852 he prepared the "Memorial "
which was presented to the House of
Lords by the duke of Richmond, in
the name of 200 Peninsula lieu-
tenants, craving the rank of captains
without increase of pay. It was not
acted upon, owing to the opposition
of the late duke of Wellington. In
Dec. 1875 Mr. Grant abjured Protes-
tanism, and was received into the
Roman Catholic Church by the Car-
dinal Archbishop of Westminster.
458
GRANT.
GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS, C.B., | on Sir Hugh Gough's Staff as Deputy
C.S.I., F.R.S., F.L.S., Retired Lieut. Assistant-Adjutant-General, and ob-
Col. of the Bengal army, son of the tained his brevet majority for
late Rev. James Grant, minister of Maharajpur. As Adjutant-General
Nairn, N.B., born at Nairn in 1827, in the Sutlej Campaign of 1845-6,
was educated at the grammar-school, he fought under the same chief at
and Marischal College, Aberdeen. Mudki, Firozshahr and Sobraon, and
He was appointed in 1845 to the received two severe wounds, besides
Indian army, served under Gen. having his horse thrice shot under
Whish at both sieges of Mooltan, him. For his services in this war he
was present at the battle of Goojerat was made a C.B., and gained another
under Lord Gough, for which he step in brevet rank. In the same
received the medal and two clasps; capacity he again followed Lord
was Adjutant of the 8th N.I. for five Gough through the Punjaub cam-
years; and baggage-master to Sir paign, sharing in the hard-won fight
James Outram's force in Aug., 1857; of Chilianwalla and the crowning
did duty with the 78th Highlanders, victory of Gujarát. At the end of
under Gen. Havelock, at the relief of the campaign he was made an A.D.C,
Lucknow, where he was wounded to the Queen with the rank of
while in command of two companies Colonel. In 1849-50 Colonel Grant
of the 78th Highlanders who formed again served as Adjutant-General in
the rear guard of the army. In 1863 Sir C. Napier's campaign against the
he explored the sources of the Nile in hill-tribes of Kohat. In 1856, as
company with the lamented Capt. Major-General and K.C.B., he was
Speke, who published an account of appointed Commander-in-Chief of
their joint travels and discoveries in the Madras army, and on the death
Africa in 1864, for which he was of General Anson, in the first days
made a C.B. (civil division) in Sept., of the Mutiny in 1857, Sir Patrick
1866. He was head of the Intelli- went over to Calcutta as acting
gence Department with the Abys- Commander-in-Chief
of Bengal,
sinian expedition under Lord Napier pending the arrival of Anson's suc-
of Magdala in 1868, and was nomi- cessor, Sir Colin Campbell. After
nated a Companion of the Order of the Mutiny he was rewarded with
the Star of India for his services in the Grand Cross of the Bath, and in
that capacity. He is the author of a March, 1867, was preferred to the
"Walk across Africa," "Summary of Governorship of Malta. The latter
the Speke and Grant Expedition" in post he resigned through ill-health in
the Journal of the Royal Geogra- April, 1872. In 1874 he was ap-
phical Society for 1872, and of pointed to the post of Governor of
"The Botany of the Speke and Chelsea Hospital, left vacant by the
Grant Expedition," forming the death of Sir Sydney Cotton.
29th vol. of the Transactions of the
Linnæan Society, 1872. He is gold
medallist of the Royal Geographical
Society, and has received medals
from Pope Pius IX. and King Victor
Emmanuel.
|
GRANT, SIR PATRICK, G.C.B.,
G.C.M.G., son of the late Major
John Grant, of Auchterblair, co.
Elgin, born at Duthill, in that
county, in 1804, entered the military
service of the East India Company
in 1819. During the Gwalior cam-
paign of 1843-4 Captain Grant served
GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON, eigh-
teenth President of the United States,
born at Point Pleasant, Ohio, April
27, 1822.
27, 1822. He entered the Military
Academy at West Point in 1839,
graduated in 1843, received his com-
mission as second lieutenant in 1845,
and served in the Mexican campaign
under Generals Taylor and Scott. In
1852 he was ordered to Oregon, and
in Aug., 1853, became captain. He
resigned his commission in July, 1854,
and, after a residence of four or five
years in St. Louis, removed in 1859
GRANT.
459
|
|
to Galena, Illinois, where he engaged
in business with his father and
brothers. From this privacy he was
drawn out by the civil war, and
having acted first as aide-de-camp to
the Governor of Illinois in 1861, and
afterwards as Colonel of the 21st
Illinois Volunteers, was made a Bri-
gadier-General in July, 1861. While
in command in Cairo, he secured
Paducah, and with it Kentucky. In
Nov., 1861, he fought the battle of
Belmont, and in Jan., 1862, con-
ducted a reconnaissance to the rear
of Columbus. Fort Henry fell Feb. 6,
and ten days after Fort Donelson
surrendered to him unconditionally,
being followed by the evacuation of
Columbus and Bowling Green. He
was made Commander of the district
of West Tennessee, and his forces
advanced up that river to Pittsburg
Landing, and fought, April 6 and 7,
the battle of Shiloh, at which the
Confederate general A. S. Johnston
lost his life. He was second in com-
mand to General Halleck during the
siege of Corinth, and when the latter
was ordered to Washington, Grant
was appointed to take command of
the department of Tennessee. He
captured Vicksburg, on the Missis-
sippi, July 4, 1863, and after the
partial defeat of the Union troops,
under Gen. Rosecrans, at Chicka-
mauga, Tennessee, in September, he
was assigned to the command of the
largely reinforced army, and in No-
vember defeated General Bragg at
Chattanooga, close by. In March,
1864, President Lincoln appointed
him Lieutenant-General, and confer-
red on him the powers of General-in-
Chief of the vast armies in the field.
Invested with this authority, and
having reorganized the army of the
East, and arranged with General W.
T. Sherman, the Commander of the
army of the West, to move against
Gen. J. E. Johnston, at the same
time that he moved against Gen.
Lee, he prepared for a vigorous and
protracted campaign. The two armies
moved early in May, and, after a
series of hard-fought battles, alter-administration was, upon the whole,
nating with repeated flanking move-
ments, which the skill and tact of Gen.
Lee rendered abortive, Gen. Grant
crossed the James River, between the
12th and 15th of June, 1864, and
proceeded to lay siege to Richmond
and Petersburg from the north and
north-east, while a very considerable
army was cutting off their supplies,
and destroying their railroads at the
south and south-west. At length one
railroad after another having been
cut, and the two cities of Richmond
and Petersburg reduced to great
straits, while the army of Gen. Lee
was rapidly diminishing, the last line
was broken on April 2, 1865, and
Lee and the remnant of his army
fled westward, pursued by Grant.
On the 9th of April, 1865, Lee sur-
rendered with his entire command to
Grant at Appomattox Court House,
Virginia. The surrender of the other
armies, in North Carolina, Alabama,
and Texas followed soon after, and
the war ended. After its close the
gratitude of the people to Gen. Grant
found expression in numerous and
valuable gifts. On July 25, 1866,
Congress having created the grade
of General of the Army, hitherto un-
known in the army of the United
States, he was commissioned General
the same day, and Major-General
Sherman promoted to be Lieutenant-
General. Differing in his views from
President Johnson, whose policy had
alienated very many of his former
friends, a coolness sprang up between
the President and the General; this
was aggravated by the attempted
removal of Secretary Stanton by the
President, and still further by the
nomination of Grant for the Presi-
dency by the Republican party in
May, 1868, and from that time till
the close of Mr. Johnson's term of
office, in March, 1869, their only in-
tercourse was official. Gen. Grant
was elected President in Nov., 1868,
receiving 214 out of the 294 electoral
votes of the 26 States then recognized
as belonging to the Union. He was
inaugurated March 4, 1869.
His
460
GRANVILLE.
|
due to his former elevated civil and
military position.
highly satisfactory; and in 1872 he
was nominated for a second term of
four years by the Republican Na-
tional Convention. But in the mean-
while dissatisfaction had grown up
among some prominent members of
the Republican party. These, taking
the name of "Liberal Republicans,
nominated for President Mr. Horace
Greeley, the editor of the New York
Tribune. The Democratic National
Convention also nominated Mr. Gree-
ley, although he had always been a
strong opponent of the Democratic
party. At the Presidential election
held in Nov., 1872, Grant received
268 electoral votes, and Greeley 80.
But reckoning by the actual votes
cast for each candidate, the election
was much more close. The whole
number of votes cast was 6,431,149;
of these there were for Grant
3,597,070, for Greeley 2,834,079;
giving for Grant a majority of
762,991. Mr. Greeley died Nov. 29,
1872, just after the result of the
election was evident. During the
second administration of President
Grant, grave difficulties arose, grow-
ing mainly out of financial questions
and the disturbed condition of the
South. The elections held in the
autumn of 1874 resulted generally in
favour of the Democratic party, who
secured a majority in the Congres-
sional House of Representatives,
which convened in Dec., 1875, while
the hitherto large Republican ma-
jority in the Senate was greatly
diminished. Still Grant was by
many considered the strongest can-
didate whom the Republicans could
present at the next Presidential term.
But it has come to be a usage, almost
equivalent to positive law, that no
person shall be made President for
more than two quadrennial terms,
and Grant was not formally pressed
for a re-nomination. Soon after the
expiration of his term, on March 4,
1877, he set out upon an extended
visit to Europe. Although now
merely a private citizen, he has been
received in every country which he
has visited with the consideration
GRANVILLE, (EARL), THE RIGHT·
HONOURABLE GRANVILLE GEORGE
LEVESON-GOWER, K.G., eldest son of
the first earl, born May 11, 1815, was
educated at Eton, and Christ Church,.
Oxford, where he took his degree in
1834, became attaché to the embassy
at Paris in 1835, and was elected to.
the House of Commons for the borough
of Morpeth in 1836, being re-elected
in 1837. Early in 1840 he accepted
the appointment of Under-Secretary
of State for Foreign Affairs, which he.
held for some months, and shortly
after took his seat as member for
Lichfield. While in the House of
Commons he supported the Liberal.
party, and was an able and consistent.
advocate of free trade. In 1846 he.
succeeded to the peerage, in 1848
was appointed Vice-President of the
Board of Trade, in 1851 obtained a
seat in the cabinet, and in Dec. of
that year succeeded Lord Palmerston
in the Foreign Office, retiring with
the Russell ministry early in 1852..
Lord Granville, who has held the
offices of Master of the Buckhounds,
Paymaster-general of the Forces,..
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster,
and Treasurer of the Navy, was ap-
pointed President of the Council in
1853, and in 1855 undertook the mi-
nisterial leadership in the House of
Lords. In 1850 Lord Granville acted
as Vice-President of the Royal Com-
mission for the Great Exhibition, of
which he was one of the most diligent
working members, and accepted, in
the autumn of 1860, the Chairman--
ship of the Commission for the Great
Exhibition of 1862. In 1856 Lord
Granville was sent upon an extra-
ordinary mission to the court of St.
Petersburg, as representative of the
English nation, at the coronation of
Alexander II. Lord Granville, who
retired with Lord Palmerston's first
ministry in 1858, was re-appointed
President of the Council (having ·
failed in an attempt to form a min-
istry himself) in Lord Palmerston's
second administration in 1859, and
|
GRAVES-GREEN.
retired on the fall of Lord Russell's |
second administration in 1866. Lord
Granville was made Lord Warden of
the Cinque Ports in Dec., 1865. In
Dec., 1868, his lordship accepted
office under Mr. Gladstone as Colonial
Secretary, and retained that position
till July, 1870, when he was appointed
Secretary for Foreign Affairs in suc-
cession to the late Earl of Clarendon.
He occupied the latter position until
the resignation of the Liberal Cabinet
in Feb., 1874. At the commencement
of the following year, when Mr.
Gladstone retired from the leadership
of the Opposition, Lord Granville
became, by general consent, the
leader of the Liberal party, Lord
Hartington being chosen as its
spokesman in the House of Commons.
GRAVES, THE RIGHT REV.
CHARLES, D.D., Bishop of Limerick,
Ardfert, and Aghadoe, was born Nov.
6, 1812, and educated at Trinity Col-
lege, Dublin, where he took high
honours, and of which he became a
Fellow. He was for some time Dean
of the Chapel Royal in Ireland, and
Chaplain to the Lord Lieutenant. He
was consecrated Bishop of Limerick
June 29, 1866.
461
""
Botany for the Northern United
States," and the first volume of the
"Genera Boreali-Americana Illus-
trata," in which one species of each
genus is described; and the first
volume of his "Botany of the United
States Pacific Exploring Expedition,
under Captain Wilkes," in 1854. He
has since published the following
works, mostly text-books,
"How
Plants Grow;" "Lessons in Botany,
with drawings from Nature;
"The
School and Field-book of Botany,'
"The Manual of Botany; "Struc-
tural and Systematic Botany," a
revised edition of the "Botanical
Text-book," with 1,300 illustrations;
"Flora of the Southern United
States." He visited Europe in 1838-9,
and again in 1850-51, and has
contributed numerous papers to
scientific periodicals and to the
transactions of learned societies. In
1873 he retired from the labour of
active teaching, in order to devote
himself to strictly scientific pursuits,
and to the care of the herbarium of
Harvard College; and in 1874 was
chosen one of the Regents of the
Smithsonian Institute, to fill the
vacancy caused by the death of
Agassiz. In 1878 the Académie des
Sciences of Paris elected him a cor-
responding member in the Section of
Botany.
GRAY, ASA, M.D., born at Paris,
New York, Nov. 18, 1810. He gradu-
ated M.D. at Fairfield Medical Col-
lege, in 1831, but soon relinquished
the practice of medicine, and devoted
himself, under Professor Torrey, of
New York, to the study of botany.
In 1834 he received the appointment|
of Botanist of the United States Ex-
ploring Expedition; but the delay
of that enterprise led him, in 1837, to
resign his post. In 1842 he was
elected Fisher Professor of Natural
History in Harvard College. In ad-
dition to his lectures at Cambridge,
he has delivered three courses of lec-
tures before the Lowell Institute in
• Boston; published in 1836 his "Ele-
ments of Botany," enlarged into the
"Botanical Text-book :" and in 1838
commenced, with Dr. Torrey, "The
Flora of North America," to be com-
pleted in three large volumes. He
published in 1848 the "Manual of
GREECE, KING OF. (See
GEORGE I.)
GREEN, MRS. MARY ANNE EVE-
RETT, whose maiden name was Wood,
was born at Sheffield in 1818, and, in
early life, resided in several parts of
Lancashire and Yorkshire, and re-
ceived an excellent education. Her
intellectual tastes were fostered by
the late James Montgomery, the
"bard of Sheffield," an intimate
friend of her father. In 1841 her
parents removed to London, and
having now freer access to libraries
and MS. collections, she conceived
the idea of compiling the "Lives of
Princesses of England," the first
volume of which appeared in 1849,
and the sixth and last in 1855.
Mrs. Green edited "Letters of Royal
462
GREENE-GREGORY.
at Manchester, in 1809, was appointed
a Commissioner of Customs in May,
1856, and was Controller of Her
Majesty's Stationery Office from
Nov., 1864, till 1877, when he re-
resigned. Mr. Greg is the author of
|
and Illustrious Ladies," published in
1846; "The Diary of John Rous,"
printed for the Camden Society, in
1856 ; the "Letters of Queen Hen-
rietta Maria," in 1857; and has con-
tributed occasionally to periodical
literature, chiefly on antiquarian sub-
jects. She has been intrusted by the
Master of the Rolls with the duty of
calendering the State Papers in the.
Record Office. The papers of the
reign of James I., 4 vols., were pub-
lished in 1857-9, and of those of
Charles II. seven volumes appeared
1860-68. Mrs. Green was then re-
quested to complete the calendar of
the State Papers of Queen Elizabeth,
left unfinished by the late Mr. Lemon,
which, with addenda from Edward
VI. to James I., forms 6 vols. pub-
lished. She is now occupied upon
the papers of the Interregnum, of
which 5 vols. are published. In 1845
she married Mr. G. P. Green, artist,
of Cottingham, near Hull, and of
London.
Essays on Political and Social
Science :" "Enigmas of Life," 1872,
fifth edit., 1873;
fifth edit., 1873; "Literary and
Social Judgments; "Political Pro-
blems;" "Creed of Christendom,"
3rd edit., 2 vols., 1873; "Rocks
Ahead, or, the Warnings of Cassan-
dra," 1874; and
dra," 1874; and "Mistaken Aims
and Attainable Ideas of the Artisan
Class," 1876. He is a frequent con-
tributor to the Pall Mall Gazette
under the signature "W. R. G." Mr.
Greg is married to a daughter of the
late Right. Hon. James Wilson.
GREGG, THE RIGHT REV. ROBERT
SAMUEL, D.D., Bishop of Cork,
Cloyne, and Ross, younger son of the
late Right Rev. Dr. John Gregg,
Bishop of Cork, by Elizabeth, daugh-
ter of Mr. Robert Law, of Dublin,
GREENE, GEORGE WASHINGTON, was born in 1834, and educated at
grandson of Gen. Nathaniel Greene, Trinity College, Dublin (B.A., 1857
next after Washington the foremost M,A., 1860). He was formerly rec-
general in the war of the Revolution, tor of Clonmel, Queenstown, Ireland,
born in Rhode Island, April 8, 1811. and afterwards precentor of Cork
He was educated at Brown Univer- and incumbent of St. Finbar in that
sity, lived in Europe for nearly city. He was appointed to the
twenty years, and from 1837 to 1845 deanery of the cathedral church of
was United States Consul at Rome. St. Finbar, Cork, in 1874, and in
On returning to the United States in March, 1875, he was elected to the
1847, he became Professor of Modern Bishopric of Ossory, Ferns, and
Languages in Brown University. Leighlin, which had been left vacant
Besides contributing to periodicals, by the death of the Right Rev. James
he has edited "History and Geo- Thomas O'Brien, D.D. On June 27
graphy of the Middle Ages," Addi- 1878, he was elected in the room of
son's Works, and written the "Life his father, the late Dr. John Gregg,
of General Nathaniel Greene," for to the bishopric of Cork. Canon
Spark's "American Biography," Henry Jellett, D.D., was also nomi-
which, greatly enlarged, was pub-nated for the see, but in the final
lished as the "Life of Gen. Nathaniel poll the Bishop of Ossory obtained
Greene (2 vols., 1867-68); "Bio- 109 out of 160 clerical votes. Bishop
graphical Studies" (1860); "His- Gregg married in 1863, Elinor, daugh-
torical View of the American Revo- ter of Mr. J. H. Bainbridge, of Frank-
lution" (1865); and a criticism upon field, co. Cork.
Bancroft's account of Gen. Greene,
(1866). In 1872 he was appointed
non-resident Professor in Cornell
University.
""
GREGORY, CHARLES HUTTON,
son of the late Dr. Olinthus Gregory,
the eminent mathematician, born in
1817, was educated privately, and
GREG, WILLIAM RATHBONE, born served his apprenticeship as a mill-
(C
""
GREGORY.
|
wright and engineer, under the late
Mr. Timothy Bramah. He was en-
gaged as an assistant engineer, under
Robert Stephenson, on the Manches-
ter and Birmingham Railway, under
Mr. James Walker, in a graving
dock in Woolwich dockyard, in 1840
became Resident Engineer of the
London and Croydon Railway, and
carried out some important works in
the widening of that line, and the
necessary alteration of bridges, &c.,
without impeding the heavy traffic of
the railway. The Croydon and Epsom
Railway was constructed under his
direction, and in 1846 he succeeded
the late Mr. Brunel as Chief Engineer
of the Bristol and Exeter Railway, in
which capacity he constructed and
laid out several railways in the West
of England. In 1855 he was ap-
pointed by the Government a member
of the Ordnance Select Committee,
an office which he held for about
three years, until the committee was
reconstructed. He has for several
years been professionally connected
with the General Post Office, his prin-
cipal duties being the settlement, by
arbitration with railway companies,
of the rates of payments for mail
trains. He has laid out and reported
on many works abroad; the drainage
of the Lake Fucino in Italy, and the
construction of the Beziers and Grais-
sessar Railway in France, having
been commenced under his direction
and from his designs. He is Engineer
of the Somerset Central and Dorset
Central Railways, Consulting Engi-
neer of the Ceylon and Pernambuco
Railways, and in 1868 was elected
President of the Institution of Civil
Engineers.
GREGORY, THE REV. ROBERT
M.A., son of Robert Gregory, Esq.
of Nottingham, born in 1819, was
educated at private schools and at
Corpus Christi College, Oxford (B.A.,
1843; M.A., 1846). In 1850 he
gained the Denyer Theological Prize
at Oxford. He was ordained at
Christmas, 1843, curate of Bisley, in
Gloucestershire, where he remained
till 1847, when he became curate of
463
Panton and Wragby, in Lincolnshire.
There he stayed till 1851, when he
became curate of the parish church
of Lambeth, which he held until he
was appointed in 1853 perpetual
curate of St. Mary the Less, Lambeth,
which living he resigned in 1873. In
1868 he was appointed Canon of
St. Paul's. In 1870 he was appointed
Rural Dean of Camberwell, which
post he resigned in 1873. In 1868
he was elected Proctor for the clergy
of the Archdeaconry of Surrey, which
he held till the election in 1874,
when, having ceased to hold a bene-
fice in the diocese of Winchester, he
was no longer eligible; and he was
then elected for the Chapter of
St. Paul's. In 1868 he was appointed
Treasurer of the National Society for
the Education of the Children of the
Poor in the Principles of the Estab-
lished Church. Canon Gregory was
a member of the Ritual Commission,
and also of the Royal Commission
upon the administration and opera-
tion of the Contagious Diseases Act.
In 1873 he was elected a member of
the London School Board for the
City division, and he sat on the
Board till 1876, when he did not seek
re-election. On Aug. 9, 1878, he was
appointed a Royal Commissioner to
inquire into the Parochial Charities
of the City of London. He married,
first, in 1844, Mary Frances, younger
daughter of William Stewart, Esq.,.
of Frescati, near Dublin (she died in
1851); secondly, in 1861, Charlotte
Anne, youngest daughter of Admiral
the Hon. Sir Robert Stopford, G.C.B..
Canon Gregory is the author of:
"Plea for Small Parishes," 1849;
"The Difficulties and Organisation
of a Small Metropolitan Parish,"
1866; "Sermons," 1869; "Lectures
at St. Paul's, 1871-72; """The Cost
of Voluntary Schools and of Board
Schools," 1875; "Is the Canadian
System of Education Rates possible
in England?" 1875 ; "Position of
the Celebrant Aspect in Convoca-
tion," 1875; "The Position of the
Priest ordered by the Rubric in the
Communion Service,” 1876.
|
464
GREGORY-GRÉVY.
GREGORY, THE RIGHT HON.
WILLIAM HENRY, is the only son of
the late Mr. Robert Gregory, of Coote
Park, co. Galway, and grandson of
the late Right Hon. William Gregory,
who was Under-secretary for Ireland
for several years under the adminis-
tration of Lord Liverpool. He was
born in 1817, and educated at Har-
row, where he gained the Peel medal,
a scholarship, and other prizes; and
afterwards at Christ Church, Oxford.
He entered Parliament in 1842 as a
Conservative, on a casual vacancy in
the representation of the city of
Dublin, arising through the death of
Mr. John Beattie West, when he
defeated Lord Morpeth (afterwards
Earl of Carlisle), by a majority of all
but 400 votes; but at the general
election of 1847 he failed to secure his
re-election, being defeated by Mr.
John Reynolds by just 100 votes. He
did not again enter Parliament until
1857, when he was returned for Gal-
way county as a Liberal Conser-
vative. He gave an independent
support to Lord Palmerston, but
voted with Lord Derby on his Reform
Bill in March, 1859, and against the
Reform Bill brought forward by
Lord John Russell in 1866. Mr.
Gregory is a magistrate and Deputy-
Lieutenant for the county with which
he is connected by the ties of pro-
perty, and as High Sheriff of which
he served in 1849. He became well-
known in the world of art and of
art education, and took an active
part in general politics, especially
where Ireland was concerned, in
the House of Commons. In 1871
he was sworn a member of the Privy
Council for Ireland. He retired from
the representation of Galway on being
appointed Governor of Ceylon, Jan.
8, 1872. While occupying this posi-
tion, Mr. Gregory restored the King's
palace at Kandy, one of the most
splendid of oriental edifices. He re-
signed the Governorship of Ceylon
in 1877.
GRÉVY, FRANÇOIS PAUL JULES, a
French statesman, born at Mont-sous-
Vaudrez, in the Jura, Aug. 15, 1813,
was educated in the College of Poligny,
afterwards studied law in Paris, and
in due course was admitted an advo-
cate. He took part in the Revolution
of July, 1830, and subsequently was
much employed at the bar as a de-
fender of members of the Radical
party who were charged with the
commission of political offences. In
1848 he was appointed Commissary of
the Provisional Government in his
department, and was returned to the
Constituent Assembly, heading the
list of the successful candidates for
the Jura. As a member of the Com-
mittee of Justice and Vice-President
of the Assembly, M. Grévy frequently
ascended the tribune, and proved
himself to be one of the most able
speakers among the democratic party.
While maintaining an independent
attitude, far removed from the So-
cialists and not so far from the Moun-
tain, he usually voted with the ex-
treme Left. Above all, his name is
connected with a Radical amendment
on the question of the Presidency.
He proposed that articles 41, 43, and
45 of the Constitution should run in
the following terms :-"Article 41.
The National Assembly delegates the
executive power to a citizen who re-
ceives the title of President of the
"Article 43.
Council of Ministers."
The President of the Council of Mi-
nisters is appointed by the National
Assembly by secret ballot, and an
"Article
absolute majority of votes."
45. The President of the Council is
elected for an unlimited period. The
appointment is always revocable."
This amendment was rejected by 633
votes to 158, at the sitting of Oct. 7,
1848, when the Assembly decided
that the President of the Republic
should be elected by universal suffrage
and hold office for four years. After
the election of the 10th of December,
M. Grévy opposed the Government of
Louis Napoleon, and protested against
the expedition to Rome. After the
coup d'état, he held aloof from politics,
and confined himself to the practice
of his profession. In 1868 he was
appointed bâtonnier of the order of
GREY.
|
""
Advocates, and the following year he
was again returned as Deputy for the
Jura. On Feb. 17, 1871, M. Grévy
was elected President of the National
Assembly, then sitting at Bordeaux,
and now removed to Versailles, and in
discharging the duties of this import-
ant office he displayed remarkable
tact, judgment, and moderation. He
resigned this office in April, 1873,
when he was succeeded by M. Buffet.
In Oct., 1873, he published a pam-
phlet, entitled, "The Necessary Go-
vernment," in which he declared that
"France has been transformed, and
has become a pure Democracy;'
that "her first mistake was not to
have founded a Constitutional Mo-
narchy when she possessed the ele-
ments of one ; and that "her second
mistake would be to attempt to
establish it when those elements no
longer exist." At the general election
of Feb., 1876, he was returned to the
National Assembly by the arrondis-
sement of Dôle in the department of
the Jura, and on the meeting of the
Chamber he was elected its Presi-
dent, which office he still retains,
having been re-elected by the new
Chamber of Deputies, Nov. 10, 1877.
""
|
GREY, THE RT.HON. SIR GEORGE,
G.C.B., son of the late Sir George
Grey, Bart., resident commissioner
at Portsmouth dockyard, and nephew
of the late Earl Grey, was born at
Gibraltar, May 11, 1799. Having
been educated at Oriel College, Ox-
ford, where he gained a first-class in
classics, and graduated M.A., he was
called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in
1826, and returned in 1832 to the
House of Commons as member for
Devonport, which he continued to
represent till 1847. For a few months
in 1834 he held the office of Under-
Secretary for the Colonies, and occu-
pied the same post, under Lord Mcl-
bourne, from April, 1835, till 1839,
when he became Judge-Advocate, an
office which he exchanged in 1841 for
that of Chancellor of the Duchy of
Lancaster, retiring with his colleagues
in that year. On the formation of
Lord Russell's first administration in
465
1846, he was appointed Secretary of
State for the Home Department. In
the capacity of Home Secretary dur-
ing the commotions of 1848, Sir
George won golden opinions from all
parties, and his prudence and vigour
did much to preserve peace and order
in that troublous period. At the
general election in Aug., 1847, he was
returned for North Northumberland,
was defeated at the general election
in July, 1852, was elected for Morpeth
in Jan., 1853, and after holding aloof
from the Coalition ministry for a time
he, in June, 1854, accepted the seals
of the Colonial Office. On the forma-
tion of Lord Palmerston's first admi-
nistration in 1855, he returned to the
Home Office, was appointed Chancel-
lor of the Duchy of Lancaster on Lord
Palmerston's return to power in June,
1859, took the Home Office in 1861,
and retired with the Russell adminis-
tration, in June, 1866. Sir G. Grey
was created a G.C.B. (civil) in 1849.
On the dissolution of Parliament in
Jan., 1874, he retired from public
life.
GREY, SIR GEORGE, K.C.B., pos-
thumous son of Lieut.-Col.Grey, of the
30th foot, who fell at Badajoz in 1812,
was educated at Sandhurst College,
and entered the army about 1829, but
soon after retired with the rank of
captain. In 1839 he took a leading
part in exploring the interior of what
is now denominated Western Aus-
tralia; in 1841 was appointed Go-
vernor of South Australia, and held
that post till 1846, when he was
nominated Governor of New Zealand.
There he displayed such administra-
tive talents that he was created in
1848 a K.C.B. (civil division), and in
1854 was advanced to the governor-
ship of the Cape of Good Hope, which
he held until 1861, when he was re-
quested by the Colonial Office, to re-
sume the governorship of NewZealand,
in the hope that his tact and firm-
ness would bring the war raging
there to a satisfactory conclusion.
In this he succeeded, and the insur-
rection of the Maories in 1863-4 was,
under his auspices, by the energy
7
H H
1
466
GREY-GROSS.
and skill of General Cameron, sup- |
pressed. He returned to England in
Nov. 1867. Sir G. Grey is the author
of "Journals of Discovery in Austra-
lia," 1841; "Polynesian Mythology
and Traditions of New Zealand,
1855; and "Proverbial Sayings of
the Ancestors of the New Zealand
Race," 1858.
""
|
GREY (EARL), THE RIGHT HON.
HENRY GREY, K.G., born Dec. 28,
1802, the eldest son of the late earl,
who was Premier in 1830-34, was
educated at Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, and, as Lord Howick, was re-
turned to the House of Commons in
1826, as member for Winchelsea, in
1830 for Higham Ferrars, at the
general election of 1831 for Northum-
berland, and after the passing of the
Reform Bill for the northern division
of that county. On the formation of
his father's ministry, he was appointed
Under-Secretary for the Colonies, but
in 1833 resigned, in consequence of
the determination of the Cabinet not
to attempt the immediate emanci-
pation of the slaves. He afterwards
held for a short period the post of
Under-Secretary for Home Affairs,
and on the formation of the Mel-
bourne administration in 1835 became
Secretary at War. Having at the
general election of 1841 lost his seat
for Northumberland, which he had
represented for ten years, he was re-
turned in September of that year for
Sunderland, and exercised his powers
as a debater in opposition to the Peel
government. Lord Howick succeeded
his father as third Earl Grey, July 17,
1845, and on the construction of a
Whig cabinet by Lord J. Russell in
1846, accepted the position of Secre-
tary of State for the Colonies, re-
signing with his colleagues in 1852.
Lord Grey, who figured prominently
in the opposition to Lord Derby, was
not included in the Coalition cabinet,
did not approve the policy of Lord
Aberdeen's cabinet in declaring war
against Russia, and explained his pe-
culiar views on this question in a long
speech, May 25, 1855. His lordship
is the author of "Colonial Policy of
|
Lord Russell's Administration." 1853,
and of "Essay on Parliamentary
Government as to Reform," 1858, of
which a new edition appeared in
1864.
GRINDON, LEOPOLD HARTLEY,
born at Bristol, March 28, 1818, was
educated at Wrington, Somersetshire,
and the Bristol College, and was
appointed Lecturer on Botany at
the Royal School of Medicine, Man-
chester, in 1851, which appointment
he resigned after about twenty years.
His chief works are:-"The Man-
chester Flora;""British and Garden
Botany; "Manchester Walks and
Wild Flowers;""Life; its Nature,
Varieties, and Phenomena;
"The
Divine Benevolence in the Little
Things of Nature;" "Figurative
Language: its Origin and Consti-
tution ; "Man and Woman the
Archetypes of Nature; ""Emblems:
a Bird's-eye View of the Analogies
and Symbolism of the External
World "The Trees of Old Eng-
land;"
"Echoes in Plant and
Flower-life;" and "Manchester
Banks and Bankers," 1877.
>>
""
>>
""
GROSS, SAMUEL D., M.D., born
near Easton, Pennsylvania, July 8,
1805. He graduated M.D. at the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania in 1828, and
commenced the practice of medicine
in Philadelphia the same year. After
having filled professorships in several
medical schools, he became, in 1856,
Professor of Surgery in the Jefferson
Medical College, in Philadelphia.
Besides editing for several years the
North American Medico-Chirurgical
Review, he has published the follow-
ing professional works : "Diseases
and Injuries of the Bones and Joints
(1830); "Elements of Pathological
Anatomy" (1839); "Wounds of the
Intestines" (1843); "Diseases, In-
juries, and Malformations of the
Urinary Organs" (1851); "Foreign
Bodies in the Air-passages" (1850);
"Results of Surgical Operations in
Malignant Diseases" (1853); "Re-
port on the Causes which retard the
Progress of American Medical Litera-
ture" (1856); "System of Surgery"
""
GROUSSET-GROVE.
""
(1859, 3rd edit., 1864); "American
Medical Biography (1861); and
"Manual of Military Surgery"
(1861).
GROUSSET, PASCHAL, a French
communist, born in Corsica, about
1845. He is the son of a President
of a college, and early went to Paris
to study medicine, but became a
journalist, and eventually joined
Rochefort in the Marseillaise, and
wrote for the Revanche, a Corsican
journal. Prince Pierre Bonaparte
having challenged Rochefort for
articles which Grousset had written,
the latter sent Victor Noir and Ulrich
de Fonvielle as his seconds to the
Prince, by whom Noir was killed,
Jan. 10, 1870. The Prince was tried
The Prince was tried
and acquitted, and Grousset was
arrested and fined for his violent
articles in the Marseillaise. He be-
came Director of that journal after
the proclamation of the Republic,
Sept. 4, but suspended its publication
in consequence of Rochefort's dis-
avowal of its tendency. The fiercest
of the journals which he next edited
was La Bouche de Fer. He became
the Foreign Minister of the Central
Committee after the insurrection of
March 18, 1871, and on being elected
to the Commune, he continued to
hold the same position, and in April
he became a member of the new
Executive Commission. He was
arrested on June 3, disguised in the
attire of his mistress, being betrayed
by his bearing, which had made
him conspicuous as the most fashion-
able member of the Commune. He
was transported to New Caledonia
in 1872, but escaped in March,
1874.
|
GROVE, GEORGE, born at Clap-
ham, Surrey, in 1820, was educated
as a civil engineer. In 1841 he was
entrusted with the erection of the
first cast-iron lighthouse constructed,
on Morant Poiut, Jamaica, and in
1844 of a similar tower on Gibbs' Hill,
Bermuda. On his return to England,
he joined the staff of the late Mr.
Robert Stephenson, by whom he was
employed on the works of the Chester
·
467
and Holyhead Railway and the Bri-
tannia Bridge. In 1850 he succeeded
Mr. Scott Russell as Secretary to the
Society of Arts, and on the formation
of the Crystal Palace Company in
1852 was appointed its secretary, a
position he occupied till the end of
1873. Mr. Grove is now a member
of the Board of Direction of the
Company, and is also associated with
the house of Macmillan and Co., pub-
lishers. For them he is understood
to have edited Macmillan's Maga-
zine for some years. He is also
editor of a "Dictionary of Music and
Musicians (A.D. 1450-1878)," now
publishing in quarterly parts. Mr.
Grove was one of the principal con-
tributors to the "Dictionary of the
Bible," edited by Dr. William Smith,
and has taken an active part in the
formation of the Palestine Explora-
tion Fund, under the patronage of
her Majesty. The University of
Durham conferred on Mr. Grove
(June 26, 1875) the honorary degree
of D.C.L. in recognition of his
eminent services to literature. His
analyses of classical orchestral music
for the Saturday Concerts at the
Crystal Palace are well known. He
is married to Harriet, daughter of the
late Rev. Charles Bradley.
GROVE, THE HON. SIR WILLIAM
ROBERT, D.C.L., F.R.S., son of John
Grove, Esq., Swansea, a Justice of
the Peace, and a Deputy-Lieutenant
of Glamorganshire, was born July
11, 1811. He was educated by the
Rev. E. Grifiths, of Swansea, the
Rev. J. Kilvert, of Bath, and at
Brasenose College, Oxford, where he
proceeded to the degree of M.A. in
1833. Two years later he was called
to the bar at Lincoln's Inn. Being
temporarily prevented by ill-health
from following the legal profession,
he turned his attention to the study
of electricity, and succeeded in 1839
in contriving the powerful voltaic
battery which bears his name. He
was Professor of Experimental Philo-
sophy at the London Institution from
1840 till 1847, and he took an active
part as member of the Council, in
HH 2
468
GRUNEISEN.
the business of the Royal Society, | Society, and the "Philosophical
Magazine;
Magazine;" and he is a Fellow
of the Royal Society, and a mem-
ber of the Academies of Rome and
Turin.
particularly in the reform of its con-
stitution, effected, after a severe
struggle, in 1847. Mr. Grove, who
became a Q.C. in 1853, was for some
years the leader of the South Wales
and Chester circuits, a member of the
Metropolitan Commission of Sewers,
and one of the Royal Commissioners
on Patent Law. He was President
of the British Association at Not-
tingham in 1866, when he selected
for the subject of his address the
Continuity of Natural Phenomena,
as evidenced by the recent progress
of science, his object being to show
that the changes in the inorganic
world, in the succession of organized
beings, and in the progress of hu-
man knowledge, result from gradual
minute variations. The honour of
knighthood was bestowed upon him
(Feb. 21, 1872) a few months after
his elevation to the judicial bench
(Nov., 1871) as a Justice of the
Common Pleas. That office he held
until Nov., 1875, when, through the
operation of the Judicature Act, he
became a Judge of the High Court
of Justice. Sir William has made
William has made
several important discoveries in
discoveries in
electricity and optics, and he is the
author of a remarkable lecture,
printed in 1842, on "The Progress of
Physical Science since the opening
of the London Institution." In this
lecture he first advanced the doctrine
of the mutual convertibility of the
various natural forces, heat, elec-
tricity, &c., and of their being all
modes of motion. This doctrine is
further developed in his famous essay
"On the Correlation of Physical
Forces," which appeared originally
in 1846, reached a sixth edition,
"with other contributions to science,"
in 1874, and has been translated into
French and German. In 1847 he
received the medal of the Royal
Society for his Bakerian lecture on
"Voltaic Ignition, and on the De-
composition of Water into its con-
stituent Gases by Heat." Sir Wil-
liam has contributed many papers
to the Transactions of the Royal
GRUNEISEN, CHARLES LEWIS,
born in Bloomsbury parish, Lon-
don, Nov. 2, 1806, is son of Charles
Gruneisen, from Stuttgard, who was
naturalized by Act of Parliament
Dec. 23, 1796. He was educated at
home by a private tutor, and at
Pentonville Academy, his studies
being completed in Holland. He
was appointed sub-editor of the
Guardian, Conservative organ, in
1832; editor of the British Traveller
in 1833; had the foreign department
of the Morning Post and sub-editor-
ship in the same year; and in 1837-8
was the War Correspondent of the
Morning Post in Spain. Don Carlos
(Carlos Quinto) conferred two crosses
on Mr. Gruneisen before the departure
of the latter from Spain, namely, the
Cross of the Order of Charles III, and
the Cross created to commemorate the
victory of the battle of Los Navarros,
Mr. Gruneisen having with some risk
saved the lives of several prisoners
who were about to be killed by the
Carlists. Mr. Gruneisen was taken
prisoner by the Christinos, and had
a narrow escape of being shot. His
case came before Parliament. After
great sufferings at Logroño on the
Ebro, Mr. Gruneisen was released
through the influence of Lord Pal-
merston and Count Molé, the Premier
of Louis Philippe. From 1839 to
1844 he was the Paris correspondent
of the Morning Post, and afterwards
its musical critic; editor of the
Great Gun in 1844; musical critic of
the Britannia and Illustrated London
News up to 1853; went as special
correspondent of the Morning Herald
in 1845 to follow the tour of the Queen
and the Prince Consort in Ger-
many; was the originator, and main
founder of the Royal Italian Opera,
Covent Garden, in 1847; joined the
Morning Chronicle as musical critic
in 1846; was one of the chief founders
of the Conservative Land Society in
GUBERNATIS-GUDIN.
|
1852, and became a director thereof.
In 1853 he was appointed secre-
tary of that Society, and he re-
tained that post till Dec., 1872.
Mr. Gruneisen succeeded the late
Mr. H. F. Chorley as musical
critic of the Athenæum, which posi-
tion he still holds. Mr. Gruneisen
while in Paris from 1839 to 1844,
organised an express system to con-
vey correspondence to the London
journals. He also carried out during
the fine months a complete communi-
cation with London from Paris by de-
spatches, conveyed by pigeons. Mr.
Gruneisen from 1832 down to the
present period, has taken an active
part in all proceedings, electoral or
otherwise, to uphold the Conserva-
tive cause, and has been in constant
communication and correspondence
with the leading statesmen in various
countries. He is a Fellow of the
Royal Geographical Society; mem-
ber of the Society of Arts and of
the Royal Literary Fund; and one of
the trustees of the Newspaper Press
Fund. He has published a short
Memoir of Meyerbeer; a brochure,
entitled, "The Opera and the Press;
and a Lecture on the Civil War in
Spain.
""
GUBERNATIS, ANGELO DE, an
Italian author, born at Turin, April
7, 1840, was educated in the Univer-
sity of Turin, where he received the
degree of Doctor of Philology. He
was appointed in 1860 professor of
rhetoric in the gymnasium of Chieri,
near Turin; was sent in 1862 at the
expense of the government to Berlin,
where he studied under Professors
Bopp and Weber; became extra-
ordinary Professor of Sanscrit in the
University of Florence (Istituto di
Studii Superiori) in 1863,and ordinary
professor in 1869. Signor De Guber-
natis has attained celebrity as
dramatist, a lyric poet, a journalist,
a critic, an orientalist, and a mytho-
logist. He made his début with his
tragedy entitled "Pier delle Vigne.'
The principal character was sustained
by the celebrated actor Ernesto
Rossi, and the piece proved a great
a
"
469
(6
|
success. Afterwards he published the
following dramas in verse,
"La Morte
di Catone," Romolo," 1874; "Il Rè
Nala,” “Il Rè Dasarata," Mâyâ,”
"Romolo Augustolo," and "Savitri :
Idillio Drammatico Indiano," 1878.
He has founded five journals-L'Italia
Letteraria (1862), La Civiltà Italiana
(1869), La Rivista Orientale (1867),
La Rivista Europea (1869), and the
Bollettino Italiano degli studii orien-
tali (1876). He is the Italian corre-
spondent of the Athenæum and of
the Contemporary Review of London,
of the International Review of New
York, of the Deutsche Rundschau of
Berlin, and of the Wiestnik Evropy
of St. Petersburg. Among his scien-
tific works the following deserve
special mention, "Piccola Enciclo-
pedia Indiana (Florence, 1867);
"Fonti vediche dell'epopea" (Flo-
rence, 1867); "Memoria sui viaggia-
tori Italiani nelle Indie Orientali'
(Florence, 1867); "Storia comparata
degli usi nuziali Indo-Europei
(Milan, 1869); "Storia comparata
degli usi funebri e natalizii" (Milan,
1877); "Zoological Mythology: or,
the Legends of Animals" (2 vols.,
London, 1872, translated into Ger-
man, Leipsic, 1873, and into French,
Paris, 1874; Letture sopra la
Mitologia Vedica" (Florence, 1874);
"Ricordi biografici "(Florence, 1873);
"Storia dei viaggiatori Italiani nelle
Indie" (Leghorn, 1875); "Matériaux
pour servir à l'Histoire des Études
Orientales en Italie " (Paris and
Florence, 1876); and "Mythologie
des Plantes," 2 vols. (Paris, 1878).
He is general secretary of the Italian
Oriental Academy. In May, 1878, he
delivered in the Taylor Institute at
Oxford a series of three lectures on
the life and works of Manzoni. He
acted as general secretary to the Con-
gress of Orientalists held at Florence
in Sept. 1878.
፡፡
""
GUDIN, THÉODORE, marine
painter, born in Paris, Aug. 15, 1802,
became a pupil of Girodet Trioson,
and on leaving this artist confined his
studies chiefly to marine and land-
scape painting, which he practised
GUELL—GUÉRARD.
first exhibited at the Salon in 1822,
and obtained the second-class medal
in 1824. The picture which secured
his fame was the "Sauvetage des
Passagers du Columbus," which was
exhibited at the Salon in 1831, and is
in the Bordeaux Museum. "The Coup
de Vent dans la Rade d'Alger,” in
1835, which was still more admired,
is in the Luxembourg. When Louis
Philippe resolved to decorate the in-
terior of Versailles, he selected M.
Gudin to paint the principal events in
the naval history of France. The artist
worked assiduously at this commis-
sion from 1838 to 1848, during which
period he produced no fewer than
sixty-three paintings, chiefly naval
actions, many of large size. His
style was always somewhat affected,
and his success probably caused him
to be negligent in details, slovenly in
touch, and outré in composition, ex-
amples of which faults may be seen
in his pictures of Scotch scenery,
"The Banks of the Don,"
"Coast
Scenes near Aberdeen," &c., and still
more in "L'Incendie du Faubourg
du Pera."
His earlier pictures of
scenes in France and Holland are
considered his best. He received a
medal of the first class at the French
Exposition of 1855. Since the death
of Lady James Hay (whose daughter
he married in 1861) M. Gudin has
quitted France, and taken up his re-
sidence with his wife's family, in
Scotland. He was well known in
Paris for the literary and artistic fêtes
which he gave when residing in that
city. M. Gudin, made Chevalier of
the Legion of Honour in 1828, was
promoted Officer in 1841, and Com-
mander in 1855.
both in oil and water-colours. He | tise as a barrister in his native city,
and after staying there two years,
again went to Spain, and adopted,
in Madrid, the literary profession.
Whilst so engaged, he won the affec-
tions of an Infanta of Spain, Doña
Josefa Fernanda de Bourbon, the
sister of Don Francisco d'Assisi, the
present titular king of Spain. The
history of his courtship is full of ro-
mance, on account of the perils in-
volved in so unprecedented an alliance
at a court remarkable for its rigid
exclusiveness. The consent of the
Queen Isabella having at length been
obtained, the lovers were married
June 28, 1848. On the removal of
the decree of banishment which had
been passed against them, Don Jose
Guell y Rente returned to Spain, and
turned his attention exclusively to
politics, taking a leading part in the
agitation which preceded the pro-
nunciamiento of 1854, and mainly
contributed to Espartero's accession
to power.
In the constitutional
Cortes he sat for the city of Vallado-
lid, until another ministerial con-
spiracy hurled Espartero from power,
and he has since devoted himself
wholly to literature. In addition
to numerous contributions to the
Liberal press of Spain, especially in
the Novedades, Don Jose Guell y
Rente has written "American Le-
gends," "The Virgin of the Lily,"
"The Grand-daughter of a King," "A
Parallel between Isabella I. and Isa-
bella II.," ” “Christian, Philosophical,
and Political Studies," "Legends of a
sorrowing Soul," and " American Tra-
ditions." Many of these works have
been translated in France, where
their author enjoys a considerable re-
putation.
470
GUELL Y RENTE, DON JOSE,
poet and politician, was born at
Havana in 1819, being the son of a
Catalonian gentleman settled in that
colony. Having commenced his edu-
cation at the College of St. Charles,
in Cuba, he repaired to the Univer-
sity of Barcelona, where he was ad-
mitted a Doctor of Civil Law at the
age of twenty-one, returned to prac-
GUÉRARD, EUGÈNE VON, was
born in Vienna, where his father,
Bernard von Guérard, who was de-
scended from an old Lorraine family,
was court painter. At a very early
age he evinced a strong predilection
for art, and was sent to Italy when
fifteen years old, where he studied the
old masters in Venice, Milan, Florence,
and Rome. In the latter city he be-
GUERICKE-GUILLAUME.
|
came the pupil of Giovanni Bassi, and
enjoying the friendship of such men as
Reinard, Koch, Cavallari, and Thor-
waldsen, the young painter made rapid
progress in art, his tastes lying chiefly
in the direction of landscape. In 1832
he proceeded to Naples, where he re-
mained for six years, actively en-
gaged in depicting the lovely scenery
of the Two Sicilies; two of his earliest
works having been purchased by
Queen Isabella. Recalled to Germany
by the death of his father, he estab-
lished himself at Düsseldorf, where he
prosecuted the study of architecture,
perspective, and the history of art, at
the Royal Academy, under Schirmir
and W. von Schadow, from 1839 till
1846. Between the latter year and
1852 he made various excursions into
Belgium, Holland, and the German
principalities, for artistic purposes;
and several of his works were pur-
chased by the Rhenish Art Union,
while others were bought by American
tourists. In 1852 he emigrated to
Australia, and in 1854 fixed his resi-
dence in Melbourne, Victoria. Dur-
ing the last ten years he has visited
the wildest and least-known portions
of the Australian continent and the
adjacent island of Tasmania, and
has done much to render Australian
scenery familiar to European eyes.
GUÉRICKE, HENRY ERNEST FER-
DINAND, D.D., Ph.D., theologian, born
at Vettin (Prussia), Feb. 23, 1803,
studied theology at Halle, where he
became, in 1829, Assistant Professor.
Nominated in turn Examiner and
Pastor, he lost, between 1833 and
1838, all his preferments on account
of his attachment to the opinions of
the old Lutherans, and was not rein-
stated till 1840, after the death of
Frederick William III. He has written
various critical works on the New
Testament, a "Manual of Church
History," 1833; "General Christian
"General Christian
Symbolics," 1839; a "Treatise on
Christian Archæology," in 1847;
"History of the Reformation," 1855;
and, in conjunction with Rudelbach,
A Review of Lutheran Theology."
GUIBERT, HIS EMINENCE CAR-
471
DINAL JOSEPH HIPPOLYTE, Arch-
bishop of Paris, was born at Aix,
Dec. 13, 1802, and early distinguished
himself in his theological studies,
which he completed at Rome. Indeed,
he passed so good a final examination,
as to draw upon him the eyes of the
then Pope. Subsequently he became
Vicar-General of Ajaccio and Bishop
of Viviers (Ardèche). His diocese
being small and not over-populous,
he was able, while here, to devote
himself to his favourite study of
theology, and to compose several re-
ligious treatises which are very widely
read by French Roman Catholics.
He succeeded Mgr. Morlot as Arch-
bishop of Tours, Feb. 4, 1859, on the
promotion of that prelate to the see
of Paris. He himself was also des-
tined to become Archbishop of Paris,
to which see he was promoted on the
nomination of M. Thiers, President of
the Republic, in succession to the
martyred Mgr. Darboy, in July,
1871. He was created a Cardinal
by Pope Pius IX. in Dec. 1873. He
was nominated an Officer of the Le-
gion of Honour, Aug. 11, 1859. Many
of his pastoral letters have been pub-
lished.
GUILLAUME, JEAN BAPTISTE
CLAUDE EUGÈNE, a distinguished
French sculptor, born at Montbard
(Côte d'Or), Feb. 3, 1822, and after
passing through the usual course of
studies in the college of Dijon, went
to Paris to become a pupil of Pradier
at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, where he
obtained the prize of Rome in 1845.
On the re-organization of the Ecole
des Beaux-Arts at the close of 1863,
M. Guillaume was appointed to a pro-
fessorship, and a twelvemonth later
was nominated Director of that insti-
tution. He was elected a member of
the Institute in 1862; promoted to
the rank of Officer of the Legion of
Honour in 1867 ; and elected an hono-
rary member of the Royal Academy
of London, Dec. 15, 1869. It was
stated, in May, 1878, that he was
about to be nominated Director of
Fine Arts in succession to M. de Chen-
nevières. This artist is famous for
GULL—GÜNTHER.
""
to those visitors at the London Inter-
national Exhibition of 1862 who no-
ticed "The Tomb of the Gracchi,"
which was suggested by the double
busts of the great brethren placed as on
a tomb, and side by side. His statue
of Napoleon I., which was at the
French Universal Exhibition of 1867,
attracted great attention. Among
the other productions of his chisel
are "Theseus finding his Father's
Sword on a Rock;
"Anacreon's
Guests," a bas-relief; bust of M. Hit-
torff in the Universal Exposition of
1855; "The Lives of SS. Clotilde and
Valère," bas-reliefs, in the new church
of St. Clotilde: the statue of L'Hô-
pital, in the new Louvre ; the " Monu-
ment of Colbert," at Rheims ; and a
bust of Monseigneur Darboy.
his fine works; his name is familiar | Council, an honorary Doctor of Civil.
Law of Oxford (1868), and a Fellow
of the Royal Society (1869). He is
the author of "Gulstonian Lectures
on Paralysis; of treatises on "Hy-
pochondriasis," and on "Abscess of
the Brain; ""Reports on Epidemic
Cholera. Drawn up at the desire of
the Cholera Committee of the Royal
College of Physicians," (in conjunc-
tion with Dr. William Baly), 1854;
"An Oration delivered before the
Hunterian Society, February 13,
1861;""Clinical Observation in Re-
lation to Medicine in Modern Times,”
an address delivered in the Divinity
School, Oxford, on the occasion of
the meeting of the British Associa-
tion in that city in 1868; and “The
Harveian Oration, delivered at the
Royal College of Physicians, London,
GULL, SIR WILLIAM WITHEY, June 24, 1870." The latter work led
Bart., M.D., F.R.S., was born Dec. 31, to the publication of "The Mystery
1816, being the youngest son of Mr. of Life; an Essay in reply to Dr.
John Gull, of Thorpe-le-Soken, Essex. Gull's attack on the Theory of Vita-
He was educated privately, and sub-lity in his Harveian Oration for 1870.
sequently pursued his medical studies By Lionel S. Beale, M.B., F.R.S.”
at Guy's Hospital. He graduated London, 1871. Sir W. Gull has also
M.B. in 1841, and M.D. in 1846, at been a frequent contributor to the
the London University; and it is reports of Guy's Hospital. His spe-
worthy of note that he was the first ciality lies in clinical practice. He
medical graduate who was nominated married, in 1848, Susan Anne,
on the Senate by the Crown. Dr. daughter of Colonel J. Dacre Lacy of
Gull was Fullerian Professor of Phy- Carlisle.
siology at the Royal Institution of
Great Britain in 1847-49; was elected
a Fellow of the Royal College of Phy-
sicians in 1848; and for twenty years
acted as physician and lecturer to
Guy's Hospital, retiring from that
position about 1867, though he re-
sumed his connection with the insti-
tution in 1871 by accepting the post
of consulting physician. On Jan. 20,
1872, he was created a baronet, in
recognition of the services rendered
by him during the severe illness of
the Prince of Wales at the close of
the previous year; and in the follow-
ing month he was appointed one of
her Majesty's Physicians Extraordi-
nary. Sir William Gull is President
of the Clinical Society, a Fellow of
the Royal Medico-Chirurgical Society,
a member of the General Medical
|
GÜNTHER, ALBERT CHARLES
LEWIS GOTTHILF, M.A., Ph.D., M.D.,
F.R.S., born at Esslingen (Würtem-
berg), Oct. 3, 1832, and educated at
the Universities of Tübingen, Berlin,
and Bonn, entered the service of the
Trustees of the British Museum in
1858, and was appointed Keeper of
the Department of Zoology in 1875;
since that time he has devoted him-
self exclusively to the administration
of the extensive collections under his
charge. Dr. Günther, who is a mem-
ber of several academies and learned
societies at home and abroad, has
published :-" Die Fische des Neck-
ars," Stuttgart, 1853; "Medicinische
Zoology," Stuttgart, 1858; "Cata-
logue of Colubrine Snakes in the Col-
lection of the British Museum," Lon-
don, 1858; "Catalogue of the Batra-
|
472
GURNEY-GUTHRIE.
|
chia Salientia in the Collection of the
British Museum," 1859; "The Rep-
tiles of British India," 1864; "Cata-
logue of Fishes," vols. 1-8, London,
1859-70; "The Fishes of the South
Seas," Hamburg, 1873-78; "The Gi-
gantic Land Tortoises, Living and
Extinct," London, 1877; and nume-
rous papers in the Philosophical
Transactions, the Proceedings of the
Zoological and Linnean Societies, and
other periodicals. He is the founder
of the "Record of Zoological Lite-
rature," of which he has edited the
first six volumes (1864-70); and co-
editor of the "Annals and Magazine
of Natural History."
GURNEY, THE REV. ARCHER
THOMPSON, born in 1820, was for
some years a barrister of the Middle
Temple. Having been ordained in
1849, he filled various posts, was for
four years curate at Buckingham, and
more recently officiated for twelve
years as chaplain to an English con-
gregation in the Cour des Coches,
Paris. He resigned that charge in
1870. Mr. Gurney was evening Lec-
turer of Holy Trinity, Westminster,
1872-74, and curate of Holy Trinity
Chapel, Brighton, 1874-75. He is
the author of "Charles I.," a dra-
matic poem, dedicated to the memory
of "The Royal Martyr;" of "Ser-
mons," in English and in French; a
treatise, called "Restoration;""Rea-
sons for Living and Dying in the
Communion of the Church of Eng-
land;'
and of some volumes of
poems-" Spring," "Songs of the
Present," &c.
""
GUTHRIE, JAMES CARGILL, born
August 27, 1814, at Airniefoul Farm,
in the parish of Glamis, Forfarshire,
of which farm his father was tenant,
being descended from a long line of
proprietors and agriculturists in the
Vale of Strathmore. He can trace
his descent from James Guthrie, the
famous Scotch worthy, and his
and his
mother was descended from the no
less famous Donald Cargill, who suf-
fered for the same cause in 1681.
He was educated at the parish
school of Kinnettles and Montrose
473
Academy. Being intended by his
parents for the Church, he then suc-
cessfully studied for some years in
the University of Edinburgh. Dis-
appointed in his early hopes and am-
bition, he then entered the mercantile
world, and all his writings and pub-
lished works have consequently been
produced amidst the cares of a busy
life. He was appointed in 1868,
Principal Librarian to the Dundee
Free Library, the first institution of
the kind established under the Free
Libraries' Act in Scotland. In 1851,
his first work, "Village Scenes," a
long descriptive poem, appeared
anonymously. It is now in its fifth
edition. In 1854, he published "The
First False Step," now in its third
edition; in 1859, "Wedded Love,"
now in its second edition; in 1865,
"My Lost Love, &c.;" followed in
1867, by "Summer Flowers." In
1871, he published "Rowena," a semi-
dramatic poem in blank verse; and
in 1878, "Woodland Echoes," a
volume of miscellaneous poems and
songs. In 1875, he published his
first prose work, " The Vale of Strath-
more," a second edition of which is
already demanded. He is also the
author of several popular songs, among
which may be noticed, "The Bonnie
Braes o' Airlie; "The Flower of
Strathmore;""Hail, Loch Maree!'
"Bonnie Nelly, Winsome Nelly,"
which have taken a high place among
standard Scotch songs. In 1829,
when a mere youth, he assisted to
establish and conduct the Christian
Reporter, the first cheap religious
periodical published in Scotland.
>"
GUTHRIE, WILLIAM, was born at
Culhorn, Stranraer, N.B., 1835, being
son of the late George Guthrie, Esq.,
of Appleby and Ernambrie. He was
educated at Glasgow and Edinburgh
Universities, and was admitted an ad-
vocate at the Scotch bar in 1861. Mr.
Guthrie was appointed one of the
Commissioners under the Truck
Commission Act, in Dec., 1871;
Registrar of Friendly Societies in
Scotland, from Oct., 1872, to Feb.,
1874; and Sheriff-substitute of Lan-
474
GUY-GUYOT.
arkshire at Glasgow, Jan., 1874. He | Society, Fraser's Magazine, and other
edited the Journal of Jurisprudence periodical publications; of "Princi-
(Edinburgh) from 1866 to 1874; and ples of Forensic Medicine," and
was one of the Reporters of Court of "Public Health." He is also editor
Session Cases, Scotland, from 1871 to of Hooper's "Physician's Vade-Me-
1874. He has published a transla- cum;" of Walker's " Original," first
tion of Savigny on "Private Inter-published as a periodical; and, as is
national Law," (System of Modern well understood, of "The Evils of
Roman Law, vol. viii.) 1869; an England," and of several cheap tracts
edition of Erskine's "Principles of on topics of social science, and on
Scots Law," 1870, second edit., 1874; the Eastern Question, under the
two editions of Bell's "Principles of signature of a "London Physician."
the Law of Scotland," 1871 and 1876; Throughout his career Dr. Guy has
and "The Law of Trade Unions in devoted his attention to sanitary re-
England and Scotland," 1873.
form, statistics, social science, and
allied subjects of public interest. In
Feb., 1878, he was appointed one of
the Royal Commissioners to inquire
into the working of the Penal Servi-
tude Acts.
GUY, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS, M.B.,
F.R.S., born at Chichester, 1810, was
educated at Christ's Hospital, Lon-
don, at Guy's Hospital, and at Pem-
broke College, Cambridge, where he
graduated M.B. in 1837, having ob-
tained previously the Fothergillian
prize medal in 1831 for an essay on
asthma. Dr. Guy was appointed in
1838 to the chair of Forensic Medi-
cine in King's College, London; and
became physician to King's College
Hospital, having the care of the out-
patients, in 1842; Dean of the Medi-
cal Department from 1846 to 1858;
and Professor of Hygiene in 1869.
He was admitted a Fellow of the
Royal College of Physicians in 1844,
held office as Censor in 1855, 1856,
and 1866; as Examiner in 1861-63;
and was appointed Croonian and
Lumleian Lecturer in 1861 and 1868.
Dr. Guy has also held the following
appointments-Hon. Secretary to
the Statistical Society, 1845; Vice-
President, 1869; President, 1873;
Hon. Secretary to the Health of
Towns Association, 1846; Medical
Superintendent of Millbank Convict
Prison, 1859; Examiner in Forensic
Medicine at the University of Lon-
don, 1862; Swiney Prizeman, 1869;
Vice-president of the Royal Society,
1876-77. He is the author of a long
series of essays on the pulse and
respiration and other points in physi-
ology, on statistics and the numerical
method, on health, disease, crime,
vagrancy, &c., in Guy's Hospital
Reports, the Journal of the Statistical
|
GUYOT, ARNOLD HENRY, LL.D.,
born near Neufchâtel, Switzerland,
Sept. 8, 1807. He was educated at
the College of Neufchâtel, the gym-
nasiums of Stuttgart and Carlsruhe,
and the University of Berlin. At
Carlsruhe he formed an intimate
friendship with Agassiz, which influ-
enced his whole subsequent career.
He studied theology, but his natural
tastes and associations led him to
devote himself to physical science.
In 1835 he took the degree of Ph.D.
in the University of Berlin, and pro-
ceeded to Paris, where he spent five
years in severe study, making scien-
tific tours during the summers in
France, Belgium, Holland, and Italy.
His investigations at this time and
subsequently, in relation to glaciers,
were of great interest and importance.
From 1839 to 1848 he was Professor
of History and Physical Geography in
the Academy or University of Neuf-
châtel. In 1848 a political revolu-
tion broke up the academy, and
Agassiz, who had already emigrated
to the United States, induced Guyot
to follow him thither. He resided
for several years at Cambridge,
Massachusetts. In the winter of
1848-9 he delivered a course of lec-
tures in French, on "The Relations
between Physical Geography and
History," at Boston, which were
HAAG-HAGHE.
translated by Professor Felton, and
published under the title of "The
Earth and Man," 1849. He was next
employed by the Massachusetts Board
of Education to instruct the teachers
in normal schools and teachers' insti-
tutes in the best methods of teach-
ing geography; and subsequently
by the Smithsonian Institution to in-
vestigate the physical structure and
elevation of the Alleghany system of
mountains. In 1855 he was ap-
pointed Professor of Physical Geo-
graphy in the College of New Jersey,
at Princeton. Besides delivering
courses of scientific lectures, and con-
tributing to periodicals, he has pub-
lished a series of geographical works,
including "Primary Geography of Western life. This was followed
(1866); "Intermediate Geography by a volume of "Selections from
(1870); and "Physical Geography," the Spectator." In 1876 appeared
with a set of large wall maps (1872). "Helen's Babies," of which nearly a
With President Barnard of Columbia quarter of a million copies have been
College, New York, he has edited sold in the United States, besides
Johnson's "Universal Cyclopædia" large editions in England, France,
(1874-77).
and Germany. He has since written
"The Barton Experiment,"
"The
Jericho Road," "Other People's
Children," "The Scripture Club of
Valley Rest," "The Roger de Coverley
Papers,'
""Some Folks," (1877) ; “ Se-
lections from the Tatler, Guardian,
and Freeholder," "The Crew of the
Sam Weller," and, in conjunction
with Charles L. Norton, "Canoeing
in Kanuckia" (1878).
Stags brought Home;" "The Queen
and Prince Consort fording Pool
Tarff," and others, which were exhi-
bited, and have since been engraved.
Mr. Haag is an honorary member of
the Société Royale des Aquarellistes
of Brussels. He received the Royal
Bavarian Cross of Merit in 1872, and
the Order of the Mejidie in 1874.
HABBERTON, JOHN, born
Brooklyn, New York, in 1842.
the age of eight years he was taken
to the West, where he learned the
trade of a printer. He entered the
army, and served through the Civil
War, and was subsequently a printer,
bookseller, and journalist. His first
literary work was a series of sketches
HADFIELD, THE RIGHT REV.
OCTAVIUS, Bishop of Wellington, in
New Zealand, was consecrated to
that see in Oct. 1870, but without the
royal mandate. He had previously
been archdeacon of Kapiti, and com-
missary to Dr. Abraham, the first
Bishop of Wellington.
HAGHE, LOUIS, artist, born at
Dal-Tournay, in Belgium, in 1806; prac-
tises his art in England, where he
has resided for many years; is
President of the Institute of Painters
in Water-Colours, one of the leading
members of the New Water-Colour
Society, to the exhibitions of which
he has been a constant contributor.
His picture, "L'Hôtel de Ville de
Courtray," which at once decided his
"
:)
475
H.
HAAG, CARL, a painter, born at
Erlangen in Bavaria, in 1820, began
his artistic education at the Academy
of Nuremberg, in 1837, afterwards
continuing it at Munich and Rome.
In 1847 he settled in this country,
and his admiration for the perfection
of English water-colour painting in-
duced him to abandon oil, and adopt
water-colour in preference. In 1850
he was elected a member of the
Society of Painters in Water-Colours.
He has been a constant contributor
to the Exhibitions of that Society,
the subjects of his earlier pictures
being chiefly from the Tyrol,
matia, and Montenegro. In 1853 he
was introduced at the Court of Queen
Victoria by the late Prince of Leinin-
gen, and Her Majesty gave him many
commissions for sketches of life in
the Highlands of Scotland, and also
for important pictures, such as "The
Royal Family ascending Loch-na-
Gar;" ((
Evening at Balmoral-the
in
At

476
HAHN-HAHN-HALE.
|
non. Mr. Haghe draws his materials
from the picturesque cities of his
native country. Fine old Flemish
interiors, containing, generally, some
feature characterized by special
wealth of carved detail, and painted
with unrivalled fidelity and spirit, are
peopled with figures in the costume
of the sixteenth and seventeenth cen-
turies, under circumstances in keep-
ing, suggested by history. Mr. Haghe
is well known as a lithographer, and
in addition to lithographing the de-
signs of others, has published many
important works of his own, illus-
trating the archæological treasures of
his native country. He was made
Membre de l'Académie de Belgique
in 1847, also Member of the Academy
of Antwerp, and Knight of the Order
of Leopold I. He received the gold
medal for his lithographic works
exhibited in Paris in 1834, and the
second-class medal for water-colour
painting at the Universal Exhibition,
Paris, 1855. The Haywood gold
medal of the Manchester Academy
was also awarded to him. He ob-
tained a second-class medal in the
Paris Exhibition of 1855.
position, was purchased by Mr. Ver- | Foster," and "Cecil," a continuation
of the latter. Impelled by great rest--
lessness of spirit, the Countess von
Hahn-Hahn started for the East, and
traversed Syria, and the Holy Land,.
producing, in 1844, her "Oriental
Letters." Having embraced the Ro--
man Catholic faith, she traced the
course of her outward and inward
pilgrimage in "From Babylon to
Jerusalem," published in 1851. The
following works by the Countess
Hahn-Hahn have been translated into
English :- "The Countess Faustina,"
1844; "Letters from the Orient,"
published in the "Novel Times,"
1845; "Letters of a German Countess,..
written during her Travels in Turkey,
Egypt, the Holy Land, Syria, &c., in
1843-4," London 3 vols. 12mo., 1845 ;
"From Babylon to Jerusalem,” 1851;
"From Jerusalem," 1852; "Society:
or, High Life in Germany," 1854; "A
Few Words about the Good Shepherd,"
1858; "Lives of the Fathers of the
Desert," 1867; and "Eudoxia, a Pic---
ture of the Fifth Century,” 1868.
|
|
HALE, EDWARD EVERETT, born
in Boston, Massachusetts, April 3, 1822.
He graduated at Harvard College in
1839; studied theology; and was
pastor of Unitarian churches at
Worcester and Boston until 1868.
He has been connected, as editor or
contributor, with several magazines,
and has published: "The Rosary
(1848); "Margaret Percival in Ame-
rica" (1850); "Sketches of Christian
History" (1850); "Kansas and Ne-
braska (1855); "The Ingham
Papers ; "The Man without રી.
Country;" "Daily Bread and other
Stories" (1870); "Ten times One is.
Ten" (1870); Ups and Downs;
"His Level Best; "Sybaris and
other Homes (1870); "Christmas
Eve," "In his Name," and " Working
Men's Homes." 1874.
""
((
?>
""
HAHN-HAHN (COUNTESS VON),
IDA MARIA LOUISA FREDERIKA
GUSTAVA, born at Tressow, in the
duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, June
22, 1805, is the daughter of the Count
von Hahn, who had tastes so essen-
tially theatrical, that he assumed the
direction of a dramatic company. This
circumstance tended to encourage a
love of literature in the mind of his
daughter. Her marriage, in 1826, to
Count von Hahn, belonging to a col-
lateral branch of her own family,
proved an uncongenial one, and in
1829 she obtained a divorce. She
devoted herself at this epoch of her
life exclusively to poetical composi-
tion, and published volumes of verse
between 1835 and 1837. A series of
novels, containing idealised pictures
of aristocratic life in Germany, ap-
peared in rapid succession. The
most popular are "The Countess
Faustina," "Ulric,"
"Sigismund
|
paddl
""
""
HALE, THE RIGHT REV. MAT-
THEW BLAGDEN, D.D., son of the
late Mr. Robert H. Blagden Hale, of
Alderley Park, Gloucestershire, was
born in 1811, and received his aca-
demical education at Trinity College,
Cambridge (B.A. 1835; M.A. 1838)..
HALES-HALL.
•
After holding for some time the vicar-tration from 1846 till 1852. On the
age of Stroud, Gloucestershire, he was formation of the Aberdeen cabinet in
appointed Archdeacon of Adelaide, Dec. 1852, he became President of
in South Australia, in 1847, and con- the Board of Control, was First Lord
secrated the first Bishop of Perth, in of the Admiralty in Lord Palmerston's
Western Australia, in 1856. In 1875 first administration, from 1855 till
he was translated to the bishopric of 1858; and Secretary of State for
Brisbane, Queensland, which had be- India, and President of the Indian
come vacant by the resignation of Council, in Lord Palmerston's second
Dr. Tufnell.
administration, from 1859 to June,
1866. He became Lord Privy Seal
in Mr. Gladstone's administration, in
July, 1870. He is Deputy-Lieutenant
of the West Riding of Yorkshire.
HALES, JOHN WESLEY, was born
at Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire,
Oct. 5, 1836, being the son of a Noncon-
formist minister. He was educated at
Glasgow High School and University,
Durham Grammar School, and Cam-
bridge University. He was elected
Fellow of Christ's College in 1860;
called to the bar in 1867; appointed
Professor of English Language and
Literature at King's College, London,
Dec. 1877, succeeding to the chair
vacated by Dr. Brewer. Mr. Hales
co-edited "The Percy Folio Manu-
script," 3 vols., in 1867-8; wrote on
"The Teaching of English," in Far-
rar's" Essays on a Liberal Education,"
1867; edited "Longer English
Poems" (now in the 6th edition)
1872; Milton's "Areopagitica" (Cla-
rendon Press) 1874; is one of the
two general editors of the "London
Series of English Classics;" and has
contributed various papers on English
literature to the Cornhill Magazine,
the Quarterly Review, Macmillan's
Magazine, the Fortnightly Review,
the Academy, the Athenæum, and
Fraser's Magazine.
|
HALIFAX (VISCOUNT), THE
RIGHT HON. SIR CHARLES WOOD,
born Dec. 20, 1800, graduated as a
Double First at Oriel College, Oxford,
in 1821, succeeded his father as third
baronet, Dec. 31, 1846, and was
raised to the peerage as Viscount
Halifax, of Mont Bretton, Feb. 21,
1866. In 1826 he was returned to
the House of Commons as member
for Great Grimsby, and afterwards
sat for Wareham, Halifax, and Ripon.
In 1832 he was Secretary of the Trea-
sury, in 1835 Seeretary to the Admi-
ralty, and Chancellor of the Exche-
quer in Lord Russell's first adminis-
477
A
|
|
HALL, MRS. ANNA MARIA, whose
maiden name was Fielding, is a native
of Wexford, and by the mother's side,
mingled French and Swiss descent.
She quitted her native country at the
age of fifteen, to reside in London,
and was married to Mr. S. C. Hall in
1824. Her first work, "Sketches of
Irish Character," which appeared in
1828, did much to soften political and
religious prejudices in Ireland.
volume for children," Chronicles of a
School-room," preceded "The Bucca-
neer," with which Mrs. Hall made
her début as a novel-writer, in 1832.
It was followed by " Tales of Woman's
Trials," in 1834; The Outlaw," a
novel of the reign of James II., in
1835; "Uncle Horace," and "Lights
and Shadows of Irish Character."
The "Groves of Blarney," a tale
which occupies part of the first
volume of this work, was brought out
at the Adelphi in 1838; her drama,
"The French Refugee," having pre-
viously made a hit at the St. James's
Theatre.
"Marian; or, a Young
Maid's Fortunes," perhaps the most
popular of this lady's novels, has
gone through several editions, and
has been translated into German
and Dutch. "Stories of the Irish
Peasantry were published in a col-
lected form, after their appearance
in Chambers's Edinburgh Journal.
Mrs. Hall's name was associated with
her husband's in an illustrated work
on "Ireland, its Scenery, Character,
&c." She wrote "The White-Boy," a
novel, 1845; "Midsummer Eve," a
fairy tale, originally produced in the
""
+
478
HALL.
pages of the Art Journal, published
in 1847; "A Woman's Story," 1857;
"Can Wrong be Right?" 1862; and
"The Fight of Faith," a story of Ire-
land, 1868-9. In addition to numerous
contributions to periodicals, Mrs. S.
C. Hall has written a collection of
ilustrated sketches of the homes and
haunts of genius and virtue in Eng-
land, which appeared under the title
of "Pilgrimages to English Shrines,"
in the Art Journal, and assisted her
husband in "The Book of the Thames"
and "The Book of South Wales."
She is the authoress of several books
for children; amongst them, of
"Daddy Dacre.” "The Prince of
the Fair Family," an illusurated
fairy tale, appeared in 1866. Mrs.
Hall has also written several stories
and sketches to illustrate the value
of temperance.
HALL, THE HON. SIR CHARLES,
son of the late John Hall, Esq., of
Manchester, was born there April 14,
1814. He was called to the bar at the
Middle Temple in Nov., 1838; was
for some time conveyancing counsel
to the Court of Chancery; and was
elected a bencher of his inn in 1871.
He was one of the Vice-Chancellors
of England from Nov., 1873, when he
was knighted, till Nov., 1875, when he
became a Judge of the High Court of
Justice (Chancery Division), his
former title being preserved by Act
of Parliament.
HALL, JAMES, born at Hingham,
Massachusetts, Sept. 12, 1811. He stu-
died at the Rensselaer Institute, Troy,
New York, and in 1837 was appointed
on the New York Survey, his report
on which was published in a quarto
volume, with illustrations by his wife,
in 1843. While thus engaged he di-
rected his attention to the paleozoic
formations of the western part of the
State, and in the course of several
years prepared four illustrated quarto
volumes upon the " Paleontology of
New York" (1847, '52, '59, '67). In
1855 he was appointed Geologist of
the State of Iowa, and published two
volumes of "Geological Reports of
Iowa" (1858-60). He also undertook
the study of the graptolites of the so-
called Quebec group of Canada, the
results being published as a mono-
graph in 1865, and subsequently,
with additions, in the Twentieth Re-
port of the New York State Cabinet
of Natural History. In 1850 he was
elected by the Geographical Society
of London one of its fifty foreign
members, and in 1858 he received the
Wollaston Medal from the same body.
He is a member of several scientific
societies in Europe and in the United
States, to which he has at various
times contributed many valuable
papers, and has described the fossils
collected by the government explorers
in the Western Surveys, in the succes-
sive volumes of the "Pacific Railroad
Survey."
HALL, THE REV. NEWMAN, is son
of the late Mr. John Vine Hall, the
author of the well-known tract," The
Sinner's Friend," and brother of Cap-
tain J. V. Hall, who commanded the
Great Eastern steamship on her first
voyage across the Atlantic. Born at
Maidstone, May 22, 1816, he was edu-
cated at Totteridge and at Highbury
College, and graduated B.A. at the
London University. In 1855 he took
the degree of LL.B., and won the law
scholarship. He was appointed mi-
nister of the Albion Congregational
Church, Hull, in 1842, and remained
at that post till 1854, when he suc-
ceeded the Rev. James Sherman as
minister of Surrey Chapel, known as
Rowland Hill's Chapel, in the Black-
friars-road, London. Mr. Hall, in
1850, opposed the popular cry against
what was called "Papal aggression,"
being directly in antagonism to most
of his brother ministers. When the
civil war in the United States broke
out, he advocated the Northern cause
in the interests of Union and Freedom.
He afterwards made two extensive
tours in the United States for the
purpose of allaying the bitter feeling
towards Great Britain, and of pro-
moting international good-will. His
object was to show that the great
mass of the people were in perfect
harmony with the American nation.
HALL.
479
At Washington he was invited to
open Congress with prayer. He
preached in the House of Represen-
tatives, and the next day delivered
an address on "International Rela-
tions," when General, afterwards Pre-
sident Grant, and the members of
both Houses of Congress were present.
While in America he received £3,500
towards an International Monument
to Abraham Lincoln. A like amount
was subscribed by British citizens,
and the total sum was expended in
the erection of the "Lincoln Tower'
adjoining the new "Christ Church,"
a large and handsome Gothic struc-
ture in the Westminster Bridge-road,
built by voluntary subscriptions to
perpetuate the institutions of Surrey
Chapel. The total cost of the church,
lecture hall, tower, &c., with free-
hold site, was £60,000. The church
was consecrated July 4, 1876, on
which day and the following day
sermons were delivered by clergymen
of various denominations, Established
and Nonconformist. The doctrinal
basis is broad Evangelical, and the
service is that of the Church of Eng-
land, with slight modifications.
Christ Church holds about 3,000 wor-
shippers, and the various schools and
charities connected with it expend
about £3,000 annually for the benefit
of the poor population around. Mr.
Hall, who is a most eloquent preacher,
has written numerous devotional trea-
tises, one of which, entitled "Come
to Jesus," has reached a circulation of
nearly three millions, in upwards of
20 languages. He has also written
an argumentative treatise on sacrifice,
in opposition to the views of Mr.
Maurice and others; a volume of ser-
mons, entitled "Homeward Bound :"
"The Land of the Forum and the
Vatican, or Thoughts and Sketches
during an Easter Pilgrimage to
Rome," 1854, new edit. 1859; "Hints
on Preaching," 1858; "From Liver-
pool to St. Louis,” 1870, a reprint of
papers which appeared in The Broad-
way Magazine; a small volume of
devotional poetry, entitled " Pilgrim coast of America and the Pacific,
Songs in Cloud and Sunshine,” 1871; | from 1859 to 1872, and in April,
HALL, REAR-ADMIRAL ROBERT,
C.B., was born July 5, 1817, at
Kingston, Upper Canada, and edu-
cated at various private schools. He
entered the Royal Navy in June,
1833, and has served nearly con-
tinuously to the present time; was
promoted to be lieutenant in 1843,
commander in 1852, captain in 1855,
and rear-admiral on the retired list
in 1873. He served as sen. lieut. of
H. M.S. Centaur, on the West Coast
of Africa, and was engaged in a
joint expedition, English and French,
in the rescue of an Englishman who
had been captured by pirates, and
the destruction of their village, &c.
As acting-commander he served for
two years in H.M. sloop Hound, on
the same station, employed in the sup-
pression of the slave trade. As com-
mander, he served for a short period
in H.M.S. Agamemnon, the first screw
line of battle ship. Subsequently he
commanded H.M. steamship Strom-
bole, and was engaged in the opera-
tions which resulted in the capture
of Bomarsund; and afterwards, when
attached to the Black Sea Fleet, in
the operations before Sebastopol and
the blockade of Odessa, and was
acting-captain of the Hodwold at the
taking of Kertch. He was promoted
into the Miranda on the death from
wounds received in action of Capt.
G. M. Lyons, C.B., and served in her
in command of a squadron in the
Straits of Kertch, and was in com-
mand of the naval portion of a com-
bined expedition which captured and
destroyed the fort establishments
at Taman. After the conclusion of
the war he was sent to the coast of
Albania to protect the Christians in
that province, whose lives were in
danger from the fanaticism of the
Turks. He commanded H.M. steam
frigate Termagant on the south-east
|
|
a tractate on (6 Prayer its Reason-
ableness and Efficacy, 1875; and
several small works on teetotalism, of
which he has been an earnest advocate
during thirty years.
""
480
HALL-HALLÉ.
1873 was appointed private secre-
tary to the Duke of Somerset, First
Lord of the Admiralty, which ap-
pointment he held for three years,
until April, 1866, when he was se-
lected to be Superintendent of Pem-
broke Dockyard. In 1871 he became
Third Lord of the Admiralty, and
Comptroller of the Navy, which ap-
pointment he relinquished in 1872
on becoming Naval Secretary to the
Admiralty. He was naval aide-de-
camp to the Queen from 1870 to
1872. Rear-Admiral Hall is a Com-
panion of the Bath and Officer of the
Imperial Turkish Order of the Med-
jidie.
HALL, SAMUEL CARTER, F.S.A.,
the fourth son of Colonel Robert
Hall, born at Topsham, Devon, in
1801, is a barrister-at-law, and com-
menced his professional labours as a
gallery reporter for the New Times.
În 1825 he established and for many
years edited the Amulet, a favourite
annual, and is best known by an
illustrated work on Ireland, written
in conjunction with his wife. Mr.
Hall succeeded the poet Campbell, in
1830, as editor of the New Monthly
Magazine, and has laboured with
great zeal for the popularization of
art in England. He established the
Art Journal in 1839, and at first
carried it on under most discouraging
circumstances; but by dint of perse-
verance, at length hit the popular
taste in the right way, and gained
for his serial a large amount of public
support. That work has had con-
siderable influence on the progress
of British art and art-manufacture,
and to the labours of its editor may
in some measure be attributed the
transfer of public patronage in Eng-
land from the "old masters" to the
modern artists. Mr. Hall has edited
the "Book of Gems," "Book of
British Ballads," "Baronial Halls,"
and other illustrated works. In 1851
he published, in conjunction with the
Art Journal, an "Illustrated Cata-
logue of the Exhibition of the In-
dustry of all Nations," the most
authentic pictorial presentation of
the contents and interior of the
Crystal Palace extant; in 1862 a
similar work, descriptive of the In-
ternational Exhibition; and in 1867
a work of the same character con-
cerning the Universal Exhibition at
Paris. He has issued in the Art
Journal a series of engravings from
the pictures in the Vernon Gallery,
and of those in the private collection
of Her Majesty. During his long
labours in connection with literature,
Mr. Hall formed the acquaintance of
many literary celebrities, and his
recollections of these embodied in
Lectures, he has delivered repeatedly
in London and in many of the lead-
ing cities and towns of England.
In 1870 he published a handsome
volume of these records, entitled "A
Book of Memories of Great Men and
Women of the Age." A list of the
several works, original and edited,
by Mr. and Mrs. Hall, would occupy
more space than can be spared in
this work, as it amounts to three
hundred and forty volumes. Mr.
Hall has assisted in founding some
excellent charities of London;
amongst which may be mentioned
the Hospital for Consumption, the
Governesses' Institution, the Pen-
sioners' Employment Society ; and he
acted as one of the hon. secretaries of
the Nightingale Fund.
HALLÉ, CHARLES, pianist, a native
of Germany, at an early age estab-
lished himself at Paris, and acquired
a great reputation for his elegant
and elevated method in the interpre-
tation of the classical compositions
of the best masters for his instrument.
His future indeed seemed secure, for
his services as a professor were
eagerly sought, when the revolution
of Feb., 1848, proved calamitous to
him, as it did to many other musicians
in the French capital. Mr. Hallé re-
paired to England, and at the mati-
nées of Mr. John Ella, the director of
the Musical Union, found the desired
opportunity of appearing before the
English public at the height of the
London season. He soon afterwards
established himself at Manchester as
HALLIDAY-HAMERTON.
Director of the Musical Institution
there, and has materially contributed
towards improving the musical taste
of the inhabitants, as well as pro-
moting in that centre of commercial
activity a knowledge of the best
orchestral works of the great masters.
Though settled at Manchester, Mr.
Hallé often appears before a London
audience, and for many seasons has
been heard at the Monday Popular
Concerts. He has published a few
compositions of a very high order.
|
HALLIDAY, SIR FREDERICK
JAMES, K.C.B., son of Thomas Hal-
liday, Esq., of Ewell, Surrey, was
born in 1806, and having been edu-
cated at St. Paul's School, Rugby,
and Haileybury College, entered the
civil service of the East-India Com-
pany in 1825. He held several civil,
political, and legislative posts, and
in Dec., 1853, was appointed one of
the Supreme Council of India. In
1854 he was made by Lord Dal-
housie, Lieutenant-Governor of Ben-
gal, which post he held through the
trying period of the Indian mutiny.
For the energy, resolution, and ad-
ministrative ability which he dis-
played in that office, he received the
thanks of the Houses of Parliament,
and was created in 1860 a K.C.B.
(Civil division).
**
481
HAMERTON, PHILIP GILBERT,
was born at Laneside, near Shaw,
Lancashire, Sept. 10, 1834, his father
being a solicitor in Shaw, and cadet
of an ancient Yorkshire family, the
Hamertons of Hellifield Peel and
Hollins. He was educated at Burn-
ley and Doncaster Grammar Schools,
and afterwards prepared by private
tutors for Oxford, but a taste for the
fine arts led him to study landscape
painting in London with Mr. G. P.
Pettit. He began to exercise his pen
very early in life by contributing to
the Historic Times a series of articles,
entitled "Rome in 1849," and in 1851
he published a work on Heraldry. In
1855 appeared a volume of verse,
"The Isles of Loch Awe, and other
Poems," with sixteen woodcut illus-
trations from drawings by the author.
In the same year Mr. Hamerton went
to Paris to study painting and the
French language and literature. A
strong affection for Loch Awe led
him to encamp there in 1857, for the
purpose of painting from nature, and
in 1858 he took a lease of an island in
the lake, with a house upon it (Innis-
trynich), and made this his principal
HALLIWELL, JAMES ORCHARD,
F.R.S., is a son of the late Thomas
Halliwell, Esq., of Sloane Street,
Chelsea, where he was born in 1820.
At an early age he showed consider-head-quarters for some years, the re-
able taste for antiquarian researches, sults being a series of pictures, some
and made himself thoroughly ac- of which were afterwards exhibited
quainted with the ancient literature in Manchester and London, and two
and antiquities of England. These volumes entitled "A Painter's Camp
studies ultimately led him to Shake- in the Highlands, and Thoughts about
sperian criticism, on which he has Art," (1862), published as separate
written extensively. His most im- works in subsequent editions. Mr.
portant works are A Life of Shake- Hamerton left Loch Awe for France
speare;" "A Descriptive Calendar of in 1861, living first at Sens and after-
the Records of Stratford-on-Avon ;" wards in the neighbourhood of Autun.
"A Dictionary of Archaic and Pro- His residence at Sens was chiefly
vincial Words;" "Popular Rhymes productive of pictures, but on the
and Nursery Tales," 1849; "An Ac- establishment of The Fine Arts Quar-
count of the New Place, Stratford- terly Review he became a frequent
on-Avon," 1864; an edition of contributor, and he also contributed
Shakespeare," in sixteen vols. folio, to the Fortnightly when under the
|
brought out by private subscription,
and completed in 1865; and "Illus-
trations of the Life of Shakespeare
in a discursive Series of Essays on
a variety of Subjects connected with
the Personal and Literary History
of the Great Dramatist," Part I.,
1874.
My
I I
482
HAMILTON.
editorship of Mr. Lewes. In 1866
Mr. Hamerton became art-critic to
the Saturday Review, but resigned
this post in 1868, remaining, how-
ever, connected with the Review as
an occasional contributor, principally
on French literature. In 1868 he
published "Etching and Etchers," a
critical and practical treatise on the
art of etching, and the masters who
have excelled in it, with plates; this
edition was published at £1 11s. 6d.,
and a copy of it is now worth £10.
A guinea edition of the same work
(stereotyped) appeared in 1876 with
twelve plates, ten of which are copies
executed by the author. In 1868
appeared an essay on French art,
entitled "Contemporary French
Painters," followed in the next year
by another of the same kind, " Paint-
ing in France after the decline of
Classicism." In 1869 Mr. Hamerton
In 1869 Mr. Hamerton
ventured into fiction with "Wender-
holme, a Story of Lancashire and
Yorkshire," in three volumes, after-
wards condensed in the second edition
(1876) into one. During the year
1869 he planned a new art periodical,
the Portfolio, which is distinguished
by careful writing and artistic illus-
tration, chiefly in the form of etchings
by the best masters in Europe. Some
of Mr. Hamerton's more recent lite-
rary works have first appeared in the
pages of the Portfolio. Of these
may be mentioned "The Unknown
River, an Etcher's Voyage of Disco-
very," with 37 etchings by the author
(1871); Chapters on Animals"
(1874); "The Sylvan Year," partly
illustrated by the author (1876); and
"The Life of Turner" (1878). One
of the most widely known of this au-
thor's works, "The Intellectual Life,"
appeared in 1873. A work of a very
opposite character, a story for boys,
called "Harry Blount," appeared in
1875.
In the following year was
published" Round my House," an ac-
count of the author's personal obser-
vations of rural life and character in
France. A new work, "Modern
Frenchmen" (1878), contains various
studies of remarkable Frenchmen,
(C
little known in England. Besides
his editorship of the Portfolio, Mr.
Hamerton is director of the art de-
partment in the International Re-
view, and an occasional contributor
to l'Art, in the French language,
which he writes with the same facility
as his own. He is also the author of
the articles on "Drawing" and "En-
graving" in the new edition of the
Encyclopædia Britannica.
In re-
cognition of his standing as a writer
on art, he has been elected an hono-
rary member of the Burlington Club,
membre protecteur of the Belgian
Etching Club, &c.
TOW.
HAMILTON, THE RIGHT HON.
LORD GEORGE FRANCIS, M.P., is
the third son of the Duke of Aber-
corn, by Lady Louisa, second daughter
of John, sixth Duke of Bedford. He
was born at Brighton in Dec., 1845,
and received his education at Har-
In 1864, he was appointed an
ensign in the Rifle Brigade, and in
1868 was transferred to the Cold-
stream Guards. At the general elec-
tion of Dec., 1868, he contested the
county of Middlesex in the Conser-
vative interest, and was returned at
the head of the poll, the numbers
being as follows:-Lord G. Hamilton,
7,850; Viscount Enfield, 6,507; Mr.
Henry Labouchere, 6,397. This de-
cisive Conservative victory occasioned
great surprise in political circles, as
Middlesex had previously been re-
garded as one of the most impreg-
nable strongholds of the Liberal
party. At the general election of
Feb., 1874, Lord George Hamilton
again came in at the head of the poll,
receiving 10,343 votes, against 5192
recorded for Viscount Enfield, the
most popular of the Liberal candi-
dates. On the formation of Mr. Dis-
raeli's Administration in Feb., 1874,
his lordship was nominated to the
post of Parliamentary Under-Secre-
tary of State for India; and he was
appointed Vice-President of the Com-
mittee of Council on Education, April
4, 1878, in succession to Viscount
Sandon. On the latter occasion he
was sworn of the Privy Council.
-
HAMILTON-HAMMOND.
His lordship married, in 1871, Lady
Maud Caroline, youngest daughter of
the third Earl of Harewood.
HAMILTON, THE VERY REV.
HENRY PARR, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S.,
Dean of Salisbury, son of the late
Dr. Alexander Hamilton, physician
in Edinburgh, and professor in the
University, born 1794, was educated
at Trinity College, Cambridge, where
he graduated B.A. in high honours in
1816, and was elected to a Fellow-
ship. Having held for some years a
living in Yorkshire, he was promoted
in 1850 to the Deanery of Salisbury.
He has written "The Principles of
Analytical Geometry," Analytical
System of Conic Sections," "Re-
marks on Popular Education," "The
Education of the Lower Classes," and
several sermons.
**
HAMILTON, SIR ROBERT NORTH
COLLIE, Bart., K.C.B., eldest son of
the late Sir Frederick Hamilton, Bart.,
of Silverton, county Lanark, born
April 7, 1802. Having received his
education at Haileybury, he entered
the Bengal Civil Service in 1819, and
after holding several civil and poli-
tical offices, became in 1842 political
agent to the Governor-General in
Central India, in which post he dis-
played great readiness and ability
during the Indian mutiny; and for
his services was created a K.C.B.
(Civil division), and received the
thanks of both Houses of Parliament.
Sir Robert, who is married to a
daughter of the late General the Ho-
nourable Sir George Anson, G.C.B.,
was in England when the mutiny
broke out, and returned at once to
Calcutta, whence he was sent by the
Governor-General with full powers,
to accompany the force under Gen.
Sir Hugh Rose. He was present in
every engagement, and in the field
throughout the whole campaign, until
tranquillity was restored in Central
India, when he was compelled, on
account of ill health, to leave the
country, and to give up the appoint-
ment to the Supreme Council in India,
which had been conferred upon him.
He received the medal and clasp.
483
| Since his return he was High Sheriff
of Warwickshire, in which county he
is a Magistrate and Deputy-Lieu-
tenant. Sir R. Hamilton contested
South Warwickshire in the Liberal
interest at the general election of
Dec. 1868, and failed by 29 votes.
HAMMOND (LORD), THE RIGHT
HON. EDMUND, son of the late Mr.
George Hammond, for many years
Under-Secretary of State for Foreign
Affairs, born in London in 1802, was
educated at Harrow, Eton, and Uni-
versity College, Oxford, where he
took his B.A. degree in 1825, and
was afterwards elected to a fellow-
ship. He entered the Civil Service
of the Crown in 1823, as a clerk in
the Privy Council Office, whence in
the following year he was transferred
to the Foreign Office. Here he rose
by gradual promotion until, in April,
1854, he was appointed Under-
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.
He was sworn a Privy Councillor in
1866.
1866. In March, 1874, he was raised
to the peerage by the title of Baron
Hammond, of Kirk Ella, Kingston-
on-Hull. He married in 1846, Mary
Frances, third daughter of the late
Lord Robert Kerr, and grand-
daughter of William, fifth Marquis
of Lothian, by whom he had issue
several daughters, but no son.
HAMMOND, WILLIAM ALEX-
ANDER, born at Annapolis, Mary-
land, Aug. 28, 1828. He graduated
M.D. in the University of New York
in 1848, and in June, 1849, enteral
the medical service of the United
States army as assistant-surgeon, in
which he remained till 1860, having
attained the staff rank of Captain.
During this time he visited and care-
fully studied the military hospitals
and the military medical service of
the leading European states. In 1860
he was appointed Professor of Ana-
tomy and Physiology in the University
of Maryland. At the commencement
of the civil war he resigned his pro-
fessorship, and entered the army
almost at the bottom of the list of
assistant-surgeons. But on the re-
organization of the Medical Bureau
-
1[2
484
HAMPTON.
<
(C
in April, 1862, he was, at the earnest | opposed the free-trade measures of
solicitation of the Sanitary Commis- the late Sir R. Peel, who created him
sion, appointed Surgeon-General of a baronet in July, 1846, and when,
the army. He introduced many im- in 1848, during Lord Russell's first
provements into the Army Medical administration, the state of the West
Service, the erection of hospitals, and India colonies rendered the sugar
the attendance and treatment of the duties the question of the day, he was
patients; but he had offended some one of the committee of which Lord
of his superiors in the War Depart- G. Bentinck was the chairman, and as
ment, and had wounded, by his rapid the advocate of a differential duty,
promotion, the jealousies of some of took a prominent part in the discus-
the senior surgeons.
Some irre- sions that ensued. Sir John Paking-
gularities in his awarding of cou- ton was appointed Colonial Secretary
tracts were discovered, for which he in Lord Derby's first administration
was tried and sentenced to dismissal in 1852, and was sworn a Privy
from the medical service in 1864. Councillor; and was First Lord of the
He was soon afterwards appointed Admiralty in Lord Derby's second
Professor in the Bellevue Hospital administration in 1858-9. He dis-
Medical College, New York, and charged the duties of this office so
Physician-in-Chief to the New York efficiently, that on the retirement of
State Hospital for Diseases of the Lord Derby in June, 1859, the Queen
Nervous System, a position which he conferred upon him the Grand Cross
still holds. He is also the editor of of the Bath, civil division. Sir John,
The Journal of Psychological Medi- appointed to his former post at the
cine, and has published "Military Admiralty in Lord Derby's third ad-
Hygiene" (1863); Sleep, and its ministration in June, 1866, on the
Nervous Derangements" (1869); resignation of Gen. Peel, succeeded
"The Physics and Physiology of Spi- him as Secretary of State for War,
ritualism" (1870); "Medico-Legal March 8, 1867, and retained that office
Study of the Case of Daniel McFar- until Dec., 1868. He presided over
land" (1870); "A Treatise on Dis- the Congress of the Social Science
eases of the Nervous System" (1871); Association held at Leeds in Oct., 1871.
Insanity in its Relations to Crime In March, 1874, he was, on the recom-
(1873); and "Over Mental Work, mendation of Mr. Disraeli, raised to
and Emotional Disturbances" (1878). the House of Peers by the title of
HAMPTON (LORD), THE RIGHT Baron Hampton, of Hampton Lovett,
HON. JOHN SOMERSET, is the only and of Westwood in the county of
son of the late William Russell, Esq., Worcester. He was appointed First
of Powick Court, Worcestershire, by Civil Service Commissioner in Nov.,
Elizabeth, eldest daughter of the late 1875, in the room of the late Sir
Sir Herbert Perrott Pakington, Bart., Edward Ryan. His Lordship has
of Westwood. He was born at his been three times married, firstly, in
father's seat, Feb. 20, 1799, was edu- 1822, to Mary, only child of Moreton
cated at Eton and at Oriel College, Aglionby Slaney, Esq.; secondly, in
Oxford, and in 1831 assumed the 1844, to Augusta, daughter of the
name of Pakington, as heir of his late Right Rev. Dr. Murray, Bishop
maternal uncle, the Baronet of West- of Rochester; and thirdly, in 1851, to
wood. He was nominated in 1834 Augusta, daughter of the late Thomas
Chairman of the Worcestershire Quar- Champion de Crespigny, Esq., and
ter Sessions, and in 1837 was returned widow of Colonel Davies, M.P.,
of
to the House of Commons as member Elmley-park. The heir to the peer-
in the Conservative interest for Droit- age, and also to the baronetcy, is his
wich, which he represented till the lordship's only son by his first mar-
general election of Feb., 1874, when riage, the Hon. John Slaney Paking-
he lost the seat. Sir John Pakington ton, M.A., of Christ Church, Oxford,
(C
|
valg
HAMPTON-HANCOCK.
and a Magistrate and Deputy-Lieu-
tenant for Worcestershire, who was
born in 1826, and married in 1849
Lady Diana Boyle, youngest daughter
of the late and sister of the present
Earl of Glasgow.
HAMPTON, WADE, born in Co-
lumbia, South Carolina, in 1818. His
father, who died in 1835, was pro-
bably the wealthiest planter in the
United States, being, it is said, the
owner of more than 3,000 slaves.
The son graduated at the University
of South Carolina, studied law, and
subsequently became a member of
the State Legislature. At the com-
mencement of the civil war he en-
tered the Confederate service, and
raised a regiment of cavalry; was
made a Brigadier-General, served
during the peninsular campaign of
1862, and was wounded at Gettys-
burg, July 2, 1863. In 1864 he was
made Lieutenant-General, and com-
manded a body of cavalry in Vir-
ginia. Early in 1865 he was sent to
South Carolina, and commanded the
rear-guard of the Confederate army,
which was falling back before Ge-
neral Sherman. Large quantities of
cotton had been stored at Columbia,
the capital of the State, which, upon
the approach of the Union forces,
was piled up in an open square,
ready to be burnt. Fire was set to
this, which resulted in a conflagra-
tion by which a great part of the
city was destroyed. A sharp dis-
cussion arose between Generals
Hampton and Sherman, each charg-
ing the other with the wilful de-
struction of Columbia. But, accord-
ing to the best evidence, as far as
either was concerned, the conflagra-
tion was purely accidental. It is
certain that after Sherman entered
the city, he used every effort to
check the conflagration which was
then raging. In 1876 he was the
Democratic candidate for Governor
of South Carolina, and although the
Republican candidates for Presiden-
tial electors were chosen, his per-
sonal popularity, and the general
confidence reposed in him, secured
485
for him a considerable majority.
His wise course as Governor, and
especially his just treatment of the
newly enfranchised coloured popu-
lation, have contributed greatly to
repair the late disorders in the State.
HANCOCK, JOHN, born in 1808,
a brother of the late Albany Han-
cock, the comparative anatomist and
naturalist. For many years he has
devoted great attention to the science
of ornithology, and his accurate
studies of the habits of British birds
have for many years rendered him
one of the highest authorities on the
subject. By careful observation of
the anatomy of birds his groups and
individual preserved specimens pos-
sess a value in the eyes of the scien-
tific naturalist rarely met with.
During the long period which Mr.
Hancock has devoted himself to
ornithology, he has got together a
collection illustrative of the science
of immense extent and value.
-
HANCOCK, WINFIELD SCOTT,
born in Montgomery county, Penn-
sylvania, Feb. 14, 1824. He entered
the West Point Academy in 1840,
graduated in 1844, and in 1846 re-
ceived his commission of Lieutenant
of infantry. He served during the
Mexican war, was promoted for his
gallantry, and having filled several
subordinate posts, was made Assistant
Quartermaster in the Western depart-
ment, with the rank of Captain on
the Staff, which rank he held at the
outbreak of the civil war. In 1861 he
was appointed a Brigadier-General of
Volunteers, and served in the Army
of the Potomac. He accompanied
Gen. McClellan's army to the penin-
sula in 1862, and distinguished him-
self at the battle of Williamsburg.
At the battle of Fredericksburg, in
Dec., 1862, he commanded a division,
which suffered severely, and for his
meritorious conduct on this occasion
received a commission as Major-
General of Volunteers. He took part
in the battle of Chancellorsville.
When the advance of the Union and
Confederate forces encountered at
Gettysburg, July 1, 1863, and the
486
HANNA-HANNAFORD.
Union forces were driven back,
Hancock was sent forward by Meade
to decide whether a general battle
should be risked there, and if so,
although he was out-ranked by
Howard, who was on the field, was
ordered to take the command until
Meade should come up. In the de-
cisive engagement, July 3, Hancock's
own division bore the prominent
part, although he himself was severely
wounded early in the action. He re-
covered sufficiently to return to duty
Dec. 27, 1863, but was unable to com-
mand a body of troops till April, 1864,
when he was promoted to the com-
mand of the 2nd Army corps, and
was engaged in all the battles of the
Wilderness campaign, from May 5 to
June 19, 1864, when the breaking out
of the old wound received at Gettys-
burg compelled him to leave for a
time. He returned to his command
in July, and remained with it till
Nov. 26, 1864, being subsequently
engaged in lighter duties till the
close of the war. He was promoted
to be Brigadier-General of the re-
gular army in Aug., 1864, Brevet
Major-General, March 13, 1865, and
Major-General, United States Army,
July 26, 1866. After the war he
was successively Commander of the
Middle Department (1865-66), of the
Department of the Missouri (1866-67),
of the Department of Louisiana and
|
votes, the highest number (with the
exception of 145, cast for Mr. Pendle-
ton, on the 12th ballot) cast for any
candidate, until, on the 22nd ballot,
Horatio Seymour, who had before
positively declined the candidature,.
was suddenly nominated by way of
compromise, and received a unani-
mous vote, but at the ensuing elec-
tion was defeated by Gen. Grant.
-
HANNA, THE REV. WILLIAM,
LL.D., son of the Rev. Samuel Hanna,.
D.D., born in Belfast in 1808, was
educated at the University of Glas-
gow, and was ordained to the ministry
of the Presbyterian Church in 1835.
He is the author of "Wycliffe and
the Huguenots," of the "Biography
of the late Rev. Thomas Chalmers,
published in 1849, and of other
works.
""
HANNAFORD, SAMUEL, born in
1828, spent the earlier part of his life
in England and Ireland. In 1851 he
published a❝ Catalogue of the Flower-
ing Plants and Ferns" in the neigh-
bourhood of Totnes, in Devonshire,.
and for some years was a constant
contributor of botanical papers and
natural history notes to the Na-
turalist and other scientific journals.
In August, 1852, he proceeded to
Australia, settling down in Melbourne,.
Victoria, the fauna and flora of which
colony he at once commenced to in-
vestigate. At this period he contri-
Texas (1867-69), and of the Depart-buted several scientific papers to the
ment of the Dakota (1869-72). Upon Home Companion and the Journal of
the death of General Meade, Nov., Australasia. In 1856 a work from
1872, although Gen. Hancock was his pen, under the title of " Jottings
politically opposed to President in Australasia, or Notes on the Flora
Grant, and although personally they and Fauna of Victoria," was issued,
were not even upon speaking terms, and had a large circulation. Whilst
the President, in acknowledgment of residing at Geelong, he edited for five
the great military services of Han- years the Victorian Agricultural and
cock, appointed him to the command Horticultural Gazette, initiated and
of the Department of the East, with became honorary secretary of the
his head-quarters at New York, a Horticultural Improvement Associa-
position which he still holds (1878), tion, and wrote a small work en-
being one of the three major-generals titled "Sea and Riverside Rambles.”
in the United States army. In 1868 Removing to Tasmania, a new field
Gen. Hancock was a prominent can- for inquiry was thrown open to him,
didate for the Presidency, and in the the result of which was the publica-
Democratic nominating convention tion, in 1866, of a volume on the
he received, on the 18th ballot, 144 "Wild Flowers of Tasmania." Whilst
|
|
-
G
ܚ
HANNAH-HARCOURT.
487
engaged as editor of the Launceston | University of Heidelberg. He was
Times, Mr. Hannaford wrote the nu- called to the bar at the Middle Temple
cleus of a Guide-Book to Tasmania, in 1848, and chose the Home Circuit,
and a pamphlet on the "Poets and on which he obtained a very large
Poetry of Ireland." In 1869 he be- practice, mainly in commercial busi-
came connected with the Tasmanian ness. He was continually employed
Times, in the south of the island, on in very complicated and important
the staff of which journal he remained cases, and in the great Shrewsbury
until the resuscitation, under the aus- case in the House of Lords, he was
pices of the Government, in 1870, of one of the counsel retained by the
the Tasmanian Public Library, when successful claimant. Mr. Hannen
he was chosen secretary and librarian was for some time counsel to the
to that institution.
Treasury. In Aug., 1868, he was
nominated a puisne judge of the
Queen's Bench, in succession to the
late Mr. Justice Shee, and had the
honour of knighthood conferred upon
him. He was appointed Judge of the
Court of Probate and Divorce in suc-
cession to Lord Penzance, in Nov.,
1872, when he was sworn a member
of the Privy Council.
HARCOURT (MARQUIS D'), BER-
NARD HIPPOLYTE MARIE, a French
diplomatist, third son of the late Duc
d'Harcourt, was born in 1821, and was
successively attached to the embassy
at Madrid (1839), the mission of M.
Lagrenée in China (1843), and the
legations at Frankfort and Berne
(1847). He was next appointed First
Secretary of Embassy at Madrid in
1849, and Plenipotentiary at Baden
and Stuttgart in 1851. M. Thiers'
government nominated him Ambas-
sador to the Holy See, in which
capacity he presented his credentials
to the Pope on April 26, 1871. In
May of the following year he was
succeeded as Ambassador to the
Vatican by M. de Bourgoing, and
was sent to London to replace the
Duke de Broglie as Ambassador to
the Court of St. James's, but he only
occupied that position a short time,
being transferred to Vienna in Oct.,
1873. In May, 1875, he was again
appointed Ambassador at London in
the place of the late Comte de
Jarnac.
HANNAH, THE VEN. JOHN, D.C.L.,
born in 1818, was educated at Corpus
Christi College, Oxford, of which he
was scholar, and where he took his
B.A. degree in 1840 as a first-class in
classics. He was elected to a Fellow-
ship at Lincoln College, where he
obtained a large university connection
as a private tutor; became Rector of
the Academy at Edinburgh in 1847;
and succeeded Bishop Wordsworth in
1854, as Warden of Trinity College,
Glenalmond, an educational establish-
ment which combines a Divinity de-
partment for training young men for
the Episcopal Church in Scotland,
with a public school after the English
model. Dr. Hannah was appointed
Bampton Lecturer at Oxford, for 1863,
his subject being "The Relation be-
tween the Divine and Human Ele-
ments in Holy Scripture ;" and was
presented to the vicarage of Brighton
in 1870. He became Prebendary of
Chichester in 1874, and Archdeacon
of Lewes in 1876. He is the author
of "Discourses on the Fall and its
Results," and of several separately
published lectures and sermons. He
has also edited, with notes, "The
Poems and Psalms of Henry King,
D.D.," 1843; poems by Sir H.
Wotton, Sir W. Raleigh, and others,
1845 and the "Courtly Poets from
Raleigh to Montrose," 1870.
HANNEN, THE RIGHT HON. SIR
JAMES, eldest son of the late Mr.
James Hannen of Kingswood, Surrey,
formerly a merchant in the city of
London, was born in 1821, and re-
ceived his education at St. Paul's
School, whence he removed to the
HARCOURT, SIR WILLIAM
GEORGE GRANVILLE VENABLES
VERNON, M.P., Q.C., second son of
the Rev. William Vernon-Harcourt,
and grandson of the late Archbishop
488
HARDINGE-HARDY.
of York, born Oct. 14, 1827, was
educated at Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, of which he was a scholar,
and graduated in high honours in
1851. He was called to the bar at
the Inner Temple in 1854, and went
the Home circuit. He unsuccessfully
contested the Kircaldy burghs in 1858.
In Dec., 1863, he conducted the de-
fence of Col. Crawley, who was tried
before a court-martial at Aldershot.
Mr. Harcourt was appointed a
Queen's Counsel in 1866; and was re-
turned to the House of Commons for
the city of Oxford in the Liberal in-
terest in 1868. He still represents
that constituency. Mr. Harcourt
was elected Professor of International
Law in the University of Cambridge,
March 2, 1869. He was a member of
the Royal Commission for amending
the Neutrality Laws, and of the
Royal Commission for amending the
Naturalization Laws. He was ap-
pointed Solicitor-General in Nov.,
1873, on which occasion he was
knighted, and he held that office until
the resignation of Mr. Gladstone's
administration in the following Feb-
ruary. He was one of the original
contributors to the Saturday Review,
and has written various political
pamphlets and letters on interna-
tional law in the Times, published
under the pseudonym of "Histori-
cus." The latter were reprinted in a
volume, with considerable additions
(1863). He married, first, in 1859,
Thérèse, daughter of Lady Thérèse
Lewis-aunt to the Earl of Clarendon,
and widow of the late Sir Geo.
Cornewall Lewis, Bart.-by her
first husband, T. Lister, Esq.; and,
secondly, in 1876, Mrs. Ives, daughter
of the late John Lothrop Motley, Esq.,
some time United States Minister in
London.
HARDINGE (VISCOUNT),
CHARLES STEWART HARDINGE,
eldest son of the late Viscount
Hardinge, G.C.B., who was Governor-
General of India, and Commander-
in-Chief at the Horse Guards, born
Sept. 12, 1812, was educated at Eton
and Christ Church, Oxford, where he
graduated B.A. in 1844 in classical
honours. He sat in the House of
Commons as member for the borough
of Downpatrick, from 1851 till Sept.
24, 1856, when he succeeded to his
father's title; and he held the post
of Under-Secretary of State for the
War Department under Lord Derby's
second administration in 1858-9. He
acted as private secretary to his
father in India, having been present
at the battles of Moodkee, Feroze-
shah, and Sobraon, served for five
years as Major in the Kent Artillery,
and is Lieut.-Col. of the 2nd Kent
Administrative Battalion Volunteers.
He published in 1847 some elaborate
"Views in India," in imperial folio,
which show that he is an artist of
more than ordinary merit.
HARDY, THOMAS, novelist, was
born June 2, 1840, at a village in
Dorsetshire, and educated at different
schools. He was destined for the
architectural profession, and in his
17th year was articled as pupil to an
architect practising in the county-
town, during which period an able
classical scholar gave attention to his
higher education. After serving his
time he went to London, and, allying
himself with the modern school of
Gothic artists, acquired additional
experience in design under Mr.
Arthur Blomfield, M.A., F.R.I.B.A.,
son of the late Bishop Blomfield.
His first literary performance was an
essay on Coloured Brick and Terra-
cotta Architecture, which received
the prize and medal of the Institute
of British Architects in 1863; he
also was awarded in the same year
Sir W. Tite's prize for architectural
design. He now formed the idea of
becoming an art-critic, and engaged
in further studies for that purpose,
but printed nothing. After hesitat-
ing for a few years between archi-
tecture and literature, he at length
tried his hand on a work of fiction,
which was published in 1871, and
was equally praised and condemned.
In 1872 he published the rural tale
entitled "Under the Greenwood
Tree," and in 1873 "A Pair of Blue
HARE-HARPER.
Eyes," both of which were well re-
ceived. These were followed, in
1874, by his best-known novel, "Far
from the Madding Crowd," and by
"The Hand of Ethelberta," in 1876.
|
HARE, AUGUSTUS JOHN CUTH-
BERT, the youngest and now the only
surviving son of Francis George
Hare, was born at the Villa Strozzi,
at Rome, March 13, 1834, and was
adopted, as an infant, by the widow
of his uncle, Augustus William Hare.
He was educated at Harrow, and at
University College, Oxford. Mr. Hare
resided formerly at his family home
of Hurstmonceaux, but now lives at
Holmhurst, near Hastings. He has
published"
Epitaphs for Country
Churchyards,"1856; "Murray'sHand-
book for Berks, Bucks, and Oxford-
shire," 1860; “A Winter at Mentone,"
1861;"Murray's Handbook for
Durham and Northumberland," 1863;
"Walks in Rome," 1870; "Wander-
ings in Spain," 1872 ; "Memorials
of a Quiet Life," 1872 "Days near
Rome," 1874; "Cities of Northern
and Central Italy, 1875; and
"Walks in London," 1877.
HARGRAVES, EDMUND HAM-
MOND, the discoverer of the gold-fields
in Australia, son of Lieut. J. E. Har-
graves, of the Sussex militia, born
at Gosport about 1815, went to sea
at the age of fourteen, and became a
settler, or "squatter," in Australia
when eighteen years old. In 1849
he sailed from Port Jackson for San
Francisco, went to the gold-diggings,
and while working there was so struck
with the resemblance of the geologi-
cal structure of the country to that of
Australia, that upon his return he
made explorations which resulted in
the discovery of what have since
been proved to be most productive
gold-fields. He proceeded to Sydney,
communicated his discovery to the
Colonial Secretary, and was after-
wards appointed Commissioner of
Crown Lands. Having visited the
principal gold-fields in Australia, he
returned to Sydney, and resigned his
appointment, when the Legislative
Council of New South Wales awarded
""
489
him £10,000 for his discovery; and
the town of Sydney presented him
with a gold cup of £500 value, at a
public dinner at which the Governor-
General was present. He received
testimonials from the other Australian
colonies in recognition of his services
in developing the resources of that
country. In 1854 he returned to
England. A very interesting narra-
tive of his success, entitled" Australia
and its Gold-Fields," appeared in
1855.
""
HARINGTON, THE REV. EDWARD
CHARLES, M.A., a direct descendant
of the celebrated Sir John Haring-
ton of Kilston, who flourished in
the reign of Elizabeth, born about
1807, was educated at Worcester
college, Oxford, where he graduated
B.A. in 1828, and was appointed, in
1847, Chancellor, and in 1857 Canon
Residentiary of Exeter Cathedral.
He has written a learned treatise
"On the Object, Importance, and
Antiquity of the Rite of Consecra-
tion of Churches "Notes on the
Church of Scotland," published in
1844; "The Succession of Bishops
in the Church of England, unbroken,"
in 1846; "The Reformers of the
Anglican Church and Macaulay's
England," and "Reconstruction,
Reconciliation, &c., of the Churches,'
in 1850; "Bradford the Martyr and
Sir John Harington;" "Rome's Pre-
tensions tested;" "The Bull of Pope
Pius IX. and the ancient British
Church ;" Pope Pius IX. and the
Book of Common Prayer;" and "The
Fifty-fifth Canon and the Kirk of
Scotland."
((
79
HARPER, THE RIGHT REV.
HENRY JOHN CHITTY, D.D., Bishop
of Christchurch, New Zealand, was
born at Gosport, Hampshire, in 1807,
and educated at Queen's College,
Oxford, (B.A. 1826, M.A. 1840). After
having been private tutor to the sons
of Sir Charles Coote, he officiated for
many years as "conduct" or chaplain
to Eton College, by which society he
was presented in 1840 to the vicarage
of Stratfield Mortimer, Berkshire,
whence he was appointed, in 1856,
490
HARRIS-HARRISON.
The
first Bishop of Christchurch.
diocese was reconstituted in 1869 and
made metropolitan over the sees of
Auckland, Wellington, Waiapu, and
Nelson.
HARRIS, THE HON. SIR EDWARD
ALFRED JOHN, K.C.B., second son
of the late Earl of Malmesbury, and
heir-presumptive to that title, born
May 20, 1808, was educated at Eton
and the Royal Naval College, entered
the navy in 1823, and, having served
on the South American, Mediter-
ranean, and Portuguese stations, at-
tained the rank of Captain in 1843.
He was member for Christchurch,
Hants, in the Conservative interest,
from 1844 to 1852, when, during his
brother's (the Earl of Malmesbury)
tenure of the seals of the Foreign
Office, he was appointed Consul at
Elsinore, was transferred to Peru as
Consul-General and Chargé d'Af-
faires the same year, and to Chili in
the same capacity a few months later.
In 1858 he was appointed Consul at
Venice, and shortly afterwards Envoy-
Extraordinary and Minister-Plenipo-
tentiary at Berne. He obtained his
flag April 12, 1862; was created a C.B.
the next year; advanced to the rank
of Vice-Admiral May 24, 1867; was
nominated Envoy-Extraordinary and
Minister-Plenipotentiary to the King
of the Netherlands, Aug. 22, 1867;
and was created a K.C.B. (civil divi-
sion) in 1872.
HARRIS, GEORGE, LL.D., F.S.A.,
born in 1809, entered the navy as a
midshipman, but left it on account
of ill-health. He was formerly a
member of Trinity Hall, Cambridge.
He was called to the bar in 1843, and
went the Midland circuit; was the
acting judge of the Birmingham
County Court for two years, under the
direction of the Lord Chancellor, and
was appointed one of the Registrars of
the Court of Bankruptcy in 1862,
from which post he retired in 1868.
Mr. Harris is the author of "The Life
of Lord Chancellor Hardwicke,"
1847, which was dedicated to the
late Prince Consort, who took much
interest in the work, and placed at
|
Mr. Harris's disposal certain of the
MSS. at Windsor Castle. Mr. Harris
is also the author of "Civilization
considered as a Science ;""The True
Theory of Representation in a State;
and "The Theory of the Arts," which
has been translated into French.
He was the originator of the
Commission for inquiring into the
collections of ancient historical
manuscripts, the proposal for which
was made in a paper he read before
the Social Science Association in
1857, and was warmly espoused by
Lord Brougham, and a very influen-
tially signed memorial in its favour
was presented to Lord Palmerston.
Mr. Harris is the Vice-President of
the Anthropological Institute, und
was for some time President of the
Manchester Anthropological Society.
He is also a member of the British As-
sociation, before which he read papers
in 1871 and 1872; and a Fellow and
one of the Council of the Royal His-
torical Society. In 1876 he published
his "Philosophical Treatise on the
Nature and Constitution of Man,"
which was the labour of more than
forty years. Valuable notes were
contributed to it by several distin-
guished writers, both English and
foreign, among them Mr. Darwin,
Professor De Quatrefages, Mr. Glad-
stone, Sir John Lubbock, Dr. New-
man, Prof. Huxley, and Dr. Richard-
son. It is being translated into
French, German, and Russian.
17
HARRISON, FREDERIC, M.A., was
born in London, Oct. 18, 1831, being
the eldest son of Frederic Harrison,
Esq., of Threadneedle Street, and of
Lancaster Gate, London, by Jane,
only daughter of the late Alexander
Brice, Esq., of Belfast. He was edu-
cated at King's College, London
(1843-49) under Dr. J. R. Major,
was elected Scholar of Wadham
College, Oxford (1848); took the de-
gree of B.A., 1853 (when he was in
the 1st class in Classics). After re-
siding for some time as Fellow and
Tutor of his College at Oxford, he
entered at Lincoln's Inn, studied in
the chambers of Sir Henry Maine
HARROWBY-HART.
and the late Vice-Chancellor Sir J.
Wickens, and was called to the bar
in 1859. He has since practised as a
Conveyancer, and in the Courts of
Equity. Mr. Harrison was a member
of the Royal Commission upon Trades
Unions, 1867-69; Secretary to the
Royal Commission for the Digest of
the Law, 1869-70; and in 1877 was
appointed by the Council of Legal
Education, Professor of Jurispru-
dence and International Law. He
has given much attention to the
questions and institutions relating to
working men, and has studied their
co-operative, industrial, and educa-
tional societies, especially in Lanca-
shire and Yorkshire. He has been
connected with the Working Men's
College, the Working Women's Col-
lege, &c., and finally with the Posi-
tivist School, of which he was one of
the founders in 1870. He is the author
of some articles in the Westminster
Review between 1860 and 1863, of
numerous essays in the Fortnightly
Review from 1865, and in the Nine-
teenth Century and Contemporary
Review from 1876. He published
"Order and Progress," 1875; and an
English translation of "Social Statics,
or the Abstract Theory of Human
Order," being vol. ii. of Comte's "Posi-
tive Polity," 1875. Mr. Harrision is
a follower of Auguste Comte, whose
philosophical, social, and religious
doctrines he has presented in various
writings and lectures.
HARROWBY (EARL OF), THE
RIGHT HONOURABLE DUDLEY
RYDER, K.G., eldest son of the late
earl, born May 19, 1798, was educated
at Christ Church, Oxford, where he
graduated B.A. in 1820, and after-
wards M.A. and D.C.L. In 1819 he
was returned to the House of Com-
mons as one of the members for
Tiverton, which he represented till
1830, and sat for Liverpool from 1831
until 1847. He was Secretary to the
India Board during the earlier part
of Earl Grey's administration, was
appointed Chancellor of the Duchy
of Lancaster under Lord Palmerston's
first administration in 1855, and ex-
491
changed that post for the office of
Lord Privy Seal, which he resigned
in Dec., 1857. Lord Harrowby, who
obtained the blue riband of the Garter
in 1859, is well known as a philan-
thropist and a supporter of religious
societies and charitable institutions.
··
HART, SOLOMON ALEXANDER,
R.A., born at Plymouth, in April,
1806, is the son of Mr. Samuel Hart,
who, while apprenticed to a gold-
smith and jeweller of Bath, had
studied art, and painted under North-
cote in London in 1785. In 1820 he
removed with his family to London,
and in 1823 Solomon entered the
Royal Academy as student of paint-
ing. He first appeared as an ex-
hibitor at the Academy in 1826, with
a portrait miniature of his father, a
branch of art he exchanged for oils.
"Instructions," his first exhibition
oil picture-at the British Institution
in 1828-was immediately sold, and
this confirmed the artist in his choice.
"The Elevation of the Law," ex-
hibited at the Suffolk Street Gallery
in 1830, was purchased by Mr. Ver-
non. This was followed by "Isaac
of York in the Donjon of Front de
Boeuf," in 1830; "English Nobility
privately receiving the Catholic
Communion early in the Sixteenth
Century," in 1831;"Giacopo Guerini
refusing to enter into the Compact
with Boemondo Theopolo to put to
death the Doge Gradenigo," in 1832;
66
Wolsey and Buckingham," pur-
chased by Lord Northwick, in 1834;
and Coeur de Lion and the Soldan
Saladin," in 1835. The two latter
pictures increased his professional
reputation, and led to his election as
an Associate. "Sir Thomas More
receiving the Benediction of his
Father" was exhibited in 1836; fol-
lowed by "Hannah, the Mother of
Samuel," "Eleanor sucking the Poison
from Edward's Arm,' "Henry I. re-
ceiving the Intelligence of his Son's
Shipwreck," &c. In 1840 he became
R.A., and during a visit to Italy in
1841-2 made an elaborate series of
drawings-originally intended for
publication of architectural in-
.
492
HARTE-HARTINGTON.
(1871); "Poetical Works," illustrated
(1871) ; "Mrs. Skagg's Husbands"
(1872); a collection of "Select
Poems" (1874); and "Story of a
Mine" (1878).
|
teriors, and of sites famous in history. |
Mr. Hart made use of the abundant
materials collected, in several pic-
tures, amongst which may be men-
tioned, "Dinner-time in the Refec-
tory of the Convent of the Ognes-
santi, Florence," "Interior of the
Cathedral at Modena," " Interior of
the Cathedral at Pisa," and "An Offer-
ing to the Virgin." The list of this
artist's works, with which the public
are familiar, would occupy more
space than we have at command.
“Milton visiting Galileo in Prison,"
"The Three Inventors of Printing,"
"Columbus when a Boy conceives
the Idea of the New World," and
"The_Introduction of Raphael to
Pope Julius II.," are among the best
known. In 1857 Mr. Hart succeeded
Leslie as Professor of Painting in the
Royal Academy, and in 1865 was
appointed by the Queen Librarian of
the Royal Academy. Mr. Hart has,
in addition to his larger works,
painted landscapes, and some por-
traits.
|
|
HARTINGTON (MARQUIS OF),
THE RIGHT HON. SPENCER COMPTON
CAVENDISH, M.P., eldest surviving
son of William, 7th Duke of Devon-
shire, by Lady Blanche Georgina
Howard, 4th daughter of George,
6th Earl of Carlisle, was born July
23, 1833, and educated at Trinity
College, Cambridge, where he gra-
duated B.A. in 1854, and was made
LL.D. in 1862. He was attached to
Earl Granville's special mission to
Russia in 1856. In March, 1857, he
was returned to the House of Com-
mons as one of the members for
North Lancashire in the Liberal in-
terest. At the opening of the new
Parliament in 1859, he moved a vote
of no confidence in Lord Derby's
Government, and it was carried by
323 votes against 310. In March,
1863, he was appointed a Lord of
the Admiralty, and in April in the
same year Under-Secretary for War.
On the reconstruction of Lord Rus-
sell's second administration, in Feb.,
1866, the Marquis of Hartington be-
came Secretary for War, and retired
with his colleagues in July of that
year. At the general
At the general election of
Dec., 1868, Lord Hartington lost his
seat for North Lancashire, but was
immediately afterwards returned for
the Radnor boroughs, having first
received the office of Postmaster-
General in Mr. Gladstone's Cabinet.
He held that office till Jan., 1871,
when he succeeded Mr. Chichester
Fortescue as Chief Secretary for Ire-
land. His lordship went out of office
with his party in Feb., 1874. When Mr.
Gladstone, shortly before the asscm-
bling of Parliament in 1875, an-
nounced his intention of abandoning
the post of leader of the Liberal
party, a meeting of the members_of
the Opposition was held at the Re-
form Club (Feb. 3), under the presi-
dency of Mr. John Bright. On the
motion of Mr. Villiers, seconded by
HARTE, FRANCIS BRET, born at
Albany, New York, Aug. 25, 1839.
He went to California in 1854, and
was successively a miner, school
teacher, express messenger, printer,
and finally editor of a newspaper.
In 1864 he was appointed Secretary
of the United States Branch Mint at
San Francisco, holding the office
until 1870. He contributed many
poems and sketches to periodicals,
and in 1868, upon the establishment
of the Overland Monthly, he became
its editor, and contributed to it several
notable tales and sketches. In 1869
appeared in it his humorous poem
"The Heathen Chinee." In 1871 he
went to the Eastern States, and took
up his residence first in New York,
and subsequently in Boston. He was
appointed United States Consul at
Crefeld in 1878. His works, most
of which originally appeared in
periodicals, include "Condensed
Novels" (1867, enlarged edition,
1871); "Poems" 1870; "Luck of
Roaring Camp, and other Sketches"
(1870); "East and West Poems"
HARTLEY-HATTON.
Mr. Samuel Morley, a resolution was
unanimously passed to the effect that
the Marquis of Hartington should be
requested to undertake the leadership
of the Liberal party in the House of
Commons. His lordship accepted
this responsible position, and has
since been the acknowledged leader
of the Opposition in the Lower House.
He received the freedom of the city
of Glasgow, Nov. 5, 1877.
O
493
HATHERLEY (LORD), THE RIGHT
HON. WILLIAM PAGE WOOD, F.R.S.,
(second son of the late Sir Matthew
Wood, Bart., many years one of the
members for the City of London, and
brother of the late Rev. Sir J. P.
Wood, Bart., who died Feb. 21, 1866,)
born in 1801, was educated at Win-
chester and Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, where he graduated in high
honours, obtained a Fellowship, and
was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn
in 1827. He was one of the members
in the Liberal interest for the city of
Oxford from Aug., 1847, till Dec.
1852, Vice-Chancellor of the County
Palatine of Lancaster from 1849 till
1851, and was Solicitor-General from
1851 till he was appointed a Vice-
Chancellor in Dec., 1852. He re-
signed the latter post in March, 1868,
when he was appointed a Lord Justice
of the Court of Appeal in Chancery,
and sworn of the Privy Council. When
Mr. Gladstone became Prime Minister
in Dec., 1868, the dignity of Lord
Chancellor of Great Britain was con-
ferred on Sir William Page Wood,
who on the 10th of that month was
created Baron Hatherley, of Down
Hatherley, Gloucestershire. On Oct.
15, 1872, he resigned the office of
Lord Chancellor in consequence of
failing eyesight, and was succeeded
on the woolsack by Lord Selborne.
Lord Hatherley is author of "Con-
tinuity of Scripture, as declared by
the Testimony of our Lord, and of
the Evangelists and Apostles," 3rd
edition, 1869.
|
HARTLEY, SIR CHARLES Augus-
TUS, F.R.S.E., son of the late W. A.
Hartley, Esq., of Darlington, born at
Heworth, Durham, in 1823, is a mem-
ber of the Institution of Civil Engi-
neers, and was for many years
resident engineer at Plymouth for HATTON, JOSEPH, was born at
the late J. Locke, Esq. In 1855-56 Andover, in 1839, being son of the
he served in the Crimea as Captain | late Mr. Francis Hatton, a Derbyshire
in the Turkish Contingent Engineers, newspaper proprietor and publisher.
and in 1857 was appointed Engineer- He commenced his career of journal-
in-Chief to the European Commission ism and authorship at an early age,
for improving the navigation of the upon his father's paper, the Derbyshire
Danube. He has received the Turkish Times. He has edited several lead-
war-medal from the Queen, the Im- ing provincial newspapers, and was
perial Order of the Medjidie from the proprietor of Berrow's Worcester
the Sultan, the Telford Medal, the Journal. In 1861 he published a
Stephenson prize, and the Manby little work containing sketches and
premium from the Institution of Civil stories which had been printed in
Engineers, and was knighted by the Bristol Mirror, a journal which
patent in 1862.
he edited for several years. In
1862-63 he edited the Durham County
Advertiser, and contributed largely
to local and London periodicals.
He was afterwards a constant con-
tributor to London Society, Belgravia,
and other magazines. He wrote the
papers on " Pits and Pitmen," in The
Graphic. In 1865, "Bitter Sweets: a
Love Story," appeared in three vols.,
and in the following year, "Against
the Stream." This was followed in
1867 by "The Tallants of Barton."
In 1868 he was appointed editor of
the Gentleman's Magazine, which in
his hands entirely changed its long-
established character as an antiqua-
rian periodical, and became a shilling
magazine of general literature. To
the new series of this periodical he
contributed "The Memorial Window,"
a novel entitled "Christopher Ken-
rick," and many miscellaneous papers.
After conducting the magazine for
-
494
HATTON-HAUSSMANN.
|
3
six years, he relinquished the editorial
chair, upon which occasion he was pre-
sented with a service of plate and an
address by the leading contributors.
He founded The School-Board Chro-
nicle, and started the first illustrated
newspaper ever published in the
provinces, The Illustrated Midland
News. His latest works are "Pippins
and Cheese," "Kites and Pigeons,'
"Kites and Pigeons,"
"With a Show in the North: Remi-
niscences of Mark Lemon," 1871;
"The Valley of Poppies." 2 vols.,
1871; "In the Lap of Fortune,"
vols., 1872; "Clytie," 3 vols., 1874;
"The Queen of Bohemia," 2 vols.,
1877-78; "Cruel London," 3 vols.,
1878. Ín dramatic literature Mr.
Hatton, in collaboration with the late
John Oxenford, adapted from the
French "Much too Clever," for the
Gaiety, Mr. Toole playing the leading
part. He is the author of a dramatic
version of his own story of " Clytie,"
produced at the Olympic with Miss
Henrietta Hodson for the heroine; a
version of "The Scarlet Letter,"
played in the provinces; and he is
the joint author of the successful
drama of "Liz," produced_at_the
Opera Comique, Miss Rose Leclerq
sustaining the title rôle. In collabo-
ration with Mr. James Albery, Mr.
Hatton wrote No. 20; or the Bastille
of Calvados, an original romantic
drama for the Princess's Theatre, in
which Mr. Charles Warner and Miss
Fowler played the leading characters.
For two years Mr. Hatton was respon-
sible for the conduct of The Hornet,
which improved in tone, while it lost
none of its point and brightness,
under his editorship. In 1876 he
made a tour through the United States
and Canada; and he is now the resi-
dent London correspondent of The
Times of New York, his letters to
which journal are largely quoted in
the United States.
HATTON, J. L., was born in Liver-
pool about 1815. He is almost en-
tirely self-educated, having only had
a few lessons in the elements of music.
Mr. Hatton came to London at the
age of twenty: assisted in "Acis and
|
Galatea," at Drury Lane Theatre, in
1843; and his operetta, "Queen of the
Thames," was produced at that thea-
tre in 1844. He visited Vienna and
brought out an opera, "Pascal Bruno,"
in the same year. The English opera
"Rose: or Love's Ransom," was pro-
duced at Covent Garden in 1864; sub-
sequently he became Musical Director
at the Princess's Theatre. Mr. Hatton
wrote original music to "Sardana-
palus," "Pizarro," Henry VIII.,"
"Richard II.," "King Lear ;" overture
and entr'actes to "Faust und Mar-
guerite," &c.; cantata "Robin Hood,"
performed at the Bradford Musical
Festival; a large number of part
songs-"When Evening's Twilight,'
"The Tar's Song," "The Bait," and
a hundred others; a dozen or more
Anthems; two full Cathedral Ser-
vices in C and E; some 150 songs,
some of which have obtained much
celebrity.
**
HAUSSMANN, BARON GEORGES
EUGÈNE, administrator and senator,
born at Paris, March 27, 1809, was
educated at the Conservatoire de Mu-
sique, studied with a notary, and be-
came an advocate. After the revolu-
tion of 1830 he was successively sous-
préfet of Nérac, Saint-Girons, and
Blaye, and under the Presidency of
Louis Napoleon, was Prefect of Var,
the Yonne, and Gironde. The Presi-
dent, appreciating his administrative
talents, appointed him Préfet of the
Seine, in succession to M. Berger,
June 23, 1853. Under his active
direction and enterprising spirit,
works were executed in Paris of such
a nature as to almost render it a new
city. Amongst these may be men-
tioned the improvement of the Bois
de Boulogne, the prolongation of the
Rue de Rivoli, the construction of
the Boulevard de Sebastopol, and of
more than twenty boulevards in the
old parts of Paris, various public gar-
dens, squares, barracks, the Halles
Centrales, the new Prefectures of
Police, more than a dozen bridges,
the rebuilding of various mairies, in
addition to numerous hospitals, asy-
lums (especially the Hôtel Dieu), and
•
HAUSSONVILLE-HAWEIS.
495
many other public works. After | candidature having received the offi-
cial approbation of the Government.
HAUSSONVILLE (COMTE D'),
JOSEPH OTHENIN
BERNARD DE
CLÉRON, a French politician and
Member of the Academy, born at
Paris, May 27, 1809, is the son of a
peer of France, who died in 1846.
Entering the diplomatic service, he
acted as Secretary of Embassy at
Brussels, Turin, and Naples. Subse-
quently he took an active part in the
proceedings of the French Chamber,
to which he was returned in 1842,
and again in 1846, as Deputy for
Provins. After the revolution of Feb-
ruary he retired from public life. On
April 29, 1869, he was elected to the
stall in the Academy, vacant by the
death of M. Viennet. The Comte
d'Haussonville is the author of "His-
toire de la Politique Extérieure du
Gouvernement Français de 1830 à
1848," 2 vols., 1850; "Histoire de la
Réunion de la Lorraine à la France,
4 vols., 1854-59, 2nd edit. 1860;
"L'Église Romaine et le Premier
Empire," 4 vols., 1868-70 ;
and
"Sainte-Beuve," 1875. He has also
written a number of political pam-
phlets and articles in the Revue des
Deux Mondes. The Comte d'Hausson-
ville is brother-in-law of the Duc de
Broglie.
several loans had been contracted for
the purpose of carrying out these im-
provements the municipality of Paris,
acting under the powers conferred
upon them by special laws, raised a
further sum of 250,000,000 francs in
1865, and 260,000,000 francs more in
1869. Meanwhile the financial ad-
ministration of M. Haussmann had
given rise to the most animated dis-
cussions in the Corps Législatif and
in the columns of the press, it being
alleged that the Prefect had raised,
by means of bonds, hundreds of mil-
lions of francs over and above the
large amount he was legally autho-
rised to expend in the construction of
public works. Eventually M. Hauss-
mann requested the Emperor to place
the budget of the city under the con-
trol of the Corps Législatif, and ac-
cordingly the examination of his
accounts became the principal busi-
ness of the session that commenced
early in 1869, the result being that
authority was given for a new loan of
260,000,000 francs, which was eagerly
subscribed by the public. On the
formation of a parliamentary cabinet
by M. Émile Ollivier, he was asked to
tender his resignation of the office of
Prefect of the Seine, and on his re-
fusal to do so he was "relieved of his
duties" by an imperial decree, dated
Jan. 5, 1870. M. Haussmann was
promoted to the rank of Grand Officer
of the Legion of Honour, June 17,
1856, and Grand Cross Sept. 8, 1862.
In Aug. 1857, he was created a Sena-
tor, and, in 1867, elected a member
of the Academy of Fine Arts. He
was likewise a member of the Impe-
rial Council of Public Instruction.
After the fall of the Empire Baron
Haussmann prudently quitted France
for a time. On his return he was ap-
pointed (Sept. 3, 1871) director of the
Crédit Mobilier, and in this capacity
he did much to restore the influence
and improve the situation of that
financial institution. At the election
of Oct. 1877 he was returned to the
Chamber of Deputies by the arron-
dissement of Ajaccio in Corsica, his
>>
HAWEIS, THE REV. HUGH REGI-
NALD, M.A., was born at Egham,
Surrey, April 3, 1838, being the son
of the Rev. W. Haweis, M.A., rector
of Slaugham, Sussex, and Mary
Davis Haweis. He received his edu-
cation at Trinity College, Cambridge.
(B.A. 1859; M.A. 1864).
He was
first appointed curate to the Rev.
John Packer, incumbent of St.
Peter's, Bethnal Green, and next in
1863, appointed curate to the Rev. G.
Dickson, incumbent of St. James-
the-Less, Westminster. In 1866 Mr.
Haweis was appointed incumbent of
St. James's, Marylebone, a living in
the gift of the First Commissioner of
Works-then the Right Hon. W. F.
Cowper-Temple, M.P. He has for
twelve years occupied the pulpit of
St. James's, Westmoreland Street.
496
HAWKINS.
On several occasions he has opened | educated at St. Aloysius College.
His earliest attempts in art were
made under the instruction of the
late W. Behnes, the celebrated
sculptor. Mr. Hawkins has devoted
himself to the study of natural his-
tory since 1827, and to that of
geology since 1852. In 1842 he was
invited by the late Earl of Derby to
reside at Knowsley, to make studies
from the living animals, and was
occupied in this manner until the end
of 1847. During these five years and
a half he obtained that facility for
sketching the animal form which con-
stitutes the attractive feature of his
popular lectures on Geology and Zoo-
logy, so well known at the Crystal
Palace, and various scientific and lite-
rary institutes in England and Scot-
land. He was assistant-superintend-
ent at the Great Exhibition of 1851;
in 1852 was appointed by the Crystal
Palace Company to restore the exter-
nal forms of the extinct animals to
their natural gigantic size, and de-
voted three years and a half to the
construction of the thirty-three life-
size models in the Crystal Palace
Park, many of them being of colossal
proportions. In one of these (the
Iguanodon) he carried out, Dec. 30,
1853, his idea of giving a dinner to
Professor Owen, Professor Forbes,
and twenty scientific and literary
gentlemen. He was elected a Fellow
of the Linnean Society in 1847, of
the Geological Society in 1854, and a
member of the Society of Arts in
1846. In Feb. 1868 he went to New
York and lectured on scientific sub-
jects to large audiences in the great
hall of the Cooper Union. Soon
afterwards he was engaged at a salary
of 5000 dollars per annum, to devote
eight months of his time in each year to
making models of extinct animals in
the Central Park, New York, and de-
livering lectures. Mr. Hawkins is
the author of "Popular Comparative
Anatomy," published in 1840; of
"Elements of Form," in 1842; of
|
St. James's Hall, Regent Street, for
special services on Sunday mornings,
and he has been appointed a special
preacher by the Dean of Westminster
at one of the Services for the People
at Westminster Abbey. Mr. Haweis
took great interest in the Italian re-
volution under Garibaldi, and was
present at the siege of Capua, where
he had several narrow escapes. He
afterwards published in the Argosy
an account of these events and a
memoir of Garibaldi, who subse-
quently wrote, at his request, other
memoirs of his life for Cassell's
Magazine. Mr. Haweis has also been
an indefatigable advocate of the
advocate of the
Sunday opening of Museums, and in
the recent parliamentary debates was
freely quoted upon the subject. He
has also occasionally appeared on a
secular platform as a lecturer on
social or artistic questions. He was
one of the first to advocate and
establish the Penny Readings for the
People, since grown popular through-
out the country, and he also takes the
heartiest interest in the progress of
musical art, of which he has been an
ardent votary from his earliest youth.
In 1877 Mr. Haweis was gazetted
acting chaplain to the 20th Mid-
dlesex Rifle Volunteers. He is a
voluminous contributor to the pe-
riodical press, including the Quar-
terly Review, the Contemporary Re-
view, and Good Words; he was ap-
pointed editor of Cassell's Magazine
in 1868; and he was on the original
staff of the Echo, for leading articles
and musical criticism. He is the
author of "Music and Morals,"
"Thoughts for the Times,"" Speech
in Season," "Current Coin,'
""Current Coin," "Arrows
in the Air," "Pet," a book for chil-
dren, "Ashes to Ashes," a cremation
prelude; the hymn "Homeland;
and “Unsectarian Family Prayers."
All these works have gone through
many editions, and been re-issued
in America.
""
HAWKINS, BENJAMIN WATER-
HOUSE, F.G.S., born in Devonshire
Street, London, Feb. 8, 1807, was
-
66
Comparative View of the Human
and Animal Frame," in 1860; and
in conjunction with Professor Huxley,
HAWKINS.
497
of an
"Atlas of Elementary Ana- | appointed Dean Ireland's Professor
tomy," in 1865, and of "Artistic of the Exegesis of Holy Scripture at
Anatomy of the Horse, Cattle, and Oxford. in 1847, resigning that post
Sheep for Art Students.
in 1861. Dr. Hawkins (who was the
intimate friend of the late Dr. Arnold)
is the author of the "Bampton Lec-
tures" for 1840, of "Discourses on
the Historical Scriptures of the Old
Testament;" and of a variety of
Sermons, and has edited "Milton's
Poetical Works, with Notes."
|
|
HAWKINS, CÆSAR HENRY, third
son of the late Rev. Edward Hawkins,
and grandson of Sir Cæsar Hawkins,
1st baronet, some time Serjeant-Sur-
geon to George II. and III., was born
towards the close of the last century.
After having been for a few years
Lecturer on Anatomy at the school
in Great Windmill Street, he was in
1829 elected Surgeon to St. George's
Hospital, where he lectured on sur-
gery. He resigned in 1861, was ap-
pointed Consulting Surgeon to St.
George's Hospital, of which he is a
Trustee, was for some years an
Examiner in Surgery at the Univer-
sity of London, and a member of
the Court of Examiners of the Royal
College of Surgeons, of which he has
twice been President. In 1849 he
was chosen to deliver the Hunterian
Oration at the College of Surgeons,
when the late Prince Albert honoured
the College with his presence. Mr.
Hawkins has held several other pro-
fessional appointments, such as Pre-
sident of the Royal Medical and
Chirurgical, and Pathological Socie-
ties, and on the death of Sir B.
Brodie was appointed Serjeant-Sur-
geon to her Majesty. He is the author
of "Lectures on Tumours," and other
subjects in the Medical Times and
Gazette, and has been a frequent con-
tributor to the Lancet, and the "Medi-
cal and Chirurgical Transactions.”
.
HAWKINS, FREDERICK W., only
son of the late William Hamilton
Hawkins, of The Times, was born in
London in 1849. After receiving a
liberal education he was taken on the
literary staff of that journal. In 1869,
at the age of nineteen, he brought
out a biography, in 2 vols., of Ed-
mund Kean, which met with con-
siderable success. He acted as dra-
matic critic of The Times during the
last illness of Mr. John Oxenford,
and is now connected with the same
paper in a higher capacity. Mr.
Hawkins is the chief proprietor of
The Theatre. This was commenced
in January, 1877, as a weekly news-
paper, but in Aug., 1878, it appeared
in the form of a first-class illustrated
monthly magazine and review, de-
voted to subjects connected with the
stage.
C
HAWKINS, THE REV. EDWARD,
D.D., eldest brother of Mr. C. H.
Hawkins, born in 1789, was educated
at Merchant Taylors' School, and at
St. John's College, Oxford, where he
graduated B.A., in high honours in
1811, and was shortly afterwards
elected to a Fellowship at Oriel Col-
lege. Having discharged several col-
lege offices with energy and ability,
he was chosen in 1828 to succeed Dr.
Copleston as Provost of Oriel College,
to which office a canonry in Roches-
ter Cathedral and the Rectory of Pur-
leigh, Essex, are annexed. He was
HAWKINS, THE HON. SIR HENRY,
son of John Hawkins, Esq., of Hitchin,
Herts, by Susannah, daughter of
Theed Pearse, Esq., of Bedford, was
born at Hitchin, in 1816, and educated
at Bedford School. Adopting the
law as his profession, he entered the
Middle Temple, and was a very dili-
gent Special Pleader before his call to
the bar in 1843 at the Middle Temple.
After a year or two he rapidly rose
into a very large practice as a junior.
He attached himself to the Home
circuit, and after he obtained his
silk gown, in 1858, he was for many
years one of its leaders. He also be-
came a Bencher of the Middle
Temple. As a junior, Mr. Hawkins
was one of the counsel (with Serjeant
Byles) for Sir John Dean Paul, in
1855; and (with Mr. Edwin James)
for Simon Bernard, who was tried as
|
K K
498
HAWKSHAW.
accessory to the conspiracy against | Hampsthwaite, Yorkshire, was born
the life of the Emperor Napoleon, in at Leeds in 1811, and received his
1858. After he became a Queen's education in the grammar school
Counsel he was engaged in nearly of that town. He was, on leaving
every important case that came be- school, placed as a pupil with Mr.
fore the Superior Courts. He was Charles Fowler, who was at that
associated with the late Lord Chief time chiefly engaged in the construc-
Justice Bovill in the great Roupell tion of turnpike roads in the West
cases against the claims advanced Riding of Yorkshire; and subse-
upon the evidence of Mr. Roupell. quently he became an assistant to the
In the famous convent case, "Saurin celebrated engineer Mr. Alexander
v. Star," tried in 1869, Mr. Hawkins Nimmo, who was constructing several
led for the defence; and he was important works for the Government
leading counsel for Mr. W. H. Smith, in Ireland. In 1831 Mr. Nimmo
whose seat for Westminster he suc- died, and, at the early age of 20, Mr.
cessfully defended before Mr. Baron Hawkshaw was engaged to undertake
Martin. He was associated with the the management of the Bolivar Cop-
present Lord Coleridge in the first per Mines in South America. He
Tichborne trial, when he particularly returned to England in 1834. He
distinguished himself by his exhaus- now became engineer to the Man-
tive cross-examination of Mr. Baigent. chester and Bolton Canal and Rail-
In the prosecution of the Claimant for way. Afterwards he was engineer
perjury, Mr. Hawkins led for the to the Lancashire and Yorkshire
Crown, and the skill he displayed in Railway (nearly the whole of which
this trial-the most protracted and he constructed), and to several rail-
the most remarkable in the annals of ways in the North and in other parts
jurisprudence-greatly increased his of England. Mr. Hawkshaw was
reputation as an advocate. In the nominated one of the Metropolitan
Probate Court Mr. Hawkins led the Commissioners of Sewers, when that
case in support of the Will of the late body was formed by the Crown, and
Lord St. Leonards, which he esta- in 1860 he was appointed Royal
blished both before the Judge Ordi- Commissioner to decide between rival
nary and the Court of Appeal. The schemes for the water supply to the
Gladstone and the Von Reable cases city of Dublin. On the failure of the
were among his victories in the Di- great sluice at St. Germain's, in Nor-
vorce Court. Mr. Hawkins was folk, in 1862, he was requested by
counsel in numerous election peti- the Commissioners of the Middle
tions; was engaged for many years Level to take measures to stop the
in every important compensation case; inundations and to remedy the evil
acted for the Crown in the purchase caused by that disaster, which he did
of lands for the National Defences, successfully, and there for the first
and for the Royal Commissioners in the time he substituted large syphons for
purchase of the site for the new Law the fallen sluice. In the following
Courts; and was Standing Counsel year, on a vacancy occurring in the
for, and held the general retainer of, representation of Andover, he be-
the Jockey Club. He was appointed came a candidate for that borough,
a Judge of the High Court of Justice but was unsuccessful, and he has
(Queen's Bench division) Nov. 3, never since then endeavoured to enter
1876, and transferred to the Exche- Parliament. He was President of
quer division, when he received the the Institution of Civil Engineers in
honour of knighthood.
1862-63. In 1870 he proposed the
famous scheme for a submarine tun-
nel between Calais and Dover, the
borings for which have been recently
commenced. In 1873 he received the
HAWKSHAW, SIR JOHN, F.R.S.,
F.G.S., son of the late Mr. Henry
Hawkshaw, of Leeds, by Sarah,
daughter of Mr. Carrington, of
HAY-HAYDEN.
The
honour of knighthood. He was Pre-
sident of the British Association at
the Bristol Meeting in 1875.
following are some of Sir John Hawk-
shaw's great engineering works :—
the Riga and Dunaberg and the Duna-
berg and Witepsk Railways in Russia;
the Penarth Harbour and Dock
in Cardiff Roads, the Londonderry
Bridge in Ireland, the Charing Cross
and Cannon Street line, with the two
massive Bridges over the Thames, the
East London Railway, the Govern-
ment Railways in Mauritius, the
Albert Dock at Hull, the South Dock
of the East and West India Dock
Company, the foundation of the new
forts at Spithead, and the Great Ship
Canal from Amsterdam to the North
Sea. Sir John has written pamphlets
on mining and engineering subjects;
papers read before the Geological
Societies of London and Manchester
and "Reminiscences of South Ame-
rica; from Two-and-a-half Years'
Residence in Venezuela," 1838.
;
499
|
dus in North America and the West
Indies from 1857 till 1859, was one of
the Greenwich Hospital Commission
in 1860-1, and Chairman of the Iron
Plate Committee from 1861 till 1864.
He succeeded his father as third
baronet, March 19, 1861, was elected
in 1862 for Wakefield in the Con-
servative interest, lost his seat at the
general election in July, 1865, was
defeated at Tamworth the same year,
and elected in May, 1866, for Stam-
ford, which constituency he still re-
presents. In the same year he was
made a rear-admiral, and he was
placed on the retired list of that
rank in April, 1870. Sir John, who
was a Lord of the Admiralty from
June, 1866, to Dec. 1868, has received
three war medals and the Medjidie
4th class. Sir John is the author of
"The Flag List and its Prospects;"
"Our Naval Defences; "The Re-
ward of Loyalty," being suggestions
in reference to our American colonies,
1862; a Memorandum on his com-
pulsory retirement from the British
Navy, 1870; "Remarks on the Loss
of the Captain," 1871; “Ashanti and
the Gold Coast, and what we know of
it; a Sketch," 1874.
i
|
HAYDEN, FERDINAND VANDE-
VEER, M.D., born at Westfield, Massa-
HAY, THE RIGHT HON. SIR JOHN
CHARLES DALRYMPLE, Bart., M.P.,
C.B., F.R.S., a rear-admiral, Vice-Pre-
sident of the Institution of Naval
Architects, eldest son of the late Sir
James Dalrymple Hay, Bart., of Dun-
ragit, Wigtonshire, was born Feb. 11,
1821, and educated at Rugby. Enter-chusetts, Sept. 7, 1829. He graduated
ing the navy at an early age, he at the Albany Medical School in
served as a midshipman during the 1853, and soon after explored the
operations on the Syrian coast in "Bad Lands," in Dakotah Territory,
1841, including the siege of Acre, where he discovered a remarkable
where he distinguished himself in deposit of extinct animals, and made
command of a boat, and as flag-lieu- a large and valuable collection of
tenant of Sir Thomas Cochrane, took fossil vertebrates. In the spring of
a distinguished part in the operations 1854, he ascended the Missouri river
on the coast of Borneo in 1846. He almost to its source, returning in
commanded the Columbine as senior 1856 with another large collection of
officer at the destruction of some fossils, and was appointed Geologist
pirate vessels in China, in 1849, for on the staff of Lieut. Warren, who
which service he was promoted, and was engaged in making a reconnais-
received a service of plate from the sance of the North-west. In 1861 he
merchants of China. He commanded entered the army as a medical officer,
H.M.S. Hannibal in the Black and remaining in the field till the close of
Mediterranean Seas during the Rus-
the war. In 1865 he was appointed
sian war of 1854-6, and took part in Professor of Geology and Mineralogy
the capture of Kertch and Kinburn, in the University of Pennsylvania.
and in the bombardment and fall of In 1866 he made another expedition
Sebastopol. He commanded the In-
to the Upper Missouri, in behalf of
""
|
K K 2
500
HAYES.
the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, | 1853, and was almost immediately
afterwards appointed surgeon of Dr.
Kane's second Arctic expedition, with
which he returned to the United States
in 1855. He had become convinced
that there was an open polar sea
around the North Pole, and was
anxious to head an expedition for its
exploration. After almost five years
of effort, he was enabled, by the
liberality of Mr. Henry Grinnell, Sir
Roderick I. Murchison, and others, to
fit out such a vessel, which sailed
from Boston in July 1860. He pene-
trated in a sledge expedition as far
north as 81° 37', and made explora
tions and observations in regard to
the country and its inhabitants. On
his return, in Oct., 1861, he volun
teered as a surgeon in the Union
army. After the restoration of peace,
he published "The Open Polar Sea.'
He had previously given some remi-
niscences of his first voyage in "An
Arctic Boat Journey" (1860) and
afterwards described some of the in-
cidents of his second journey in his
"Cast away in the Cold" (1868). In
1869 he again visited Greenland, and
explored the southern coasts of the
peninsula in company with the
painter Bradford, who had chartered
a steamer for that purpose, and pub-
lished an account of the expedition,
under the title of "The Land of De-
solation (1870). In 1870 he was
desirous of leading the Arctic expe-
dition, for which Congress made an
appropriation, but the command was
given to Charles Francis Hall. In
1867 he received a gold medal from
the Royal Geographical Society of
London, and in 1870 one from the
Société de Géographie of Paris. For
several successive biennial terms,
down to 1878, he has been a promi-
nent member of the New York State
Legislature.
>>
HAYES, RUTHERFORD BIRCHARD,
twentieth President of the United
States, born at Delaware, Ohio, Oct.
14, 1822. His parents emigrated
from New England; and his father-
dying, he was adopted by a maternal
uncle, a wealthy merchant and land-
making numerous collections of fos-
sils. In 1867 the United States Geo- |
logical survey of the territories was
commenced under his charge, for
which Congress made appropriations,
increasing each successive year. In
1872 he resigned his professorship in
order to devote himself exclusively
to the survey, which is still being
carried on under his direction (1878).
During the last 25 years his scientific
explorations have extended over a
great part of the States of Kansas,
Nebraska, and Colorado, and the ter-
ritories of Dakotah, Montana, Idaho,
Utah, and New Mexico.
HAYES, AUGUSTUS ALLEN, M.D.,
born at Windsor, Vermont, Feb. 28,
1806. He graduated at a private
Military Academy in Norwich, Ver-
mont, in 1823, and studied medicine
at the Hanover Medical College of❘
New Hampshire. In 1825 he began
to investigate the medicinal proper-
ties of American plants, and disco-
vered the alkaloid sanguinaria, a
colourless compound, producing salts
of a most brilliant colour. In 1827,
having become Assistant Professor in
the Hanover Medical College, he
commenced an examination into the
properties of chromium. In 1828 he
removed to Boston, and was, at dif-
ferent periods, director of a manu-
factory of colours and chemical pro-
ductions at Roxbury, Massachusetts,
and a consulting chemist of various
establishments. In 1837 he conducted
an elaborate investigation into the
different modes of generating steam,
and invented a new method for the
arrangement of steam boilers, since
generally adopted in the United
States. He also perfected methods
for refining copper and iron, and for
producing saltpetre from caustic pot-
ash and nitrate of soda. He has con-
tributed valuable articles to scientific
papers, and is State Assayer for Mas-
sachusetts.
|
|
HAYES, ISAAC ISRAEL, M.D.,
born in Chester County, Pennsylva-
nia, in 1832. He graduated as M.D.
in the University of Pennsylvania in
|
S
1501
majority; 172 were equally sure for
Mr. Hayes; but there were thirteen
electors, in respect to whose election
there were grave questions in dispute.
Of these, eight were for Louisiana,
four for Florida, and one for Ore-
gon, from which States there were
two sets of electors, each claiming to
have been duly chosen.
If only one
of these votes should be counted for
Mr. Tilden, he would have a majority
and would consequently become Prc-
sident. In order to secure the elec-
tion of Mr. Hayes, all of these thir-
teen votes must be counted for him.
Singularly enough, neither the Con-
stitution nor any existing law pro-
vided for such an emergency, and as
the Republicans had a majority in
the Senate, and the Democrats in the
House, it was certain that the two
branches of Congress would not agree
upon any bill which would give the
counting of the disputed votes to
their opponents. In this emergency,
a bill was passed creating a special
Electoral Commission of fifteen for
counting the votes. It was to con-
sist of five Senators, five Representa-
tives, and five Judges of the Supreme
Court. This commission, by a majo-
HAYES.
owner, from whom he ultimately re- |
ceived a considerable fortune. He
graduated at Kenyon College, Ohio,
in 1842, studied law at the Law
School of Harvard College, entered
upon practice first at Fremont, Ohio,
and subsequently at Cincinnati. The
civil war having broken out, he was
in June, 1861, made major of a regi-
ment of Ohio volunteers. His regi-
ment was ordered to service in
Western Virginia, was subsequently
joined to the army of the Potomac
under General McClellan, and took
part in the operations pertaining to
the Confederate invasion of Maryland,
in Sept. 1862. At the engagement of
South Mountain, just before the battle
of Antietam, Major Hayes was se-
verely wounded. Having recovered
from his wound, he was in Nov. 1862
made Colonel of his regiment, which
was subsequently on duty in Ohio
and elsewhere. He was subsequently
made Brigadier-General, and after-
wards Major-General of volunteers.
In June, 1865, he resigned his com-
mission, having been in the mean-
while elected a Representative in
Congress from Ohio, taking his seat
in December, 1865. He was re-
elected at the following term, but re-rity of one, decided that the disputed
signed in 1867, having been elected votes should all be counted for Mr.
Governor of Ohio, to which office he Hayes, giving him a majority of one
was re-elected in 1869. In 1875 he vote, and he was declared duly
was again the Republican candidate elected. When the new Congress
for Governor, and although the State was convened, the Democrats had a
had for some years been Democratic, small majority in the House; while
he was elected by a small majority. the hitherto large Republican majo-
He now became prominent among rity in the Senate had become almost
the Republican candidates for the nominal. Moreover, when the policy
Presidential nomination in 1876. At of the President developed itself it
the nominating convention Mr. proved distasteful to the great mass
Blaine, of Maine, received the highest of the Republicans in the Senate.
number of votes at several ballots, The two special points of his policy
but failed of having a majority of the were to effect sweeping reforms in
whole. At the seventh ballot, nearly the Civil Service, and to conciliate
all the opponents of Mr. Blaine the Southern States, where the Demo-
united upon Mr. Hayes, the result crats had now acquired an almost
being that he received 384 votes, Mr. unbroken ascendancy. Nearly all the
Blaine 351. When the election had Republican leaders in Congress under
taken place, it seemed certain that, the lead of Mr. Conklin, set them-
of the 369 electoral votes, 18+ would selves in direct opposition to the admi-
be cast for Mr. Tilden, the Democra- nistration, while the Democrats were
tic candidate, being one less than a inclined to give a moderate support
502
HAYMAN-HAYTER.
|
School, and in 1868 of St. Andrew's
College, Bradfield. When Dr. Temple
was promoted to the see of Exeter,
Dr. Hayman was elected his successor
as head master of Rugby School, Nov.
20, 1869. Though a most accom-
plished scholar, Dr. Hayman did not
possess the tact and temper requisite
for the successful management of a
great public school. He came into
conflict with the assistant-masters, a
distressing controversy, carried on
with considerable ascerbity on either
side, ensued, and eventually on Dec.
19, 1873, the trustees of the school
resolved to remove him from the
head-mastership, the dismissal to
take effect from April 7, 1874. At
the close of the latter month, Mr.
Disraeli appointed Dr. Hayman to
the Crown rectory of Aldingham,
Lancashire, worth £1,000 a year, with
a house, and a population of only
about 1,000. In a letter communi-
cating the offer of the living, Mr.
Disraeli avoided giving any opinion
on the controversy just referred to,
but merely expressed his sympathy
with a distinguished scholar, who had
had to contend with circumstances
of trying difficulty, which had ex-
hausted his worldly means, and who,
with the anxious responsibility of a
large family, had recently been de-
prived of a high office and an ho-
noured home. Dr. Hayman's pub-
lished works consist of the first
volume of an edition of Homer's
Odyssey; some passages in Greek
and Latin composition; and pam-
phlets, among which is a tract on
the Odyssey; and "Rugby School
Sermons," with an introductory essay
"On the Indwelling of the Holy
Spirit," 1875.
to the President. This was especially
the case with the Southern members.
But more important than any mere
party question was that of finances.
The so-called "Silver Question
early assumed a prominent place. In
effect, it was whether silver should
be restored to its former place as cur-
rency, as well as gold, and should be
coined in large quantities. The old
silver dollar had for several years
almost entirely disappeared. Few had
indeed ever been coined, and none at
all in recent years. Owing to the change
in the relative commercial value of
the two metals, a silver dollar of the
old weight was worth only about 90
cents in gold. A bill was introduced
providing for the issue of this coin in
large quantities. It was opposed by
a majority of both parties in the com-
mercial States of the East, and fa-
voured by a majority of both parties
in other sections. The President and
his Cabinet were known to be op-
posed to the measure. The bill was
passed by both Houses by large ma-
jorities; was vetoed by the President;
and early in March, 1878, was again
passed by more than the requisite
majority of two-thirds, and so became
law.
77
-
HAYMAN, THE REV. HENRY, D.D.,
was born in 1823, and entered Mer-
chant Taylors' School in 1832, whence,
after gaining the chief prizes in
Greek verse and Latin prose, he pro-
ceeded as scholar to St. John's Col-
lege, Oxford, in 1841. He became a
fellow of his college in 1844, and in
the following year was placed in the
second class both in classics and in
mathematics. He then came to Lon-
don, and was for a short time one of
the assistant-masters at the Charter-
house, and successively curate at St.
Luke's, Old Street, and at St. James's,
Piccadilly, when the present Bishop
of London, Dr. Jackson, was rector.
In 1854 he was appointed assistant
preacher at the Temple Church, and
in the following year head master of
St. Olave's Grammar School, South-
wark. Subsequently he became head
master of Cheltenham Grammar
HAYTER, HENRY HEYLYN, Go-
vernment Statist of Victoria, eldest
son of the late Henry Hayter, was
born at his father's country residence,
Edenvale, Wiltshire, England, in Oc-
tober, 1821. He was educated at a
private school and at the Charter-
house, where he boarded in the house
of the head master, Dr. Saunders,
now Dean of Peterborough, and was
HAYTER.
|
a contemporary of Sir G. F. Bowen,
the present Governor of Victoria, and
of Sir Charles Ducane, the late Go-
Mr. Hayter
vernor of Tasmania.
went to Victoria in December, 1852,
and, after embarking in various
pursuits entered the Government ser-
vice in the department of the Regis-
trar-General, where he was for many
years at the head of the statistical
branch. When a Royal Commission
was appointed, in 1870, to inquire
into the working of the public ser-
vice, Mr. Hayter was chosen as its
secretary. The commission sat for
upwards of three years, and brought
up an exhaustive report, in which the|
commissioners expressed their high
sense of the value of Mr. Hayter's
services. Mr. Hayter's labours on the
commission did not prevent him from
attending to his ordinary official du-
ties, which were much increased by
the census of 1871, the whole of the
details of which, both as regards the
collection of the returns and their
subsequent compilation, were devised
and planned by him, and carried out
under his control and management.
These labours, which at the time in-
volved the sacrifice of almost the
whole of his private leisure, together
with the loss of children, affected Mr.
Hayter's health, and in 1872 he was
granted leave of absence for a short
period, which he spent in New Zea-
land, where during his stay, at the
request of Mr. (now Sir) Julius Vogel,
he investigated the working of the
Registrar - General's department of
that colony, and made suggestions
for its improvement, and for the
better taking and compilation of the
census, the whole of which were
adopted. In May, 1874, the Regis-
trar-General of Victoria having been
transferred to the post of Secretary
for Lands, the Government deter-
mined to erect the statistical branch
into a separate department, and to
appoint Mr. Hayter as its head, under
the title of Government Statist. Soon
after his assumption of that office,
Mr. Hayter originated the work he is
best known by-the "Victorian Year-
|
|
;
book." This has now been published
for four consecutive years. Mr.
Hayter is also the author of "Notes
on the Colony of Victoria. His-
torical, Geographical, Meteorologi-
cal, and Statistical," portion of
which has been reprinted for
use in the Victorian State schools
"Notes of a Tour of New Zealand,
and of a great number of statistical
reports and other official documents.
He represented Victoria at a sta-
tistical conference of the Australasian
colonies, held in Tasmania during the
early part of 1875; is an honorary
member of the Statistical Society of
London, and of the Royal Society of
Tasmania. He is nephew to Sir W.
G. Hayter, Bart.
|
HAYTER, THE RIGHT HON. SIR
WILLIAMGOODENOUGH,Bart.,young-
est son of the late John Hayter, Esq.,
of Winterbourne Stoke, Wilts, born
Jan. 28, 1792, was educated at Win-
chester and at Trinity College, Ox-
ford, where he took a second-class
in classics. He was called to the bar
at Lincoln's Inn, in Nov., 1819, prac-
tised for some years in the Court
of Chancery, but retired in 1839,
having shortly before obtained a silk
gown. In July, 1837, he was returned
to the House of Commons as one of
the members for Wells, which he re-
presented until the general election
in July, 1865, when he retired from
political life. He was Judge-Advo-
cate-General from Dec., 1847, till May
1849, when he became Financial Se-
cretary of the Treasury, and in July,
1850, Parliamentary Secretary. The
delicate and responsible duties of this
latter post he discharged, except in
the short period during which Lord
Derby's first administration held
office, till 1858, when he retired, and
was rewarded for his services by a
baronetcy. In 1861 he was enter-
tained at a banquet given in his
honour at Willis's Rooms, by upwards
of 300 members of the House of Com-
mons, and presided over by Lord
Palmerston, when a handsome service
of plate was presented to him. Sir
William is a Deputy-Lieutenant for
503
P
504
HAYWARD-HAZLITT.
Berks, a Bencher of Lincoln's Inn,
and a Privy Councillor.
HAYWARD, ABRAHAM, Q.C.,
eldest son of Joseph Hayward, Esq.,
late of Lyme Regis, author of "The
Science of Horticulture,
** "The
Science of Agriculture," &c., was
born at Wishford, Wilts, Oct. 21,
1803, and educated at Blundell's
Grammar School, Tiverton, under the
Rev. Dr. Richards. He was articled,
in 1818, to a solicitor, with the view
of following that branch of the law,
but was entered at the Inner Temple
in Oct., 1824, and after practising
as a Special Pleader, was called to
the bar in Trinity Term, 1832. He
joined the Western circuit, and in
1845 was made a Queen's Counsel.
Mr. Hayward first attracted the at- |
tention of the literary world in 1833
by his prose translation, with notes,
of Goethe's "Faust," which has gone
through nine editions. He had al-
ready printed (in 1831) for private
circulation," Of the Vocation of our
Age for Legislation and Jurispru-
dence; translated from the German
of Savigny. He established The
Lan Magazine, or Quarterly Review
of Jurisprudence, in 1828, and edited
it till 1844; was a constant con-
tributor to reviews and journals,
and published from time to time
selections from his articles :-"Juri-
dical Tracts," 1856; "Biographical
and Critical Essays," first series, 2
vols., 1858; second series, 2 vols.,
1873; third series, 1 vol., 1874. His
"Art of Dining," "Whist and Whist-
players," and "More about Junius,"
were published separately. Amongst
his other known publications are,
Autobiography, Letters, and Lite-
rary Remains of Mrs. Piozzi (Thrale),
with Notes and Introduction," 1861;
and "Diaries of a Lady of Quality,
with Notes," 1864.
""
46
HAYWARD, CHARLES FORSTER,
F.S.A., architect, born at Colchester
in Jan., 1831, received his education
at University College, London, and
professionally studied in the offices of
Mr. Lewis Cubitt, Mr. P. C. Hard-
wick, and the late!Professor Cockerell.
•
He was elected a fellow of the Royal
Institute of British Architects in
1861; Fellow of the Society of Anti-
quaries in 1867; appointed District
Surveyor by the Metropolitan Board
of Works in 1871. Mr. Hayward was
elected Honorary Secretary of the
Royal Institute of British Architects
in 1862, and held the appointment for
many years. He was also Honorary
Secretary to the Institute's Archi-
tectural Committee for the Exhibition
in Paris in 1867. Mr. Hayward has
erected many buildings in London
and the provinces- including the
Duke of Cornwall Hotel at Plymouth,
the Sanatorium, the Science Schools,
and other buildings for Harrow,
School-houses for Charterhouse, Mill
Hill, &c.; and he is also known as
an occasional contributor to profes-
sional journals.
HAZLITT, WILLIAM, only son of
the essayist, born in Wiltshire, Sept.
26, 1811, was called to the bar in
1844, and appointed Registrar of the
Court of Bankruptcy, London, in
1854. His first literary productions
were, for the most part, translations
and compilations; but in 1851 a
pamphlet by him on the Registration
of Assurances attracted some atten-
tion. Mr. W. Hazlitt, who edited
Johnson's "Lives of the Poets,” com-
piled a Classical Gazetteer: and, in
conjunction with Mr. Roche, produced
a useful Manual of Maritime Warfare,
and editions of the Bankruptcy Acts
of 1861 and 1869.
HAZLITT, WILLIAM CAREW, born
Aug. 22, 1834, the eldest son of
Mr. William Hazlitt, was educated
at Merchant Taylors' School, entered
the Inner Temple as a student in
| 1859, and was called to the bar in
Nov., 1861. Mr. Hazlitt is the au-
thor of "The History of the Vene-
tian Republic: her Rise, her Great-
ness, and her Civilization," 4 vols.,
1860. The first draft of this work
appeared in a smaller form in 1857.
Mr. Hazlitt has also written a novel,
Sophy Laurie," 3 vols.,
3 vols., 1865.
Among the works edited by him are
the poems of Henry Constable, 1859 ;
66
HEATH.
66
Richard Lovelace, 1864; and Robert | open spaces in the midst of densely
Herrick, 1869, 2 vols.; "Old English | populated cities. As a quarterly re-
Jest-Books," 3 vols., 1864; "Remains viewer, leader writer for a London
of the Early Popular Poetry of Eng- morning paper, and contributor to
land," 4 vols., 1864-6; "The Works various magazines and reviews, he has
of Charles Lamb" (anonymous), 4 written extensively on social ques-
vols., 1866-71; "Memoirs of William tions. When, in 1872, the famous
Hazlitt" (1778-1830), 2 vols., 1867; "strike" of agricultural labourers
Bibliography of Old English Lite- took place in Warwickshire, Mr.
rature," 1867; "English Proverbs Heath undertook a tour of inquiry
and Proverbial Phrases, with Notes," amongst the peasant population of
1869; "Popular Antiquities of Great the west of England; the result being
Britain" (based on Brand and Ellis), the production of his first book, “The
3 vols., 1870; an entirely new edi- Romance' of Peasant Life," a little
tion of Warton's "History of Eng- volume giving a distressing account
lish Poetry," 4 vols., 1871, in which of the condition of the agricultural
last work he had the co-operation of labourers of the western counties.
several eminent antiquaries; an edi- The work excited a considerable de-
tion of Blount's "Tenures of Land gree of public attention, and led,
and Customs of Manors," 1874; and shortly after its publication, to a
Mary and Charles Lamb: Poems, marked improvement in the condition
Letters, and Remains; now first of the labouring population of the
collected, with Reminiscences and west of England. It rapidly passed
Notes," 1874.
into a second edition, and was fol-
lowed in 1874 by the "English Pea-
santry," a larger and more compre-
hensive work on the condition of
English agricultural labourers. In
1875, Mr. Heath, with the object
of promoting the importation into
the drearier parts of dismal town
centres, of some of the "green life"
of the country, published "The Fern
Paradise: a plea for the Culture
of Ferns." The descriptions of
Devonshire scenery in this work
were received with singular favour
by the press, and the volume passed,
in a comparatively short time, through
four editions. A larger volume, "The
Fern World," appeared in August,
1877, and reached a fourth edition
before the end of that year.
This
was followed in 1878 by an illus-
trated edition of "The Fern Para-
dise," and by "Our Woodland Trees."
|
505
HEATH, FRANCIS GEORGE, young-
est son of Edward Heath, Esq., is a
descendant of a wealthy Huguenot
family who took refuge in England
in the early part of the eighteenth
century. He was born at Totnes,
Devonshire, January 15, 1843, and
educated at Taunton. When a very
young child, he commenced writing
the "
Autobiographies of Animals."
In 1862 he entered the Civil Service,
securing the eighth place in a com-
petition of sixty candidates for twenty
appointments. For many years he
took an active part in promoting and
supporting movements for the pre-
servation and extension of open spaces,
chiefly in the metropolis. It was
mainly owing to his indefatigable
efforts that the enlargement of Vic-
toria Park, secured by the Victoria
Park Act of 1872, was effected. He
has also laboured assiduously in fur-
therance of the movement for the
preservation of Epping Forest-now
preserved for the enjoyment of the
public by the Epping Forest Act of
1878, and by his pen, no less than by
his personal exertions, he has largely
aided the work of directing public
attention to the necessity of retaining
HEATH, THE REV. DUNBAR ISI-
DORE, M.A., born in 1816, graduated
at Trinity College, Cambridge, as
fifth Wrangler, in 1838, and received
from that college, of which he was a
Fellow, the vicarage of Brading, Isle
of Wight, in 1846. He was prose-
cuted by his diocesan before the
Court of Arches, for expressions in
-
HÉBERT-HECKER.
(
his "Sermons on Important Subjects," | Noire, le Banc de Pierre," in 1865;
published in 1859, alleged to be dero- a portrait of "David d'Angers," in
gatory to the Thirty-nine Articles, 1867; "La Pastorella," and La
and was, in 1861, sentenced to de- Lavandara," in 1869; "Le Matin et
privation of his benefice, which sen- le Soir de la Vie," and "La Muse
tence was confirmed
"La
on appeal. populaire Italienne," in 1870;
This case is noteworthy for being the Madonna Addolorata," and "La Tri-
first enforcement during three cen- coteuse," in 1873. He was Director
turies of the Act of 13th Elizabeth. of the Academy of France at Rome,
Hence it has become a precedent in from Dec. 1866, to 1873, and in
the other ecclesiastical suits, by which 1874 he was elected a member of the
the relations between Church and Académie des Beaux-Arts, M. Hébert
State are being largely modified. obtained a first-class medal in 1851,
Mr. Heath resigned the vicarage of another in 1855, the decoration of the
Brading in 1862. He has written Legion of Honour in July, 1853, the
"The Future Kingdom of Christ," rank of Officer of that order in Aug.,
2 vols., 1852-3; “The Exodus Papyri," 1867, and the rank of Commander in
1855; "A Record of the Patri- 1874.
archal Age, or the Proverbs of
Aphobis, B.C. 1900, now first trans-
lated from the Egyptian," 1858; and
"Defence of my Professional Cha-
racter," 1862.
|
506
HEBERT, ANTOINE AUGUSTE
ERNEST, artist, born at Grenoble,
November 3, 1817, went to Paris
in 1835, and studied in the studio
of David d'Angers. In 1839 he
exhibited at the Louvre his "Tasso
in Prison," which was bought by the
Government for the Musée of Gre-
noble. Aided by the advice and
kindness of M. Paul Delaroche, he
competed, in 1839, at the Ecole des
Beaux-Arts, and shortly after gained
the great prize of Rome, the subject
of his picture being "The Cup found
in the Sack of Benjamin." He re-
mained in Italy eight years, and sent
various paintings and sketches to
Paris. After his return, M. Hébert
exhibited, amongst other works :-
"Rêverie Orientale; Paysanne de
Guérande battant du Beurre "La
Mal'Aria;" and gained a high repu-
tation as a colorist, and for the
originality of his designs. After
another journey to Italy, and a visit
to Dresden, M. Hébert produced "La
Crescenza;"
"Les Fienaroles;"
"Les Filles d'Alvito;" "Les Fiena-
roles de San Angelo;" exhibited at
the Salon in 1857;" "Rosa Nera à la
Fontaine :' "La Jeune Fille au
Puits;" Pasqua Maria ;” "Perle
22 Ci
?>
""
(6
HECKER, THE REV. ISAAC
THOMAS, born at New York, Dec. 18,
1819. He was educated in his native
city, and entered into business with
his brothers. In 1843, he joined the
Brook Farm Community in West
Roxbury, and after spending some
months there, associated himself for
a time with the "Consociate Family,"
at Fruitlands, Worcester County,
Massachusetts. Thence he returned
to New York, and in 1845 was re-
ceived into the Roman Catholic
Church. After passing a novitiate of
two years at St. Trond, in Belgium,
he entered the Society of the Redemp-
torist Fathers in 1847, and from 1847
to 1851 was engaged in mission work
in England, and received priest's
orders from Bishop (afterwards Car-
dinal) Wiseman, in 1849. In 1851
he returned to the United States, and
for the next six years was, in company
with several members of his order,
constantly engaged in missionary
labours. In the autumn of 1857 he
visited Rome, and, with several of
his colleagues, was released from his
connection with the Redemptorists,
and authorised to found a new
missionary society under the name of
"The Congregation of St. Paul the
Apostle." This was fully organised
in 1848, and their first house built in
New York in 1859-60. The Paulist
Fathers, of whom Father Hecker is
the chief or superior, are almost
HEDLEY-HEFELE.
|
|
entirely of American birth, and con-
verts, and have proved a very efficient
organisation for the propagation of
their faith. The Catholic World, a
very ably conducted monthly maga-
zine and review, is their principal
organ. They are very active and
earnest in their labours. In 1869
Father Hecker was present at the
Vatican Council in Rome, as the Pro-
curator of Bishop Rosecrans, of
Columbus, Ohio. În 1873, his health
being greatly impaired, he travelled
in Europe and the East. Since his
reception into the Catholic Church,
he has published "Questions of the
Soul," 1855; "Aspirations of Nature,"
1857; "
Catholicity in the United
States;" and several other works.
HEDLEY, THE RIGHT REV. JOHN
EDWARD, born at Morpeth, April 15,
1837, was educated by the Benedic-
tines in St. Lawrence's College,
Ampleforth, near York. He entered
the order of St. Benedict in 1854, and
was ordained a priest in 1862. He
was connected with the school at
Ampleforth for several years, taught
mental philosophy there for two
years; was placed in 1862 at St.
Michael's Priory, Hereford (Benedic-
tine House of Theological Study)
where he was Professor of Theology
till 1873. On Sept. 29, 1873, he was
consecrated Bishop of Cæsaropolis
i.p.i., and auxiliary to Dr. Brown,
Bishop of Newport and Menevia, in
the pro-cathedral of St. Michael's,
Hereford. Bishop Hedley has con-
tributed articles to the Dublin Review
and has published five lectures on
"Light of the Holy Spirit in the
World" (London, 1873), five others
"Who is Jesus Christ?" and "The
Spirit of Faith," five lectures, 1875.
HEFELE, THE RIGHT REV. KARL
JOSEPH VON, D.D., Bishop of Rotten-
berg, a distinguished German eccle-
siastical historian, born March 15,
1809, at Unterkochen, in Würtemburg,
district of Aalen, received a public
school education at Ellwangen and
Ehingen; next applied himself for
five years at the University of Tübin-
gen to philosophical and theological |
on
507
studies, and graduated there in 1834.
In 1836 he settled as private tutor,
and in 1840 received a professorship
in the Catholic theological faculty at
Tübingen, where he represented the
departments of Church history, Chris-
tian archæology and patrology. In
1838 he became Doctor of Divinity,
and afterwards Knight of the Order
of the Würtemberg Crown. From
1842 to 1845 he was a member of the
Würtemberg Chamber of Deputies.
He was consecrated bishop of Rotten-
berg in 1869, and shortly afterwards
proceeded to Rome to take part in
the proceedings of the Vatican
Council. It was reported that he was
an "inopportunist;" but however
this may be, he has given in his entire
adhesion to the definition of the doc-
trine of the infallibility of the Pope.
In Oct., 1874, he declined the arch-
bishopric of Freiburg offered to him
by the Baden government on the
ground that he could not take the
oath which was demanded from the
Bishops in Prussia and Baden, and
could not promise obedience to the
newly- promulgated ecclesiastical
laws. His most important work of
research is the "History of Councils"
(published in parts at Tübingen,
1855-69), based on the most profound
study of original materials. It has
been translated into English by the
Rev. Wm. R. Clark, M.A., vicar of
Taunton, under the title of "A His-
tory of the Christian Councils, from
the Original Documents, to the close
of the Council of Nicæa, A.D. 325,"
Svo, Edinburgh, 1871. Among Bishop
Hefele's other works are especially
to be noticed :-" The Introduction
of Christianity into South-Western
Germany" (Tübingen, 1837); “Car-
dinal Ximenes and the Ecclesiasti-
cal Condition of Spain in the 15th
Century (2nd edit., Tübingen,
1851), and "Contributions to Church
History, Archæology, and Liturgy
(Liturgik)," in two parts (Tübingen,
1864-65). He has also published a
Selection of the Homilies of Chrysos-
tom in a German translation (Chry-
sostomus-Postille, 3rd edit., Tübingen,
'50S
HELLMUTH-HELMORE.
1857), and an edition of the works of
the Apostolic Fathers (4th edit., Tü-
bingen, 1855). An English transla-
tion by the Rev. Canon Dalton, of his
"Life of Cardinal Ximenes," appeared
at London in 1860.
HELLMUTH, THE RIGHT REV.
ISAAC, D.D., Bishop of Huron, was
born in Poland, and is of Jewish ex-
traction: Having been converted to
Christianity and ordained in the An-
glican Church, he settled in Canada
about 1856. By his energy Huron
College was established for the edu-
cation of the future clergy of the
diocese. A few months afterwards
the London Collegiate School, since
named Hellmuth College, was erected.
Meanwhile Dr. Hellmuth had been
appointed successively Archdeacon
and Dean of Huron. Finding that
the boys' College (Hellmuth College)
was a perfect success, he proceeded
to establish a similar college for
ladies, which was opened in 1869.
On Aug. 24, 1870, he was consecrated
Coadjutor-Bishop of Huron, with the
title of Bishop of Norfolk, in the Ca-
thedral of St. Paul, London, Canada
West. In 1871, on the demise of
Bishop Cronyn, Dr. Hellmuth suc-
ceeded him in the see of Huron.
HELMHOLTZ, HERMANN LOUIS,
a distinguished German physiologist
and natural philosopher, is the son of
a professor in the gymnasium of
Potsdam, in which town he was born,
Aug. 31, 1821. After studying medi-
cine in the Military Institute at Ber-
lin, and being attached for a time to
the staff of one of the public hospitals
there, he returned to his native town
as an army surgeon. In 1848 he was
appointed Professor of Anatomy in
the Academy of Fine Arts at Berlin ;
in 1855 Professor of Physiology at
Königsberg, whence he removed, in
1858, to Heidelberg, where he also
filled the chair of physiology. He
was afterwards appointed Professor
of Physiology at Berlin. The works
of M. Helmholtz, which are well
known throughout Europe, have re-
ference principally to the physiolo-
gical conditions of the impressions
(6
on the senses. Among those most
deserving of notice are:-" On the
Preservation of Force," 1847; "Ma-
nual of Physiological Optics," 1856;
and "Theory of the Impressions of
Sound," 1862. His " Popular Lec-
tures on Scientific Subjects," trans-
lated into English by Dr. E. Atkinson,
were published in London in 1873;
and his work on Sensations of Tone,
as a Physiological Basis for the
Theory of Music," translated from
the third German edition by Mr. Alex-
ander J. Ellis, appeared in 1875.
Professor Helmholtz has also contri-
buted to scientific journals accounts
of many of his experiments in acous-
tics, optics, and electricity. On Dec.
1, 1873, the Copley Medal of the
Royal Society of London was awarded
to him in recognition of his eminent
services to science.
HELMORE, THE REV. THOMAS,
M.A., son of a dissenting minister,
born at Kidderminster, May 7, 1811,
was educated at Magdalen Hall, Ox-
ford, where he graduated B.A. in
1840. He served for two years as
curate in the parish of St. Michael's,
Lichfield, and held a priest-vicar's
stall in Lichfield Cathedral. In 1842
he became Vice-Principal and Pre-
centor of St. Mark's College, Chelsea;
in 1846 was appointed Master of the
Children of her Majesty's Chapels
Royal, St. James's, &c.; and in 1847
Priest in Ordinary to her Majesty's
Chapels Royal. He is the author of
"The Psalter Noted, "The Canticles
Noted" (for chanting), "A Brief
Directory of Plain Song," Manual
of Plain Song," also appendices
and accompanying harmonies to
all these ; "The Hymnal Noted,"
"Carols for Christmas," "Carols for
Easter," and " A Catechism of Music"
(1878). He has translated “ Fétis on
Choir and Chorus Singing;" has
edited "The St. Mark's College
Chaunt Book," "The Canticles Ac-
cented," and has set to music some
of Dr. Neale's translations of Hymns
of the Eastern Church; "Peace, it is
I," "The Day is Past and Over,” and
"Tis the Day of Resurrection."
(6
،.
HENDERSON-HENRICI.
HENDERSON, LIEUT.-COL. SIR
EDMUND YEAMANS WALCOTT,
K.C.B., son of Rear-Admiral George
Henderson, was born about 1820.
Having passed through the ordinary
course at Woolwich, he entered the
army in 1838, became Lieut.-
Col. Royal Engineers in 1862, was
for many years Controller of the
Convict Department in Western Aus-
tralia, and was appointed in 1863 to
the offices of Surveyor-General of
Prisons and Chairman of the Di-
rectors of Convict Prisons. He was
created a Companion of the Bath
Dec. 7, 1868, and appointed on Feb.
12, 1869, Commissioner of Police of
the metropolis, in the room of Sir
Richard Mayne, deceased. In March,
1878, he was created a K.C.B.
HENLEY, THE RIGHT HON. Jo-
SEPH WARNER, M.P., only son of the
late Joseph Henley, Esq., of Water-
perry, Oxon, born in 1793, was edu-
cated at Magdalen College, Oxford,
where he graduated B.A. 1815. He
is a Magistrate and Deputy-Lieu-
tenant for Oxfordshire, which county
he has represented in Parliament in
the Conservative interest since the
general election of 1841. He held
the post of President of the Board of
Trade in Lord Derby's first adminis-
tration in 1852, and was re-appointed
to that office in Lord Derby's second
administration in 1858, but resigned
on account of a difference in opinion
respecting the Reform Bill, Feb.
1859. He was made a Privy Coun-
cillor in 1852. In Jan. 1878, he re-
signed his seat and retired from
public life.
|
HENNESSY, WILLIAM MAUN-
SELL, was born at Castlegregory, co.
Kerry, in 1828, and educated at pri-
vate schools. He was one of the
writers of the Nation newspaper from
1853 to 1856, in which latter year he
obtained, by public competition, an
appointment in Dublin Castle. Mr.
Hennessy is an eminent Celtic
scholar and archæologist. He was
promoted for his efficiency to a re-
sponsible position in the Public
Record Office of Ireland. He is
509
a member of the Royal Irish
Academy, to the "Proceedings " of
which he has contributed several
important papers, including a remark-
able treatise on the "Ancient Irish
Goddess of War," and another on the
Irish system of "Trial by Ordeal."
Mr. Hennessy has edited, besides
other works, the "Chronicon Scoto-
rum," and the "Annals of Loch-
Key," published in the Rolls' series
of National Chronicles. He is one of
the writers of the Revue Celtique,
and has also contributed to the Revue ·
Critique, Kuhn's Zeitschrift, and to
the Beiträge zur vergl. Sprachfors-
chung. He is one of the writers of
the Academy, in which he published
a remarkable article on the "Ossianic"
controversy.
HENRICI, OLAUS, PH.D., was
born March 9, 1840, at Meldorf, in
Holstein, and received his early edu-
cation in the gymnasium of his native
town. In 1856 he left Meldorf in
order to study for some years in the
workshops of a mechanical engineer.
In 1859 he proceeded to the Poly-
technic School in Karlsruhe, where he
remained until 1862, when he entered
the University of Heidelberg. Here,
in 1863, he graduated with special
honours as Ph.D. Dr. Henrici next
proceeded to Berlin in order there to
prosecute his mathematical studies.
In 1865 he became private docent
or tutor in the University of Kiel,
but left soon afterwards for Lon-
don. In 1869, Dr. Henrici was ap-
pointed Professor of Pure Mathe-
matics in the University College,
London. In 1868 he was elected a
member, and in 1869 one of the
vice-presidents of the London Mathe-
matical Society. The learned Pro-
fessor is the author of the following
papers, "Bemerkung zu ‘Hesse' Zer-
legung der Bedingung für die Gleich-
heit der Hauptaxen eines auf einer
Oberfläche zweiter Ordnung liegenden
Kegelschnittes" (in Crelle's Journal,
vol. 64, 1864); "Transformation von
Differentialausdrücken erster Ord-
nung zweiten Grades mit Hülfe der
verallgemeinerten elliptischen Co-
HENRIQUEL-DUPONT-HENRY.
>>
ordinaten " (Crelle's Journal, vol. 65, | ported it, and in 1842 a vote of want
1865); "On certain Formulæ con- of confidence was carried against the
cerning the Theory of Discriminants; Government, which opposed the sys-
with Applications to Discriminants tem, and in 1843 ministers resigned.
of Discr., and to the Theory of Polar An appeal having been made to the
Curves" (in the" Proceedings" of the country, Mr. Henry and his friends
London Mathem. Society, vol. ii., were defeated by a small majority.
read in Nov., 1868); and "On At the general election of 1847, how-
Series of Curves, especially on the ever, the friends of responsible go-
Singularities of their Envelopes: vernment were successful, and Mr.
with Applications to Polar Curves," Henry has since been returned on the
also in the "Proceedings of principle he first enunciated. At the
the London Mathematical Society, meeting of Parliament in 1848, the
vol. ii.
Government was displaced by a reso-
lution of want of confidence. In 1849,
Mr. Henry was appointed a Q.C., and
accepted a seat in the ministry. In
the Court of Chancery and Equity
he has introduced various reforms,
which have proved of great benefit
to the community. In 1854 he ac-
cepted the post of Solicitor-General,
and joined the administration, and
in 1856, waiving his claims to a
vacant seat on the bench of the
Supreme Court, he accepted the office
of Provincial Secretary. This posi-
tion he held for about eight months,
and in 1859 again became Solicitor-
General. A general election took
place soon after, and in 1860 the
Government was displaced, their
opponents holding office until after
the general election of 1863, when
Mr. Henry became for the third time
Solicitor-General. He has taken a
prominent part in the question of the
union of the North American pro-
vinces; in 1865 was appointed a
member of a delegation to London,
respecting the construction of rail-
ways; and in the winter of 1866 re-
presented his government at Wash-
ington, in an unsuccessful negotiation
for the continuance of the Recipro-
city Treaty between England and
the United States. In July, 1866, he
was again appointed a delegate on
the "Union " question, and with his
colleagues from Nova Scotia, and the
delegates from Canada and New
Brunswick, met in London, and
adopted a scheme of union for sub-
mission to the Home Government,
which has been adopted.
510
>>
HENRIQUEL-DUPONT, LOUIS-
PIERRE, engraver, was born in
Paris, June 13, 1797, and having
been intended for the profession of a
painter, was placed in the studio
of M. Pierre Guérin. After remain-
ing there three years, he applied
himself to engraving, and in 1818 set
up for himself. His first production,
the "Portrait of a Young Woman
with her Infant," gained the second
medal at the Exhibition of 1822.
He produced in succession "Portrait
of M. de Pastoret,' "Strafford,"
"The Interment of Christ," after
Paul Delaroche; "The Abdication of
Gustavus Vasa," after Hersent; "The
Disciples at Emmaus," after Paul
Veronese, &c.; and is considered in
France the most eminent engraver
of the day. At the Exhibitions of
1853 and 1855 he received the Grand
Medal of Honour, was decorated Aug.
14, 1831, and succeeded Richomme at
the Académie des Beaux-Arts in 1849.
He was elected an honorary member
of the Royal Academy of London,
Dec. 15, 1869.
HENRY, THE HON. WILLIAM
ALEXANDER, born at Halifax, Nova
Scotia, Dec. 30, 1816, and educated
for the legal profession, was called to
the bar of Nova Scotia in Nov., 1840,
and was shortly after elected a
member of the legislative assembly.
The question of responsible govern-
ment at that period agitating British
North America, was strenuously op-
posed in Nova Scotia, and the other
provinces. Mr. Henry, however, upon
his entry into the legislature, sup-
HENTY-HERBERT.
HENTY, GEORGE ALFRED, was
born at Trumpington, Cambridge-
shire, Dec. 8, 1832, and educated at
Westminster School and at Caius
College, Cambridge. He left Cam-
bridge to go out to the Crimea in
the Purveyor's Department. Return-
ing invalided, he was promoted to
the rank of Purveyor to the Forces,
and was sent out to Italy to organize
the hospitals of the Italian legion.
At the end of the war he returned
home, and had charge first of the
Belfast and afterwards of the Ports-
mouth districts. He resigned his
commission, and for several years
was occupied in mining operations
in Wales, Italy, &c. Then he went
upon the staff of the Standard news-
paper. As a special correspondent
of that journal he went through the
Italo-Austrian war, was with Gari-
baldi in his campaign in the Tyrol,
at the opening of the Suez Canal,
with the Abyssinian Expedition to
Magdala, and the Ashantee Expedi-
tion to Coomassie. He also went
through the Franco-German war, and
the Communal Siege of Paris, and
was also with the Carlist Insurrec-
tions. Mr. Henty is the author of
"A Search for a Secret," "All But
Lost,"
""Out on the Pampas," "The
Young Franc-Tireurs," "March to
Magdala," and "The March to Coo-
massie," 1874.
66
HERAUD, JOHN A., epic poet and
dramatic writer, was born in London
in 1799. Self-educated, and origi-
nally intended for business, he com-
menced writing for the magazines in
1818. In 1820 he published his local
poem "Tottenham," and in 1821 his
Legend of St. Loy ;" wrote articles
for the Quarterly and other reviews,
and for three years assisted in the
editorship of Fraser's Magazine. His
poem of "The Descent into Hell'
appeared in 1830, and "The Judg-
ment of the Flood" in 1834, and
both were republished many years
afterwards, enlarged and re-arranged.
He has written "Videna," a tragedy,
acted in 1854; "Wife, or no Wife,
Agnolo Diora," and a version of
>"
"7
M. Legouvé's Medea," "The Ro-
man Brother," and "Salvator, or the
Poor Man of Naples," two tragedies;
"The Life and Times of Girolamo
Savonarola," and some orations and
lectures on Coleridge, and on poetry.
He was for three years editor of the
Monthly Magazine, and subsequently
of the Christian's Monthly Maga-
zine. In 1865 Mr. Heraud published
((
Shakspere; His Inner Life, as in-
timated in his Works." In 1870 he
reappeared as a poet, in a volume
entitled "The In-gathering," which
was followed, in 1871, by another
'war-epic,” on the conflict between
France and Prussia, under the title
of "The War of Ideas." His latest
work is, "Uxmal: an Antique Love
Story; "Macée de Lésdepart: an
Historical Romance," 1878.
";
511
(6
(6
HERBERT, JOHN ROGERS, R.A.,
born Jan. 23, 1810, at Maldon, Essex,
where his father was comptroller of
customs; was sent to London in 1826,
and became a student of the Royal
Academy. Having lost his father
two years after, he was obliged to
abandon his course of study, and
directing his attention to portraiture,
before he was twenty-four had re-
ceived sittings from many remark-
able persons, among others, from her
present Majesty, then Princess Vic-
toria. His earliest exhibited pictures
(1830-5) consist of portraits, and he
employed his pencil upon small
poetical subjects, exhibited chiefly at
the British Institution in Pall Mall-
"The Appointed Hour," in 1834
"Haidee," and " Prayer," in 1835
Captives detained for a Ransom by
Condottieri," in 1836; and "Desde-
mona interceding for Cassio," in
1837. Among the principal pictures
of a somewhat later period were,
in 1839, "Constancy,' Love out-
watched the drowsy guard,'
""" and
(* The Brides of Venice-the Proces-
sion of 1528;" and in 1840,
"The
Monastery in the Fourteenth Cen-
tury-Boar-Hunters refreshed at the
Gate of a Monastery." In 1840 he
painted a picture from the ages of
chivalry, entitled "The Signal," for
1
512
HERBERT-HERVEY.
C
CC
which he received the prize at the
British Institution. In 1841 he ex-
hibited "Pirates of Istria bearing off
the Brides of Venice," and was
elected an Associate of the Academy.
The picture of 1842, "The first
Introduction of Christianity into
Britain," commenced that series
from religious subjects by which the
artist's best fame has been attained.
His principal subsequent works have
been, "Christ and the Woman of
Samaria," exhibited in 1843;
"Sir
Thomas More and his Daughter wit-
nessing four Monks going to Execu-
tion," now in the Vernon Gallery;
"St. Gregory teaching the Roman
Boys the Chant," in 1845; and "Our
Saviour subject to his Parents at
Nazareth," in 1847. In 1846 he was
elected R.A., and in 1848 invited to
assist in decorating the new Houses
of Parliament. The subject allotted
to him was the illustration of
Shakspere's Lear," in the Poets'
Hall. "Leah Disinherits Cordelia,"
an oil-painting, was exhibited at the
Academy in 1849. To Mr. Herbert
was assigned the decoration of the
Peers' robing-room with subjects
from the Old Testament, one of
which, entitled "Illustrations of Jus-
tice on the Earth, and its Develop-
ment in Law and Judgment," was
completed in 1864. For this admir-
able fresco Parliament voted him a
handsome sum, in addition to the
original price agreed upon. He
and Mr. Maclise were long engaged
this work, in which the
"water-glass method has been
adopted in this country; a process
which secures great durability. His
fresco "Moses Descending from the
Mount with the Tables of the Law,'
is in the principal committee-room of
the House of Lords. In 1856, Mr.
Herbert lost his eldest son and pupil,
Mr. Arthur J. Herbert, whose paint-
ing of "Philip and Velasquez," ex-
hibited in that year, gave the highest
hope of future eminence. Since that
date Mr. Herbert's subjects have
been almost wholly of a religious
cast, being mostly taken from the
on
""
""
life of St. Mary Magdalen. In
Dec., 1869, Mr. Herbert was elected
a foreign corresponding member of
the French Académie des Beaux-
Arts, in the room of the late Baron
Leys.
HERBERT, RUTH, the daughter
of a Somersetshire squire, born in
1834, made her first appearance in
London at the Olympic Theatre in
1856, on which occasion she per-
formed the character of Clarisse in
"Retribution," a drama, and at once
established herself in the foremost
rank of her profession. In 1864
she undertook the management of
the St. James's Theatre, and added
greatly to her reputation by her
powerful delineation of Lady Aud-
ley, in a piece founded on Miss
Braddon's celebrated novel. It is
not only in romantic drama that
Miss Herbert has distinguished her-
self. Her representation of the
heroines of old comedy and in the
plays of Sheridan, is considered one
of the most successful of modern
times. Her name is especially iden-
tified with the character of Lady
Teazle, and the "School for Scan-
dal," produced under her manage-
ment, achieved the longest run since
its first production. In the direction
of the St. James's, Miss Herbert dis-
played considerable energy.
HEREFORD, BISHOP OF.
ATLAY, DR.)
(See
HERVEY, THE HON. AND RIGHT
REV. LORD ARTHUR CHARLES, D.D.,
Bishop of Bath and Wells, fourth son
of Frederick William, first Marquis
of Bristol, and uncle to the present
marquis, was born Aug. 20, 1808,
and educated at Eton and Trinity
College, Cambridge (M.A. 1830).
Having held a country curacy for a
year, in 1833 we find him appointed
rector of Ickworth, a living in the
gift of his father, to which was added
in 1852 the adjacent living of Horn-
ingsheath, in the same patronage. In
1862 he was promoted to the arch-
deaconry of Sudbury, and in Nov.,
1869, he was nominated by the Crown
to the Bishopric of Bath and Wells,
-
HERVEY-HEURTLEY.
""
>>
vacant by the resignation of Lord | lished. He has also written "Sche-
Auckland. He is the author of "The mata Rhetorica," "A Scripture Argu-
Genealogies of our Lord and Saviour ment against permitting Marriage
Jesus Christ Reconciled; "Four with a Wife's Sister," "Biographies
Sermons preached before the Uni- of the Kings of Judah," several small
versity of Cambridge on the Inspira- pamphlets and sermons, and some
tion of Holy Scripture; ""Parochial articles in Dr. Smith's "Dictionary
Sermons," in 2 vols. ; Missionary of the Bible." In 1860 Dr. Hessey
Sermons," preached in Ely Cathe- was appointed by the Bishop of Lon-
dral; "Thanksgiving Sermons for don to the Prebendal stall of Oxgate,
Indian Victories; and Hints on in St. Paul's Cathedral ; in 1865 was
Infant Baptism."
elected to the office of Grinfield
Lecturer on the Septuagint by the
University of Oxford, and, on the
expiration of the two years' tenure,
he was elected in 1867 for two years
more. At Christmas, 1870, Dr. Hessey
resigned the Head Mastership of
Merchant Taylors' School, having a
few weeks previously been appointed
by Dr. Jackson, Bishop of London,
one of his lordship's examining chap-
lains. In Nov., 1870, he was nomi-
nated to preach the Boyle Lecture
for 1871 and the two following years,
his subject being "The Moral Treat-
ment of Unbelief." His lectures have
been published under the title of
"Moral Difficulties connected with
513
HERVEY, ELEANORA LOUISA,
daughter of George Conway Mon-
tague, Esq., of Lackham House,
Wilts, born at Liverpool in 1811,
was married to the late T. K. Her-
vey, the poet, in 1843. At an early
age she contributed poems to the
annuals, and her dramatic poem,
"The Landgrave," was published in
1839. This was followed at intervals
by "Margaret Russell," an auto-
biographical sketch; "The Double
Claim," a tale; "The Juvenile Calen-
dar, or Zodiac of Flowers," a Christ-
mas book, illustrated by Doyle; "The
Pathway of the Fawn," illustrated by
G. Thomas; and "The Feasts of
Camelot," published in 1863. Mrs.
T. K. Hervey is the authoress of
numerous essays and tales in various
periodicals.
PRINCE
HESSE - DARMSTADT,
OF. (See LOUIS.)
HEURTLEY, THE REV. CHARLES
ABEL, D.D., born about 1806, was
educated at Corpus Christi College,
Oxford, of which he was successively
scholar and fellow; was presented by
his college to the rectory of Fenny
Compton, Warwickshire, in 1840;
discharged the office of Bampton.
Lecturer in 1845; and was appointed
to an Honorary Canonry in Worces-
HESSEY, THE REV. JAMES
AUGUSTUS, D.C.L., eldest son of
J. A. Hessey, Esq., born in London
in 1814, was educated at Merchant
Taylors' School, and went to St.
John's College, Oxford, of which he
was for some years a resident fellow
and lecturer. He graduated B.A. inter Cathedral in 1848. In 1853 he
1836, taking a first-class in Literis
was elected Margaret Professor of
Humanioribus; was appointed Pub- Divinity, to which is attached a
lic Examiner in 1842, and Select canonry in Christ Church Cathedral;
Preacher in his University in 1849. and in 1864 a member of the Heb-
In 1845 he was elected Head Master domadal Council. Dr. Heurtley, who
of Merchant Taylors' School, and in has been three times appointed one
1850 Preacher of Gray's Inn. In of the select preachers of the Uni-
1860 he preached the Bampton Lec- versity of Oxford, is the author of
tures at Oxford, the subject being several volumes of sermons, in-
"Sunday, its Origin, History, and cluding his Bampton Lectures" On
Present Obligation considered," of Justification," and of "Harmonia
which three editions have been pub- Symbolica, a Collection of Creeds
L L
-
the Bible." Dr. Hessey was ap-
pointed Archdeacon of Middlesex in
June, 1875.
514
HEYWOOD-HIGGINSON.
belonging to the Ancient Western | University Transactions during the
Church," 1858, together with pam- Puritan Controversies."
phlets on the Eucharist, on Prayer
addressed to Christ, and on the Age
of the Athanasian Creed.
HIGGINSON, SIR JAMES MACAU-
LAY, K.C.B., son of the late Major
James Higginson, of the 10th Foot,
born in 1805, was educated at Portora
School, near Enniskillen, and Trinity
College, Dublin. Joining the Bengal
army in 1824, he served with the
58th regiment during the Bhurtpore
campaign, and successful assault of
that fortress in 1826; was appointed
to the staff of the army in 1828, and
filled the posts of aide-de-camp to
Lord William Bentinck, Governor-
General of India; Presidency Pay-
master, Private and Military Secretary
to the Governor of Agra; Private Sec-
retary to Sir Charles Metcalfe, Go-
vernor-General of Canada; Superin-
tendent of the Mysore Princes, and
Agent to the Governor-General at the
court of Moorshedabad. On returning
to Europe he accompanied Lord Met-
calfe to Jamaica in 1839 as Secretary
to the Governor; and in 1843 fol-
lowed that distinguished statesman
to Canada, where he filled the joint
offices of Civil Secretary and Super-
intendent of Indian affairs; and, on
the retirement of Lord Metcalfe, he
was selected by his successor, the
Earl Cathcart, to perform the duties
of Private and Military Secretary.
From 1846 to 1850 he held the ap-
pointment of Governor and Com-
mander-in-Chief of the Leeward
Islands, when he was transferred to
the Governorship of Mauritius. He
was created a Companion of the Bath
in 1851, a Knight Commander in
1856, and retired in 1857, after thirty-
three years of foreign service.
HIGGINSON, THOMAS WENT-
WORTH, born at Cambridge, Massa-
chusetts, Dec. 22, 1823. He gradu-
ated at Harvard College in 1841,
studied divinity, and was minister of
several Unitarian churches until 1858,
when, having entered actively into
political affairs, notably in the anti-
slavery conflict in Kansas, he aban-
HEYWOOD, JAMES, F.R.S., fifth
son of the late Mr. Nathaniel Hey-
wood, banker, of Manchester, born
May 28, 1810, was educated at Trinity
College, Cambridge, where he was
a senior optime in 1833, but did not
graduate B.A. till 1857, when en-
forced subscription to the Thirty-nine
Articles was abolished by the Cam-
bridge University Reform Act, which
he did much to promote. He was
called to the bar in 1838, but did
not practise; was one of the members
for North Lancashire from 1847 till
1857, and whilst in the House of
Commons took an active part in dis-
cussions on academical subjects. In
April, 1850, he moved for an address
to the Queen for a Royal Commission
of Inquiry into the English Univer-
sities, and the prime minister (Lord
J. Russell) intimated his intention of
recommending her Majesty to issue a
commission at some future day. In
1851 he made a motion against aca-
demical tests, but was counted out.
On the order of the day (June 24,
1854) for the consideration of the
Oxford University Bill as amended,
Mr. Heywood moved and carried, by
252 votes against 161, the abolition of
religious tests at matriculation, but
was beaten the same evening in an
attempt to abolish all tests on taking
degrees, though eventually (June 29)
he carried a clause by 233 against 78,
in favour of their abolition for a bache-
lor's degree in arts, law, and medi-
cine. A clause in the Cambridge
University Reform Bill doing away
with tests on taking degrees in arts,
law, medicine, and music, was carried
by 118 to 41 (June 20, 1856). Mr.
Heywood published "History of Uni-
versity Subscription Tests," in 1853;
translations of " The Early Cambridge
Statutes," in 1855; "Academical
Reform and University Representa-doned the pulpit. In 1862 he became
tion," and "The State of Biblical captain in a Massachusetts regiment
Revision," in 1860 ; and “Cambridge | of volunteers, and afterwards colonel
HILDYARD-HILL.
""
He first ex-
of a coloured regiment in South Caro-
lina.
""
Mr. Andrew Wilson.
He was severely wounded inhibited at Edinburgh, in 1823, three
Aug., 1863, and left the service in the pictures of Scotch scenery, which
following year. Since that time he gave proofs of the artistic skill that
has resided at Newport, Rhode Island, has marked his more mature perform-
devoting himself to literary pursuits. ances. He executed a series of sixty
He has published "Out-door Papers pictures, illustrative of "The Land of
(1863)," Malbone, an Oldport Ro- Burns," a work which he projected.
mance" (1869), and "Oldport Days Among his chief English subjects are
(1874), both depicting life at the large pictures of "Windsor Castle—
watering-place of Newport; "Life Summer Evening," "Kenilworth,"
in a Black Regiment" (1870); "Har-
vard Memorial Biographies" (1866);
"Atlantic Essays (1871); “Brief
Biographies of European Statesmen
(1875); and a Young Folk's His-
tory of the United States" (1875).
>>
|
Warwick," "Durham," and "Fo-
theringay ; among his Scotch
pictures,“ Old and New Edinburgh,
(6
HILDYARD, THE REV. JAMES,
B.D., eighth son of the late Rev.
William Hildyard, born in 1809, was
educated at Shrewsbury School under
Dr. Butler, and at Christ's College,
Cambridge, where he graduated B.A.,
in 1833 as Second Classic and Chan-
cellor's Medallist, having previously
gained six gold Medals for Greek
and Latin odes and epigrams, two
prizes for Latin essays, and the
Battie's University Scholarship. He
became Fellow and Tutor of his
College, and was one of the preachers
at Whitehall in 1843-4. On the death
of Dr. Arnold he was an unsuccessful
candidate for the Head Mastership
of Rugby School, and was appointed
rector of Ingoldsby, Lincolnshire, in
1846. He has published some of the
plays of Plautus, with Latin notes
and a glossary, several Sermons, and
Ingoldsby Letters on Liturgical
Revision," 3rd edition, 1860-61, in
which the arguments of the Episco-
pal Bench against a revision of the
Book of Common Prayer are freely
discussed. He is also the writer of
several other treatises on subjects of
the day, and monthly contributor of
"Reflections after the manner of
Boyle," to the Parish Magazine.
from the Castle," "Valley of the
Nith,' ""The Ballachmyle Viaduct,"
"The River Tay,-from the Bridge
at Perth ;" and of Irish scenery, "Ken-
mare Bridge," in the collection of the
Marquis of Lansdowne, is a favourable
specimen. In 1830 Mr. Hill was ap-
pointed Secretary of the New Royal
Scottish Academy of Painting. He
was the first to suggest the forma-
tion, and to aid in devising the con-
stitution of the Royal Association
for the Promotion of the Fine Arts in
Scotland, which has proved the parent
of numerous other art-unions in Lon-
don, Dublin, Glasgow, and elsewhere.
A controversy, commenced under his
secretaryship, with the parties through
whom Government had previously
dispensed its patronage to art in Scot-
land, led to the appointment of a
Government Commission, which re-
turned a report so favourable to the
claims of the Academy, that a public
structure was erected in Edinburgh
for a Scotch National Gallery and
Royal Academy, at a cost of £50,000,
on a site contributed by the city
authorities, and valued at £30,000.
Under Mr. Hill's directions, photo-
graphy was greatly benefited, and its
artistic capabilities more fully de-
veloped, soon after the discovery of
the process in 1843. Mr. Hill was, in
1850, appointed by her Majesty one
of the Commissioners of the Board of
Manufactures in Scotland-a body
which has under its direction the
Government School of Art and the
National Gallery of Scotland.
66
|
HILL, DAVID OCTAVUS, R.S.A.,was
born in 1802, at Perth, where his
father, Mr. Thomas Hill, was a book-
seller, who, on account of the boy's
taste for art, sent him to Edinburgh,
and he became a pupil of the late
HILL, FRANK HARRISON, born at
""
515
""
L L 2
516
HILL.
Boston, in Lincolnshire, Feb. 6, 1830,
was educated at Manchester New
College, graduated B.A. in the London
University in 1851, and was after-
wards called to the bar by the Society
of Lincoln's Inn. In 1860 he acted
as one of the secretaries of the Trades
Union Committee of the Social Science
Association, to the printed volumes of
whose reports he furnished, among
other contributions, a paper on Trade
Combinations in Sheffield. In the
same year he went to Ireland as
editor of the Northern Whig. This
post he held until the beginning of
the year 1866, when he became one
of the assistant-editors and political
writers of the Daily News, of which
journal Mr. Hill became, in 1870,
editor-in-chief. Besides a volume en-
titled "Political Portraits," 1873, con-
sisting of sketches of living English
statesmen, which appeared originally
in the Daily News, and an essay on
Ireland, published in the volume of
"Questions for a Reformed Parlia-
ment," 1867, Mr. Hill is the author of
a great number of articles on literary,
philosophical, and political subjects,
in the National, Fortnightly, and
Saturday Reviews, and other perio-
dicals.
|
HILL, SIR ROWLAND, K.C.B.,
D.C.L., F.R.S., author of the penny
postal system, third son of the late
Mr. Thomas W. Hill, a schoolmaster
near Birmingham, was born in 1795,
and married, in 1827, Caroline, eldest
daughter of the late Joseph Pearson,
Esq., of Graisley, near Wolver-
hampton. In 1835 he was appointed
Secretary to the Commissioners for
the Colonization of South Australia.
In 1837 Mr. Hill published a pam-
phlet developing his postal system;
and the House of Commons appointed
a committee upon the subject, which,
in 1838, recommended Mr. Hill's
plan for adoption, and reported
that the evidence proved that in-
jurious effects resulted from the old
state of things to the commerce and
industry of the country, and to the
social habits and moral condition of
the people. In 1839 more than two
|
thousand petitions were presented to
Parliament in favour of the plan; and
early in 1840 the penny postage was
carried into effect with the assistance
of Mr. Hill, who, for this purpose, re-
ceived an appointment in the Treasury.
A change of government having taken
place, Mr. Hill was, in 1842, removed
from office, on the alleged ground
that his services-the value of which
Government fully acknowledged-
were no longer required. The public,
however, justly considered him ill-
used, and he was rewarded, in 1846,
by a public testimonial of the value
of £13,360. In 1843 he was engaged
in the management of the London and
Brighton Railway, of which company,
in 1845, he became chairman; in 1846
was appointed Secretary to the Post-
master-General, and in 1854 Chief
Secretary, in the room of Col. Maberly.
He was made a K.C.B., civil division,
in 1860, in acknowledgment of his
services at the Post Office. In March,
1864, his health having suffered
seriously from the great labour he
had undergone, he retired; and the
Treasury, in a highly complimentary
minute, declaring the entire success
of his plans, awarded him, for life, his
full salary of £2,000 a year. In the
same year he received a Parliamentary
grant of £20,000, the First Albert
gold medal of the Society of Arts, and
the honorary degree of D.C.L. (Oxon).
In 1865 he was appointed a member
of a Royal Commission on Railways,
but as his views on the subject
differed from those of the majority,
he made a separate report.
HILL, THE RIGHT REV. ROWLEY,
D.D., Bishop of Sodor and Man, is the
third son of the late Sir George Hill,
Bart., of St. Columbs, co. Derry, by
Elizabeth Sophia, eldest daughter of
Mr. John Rea, of St. Columbs and
brother of the late Sir John Hill, the
fourth baronet. He was born in 1836,
and educated at Trinity College,
Cambridge (B.A., 1859 ; M.A., 1863
D.D., honoris causâ, 1877). He was
ordained deacon in 1860, and priest
in the following year, by the Arch-
bishop of Canterbury. Having held
;
HILLARD-HINCKS.
|
the curacies of Christ Church, Dover,
(1860-61), and of St. Mary's, Mary-
lebone (1861-63), he was appointed
in 1863 vicar of St. Luke's Church,
Edgware Road, and he held the rec-
tory of Frant, Sussex, from 1868 to
1871, and the vicarage of St. Michael,
Chester Square, from 1871 to 1873.
In the latter year he was appointed
to the important vicarage of Sheffield,
and he was made Rural Dean of
Sheffield in the following year. He
was also a Canon of York Cathedral
(1876), and chaplain to the Marquis
of Abergavenny. In 1877 he was
presented by the Crown, on the re-
commendation of the Earl of Beacons-
field, to the See of Sodor and Man, in
succession to the late Bishop Powys;
and he was consecrated on Aug. 24
in York Minster. In religious opin-
ions Bishop Hill is a moderate Evan-
gelical. He is the author of "Sunday
Lessons" on "The Collects," "The
Gospels, "The Church_Catechism,"
and "The Titles of our Lord;" and
of various sermons and tracts. He
married in 1863 Caroline Maud,
second daughter of Capt. Alfred
Chapman, R.N., of Eton Place.
|
;"
HILLARD, GEORGE STILLMAN,
born at Machias, Maine, Sept. 22,
1808. He graduated at Harvard
College in 1828, studied law, was
from 1867 to 1870 United States
District Attorney for Massachusetts,
and has been several times elected to
the State Legislature. In 1839 he
published an edition of the works of
the poet Spenser, with a preface, con-
sisting of a critical dissertation of
high merit.
Having travelled in
Europe in 1846 and 1847, he pub-
lished, in 1853, “Six Months in Italy,"
and the same year the "Memorial of
Daniel Webster." He wrote a memoir
of the late James Brown, publisher,
and a life of Captain John Smith for
Sparks's "American Biography." He
has also translated Guizot's Essay on
the character and influence of Wash-
ington, and edited selections from
the writings of Walter Savage Lan-
dor. He was for some years editor
of the American Jurist and of the
517
Boston Courier, and a frequent con-
tributor to the North American Re-
view and the Christian Examiner.
HILLS, THE RIGHT REV. GEORGE,
D.D., Bishop of Columbia, eldest son
of the late Rear Admiral George
Hills, was born at Eyethorn, Kent, in
1816. He was ordained deacon in
1827, and priest in 1829. His aca-
demical education he received in the
University of Durham, where he
graduated B.A. in 1835, M. A. in 1838,
and D.D. in 1858. He was appointed
lecturer of Leeds parish church in
1841; incumbent of St. Mary's, Leeds,
in 1846; vicar of Great Yarmouth in
1848; and honorary Canon of Nor-
wich Cathedral in 1850.
He was
also elected proctor for Norwich in
Convocation, and was chaplain to the
union and gaol of Great Yarmouth
until he was consecrated the first
Bishop of British Columbia in 1859.
He married in 1865 Mary Philadelphia
Louisa, eldest daughter of the late
Admiral Sir Richard King, Bart.,
K.C.B.
·
HINCKS, SIR FRANCIS, K.C.M.G.,
C.B., a native of Cork, brother of the
late Rev. E. Hincks, the archæologist,
was born at Cork, in 1807, and after
receiving his education at the Royal
Belfast Institution, settled in Canada,
where he became a member of the
Provincial Parliament. A strenuous
advocate of "responsible govern-
ment," he maintained, in opposition
to what had been previously the re-
cognized theory, that the Governor of
Canada should govern through minis-
ters possessing the confidence of the
Provincial Parliament, and respon-
sible to it. After a long struggle with
the Governor, Lord Sydenham, he ob-
tained the complete recognition of
this principle by the Home Govern-
ment. Soon after he became Prime
Minister, and held this office for some
years under the late Lord Elgin. On
ceasing to command a majority in
Parliament, he retired. He was ap-
pointed Governor of Barbadoes, and
Governor of British Guiana from 1862
to 1869. when he retired, and was
made a Knight Commander of the
518
HIND-HITCHCOCK.
Order of SS. Michael and George. On
October, 11, 1869, he was sworn in as
Finance Minister of the Dominion of
Canada, in the place of the Hon. John
Rose, resigned, and held that office
till 1873.
August 22, 1852; "Calliope," No-
vember 16, 1852; and "Thalia,"
December 15, 1852. His "Astrono-
mical Vocabulary" appeared in 1852.
During the same year he was awarded
the gold medal of the Royal Astrono-
mical Society; was granted a pension
of £200 per annum; published his
"Replies to Questions on the Comet
of 1566," and received for the third
time the Lalande Medal, from the
Academy of Sciences, Paris, and a
prize of about 300 francs, for the
discovery of four new planets in the
short period of a year. His "Illus-
trated London Astronomy " appeared
in 1853. In the same year he discovered
on the 8th November, "Euterpe;" and
"Urania" on July 22 of the following
year. The "Elements of Algebra
was published in 1855, and his "De-
scriptive Treatise on Comets" in 1857.
He has contributed his observations
to the Transactions of the Royal As-
tronomical Society; the publications
of the Paris Academy; the Astrono-
mische Nachrichten; Comptes Ren-
dus; Nature; the Athenæum; and
other periodicals.
HIND, JOHN RUSSELL, F.R.S.,
astronomer, was the son of a lace
manufacturer, who was one of the
first introducers of the Jacquard loom
into Nottingham. He was born there
May 12, 1823. From the age of six
his mind was intent on the study of
astronomy. In 1839-40 he contributed
a number of astronomical notes to the
Nottingham Journal and Dearden's
Miscellany. As an assistant to a
civil engineer, he was sent, in 1840,
to London, but he sought an appoint-
ment more in accordance with his
tastes. By the proposition of Pro-
fessor Wheatstone to Mr. Airy, the
Astronomer-Royal, he received a post
as assistant to the Magnetical and
Meteorological Department of the
Royal Observatory. For a period of
three months, in 1843, Mr. Hind was
engaged in the Government expedi-
tion sent to ascertain chronologically
the longitude of Valentia, in Ireland.
He received the appointment of ob-
server in the private observatory of
Mr. G. Bishop, of Regent's Park, in
June, 1844. In this year he was ad-
mitted a Fellow of the Astronomical
Society. He published his first work
"Solar System"-in 1846. In 1847
he accepted the Foreign Secretaryship
of the Royal Astronomical Society.
During the following year he was
elected a corresponding member of
the Société Philomatique of Paris.
For his discovery of a planet in
February, 1847, he received a gold
medal from the King of Denmark.
He published his "Expected Return
of the Great Comet of 1264 and 1556,"
in 1848. On September, 13, 1850, he
discovered "Victoria." In May of
the same year he was chosen a corre-
sponding member of the National
Institute of France, to succeed the
late Professor Schumacher. "Irene "
he discovered May, 19, 1851; "Mel-
pomene," June 24, 1852; "Fortuna,"
HITCHCOCK, ROSWELL DWIGHT,
D.D., LL.D., born at Machias, Maine,
Aug. 5, 1817. He graduated at Dart-
mouth College in 1836, studied theo-
logy, taught in several seminaries,
and in 1845 became pastor of a Con-
gregational church at Exeter, New
Hampshire. In 1852, having passed
a year in study at Halle and Berlin,
he resigned his pastorate, and became
Professor of Natural and Revealed
Religion in Bowdoin College. In
1855 he was appointed Professor of
Church History in Union Theological
Seminary, New York, a position which
he still holds. In 1866 he travelled
in Italy and Greece; in 1869 in Egypt
and Palestine; and in 1871 was chosen
President of the American Palestine
Exploration Society. From 1863 to
1870 he was one of the editors of the
American Theological Review, to
which he furnished many papers,
|
""
HINGESTON-RANDOLPH, THE
REV. FRANCIS CHARLES. (See RAN-
DOLPH.)
HOAR-HOBART,
mostly upon ecclesiastical history.
Besides discourses and sermons, he
has published: "A Complete Analysis
of the Bible" (1869); in connection
with Dr. Schaff, "Hymns and Songs
of Praise" (1874); and "Hymns
and Songs for Social and Sabbath
Worship" (1875).
|
HOAR, EBENEZER ROCKWOOD,
LL.D., born at Concord, Massachu-
setts, in 1816. He graduated at Har-
vard College in 1835, and after spend-
ing two years at the Cambridge Law
School, practised in Middlesex and
the neighbouring counties. After a
few years he was appointed a judge
of the Court of Common Pleas, but
resigned, and returned to the prac-
tice of his profession, in Boston. In
1859 he was appointed a justice of
the Supreme Court of Massachusetts,
and held that office for ten years.
In 1869 he resigned his judgeship on
being nominated by General Grant
to the office of Attorney-General of
the United States. In 1870 he re-
signed, and was soon after nominated
by the President as one of the jus-
tices of the Supreme Court of the
United States, but his nomination
was not confirmed. He was a
member of the High Commission
which negotiated the Treaty of
Washington in 1871. In 1872 he
was elected a Representative in Con-
gress, and in 1874 was an unsuccess-
ful candidate for the United States
Senate.
sund and the attack on Abo. Having
retired from active service on half-
pay, he found employment during the
American Civil War, from 1861 to
1865, in commanding aswift blockade-
runner, the Don, along the coast of
North Carolina, and keeping up ma-
ritime communications with the
Southern States, in spite of the Federal
blockading squadron. He published
a narrative of these experiences, under
the name of "Captain Roberts." In
1862 he became a post-captain, and
in 1868 was appointed by the Turkish
Government to a high command in
the Ottoman navy. In 1867 he was
sent, in command of the Turkish
fleet, to Crete, with unlimited powers,
and orders to stop the proceedings of
the Greek blockade-runners.
For
this service, and for his conduct in a
delicate negotiation off Syra, in the
cause of general peace, he received
high class decorations and honours
from the Austrian, French, and Turk-
ish Governments. On his return to
Constantinople, he was promoted by
the Sultan to the rank of Pasha,
and created a full admiral. Admiral
Hobart Pasha afterwards served as
Inspector-General of the Turkish
navy. In June, 1871, the Queen
granted him her royal license to
accept and wear the insignia of the
second class of the Imperial Order of
the Medjidie, conferred upon him by
the Sultan. In 1867 the Greek Mi-
nister had called the attention of
Her Majesty's Government to the fact
that Hobart Pasha had been engaged
on behalf of Turkey in the Cretan
blockade; and the Admiralty, at the
instance of the Foreign Office, struck
his name off the British Navy List.
In 1874, however, Admiral Hobart
Pasha addressed a letter to Lord
Derby, admitting that he committed
a breach of naval discipline by ac-
cepting service under the Turkish
Government without leave, but ad-
ding:-"During seven years that have
elapsed since that time I have en-
deavoured to maintain the character
of an Englishman for zeal, activity,
and sagacity, and I have been for-
HOBART, THE HON. AUGUSTUS
CHARLES, generally known as Ho-
BART PASHA, son of the Earl of
Buckinghamshire, was born in 1822.
In 1836 he joined the Royal Navy,
and was distinguished while a mid-
shipman for his zeal in command of
men-of-war's boats employed in the
suppression of the slave trade in
Brazilian waters. In reward for these
services he was, in 1845, appointed to
the Queen's yacht, where he served
two years. During the Russian war
he was in command of H.M.S. Driver
in the Baltic, and was highly named
in official despatches for his gallant
conduct during the capture of Bomar-
•
519

·
520
HODGSON.
tunate enough to obtain a certain
European reputation of which I hope
I may be justly proud. I prevented
by my conduct during a very critical
period at the end of the Cretan Re-
volution (while I was in command of
a large Turkish fleet) much blood-
shed, and, many people think, a Eu-
ropean war. I have organised the
Turkish navy in a way which has led
to high encomiums as to its state
from all the Commanders-in-Chief
of the English fleets who have lately
visited Constantinople. I have es-
tablished naval schools, training and
gunnery ships (and here I have been
ably seconded by English naval
officers). While doing all this to
wards strengthening the navy of our
ally, I naturally have made many
enemies. ... All that they can find
to say (and it is bitter enough) is,
'He has been dismissed the English
service,' without, of course, explain-
ing the cause. This is most painful
to me, and is very detrimental to
my already difficult position." He
therefore asked that his offence
might be overlooked and that he
might be relieved from "the ban of
disgrace." This application was sup-
ported by the Earl of Derby, as a
matter of Imperial policy," consi-
dering it to be of material advantage
that Admiral Hobart Pacha should
occupy the position he held in Turkey.
The Lords of the Admiralty there-
fore consented to allow the Hon.
Augustus Hobart to be reinstated in
his former rank as a Captain in the
Royal Navy, placing him on the re-
tired list (Nov. 28, 1874), with the
opportunity of rising by seniority
to the rank of a retired Admiral.
On the outbreak of the war between
Russia and Turkey Admiral Hobart
Pasha was appointed to the com-
mand-in-chief of the Black Sea Fleet
of Turkey. Soon afterwards his name
was again removed from the British
Navy List, and rightly so, seeing that
our Government had issued a procla-
mation of neutrality.
(6
|
|
HODGSON, JOHN EVAN, A.R.A.,
was born in London, March 1, 1831,
and spent some of his early years in
Russia, where his father established
himself as a merchant in 1835. After
receiving his education at Rugby
School he entered his father's count-
ing-house, but in 1853 he came back
to England, abandoned commercial
pursuits, and became a student in the
Royal Academy. His first picture
was exhibited in 1856, since which
time he has been a regular exhibitor.
He began with domestic and contem-
poraneous subjects, but painted his-
torical pictures from 1861 till 1869,
when his visit to Northern Africa set
him upon subjects of Moorish life, to
which he has since chiefly confined
himself. His principal pictures are :
"Arrest of a Poacher," 1857;
Canvassing for a Vote," 1858; "The
Patriot Wife" (the wife of a politi-
cal prisoner bribing his Austrian
gaoler to give her access to him),
1859; "A Rehearsal of Music in a
Farmhouse," 1860; "Sir Thomas
More's Daughter in Holbein's Stu-
dio," 1861;"Return of Sir Francis
Drake from Cadiz,” 1862;
"First
Sight of the Armada," 1863; "Queen
Elizabeth at Purfleet," 1864; "Taking
Home the Bride," 1865;
"Jewess
accused of Witchcraft," 1866; "Even
Song " (interior of Tong Church,
Shropshire), 1867; "Chinese Ladies
and European Curiosities," 1868;
"Roman Trireme at Sea," 1868;
"Arab Story-teller," 1869; "Arab
Prisoners,"
"The Basha's Black
Guards," and "Arab Shepherds."
1870; "The Outpost," and "An Arah
Patriarch," 1871; "Army Re-organi-
sation in Morocco,
sation in Morocco," "The Snake
Charmer," and "A Fair Customer,"
1872; "Jack Ashore," and "A Tú-
hisian Bird-seller," 1873; "A Needy
Knife-Grinder," "Returning the Sa-
lute," and "Odd Fish, 1874 "A
Barber's Shop in Tunis," "The Talis-
man, "A Cock-fight," and "The
Turn of the Tide," 1875; "The Tem-
ple of Diana at Zaghouan,"
have a New Pair," and "Following
the Plough," 1876; "Commercial
Activity in the East," "Pampered
Menials," and "Relatives in Bond,"
""
"Better
K
HODGSON-HOFMANN.
1877;" An Eastern Question," "Loot," | Economy and Mercantile Law in the
and The Pasha," 1878.
University of Edinburgh. His prin-
cipal publications are a "Lecture on
Education," 1837; a translation of
Bastiat's "What is Seen and what is
not Seen; or Political Economy in
one Lesson," 1852 ; Classical In-
struction; its Use and Abuse," 1853;
"The Conditions of Health and
Wealth, educationally considered,"
two lectures, 1860; Remarks on
Report of Public School Commission-
ers," 1864; "Classical Instruction :
Why; When; for Whom?" 1866
(6
Exaggerated Estimates of Reading
and Writing as means of Education."
1867; a translation of Count Cavour's
|
Ireland," 1868; "What is Capital?
1868; two lectures "On the Educa-
tion of Girls and the Employment of
Women of the Middle Classes," 1869;
lecture on the "True Scope of Econo-
mic Science," 1870; lecture on "Com-
petition," 1870; and two lectures on
Turgot his Life, Times, and
Opinions," 1870.
HODGSON, WILLIAM BALLAN.
TYNE, LL.D., Professor of Economic
Science in the University of Edin-
burgh, was born at Edinburgh in
1815, and educated in the High
School and University of that city.
Up to the year 1839 he was engaged
in private study and instruction in
Edinburgh, and from 1839 to 1847 he
was first Secretary and then Princi-
pal of the Liverpool Institute, one of
the largest and most important edu-
cational establishments in the king-
dom. In the three day-schools (two
for boys and one for girls) and in the
evening classes attached to it, about
1,700 pupils were regularly taught
by from sixty to seventy male and
female teachers; public evening lec-
tures were delivered twice a week,
for forty weeks in the year, to an
audience of from 800 to 1,200 per-
sons; and there were, besides, a large
library, sculpture gallery, and mu-
seum. Over every part of this orga-
nization it was Mr. Hodgson's duty
to exercise a general supervision,
while he acted also as Head Master
of the High School. In 1846 he re-
ceived from the University of Glas-
gow the diploma of LL.D. From
1847 to 1851 he was Principal of the
Chorlton High School, Manchester.
In 1851 he went abroad, and resided
for some time in France, Germany,
Italy, and Switzerland. Several win-
ters between 1854 and 1860 he spent
in Edinburgh, endeavouring to ex-
tend and improve instruction in
schools, chiefly by introducing the
elements of economic and sanitary
science. In 1858-59 he was engaged
in the Royal Commission on Primary
Schools, and his report on the Lon-
don district is appended to the gene-
ral Report of the Commission. From
1863 to 1870 Dr. Hodgson resided
mainly in London; aad from the
former year to 1868 he acted as Ex-
aminer in Political Economy in the
University of London. On July 17,
1871, he was elected to the Professor-
ship of Commercial and Political
(*
521
..
,,
HOFMANN, AUGUST WILHELM,
M.D., F.R.S., Professor in Ordinary
of Chemistry in the University of
Berlin, was born at Giessen, April 8,
1818. In 1836 he entered the Uni-
versity of Giessen, where, in 1842, he
graduated as Ph.D. From 1842 to
1844 Dr. Hofmann acted as assistant
to Baron Liebig, at Giessen, and in
1845 habilitated as Private Docent of
Chemistry in the University of Bonn.
In the autumn of the same year he
became Professor of Chemistry in the
Royal College of Chemistry in
London, and in 1853, Professor in
the Royal School of Mines in London.
In 1863 Dr. Hofmann was nominated
Professor of Chemistry in the Uni-
versity of Bonn, and was entrusted
with the organization of the new
laboratory. In 1865 he was called to
Berlin as the successor of Mitzscher-
lich, where he established the new
Berlin laboratory. The distinguished
Professor is a member of the Imperial
Academy of Sciences of Berlin, a
corresponding member of the French
Academy, of the academies of St.
Petersburg, Vienna, Amsterdam, and
|
522
HOGG.
|
Bavaria. He is also a Fellow of the
Royal Society of London, and of
other learned bodies. Professor Hof-
mann is also M.D. of the University
of Bonn, and LL.D. of Aberdeen and
Cambridge. He is a Chevalier of the
Prussian Order of the Crown, an
Officer of the French Legion of
Honour, a Knight of the Italian
Order of SS. Maurice and Lazarus, a
Knight-Commander of the Austrian
Order of Francis Joseph, and of the
Order of the Italian Crown. Dr. Hof-
mann has written a large number of
chemical monographs, especially in
the department of organic chemistry,
and reports relating to the great
Industrial Exhibitions. He has also
written the well-known" Introduction
to the Study of Modern Chemistry."
In 1875 the Royal Society of London
awarded the Copley Medal to him for
his numerous contributions to the
science of chemistry.
James had previously been connected
for many years with local adminis-
tration, having been a member of the
St. Margaret and St. John Vestry, the
Westminster District Board of Works,
and subsequently of the Guardian
Board and Vestry of St. George,
Hanover Square, which latter body
he represented at the Metropolitan
Board. On the completion and
opening of the Chelsea Embankment
in May, 1874, Sir James Hogg was
created a K.C.B., and he succeeded
to the baronetcy on the death of his
father, May 27, 1876.
HOGG, ROBERT, LL.D., F.L.S.,
born at Dunse, North Britain, in 1818,
was educated at a private school in his
native town and at Edinburgh. Dr.
Hogg has all through life been en-
gaged in horticultural and botanical
pursuits, and is best known by his
works on the former subject, and the
active part he has taken in promoting
all objects tending to the advance-
ment of horticulture. In conjunction
with Sir Joseph Paxton and the late
Mr. Rivers he founded, in 1854, the
British Pomological Society, which
ultimately became the Fruit Com-
mittee of the Royal Horticultural
Society. He was one of the pro-
moters and general secretary of
the Great International Horticul-
tural Exhibition held at South Ken-
sington in 1866; was reporter on
classes 71 and 85, at the Paris Univer-
sal Exhibition of 1867, and in 1869
was one of the delegates from the
British Government to the Great
Exhibition at St. Petersburg, when he
received from the Emperor Alexander
II. the presentation of a malachite
table. Dr. Hogg is a Fellow of the
Linnæan Society: a member of the
Council and Secretary of the Royal
Horticultural Society; and is asso-
ciated with several other scientific
societies at home and abroad, both as
an honorary and corresponding mem-
ber. He is author of
of A Hand-
book of Hardy Annuals," 1837 ;
"Manual of Fruits," 1848; "British
Pomology" (which has been trans-
lated into German), 1851; “The
HOGG, LIEUTENANT-COLONEL SIR
JAMES MACNAGHTEN, was born at
Calcutta in 1823. He is the eldest
son of the late Right Honourable Sir
James Weir Hogg, formerly Member
of Council for India, who for many
years represented Beverley and
Honiton in Parliament. The present
baronet was educated at Eton, and
at Christ Church, Oxford. He joined
the 1st Life Guards in 1843, and be-
came Major and Lieutenant-Colonel
in 1855. He left the army in 1859,
having two years previously married
the eldest daughter of the first Lord
Penrhyn. In politics Sir James Hogg
is a Conservative. He represented
Bath from 1865 to 1868; and has
sat for Truro from 1871 to the pre-
sent time. On the assembling of
Parliament in November, 1867, Sir
James (then Colonel) Hogg, was
selected to second the address. On
the death of Sir John Thwaites in the
autumn of 1870, Sir James Hogg,
who had been a member of the Me-
tropolitan Board of Works since
1867, was selected by his colleagues
for the onerous office of chairman of
that body, a position to which he has
since been annually re-elected. Sir
|
HOHENLOHE-SCHILLINGSFÜRST.
Kingdom and its Products," 1858;
"The Fruit Manual," which has
passed through four large editions
since 1860; The Gardeners' Year
Book," published annually; "The
Wild Flowers of Great Britain,"
and other works; and in conjunction
with Mr. G. W. Johnson, is editor of
the Journal of Horticulture.
Dahlia," 1852 ; "The Vegetable | retired for some ten years into private
life, paying frequent visits to England,
France, and Italy. In 1860 the
prince again entered on parliamen-
tary life, and favoured throughout an
alliance with Prussia. Towards the
end of 1866 the youthful king re-
quested Hohenlohe to prepare and
lay before him a programme of
the principles which were to serve
eventually as a ministerial policy.
Prince Hohenlohe fulfilled his com-
mission to the satisfaction of the
king, and on Jan. 1, 1867, succeeded
Pfordten as Bavarian minister. The
whole of Germany at last adopted
the Hohenlohe programme. In 1868
and 1869, Prince Hohenlohe was
elected Vice-president of the Customs
Parliament of the German Federa-
tion. In his capacity as Foreign
Minister of Bavaria, he issued his
famous circular of April 9, 1869,
directing the attention of the Euro-
pean cabinets to the serious conse-
quences likely to arise from the
decrees of the Ecumenical Council
of the Vatican. Hoping to get the
Pope to withdraw his political oppo-
sition, and viewing mere religious
innovations with extreme indiffer-
HOHENLOHE-SCHILLINGS-
FÜRST, CLODWIG CARL VICTOR,
PRINCE OF, born at Rothenburg,
March 31, 1819, is the second son of
Francis Joseph, Prince of Hohenlohe-
Schillingsfürst (of the line of Walden-
bürg). On the death of his father in
1841, Clodwig had just begun his
judicial and historical studies in the
University of Göttingen. A year
later, after having passed his exami-
nation with distinction, he took a
subordinate position in the public
service as Auscultator in the Office
of Justice at Ehrenbreitstein. He
next became Referendary of the
Government at
at Potsdam. While
working thus diligently at his post in
Prussia, the Landgrave of Hessen-
Rheinfels-Rothenburg died, and the
princely family of Hohenlohe suc-
ceeded to a rich inheritance, in-
cluding the lordships of Ratibor
and Corvey. The event, however,
did not alter Clodwig's position.
His elder brother took the domains
of Ratibor and Corvey, to which
the King of Prussia, William IV.,
added the title of Duke. In 1845,
on the death of his brother, Philip
Ernest, Clodwig succeeded, with
the consent of his elder brother,
to the old family seat of Schillings-
fürst, and, forsaking the Prussian
service, took up his permanent resi-
dence in Bavaria. Thus at twenty-
seven years of age he became an
hereditary member of the Bavarian
parliament. The ministry, mean-
while, in Frankfort, sent him as
ambassador to Athens, Florence, and
Rome. In 1849 he returned to
Frankfort. Having married the
Princess of Sayn-Witgenstein, by
whom he has a numerous family, he
523
ence, the Prussian Government
slighted the warnings of the Bava-
rian minister, and refused to take
action against the contemplated de-
crees. In consequence of this deser-
tion by the principal exponent of the
Unity party, Prince Hohenlohe could
not hold out against the attacks of
the combined Particularists, Catholics,
and Austriacanti in the Bavarian
Parliament, and had to resign (March
7, 1870). He now resumed his seat
in the Munich House of Pecrs, and in
a few months, on France threatening
war, made himself conspicuous by
insisting upon the participation of
Bavaria in the great national feud.
Upon the successful termination of
the war in 1871, he was elected mem-
ber of the first German Parliament,
and, in recognition of his patriotic
deserts, immediately became Vice-
President thereof. In May, 1874,
after the deplorable exit of Count
524
HOHENZOLLERN-HOLLAND.
|
Harry Arnim, Prince Hohenlohe
was chosen German Ambassador at
Paris. He was
one of the Ger-
man plenipotentiaries at the Con-
gress of Berlin in 1878. In August
of that year he was re-elected to the
Reichstag, on the second ballot, at
Forchheim, Kulmbach, Bavaria, poll-
ing 9,800 votes, while his Catholic
competitor had 8,600.
HOHENZOLLERN, H.R.H. LEO-
POLD, HEREDITARY PRINCE OF, the
eldest son of Prince Charles Anthony
of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, was
born Sept. 22, 1835, and studied in
the universities of Bonn and Berlin.
His Royal Highness is well known in
connection with his candidature for
the throne of Spain, which ultimately
gave occasion to the Franco-German
war. On Sept. 12, 1861, the Prince
married the Princess Antonia of Por-
tugal, by whom he has a numerous
family. He is said to be an excellent
Spanish scholar.
"Folia Silvulæ (vol. i. 1865, vol.
ii. 1870); Cicero "De Officiis" (ed.
3, 1878); and Minucius Felix, with
other works, for the Syndics of the
Cambridge University Press.
HOLKER, SIR JOHN, M.P., Q.C.,
son of the late Mr. Samuel Holker, a
manufacturer of Bury, Lancashire,
was born there in 1828, and educated
in the grammar school of his native
town. Called to the bar at Gray's
Inn in 1854, he chose the Northern
circuit, and was appointed one of
Her Majesty's counsel in 1868. He
was elected M.P. for Preston in the
Conservative interest, in Sept., 1872,
and shortly afterwards was appointed
by Mr. Disraeli to the post of Solici-
tor-General, on which occasion he was
knighted (Dec. 12, 1874). He became
Attorney-General in Nov., 1875.
|
HOLDEN, THE REV. HUBERT
ASHTON, LL.D., member of an old
Staffordshire family, was born in
1822, educated at King Edward's
School, Birmingham, under the late
Bishops of Peterborough and Man-
chester, and at Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, of which he became Scholar
and Fellow, in 1847. After having
obtained in his first year the Bell
University Scholarship, he graduated
B.A., and was senior classic in 1845.
He continued to discharge the duties
of Assistant - Tutor and Classical
Lecturer of his college until 1853,
when he was appointed the first Vice.
Principal of Cheltenham College.
*
In 1858 he was promoted to the
Head Mastership of Queen Eliza-
beth's Grammar-school at Ipswich.
Dr. Holden has edited Aristophanes
with notes (vol. i. 3rd ed. 1868; vol.
ii., part only published, 1869); col-
lections of English Poetry and Prose,
for translation into Greek and Latin,
in four parts, entitled "Foliorum
Silvula" (part I. ed. 5, 1868; parts
II. and IIÏ. ed. 3, 1864), and “Foli-
orum Centuriæ " (ed. 4, 1864); select
translations of the same, entitled
""
|
HOLL, FRANK, A.R.A., son of the
eminent engraver, born July 4, 1845,
at St. James's Terrace, Kentish Town,
and educated at University College,
London. In June, 1861, he entered
the schools of the Royal Academy, and
gained next year the medal for drawing
from the antique; in 1863 the gold
medal for historical painting, and that
for life drawing. He first exhibited at
the Royal Academy in 1864; and next
"The Ordeal" in 1866; and in 1868
gained the travelling studentship
with a picture entitled, "The Loril
gave and the Lord hath taken away,
which was exhibited in 1869. His
other works exhibited in subsequent
years were "The Village Funeral,”
1872; "A Seat in a Railway Station,'
1873; "Deserted," 1874; "Her First-
born," 1876; "Going Home," 1877;
and "Newgate: committed for Trial,"
1878. He also exhibited at the rooms
of Mr. Wallis and of Mr. Tooth a
picture entitled "Want-her poverty
but not her will consents;'
"Doubt-
ful Hope;" and "Gone-The Emi-
grant's Departure." Mr. Holl was
elected an Associate of the Royal
Academy June 19, 1878.
""
ܕ
HOLLAND, KING OF (See WIL-
LIAM III).
HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT,
M.D., born at Belchertown, Massa-
HOLLINGSHEAD.
**
year or
||
chusetts, July 24, 1819. He gradu-
ated M.D. at the Berkshire Medical
College, in 1845, and practised his
profession for a
or two at
Springfield. In 1847 he became an
associate editor of the Springfield
Republican, with which paper he was
connected till 1869. His "History
of Western Massachusetts was pub-
lished in two vols., 1855, and "The
Bay Path," his first novel, in 1857.
About this time he commenced in the
Republican a series of letters and
essays under the nom de plume of
Timothy Titcomb," which have been
collected and published in volumes.
In 1870 he became editor of Scribner's
Monthly Magazine. Besides the
Titcomb Papers" he has published
"Bitter Sweet," a dramatic poem.
"Gold Foil; hammered from Popular
Proverbs: "Lessons in Life
"Letters to the Joneses;" "Plain
Talks on Familiar Subjects;” "Miss
Gilbert's Career;" "Kathrina: Her
Life and Mine, in a Poem," (1868);
"The Marble Prophecy and other
Poems," (1872); "Arthur Bonni-
castle," (1873); "The Mistress of
the Manse," (1874); "Seven Oaks,"
(1876) ; "Nicholas Minturn," (1877),
and several volumes made up from
his magazine essays.
""
""
525
**
|
home travels (originally contributed
to All the Year Round), under the
title of " Odd Journeys ; in 1861 a
volume of papers from several maga-
zines, under the title of "Ways of
Life;" and a work called “ Ragged
London in 1861," upon the homes of
the metropolitan poor. These were
followed by "Underground London,”
describing the sewers, gas and water
system of the metropolis; a collec-
tion of stories called " Rough Dia-
monds;" the Official History of the
International Exhibition, prepared
for the Royal Commissioners; and
in 1864 by "To-day," a series of mis-·
cellaneous essays. He has written
one or two original dramatic pieces,
and was for ten years the dramatic
critic of the Daily News, London Re-
view, &c., and is a member of the Dra-
matic Authors' Society. Mr. Hollings-
head has always been a devoted free-
trader. When the agitation for the
repeal of the paper duties was in
existence, he helped it in every
possible way; and when a crusade
was made against the music-halls by
theatrical managers, to stop the in-
fringement of the so-called dramatic
privileges, he did all he could to pro-
mote free trade in theatres and dra-
matic representation. In conjunction
with Mr. Dion Boucicault, he orga-
nized a powerful agitation, which
resulted in a Parliamentary com-
mittee being appointed in 1860,
before which Mr. Hollingshead was
examined. The committee reported
in favour of dramatic free-trade. The
result of this agitation was to draw
the attention of capitalists to the
deficient first-class theatrical accom-
modation in London, and eighteen
new metropolitan theatres have since
been built. One of these-the Gaiety
Theatre, in the Strand-Mr. Hollings-
head had the courage to take and
open himself in December, 1868, and
he still continues its lessee and
-
-
HOLLINGSHEAD, JOHN, son of
Mr. Henry R. Hollingshead, of the
Irish Chamber, whose family have
long been connected with business in
London, born in London, Sept. 9,
1827, was educated at Homerton, and
entered business early; but preferring
journalism, became connected with
several leading daily and weekly
newspapers, as well as magazines. He
joined the staff of Household Words
in 1857, was a constant contributor to
that periodical and to All the Year
Round, the Cornhill Magazine, Good
Words, Once a Week, &c. In 1859
he published a volume of contribu-
tions, chiefly upon city life, from
Household Words, called “Under Bowmanager, and he has had three
Bells;" in 1860 another collection | metropolitan theatres under his
of papers, bearing on politics or direction at one time, with the most
political economy called " Rubbing powerful combination of actors in
the Gilt Off; and a collection of London. A collection of his writings
|
•
1
526
HOLMES-HOLYOAKE.
was published under the title of
"Miscellanies: Stories and Essays,"
3 vols., 1874, and in 1877 he made a
successful adaptation of MM. Meil-
hac and Halévy's "La Cigale," under
the title of "The Grasshopper."
HOLMES, OLIVER WENDELL,
M.D., born at Cambridge, Massa-
chusetts, Aug. 29, 1809. He graduated
at Harvard College in 1829, began
the study of law, which he abandoned
for that of medicine. Having attended
the hospitals of Paris and other Euro-
pean cities, he commenced practice in
Boston in 1835; in 1838 was elected
Professor of Anatomy and Physiology
in Dartmouth College; and in 1847
was appointed to a similar professor-
ship in Harvard College. As early as
1836 his contributions in verse ap-
peared in various periodicals, and his
reputation as a poet was established
by the delivery of a metrical essay,
entitled 66
'Poetry," which was fol-
lowed by others in rapid succession.
As a writer of songs, lyrics, and poems
for festive occasions, he occupies the
first place. He was also for many
years a popular lecturer. In 1857 he|
commenced, in the Atlantic Monthly,
a series of articles under the title of
.:
The Autocrat of the Breakfast
Table," which were followed by "The
Professor at the Breakfast Table,"
and in 1872 by "The Poet at the
Breakfast Table." In the meanwhile
appeared "Elsie Venner, a Romance
of Destiny" (1861); "Songs in Many
Keys" (1864); "Soundings from the
Atlantic" (1864); "The Guardian
Angel (1868) "Mechanism in
Thought and Morals" (1870), and
(1870), and
numerous poems recited at literary
reunions. He is distinguished for his
researches in microscopy and auscul-
tation, and has contributed largely to
current medical literature.
""
|
Mechanics' Institution there; one of
the Lecturers to explain the Social
System of Robert Owen (1841); Act-
ing Secretary of the British Legion
sent out to Garibaldi; and Secretary
of the Hyde Park Demonstration
Committee against Lord Palmerston's
Conspiracy Bill. Mr. Holyoake claims
to be the founder of "Secularism," a
system which bases organised action
on moral and scientific agreements
apart from atheism and theology.
He is the author of numerous works
on working-class education, theolo-
gical criticism, politics and co-opera-
tion ; "Uses of Euclid ;" a
(6 Reason-
ing from Facts;
""Public Speaking
and Debate; "Trial of Theism;
"History
of Middlesborough-on-
Tees;" "Letters to Lord John Russell
on an Intelligence Franchise ;""The
Political Situation;""The History
of Co-operation in Rochdale," which
caused upwards of 250 co-operative
societies to be founded in two years
and has been translated into the chief
European and Indian languages;
""
History of the Co-operative and
Social Institutions of Halifax ;" and
A New Defence of the Ballot."
He was the editor of thirty volumes of
the Reasoner. Mr. Holyoake was the
last person imprisoned in England
for alleged atheism, and the last
person against whom au indictment
was issued by the Court of Exchequer
for publishing unstamped papers in
support of the Society for Repealing
the Taxes upon Knowledge, Mr.
Holyoake having incurred upwards
of £600,000 of fines (which he was
under the necessity of asking the
Chancellor of the Exchequer to take
weekly). The Repeal of the News-
paper Stamp Act, however, caused
the prosecution to be abandoned.
He was chiefly instrumental in
causing the Evidence Amendment
Bill to be passed, which legalized
purely secular affirmations, Mr. Holy-
oake having incurred loss and public
outrage through refusing all his life
to take an oath. He suggested and
furnished the scheme of the series of
Blue Books issued by Lord Clarendon,
HOLYOAKE, GEORGE JACOB,
born at Birmingham, April 13, 1817,
was educated at the Mechanics' Insti-
tution in that town. He was ap-
pointed Superintendent of Assistants
of the first Exhibition of Arts and
Manufactures held at Birmingham in
1839 ; Teacher of Mathematics to the
((
"
HOME-HOOD.
lated, on the one hand, to delude the
vain, the weak, the foolish, and the
superstitious; and, on the other, to
assist the projects of the needy and
the adventurer." A second series of
"Incidents in my Life" was published
by Mr. Home in 1872. In 1858 he
married the daughter of a Russian
**
prepared by the Foreign Office on the
Condition of the Industrial Classes
in Foreign Countries." It was on his
suggestion, made when Lord John
Manners was Commissioner of Works,
that the limelight was placed over
the clock tower at Westminster, to
denote at night when Parliament was
sitting. His most recent work is
"The History of Co-operation in Eng-
land," of which the first volume has
appeared.
HONE, THE VENERABLE RICHARD
BRINDLEY, M.A., born in 1805, was
educated at Brasenose College, Ox-
ford (B.A., 1827; M.A., 1831). He
was ordained to the curacy of Upton
St. Leonards, near Gloucester, in
1828; was appointed to the curacy
of Portsmouth in 1829; Vicar (now
Rector) of Halesowen, near Birming-
ham, in 1836; Honorary Canon of
Worcester in 1845; and Archdeacon
of Worcester in 1849. He is the
author of "Lives of Eminent Chris-
tians," published by the S.P.C.K., of
several Charges and Sermons, and of
"The Future Life of Blessedness,"
1865.
HONOLULU, BISHOP OF. (See
WILLIS.)
HOME, DANIEL DOUGLAS, known
for several years in connection with
spiritual manifestations, comes of a
Scotch family, and was born in
1833, near Edinburgh. He has visited
nearly every country in Europe, and
is understood to have been exten-
sively consulted by crowned heads.
In 1864 he was ordered to quit Rome,
the authorities being naturally un-
willing to allow such a person to re-
main in the Pope's dominions. In
an autobiographical sketch, "Inci-
dents in my Life," published in 1863,
in which he enters into the rationale
of spiritualism, he says, "The only
good I have ever derived from 'the
gift' is the knowledge that many who
had never believed in a future exist-
ence are now happy, through me, in
the certitude of the 'life to come." "
In the trial of Lyon v. Home, the
plaintiff sought to recover £60,000
stock, given to Home at the alleged
command of her deceased husband's
spirit, between Oct., 1866, and Feb.,
1867. The suit was instituted on the
15th of June, 1867, and the hearing
lasted from the 21st April to the 1st
May, 1868. A verdict was given for
the plaintiff by the Vice-Chancellor,
Sir G. M. Giffard, on the 22nd May. In
concluding, the judge said that "the
system, as presented by the evidence,
|
HOOD, THE REV. EDWIN PAXTON,
son of an old English sailor, who
served under Nelson in the Téméraire,
born at Westminster in 1820, was
educated privately. He has been for
many years a minister of the Inde-
pendent denomination, and preaches
in London. He was for many years the
editor of the Eclectic Review, and for
some years edited the Preacher's
Lantern. He has written "Words-
worth, a Biography,' ""The Age and
its Architects," "A Life of Sweden-
borg," "Self-Formation," "The Peer-
age of Poverty," "The Dark Days of
Queen Mary, "The Golden Times of
Queen Bess,' "Dream Land and
Ghost Land," "Genius and Industry,"
"Literature of Labour," "Old Eng-
land," "Mental and Moral Philo-
sophy of Laughter," "Self-Educa-
tion," "The Uses of Biography, Rc-
|
|
is mischievous nonsense; well calcu-mantic, Philosophic, and Didactic,"
"Dark Sayings on a Harp," and "The
Earnest Minister." He is the author
also of, a large
large volume entitled
"Lamps, Pitchers, and Trumpets,"
Lectures on the vocation of the
preacher, "Blind Amos," "Bye-Path
Meadow," besides editing two bulky
volumes, "The World of Anecdote,”
nobleman, god-daughter of the Em-
peror Nicholas.
She died in 1862,
leaving a son.
In 1871 Mr. Home
married again a Russian lady of noble
birth.
527
preacher,
was published
""
528
HOOK-HOOKER.
and "The World of Religious Anec-
;"
and served in the Mexican war, rising
dote.
More recently he has pub-to the rank of Captain of Artillery,
lished a course of lectures on "The and the brevet of Lieut.-Colonel in
Villages of the Bible." He has been
He has been the staff. After the close of the
the biographer of the distinguished Mexican war, he was on duty on the
Nonconformist, the Rev. Thomas Pacific coast for two years, and from
Binney. His latest prose work is an 1851 to 1853 on leave of absence. He
elaborate exposition of the genius and resigned in Feb. 1853, remaining in
philosophy of Thomas Carlyle. He California, where he was engaged as
has also presented himself in verse as Superintendent of the construction
the author of "The Maid of Nurem- of the National road, and as a farmer.
burg" and other voluntaries. Mr. From 1859 to 1861 he was a Colonel
Hood is well known to his own de- in the California Militia. When the
nomination as a preacher, and the civil war broke out in 1861, he re-
author of many published sermons, turned to the East, and was present,
and has an extensive popularity as a as a spectator, at the battle of Bull
lecturer on subjects connected with Run. He was made Brigadier-Gen.
general literature or social questions. of Volunteers, and put in command
of the defences of Washington, Aug.
12, 1861, but his commission was
dated back to May 17, 1861. He took
a
HOOK, JAMES CLARKE, R.A., son
of James Hook, Judge Arbitrator in
the Mixed Commission Courts, Sierra
Leone, and grandson of the cele-
brated Dr. Adam Clarke, was born
Nov. 21, 1819, and at an early age
entered the schools of the Royal
Academy, where in 1843 he gained
two silver medals. In 1846 he ob-
tained the gold medal for the best
historical painting in oils; the sub-
ject being "The Finding of the Body
of Harold," and was successful in a
competition for the travelling stu-
dentship for three years. His best-
known works are: a series of Pictures
from Venetian History in 1849-54;
"Times of the Persecution of the Re-
formers in Paris," in 1854; and more
recently "Market Morning," and
"The Gratitude of the Mother of
Moses for her Child's Safety." Of
late years Mr. Hook has devoted
himself to marine subjects, of which
the best known and most popular are
"Luff, Boy! " in 1859, which has
been engraved ; "The Trawlers,"
"Breton Fishwives," "Scotch Salmon
Fisheries," 1862-6, and some Dutch
and Norwegian subjects, 1870-1. He
became an A.R.A. in 1854, and at-
tained the full honours of the Aca-
demy in 1859.
HOOKER, MAJOR-GEN. JOSEPH,
was born at Hadley, Massachusetts,
in 1819. He graduated at the Mili-
tary Academy at West Point in 1837,
At
prominent part in the Peninsular
campaign of Gen. McClellan, and
distinguished himself especially in
the battles of Williamsburg, Fair
Oaks, Frazier's Farm, and Malvern
Hill. He was made Major-General
of Volunteers in May, 1862. During
General Pope's operations before
Washington, General Hooker was
very active, and at Antietam, Sept.
17, 1862, was wounded, and was soon
after promoted to the rank of Brig.-
General of the regular army.
the disastrous repulse of Burnside at
Fredericksburg, in Dec. 1862, he
commanded the right wing of the
army. In Jan, 1863, he was ap-
pointed to the command of the Army
of the Potomac. After several feints
he crossed the Rappahannock some
distance above Fredericksburg.
Reaching Chancellorsville, May 2nd,
he was attacked on the evening of
that day, on the right flank, by
"Stonewall" Jackson, with a large
force, and the 11th army-corps driven
back upon the centre in confusion.
In the fighting which followed Jack-
son was fatally wounded, and the
Army of the Potomac held the posi-
tion; but two days later Hooker
withdrew to the north bank of the
Rappahannock, although his forces
were nearly double those of the
•
HOOKER.
to carry
enemy. The army of Northern Vir-
ginia, under command of General'
Robert E. Lee, soon after attempted
the war into Pennsylvania,
but General Hooker followed closely.
He was relieved of his command on
the 28th of June, in consequence of a
disagreement with Halleck, the Gene-
ral-in-Chief, and General Meade, his
successor, commanded at the battle
of Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863. Gene-
ral Hooker remained in Baltimore
waiting orders till Sept. 24, 1863;
when he was put in command of the
20th army-corps (consolidated from
the 11th and 12th), and sent to Chat-
tanooga, Tennessee. He distinguished
himself at Lookout Valley, Lookout
Mountain, Missionary Ridge, and
Ringgold, Oct. 27-Nov. 27, 1863 ; was
actively engaged in the march to
Atlanta; again relieved of command,
July 30, 1864; in command succes-
sively of the Northern, Eastern, and
Lake departments, and of the Retiring
Board till Sept. 1, 1866. He was
mustered out of the Volunteer Service
Sept. 1, 1866, and on Oct. 15, 1868,
was brevetted Major-General in the
regular army, and placed upon the
retired list. He resides in New
York.
|
HOOKER, SIR JOSEPH DALTON,
K.C.S.I., M.D., C.B., P.R.S. F.L.S.,
F.G.S., D.C.L. (Oxon), LL.D. (Can-
tab. and Glott.), and member of
various foreign societies, the only
surviving_son_of the late Sir W. J.
Hooker, D.C.L., F.R.S., director of
the Royal Botanical Gardens at
Kew, was born in 1817, and took his
degree in medicine, which profession
he relinquished for botany. In 1839,
when the expedition to the Antarctic
Ocean under Sir James Ross was
being fitted out, Dr. Hooker was ap-
pointed assistant-surgeon on board
the Erebus, his real object being to
investigate the botany of the coun-
tries which the expedition visited.
He published on his return the
"Flora Antarctica," in which he
figured and described a number of
new plants, and by a comparison of
these with the species of other parts
529
In
of the world, succeeded in advancing
our knowledge of the laws which
govern the distribution of plants
over the surface of the earth.
1847 Dr. Hooker undertook a journey
to the Himalayas for the purpose of
investigating the plants of tropical
countries. In the course of his
travels in these remote districts, he
was for some time kept prisoner by
one of the border rajahs. He re-
turned in 1851, and published two
very interesting volumes of "Hima-
layan Journals," and a number of
scientific works on the botany of
India. In 1850, while in India, he
published some beautiful sketches of
rhododendrons from the Sikkim
Himalaya, several of which have since
been introduced into England. These
expeditions, though partly at his own
expense, were conducted under the
authority of Government, which sup-
plied some of the funds. Before
going to India he held the situation
of botanist to the Geological Survey
of Great Britain, under Sir H. De la
Beche, and contributed a valuable
paper to the second volume of the
"Transactions" of that institution on
the vegetation of the Carboniferous
period as compared with that of the
present day; and another on the
Structure of coal-fossils. He was ap-
pointed, in 1855, Assistant-Director
of Kew Gardens ; and, on his father's
death, in 1865, succeeded to the
Directorship. He was some time
Examiner in Natural Science of can-
didates for medical appointments in
the Royal Army and late East-India
Company's service, and Examiner in
Botany to the London University and
Apothecaries' Company. Dr. Hooker
was President of the British Associa-
tion for the advancement of Science
in 1868, and was appointed a Com-
panion of the Bath (Civil Division) in
1869. In April, 1871, Dr. Hooker
left England for Morocco, his pur-
pose being to collect the plants of that
comparatively unexplored country.
On the 16th of May he and his com-
panions made the ascent of the Great
Atlas, the summit of which mountain
M M
530
HOPE-HOPKINS.
had never before been trodden by a
European; and at the close of June
he returned to Kew, bringing a large
collection of the plants. In 1877 he
was created Knight Commander of
the Star of India, for his services to
the Government of India. In that
year he paid a visit of three months'
duration to the United States, where
he was most cordially received by
the leading scientific men. The Uni-
versity of Dublin conferred on him
the honorary degree of LL.D. in
1878. His last published works are
"The Student's Flora of the British
Islands," 1870; and "The Flora of
British India," 1874. Dr. Hooker
was elected in 1873, and resigned
the office in December, 1878. He
married first, in 1851, Frances Har-
riet, eldest daughter of the Rev. J.
S. Henslow, Professor of Botany at
Cambridge (she died 1874); secondly,
on August 24, 1876, Hyacinth, only
daughter of the Rev. William S.
Symonds, F.G.S., and widow of Sir
William Jardine, Bart.
|
was an unsuccessful candidate for the
University of Cambridge, was defeated
at Stoke-upon-Trent in 1862, and was
elected for that borough in July,
1865. In 1868 he was elected for
the University of Cambridge, which
he still represents. He has always
acted as an independent Conservative.
Mr. Beresford Hope is the author
of "Letters on Church Matters, by
D. C. L. ;""The English Cathedral
of the Nineteenth Century, “Wor-
ship in the Church of England," 1874 ;.
and of numerous pamphlets, papers,.
and articles. He married, in 1842,
the Lady Mildred Cecil, daughter of
James, second Marquis of Salisbury.
|
(
HOPE, ADMIRAL SIR JAMES,
G.C.B., the only son of the late
Admiral Sir George Johnstone Hope,
K.C.B., and a relative of the Earl of
Hopetoun, was born at Edinburgh in
1808. At the age of twelve he en-
tered the Royal Naval College, be-
came a midshipman in 1822, attained
the rank of captain in 1838, and saw
some active service in the expedition
to the river Plate in 1844-5, and in
the Baltic Fleet during the Russian
war, in 1854-6. He held the chief
command of our naval forces on
the East-Indian station, and on the
Chinese coast in 1859-60, and was
nominated a K.C.B. for his ability
and skill in that capacity, especially
in the operations which led to the
capture of Pekin. In 1863 he was
transferred to the chief command of
the West Indian Station. He was
promoted to the rank of Admiral
in 1870; was appointed principal
naval aide-de-camp to the Queen in
1873; and was placed on the retired
list, March 9, 1878. Sir James is a
magistrate and deputy-lieutenant for
co. Linlithgow.
HOPE, ALEXANDER JAMES BE-
BESFORD BERESFORD, M.P., LL.D.,
youngest son of the late Thomas
Hope, Esq., of Deepdene, Surrey
(author of "Anastasius "), by Louisa
Beresford, daughter of Lord Decies,
Archbishop of Tuam, who married as
her second husband the late Viscount
Beresford, G.C.B., born in 1820, was
educated at Harrow and at Trinity
College, Cambridge, where he gra-
duated B.A. in 1841. He was one of
the earliest members and president
of the Cambridge Camden, (afterwards
the Ecclesiological) Society, and has
taken an active part in the Church
movement, and in artistic and archi-
tectural questions, as an avowed
partisan of the Gothic side. He pur-
chased in 1844 the ancient buildings
of St. Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury,
as a college for missionary clergy, and
was President of the Royal Institute
of British Architects from 1865 to
1867. He was one of the members for
Maidstone from 1841 till 1852, when
he retired, but was re-elected for that
borough in March, 1857. In 1859 he
|
|
9.99
HOPKINS, EDWARD JOHN, musi-
cian, born in 1818, received his early
musical education in the choir of her
Majesty's Chapel Royal, St. James's,
from 1826 till 1833, and was a pupil
of the late Mr. T. F. Walmisley. He
became organist of Mitcham church,
Surrey, in 1834, and was appointed
organist to the Honourable Societies:
•
HOPKINS-HORNBY.
of the Inner and Middle Temple in
1843. He has composed several
chants, services, and anthems, which
are performed in cathedral and
collegiate choirs, of which the best
known are the services in F, A, and
the Unison Service in B flat, and the
anthems, "Let us now go even unto
Bethlehem," "I will wash
"I will wash my hands
in innocency, O Lord," "Why seek
ye and
the living among the dead?'
the anthem written for the occasion
on which His Royal Highness the
Prince of Wales was elected a Bencher
of the Middle Temple, "The King
shall rejoice in Thy strength, O Lord.
Mr. Hopkins is also the editor of
the music portion of the volume en-
titled "The Temple Church Choral
Service."
HOPKINS, JOHN LARKIN, Mus.
Bac., cousin of Mr. Edward John
Hopkins, born in 1820, was educated
as a chorister in Westminster Abbey,
and having been organist of Roches-
ter Cathedral, was appointed to suc-
ceed the late Dr. Walmisley as
organist of Trinity College, Cam-
bridge. He is the author of a great
number of chants, services, &c., of
which the best are his services in C
and in E flat.
531
>>
(1869); "An Outline Study of Man
(1873); and "Strength and Beauty
(1874).
11
HORN, IGNATIUS, whose real name
is Einhorn, a publicist and statisti-
cian, born at Ujhely Vagh, in Hun-
gary, in 1825, took part in the
Hungarian revolution of 1849, and
on its suppression sought refuge in
Germany, and next in Belgium,
where he lived from 1852 to 1855,
when he fixed his abode in Paris.
He is the author of various publica-
tions relating to political and social
economy; amongst which may be
mentioned "La Hongrie et la Crise
Européene," "La Hongrie devant
l'Autriche," "Liberté et Nationalité,'
all of which were published in 1860;
"Crise Cotonnière et les Textiles indi-
gènes," 1863; "Du Progrès Écono-
mique en Egypte," 1864; "La
Liberté des Banques," 1866; and
"L'Économie Politique avant les
Physiocrates," 1867. In 1859 he
commenced an annual publication
entitled "L'Annuaire International
du Crédit Public." M. Horn has
contributed articles on political eco-
nomy to various publications, espe-
cially to the Journal des Économistes.
HORNBY, VICE-ADMIRAL SIR
GEOFFREY THOMAS PHIPPS, K.C.B.,
is the son, by a sister of the late Field
Marshal Sir John Burgoyne, of the
late Admiral Sir Phipps Hornby, who
served with great distinction in the
French wars at the beginning of this
century, who was a lieutenant on
board the Victory when she carried
Lord Nelson's flag, and who got a
medal when in command of the
Volage in Sir W. Hoste's action off
Lissa. The present Admiral, born in
1825, entered the service on board
the Princess Charlotte in 1837, and
was present as a midshipman at
the bombardment of Acre by Sir
Robert Stopford and Sir Charles
Napier. He afterwards served un-
der Admiral Percy at the Cape of
Good Hope, under his father, Sir
Phipps Hornby, in the Pacific,
and on various other stations. He
has been twice round the world.
|
HOPKINS, MARK, M.D., D.D.,
LL.D., born at Stockbridge, Massa-
chusetts, Feb. 4, 1802. He graduated
at Williams College in 1824, and in
1828 commenced the practice of
medicine in New York. In 1830 he
was chosen Professor of Rhetoric and
Moral Philosophy in Williams Col-
lege, of which, in 1836, he became
President, and subsequently also Pro-
fessor of Christian Theology. He
resigned the Presidency in 1872, still
retaining the chair of Rhetoric and
Moral Philosophy. In 1857 he be-
came President of the American
Board of Commissioners of Foreign
Missions. His principal works are
"Lowell Lectures on the Evidences
of Christianity" (1846) "Miscel-
laneous Essays and Reviews" (1847);
"Lectures on Moral Philosophy
(1858); "The Law of Love, and
Love as a Law: or, Christian Ethics"
""
M M 2
532
HORNBY-HORNE.
Admiral Hornby has worked hard all |
his life at the theory and practice of
his profession. When a young cap-
tain he got leave for a year and
studied steam in the dockyard at
Portsmouth. It was he who com-
manded the first flying squadron as
captain, with the rank of commo-
dore, taking the squadron round the
world. He has besides had great
experience in manoeuvring fleets. He
was Flag Captain to Sir Sidney Da-
cres, when that officer commanded
the Channel Fleet, and subsequently,
as Rear-Admiral, he himself held that
post, succeeding Admiral Wellesley.
He attained flag rank in 1869, and
became Vice-Admiral in 1875. He
was appointed Commander-in-Chief
of her Majesty's naval forces in the
Mediterranean, and he held that re-
sponsible position during the trying
times in 1878, when war was appre-
hended between this country and
Russia, and when our fleet was or-
dered to the Dardanelles. He was
created a Knight Commander of the
Order of the Bath Aug. 12, 1878. In
addition to his professional acquire-
ments, Admiral Hornby is a proficient
mathematician and a good French
scholar. He is also thoroughly ac-
quainted with the routine of Admi-
ralty affairs, having served under
Mr. Ward Hunt as a Lord of the Ad-
miralty in Lord Beaconsfield's Ad-
ministration, as his father had served
in that of the late Lord Derby. It
may be added that Admiral Hornby
is a cousin of Lord Derby and a
brother of Dr. Hornby, the head
master of Eton. He married in 1853
Emily Frances, daughter of the late
Rev. John Coles, of Ditcham Park,
Hants. He is a magistrate for Sussex,
in which county he owns the resi-
dential property of Little Green, near
Petersfield.
|
HORNBY, THE REV. JAMES JOHN,
D.D., son of the late Admiral Sir
Phipps Hornby, G.C.B., of Little
Green, Sussex, was born at Winwick,
in 1826, and educated at Eton under
the Rev. Dr. Hawtrey, and at Balliol
College, Oxford, where, in 1849, he
|
took a first class in classics, besides
distinguishing himself in aquatic
sports and in all athletic exercises.
In 1849 he became a Fellow of Brase-
nose College, and in 1854 Tutor and
Principal of Bishop Cosen's Hall in
the University of Durham. Return-
ing to Oxford in 1864, he became
Classical Lecturer at Brasenose, and
in 1866 was Senior Proctor of the Uni-
versity. At the close of the latter
year he was elected Second Master
of Winchester School, which post he
retained till his appointment as Head
Master of Eton in Jan. 1868.
HORNE, RICHARD HENGIST, poet
and critic, born early in the present
century, was educated at the Royal
Military College, Sandhurst, entered
the Mexican navy as a midshipman,
was at the bombardment of Vera
Cruz and the taking of the fortress of
San Juan Ulloa, and was in active
service until the close of the war be-
tween Mexico and Spain. He had a
narrow escape from a shark while
swimming in the Bay of Vera Cruz,
and subsequently he took the yellow
fever. He sailed to the United
States, visited the Mohawk, Oneïda,
and other Indian tribes, went to
Niagara, and had two ribs broken
beneath the cataract. He was wrecked
in the Gulf of St. Lawrence; and sailed
from Nova Scotia in a timber-ship,
which took fire on the way after a
mutiny on board. He returned to
England, devoted himself to litera-
ture, and published "The Exposition
of the False Medium and Barriers ex-
cluding Men of Genius from the
Public," "The Spirit of Peers and
People," a national tragi-comedy;
"The Death of Marlowe," "Cosmo
de Medici,
"The Fetches, Gregory
VII.," and "Orion," in poetry, be-
sides a volume of ballad romances.
His prose writings are very numerous,
the larger portion having appeared
in periodical publications, to which
he has been a constant contributor.
Among his complete works are "The
Poor Artist, or Seven Eye-sights and
One Object," "The Good-natured
Bear, a Story for Children," "The
1966
HORSFORD-HORSLEY.
|
|
Dreamer and the Worker," a novel,
"Prometheus, the Fire-Bringer," a
lyrical drama, "Australian Facts and
Prospects," and the "New Spirit of
the age.
For some time he was
editor of The Monthly Repository.
In "Judas Iscariot," a mystery play,
he adopts an idea, derived from the
early theologians, that the arch-
traitor, in delivering up the Saviour
to the chief priest, was anxious only
to precipitate the triumphant vindi-
cation of his Master. Mr. Horne's
"Orion " was published for a farthing,
an odd device, partly intended as a
sarcasm upon the low estimation into
which the author thought epic poetry
had fallen, but yet more with a view
to giving away the first three edi-
tions by the least expensive ma-
chinery, nobody being allowed to
obtain more than one copy. It has
gone through ten editions since, the
present being a library edition. Mr.
Horne is the author of the text of
an illustrated life of Napoleon the
Great, and a large number of articles
in Household Words. In 1852 he|
went, in company with William
Howitt, to the gold-fields of Aus-
tralia, was appointed Commander of
the Gold Escort at Melbourne, and
brought down, on his first return
trip, two tons' weight of gold. After
this he was successively Commis-
sioner in charge of gold-fields, a Ter-
ritorial Magistrate, Commissioner of
the Yan Yean Water Supply, and
Mining Registrar, &c., at the Blue
Mountains. He was one of the
champion swimmers of Australia,
being the winner of the gold medal,
silver medal, silver-mounted claret
jug, &c., at St. Kilda, near Mel-
bourne, swimming on the last occa
sion after being bound hand and foot.
It has been said that he was treated
shabbily by the Australian Govern-
ment of that period. Seven or eight
years ago he returned to England. A
Civil List pension was awarded to
him by the Earl of Beaconsfield in
1874. Since his return he has con-
tributed articles to Fraser. Mac-
millan, Temple Bar, the London
""
533
Quarterly, the New Quarterly, the
Contemporary, &c., and has repub-
lished several of his poetical works.
HORSFORD, GENERAL SIR AL-
FRED HASTINGS, G.C.B., son of
General George Horsford, born at
Bath in 1818, was educated at Sand-
hurst, and entered the army in 1833.
He served with the Rifle Brigade in
the Kaffir war of 1846-47, and com-
manded the first battalion in that of
1852-53, for which he received a
medal, and the brevet of Lieutenant-
Colonel. He also commanded the
battalion in the Crimean campaign
of 1854, including the battles of the
Alma, Balaclava, and Inkermann, and
the Siege of Sebastopol, for which
services he received the medal and
clasps, the Sardinian medal, the Com-
panionship of the Bath, and the
Fifth-Class of the Medjidie. He had
been constituted Colonel of the Rifle
Brigade in 1854, and Lieutenant-
Colonel in the following year. He
was Deputy-Adjutant-General from
1860 to 1866; was created a Knight
Commander of the Bath for his ser-
vices as Brigadier in command of the
Trans-Gogra force in Oude during the
Indian mutiny, 1858; received the
temporary rank of Brigadier-General
in 1866, and was made a Major
General in the army two years after-
wards. In Jan., 1872, he was placed
in command of the south-eastern dis-
trict of England, and he retained the
command until Sept., 1874, when he
became military secretary to the
Duke of Cambridge at the Horse
Guards. He was sent in 1874 to
represent Great Britain at the Brus-
sels Conference on the usages of war.
In 1875 he was created a G. C.B., and
in the following year he obtained the
Colonelcy of the 79th Regiment of
Foot.
|
HORSLEY, JOHN CALLCOTT, R.A.,
son of the late William Horsley, the
well-known musician, and grand-
nephew of the late Sir Augustus Call-
cott, the eminent painter, was born
in London, Jan. 29, 1817. His first
exhibited picture, painted while he
was a youth,--" Rent-Day at Haddon
534
""" In
""
""
""
Hall in the Sixteenth Century,"-was
spoken of in high terms by Wilkie.
"The Chess Players," "The Rival
"The Rival
Musiciaus, ,""Waiting for an Answer,"
**
a Loan; "Old Folk and Young
Folk;
"Pay for Peeping ;
with You ; "Stolen Glances;
"The other Name? "The Poet's
Theme "Sunny Moments;" and
a large religious subject with figures
of colossal size, entitled "The Heal-
ing Mercies of Christ," painted as an
altar piece for the chapel of St.
Thomas' Hospital; Portrait of
Thomas Woolcombe, Esq., painted
for the South Devon Railway Com-
pany; "Under Lock and Key;"
Coming down to Dinner;"
"The
World Forgetting;" "Critics on Cos-
tume-Fashions Change."
|
|
-were first seen in the British
Institution, and he exhibited, for the
first time at the Academy, the " Pride
of the Village (in the Vernon Gal-
lery). This was followed by "The
Contrast: Youth and Age," in 1840;
"Leaving the Ball," another "Con-
trast,"-gay pleasure-seekers on the
one hand, the homeless outcast on the
other; and "The Pedlar," both in
1841 ; (C
Winning Gloves," in 1842;
and "The Father's Grave," in 1843.
In the latter year Mr. Horsley's car-
toon of St. Augustine Preaching"
gained at Westminster Hall one of
the three prizes in the second rank,
of £200, and in the trial of skill of
1844 he obtained by his two small
frescoes a place among the six
painters commissioned to execute
further samples for the Palace at
Westminster. That of 1845, for "Re-
ligion," was approved, and the sub-
ject executed at large in the House of
Lords. In 1847, his colossal oil-paint-
ing, "Henry V., believing the King
dead, assumes the Crown," secured a
premium of the third class. Another
fresco, which he has been employed
to execute, "Satan surprised at the
Ear of Eve," is to be seen in a portion
of the New Palace, called Poets' Hall.
Amongst his later works are
volio i' the Sun practising to his own
Shadow; " Hospitality; "The
Madrigal Keep your Time;
"The Pet of the Common; "L'Al-
legro and Il Penseroso " (painted for
the late Prince Albert); "Lady Jane
Grey and Roger Ascham; "A Scene
from Don Quixote ; " "Flower Girls-
Town and Country; "The Holy
Communion "The Lost Found
"A Jealous Eye;" "The Ducnna's
Return; " "The New Dress; and
"Under the Mistletoe ; "The
Bashful Swain ;""The Duenna and
her Cares;" "Attack and Defence ; "
"Detected;
"The Gaoler's Daugh-
ter; 66
Caught Napping; "The
Banker's Private Room,-Negotiating
HOSMER, HARRIET G., born at
Watertown, Massachusetts, Oct. 9,
1830, being the daughter of an emi-
nent physician, who became Pro-
fessor in the Medical College of St.
Louis. At sixteen she was skilful in
modelling in clay and plaster. In
1846 she was placed for three years in
a school at Lenox, Massachusetts.
She had already determined to devote
her life to sculpture, and entered the
studio of Mr. Stevenson, in Boston,
for that purpose. Desiring to perfect
herself in the knowledge of anatomy
by dissection, she went to St. Louis,
and from the Medical College there
obtained the requisite facilities. Her
first work in marble was a reduced
copy of Canova's bust of Napoleon,
which was soon followed by an ideal
Mal-work,
Hesper, or the Evening
Star." In 1852 she went to Rome,
and became a pupil of Gibson. After
two years of study and modelling
from the antique, she produced the
busts of "Daphne" and " Medusa."
Her first full-length figure in marble
was (Enone, completed in 1855, and
this was followed, two years later, by
"Beatrice Cenci sleeping in her
cell." In the summer of 1865 she
modelled "Puck," of which many
copies have been made. This was
followed by "Will-o'-the-Wisp." A
colossal statue of "Zenobia, Queen of
Palmyra, in chains," was her next
important work, followed by a statuc
of Thomas N. Benton, the " Sleep-
ing" and the "Waking Faun,” and a
<i
<<
""
399
";
">
17
""
(
""
""
"
HOSMER.
+
"C
>>
""
HOUGHTON—HOWARD.
|
design of a memorial monument to
Abraham Lincoln. She resides in
Rome.
HOUGHTON (BARON), THE
RIGHT HON. RICHARD MONCKTON
MILNES, D.C.L., F.R.S., was born
June 19, 1809, being the only son of
Robert Pemberton Milnes, of Fryston
Hall, Bawtry Hall, and Great Hough-
ton, Yorkshire, by the Hon. Henrietta
Maria, daughter of Robert, fifth Vis-
count Galway. Lord Houghton gra-
duated M.A. at Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, in 1831. He was elected M.P.
for Pontefract in 1837, and retained
the seat till his elevation to the peer-
age, Aug. 20, 1863. He entered Par-
liament as a follower of Sir Robert
Peel, whom he supported in his repeal
of the Corn Laws; but afterwards
joined the party of Lord John Russell.
He declined to become a member of
the Government of Lord Palmerston,
but gave it his entire support. His
attention in Parliament was mainly
directed to foreign affairs and the
reform of our penal institutes. He
brought in the first bill for the esta-
blishment of juvenile reformatories
in 1846, and is the President of the
great Reformatory Establishment at
Red Hill. His lordship is also the
President of the Newspaper Press
Fund. In 1873 he presided over the
Norwich meeting of the Social Science
Congress. He has written several
volumes of poems, under the title of
"Poems of Many Years," "Palm
Leaves," &c., and many pamphlets
notably, "One Tract More," in the
Oxford controversy of the "Tracts
for the Times; " and the "Real
Union of England and Ireland," ad-
vocating concurrent endowment of
the Protestant and Catholic churches.
His last work is "Monographs, Per-
sonal and Social," published in 1873.
|
HOUSSAYE (also spelt HOUSSET),
ARSÈNE, poet, author, and art-critic,
was born at Bruyères, a small town in
the department of Aisne, March 28,
1815. The French Revolution of
1830 having roused the dormant mili-
tary spirit of France, Houssaye, with-
out consulting his parents, joined the
535
army, a part of which was then be-
sieging Antwerp. He repaired to
Paris in 1832, and for the next four
years was doomed to contend against
poverty. In 1836 he published his
first work, the "Couronne de Bluets,"
a romance; in 1838 he became con-
nected with the Revue de Paris, in
which he commenced the publication
of his Men and Women of the
Eighteenth Century," afterwards col-
lected in two volumes; and in 1846
he published his "History of Dutch
and Flemish Painting." On the ac-
cession of Louis Napoleon, Houssaye
was appointed to the direction of the
Théâtre Français, then at a very low
ebb, into which he infused new llfe,
and having in 1856 resigned the
directorship, was succeeded by M.
Empis. Among his latest works are
"L'Histoire du Quarante-et-unième
Fauteuil de l'Académie Française,"
1855; Le Roi Voltaire," 1858;
"Histoire de l'Art Français,” 1860
"Mademoiselle Cléopatre," 1864;
“Blanche et Marguerite," 1864; “Le
Repentir de Marion," "Le Roman de
la Duchesse," "Les Légendes de la
Jeunesse," and "Notre Dame de
Thermidor," a history of Madame
Tallien, in 1865; four romances,
under the general title of "Nos
Grandes Dames," 1868; another
series under the title of "Parisi-
ennes," 1869; Tragique Aventure
de Bal Masqué," 1873; "La Belle
Rafaella," 1874; "Les Mains Pleines
de Roses, Pleines d'Or, et Pleines de
Sang," 1874; "Le Roman des Fem-
mes qui ont aimé. Par Madame
la Princesse * * * Commenté par
**
";
Arsène Houssaye, 1874; "Lucie,
Histoire d'une Fille Perdue," 1875 ;
and "Histoire Étrange d'une Fille
du Moude." 1876. He was decorated
with the Legion of Honour May 6,
1846, and promoted Grand Officer,
July 30, 1858.
HOWARD, HIS EMINENCE ED-
WARD, Cardinal Priest of the Holy
Roman Church, was born at Notting-
ham Feb. 13, 1829, being the only son
of the late Edward Gyles Howard,
Esq., who was the son of Edward
536
HOWARD.
Charles Howard, youngest brother of
Bernard Edward, fifteenth Duke of
Norfolk. In his youth he served her
Majesty Queen Victoria as an officer
in the 2nd Life Guards, but when 26
years old he was a priest at Rome,
and he attached himself entirely to
the service of Pius IX. For about a
year he was employed in India in
the matter of the Goa schism, and
the rest of his ecclesiastical career
was spent in Italy. His graceful and
dignified bearing was familiar to fre-
quenters of St. Peter's, in which
Basilica Archbishop Howard holds
the office of arch-priest's vicar. He
was consecrated Archbishop of Neo-
cæsaria, in partibus infidelium, in
1872, when he was made coadjutor
bishop of Frascati, an office which
He
he held for only a few weeks.
was created a Cardinal Priest by
Pope Pius IX. March 12, 1877, the
titular church assigned to him being
that of SS. John and Paul, on the
Celian Hill. His Eminence took pos-
session, as Protector, of the English
College at Rome, March 24, 1878.
Cardinal Howard's attainments as a
linguist are beyond the common.
He speaks Arabic, Armenian, and
Russian fluently.
treaty of 1852 mainly devolved upon
him. He was appointed Envoy-Ex-
traordinary and Minister-Plenipoten-
tiary to the King of Bavaria, Jan. 19,
1866. He was created a G.C.B. in
1872.
HOWARD, SIR HENRY FRANCIS,
G.C.B., second son of the late Henry
Howard, Esq., of Corby Castle, Cum-
berland, born in 1809, educated at
Stonyhurst and the University of
Edinburgh, was attached to the mis-
sion at Munich in 1828, was several
times Chargé d'Affaires, was appointed
paid Attaché at Berlin in 1832, Secre-
tary of Legation at the Hague in
1845, having been transferred to
Berlin in 1846, and was Chargé
d'Affaires several times during the
succeeding years. He was appointed
Envoy-Extraordinary and Minister-
Plenipotentiary to the Emperor of
Brazil in 1853, was transferred to
Lisbon in 1855, and to Hanover in
1859, when he was appointed Minis-
ter-Plenipotentiary to Brunswick and
to Oldenburg, and was made a K.C.B.
in 1863. Whilst at Berlin, in 1850-52,
the task of negotiating the famous
HOWARD, GENERAL OLIVER
OTIS, born at Leeds, Maine, Nov. 8,
1830. He graduated at Bowdoin
College in 1850, and in 1854 at the
Military Academy at West Point,
where, in 1857, he was made As-
sistant Professor of Mathematics.
Upon the breaking out of the civil
war he was made colonel of a regi-
ment of volunteers; commanded a
brigade at the battle of Bull Run,
and was made brigadier-general of
volunteers. He lost his right arm at
the battle of Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862.
He was made major-general of volun-
teers, Nov. 29, 1862, and had the
command of a division, at Burnside's
defeat at Fredericksburg, Dec. 13,
1862. Soon after, he was placed in
command of the 11th army corps,
which was surprised in broad day-
light by the Confederate General
Jackson, and put to flight, at Chan-
In the
cellorsville, July 1, 1863.
following autumn he was sent with
his corps to the West, took part in
the campaign which followed down
to the capture of Atlanta, and com-
manded the right wing of the army
during Sherman's "March to the
Sea." He was, in Dec., 1864, pro-
moted to Brigadier-General, and in
the following March to brevet Major-
In
General in the regular army.
May, 1865, he was placed at the head
of the Freedman's Bureau, his duties
lasting until 1872. The affairs of
this Bureau were mismanaged by
some of the officials, and he was
tried by court-martial, but
In 1872 he
honourably acquitted.
was sent as special commissioner to
the Indians in New Mexico and
Arizona; and was subsequently in
command of the troops operating
against the hostile tribes on the
Pacific side, who were, in 1877,
finally put down by the force under
his command.
was
G
HOWARD-HOWITT.
A Chance Acquaintance" (1873) ;
"A Foregone Conclusion" (1874;
"Poems" (1875); "Counterfeit Pre-
sentment," a Comedy (1876); and
Life of Rutherford B. Hayes "(1877).
Under the title of "Choice Biogra-
phy," he has edited a series of small
volumes, of which about ten have
already appeared (1878).
HOWARD OF GLOSSOP
(BARON), THE RIGHT HON. EDWARD
GEORGE FITZALAN HOWARD, the
second son of Henry Charles, thir-
teenth Duke of Norfolk, by Lady
Charlotte Sophia Leveson Gower,
eldest daughter of George, first Duke
of Sutherland, was born Jan. 20,
1818, and educated at Trinity Col-
lege, Cambridge. Lord Edward
Howard, as he was then called, was
Vice-Chamberlain of her Majesty's
household from 1846 to 1852, and
Deputy Earl-Marshal of England
from 1861 to 1863. He unsuccess-
fully contested Shoreham in 1847,
and Horsham in 1848, but on petition
was seated in the same year for the
latter borough. He continued to re-
present it in the Liberal interest till
1852, when he was returned for
Arundel, which constituency he re-
presented till 1868. During the
twenty years. r which he sat in the
House of Commons, Lord Edward
Howard was regarded as the mouth-
piece of the English Roman Catholics,
whose claims, especially in the matter
of education for the poor, he unflinch-
ingly supported, as he has since done
in the House of Peers, to which as-
sembly he was summoned in Nov.,
1869, by the title of Baron Howard of
Glossop, in the county of Derby. In
1870 Lord Howard unsuccessfully
contested Westminster for the Lon-
don School Board.
|
HOWITT, MRS. MARY, the daughter
of Mr. Botham, a member of the
Society of Friends, was born at Ut-
toxeter early in the present century.
Her early love of poetry was such,
that she composed almost as soon as
she could write; and after becoming
the wife of Mr. William Howitt, pub-
lished various works in conjunction
with her husband. Mrs. Howitt, who
is the authoress of a volume of ballads
and other poetry; of "The Seven
Temptations," a series of dramatic
sketches; of "Wood Leighton," a
novel; and of a great number of
volumes, in prose and verse, for
children, has translated into English
the whole of Miss Bremer's works,
and H. C. Andersen's "Improvisa-
tore." She edited for three years the
"Drawing-Room Scrap-Book," and
illustrated by biographical vignettes
a series of portraits of the Queens of
England. To one of the popular
libraries she contributed an original
story, entitled the "Heir of West
Wayland ;" and among her numerous
writings for the young may be men-
HOWELLS, WILLIAM DEAN, born tioned, The Children's Year," "Our
at Martinsville, Ohio, March 11, 1837. Cousins in Ohio," and "The Dial of
He learned the trade of a printer, Love," a series of stories in thirteen
and when quite young entered upon volumes. Her latest works are "Lilies-
journalism. From 1861 to 1865 he lea, A Treasury of Tales for the
was United States Consul at Venice. Young," edited and partly written by
Returning to America, he engaged in herself; "Stories of Stapleford," and
literary labour, and in 1871 became a work of fiction entitled "The Cost of
editor of the Atlantic Monthly, a Caergwyn," 1864. Her eldest daughter
position which he still holds. Be- has appeared before the public as an
sides his papers in that magazine artist of several successful paintings,
and other periodicals, he has pub- and authoress of "The Art-Student in
blished "Poems of Two Friends," Munich," and of The School of
himself and J. J. Piatt (1860); Life." Her younger sister published,
"Venetian Life (1866); "Italian
Italian in 1866. · Twelve Months with Fre-
Journeys" (1867); "No Love Lost derika Bremer in Sweden," a work
(1868) “Suburban Sketches" (1870); which has been favourably received
Their Wedding Journey" (1872); by the public.
|
**
•
K
?
|
537
|
538
HOWITT-HUBBARD.
Home," 1857; "The Man of the
People,” 1860, and a variety of other
works. In 1846 Mr. Howitt became
joint-proprietor and one of the
managers of the People's Journal.
Howitt's Journal appeared in 1847,
and
was afterwards amalgamated
with the People's Journal, but both
are now extinct. In 1852 Mr. Howitt
set sail for Australia. "Land. Labour,
and Gold, or Two Years in Victoria ;
with visits to Sydney and Van Die-
men's Land," contains an account of
his experience. He returned home
in Dec., 1854, and wrote the "Illus-
trated History of England," the sixth
and last volume of which was com-
pleted in 1861. His more recent
works are The Ruined Castles and
Abbeys of Great Britain and Ireland,'
1861;"History of the Supernatural
in all Ages and Nations," 1863
"Letters on Transportation," 1863 ;
"Discovery in Australia, Tasmania,
and New Zealand," 1865; and "The
Mad War Planet, and other Poems,"
1871.
(*
|
|
HOWITT, WILLIAM, was born in
1795, at Heanor, in Derbyshire. His
father having married into the Society
of Friends, joined this sect, and
brought up his family in their princi-
ples. William Howitt, who received
his earlier education at various schools
connected with the Society, after-
wards studied chemistry, natural and
moral philosophy, and literature. In
1823 he married Miss Mary Botham, of
Uttoxeter, and their first work, “The
Forest Minstrel," published in 1823,
bore their joint names upon its title-
page. Mr. and Mrs. Howitt soon be-
came known to a wider circle by their
contributions to the " Literary Sou-
venir," the "Amulet," and other an-
nual publications. In 1826 they pub-
lished a poem founded on the desola-
tion of Eyam by the plague; accom-
panied by poetical contributions to
periodical works, and some original
poems. In 1831 Mr. Howitt produced
his "Book of the Seasons;" in 1833
the "History of Priestcraft;
" in 1837
"The Rural Life of England," and
about the same time "Colonisation
and Christianity," "The Boy's Coun-
try-Book," and two series of "Visits
to Remarkable Places, Old Halls, and
Battle-Fields." In 1840 Mr. and Mrs.
Howitt took up their abode at Hei-
delberg, and Mr. Howitt published in
1841 his Student Life in Germany,"
containing translations of some of the
most popular German songs. During
their sojourn in Germany they learned
the Swedish language, which induced
Mary Howitt to translate the novels
of Miss Bremer, and a more extended
acquaintance with the Northern lan-
guages enabled them to produce in
1852 the "History of Scandinavian
Literature." Mr. Howitt published,
in 1842, "The Rural and Domestic
Life of Germany ;" and after quitting
that country, "German Experiences,'
a satirical work on German social
life. He has written "The Aristo-
cracy of England," 1846; "Haunts
and Homes of British Poets," 1847;
"The Hall and the Hamlet," 1847;
"Madame Dorrington of the Dene,'
1851; "Talangetta, or the Squatter's
**
|
|
HOWSON, THE VERY REV. JOHN
SAUL, D.D., born in 1816, was educated
at Trinity College, Cambridge, where
he graduated B.A. in double first-class
honours in 1837; obtained, in 1837
and 1838, the Members' Prize, and in
1840 the Norrisian Prize Essay.
Having taken Orders in 1845, he be-
came Senior Classical Master, and in
1849 Principal of the Liverpool Col-
lege, which post he held till the close
of 1865, and was appointed Vicar of
Wisbech in 1866. He is Examining
Chaplain to the Bishop of Ely, and
was made Dean of Chester in 1867.
Dr. Howson is the author of various
lectures and sermons, of an Essay
on Deaconesses, and of Hulsean Lec-
tures on the Character of St. Paul;
joint author with the late Rev. W. J.
Conybeare of "The Life and Epistles
of St. Paul," with Notes and Essays
on the Geography, Voyages, &c.; and
has contributed to "Smith's Dic-
tionary of the Bible," the Quarterly
Review, and other periodicals.
|
HUBBARD, THE RIGHT HON.
JOHN GELLIBRAND, M.P., eldest son
HUBNER.
of the late John Hubbard, Esq., born
in 1805, early devoted himself to
commercial pursuits, and is the head
of the firm of Hubbard and Co.,
Russia merchants, in London. Mr.
Hubbard is
is a Magistrate and
Deputy-Lieutenant for Buckingham-
shire, a Director of the Bank of Eng-
land, and Chairman of the "Public
Works Exchequer Loan Commission."
He was elected, in May, 1859, for the
borough of Buckingham, which he
represented in the Conservative in-
terest until the Reform Act of 1868
deprived Buckingham of one of its
members. At the general clection of
Feb., 1874, he was elected one of the
members for the City of London.
In the same year his name was added
to the Privy Council. He has
written able pamphlets on monetary
questions, a "Vindication of a Fixed
Duty on Corn," published in 1842,
and "The Currency of the Country,"
in 1843, which the late Mr. M'Culloch
called a valuable tract in favour of a
single bank of issue. Mr. Hubbard
carried in the House of Commons, in
1861, a motion against the Govern-
ment for a Committee to Inquire into
the Working of the Income-tax, and
strenuously advocated in Parliament
a modification of the most obnoxious
features of that impost. He took a
prominent part as a defender of the
Established Church in respect of
church-rates, and has always insisted
upon the maintenance of religious
instruction as a basis of all educa-
tion. Throughout the coinage con-
troversy carried on in 1869 in the
columns of the Times, Mr. Hubbard
conducted a resolute and successful
resistance to the debasement of the
standard of value or reduction in the
intrinsic worth of the gold coin,
which had been proposed with the
object of equalising the English
sovereign and a French twenty-five
franc gold piece as international
coins.
|
HÜBNER, BARON JOSEPH ALEX-
ANDER, diplomatist, was born at
Vienna, Nov. 26, 1811. After com-
pleting his studies at Vienna, he
539
travelled for some time in Italy, and
on his return in 1833 received from
the late Prince Metternich_a_post
in the State Chancellerie. In 1837
he accompanied Count Apponyi's
embassy to Paris, but in 1838 was
recalled by his patron, Prince Met-
ternich. In 1840 he was made
Secretary to the Austrian Embassy
sent to the late Queen Maria da
Gloria, the relations between Austria
and Portugal having been for a long
time suspended. He was appointed
Chargé d'Affaires at Leipsic in 1844,
and was shortly afterwards Consul-
General of Austria. During the
troubles of 1848, Baron Hübner was
intrusted with the conduct of the
Archduke Regnier's correspondence as
the Viceroy of Lombardy; and when
the populace got the upper hand, he
was detained at Milan as a hostage,
but was soon exchanged. He joined
the Emperor of Austria at Olmütz,
was sent in 1849 on a special mission to
Paris, and shortly afterwards became
Austrian Ambassador at that capital.
In 1856 he signed the treaty of Paris,
having, during the Crimean war, been
instrumental, it is supposed, in pre-
venting his sovereign from taking part
with Russia, and in ensuring his neu-
trality. It was to Baron Hübner that
the Emperor of the French made the
memorable declaration, Jan. 1, 1859,
that his Government was dissatisfied
with that of Austria. Baron Hübner
was recalled from Paris in 1859, and
after being employed in several deli-
cate diplomatic missions, especially
at Naples and Rome, he was recalled
from the latter city in Aug. 1859, in
order to enter as Minister of Police
the new Cabinet which had just been
formed at Vienna. The latter post,
however, he only held a few months,
and he then lived in retirement for
several years. In Jan., 1866, he was
again placed at the head of the Aus-
trian Embassy in Rome, and in Oct.,
1867, he was entrusted with the con-
duct of the negotiations with the
Holy See in reference to the repu-
diation of the Concordat. He was
soon afterwards recalled. Baron
540
HUDDLESTON.
Hübner is Grand Officer of the Legion | in the two first of which the jury
of Honour. A translation, by Mrs. could not agree, was ultimately ac-
E. H. Jerningham, from the original quitted on the charge, which was
French of Baron Hübner's admirable for the murder of her mother at
"Life and Times of Sixtus the Bridgnorth; he was junior counsel
Fifth," appeared at London, in with Sir Alexander Cockburn in his
2 vols., 1872.
prosecution of Palmer for the poison-
ing of Cook at Rugely; he conducted
for the Admiralty the prosecution of
the rioters at Newcastle in the pseudo
Countess of Derwentwater case; he
was counsel for Humphrey Brown in
the British Bank Case; was also
counsel for Mrs. Firebrace in the
divorce suit brought against her by
her husband, and after a trial which
lasted three weeks, before Lord Pen-
zance, he succeeded in completely
vindicating the character of that
lady from the imputation cast upon
her. Mr. Huddleston was also counsel
for Major Fitzgerald in another very
remarkable divorce case.
He suc-
cessfully defended Pook for the
Eltham murder, and Mr. Edmunds on
a charge of murdering his wife, and
was subsequently counsel for that
gentleman in several actions which
he brought against different papers
arising out of that transaction. In his
attempts to enter the House of Com-
mons in the Conservative interest, Mr.
Huddleston was unsuccessful at Wor-
cester in 1852, at Shrewsbury in 1857,
and at Kidderminster in 1859 and
1861. In 1865, however, he was
elected for Canterbury, and he repre--
sented that city for three years, being
defeated at the general election of
1868. While he represented this con-
stituency he brought forward the
Hop (Prevention of Frauds) Bill,
which was added to the Statute Book.
At the election for Norwich in July,
1870, Mr. Huddlestone was the un-
successful candidate; but at the
general election of Feb., 1874, he was
elected for that city by a majority of
47 votes over his former antagonist,
Mr. Tillett. At the beginning of the
year 1875, on the retirement of Sir
J. Karslake from the Attorney-Gene-
ralship, and the promotion of Sir R.
Baggallay to that post, the Solicitor-
Generalship was offered by Mr
HUDDLESTON, THE HON. SIB
JOHN WALTER, was born in 1817 in
Dublin, being the youngest son of the
late Mr. Thomas Huddleston and his
wife Alethea, daughter of the late
Mr. Henry Hitchens, of St. Ives,
Cornwall. He studied for a time at
the University of Dublin, but did not
graduate. Having chosen the law as
a profession, he was, in 1839, called to
the bar at Gray's Inn. His eloquence,
carnestness, and tact quickly raised
him to a prominent position. During
his career as an advocate, Mr. Hud-
dlestone gradually acquired an exten-
sive practice in the Superior Courts at
Westminster Hall and Guildhall, at
the Central Criminal Court, and at
the Middlesex Sessions. Mr. Huddle-
ston's success in his profession led to
his appointment, in 1857, as one of
Her Majesty's Counsel, on the recom-
mendation of Lord Chancellor Cran-
worth. On the death of Mr. Phinn,
Q.C., in 1865, he was nominated
Judge Advocate of the Fleet and
Counsel to the Admiralty. He was
also elected a bencher of his Inn; he
twice served as treasurer of that
honourable society and he was a
member of the Council of Legal Edu-
cation. In Dec., 1868, he was selected
by his brother Benchers as their
representative at the funeral of the
celebrated French advocate, M. Ber-
ryer, on which occasion he delivered
an address over the bier, and was
entertained by the French bar at a
banquet at the Grand Hôtel, under
the presidency of M. Grévy. During
his professional career he was Counsel
in almost every case of importance
on the Oxford Circuit, of which, in
course of time, he became the ac-
knowledged leader; he was also
counsel for Cuffy the Chartist, and for
Mercy Newton, who after three trials,
covering a period of eighteen months,
|
-
-
HUDSON-HUGGINS.
|
Disraeli to Mr. Huddleston who, how-
ever, declined it in consequence of
the apprehended difficulty of keeping
his seat at Norwich. Mr. Huddle-
ston continued to represent that city
until Feb. 22, 1875, when, on the
resignation of Mr. Justice Honyman,
he was appointed by the Crown, on
the recommendation of Lord Chan-
cellor Cairns, to a puisne judgeship
of the Court of Common Pleas. He
sat in the Common Pleas but a short
time, however, for in May, 1875, on
the death of Sir Gillery Pigott, his
old companion and co-leader of the
Oxford circuit, he was nominated one
of the Barons of the Court of Exche-
quer. On this occasion he received
the honour of knighthood. Sir John
married on Dec. 18, 1872, Lady Diana
De Vere Beauclerk, daughter of the
eighth Duke of St. Albans.
HUDSON, SIR JAMES, G.C.B,, son
of a Yorkshire gentleman, and grand-
son of the first Marquis Townshend,
born in 1810, was educated at Rugby
and Westminster. Having acted as
page and Private Secretary to Wil-
liam IV., he entered the diplomatic
service in 1838, was appointed Se-
cretary of Legation at Washington,
whence he was transferred in the
same capacity successively to the
Hague, and to Rio Janeiro. He was
Minister at the latter place in 1850-1,
was transferred to Florence in 1851,
and was appointed Minister Plenipo-
tentiary at Turin in 1852, in which
capacity he heartily sympathized with
the cause of Italian liberty and unity.
He was created a K.C.B. May 2, 1855,
for his services in inducing the Sar-
dinian government to co-operate with
Great Britain and France by sending
an army to the Crimea; and was pro-
moted a G.C.B. Aug. 11, 1863, on his
retirement from his diplomatic post
at Turin.
KNATCHBULL.
HUGESSEN,
(See KNATCHBULL-HUGESSEN.)
HUGGINS, WILLIAM, F.R.S.,
D.C.L. (Oxon), LL.D. (Cantab. et
Edin.) Ph. D. (Leyden), was born in
London, Feb. 7, 1824, and received
his early education at the City of
541
London School. He afterwards con-
tinued his studies in mathematics,
classics, and modern languages with
the assistance of private masters.
Much of his time was given to experi-
ments in natural philosophy, and
he collected apparatus by the use of
which he gained considerable prac-
tical knowledge of the elements of
chemistry, electricity, magnetism,
and other branches of physical sci-
ence. He became early attached to
the science of astronomy, and, under
great difficulties, he observed the
planets and some of the double stars
between the chimneys of London.
He was then residing in the metro-
polis with his parents. In 1852
he was elected a member of the
Microscopical Society, and for some
years he applied himself with much
assiduity to the study, with the
aid of the microscope, of animal
and vegetable physiology. In 1855
Mr. Huggins erected an observatory
at his residence at Upper Tulse
Hill, furnished with a good transit
instrument, and an equatorial by
Dollond, of five inches aperture. This
instrument was replaced in 1858
by a larger telescope of eight inches
aperture, by Alvan Clarke, and
mounted equatorially by Cook and
Sons, of York. Mr. Huggins occu-
pied himself for some time with ob-
servation of double stars, and with
careful drawings of the planets Mars,
Jupiter, and Saturn. From the first
establishment of his observatory it
was his desire not to continue in the
beaten track of astronomical observa-
tion, but, if possible, to bring to bear
upon the science of astronomy the
practical knowledge he had obtained
of general physics. The foundation
by Kirchhoff of the method of the
chemical analysis of distant bodies by
means of the prism applied to their
light, appeared at once, to Mr. Hug-
gins, to furnish him with the means
of carrying out his desire. From
various causes, however, it was not
until the beginning of 1862 that the
extension of Kirchhoff's mode of
analysis (which had been already ap-
542
HUGGINS.
|
are
plied by the discoverer to the sun)
to the planets, the stars, the nebulæ,
and comets, was seriously undertaken.
For many months he applied himself
to the arduous, but necessary pre-
liminary task of mapping the spectra
of about twenty-six of the chemical
elements. These researches
printed in the Philosophical Trans-
actions for 1864. During part of his
prismatic observation of the stars, he
worked with his friend the late Dr.
William Allen Miller. Mr. Huggins
and Dr. Miller compared the spectra
of about fifty stars directly in the in-
strument with the spectra of several
terrestrial elements. They found that
the stars are hot bodies, similarly
constituted to our sun, and that they
contain many of the substances found
on the earth. One of the most re-
markable of Mr. Huggins's subsequent
discoveries was that of the nature of
some of the nebulæ. He found that
some of these bodies gave a spectrum
of a few bright lines only, which
showed that the light had emanated
from heated matter in the state of
gas; and further that one of the
principal constituents of the gaseous
nebula is hydrogen. These objects
are not, therefore, as was previously
supposed, clusters of stars too dis-
tant to be separately distinguished.
For these researches, Mr. Huggins re-
ceived, in Nov., 1866, one of the Royal
Medals placed at the disposal of the
Royal Society, of which he had pre-
viously, on June 1, 1865, been elected
a Fellow. In 1867 the Gold Medal of
the Royal Astronomical Society was
awarded to Mr. Huggins and Dr. Mil-
ler for their conjoint researches. Mr.
Huggins has since continued his pris-
matic researches by a re-examination
of the nebula with a more powerful
spectroscope, by which his former
results have been confirmed. He has
also examined the spectra of four
comets, and has found that the
greater part of the light of these
objects is different from solar light.
The spectrum of Winnecke's comet
he found to be identical with the
spectrum of carbon. His recent
observations of the bright comet
(Coggia's) of the autumn of 1874 con-
firm his earlier ones, and show that
carbon, probably in combination with
hydrogen, forms one of the consti-
tuents of cometary matter. Mr. Hug-
gins has shown that the proper motion
of the stars in the line of sight can be
determined from any small shift of
position which the lines of their spec-
tra may have suffered, and that Sirius
is moving from the earth with a velo-
city of twenty-seven miles per second.
Of thirty stars examined, subse-
quently nineteen were found to be
receding, and eleven approaching.
Mr. Huggins has made observations
of the spectra of the solar promi-
nences, and devised the method by
which the forms of these objects
may be seen. He has also suc-
ceeded in detecting the heat received
at the earth from some of the fixed
stars. Mr. Huggins delivered the
Rede Lecture at the University of
Cambridge in 1869, when he gave
an account of his researches in astro-
nomy by means of the spectroscope.
In May, 1870, he received the
honorary degree of LL.D. from the
University of Cambridge; and at
the Commemoration at Oxford the
same year, the degree of D.C.L.
On the occasion of the meeting of
the British Association at Edin-
burgh, in 1871, he was created
honorary LL.D. of that university.
A large telescope of fifteen inches
aperture, by Messrs. Grubb, of Dub-
lin, constructed at the expense of the
Royal Society, was placed, in 1871, in
Mr. Huggins's hands, and fixed in an
observatory erected by him at Upper
Tulse Hill. In July, 1872, he was
elected a Foreign Member of the
ancient university, Dei Lincei, at
Rome. In the October of the same
year the Academy of Sciences of
Paris awarded the Lalande Prize for
Astronomy to Mr. Huggins, as an
acknowledgment of his researches in
the physical constitution of the stars,
planets, comets, and nebula. The
Emperor of Brazil, who had paid a
long visit to Mr. Huggins's observa- -
HUGHES-HUGO.
|
tory, conferred on him the dis-
tinction of Commander of the Order
of the Rose in March, 1873. About
the same time he was elected a Fo-
reign Member of the Royal Society
of Denmark, and also of the Philo-
sophical Society of Lund. In Jan.,
1874, he received the honour of being
elected a Corresponding Member of
the Academy of Science of Paris.
At the tercentenary commemoration
of the university of Leyden, in 1875,
Mr. Huggins received the honorary
degree of Doctor of Physics and
Mathematics. In 1877 he was elected
a Corresponding Member of the Royal
Society of Göttingen, and a member
of the Royal Society of Bohemia.
Mr. Huggins was President of the
Royal Astronomical Society of Great
Britain from 1876-1878.
his B.A. degree in 1845. Entering
as a student at Lincoln's Inn, he was.
called to the bar in Jan., 1848. He
published "Tom Brown's School-
days," in 1856; the "Scouring of the
White Horse," in 1858; "Tom Brown
at Oxford," in 1861; "Alfred the
Great," in 1869; is the author of
several tracts; and has contributed
some articles in reviews and papers,
and prefaces to the "Biglow Papers
and "Whitmes Poems." He was
one of the members for Lambeth
from 1865 to 1868, when he was re-
turned for the borough of Frome,
which he continued to represent till
Jan., 1874. Mr. Hughes was ap-
pointed a Queen's Counsel in 1869,
and in the following year he made a
tour in the United States. His most
recent publication is "Our Old
Church: What shall we do with it?”
a volume directed against the move-
ment for the disestablishment of the
Church of England, 1878.
|
HUGHES, THE RIGHT REV.
JOSHUA, D.D., Bishop of St. Asaph,
born at Newport, Pembrokeshire, in
1807, was educated at Cardigan and
Ystramenrig schools, and subse-
quently at St. David's College, Lam-
peter, under Dr. Ollivant, the present
Bishop of Llandaff. Having taken
orders, he began his career in the
Church as curate to the late Arch-
deacon Hughes, of Aberystwith. Sub-
sequently he was promoted to the
incumbency of St. David's, Carmar-
then, and soon afterwards to that of
Abergwili (1837), in which parish
the Bishop of St. David's resides.
His popularity there, and the zeal
and energy with which he laboured,
induced the bishop to present him to
the vicarage of Llandingat, near
Llandovery, in 1846. He also became
rural dean, surrogate, and proctor in
convocation for the diocese of St.
David's. In March, 1870, he was
nominated by Mr. Gladstone to the
see of St. Asaph. Bishop Hughes is
said to be an effective preacher both
in English and Welsh.
HUGHES, THOMAS, Q.C., second
son of John Hughes. Esq., of Doning
ton Priory, near Newbury, Berks,
born Oct. 20, 1823, was educated at
Rugby under Dr. Arnold, and at
Oriel College, Oxford, where he took
|
543.
>>
HUGO, (VICOMTE) VICTOR MARIE,
was born at Besançon, Feb. 26, 1802,
his father being a colonel in the
French army. From Besançon he
was carried to Elba, to Paris, to
Rome, and to Naples, before he was
five years of age. In 1809 he rc-
turned to France and received
classical instruction at a religious
house. The first volume of his "Odes
and Ballads" appeared in 1822, and
his tales, "Hans of Iceland," and
(4
Bug-Jargal," were written about
this time. In 1826 he published
a second volume of "Odes and Bal-
lads," which exhibited a change in his
political and literary opinions, and
in 1827 he composed his drama,
"Cromwell." In 1829 he published
his "Last Days of a Condemned
Criminal," the terrific interest of
which secured it an immense success.
M. Hugo prepared a further attack
on the stiff and unnatural style of
French dramatic literature in his
*C
Hernani," first played at the Théâtre
Français, Feb. 26, 1830, and it caused
a scene of riotous confusion. The
Academy went so far as to lay a com-
plaint against his attempted innova--
544
HULL.
:)
""
"2
|
tions at the foot of the throne.
Charles X. sensibly replied that "in
matters of art he was no more than
a private person.' Shortly after
the Revolution of July, 1830, his
"Marion de Lorme," which had been
suppressed by the censorship under
the Restoration, was brought out
with success. "Le Roi s'amuse was
performed at the Théâtre Français
in Jan., 1832, and the day after its
production was interdicted by the
Government. M. Victor Hugo, who
published a number of dramatic
pieces of various merit, after many
struggles was admitted into the
Academy in 1841, and was created a
peer of France by Louis-Philippe.
In 1849 he was chosen President of
the Peace Congress, of which he had
been a leading member. After 1852
M. Victor Hugo resided in exile in
Jersey, Guernsey, and elsewhere, and
refused to avail himself of the general
amnesty issued Aug. 15, 1859. On
the fall of the empire, however, he
hastened back to his native country,
entered heartily into the Republican
movement, and was returned to the
National Assembly at Bordeaux,
which he soon quitted in disgust,
sending, on March 9, 1871, the fol-
lowing characteristic letter to the
President, M. Grévy :-" Three weeks
ago the Assembly refused to hear
Garibaldi; to-day it refuses to hear
I resign my seat." M. Hugo
then repaired to Brussels, but the
Belgian Government, alarmed by his
violent writings, and his avowed
sympathy with the Communists, ex-
pelled him from the country. He
then sought refuge in the seclusion
of the little town of Vianden, in
Luxemburg, where he composed
"L'Année Terrible. Returning to
Paris in July, 1871, he pleaded
earnestly for the lives of Rossel,
Ferré, and the other Communists, to
no effect. He accepted the mandat
impératif in the following elections,
but M. Vautrian defeated him. M.
Victor Hugo has given an account of
this period of his career in "Actes et
Paroles, 1870-71-72," published in
1872. He wrote much after he
quitted France in 1852. His satire,
Napoléon le Petit," appeared at
Brussels in 1852; "Les Châtiments,'
at the same place, in 1853; and
"Contemplations," at Paris, in 1853.
His fame rests principally on his
"Notre-Dame de Paris," which has
been translated into most European
languages, and is known in England
under the title of the "Hunchback
of Notre-Dame." His semi-historical
and social romance, "Les Misér-
ables," translated into nine lan-
guages, was issued at Paris, Brussels,
London, New York, Madrid, Berlin,
St. Petersburg, and Turin, the same
day, April 3, 1862. This was fol-
lowed in 1864 by a rhapsodical work
on Shakspere-not likely to add to
his
his reputation. His last novel,
"L'Homme qui Rit," appeared in
1869. M. Victor Hugo has been a
prolific writer, and a list of his
works would exceed our limits.
Amongst those best known in Eng-
land are "Claude Gueux,' a tale;
"Lucréce Borgia, "Marie Tudor,"
Ruy Blas," "Les Burgraves," and
"Marion de Lorme," plays; and "Le
Rhin," a book of travels. His most
recent works are "La Légende des
Siècles," new series, 2 vols., 1877;
"Histoire d'un Crime," 2 vols., 1877-
78, being an account of Louis Napo-
leon's coup d'état; and "Le Pape," a
poem, 1878.
|
|
me.
(*
(C
""
""
HULL, EDWARD. M.A., F.R.S.,
Director of the Geological Survey of
Ireland, son of the Rev. J. D. Hull,
vicar of Wickhambrook, was born
in Antrim, May 21, 1829.
He was
extensively employed upon the geo-
logical survey of Great Britain under
the late Sir H. T. De la Beche and
Sir R. I. Murchison. In 1867 he
was appointed District Surveyor to
the Geological Survey of Scotland,
and in 1869 Director of the Survey
of Ireland, and Professor of Geology
in the Royal College of Science,
Dublin, on the decease of the late
Professor Jukes. On the appoint-
ment of the Royal Commission on
Coal Resources, Professor Hull pre-
HULLAH-HUMBERT IV.
545
HULLAH, JOHN, teacher of sing-
ing, born in 1812, is a native of
Worcester. In 1829 he became a
pupil of the late Mr. Horsley, and in
1832 studied under Crevelli at the
Royal Academy of Music. He first
became known as the composer of
the music to Mr. C. Dickens's opera,
"The Village Coquettes." In 1840
he established his well-known sys-
tem of singing, and has done much to
popularise the study of music among
the middle classes. St. Martin's
Hall, built for him in 1847, was un-
fortunately burnt down in 1860, on
which occasion Mr. Hullah's friends
and pupils presented him with a
handsome testimonial, as a mark of
gratitude for his teaching, and sym-
pathy with his misfortune. He has
been Professor of Vocal Music and of
Harmony in King's College, Queen's
College, and Bedford College, Lon-
|
pared an estimate of the quantity of
coal in the coal fields of Ireland, and
also contributed information on those
of England, which is published in the
Report. In 1873 he was elected
President of the Royal Geological
Society of Ireland, and in 1874 Presi-
dent of the Geological Section of the
British Association at its meeting in
Belfast. He is the author of several
works, of which the following are the
more important : "The Physical
Geology and Geography of Ireland,"
1878; "The Coal Fields of Great
Britain," 3rd edit., 1873; "On Build-
ing and Ornamental Stones of Great
Britain and Foreign Countries," 1872;
memoirs " On the Triassic and Per-
mian Rocks of the Midland Counties
of England," 1869; "On the Geology
of the Leicestershire Coal Field,
1860 ; "On the Geology of the
Country around Oldham and Man-rary member of the Royal Academy
chester," 1863; "On the Geology of of St. Cecilia at Rome-the oldest
the Country around Cheltenham," musical institution in Europe.
1857. Mr. Hull is also a contributor
to the Quarterly Journal of Science,
the Dublin University Magazine, the
Geological Magazine, and the Trans-
actions of the Royal and Geological
Societies of London, Dublin, and
other towns.
-
don, organist of Charterhouse, and
conductor of the orchestra and chorus
in the Royal Academy of Music. Mr.
Hullah was appointed Musical In-
spector for the United Kingdom by
the Committee of Council on Educa-
tion in March, 1872. He is the au-
thor of "A Grammar of Harmony,
S
""
a
"Grammar of Counterpoint," of
"The History of Modern Music," and
"The Transition Period of Musical
History" (courses of lectures deli-
vered at the Royal Institution of
Great Britain), and of a large num-
ber of detached essays on the history
and science of music. Mr. Hullah
resigned the Professorship of Vocal
Music at King's College, London, in
1874. The honorary degree of LL.D.
was conferred on him by the Uni-
versity of Edinburgh in 1876, and
in 1877 he was elected an hono-
HUMBERT IV., King of Italy,
the eldest son of the late King Victor
Emmanuel, was born March 14, 1844.
At an early age he obtained an in-
sight into political and military life
under the guidance of his father,
whom he attended during the war of
Italian Independence, although he
was then too young to take an active
part in the struggle. The youthful
heir to the throne was more closely
connected with the movement for
the unification of Italy, which fol-
lowed the events of 1859. In par-
ticular he took part in the work of
reorganizing the ancient Kingdom of
the two Sicilies, and in July, 1862.
he visited Naples and Palermo, where
he shared the popularity of Garibaldi.
When the war between Prussia and
Austria was imminent, Prince Hum-
bert was despatched to Paris to ascer-
tain the sentiments of the French
Government in reference to the al-
liance between Italy and Prussia. On
the outbreak of hostilities he has-
tened to take the field; obtained the
command of a division of General
Cialdini's army with the title of
Lieutenant-General; and was present
N N
546
HUME.
at the disastrous battle of Custozza | letters printed in the Times. In 1858
he gave evidence before a Select
Committee of the House of Lords on
the "Means of Divine Worship in
Populous Districts," which led to the
formation of the Liverpool Church
Aid Society; and in 1859 gave evi-
dence before another Select Com-
mittee of the Lords on the subject of
"Church Rates." Of several maps
which he produced, one was pub-
lished with the Report. It showed
the proportion of non-worshippers,
and of worshippers in each of the
three great classes, in England and
Wales, and in seventy-three of the
large towns. This evidence has been
frequently quoted in parliamentary
debates. He has paid great attention
to the promotion of education, and to
the advancement of useful learning
among all classes in Liverpool. He
is a Fellow of the Royal Society of
Northern Antiquaries, Copenhagen,
and of the Society of Antiquaries,
London, was President of the Historic
Society of Lancashire and Cheshire
for six years, of which he was one of
the three founders, and an honorary
or corresponding member of other
learned societies. Most of his wri-
tings have appeared in the Transac-
tions of learned societies and in pe-
riodical publications. Among his
writings are "The Learned Societies
and Printing Clubs of the United
Kingdom," published in 1847; "Sir
Hugh of Lincoln, or an Examination
of a Curious Tradition respecting the
Jews," 1849; "Philosophy of Geo-
graphical Names," 1851; "Geogra-
phical Terms, as illustrating and en-
riching the English Language," 1859;
June 23, 1866), where, it is said, he
performed prodigies of valour. On
April 22, 1868, he married, at Turin,
his cousin, the Princess Marguerite
Marie Thérèse Jeanne of Savoy,
daughter of the late Duke Ferdinand
of Genoa, brother of King Victor
Emmanuel. This union resulted in
the birth of a son at Naples, Nov. 11,
1869, who received the names of
Victor Emmanuel Ferdinand Mary
Januarius, and the title of Prince of
Naples. After the seizure of Rome
by the Italian troops in 1870, Prince
Humbert and the Princess Marguerite
took up their residence in the Eternal
City. He succeeded to the throne on
the death of his father, Jan. 9, 1878.
As he was entering Naples Nov. 17,
1878, a man named Giovanni Passa-
nante approached the royal carriage
and attempted to assassinate his
Majesty with a poniard. The King
escaped with a slight scratch, but
Signor Cairoli, the Prime Minister,
who was with him, was wounded
rather badly in the thigh.
HUME, THE REV. ABRAHAM,
D.C.L., LL.D., of Scotch extraction,
born about 1815, was educated at the
Royal Belfast College, at Glasgow
University, and afterwards at Trinity
College, Dublin, in all which he suc-
ceeded in obtaining honours. Having
taught mathematics and the English
language and literature in the Belfast
Royal Institution and Academy, and
the Institute and College at Liver-
pool, he was ordained in 1843, and
the hon. degree of LL.D. was con-
ferred upon him by the University of
Glasgow. In 1847 he was appointed
to a new parish, of which he is Vicar,
in Liverpool; and his minute statisti-
cal inquiries connected with this and
other portions of the town threw great
light upon its moral and spiritual con-
dition. The publication of a summary
of the previous year's work from his
diary in Jan., 1857 and 1858, under
the signature of "A Lancashire In-
cumbent," had the effect of modifying
public opinion on the subject of the
idleness imputed to the clergy, in
|
Topographical, Historical, and Phi-
lological Essays, reprinted from the
Ulster Journal of Archæology;" va-
rious pamphlets in defence of the
Established Church; Essays on Ele-
mentary Education; and single ser-
mons. A large illustrated archæolo-
gical work, descriptive of an extinct
town or settlement, called Meols, on
the Cheshire coast, appeared in 1863;
and "Results of the Irish Census,
with a special Reference to the Church
"(
-
HUME-HUMPHREYS.
547
|
|
in Ireland,” in 1864. In 1867 he was
sent on a surveying tour by the South
American Missionary Society, and
explored the west coast, especially in
Peru and Chili. He is the author of
two pamphlets, respectively on the
moral condition and commercial pros-
pects of that country, and of a third
on some of its curious antiquities. In
1869 he was awarded the Cunning-
ham prize by the Royal Irish Aca-
demy, for a valuable essay on the
Irish Dialect, accompanied by a large
glossary of words and phrases. In
1874 he was appointed to an hono-
rary canonry in Chester Cathedral.
elected a Fellow of the Royal Geogra-
phical Society on the recommenda-
tion of two of its council, and he is a
Colonial Magistrate for the district
of Yass, near which he resides.
HUMPHREYS, GENERAL AN-
DREW ATKINSON, born in Philadel-
phia, Pennsylvania, Nov. 2, 1810. He
graduated at the Military Academy
at West Point, in 1837; served in the
war against the Seminole Indians in
Florida, and subsequently in the en-
gincer department of the army and
on the coast survey. In 1850 he
commenced the hydrographic survey
of the delta of the Mississippi, which
was carried on by him and others
until the opening of the civil war in
1861. Humphreys, now a major, was
appointed on the staff of General
McClellan, rose to the rank of major-
general of volunteers, and held im-
portant positions throughout all the
campaigns in Virginia. Towards the
conclusion of the siege of Petersburg
he commanded an army corps, and
was brevetted as major-general in the
regular army for his conduct in the
closing action with the army under
General Lee. In Aug., 1866, he was
appointed Chief of Engineers of the
United States army, a position which
he still holds. He is distinguished
for his scientific attainments, and at
various periods of his service has held
important positions in the Light
House Board and in constructing
public works, and is an active mem-
ber of various learned societies in
Europe and America.
HUME, HAMILTON, born June 18,
1797, at Paramatta, New South Wales,
in Aug., 1814, when only seventeen
years of age discovered the now
populous district of Berrima. In
1824 he led a party across the Blue
Mountains, and, accompanied by Mr.
Hovell, accomplished the first over-
land journey from New South Wales
to what is now known as Victoria,
crossing and giving his name to the
Hume river, the principal tributary of
the Murray. In 1826 he accompanied
Sturt on his first exploring expedition,
and his services in guiding the party
in unknown districts were gratefully
recognised by the Government and by
Sturt himself. In July, 1858,a marble
column in his honour was erected, by
public subscription, on the northern
bank of the river Hume, near the
town of Albury, 2000 miles from the
sea. In 1858 the river was navigated
by ten steamers and as many barges;
and in the third year of its navigation
the value of the merchandise trans-
ported was upwards of a million
sterling. Some difference of opinion
having occurred, as to the precedency
of Mr. Hume or Mr. Hovell in the
exploration of 1826, the former gen-
tleman published, in 1855, “A Brief
Statement of Facts in connection with
an Overland Expedition from Lake
George to Port Phillip, in the year
1824." A township and electoral dis-
trict were named after him, also a
beautiful bridge erected over the Yass.
Though never in England, he was
HUMPHREYS, HENRY NOEL,
born at Birmingham in 1810, was
educated at King Edward's Gram-
mar School and on the Continent.
After a residence in Rome, he, in
1840, published his first work, the
descriptions to "Views in Rome," by
Mr. W. B. Cooke. He is joint author
with Mr. J. O. Westwood of "British
Butterflies and their Transforma-
tions," published in 1840; "British
Moths and their Transformations ;
and author of "Illuminated Illustra-
tions of Froissart's Chronicles," 1843 ;
"The Parables of our Lord” (illumi-
""
NN 2
548
HUMPHRY.
""
nated), 1846 ; "The
Illuminated
Books of the Middle Ages (folio),
"The Art of Illumination," 1849;
"Ancient Coins and Medals," illus-
trated with fac-similes of Greek and
Koman Coins, in relief, 1850; "The
Collector's Manual," 1853; "The
Coinage of the British Empire," 1854;
"Stories by an Archæologist and his
Friends," 1856; "Ocean Gardens,'
1857; "Butterfly Vivarium, or Insect
Home," 1858; "Goethe in Strasburg,
a Dramatic Novelette," 1860; "Hol-
bein and the Dance of Death," 1868;
'A History of the Art of Printing,"
1867 ;
"Masterpieces of the early
Printers and Engravers," 1870;
'Rembrandt and his Etchings," 1871 ;
several novels published anony-
mously; and tales, magazine articles,
and other works.
""
??
HUMPHRY, THE REV. WILLIAM
GILSON, B.D., born
born at Sudbury,
Suffolk, in 1815, was educated at
Shrewsbury School and Trinity Col-
lege, Cambridge, of which College,
after graduating B.A. in 1837, he
was elected Fellow. He was Hulsean
lecturer at Cambridge in 1849-50.
Having been chaplain to the late
Bishop of London (Dr. Blomfield) for
some years, he was appointed by
him in 1855 to the vicarage of St.
Martin-in-the-Fields, and was made
prebendary of St. Paul's. He is the
author of "A Commentary on the
Book of the Acts of the Apostles ;
"The Doctrine of a Future State"
(the Hulsean Lecture for 1849)
"The Early Progress of the Gospel"
(the Hulsean Lecture for 1850); "An
Historical and Explanatory Treatise
on the Book of Common Prayer;
"The Miracles" (the Boyle Lecture
for 1857); "The Character of St.
Paul" (the Boyle Lecture for 1858);
he edited "Theophilus of Antioch
(1852), and "Theophylact on St.
Matthew" (1854), for the Syndics of
the Cambridge Press; he is one of the
authors of A Revised Version of
St. John's Gospel, and the Epistles
to the Romans and Corinthians
(1857); and one of the company ap-
pointed by Convocation, and now
";
""
engaged in revising the Authorised
Version of the New Testament.
HUNT, ROBERT, F.R.S., born
Sept. 6, 1807, at Devonport, a self-
educated man, is the Keeper of Mining
Records at the Museum of Practical
Geology, and was the first-appointed
Professor of Mechanical Science to
the Government School of Mines.
He is best known by his work on
"Photography," published in 1842,
"Researches on Light, ""The Poetry
of Science," and "Panthea, or the
Spirit of Nature," 1849; "Elemen-
tary Physics," 1851; and "Manual of
Photography," 7th edition, 1857; and
is the editor of three editions of
"Ure's Dictionary of Arts, Manufac-
tures, and Mines." The 7th edition
was published in 1875, and a supple-
mentary volume in 1878. He has
devoted special attention to the che-
mical influences of the solar rays, is
the discoverer of several important
photographic processes, and has con-
tributed to a more perfect knowledge
of the influences of light, heat, and
actinism (the chemical principle of
the solar rays), on the growth of
plants. These researches have been
published in the "Transactions of the
British Association," and one paper
in the "Transactions of the Royal
Society," of which Society he has
been for many years a Fellow. He
was for five years Secretary to the
Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society,
during which period he was very
actively engaged in investigating the
phenomena of mineral veins and of
metalliferous deposits in general.
Mr. Robert Hunt, who is the author
of the "Synopsis," and of the “Hand-
book" of the Great Exhibition of
1851, and of the International Exhi-
bition of 1862, was the originator of
the publication of statistical returns
of the mineral produce of the United
Kingdom. His "Mineral Statistics,'
published annually by order of the
Treasury, are so much valued by
those engaged in metallurgical and
mineral industries, that in 1860 a very
handsome testimonial of the value of
500 guineas was presented to him.
|
">
HUNT.
He originated the Miner's Association
of Cornwall and Devonshire, the ob-
ject of which is to give the practical
miner a scientific education, fitted for
the industry in which he is engaged.
This Institution is, after twelve years,
still (1878) actively at work. Mr. R.
Hunt was appointed in 1866 one of
the Royal Commissioners to inquire
into the quantity of coal remaining
unworked in the British coal-fields.
|
|
HUNT, THOMAS STERRY, LL.D.,
F.R.S., born at Norwich, Connecticut,
Sept. 5. 1825. In 1845 he became
assistant to Prof. Silliman in his che-
mical laboratory at Yale College, and
in 1847 was appointed chemist and
mineralogist to the Geological Survey
of Canada. He held this post for
more than twenty-five years, resign-
ing it in 1872 to accept the chair of
Geology in the Massachusetts Insti-
tute of Technology. His earlier
studies were directed especially to
especially to
theoretical chemistry, developing a
theory essentially his own, in which
all chemical compounds are deduced
from simple types represented by one
or more molecules of water or of
hydrogen. These views were main-
tained by him in a series of papers in
the American Journal of Science, be-
ginning in 1848. His researches into
the chemical and mineral composition
of rocks have probably been exceed-
ingly thorough; while his investiga-
tions of the chemistry of mineral
waters have enabled him to form a
complete theory of their origin and
formation, and their relations to the
origin of rock masses, both crystalline
and uncrystalline, and to lay the
basis for a rational system of chemi-
cal geology. He has discussed the
phenomena of volcanoes and igneous
rocks, and has revived the theory that
the source of these is to be sought in
chemical reactions set up in the sedi-
mentary deposits of the crust of the
earth, through the agency of internal
heat; and has sought to harmonize
the facts of dynamical geology with
the notion of a solid globe, in opposi-
tion to that which holds to a globe
with a liquid interior. His views on
|
549
these and other kindred questions,
are to be found in an essay on the
'Chemistry of the Earth," in the
Report of the Smithsonian Institution
for 1869, in his address as retiring
President of the American Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Science
(1871), and in more recent papers.
His contributions to American and
European scientific
scientific societies and
journals are very numerous; and a
collection of many of them was pub-
lished in 1874. He furnished many
important articles in his specialty to
Appleton's "American Cyclopædia'
(1874-76); and is a member of the
leading learned societies of both con-
tinents.
""
HUNT, WILLIAM HOLMAN, painter,
one of the most prominent members
of the Pre-Raphaelite movement,
born in London in 1827, exhibited
his first picture at the Academy
in 1846. The earlier works were
adopted from poetry and fiction, such
as "Dr. Rochecliffe performing Divine
Service in the Cottage of Joceline
Joliffe at Woodstock," in 1847; "The
Flight of Madeline and Porphyro,'
from Keats's "St. Agnes," in 1848;
and "Rienzi vowing to obtain Jus-
tice for the death of his young
Brother," in 1849. He commenced
that choice of religious and mystical
subjects, whereby he has since made
himself best known, with "A Con-
verted British Family sheltering a
Christian Missionary from the Per-
secution of the Druids," in 1850, fol-
lowed by the symbolical "Hireling
Shepherd," in 1852. His picture of
1851 was in a different class of senti-
ment,-" Valentine receiving Sylvia
from Proteus;" that of 1853, Claudio
and Isabella,” and "Our English
Coasts," a beautiful study of the
Downs at Hastings. Three of these
pictures were awarded £50 and £60
prizes at Liverpool and Birmingham.
The occult meaning of his "Light of
the World" and of the "Awakening
Conscience," of 1851, was explained
by Mr. Ruskin in some letters to the
Times. "The Scapegoat," of which
the scene was painted upon the mar-
(4
550
HUNTER-HUNTINGTON.
"
gin of the salt-encrusted shallows of
the Red Sea, was exhibited in 1856.
The Finding of the Saviour in the
Temple," exhibited in 1860,
1860, was
perhaps the painting which attracted
the most exclusive notice of any
modern effort. His more recent pic-
tures are "London Bridge on the
Night of the Marriage of the Prince
of Wales;" "The After-Glow; " and
"The Festival of St. Swithin."
last-mentioned was in the Royal
Academy Exhibition of 1868. The
largest of his works, which exclusively
occupied his time during a residence
of four years in Palestine, was finished
in 1873. It is styled "The Shadow
of Death," and represents a prevision
of the Crucifixion.
The
|
HUNTER, W. W., was born July
15, 1840, and educated at the Univer-
sity of Glasgow, at Paris, and Bonn.
He headed the list of Indian civilians
appointed in 1862; and after distin-
guishing himself in Calcutta by high
proficiency in Sanskrit and the modern
vernaculars of India, passed through
the usual appointments of a civil
servant in the Bengal districts. On
the outbreak of the Famine of 1866,
he was selected to superintend and
keep agoing public instruction in
the province of Orissa and the south-
western division of Bengal. At the
end of the dearth he received the
thanks of the Government, but was
invalided to England. While on sick
leave Mr. Hunter wrote "The Annals
of Rural Bengal," which in the next
ten years passed through five edi-
tions; and a "Dictionary of the Non-
Aryan Languages of India and High
Asia," for which works, on his return
to Bengal, he received the public
acknowledgments of the Governor-
General and the Secretary of State,
and the degree of LL.D. from the
University of Glasgow. In 1869 he
was attached on special duty to the
Secretariat of the Government of
Bengal; in 1870 to that of the
Supreme Government of India, acting
for a time as Under-Secretary; in
1871 he was appointed Director-
General of Statistics. As the first
(6
head of this department he organised
and carried out the statistical survey
of India. The first census of India
was taken in 1872. In 1876 the
"Statistical Account of Bengal" was
issued to the public in twenty volumes,
and an exact survey had been made of
the resources and population of each
district in India, an area equal to
all Europe less Russia." Mr. Hunter
again received the gazetted thanks of
the Government. His labours had
done much to throw light on the
causes and management of famines,
and to bring them within control;
and in 1878 he was appointed among
the first members of the new Order
of the Indian Empire. His best
known books are the "Annals of
Rural Bengal;" "Orissa, or an Indian
Province under Native and British
Rule ; "The Indian Mussulmans;
'A System of Famine Warnings
"A Life of Lord Mayo" (2 vols.) ; “A
Dictionary of the Non-Aryan Lan-
guages of India and High Asia."
""
"
""
(6
17
HUNTINGTON, DANIEL, born in
New York, Oct. 14, 1816. He gra-
duated at Hamilton College in 1834;
but, resolving to devote himself to
art rather than to one of the learned
professions, he entered the studio of
S. B. F. Morse, in New York, in
1835, and soon produced two noted
genre pictures, the "Toper Asleep,"
and the "Bar-room Politician," and
several excellent landscapes. In
1839 he studied in Florence and
Rome, and, on his return to America,
painted "Mercy's Dream," and
"Christiana and her Children." In
1844 he again went to Rome, where
he painted the "Roman Penitents,'
Italy,' "The Communion of the
Sick," and several landscapes. In
1851 he visited England, where he
painted the portraits of several dis-
tinguished personages. From 1862
to 1870 he was President of the
National Academy of Design. Among
his later works, besides numerous
portraits, are, "Lady Jane Grey
and Feckenham in the Tower,"
"Henry VIII. and Queen Catherine
Parr," Queen Mary signing the
((
""
""
HUNTINGTON-HUTCHINSON.
66
Death-warrant of Lady Jane Grey,"
.. The
Good Samaritan," "The
Sketcher," "Ichabod Crane and Ka-
tima van Tassel," "The Counterfeit
Note," another Mercy's Dream,"
"The Republican Court," a number
of Shaksperian subjects, "Chocurna
Peak," "Philosophy and Christian
Art," **
Sowing the Word," and a
historical picture representing an in-
cident in the life of Charles V.
HUNTINGTON, FREDERIC
DANIEL, D.D., Bishop of the Pro-
testant Episcopal Diocese of Central
New York, born at Hadley, Massa-
chusetts, May 28, 1819. He gra-
duated at Amherst College in 1839,
studied divinity at Cambridge, and
in 1842 became pastor of a Unitarian
Church in Boston. In 1855 he was
elected preacher to Cambridge uni-
versity, and Professor of Christian
Morals in Harvard College. He had,
about this time, withdrawn himself
from the Unitarian body, and came
to the university occupying an inde-
pendent position. Soon after his
appointment as preacher he relin-
quished the afternoon sermon in the
college chapel, and substituted for it
a service formed from those in use in
the principal branches of the Chris-
tian Church, with some additions of
his own. He resigned his double
office at the university in 1864, and
soon afterwards united with the Pro-
testant Episcopal Church, received
orders, and in 1869 was elected
bishop of the diocese of Central New
York. Besides a series of lectures
"Human Society as Illustrating
the Wisdom, Power, and Goodness
of God," he has published: "Sermons
for the People" (1856); "Sermons
on Christian Living and Believing
(1860); "Lessons on the Parables'
(1865); Helps to a Holy Lent
(1872); and *“
Helps to a Living
Faith" (1873).
HUTCHINSON, DR. THOMAS
JOSEPH, F.R.G.S., was born at Stony-
ford, co. Kilkenny, Jan. 18, 1820.
Before he was two years old his
parents settled in Enniscorthy. He
was educated and brought up to the
on
??
??
551
medical profession in that town
under Dr. O'Rourke. After taking
out his medical degrees, and making
a voyage to the West Coast of Africa,
he served as Senior Surgeon on board
the S. S. Pleiad, in the Niger Expe-
dition of 1854-55. This went up the
Niger to a distance of 150 miles
further than any previous expedition,
and was the only one which explored
that ill-fated stream without loss of
life of a single one of its passengers or
crew. In Sept., 1855, he was ap-
pointed Her Majesty's Consul for the
Bight of Biafra, and in the same
month and year received a like com-
mission for the Island of Fernando
Po. Whilst Consul for the Bight of
Biafra he was presented, on the 25th
of March, 1859, with an address by
the British Supercargoes in the river
Bonny, thanking him for his "timely
presence and judicious interference,"
in coming with a man-of-war steamer,
and not only putting a stop to a
frightful carnage amongst the natives,
but saving British property to the
value of more than
value of more than a million of
money. He was acting Governor of
Fernando Po for Queen Isabella of
Spain from January to May, 1857. He
was elected a Fellow of the Royal Geo-
graphical Society in 1855; of the
Ethnological Society in 1860; of
the Royal Society of Literature in
1861; of the Anthropological Society
in 1863, and of the Society of Arts in
1874. He is Vice-President d'hon-
neur de l'Institut d'Afrique in Paris,
and honorary member of the Liver-
pool Literary and Philosophical So-
ciety. Before the last-mentioned
from 1852 to 1874, he has read many
papers. He was transferred as Con-
sul to Rosario, in the Argentine Re-
public, on July 12, 1861. Whilst in
this post he was sent by Earl Russell
to explore the Salado Valley for wild
cotton. The result of that journey is
set forth in a paper read before the
Royal Geographical Society in Nov.,
1865. He received the thanks of the
Argentine Government for the medi-
cal services voluntarily rendered by
him in Rosario during the dreadful
ON
552
HUTT-HUXLEY.
cholera epidemic in 1867. These
services were likewise recognised by
his being presented with a gold
medal by the Union Masonic Lodge
of Rosario, as well as by several of
the scientific societies of Buenos
Ayres bestowing on him their hono-
rary diplomas. He was transferred
as Consul to Callao, Oct. 20, 1870.
Whilst there, he was nominated by
His Excellency President Pardo, one
of the fifteen organisation members
of the Society of Fine Arts in Peru.
He is author of "Narrative of Niger-
Tshadda Binue Exploration of 1854
and 1855 (1855); "Impressions of
Western Africa" (1858); "Ten Years
Wanderings amongst the Ethiopians
(1861); "Buenos Ayres and Argen-
tine Gleanings " (1865); the "Parana
and South America Recollections,
from 1861 to 1868" (1868); "Two
Years in Peru" (1874). He is like-
wise the author of papers at the
British Association Meeting in
Norwich in 1868, as well as in
Belfast in 1874, together with me-
moirs before the Royal Geographical,
Anthropological, and other of the
scientific societies of London. He
retired from Her Majesty's active
service on Jan. 26, 1873.
>>
·
HUTT, THE RIGHT HON. SIR WIL-
LIAM, K.C.B., son of the late R. Hutt,
Esq., of Appleby, in the Isle of Wight,
and nephew of Capt. Hutt, who was
killed in Lord Howe's great naval
victory, June 1, 1794, was born in
1803, and educated at Trinity College,
Cambridge, where he graduated B.A.
and M.A. In 1832 he entered Parlia-
ment as one of the members in the
Liberal interest, for Kingston-upon-
Hull, which he represented till 1841,
when he was chosen for Gateshead,
which place he continued to represent
in the House of Commons till 1874.
He has always paid the greatest atten-
tion to measures relating to the ship-
ping and commercial interests; was
appointed Vice-President of the Board
of Trade in 1860, when he was sworn
a member of the Privy Council. He
went to Vienna to negotiate a com-
mercial treaty in 1865; retired from
|
the vice-presidency of the Board of
Trade in Nov. of that year, and was
made a K.C.B.
HUXLEY, THOMAS HENRY, LL.D.,
Ph.D., F.R.S., Professor of Natural
History in the Royal School of
Mines, Jermyn Street, London, born
at Ealing, Middlesex, in 1825, was edu-
cated at Ealing School, and studied
medicine at the Medical School
of the Charing Cross Hospital. He
was appointed Assistant-Surgeon to
H.M.S. Rattlesnake in 1846, remained
with that vessel during the sur-
veying cruise in the South Pacific
and Torres Straits, returned to Eng-
land in 1850, and succeeded Mr. Ed-
ward Forbes at the School of Mines
in 1854. Professor Huxley's name
came prominently before the general
public in connection with the Lon-
don School Board, to which he was
elected in 1870. He took a very
active part in the deliberations of
that body, having rendered himself
particularly conspicuous by his op-
position to denominational teaching,
and by his fierce denunciation, in 1871,
of the doctrines of the Roman Catholic
Church. Professor Huxley retired
from the board in Jan., 1872. He
was elected Lord Rector of Aberdeen
University for three years Dec. 14,
1872, and installed Feb. 27, 1874.
The University of Dublin conferred
on him the honorary degree of LL.D.
in 1878. He is well known as a
writer on natural science, being the
author of numerous papers published
in the Transactions and Journals of
the Royal, the Linnean, the Geologi-
cal, and the Zoological Societies, and
in the Memoirs of the Geological
Survey of Great Britain. He has
written "Oceanic Hydrozoa;
"Man's Place in Nature," 1863
"Lectures on Comparative Anatomy,
1864; "Lessons in Elementary Phy-
siology," 1866, 2nd edit. 1868; "An
Introduction to the Classification of
Animals," 1869; "Lay Sermons, Ad-
dresses, and Reviews," 1870, 2nd
edit. 1871; "Manual of the Anatomy
of Vertebrated Animals," 1871
Critiques and Addresses," 1873;
">
((
,,
HYACINTHE-IGNATIEFF.
"American Addresses, with a Lec-
ture on the Study of Biology," 1877;
and "Physiology: an Introduction
to the Study of Nature," 1877.
HYACINTHE, FATHER. (See
LOYSON.)
HYMERS, The REV. JOHN, D.D.,
F.R.S., born at Ormesby,in Cleveland,
July 26, 1803, was educated at St.
John's College, Cambridge, where he
graduated B.A. as second wrangler
in 1826, was elected Fellow and ap-
pointed Tutor of his College; and,
having been elected Lady Margaret's
Preacher in 1841, and discharged
several other university offices, was
appointed to the rectory of Brandes-
burton, Yorkshire, in 1852. Dr.
Hymers, who is a Fellow of the Royal
and Geological Societies, has written
several Cambridge text-books, includ-
ing "The Elements of the Theory of
Astronomy," "Treatise on the Theory
of Algebraical Equations," "Treatise
on Analytical Geometry of three Di-
""Treatise on Differential
Equations and the Calculus of Finite
Differences," "Treatise on Trigono-
metry, Plane and Spherical," "Trea-
tise on the Integral Calculus," and a
"Treatise on Conic Sections." He
published, in 1840, with notes and an
appendix, "Bishop Fisher's Funeral
Sermons on Lady Margaret and her
Son, Henry VII.”
I.
IBBETSON, SIR HENRY JOHN
SELWIN, Bart., M.P., only son of the
late Sir John Thomas Ibbetson-
Selwin, the sixth baronet, by Isabella,
daughter of the late General John
Leveson-Gower, was born Sept. 26,
1826, and received his academical
education at Cambridge, in St. John's
College. He twice contested Ipswich
in the Conservative interest, before
being returned for South Essex in
July, 1865, and after the county was
further divided by the second Reform
Act, he was elected in 1868 for the
western division of it, which he still
represents in the House of Commons.
553
He brought in and passed the Bills
dealing with the Licences for the sale
of Beer and Wine in 1869 and 1870.
Sir H. Selwin-Ibbetson was appointed
Under-Secretary of State for the
Home Department on Mr. Disraeli
taking office in the spring of 1874.
He was Chairman of the depart-
mental commission appointed in 1877
to inquire into the detective branch
of the metropolitan police. In April,
1878, he was appointed Secretary to
the Treasury. He assumed the name
of Ibbetson (which his father had
formerly borne) in addition to that of
Selwin in 1867.
IGNATIEFF, NICHOLAS PAVLO-
VITCH, a Russian general and diplo-
matist, born in 1832. He is the son
of a captain of infantry, who, at the
time of the military insurrection that
occurred at St. Petersburg in conse-
quence of the somewhat forcible ac-
cession of the Grand-Duke Nicholas.
to the throne of Russia in 1825, was
the first to pass over, with his com-
pany, to the side of the new Czar—a
defection which ensured the triumph
of the latter, and gained for Captain
Ignatieff and his family the powerful
protection of Nicholas I. The subject
of this notice had at the very outset
of his career the Emperor for his god-
father. He was educated at the
Corps des Pages, and, according to
custom, quitted that select establish-
ment for young aristocrats to enter
the Guard. At the commencement of
the Crimean war he served with his
regiment at Revel, in the Baltic pro-
vinces, under Count Berg, to whose
staff he was attached. Towards the
end of the war Ignatieff followed his
general to Finland. He then passed
from the military to the diplomatic
service, finding his point of transition
in the military attachéship to the
embassy at London.
His chief per-
formance in this capacity was a
report on England's military position
in India, which so pleased the Em-
peror that he summoned Captain
Ignatieff to Warsaw for a personal
interview. In 1858 Ignatieff, now a
colonel and aide-de-camp to the Em-
whe
:
-
554
INGELOW-INGLEBY.
peror, was sent on a special mission
to Khiva and Bokhara. He was
afterwards made a major-general in
the Imperial suite, and sent as pleni-
potentiary to Pekin (1860), where he
concluded a treaty by which the pro-
vince of Ussuri was ceded by China
to Russia. On his return to Russia
he was made Director of the Asiatic
Department in the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs. In 1864 he was ap-
pointed Minister at Constantinople,
where his legation was afterwards
(1867) raised to the rank of an em-
bassy. Apart from his rank as am-
bassador, he was a lieutenant-general,
and general aide-de-camp to the Em-
peror. The object which General
Ignatieff steadily pursued at Con-
stantinople was to secure for Russia a
powerful influence over Turkey. He
completely reassured the late Sultan
Abdul Aziz as to the intentions of the
Government of St. Petersburg, while
on the other hand he gained the good
will of the Christian subjects of the
Porte by his courteous behaviour and
his simulated anxiety to protect
them. In the negotiations between
the various European Powers prior
and subsequent to the war between
Russia and Turkey General Ignatieff
took a very prominent part. He was
recalled from the embassy at Con-
stantinople May 2, 1878, when
Prince Labanoff was sent there in his
place.
INGHAM, SIR JAMES TAYLOR, is
a younger son of the late Mr. Joshua
Ingham, of Blake Hall, in the West
Riding of Yorkshire, by Martha,
daughter of Mr. James Taylor, of
Halifax. He was born in 1805, and
educated at Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, where he graduated M.A. in
1832. He was called to the bar at
the Inner Temple in 1832, joined the
Northern Circuit, and practised at
the West Riding Sessions. In 1849
he was appointed one of the magis-
trates of the Thames Police Court,
whence he was subsequently trans-
ferred to the Hammersmith and
Wandsworth Police Courts. He suc-
ceeded the late Sir Thomas Henry as
Chief Magistrate of the police courts
in London in July, 1876, when he re-
ceived the honour of knighthood. He
married, in 1835, Gertrude, daughter
of the late Mr. James Penrose, of
Woodhill, co. Cork.
INGELOW, MISS JEAN, daughter
of Mr. William Ingelow, late of Ips-
wich, Suffolk, born about 1830, has
written a volume of stories, called
Tales of Orris," 1860, and the
"Round of Days," a volume of poems,
which has gone through several
editions both in England and the
United States. This authoress con-
tributed some poems to a collection
of original poetical pieces, entitled
"Home Thoughts and Home Scenes,"
1864; and has written for various
periodicals. She published "A Story
of Doom, and other Poems," 1867;
Mopsa the Fairy," 1869; "Little
Wonder-Horn," 1872; and "Off the
Skelligs," 4 vols., 1873.
.66
INGLEBY, CLEMENT MANSFIELD,
LL.D., metaphysician and critic, born
Oct. 29, 1823, at Edgbaston, Birming-
ham, being the only son of a most
eminent solicitor of that town; was
educated at Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, where he graduated B.A.,
with mathematical honours, in 1847;
M.A. in 1850; and LL.D. in 1859.
He was appointed to the chair of
Logic and Metaphysics at the Mid-
land Institute in 1855, which he re-
signed in 1858. Dr. Ingleby is a
vice-president of the Royal Society of
Literature, and a Trustee of Shake-
speare's Birthplace. He has contri-
buted to the Saturday and Fort-
nightly Reviews, the Parthenon, the
Academy, and many other periodicals.
He is the author of "Outlines of
Theoretical Logic," 1856; "The
Shakspere Fabrications," 1859; " A
Complete View of the Shakspere Con-
troversy," 1861; "The Still Lion,"
1867 and 1874;
1867 and 1874; "Was Thomas Lodge
an Actor?" 1867; "An Introduction
to Metaphysics," 1869; "The Re-
vival of Philosophy at Cambridge,"
1870 ; Shakespeare's Centurie of
Prayse," 1874; "Shakespeare Herme-
neutics," 1875; and "Shakespeare, the
,
(6
•
INGLEFIELD-INGRAM.
Man and the Book," 1877; and he has
edited several works for the New
Shakspere Society.
INGLEFIELD, VICE - ADMIRAL
SIR EDWARD AUGUSTUS, C.B.,
F.R.S., son of the late Admiral
Samuel Hood Inglefield, C.B., by
Priscilla Margaret, daughter of Ad-
miral Albany Otway, was born at
Cheltenham in 1820. He was edu-
cated at the Royal Naval College,
Portsmouth, and entered the Navy as
a first-class volunteer on board Her
Majesty's ship Etna in 1834. Having
seen some active service in several
ships on the South American and
West Indian stations, and in 1840
taken part in the operations on the
coast of Syria, where he formed one
of the storming party at the capture
of Sidon and assisted at the bombard-
ment of Acre, he was invested with
the rank of Lieutenant on the occa-
sion of Her Majesty visiting Scotland
in the Royal George yacht in 1842,
and afterwards acted as Flag-Lieu-
tenant to his father on the American
coast. There he was present at the
battle of the Parana, where the com-
bined fleets of England and France
effected the destruction of four heavy
batteries belonging to General Rosas
at Punta Obligado. He was conse-
quently confirmed in the rank of
Commander by commission, dated
Nov., 1845. He became Captain in
Oct., 1853, attained flag rank in 1869,
and was promoted to Vice-Admiral
in 1875. He commanded three Arctic
expeditions, and was knighted in 1877
for his Arctic services. He is a
Fellow of the Royal Society, and was
nominated a Companion of the Bath
(Military Division) in 1869. Sir E.
Inglefield is the author of " A Summer
Search for Sir John Franklin," and
of pamphlets on" Maritime Warfare,"
"Naval Tactics," and "Terrestrial
Magnetism."
INGLIS, THE RIGHT HON. JOHN,
of Glencorse, son of the Rev. Dr.
Inglis, minister of the old Greyfriars
Church, Edinburgh, born in 1810,
was educated at Glasgow and at
Balliol College, Oxford, where he
|
555
graduated B.A. in 1834; M.A. in
1837; and Hon. D.C.L. in
D.C.L. in 1859.
Having been called to the Scotch
bar in 1835, he rose rapidly in his
profession, was appointed Solicitor-
General for Scotland in Lord Derby's
first administration in 1852, and a
few months afterwards was made
Lord-Advocate, a post which he re-
sumed in Lord Derby's second ad-
ministration in 1858, in which
year he was raised to the bench as
Lord Justice Clerk of Scotland. He
represented Stamford from Feb. to
July, 1858, and was for many years
Dean of Faculty. In 1859 he was
sworn a member of the Privy Council,
and was made Lord Justice General
and President of the Court of Session
in Feb., 1867. He was installed as
Chancellor of the University of Edin-
burgh, April 12, 1869, and in the
same year he received from the
University of Glasgow the degree of
LL.D.
INGRAM, JOHN H., the represen-
tative of an ancient Scottish family,
long settled in England, was born in
London, Oct. 7, 1849, and was edu-
cated in England, France, and Ger-
many. In 1863 he published a small
volume of
volume of verse, since suppressed.
This was followed in 1868 by "Flora
Symbolica," a floral work, which has
passed through numerous editions.
In 1873 he commenced publishing
articles in English and ´American
periodicals calling attention to mis-
representations about Edgar Allan
Poe's life, eventually embodying the
result of his investigations in a
"Memoir of Poe," published in Oct.,
1874. This memoir created consider-
able excitement in the literary world,
and has generally been deemed to
have altered the previously prevalent
impression of Poe's character. It has
gone through several editions in Eng-
land and America; has been trans-
lated into German and Italian; and
French and Spanish versions of it are
now in course of publication. Mr.
Ingram has since written a revised
and abridged "Life of Poe," for the
Baltimore Poe Memorial volume,
·
556
IRONS-IRVING.
published in 1877. He now has two
books in the press; he is a frequent
contributor to many of the leading
reviews of Europe and America, and
occasionally lectures on behalf of
educational institutions. He holds an
appointment in the Civil Service.
IRONS. THE REV. WILLIAM
JOSIAH, D.D., born Sept. 12, 1812,
was educated at Queen's College,
Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in
1833. Having held a curacy and
afterwards an incumbency in the
southern suburbs of London, he was
appointed vicar of Barkway, Herts,
in 1838, and vicar of Brompton,
Middlesex, in 1842. He has written
"An Epitome of the Bampton Lec-
tures of Dr. Hampden; three
series of "Parochial Lectures," the
first on (4
Apostolical Succession,"
published in 1837; the second on
"The Holy Catholic Church," in
1838; and the third on "Ecclesias-
tical Jurisdiction," in 1847;
"The
Whole Doctrine of Final Causes; "
"A Reply to Dr. Newman on De-
velopment," and a large number of
sermons, prayers, and controversial
pamphlets. In 1860 Dr. Irons was
made Prebendary of St. Paul's, and
selected to write one of the replies
Essays and Reviews," in the
volume edited by the Bishop of Ox-
ford, and has since published two
volumes of sermons on the Parables
and Miracles, a work entitled "The
Bible and its Interpreters," and, a
volume of Hymns and Translations
from the Hebrew Psalms and the
Hymni Ecclesiæ, &c. In 1870 he
was appointed Bampton Lecturer by
the University of Oxford; rector of
the Crown living of Wadingham,
Lincolnshire, and rural dean. His
Bampton Lectures were published
under the title of "Christianity as
taught by St. Paul." In June, 1872,
he was presented by the Crown on
the recommendation of Mr. Gladstone
to the rectory of St. Mary, Woolnoth,
in the city of London. His latest
publications are a sermon on "In-
difference," preached in 1871; and
"Athanasius contra Mundum," 1872.
to 66
|
">
He is a member of the London School
Board for Marylebone.
IRVING, JOHN HENRY BRODRIBB,
actor, was born Feb. 6, 1838, at
Keinton, near Glastonbury, and edu-
cated at Dr. Pinches' school in George
Yard, Lombard Street, London. He
made his first appearance on the boards
of the Sunderland Theatre, Sept. 29,
1856, and came out next at Edin-
burgh, Feb. 9, 1857, remaining there
for rather more than two years and a
half. On Sept. 25, 1859, he appeared
at the Princess's Theatre, where he
remained about three months. About
this period he gave two dramatic
readings at Crosby Hall, on the plays
of "Virginius" and "The Lady of
Lyons." He proceeded in April,
1860, to Glasgow, the theatre of which
town was then under the manage-
ment of Edward Glover, and re-
mained there until the 29th of the
following September. After this he
went to Manchester Theatre Royal,
and continued to play there up to
April 1, 1865. It was in this year
that, in conjunction with Mr. Mac-
Cabe, he appeared in a performance
which was undertaken to expose the
so-called “
so-called "spiritual séances" of the
Davenport Brothers. On leaving
Manchester he took a farewell benefit
at the Free-Trade Hall. From Jan.,
1866, to July in that year he was
engaged at the Prince of Wales's
Theatre, Liverpool, and on July 30
was engaged to play with Miss Kate
Terry at Manchester by Mr. Dion
Boucicault in an original play of his,
entitled "Hunted Down." This led
to a London engagement, when he.
came out at the St. James's Theatre,
as Doricourt in the "Belle's Stra-
tagem." He next played, at this
theatre, the gambler Rawdon Scuda-
more, in "Hunted Down," and from
this time he became identified with
the portraiture of villainy in all its
forms, representing, among other cha-
racters, such personages as Bob
Gassett in "Dearer than Life,"
Compton Kerr in "Formosa," Red-
burn in "The Lancashire Lass,"
Robert Macaire, and Bill Sykes. As
ISABELLA II.
Harry Dornton in "The Road to
Ruin," Petruchio, Charles Surface,
Young Marlow, Captain Absolute,
and above all as Mr. Chevenix in
Byron's comedy of "Uncle Dick's
Darling," he proved himself a come-
dian of the highest class. In Dec.,
1867, he proceeded to the Queen's
Theatre, and subsequently acted
in the provinces from time to
time, as well as at various London
houses. In May, 1870, he trans-
ferred his services to the Vaude-
ville Theatre, where he appeared as
Digby Grant in Mr. Albery's comedy
of the "Two Roses," which character
he sustained for 300 consecutive
nights. His subsequent appearance,
Nov. 20, 1871, was at the Lyceum
Theatre, in the "Bells," founded on
MM. Erckmann-Chatrian's popular
novel of the " Polish Jew." He after-
wards represented the principal cha-
racters in Mr. Wills's dramas of
"Charles I." and ((
Eugene Aram"
(1873), and
"Richelieu" in Lord
Lytton's play. His representation of
"Hamlet" at the Lyceum Theatre
(Oct. 31, 1874) produced a great sen-
sation among the playgoing public,
and opinion was at first much divided
as to the merits of the performance,
but it is now generally admitted that
by his rendering of this and other
Shaksperian parts Mr. Irving has
placed himself at the head of English
tragedians. He appeared in "Mac-
beth Sept. 25, 1875, in "Othello "
in 1876, and next as Philip in Mr.
Tennyson's drama of "Queen Mary."
Afterwards Mr. Irving played his
Shaksperian parts in the provinces,
in Scotland, and in Ireland. At
Dublin his reception was most flatter-
ing, and on the last night of his en-
gagement there, when he played
Hamlet in compliance with a com-
mand from Trinity College the Duke
of Connaught and the Lord Lieu-
tenant, surrounded by a brilliant
company, were among the audience,
while the body of the theatre was
filled with graduates and undergra-
duates. In Jan., 1877, Mr. Irving
added to his Shaksperian repertory
>>
557
:
"The
by playing_"Richard III. at the
Lyceum. In May of the same year
he undertook the dual characters of
Lesurques and Dubosc in
Lyons Mail," and more recently (June
8, 1878) he played the title role in
"Vanderdecken,' a poetical drama
by Mr. Percy Fitzgerald and Mr. W.
G. Wills.
ISABELLA II. (MARIA ISABELLA
LOUISA) ex-Queen of Spain, was born
at Madrid, Oct. 30, 1830. Her father,
Ferdinand VII., had been induced, by
the influence of his wife, to issue the
Pragmatic Decree, revoking the Salic
law; and at his death, Sept. 29, 1833,
his eldest daughter, then a child, was
proclaimed Queen, under the regency
of her mother, Maria-Christina. This
event proved the signal for civil war-
fare, as the claims of the late king's
brother were warmly supported by
certain classes of the people. The
war of succession lasted seven years,
and the country was desolated by the
struggle between the contending Car-
list and Christina parties, until the
Cortes confirmed the claims of Isa-
bella by pronouncing sentence of
exile on Don Carlos and his adherents.
In 1840, the Queen-regnant, finding it
impossible to carry on the government
without making concessions to public
feeling for which she was indisposed,
retired to France, resigning her power
into the hands of Espartero, whom
she had been previously compelled
to summon to the head of affairs.
For the following three years, whilst
that constitutional leader was able in
great measure to direct her educa-
tion and training, the young Queen
was subjected to purer and better
influences than she had before ex-
perienced. She was declared by a
decree of the Cortes to have attained
her majority, Oct. 15, 1843, and took
her place among the reigning sove-
reigns of Europe. Maria-Christina
returned to Madrid in 1845, and her
restoration to influence was marked
by the marriage of Isabella II. to her
cousin, Don Francisco d'Assisi, the
elder son of her maternal uncle, Don
Francisco de Paula, which took place
ISBISTER.
558
|
Oct. 10, 1846. Sacrificed to the in-
trigues of a party whose interests
were based on this uncongenial union,
Isabella II. never knew the beneficial
influence of domestic happiness,
estrangements and reconciliations
having succeeded each other alter-
nately in her married life. It deserves
special mention, however, that during
her reign Spain rose to take rank
among the great powers of Europe,
while the internal progress of the
country advanced with rapid strides.
On Sept. 16, 1868, a great revolution
broke out in Spain, commencing with
the fleet off Cadiz, and gradually
spreading over the whole peninsula.
The speedy result was the formation
of a Republican Provisional Govern-
ment under Prim, Serrano, and others,
at Madrid, and the flight of Queen
Isabella to France. On Nov. 6 her
Majesty took up her residence in
Paris, where she remained during her
exile, with the exception of an in-
terval spent at Geneva during the
Franco-Prussian war. On June 25,
1870, she renounced her claims to the
Spanish throne in favour of her eldest
son, the Prince of the Asturias. (See
ALFONSO XII.) After eight years of
exile she returned to Spain, and was
received at Santander by her son,
King Alfonso XII. (July 29, 1876).
On the eve of her departure she ad-
dressed the following letter to Mar-
shal MacMahon :-" Paris, July 27.-
Before leaving beautiful and hospit-
able France, the cradle of my family,
and where during eight years I have
constantly received marks of conside-
ration and respect, I feel it a duty in
gratitude, not being able to thank all
the French individually, to address
myself to him who presides over the
destinies of the generous people whose
prosperity so much interests me and
my children. You know my feelings,
and you can have no doubt as to the
recollection I bear with me of this
dear country, the refuge of the
Spanish Monarchy during days of
cruel revolution. I am returning to
my country to join my children, but
I retain here the house in which I
have spent happy years. In future I
shall share my days between our two
countries. I beg you, M. le Prési-
dent, to communicate to France,
through the Journal Officiel, this sin-
cere expression of my gratitude, and
you, my dear Marshal, believe me ever
yours sincerely, ISABELLE DE BOUR-
BON." Queen Isabella has five chil-
Marie - Isabel ·
dren :-I. Infanta
Françoise - d'Assise - Christine - de
Paule-Dominga, born Dec. 20, 1851.
2. Alfonso XII., King of Spain. 3.
Infanta Marie del Pilar, born June 4,
1861. 4. Infanta Maria della Paz,
born June 23, 1862; and 5. Infanta
Maria Eulalie, born Feb. 12, 1864.
-
ISBISTER, ALEXANDER KEN-
NEDY, M.A., LL.B., was born in
Canada in 1823. He received his
education at the University of Edin-
burgh, where he graduated as M.A.,
afterwards proceeding to the Univer-
sity of London, where he took the
degree of LL.B., having, in the mean-
time, entered himself as a student of
the Middle Temple, where he was in
due time called to the bar. He filled,
for some time, the position of Head-
Master of the Stationers' Company's
Grammar School, London, and has
been for several years editor of the
Educational Times. He has published
numerous educational works which
have been extensively adopted as
text-books in the principal schools of
the country, and in 1872 was elected
Dean of the College of Preceptors.
Having been appointed in 1849
Standing Counsel and Agent of the
Red River Colony, at that time
struggling to emancipate itself from
the Government of the Hudson's
Bay Company, he devoted himself
to the task of breaking up the mono-
poly of that company, which had be-
come an obstacle to the advance of
settlement in North West America,
and annexing the territories held by
them under their charter to the
Government of Canada. His corre-
spondence with the Colonial Office on
this subject extends over several
years, and fills more than one Blue-
Book. With the assistance of Mr.
ISMAIL-PASHA.
559
port his views, he obtained the ap-
pointment, in 1856, of a Committee
of the House of Commons to investi-
gate the whole subject, and the re-
sult, after some years of further
correspondence and negotiation be-
tween the Imperial Government, the
Government of Canada, and the
Hudson's Bay Company was that,
for a consideration of £300,000, the
Company surrendered all their rights
of territory, exclusive trade, and
jurisdiction in North America. This
surrender paved the way to the an-
nexation of British Columbia and
Vancouver's Island, and for the sub-
sequent Confederation of all the
British North American Colonies
under one government, under the
title of the Dominion of Canada.
Gladstone, the late Duke of New- ing completion, he visited most of the
castle and other members of Parlia- capitals of Europe, including London,
ment, whom he had induced to sup-in order to invite the Sovereigns to
be present at the opening of the
canal. The Viceroy gave serious
offence to the Sultan by the airs of
sovereignty he assumed during this
journey, and by the language of in-
dependence which he employed in
his invitations; but the year in which
the quarrel arose saw its amicable
termination. The Khedive gave way
upon the matters of form, which were
those upon which the Porte laid the
most stress, and a new firman, main-
taining, confirming, and defining the
privileges of the Pasha, was read to
him with all due formality. How-
ever, on June 8, 1873, a firman was
granted by the Sultan to the Khedive
of Egypt, sanctioning the full auto-
nomy of that country, and enacting
the law of primogeniture in favour of
Ismail-Pasha's family. The attempt
to Europeanize the country entailed
a vast expenditure, and Egypt ac-
quired a national debt of more than
£80,000,000. In 1875 the Khedive
procured a temporary respite from his
difficulties by the sale of his shares
in the Suez Canal to the British Go-
vernment for the sum of £4,000,000 ;
and then, being at last aware of the
critical state of his finances, and of
the incompetence of Orientals to
mend it, His Highness requested the
British Government to provide him
with some experienced financier to
effect a thorough reform. In Dec.,
1875, Mr. Stephen Cave, M.P., ac-
companied by Colonel Stokes, R.E.,
was sent out, and after some months'
examination, wrote an elaborate
report on the Egyptian finances.
Afterwards, however, Egyptian credit.
fell still lower, till in 1876 the Khe-
dive suspended payment for a time.
In that year Mr. Goschen, M.P., and
M. Joubert were sent out as the
representatives of the English and
French bondholders to attempt an
adjustment of the financial affairs of
Egypt. The result was a scheme
which was accepted by the Khedive.
Mr. Rivers Wilson having been more
|
ISMAIL-PASHA, Viceroy or
Khedive of Egypt, son of Ibrahim
Pasha, and grandson of the celebrated
Mehemet Ali, was born at Cairo in
1830, and succeeded his brother Said
Pasha, Jan. 18, 1863. He was edu-
cated in Paris, and on his return to
Egypt, in 1849, he opposed the policy
of Abbas Pasha, the Viceroy, who, as
it was supposed for political pur-
poses, made, in 1853, a criminal
charge against him, which was not,
however, proceeded with. In 1855
he visited France on a confidential
mission, and proceeded thence to
Rome, where he conveyed some
magnificent Oriental presents for the
Pope's acceptance. The present
Viceroy's policy in Egypt is said to
be in accordance with that of his
predecessor, namely, the development
of the resources of his country; but
he had much trouble in his transac-
tions with M. Lesseps in relation to
the Suez Canal. These difficulties
were, however, arranged in July,
1864, by the arbitration of the Em-
peror Napoleon, whose decision was
accepted by the Viceroy. From this
period the Viceroy took a warm in-
terest in the undertaking, and in
1869, when the works were approach-
560
ISRAELS-ISTRIA.
| States, where he acquired a consider-
able reputation as a journalist. He
was for several years foreign editor of
the New York World.
recently charged with a similar mis-
sion, induced the Khedive to give up
his family estates to his creditors,
and Mr. Wilson himself accepted the
post of Egyptian Minister of Finance
(Aug., 1878). The report of the
Commission of Inquiry was presented
to the Khedive Aug. 20, 1878. It
proposed a number of specific finan-
cial and administrative reforms, all
of which tended to limit the authority
of the Khedive, and it plainly called
upon him to surrender all his pro-
perty, estimated by him, exclusive
of the sugar estates previously sur-
rendered to the Daira Debt, at about
£450,000 per annum. The Khedive
was to receive, in exchange for this
surrender to the State, an acceptance
of all his liabilities by the Public
Treasury, and a Civil List for himself
and family.
|
ISRAELS, JOSEF, a Dutch painter,
born at Groningen in 1824. He
studied at Amsterdam, under Kruse-
man, and next at Paris, under Picot;
and received gold medals of honour
at Paris, Brussels, and Rotterdam. He
also had conferred upon him the
Belgian Order of Leopold, and was
nominated a member of the French
Legion of Honour. His principal
paintings are," The Tranquil House"
(in the possession of M. de Broucker,
Brussels); "The Shipwrecked" and
"The Cradle" (both in the posses
(both in the posses-
sion of Mr. Arthur Lewis, London);
“Interior of the Orphans' Home at
Katwyk ;""The True Support" (in
the possession of the Count de Flan-
dres); The Mother" (in the posses-
sion of Mr. Forbes, London); and
"The Children of the Sea" (in the
Queen of Holland's collection). In
1873 he exhibited at the French
Gallery in Pall Mall, "Minding the
Flock," thus adding another to that
long list of pictures in which he has
recorded the sadder aspects of humble
life, whether in its affections, its be-
reavements, or its labours. Mr. Israels
has resided in Amsterdam for many
years. His brother, Mr. Lehman
Israels, born at Groningen in 1833,
went at an early age to the United
|
ISTRIA, THE PRINCESS Dora, d',
the literary pseudonym of the Prin-
cess Helen Ghika, one of the daugh-
ters of Prince Michael Ghika, and
niece of Prince Gregory IV., who was
the first to spread among the people
of Wallachia the liberal institutions
of civilisation. She was born at Bu-
charest in 1829, and was married in
1849 to the Russian Prince Koltzoff-
Massalsky. Disliking the absolutist
system of Government in Russia, she
quitted that country in 1855. She
spent five years in Belgium and
Switzerland, carefully studying the
customs and laws, and, having made
a tour through Greece, she went to
Italy in 1861. At this perio
Garibaldi addressed to her a letter,
requesting her to exert her influence
over the Roumanians, to induce
them to rise in rebellion against
Austria. The Princess, who resides
in Florence, is said to be thoroughly
acquainted with the Italian, German,
French, Roumanian, Greek, Latin,
Russian, and Albanian languages, has
written much on the essential and
vital questions affecting the political
and social future of the Greeks, the
Albanians, and the Slavs of Northern
Europe. She is an enthusiastic ad-
vocate of "Women's Rights," and an
indefatigable champion of oppressed
nationalities. Since 1850 she has
been a contributor to the Revue des
Deux Mondes, and she has written.
many articles in the French, Belgian.
Greck, German, Italian, English, and
American journals. Among her works
are : "La Vie Monastique dans
l'Eglise Orientale," Brussels, 1855,
2nd edit., Paris and Geneva, 1858;
"La Suisse Allemande et l'Ascension
du Mönch," 4 vols., Paris and Geneva,
1856, translated into English and
German; "Les Femmes en Orient,'
2 vols., Zurich, 1858; "Excursions
en Roumélie et en Morée, 2 vols.,
Zurich, 1863; "Des Femmes, par
une Femme," 2 vols., Paris and Brus-
·
sels, 1865; "La Nazionalità Albanese
secondo i canti popolari," Cosenza,
1867: "Discours sur Marco Polo,"
Trieste, 1869; "Venise en 1867,"
Leipsic, 1870; "Gli Albanesi in Ru-
menia, a history of the Princes
Ghika in the seventeeth, eighteenth,
and nineteenth centuries, published
in the Rivista Europea, 1871-73;
"Eleonora de Hallingen," and "Ghiz-
laine," two novels, 1871; "La Pöesie
"La Poesie
des Ottomans," 2nd edit., Paris,
1877; and "The Condition of Wo-
men among the Southern Slavs,"
1878. A detailed list of her works is
given in the "Bibliografia della Princi-
pessa Dora d'Istria," 6th edit., Flo-
rence, 1873.
""
JACKSON.
ITALY, KING OF. (See HUM-
BERT IV.)
J.
JACKSON, THE RIGHT REV.
JOHN, D.D., Bishop of London, son of
Henry Jackson, Esq., merchant, of
London, born Feb. 22, 1811, was edu-
cated at Reading School under Dr.
Valpy, whence he proceeded to Pem-
broke College, Oxford, where he gra-
duated in 1833, taking first-class
honours, and gained the Denyer
Theological Prize. From 1836 till
1846 he was Head-Master of the Pro-
prietary School at Islington, and
during part of that time Incumbent
of St. James's, Muswell Hill, in the
parish of Hornsey. He was appointed
Rector of St. James's, Piccadilly, in
1846, Chaplain to the Queen in 1847,
and Canon of Bristol in 1852; was a
Select Preacher before the University
of Oxford in 1845, 1850, 1862, and
1866; preached the Boyle Lectures
in London in 1853, and on the death
of Dr. Kaye, in that year, was made
Bishop of Lincoln. On Jan. 4, 1869,
he was translated to the see of Lon-
don, in succession to Dr. Tait, who
had been raised to the Primacy. Dr.
Jackson is the author of some ser-
mons and charges; and of a popular
pamphlet entitled "The Sinfulness of
Little Sins."
561
JACKSON, THE REV. THOMAS,
M.A., born at Preston in 1812, was
educated at St. Mary Hall, Oxford,
where he graduated B.A. in 1834.
Having held some parochial cures
and educational appointments, he
succeeded Sir James Kay Shuttle-
worth as Principal of the Normal
College at Battersea, and shortly after
was preferred by Dr. Blomfield, late
Bishop of London, to a prebendal
stall in St. Paul's Cathedral. He
was nominated in 1849 to a bishopric
in New Zealand, and proceeded
thither with the intention of being
consecrated by Bishop Selwyn, but
difficulties arose, and Mr. Jackson
returned to England; shortly after
which he was preferred to the rectory
of St. Mary, Stoke Newington, where
he has been instrumental in building
one of the most splendid churches in
the metropolis. He has written "A
Manual of Logic;" "Examination
Questions and Papers for Theological
Students;" "Questions on Adams's
Roman Antiquities;" "Questions on
Ancient Geography;"
"Sermons
preached chiefly on Public Occa-
sions;" "The Mourning Mother Com-
forted," being passages in prose and
verse on the death of children; "Our
Dumb Companions, or Conversations
of a Father with his Children on
Horses and Donkeys, Dogs and Cats,"
"Our Dumb Neighbours,'
""Our Fea-
thered Companions," and "The Nar-
rative of the Fire of London, freely
handled on the principles of modern
Rationalism, by Pieter Maritzburg.
With an introductory Essay on the
use of Irony, and some account of
Ironical publications." He has con-
tributed biographical articles to se-
rial publications, and was for some
time editor of The English Journal
of Education.
JACKSON, THE RIGHT REV. WIL-
LIAM WALROND, D.D., Bishop of
Antigua, born in Barbadoes, about
1810, received his education at Cod-
rington College, Barbadoes, of which
he was a Licentiate in Theology. He
was formerly Chaplain to the Forces
in Barbadoes, and was consecrated
0 0
JACOB-JAMES.
|
Bishop of Antigua in 1860. His epis-
copal jurisdiction includes the islands
of Antigua, Nevis, St. Christopher,
Montserrat, the Virgin Islands, and
Dominica; and the gross income of
the see is £2000, paid out of the Con-
solidated Fund.
1842 till 1848, when, having been no-
minated Regius Professor of Divinity
(an office to which is attached a
canonry in Christ Church Cathedral
and the Rectory of Ewelme, Oxon.),
he was created D.D. by decree of
Convocation. Both before and after
that date he has held the office of
Select Preacher to the University,
viz., in 1833, 1842, and 1869. He was
one of the Royal Commissioners ap-
pointed in 1864 to consider the terms
of Clerical Subscription. In the fol-
lowing year Dr. Jacobson displayed
great zeal as Chairman of the Oxford
committee for promoting the re-elec-
tion of Mr. Gladstone for the Univer-
sity. Almost immediately afterwards
Dr. Graham, Bishop of Chester, died,
and Dr. Jacobson was nominated by
the Crown to the vacant see, being
consecrated in York Minster, Aug. 24,
1865.
1865. On the death of Dr. Wigram,
Bishop of Rochester, in April, 1867,
he obtained a seat in the House of
Lords. In 1874 he was elected an
honorary Fellow of Hertford College,
Oxford. Dr. Jacobson has edited the
"Catechismus, sive Prima Institutio"
of Dean Nowell, 1835 and 1844 ; “ S.
Clementis Romani, S. Ignatii, S. Poly-
carpi, Patrum Apostolicorum, quæ
supersunt," 2 vols., 1838, reprinted,
1840, 1847, and 1863; "The Oxford
Paraphrase and Annotations upon all
the Epistles of St. Paul," 1852; "The
Collected Works of Bishop Sander-
son," 6 vols., 1854; and "Fragmen-
tary Illustrations of the History of
the Book of Common Prayer, from
MS. Sources (Bishops Sanderson
and Wren), 1874. He has also pub-
lished "Sermons preached in the Pa-
rish Church of Iffley, Oxon,” 1840,
2nd edit., 1846; "On the Athanasian
Creed," a Speech delivered in the
Convocation of York, 1872; and a
number of Charges and single Ser-
mons. He is a contributor to "The
Speaker's Commentary." He mar-
ried, in 1836, the youngest daughter
of the late Mr. Dawson Turner, the
well-known antiquary of Great Yar-
mouth.
JAMES, SIR HENRY, Q.C.. M.P.,
562
JACOB, THE REV. GEORGE AN-
DREW, D.D., born at Exmouth, Dec.
16, 1807, was educated at the Gram-
mar School, Exeter, and at Oxford,
where he took a first-class in classics
in 1829. He was appointed Head-
Master of the Grammar School of
King Edward VI., Bromsgrove, in
1832; to the Principalship of the Col-
legiate School, Sheffield, in 1843; and
to the Head-Mastership of Christ's
Hospital, London, in 1853, which he
resigned in Oct., 1868. Dr. Jacob
has written "A Letter to Sir R. Peel
on National Education," 1839; "Ser-
mons preached before the University
of Oxford as Select Preacher," 1855;
Greek and Latin Grammars; and a
course of lectures, entitled "The
Ecclesiastical Polity of the New
Testament, a Study for the Church of
England," 1871.
|
JACOBSON, THE RIGHT REV.
WILLIAM, D.D., Bishop of Chester,
son of Mr. William Jacobson by his
marriage with Miss Judith Clarke,
was born at Great Yarmouth, Nor-
folk, in 1803, and received his educa-
tion at the Dissenting College at Ho-
merton, Middlesex, and afterwards at
Lincoln College, Oxford, where he
graduated B.A. in 1827, taking a se-
cond class in classics. He gained the
Ellerton theological prize in 1829, by
an essay on the following subject :—
"What were the causes of the Perse-
cution to which the Christians were
subject in the first centuries of Chris-
tianity?" In the same year he pro-
ceeded to the degree of M.A., and was
elected to a Fellowship at Exeter
College. He was curate of St. Mary
Magdalen, Oxford, from 1830 till
1832, and he held the Vice-Principal-
ship of Magdalen Hall from the latter
date till 1848. He was also perpe-
tual curate of Iffley in 1839-40, and
Public Orator of the University from
">
JAMES-JEAFFRESON.
son of Philip Turner James, Esq., of
Hereford, by Frances Gertrude, third
daughter of John Bodenham, Esq., of
Presteign, Radnorshire, was born at
Hereford, Oct. 30, 1828, and received
his education at Cheltenham College.
He was called to the bar in the Middle
Temple in 1852, and went the Oxford
Circuit. He had already distinguished
himself in the legal profession, hav-
ing been Lecturer's Prizeman at the
Inner Temple in 1850, and again in
1851. Mr. James was nominated to
the ancient office of "postman" of
the Court of Exchequer in 1867; was
made a Queen's Counsel in June,
1869; and became a bencher of his
Inn in 1870. In March, 1869, he ob-
tained a seat in the House of Com-
mons as one of the members for
Taunton, unseating, on a scrutiny, his
opponent, Mr. Serjeant Cox, who had
been returned at the general election
of the previous December. Sir Henry
James still represents that borough
in the Liberal interest. During the
session of 1872 he took a prominent
part in the debates on the Judicature
Bill. In Sept., 1873, Mr. Gladstone
appointed him Solicitor-General in
succession to Sir George Jessel, and
in November of that year he became
he became
Attorney-General, and received the
honour of knighthood. He went out
of office with the Liberal party in
Feb., 1874.
JAMES, THE RIGHT HON. SIR
WILLIAM MILBOURNE, son of Mr.
Christopher James, of Swansea, born
in 1807, received his academical edu-
cation at Glasgow, was called to the
bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1831, and
appointed one of Her Majesty's Coun-
sel in 1853. He held the office of
Vice-Chancellor of the County Pala-
tine of Lancaster from 1853 to Jan.,
1869, when he was appointed one of
the Vice-Chancellors of England,
being knighted on the 4th of the
following month. In June, 1870, he
was nominated one of the Lords Jus-
tices of the Court of Appeal in Chan-
cery, and sworn of the Privy Council.
JAPAN, TYCOON OF. (See STOTS
BASHI.)
563
JARRETT, THE REV. THOMAS,
M.A., born about 1805, graduated B.A.
at St. Catherine's Hall, Cambridge,
in 1827, as a wrangler, and first class
in classical honours, and was elected
Fellow. He was appointed by his
college to the rectory of Trunch, Nor-
folk, in 1832; became Professor of
Arabic at Cambridge in 1831; and
succeeded Dr. Mill, in 1854, as Regius
Professor of Hebrew, a post to which
a canonry in Ely cathedral is attached.
Professor Jarrett has published "A
Grammatical Index to the Hebrew
text of the Book of Genesis ; "A
New Hebrew Lexicon ;" an "Essay
on Algebraic Development;"
"A
New Way of Marking the Sounds of
English Words;" and "The Gospels
and Acts of the Apostles," so printed
as to show the sound of each word
without change of spelling, 1854; an
edition of Virgil, 1866; and " Nalo-
pákhyanam, or the Tale of Nala, con-
taining the Sanscrit text in Roman
characters, followed by a Vocabulary
and a Sketch of Sanscrit Grammar,"
1875.
""
JEAFFRESON, JOHN CORDY, is
a member of an East Anglian family,
which has been seated for more than
two centuries at Dullingham House,
Cambridgeshire. He was born on
Jan. 14, 1831, at Framlingham, Suf-
folk, where his father, William Jeaf-
freson, F.R.C.S. (known in the medi-
cal profession as the originator and
first performer of the minor opera-
tion for ovarian dropsy), was an
eminent surgical operator. Having
received his early education, first at
the Woodbridge Grammar School, and
afterwards at the Botesdale Grammar
School, he studied medicine for some
years, till changing his plan of life,
he matriculated at Pembroke College,
Oxford, where he became a writer in
magazines and newspapers, whilst
still an undergraduate. Having taken
his B. A. degree in 1852, he relin-
quished from conscientious scruples
his purpose of entering the clerical
profession, and became a law student
at Lincoln's Inn, where he was called
to the bar in 1859. His first novel,
0 0 2
564
JEBB-JEFFERSON.
|
""
write the story of his life, in conjunc-
tion with Professor Pole, C.E., who
contributed the scientific appendix to
the "Life of Robert Stephenson," 1864.
A contributor in past times to Fraser's
Magazine, the Dublin University
Magazine, Temple Bar, and other pe-
riodical publications, Mr. Jeaffreson
has also been a copious contributor
to the Athenæum, and a diligent
writer on the daily press of London.
The annual Blue Book Reports of Her
Majesty's Commission on Historical
Manuscripts show that, as one of their
Inspectors of Records and Documents,
Mr. Jeaffreson has of late years spent
much time in the examination of
ancient writings in different parts of
the kingdom, and has done much
service to literature in collecting ma-
terials for future historians.
|
"Crewe Rise," was published in 1854,
and has been followed by "Isabel,
the Young Wife and the Old Love,"
1856 ; "Miriam Copley," 1859;
"Olive Blake's Good Work," 1862;
"Sir Everard's Daughter,'
1863;
"Live It Down," 1863; "Not Dead
Yet," 1864 ; " A Noble Woman," 1868;
"A Woman in Spite of Herself," 1872;
and "Lottie Darling," 1873. In con-
nection with these works of fiction
mention may be made of their author's
history of the literature of prose fic-
tion in England, entitled "Novels
and Novelists from Elizabeth to Vic-
toria," 1858. Mr. Jeaffreson's prin-
cipal contributions to the social his-
tory of England are his three well-
known books on the three learned
professions, "A Book about Doctors,"
1860; "A Book about Lawyers,"
1866; "A Book about the Clergy,"
1870; the "Annals of Oxford," 1871,
which greatly disturbed academic
circles by ridiculing the mythical ex-
aggerations of the antiquity of the
university, and by insisting that the
proud seat of learning had its origin
in a mere guild of schoolmasters for
boys; "Brides and Bridals," 1872,
a history of marriage in England;
"A Book about the Table," 1874,
which exhibits the origin of our chief
festive usages, and shows how largely
modern cookery is indebted to the
culinary practice of ancient Rome;
and "A Young Squire of the Seven-
teenth Century," 1877, containing
selections from the papers (A.D. 1676
—A.D. 1686) of the author's ancestor,
Christopher Jeaffreson, of Dulling-
ham House, Cambridgeshire, that
afford much curious information re-
specting English life in the seven-
teenth century, the early colonization
of English America, and the first set-
tlement of our West Indian depen-
dencies, the oldest of which (St.
Kitts) was planted by Colonel John
Jeaffreson and his comrade Sir
Thomas Warner in the reign of
James the First. Shortly after the
death of Robert Stephenson, C.E.,
Mr. Jeaffreson was retained by the
great engineer's representatives to
|
JEBB, THE REV. JOHN, D.D., ne-
phew of the late Dr. Jebb, some time
Bishop of Limerick, born in Dublin in
1805, was educated at Winchester,
and Trinity College, Dublin. Having
held a rectory and a prebendal stall.
in the diocese of Limerick, in 1843 he
was presented to the rectory of Peter-
stow, Herefordshire, was in 1860 ap-
pointed a Prebendary, and in 1870,
a Canon Residentiary of Hereford
Cathedral. He has written "The
Divine Economy of the Church;
"The Choral Service of the Church
of England;" has edited the "Choral
Responses and Litanies of the
Church," with preface; has also
written," Six Letters on the Present
State of the Church;" "Lectures on
the Cathedral Service;" "A New
Translation of the Book of Psalms,.
with Dissertations;" and has pub-
lished several single sermons. He is
now a Proctor in Convocation for the
clergy of Hereford.
1*
JEFFERSON, JOSEPH, actor, born
in Philadelphia, Feb. 20, 1829. His.
grandfather, of the same names, was
a celebrated actor, a native of Eng-
land, who went out to the United
States in 1795. His mother, Mrs.
Burke, was a celebrated vocalist. He
appeared on the stage at a very early
age, and soon rose to the front place
•
JELLETT-JENKINS.
|
as a comedian, and his merits are
recognized in both England and Ame-
rica. His range of characters is very
wide, covering almost the entire
field of comedy and farce, without
degenerating into burlesque. His
delineations are marked by extreme
truth to nature. His most famous
rôle is that of Rip Van Winkle in Mr.
Dion Boucicault's play of that name,
founded upon the story by Washing-
ton Irving; a character which Mr.
Jefferson may be said to have created,
as well as to have made his own.
Besides playing in every city in the
United States, he has made profes-
sional visits to England and Australia.
For a year or two, owing to an affec-
tion of the eyes, his appearances upon
the stage have been frequently inter-
rupted. He is the owner of a sugar
plantation in Louisiana, where he
usually spends his winters, when not
professionally engaged; and also has
a fine farm in New Jersey, a few
miles from New York. His son
Joseph Jefferson, jun., is also an actor
of decided ability.
JELLETT, THE REV. JOHN
HEWITT, B.D., born at Cashel, Ire-
land, Dec. 25, 1817, received his educa-
tion at Trinity College, Dublin, of
which he was elected a Fellow in
1840. He was appointed Professor
of Natural Philosophy in the Uni-
versity of Dublin in 1848; a Com-
missioner of National Education in
1868; and President of the Royal
Irish Academy in 1869. Mr. Jellett,
who is one of the ablest mathema-
ticians of the day, has written a
"Treatise on the Calculus of Varia-
tions," published at Dublin in 1850;
besides various papers on Pure and
Applied Mathematics, and Experi-
mental Optics, with their application
to chemistry, published in the Trans-
actions and Proceedings of the Royal
Irish Academy, Lionville, Journal de
Mathématiques, and the Proceedings
of the British Association; also a
"Treatise on the Theory of Friction,"
Essay on some of the Moral
Difficulties of the Old Testament,"
Dublin, 1867; and various sermons.
**
an
565
JENKINS, EDWARD, M.P., born in
1838, at Bangalore, India, is a son
of the Rev. Dr. Jenkins, of St.
Paul's Presbyterian Church, Mon-
treal, Canada. He was educated at
the High School and M'Gill College,
Montreal, and in the University of
Pennsylvania. He was called to the
bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1864 ; and
practised with success up to 1872-3,
when he entered
when he entered upon politics; was
appointed Agent General for Canada
in Feb., 1874, resigning in Jan., 1876,
on the Canadian Government deciding
to reduce the office to an emigration
agency; and was elected member of
Parliament for Dundee Feb., 1874,
while absent in Canada. Mr. Jenkins is
an advanced Liberal, chiefly on social
questions; an Anti-Republican; and is
in favour of Imperial unity as against
the Anti-Colonial party. He is the
author of "Ginx's Baby," "Lord Ban-
tam, ""The Coolie," "Little Hodge,"
"The Devil's Chain," "Lutchmee
and Dilloo,' "The Captain's Cabin,"
"Fatal Days," 1874, and of several
political essays. Mr. Jenkins pro-
ceeded to British Guiana in 1870 on
the part of the Aborigines' Protection
Society in order to watch the pro-
ceedings of the Royal Commission
appointed to investigate and report
on the condition of the Coolies. He
was associated with Sir George Grey,
Mr. Torrens, and others in the Emi-
gration and Colonial movement. He
is a member of the Royal Commission
on Copyrights. He has never written
for the press, but has been an occa-
sional contributor to Fraser, the Con-
temporary, and other reviews.
**
JENKINS, JOSEPH JOHN, painter
in water-colours, born in London in
1811, was instructed by his father in
portrait engraving, which he was
compelled to relinquish in 1839 on
account of a chest complaint. He was
then employed in designing for illus-
trated books, and in 1842 joined the
new Society of Painters in Water-
colours, and sent pictures to its exhi-
bitions for several seasons. In conse-
quence of some disagreement respect-
ing the management, Mr. Jenkins
•
566
"" (C
19
and several members withdrew from
the Society. In 1846 he visited
France, remained some time in Lower
Brittany, and on his return to Eng-
land produced "Going with the
Stream," and its companion picture,
Going against the Stream," which
were engraved, and had a large sale
in France and Germany as well as in
this country. They were followed by
"Both Sides of the Channel; ""The
Happy Time
Sleeping Com-
panions; ""Come Along;
"Hopes
and Fears;" and "In Sight of Home."
Mr. Jenkins was elected an associate
of the Old Society of Painters in
Water-colours in 1849, a member in
1850, and in 1853 secretary, which
office he resigned in 1863. For many
years this artist was known as an
exhibitor of subjects relating to the
peasant life of our continental neigh-
bours, but latterly he has devoted his
attention to English landscape and
scenery. Among his more recent
works are "Studies in Knole Park;
Among the Yorkshire Becks;
Cheddingfold, Surrey: "On the
Thames at Mill End; and "War-
grave."
66
·
JENNER-JERMYN.
;)
""
""
JENNER, THE RIGHT REV. HENRY
LASCELLES, D.D., son of the late Sir
Herbert Jenner Fust, born at Chisle-
hurst, Kent, in 1820, was educated at
Harrow School, whence he proceeded
to Trinity Hall, Cambridge, of which
his father was master. He graduated
LL.B. in 1841, and was created D.D.
in 1867. He was presented to the
vicarage of Preston-next-Wingham,
near Sandwich, in 1854, and was con-
secrated the first Bishop of Dunedin,
New Zealand, in 1866, but he re-
turned to his living at Preston in
1870, and finally resigned his bishop-
ric in 1871.
JENNER, SIR WILLIAM, Bart.,
K.C.B., M.D., F.R.S., born at Chat-
ham in 1815, was educated at Univer-
sity College, London, and commenced
his professional career as a general
practitioner, his first public appoint-
ment being that of Surgeon-Accouch-
eur to the Royal Maternity Charity.
He graduated M.D., London, in 1844, |
when he retired from general practice.
In 1848 he became a Member of the
Royal College of Physicians, and in
the same year was appointed Pro-
fessor of Pathological Anatomy in
University College, and Assistant-
Physician to University College Hos-
pital. He was elected Fellow of the
Royal College of Physicians, and ap-
pointed to deliver the Gulstonian
Lectures before the College in 1852,
was nominated Physician to the
Hospital for Sick Children on its es-
tablishment in that year, Assistant-
Physician to the London Fever Hos-
pital in 1853, Physician to the Uni-
versity College Hospital in 1854, and
Professor of Clinical Medicine in
1857. On the death of the lamented
Dr. Baly, in 1861, Dr. Jenner was ap-
pointed to succeed him as Physician
Extraordinary to the Queen, and in
1862 was gazetted Physician in Ordi-
nary to her Majesty. In 1862 he
became Professor of the Principles
and Practice of Medicine at Uni-
versity College, and, in 1863, Phy-
sician in Ordinary to the Prince of
Wales. On his appointment as Phy-
sician to the Queen, he resigned his
connection with the London Fever
Hospital, and in 1862 resigned the
post of Physician to the Hospital for
Sick Children. In 1864 he was
elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.
He has written several series of
papers on Fever, the acute Specific
Diseases, Diphtheria, Diseases of
Children, Diseases of the Heart,
Lungs, Skin, &c. Dr. Jenner was one
of the physicians who attended the
late Prince Consort in his last illness.
He is well known, not only to the
profession, but to the public at large,
as having been the first to establish
beyond dispute the difference in kind
between typhus and typhoid fevers.
He was created a baronet in 1868,
and made a K.C.B. Jan. 20, 1872, in
recognition of services rendered
during the severe illness of the Prince
of Wales.
JERMYN, THE RIGHT REV. HUGH
WILLOUGHBY, D.D., Bishop of Bre-
chin, was educated at Trinity Hall,
JERROLD-JERVISWOODE.
|
Cambridge (B.A. 1841; M.A. 1847;
D.D. 1872). Having accepted an ap-
pointment in the West Indies, he was
made Archdeacon of St. Christopher.
In 1858 he became rector of Nettle-
combe, Somersetshire, and in 1871
was appointed Bishop of Colombo,
being consecrated in the chapel of
Lambeth Palace, Oct. 28, 1871. He
resigned this see early in 1875, and
came home. Soon afterwards he was
elected Bishop of Brechin, and was for-
mally installed at Dundee Jan. 13,
1876.
|
>>
Arms," and "The Chronicles of a
Crutch," in 1860; a series of articles
on the Poor of London, which ap-
peared in the Morning Post in 1862;
and in 1863 went to Paris as the
Commissioner of the same paper, to
make a study of the French institu-
tions for the poor. This study is
embodied in "The Children of Lute-
tia." In 1867 he was appointed by
the Government to report on two
sections of the Universal Exhibition.
In 1869 he made a journey through
the Netherlands, for the purpose of
examining and reporting on the
various modes of Poor Law Adminis-
tration. "At Home in Paris and
"A Trip through the Vineyards to
Spain" appeared in 1864; "Passing
the Time" and "Two Lives,” a novel
in 2 vols., in 1865; "Up and Down
in the World," a novel, 3 vols., 1866;
"On the Boulevards, or Memorable
Men and Things, drawn on the Spot,
1853-1866, together with Trips to
Normandy and Brittany," in 1867;
"At Home in Paris: at Peace and at
War," 2 vols., "The Gavroche Party,
a series of political studies of France,
in 1870;
in 1870; "The Story of Madge and
the Fairy Content," and
"The
Cockaynes; or 'Gone Abroad," " and
"The Christian Vagabond," in 1871.
A three-act comedy, by Mr. Jerrold,
called "Cupid in Waiting," was pro-
duced at the Royal Theatre July
22, 1871. In 1872 he wrote "London,
a Pilgrimage," illustrated by Gustave
Doré. In 1874 he issued the first vol.
of his "Life of Napoleon III." Of
this important work three volumes
have been published, and the fourth
and concluding volume is in progress.
Under the nom de plume of "Fin-
Bec," Mr. Jerrold brought out "The
Epicure's Year-Book," in 1867 and
1868; and he also wrote "The Cup-
board Papers," in 1873, in All the
Year Round; besides many gastro-
nomical essays in the Gentleman's
Magazine, Athenæum, etc.
""
|
|
JERROLD, WILLIAM BLANCH-
ARD, eldest son of the late Douglas
Jerrold, born in London in 1826, was
educated at Brompton Grammar
School and in France, studied at the
St. Martin's-lane Life Academy as an
artist, and illustrated some of his
father's articles in the Illuminated
Magazine. In 1849 he married the
only daughter of his godfather, Laman
Blanchard. When the Daily News
started, he was engaged upon it, and
became the special commissioner for
that journal to the Paris Universal
Exhibition of 1855. For Douglas
Jerrold's Weekly Newspaper he wrote
a series of papers on Emigration,
entitled "An Old Woman who lived
in a Shoe; " in 1847 he published,
in parts, a story called "The Disgrace
to the Family;" in 1848 wrote a
story in the Illustrated News entitled
The Progress of a Bill," and supplied
leading articles to the Daily News,
Morning Post, Lloyd's Weekly News-
paper, Household Words, and the
Athenæum. In 1851 he produced a
farce, “As Cool as a Cucumber;" in
1859, "The Chatterbox," a comedy in
two acts; and in 1858, a comedy in
two acts called "Beau Brummell."
In 1852, having travelled through
Sweden as Commissioner for the
Crystal Palace Company, he published
a book of "Swedish Sketches ;" and
in 1855, “Imperial Paris." In 1857,
on the death of his father, Mr. Jer-
rold became editor of Lloyd's Weekly
Newspaper. He wrote "Life and
Remains of Douglas Jerrold," pub-
lished in 1858; "The French under
(C
|
|
567
JERUSALEM, BISHOP OF. (See
GOBAT, DR.)
JERVISWOODE (LORD), THE
HON. CHARLES BAILLIE, F.R.S.E.,
56S
JERVOIS.
4
|
brother of the Earl of Haddington, | he proceeded to the frontier against
born in 1804, was called to the Scotch the Kaffirs. During the Kaffir war
bar in 1830, and was appointed he made a military survey and map
successively, Advocate Depute and of Kaffraria, a work of great difficulty
Sheriff of Stirlingshire, and, in 1858, ably executed. From 1848 till 1852
Solicitor-General for Scotland, hav- he commanded a company of Sappers
ing been in the same year promoted at Woolwich and Chatham; in the
to the office of Lord Advocate. In latter year was ordered to the island
1859 he was appointed a Judge of the of Alderney, for the purpose of design-
Supreme Court in Scotland, when he ing plans for the fortifications, and
took the courtesy title by which he is the superintendence of their execu-
known, and he held that post till tion, and in 1854 was promoted to the
1874. He represented Linlithgow- rank of major. In 1855 Major Jer-
shire from Feb., 1859, until the dis- vois was transferred to the London
solution of Parliament in April of district, as Commanding Royal_En-
that year. He is a member of the gineer, and was nominated by Lord
University Court of the University of Panmure a member of a Committee
St. Andrews, as Assessor of the on Barrack Accommodation, whose
General Council; and, under ap- labours contributed much to the im-
pointment by the Crown, one of Her provements which have of late years
Majesty's sole and only Printers in been effected in the construction of
Scotland (Bible Board); one of the barracks, as well as in the sanitary
Trustees of the Board of Manufac- condition of our troops. In 1856 he
tures; and a Commissioner of the was appointed to the post of Assistant
Board of the Herring Fishery.
Inspector-General of Fortifications,
under Sir John Burgoyne, and on the
appointment of a Royal Commission
to report upon the defences of the
country, he was selected by the
Government to be secretary. He was
a member of the Special Committee
on the Application of Iron to Ships
and Fortifications. In 1861 he at-
tained the rank of Lieutenant-Colo-
nel, in 1862 was appointed Deputy
Director of Fortifications under Sir
John Burgoyne, and in 1863 was no-
minated a Companion of the Bath,
and was sent on a special mission
to report on the Defences of Canada,
Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, on
which occasion he visited the fortifi-
cations at the principal ports on the
seaboard of the United States. In
1864 he was again sent on a special
mission to Canada to confer with the
Canadian Government on the question
of the defence of that province. On
his return to England his report was
laid before Parliament, and the Im-
perial Government undertook to carry
out the defences of Quebec on the
plan recommended by him. In
addition to his post at the War Office,
Colonel Jervois was Secretary to the
JERVOIS, LIEUT.-COL., SIR WIL-
LIAM FRANCIS DRUMMOND, C.B.,
G.C.M.G., eldest son of the late
General Jervois, K.H., Colonel of the
70th Regiment, was born at Cowes,
Isle of Wight, in 1821, and having
passed at Woolwich, entered the
Royal Engineers in 1839. Having
completed the usual course of study
at Chatham, he was ordered to the
Cape of Good Hope in 1841, and
was actively employed in that colony
for upwards of seven years in various
capacities. In 1842 he acted as bri-
gade major in an expedition against
the Boers, and during the three fol-
lowing years was professionally en-
gaged at various frontier stations,
making roads, building bridges, and
establishing military posts. In 1845,
having been appointed Acting Ad-
jutant to the Royal Engineers, he
accompanied the Chief Engineer over
the whole frontier of the Cape Colony
and the settlement of Natal, and in
the early part of 1846 he was major
of brigade to the garrison of Cape
Town, until the arrival of Sir H. Pot-
tinger as governor, and Sir G. Berke-
ley as commander-in-chief, with whom
|
JESSE-JEVONS.
Permanent Defence Committee, under
the presidency of the Duke of Cam-
bridge. He was created a Knight
Commander of the Order of SS.
Michael and George in 1874, and was
appointed Governor of the Straits
Settlements April 7, 1875.
latter post he held till June, 1877,
when he was appointed Governor of
South Australia. He was nominated
a G.C.M.G. in 1878.
The
JESSE, GEORGE RICHARD, son of
the late Rev. William Jesse, Vicar of
Margaretting, Essex, and Pelsall,
Staffordshire, and nephew of the late
Edward Jesse, of the Woods and
Forests Office, author of "Gleanings
in Natural History," &c., was born at
Caen, in Normandy, in 1820. He is
a civil engineer, an etcher on copper,
and the author of "Researches into
the History of the British Dog," two
vols., 1866. He has been engaged in
the construction of railways in Eng-
land, Egypt, and India. He has
written on the Suez Canal, the pro-
jected Euphrates Valley Railway, and
Indian Public Works. He has also
frequently contributed to the news-
paper press in advocacy of the claims
of the animal kingdom to justice and
mercy at the hands of the human
race. In Feb., 1875, he founded "The
Society for the Abolition of Vivisec-
tion," and he was greatly instru-
mental in obtaining the appointment
of a Royal Commission to inquire
into the practice of subjecting live
animals to experiments for scientific
purposes. Mr. Jesse is honorary
secretary of the society, and has
written many pamphlets on the sub-
ject of vivisection.
JESSEL, THE RIGHT HON. SIR
GEORGE, Master of the Rolls, is of
Jewish extraction, being the young-
est son of the late Mr. Zacariah
Nathaniel Jessel, a merchant of Put-
ney, by Mary, daughter of the late Mr.
Henry Harris. He was born in London
in 1824, and educated at University
College, London, where he graduated
B.A. in 1843, as a University Scholar
in Mathematics, and proceeded M.A.
in the following year, obtaining a gold
569
|
|
medal in mathematics. He was called
to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in May,
1847, and was made a Queen's Counsel
and a Bencher of his Inn in 1865.
He is a Senator of the University of
London, and at the general election
of 1868 he was returned in the Liberal
interest as one of the representatives
of the borough of Dover. He was
appointed Solicitor-General in Mr.
Gladstone's administration in Nov.,
1871, and received the honour of
knighthood, Feb. 21, 1872. In Aug.,
1873, he was, on the recommenda-
tion of Mr. Gladstone, appointed
Master of the Rolls, in succession to
Lord Romilly. On this occasion he
was sworn of the Privy Council. Sir
George Jessel is the first Jew who
ever occupied a seat on the judicial
bench in this country. He married,
in 1856, a daughter of Mr. Joseph
Moses, merchant, of Leadenhall
Street, City.
JEVONS, WILLIAM STANLEY,
M.A., F.R.S., grandson of William
Roscoe, of Liverpool, where he was
born in 1835. He was educated at
University College, London; held an
appointment at the Australian Royal
Mint, Sydney, from 1854 till 1859;
took the M.A. degree at the Uni-
versity of London in 1862, and was
made Fellow of his college in 1864.
He was appointed Professor of Logic,
Mental and Moral Philosophy, and
Cobden Lecturer in Political Eco-
nomy, in Owens College, Manchester,
in June, 1866. In 1872 he was elected
a Fellow of the Royal Society. In
1876 he received the honorary degree
of LL.D., from the University of
Edinburgh; and in the same year he
resigned his professorship in Man-
chester on being appointed Professor
of Political Economy in University
College, London. His chief work,
published in 1874 (2nd edit., 1877),
is "The Principles of Science: a
Treatise on Logic and Scientific
Method," in which is set forth a new
system of logical inference analogous
to that of the late Professor Boole.
In his "Theory of Political Economy
(1871) he attempted to show that
""
570
JEX-BLAKE-JOBSON.
the doctrine of this science may be | his instrument, and obtained an en-
investigated by mathematical me-
thods. In 1868-72 he acted as Exa-
miner in Political Economy in the
University of London; in 1874-5 as
Examiner in Moral Science in the
University of Cambridge; and he is
at present (1878) Examiner in Logic
and Mental and Moral Philosophy in
the University of London. Professor
Jevons has recently engaged in a
controversy as to the philosophical
value of the late J. S. Mill's writings.
JEX-BLAKE, THE REV. THOMAS
WILLIAM, D.D., son of Thomas Jex-
Blake, Esq., J.P. for the county of
Norfolk, and Maria Emily, daughter
of Thomas Cubitt, Esq., J.P. and D.L.
for the some county, was born in Lon-
don, Jan. 26, 1832, and entered Rugby
school, as a pupil of Mr. Cotton, in
1844. In 1851 he was elected a
scholar of University College, Oxford,
where he took his B.A. degree in
1855, obtaining a first-class in clas-
sical honours. He was appointed
composition master to the sixth form
at Marlborough College in 1855 by
Dr. Cotton, afterwards Bishop of
Calcutta. In the same year he was
elected to a fellowship at Queen's
College, but he vacated it by his
marriage in 1857. He was ordained
deacon in 1856, and priest in the fol-
lowing year. He was appointed an as-
sistant master at Rugby in Jan., 1858;
Principal of Cheltenham College in
June, 1868; and Head Master of
Rugby School in Feb., 1874. Dr.
Jex-Blake published "Long Vacation
in Continental Picture Galleries," in
1858; and is the author of an article
on "Church Comprehension," in
Macmillan's Magazine, March, 1873;
of other literary articles; and of
"Life by Faith," 1875.
gagement, which he held for seven
years, in the orchestra of the Ge-
wandhaus. Meanwhile, however, he
assiduously pursued his studies under
the guidance of Ferdinand David,
and also received lessons in the theory
of music from Moritz Hauptmann.
In 1850 he paid his first visit to Paris,
and in the same year he was appointed
Director of the Concerts at Weimar.
In 1853 he became Master of the
Chapel Royal at Hanover. After this
period he appeared in most of the
capitals of Europe, and paid annual
visits to London, where he gave seve-
ral series of concerts. In 1869 he
became a member of the Senate of
the Berlin Academy, and was nomi-
nated Director of the School of In-
strumental Music in the Conservatory
of Music then recently established in
the Prussian capital. He was created
an honorary Mus. Doc. of the Uni-
versity of Cambridge, March 8, 1877.
Herr Joachim's fame rests mainly on
his extraordinary skill as an instru-
mentalist. As a composer he be-
longs to the school of Schumann,
which seeks to reconcile the classical
traditions with originality. The
"Concert à la Hongroise," is one of
his chief compositions for violin and
orchestra. The Cambridge Professor
of Music has said of him :-"As an
artist he may be regarded from two
points of view-first as an executant,
in which quality he is pre-eminent,
but which quality he never obtrudes
upon his audience, so completely
does he make us forget the player
in the music he presents to us; next
as an interpreter of that deep purpose
which is beyond the power of nota-
tion to define, in respect of which
the greatest composer is utterly at
the mercy of the player, and in which
Pres-Joachim has not a rival; and this
renders his performances conspicuous
in an age abounding with executive
talent of the highest order."
JOACHIM, JOSEPH, a celebrated
violinist, born at Kitsee, near
burg, in Hungary, of Jewish parents,
July 15, 1831, entered while very
young the Conservatory of Music
at Vienna, where he studied under
Joseph Böhm. From the age of
twelve years he attracted much at-
tention at Leipsic by his rare skill on
JOBSON, THE REV. FREDERICK
JAMES, D.D., was born at Lincoln in
1812, and articled to Mr. Willson,
F.S.A., an architect of that city. Mr.
JOHNSON.
|
Jobson received much literary in-
struction from the Catholic clergy who
frequented Mr. Willson's house, but
he remained a Protestant, and in
1834 entered the Wesleyan ministry.
He was stationed in some of the
most important circuits in the Metho-
dist connection, including the First
London, First Leeds, Fifth Manches-
ter, and Bradford circuits. He was
also appointed by the Conference to
visit the Methodist Episcopal Church
in America, in company with Dr.
Hannah. Dr. Jobson has filled some
of the most important posts in the
Methodist body, having been officially
connected with chapel-building and
schools for ministers' sons, the Theo-
logical Institution, the Relief and
Extension Funds, and day-school edu-
cation, and having acted as Clerical
Treasurer for the Foreign Missionary
Society. In 1869 he was elected Pre-
sident of the Wesleyan Conference for
the ensuing year. In addition to seve-
ral devotional works which attained
success in Methodist literature, Dr.
Jobson has published "Chapel and
School Architecture as appropriate to
the Buildings of Nonconformists,"
1850; "America and American Me-
thodism," 1857; and "Australia,
with Notes by the Way on Egypt,
Ceylon, Bombay, and the Holy
Land," 1862.
571
**
Way" (1865); "The Boyhood of
Abraham Lincoln (1867); "The
Barefoot Boy
Barefoot Boy" (1868); "The Old
Stage Coach" (1871); "The Wounded
Drummer (1872); The Pedlar "
(1873); "Dropping Off” (1873), and
numerous genre pictures since.
"}
JOHNSON, THE RIGHT REV. ED-
WARD RALPH, Bishop of Calcutta,
fifth son of William Ponsonby Johnson,
of Castlesteads, Cumberland, was born
at Castlesteads, Feb. 17, 1828, and
educated at Rugby, and at Wadham
College, Oxford (B.A. 1850; M.A.
1860). He was ordained deacon and
priest by the Bishop of Worcester-
deacon, with a title to the curacy of
Farnborough, in the county of War-
wick-in 1851. He was appointed,
in 1860, to a minor canonry in the
cathedral of Chester, and to the
curacy of the cathedral parish of St.
Oswald. In 1866 the Dean and
Chapter appointed him to the rectory
of Northenden, in the county of
Chester, where he succeeded the late
Archdeacon Woolrough. He was se-
lected by the Bishop of Chester, in
1871, to fill the post of Archdeacon
of Chester, upon the resignation of
the late Archdeacon Pollock. In
Oct. 1876, he was appointed to the
bishopric of Calcutta, vacant by the
death of the late Dr. Robert Milman.
He was consecrated in St. Paul's
Cathedral, London, Nov. 30, 1876.
""
JOHNSON, EASTMAN, born at
Lovell, Maine, July 29, 1824. In
1849 he went to Düsseldorf, where he
studied two years, and afterwards re-
sided for four years at the Hague,
where, besides numerous portraits,
he executed "The Savoyard and
the "Card Players," his earliest ela-
borate pictures in oil. After visiting
the principal European galleries, he
returned to New York in 1856. His
favourite subjects are the American
rustic and negro, and glimpses of
domestic life. Among his best works,
many of which have been reproduced
in chromo-lithography, are: "The
Old Kentucky Home" (1859); "Ma-
ting" (1860)
(1860); "The Farmer's Sun-
day Morning" (1860); "The Village
Blacksmith" (1864); "Fiddling his
JOHNSON, THE VERY REV.
GEORGE HENRY
GEORGE HENRY SACHEVERELL,
M.A., F.R.S., born at Keswick, in
Cumberland, about 1808; was edu-
cated at Queen's College, Oxford, of
which he became scholar; he gra-
duated B.A. in 1828 as a double first-
class, having gained the Ireland Uni-
versity Scholarship the year before.
He obtained also the first Mathema-
tical (University) Scholarship two
years after. He was tutor of his
College for many years, and num-
bered among his pupils, public and
private, the two present Archbishops
of Canterbury and York (Dr. Tait
and Dr. Thomson), Lord Selborne,
the. Deans of Westminster (Dr.
Stanley), Durham (Dr. Lake), and
|
572
JOHNSON-JOHNSTON.
Norwich (Dr. Goulburn), besides many
others, who subsequently attained to
the greatest eminence. Mr. Johnson
was twice Public Examiner in the
University; held the Savilian Pro-
fessorship of Astronomy from 1839
till 1842; and the Professorship of
Moral Philosophy from that date till
1845; was one of the leading mem-
bers of the Oxford University Com-
mission of 1851; was appointed
Preacher at Whitehall in 1852; and
in 1854 became Dean of Wells. In
this office he formed one of the par-
liamentary commission by which the
statutes of the University and of the
colleges and halls were amended
(mainly) according to the recom-
mendations of the first commission.
Mr. Johnson, who is well known as a
mathematician, has written a "Trea-
tise on Optics," published in 1836; a
volume of Sermons preached in Wells
Cathedral, and published in 1857;
and is jointly with the editor and
the Rev. C. Elliott responsible for
the Psalms in the "Speaker's Com-
mentary."
to Prince Charlie," &c., have found
favour with Art Unions.
"Lord and
Lady Russell receiving the Sacra-
ment in Prison," executed in 1846, an
example of a more ambitious style, is
in the Vernon Gallery. Family
Worship in a Scotch Cottage," was
painted in 1851. "Melancthon being
surprised by a French Traveller rock-
ing the Cradle of his Infant," the first
of a new style, produced in 1854, was
followed by "Tyndall Translating the
Bible," in 1855. All these are en-
graved.
JOHNSON, GEORGE WILLIAM,
second son of William Johnson, Esq.,
of Bromley, Kent, born Nov. 4, 1802,
called to the bar in 1836, has written
various successful works, chiefly on
the practice and science of horti-
culture. Amongst these may be
mentioned the "Cottage Gardener's
Dictionary," published in 1860; the
"Science and Practice of Gardening,"
in 1862; the “History of Gardening,"
and British Ferns." He founded
the Journal of Horticulture, of which
he is joint editor with Dr. Hogg.
JOHNSTON, ALEXANDER, painter,
born at Edinburgh in 1816, first
hibited at the Royal Academy in
1836. His earlier pieces were derived
from Scottish song and story. "The
Gentle Shepherd," exhibited in 1840,
and “
Sunday Morning," in 1841, from
Burns; "The Covenanter's Marriage,"
in 1842; and "The Covenanter's
Burial," in 1852. Many of his
smaller-priced pieces, "The High-
land Home," "The Trysting Tree,"
"The Trysting Tree,"
"Introduction of Flora Macdonald
(C
JOHNSTON, GEN. JOSEPH EC-
CLESTON, born in Prince Edward
county, Virginia, Feb. 1807. He
graduated at the Military Academy
at West Point in 1829, and served
in various military capacities until
1838, when he was made first lieu-
tenant in the Topographical Engi-
neers, and was engaged in various
surveys of the boundaries between
the United States and the British
possessions, and on the coast survey.
During the Mexican war he served
as captain of Engineers, was twice
wounded, and was successively bre-
veted as major, lieutenant-colonel and
colonel. From 1853 to 1855, he was
in charge of Western river improve-
ments, and subsequently in various
duties in Kansas, Utah, and else-
where. In 1860 he was made quarter-
master-general, with the rank of
brigadier-general. He resigned his
commission April 22, 1861, and en-
tered the Confederate service. He
was in command at the battle of Bull
Run. During the earlier part of the
campaign of 1862 he was in command
of all the Confederate forces in Vir-
ex-ginia, and was severely wounded at
the battle of Fair Oaks, near Rich-
mond, May 31. In November, not-
withstanding the personal hostility
of President Davis, he was assigned
to the command of the military de-
partment of Tennessee, and in the
following spring made an ineffectual
effort to relieve Vicksburg, on the
Mississippi, which was then besieged
by Gen. Grant. After the defeat of
Gen. Bragg, at Chattanooga, Nov. 25,
|
JOHNSTON-JOHORE.
1863, Johnston was assigned to the
command of all the Confederate
forces in the South-west. Early in
1864 his forces were concentrated at
Dalton, Georgia, and at the beginning
of May Gen. Sherman moved upon
the position, with a greatly superior
force. Johnston fell back, making a
stand at each defensible point, from
all of which he was necessarily out-
flanked by Sherman, who continually
threatened to interrupt his line of
communication with Atlanta, which
was his base of supply, and otherwise
a place of great military importance.
Johnston reached Atlanta about the
middle of July, and had resolved to
hold the place to the last. But the
authorities at Richmond, altogether
under-estimating the inferiority of
his force to that of the enemy, were
dissatisfied, and on July 17, Johnston
was summarily ordered by President
Davis to turn over his command to
Gen. Hood. Near the close of Feb.,
1865, when Sherman, after capturing
Atlanta, had marched without ob-
struction to Savannah, and thence
into South Carolina, Johnston, at the
express urgency of Gen. Lee, was di-
rected to assume the command of the
remnant of the army of Tennessee,
and of all the forces in South Caro-
lina, Georgia, and Florida, and "to
concentrate all available forces and
drive back Sherman." The force
which he could concentrate was
greatly inferior to that of Sherman,
and he was unable seriously to check
the march of the victorious army.
Having learnt that Lee had surren-
dered the Army of Virginia to Grant,
Johnston capitulated to Sherman at
Durham's Station, North Carolina.
In his farewell order to his troops he
said: "I earnestly exhort you to ob-
serve faithfully the terms of pacifi-
cation agreed upon, and to discharge
the obligations of good and faithful
citizens as well as you have performed
the duties of thorough soldiers in the
field." Since the close of the war he
has been actively engaged in agricul-
tural, commercial, and railroad enter-
prises. He resides at Savannah,
573
Georgia. Gen. Johnston is regarded
as having been one of the ablest
generals, and by many as the very
ablest, in the Confederate service,
and early in 1878 was proposed as a
candidate for United States Senator
from Georgia. He has published a
"Narrative of Military Operations.
conducted by him during the War
between the States " (1874).
JOHNSTON, WILLIAM, M.P., born
in Downpatrick, Feb. 22, 1829, re-
ceived his education at Trinity Col-
lege, Dublin, where he graduated B.A.
in 1852, and M.A. in 1856. He was
called to the Irish bar in 1872. He
was elected M.P. for Belfast, in the
Conservative interest, in 1868, and
re-elected in 1874. Mr. Johnston has
been for thirty years a member of the
Orange Institution, and was im-
prisoned for two months, in 1868, for
taking part in an Orange procession
at Bangor, co. Down, on the 12th
July in the previous year. He is the
author of the novels " Nightshade,"
1857;
"Freshfield; and "Under
which King?" 1872.
""
--
JOHORE, TUNKOO ABUBEKER
BIN IBRAHIM, K.C.S.I., the Mahara-
jah of Johore (commonly called the
Tumongong), born in 1835, is grand-
son of one of the Malay princes by
whom the island of Singapore was
first ceded to Sir Stamford Raffles,
as political agent for the British go-
vernment, and succeeded to the sove-
reignty of the Johore territories on
the death of his father in 1861. He
is one of the most enlightened princes
of Eastern Asia, and is a firm ally of
the British government. In 1866 he
visited England, delegating the exer-
cise of his powers during his absence
to his brother, the Prince Unkoo
Abdulrahman. The government long
maintained a flotilla, in conjunction
with our own, for the suppression of
piracy in the narrow seas of their
respective possessions; and some
years ago the Tumongong's father
was presented by the government of
India with a sword, in acknowledg-
ment of the services he had rendered
in suppressing piracy.
JOINVILLE—JÔKAĽ.
JOINVILLE (PRINCE DE), FRAN- | gador. After this decisive expedition
ÇOIS-FERDINAND - PHILIPPE-LOUIS- he was raised to the rank of Vice-
MARIE-D'ORLÉANS, son of the late Admiral. Being almost always on
Louis-Philippe, king of the French, active service, the Prince de Joinville
was born at Neuilly, Aug. 14, 1818. was in Algiers with his brother the
Soon after his father's accession to Duc d'Aumale when the revolution
the throne in 1830, he began his naval of Feb., 1848, overthrew the constitu-
studies, was sent to sea at the age of tional monarchy. Resolving to share
thirteen, received, like his brothers, the misfortunes of their family, the
the Dukes of Orleans, Nemours, and two brothers sought refuge in Eng-
Aumale, a liberal education in the land, and joined King Louis Philippe
public colleges of France, and passed a at Claremont. The Prince distin-
brilliant examination at Brest. From guished himself by actively aiding in
that time he devoted himself entirely the rescue of many of the passengers
to his profession, and became a great and crew of the ship Ocean Monarch,
favourite with the French navy. The when burning off Southampton, Aug.
ordinary hard work of the service 24, 1848. Driven suddenly from a
was not sufficient to satisfy his ardent brilliant position into the narrow
desire to distinguish himself. Being limits of private life, he accepted his
with the Mediterranean squadron in new situation with simplicity and
1837, he disembarked and rode up to dignity, and remaining at heart a
Constantine, in the hope of taking French sailor, endeavoured to render
part in the storming of that strong- himself useful to the navy of his
hold, but arrived just too late. Not country by his pen, if not by his
long afterwards he received the com- sword. He had already, in 1844,
mand of the corvette Créole, and begun publishing in the Revue des
joining the fleet of Admiral Baudin, Deux Mondes his studies on the
was intrusted with the difficult mission French navy. One of his articles, pub-
of obtaining reparation from the lished in 1865, was a comparative
Mexican government. The Créole review of the fleets of the United
took a prominent part in the bom- States and of France, and excited
bardment of St. Juan d'Ulloa, and at much attention at the time. Hap-
Vera Cruz the Prince, at the head of pening to be in the United States
the storming party, was the first to about a twelvemonth after the break-
enter the gates, under a heavy fire, ing out of the civil war, he accom-
and was only saved from certain panied his nephews, the Comte de
death by the devotion of one of his Paris and the Duc de Chartres, to the
officers. In 1841 he was selected by camp of Gen. McClellan, with whose
the king to command La Belle Poule staff he witnessed the principal ac-
frigate, charged with the service of tions of the Virginian campaign of
conveying to France the body of the 1862, and gave an account of these
emperor_Napoleon, and he married, events in a well-written and impartial
at Rio Janeiro, May 1, 1843, Donna article, published in the Revue des
Francisca de Braganza, sister of Don Deux Mondes of 1863, which shows
Pedro II., emperor of Brazil. Be-that his knowledge and capacity are
coming Rear-Admiral, he took part far from being confined to that ser-
in the sittings of the Admiralty; and vice of which he is a distinguished
the French navy is deeply indebted ornament. After the downfall of the
to him for the manner in which he Napoleonic dynasty, he went back to
helped to solve the great question of France with the other Orleanist
the adaptation of steam to vessels princes. He and the Duc d'Aumale
of war, in 1845. When war broke took their seats in the National As-
out between France and Morocco he sembly, Dec. 19, 1871.
commanded a squadron, with which
he bombarded Tangiers and took Mo-
JÔKAÏ, MAURUS, the most pro-
ductive and genial of Hungarian
574
200
JONES.
|
novelists; was born Feb. 19, 1825, at
Komorn. His father was an advo-
cate, of good and ancient family, and
a strict Calvinist, so that his son was
puritanically brought up, until his
twelfth year, when he was left an
orphan. During two years before
his father's death he had been learn-
ing German at Presburg, but he was
110w left to teach himself, until in
1840 he went to the High School at
Pâpa, and in 1842 to that of Kecske-
mêt, at both having the Hungarian
poet Alex. Petöfi as his schoolfellow.
In 1844 he went to Pesth, where he
was articled to an advocate, and
obtained his diploma, of which, how-
ever, he never availed himself; for,
in 1846, he was already editor of the
then very famous Wochenblatt. In
1848 he proclaimed the "Twelve
Points of Pesth," and in the same
year he married Rosa Laborfalvi, the
greatest of Hungarian tragedians.
In 1849 he followed the Hungarian
government to Debreczin, where he
edited the Abendblätter, and was pre-
sent at the capitulation of Villagos,
Aug. 28. To escape being made
prisoner, he resolved on suicide, but
was hindered by the fortunate arrival
of his wife from Pesth. She had
converted all her jewels into gold,
and the pair found their way on foot
through the Russian army, reached a
safe hiding-place in the wood of
Bukk, and at last got safe to Pesth.
Ten years followed, during which
Hungarian literature became well nigh
extinct. Almost alone this young
man created a new one, and since
political journalism was impracti-
cable he betook himself to fiction.
He has published in 160 vols. 25 ro-
mances of several vols. each, 320
novelettes, and six dramas, of which
more than half a million copies have
been sold amongst six millions of
Magyars, besides translations into
various languages. Amongst his most
popular romances are, "The Good
Old Assessors," "A Hungarian Na-
bob," and its continuation, entitled
Zoltân Kârpâthy," Sad Times,'
"Oceania,"
""The White Rose," "The
17
575
|
|
Accursed Family," "Transylvania's
Golden Age," "The Turks in Hun-
gary," "The Last Days of the Janis-
saries in 1820," "Poor Rich Men,'
"The World turned Upsidedown,"
"Madhouse Management,' "The New
Landlord" (translated into English
by A. Patterson, London, 1865), and
"The Romance of the Next Century."
In 1863 Jôkaï established, as an organ
of the Left, the Hon (Fatherland),
the most widely diffused Hungarian
journal.
JONES, JOHN WINTER, F.S.A.,
born in Lambeth early in the pre-
sent century, is the son of the late
Mr. John Jones, for some years
editor of the Naval Chronicle and
European Magazine. He was edu-
cated at St. Paul's School, studied for
the Chancery bar, but entered the
public service in 1837, became Assist-
ant Keeper of the printed books in
the British Museum in 1850, Keeper
in 1856, on the promotion of M.
Panizzi to the office of Principal
Librarian; and Principal_Librarian
on the retirement of M. Panizzi, in
June, 1866. He retired in conse-
quence of failing health in Aug.,
1878. Mr. Jones edited for the
Hakluyt Society, "Divers Voyages
touching the Discovery of America,
published in 1850; and "The Travels
of Nicolo Conti in the East, trans-
lated from the Italian of Poggio
Bracciolini," in 1858; and he trans-
lated for the same Society, "The
Travels of Ludovico di Varthema in
Egypt, Syria, Arabia Deserta and
Felix, in Persia, India, and Ethiopia,
A.D. 1503 to 1508,” published in 1863.
He has written a guide to the printed
books exhibited to the public in the
Grenville Library and King's Li-
brary, published in 1858; was a con-
tributor to the "New Biographical
Dictionary," published by the Society
for the Diffusion of Useful Know-
ledge; and has contributed to the
Quarterly and North British Re-
views.
|
|
""
JONES, THE RIGHT REV. LLEW-
ELLYN, D.D., Bishop of Newfound-
land, was educated at Trinity College,
576
JONES.
Cambridge (B.A., 1862; M.A., 1866;
D.D., jure dignitatis, 1878). He was
curate of Bromsgrove, Worcestershire,
from 1864 to 1874, when he became
Vicar of Little Hereford, near Ten-
bury. Being nominated by the Crown
to the see of Newfoundland, he was
consecrated in St. Paul's Cathedral,
May 1, 1878.
|
JONES, MORRIS CHARLES, F.S.A..
was born in Montgomeryshire, May 9,
1819, and educated at Bruce Castle
School, Tottenham. He is the author
of numerous genealogical and anti-
quarian articles and privately printed
pamphlets, and of "The Abbey of Valle
Crucis its Origin and Foundation
Charter,"1866, and "TheFeudal Barons
of Powys," 1868. He is the founder
and chief supporter of the Powys-
land Club, an archæological society
for Montgomeryshire, and also of the
Powys-land Museum and Library
connected therewith. He has devoted
much time to the illustration of the
archæology and history of his native
county, and since 1867 has been the
editor of "The Montgomeryshire
Collections," issued by the Powys-
land Club, which contain elaborate
and useful contributions to local
topography and history, and afford
complete and extensive materials for
the history of the county of Mont-
gomery. In 1876 his archæological
services were acknowledged by a tes-
timonial raised by public subscrip-
tions, which were devoted chiefly to
the purchase of a fine life-size bronze
group, representing a scene in Welsh
history, which, at his request, was
placed in the Powys-land Museum.
|
ral papers on the forms of Mammalia,
and his great work, "A General
Outline of the Animal Kingdom,'
appeared in 1838. He is an eloquent
and attractive lecturer on natural
history, and was a contributor to the
Cyclopædia of Anatomy and Phy-
siology."
JONES, THOMAS RYMER, F.R.S.,
studied for the medical profession in
London and Paris, and became a
member of the College of Surgeons in
1833, but relinquished his profession
on account of deafness, and devoted
himself to the study of comparative
anatomy. He was appointed Professor
of Comparative Anatomy in King's
College, London, on its establishment,
and in 1840 became Fullerian Pro-
fessor of Physiology in the Royal
Institution. He has published seve-
(6
""
JONES, THOMAS WHARTON,
F.R.S., oculist and physiologist, son
of the late Richard Jones, Esq., of Her
Majesty's Customs for Scotland, born
at St. Andrews in 1808, was educated
at the University of Edinburgh, and
afterwards visited the principal con-
tinental universities. He settled in
London (his father's native place) in
1838, and entered upon the practice
of his profession. He is a Fellow of
the Royal College of Surgeons, and
has been Lecturer on Physiology at
the Charing-Cross Hospital, and Ful-
lerian Professor of Physiology in the
Royal Institution of Great Britain, and
is Professor of Ophthalmic Medicine
and Surgery in University College,
London, and Ophthalmic Surgeon to
the Hospital. He has written a
treatise on the Principles and Prac-
tice of Ophthalmic Medicine and
Surgery; the Astley Cooper Prize
Essay on Inflammation (1850); the
Actonian Prize Essay on the Wisdom
and Beneficence of the Almighty as
displayed in the Sense of Vision
(1851); "The Physiology and Philo-
sophy of Body, Sense, and Mind,"
and "Failure of Sight from Railway'
and other Injuries of the Spine and
Head; its Nature and Treatment”
(1869). He is the author of various
physiological discoveries, recorded in
the Philosophical Transactions and
elsewhere, and is a Foreign Member
of the Medical Societies of Vienna
and Copenhagen, and of the Société
de Biologie of Paris. Mr. Wharton
Jones edited for the Camden Society,
in 1872, the Life and Death of his
ancestral kinsman, Bishop Bedell, of
Kilmore, who perished in the Irish
Rebellion of 1641; and in 1876 pub-
lished a volume showing the Dar-
winian doctrine of evolution to be a
mere conceit unsanctioned by science.
""
JONES-JOWETT
ENERAL LIBAN
University
MICHIGA

JONES, THE RIGHT REV. WIL-
LIAM BASIL TICKELL, D.D., Bishop
of St. David's, the eldest son of the
late Wm. Tilsey Jones, Esq., of
Gwynfryn, Cardiganshire, by Jane,
daughter of the late Henry Tickell,
Esq., of Leytonstone, Essex, was
born in 1822. He was educated at
Shrewsbury School under Dr. Butler
and Dr. Kennedy, and he was thence
elected, in 1840, to a Scholarship at
Trinity College, Oxford, where he
obtained the Ireland University
Scholarship in 1842, and took his
B.A. degree with second-class hon-
ours in classics in 1844. Subse-
quently he held a Michel Fellowship
at Queen's College, and a Fellowship
at University College. He became
tutor of the latter College in 1854,
and held various University offices.
He became a Prebendary of St.
David's in 1859; incumbent of Haxby,
Yorkshire; a Prebendary of York in
1863; Vicar of Bishopsthorpe in 1865;
Archdeacon of the West Riding in
1867; and Chancellor of the diocese
of York in 1871. For many years he
was Examining Chaplain to the
Archbishop of York. The Queen
nominated him to the bishopric of
St. David's when the see was vacated
by the resignation of Dr. Thirlwall,
and he was accordingly consecrated
in Westminster Abbey, Aug. 24, 1874.
He has written "Vestiges of Gael in
Gwynedd," 1851; jointly with Mr.
E. A. Freeman, "The History and
Antiquities of St. David's," 1856;
"Notes on the Edipus Tyrannus of
Sophocles," 1862; jointly with Arch-
deacon Churton, "The New Testa-
ment, illustrated and annotated, with
a plain commentary for private and
family reading," 1864; "The Peace
of God: Sermons on the Reconcilia-
tion of God and Man," 1869; vari-
ous pamphlets and single sermons,
and several papers and reviews in
literary and antiquarian periodicals.
The Bishop is married to Frances
Charlotte, younger daughter of the
late Rev. Samuel Holworthy, rector
of Croxall, Derbyshire.
was born at Salford, Dec. 24, 1818,
and educated at home. He is the
discoverer of the laws of the evolu-
tion of heat, and of the induction of
magnetism by electric currents. He
is the discoverer of the mechanical
equivalent of heat, and the originator
of the Kinetic theory of gases. In
1850 the Royal Society presented him
with the Royal medal, and in 1870
with their Copley medal, for his
experimental researches on the dyna-
mical theory of heat. The honorary
degree of LL.D. was presented to him
by the Universities of Dublin and
Edinburgh in 1857 and 1871, and the
honorary degree of D.C.L. by the
University of Oxford in 1866. He is
honorary F.R.S.E. and honorary
F.C.P.S., Associate of the Royal
Danish Academy, and of the Ameri-
can Academy of Arts and Science,
Corresponding Member of the Aca-
demy of Sciences, Paris, of the Royal
Academy of Turin, and of the Insti-
tute of Bologna. In 1878 he received
a Civil List pension of £200, in recog-
nition of his eminent scientific
achievements and valuable disco-
veries, including the application of
the principle of the mechanical
equivalent of heat.
|
JOWETT, THE REV. BENJAMIN,
M.A., was born at Camberwell in
1817. His father, who died at Tenby
in 1859, was the author of a metrical
version of the Psalms of David. He
was educated at St. Paul's School;
was elected to a Scholarship at Baliol
College, Oxford, in 1835, and to a
Fellowship in 1838. He was tutor of
Baliol College from 1842, and in the
discharge of that office he gained the
regard of many pupils and friends.
He was appointed to the Regius Pro-
fessorship of Greek on the recom-
mendation of Lord Palmerston, in
1855, having, in 1853, been member
of a commission which had under its
consideration the mode of admission
by examination to writerships in the
Indian civil service, and of which the
late Lord Macaulay was chairman.
Professor Jowett has written a Com-
mentary on the Epistles of St. Paul
JOULE, JAMES PRESCOTT, F.R.S.,
P P
578
JUNG.
to the Thessalonians, Galatians, and
Romans, published in 1855; and
1855; and
contributed an essay on the Interpre-
tation of Scripture to "Essays and
Reviews." In 1870 he was elected
Master of Baliol College, and in 1871,
published a translation of the "Dia-
logues of Plato," in 4 vols., with in-
troduction. The honorary degree of
D.D. was conferred upon him by the
University of Leyden in Feb., 1875.
JUNG, HIS EXCELLENCY SIR
SALAR, G.C.S.I., whose proper name
is Mir Torab Ali, is a member of a
princely family, and is descended in
a direct line from Sheikh Orais Karani,
of Medinah, a celebrated religious
character, held in great sanctity by
Mussulmans. He was born Jan. 2,
1829, and (was carefully brought up
by his uncle, Seraj-ul-Mulk, who was
Dewan, or Prime Minister, to the
Nizam of Hyderabad. He acquired
a thorough knowledge of the Persian,
Arabic, and English languages. On
May 30, 1853, three days after his
uncle's death, he succeeded to the
office of Prime Minister to the Nizam
Nasir-ud-Dowlah, who had just been
forced by Lord Dalhousie to assign
to the superintendence of the British
the rich districts of the Berars, in
order to secure the payment of debts
for the pay of the contingent force
which was kept up in accordance
with the Treaty. Ripe in experience,
though not in years, he set to work
with a will. All the departments of
State were taken in hand one after
another, and either entirely reorgan-
ized or placed on a better footing.
The system of farming the land
revenues of the State was set aside.
and collectors were appointed with
fixed salaries. For this purpose the
kingdom was divided into fiscal divi-
sions and districts, which also served
to divide the work as regards other
branches of administration. Measures
were taken for the erection of courts
of justice in the city of Hyderabad,
and fiscal officers were vested with
judicial powers, to be exercised within
the limits of the division or district
of which they held charge.
The
police force was entirely reorganized.
A department of Public Works was
erected for the construction and re-
pairs of works of irrigation, commu-
nication, &c., and placed in the hands.
of trained engineers from England.
Nor was education neglected. Schools.
were established in the city, and sub-
sequently also in the districts, and
were placed under a departmental
head. What is particularly remark--
able about these and other measures
of reform is that amelioration in
every branch of administration under
Sir Salar Jung's direction has been
slow and gradual. At the time of
the Indian mutiny in 1857, he re-
mained our most faithful ally. In
every possible manner he helped the
British cause, putting aside for the
time the grievances he had against
us.
He rose superior to the preju-·
dices and passions of his Mussulman
coreligionists and his countrymen,
thus losing his own popularity;
and at the risk of a violent death,
which more than once well-nigh be--
fell him, he resolved to stand by the
Power, even when it seemed at its
death-gasp, which had given some sort
of peace to Hindostan, and promised
to guarantee its future prosperity and
advancement in the ways of modern
civilization. Nassir-ud-Dowlah, the
Nizam, died in 1857, and was suc-
ceeded by Afzulood Dowlah, Salar
Jung being continued in the office of
Prime Minister, as he has also been
under the present Nizam. In 1861
the intrigues of certain interested
courtiers of the Nizam induced his
Highness to resolve on dismissing his
Minister, but Col. Davidson, an error
of whose had led to the success of the
intrigue, stood firm in his support,
and the dismissal was finally rescinded..
In 1876, Sir Salar Jung came on a
mission to England, with the object
of procuring the restoration of the
Berar provinces to his master the
Nizam. During his stay in this
country (June 1-July 31) he received
the freedom of the City of London
and the honorary degree of D.C.L.
from the University of Oxford. Since
JUSTE-KALAKANA.
|
his return his relations with the Go-
vernment of India seem to have been
of an unfriendly character. Towards
the close of the year 1877 he was
ordered by the Government of India
to dismiss his private secretary, Mr.
Oliphant, who, it was alleged, had on
more than one occasion placed him-
self in opposition to our Government,
especially in regard to the Berar
question, and the appointment of a
co-regent at Hyderabad. The titles
conferred on Sir Salar Jung by the
Nizam are, Khan Bahodur; Salar
Jung; Shuja-ud-Dowlah; and Mukh-
tar-ul-Mulk. He was made a Knight
of the Star of India in 1867, and
Knight Grand Commander in 1871.
579
pagnole,” 2 vols., 1862-63 ; “ Souvenirs
Diplomatiques du XVIIIe Siècle,"
1863; "Les Fondateurs de la Mo-
narchie Belge," 1865; "Le Sou-
lèvement de la Hollande en 1813,
et la Fondation du Royaume des
Pays-Bas," 1869; "Notes Historiques
et Biographiques," 1871, et seq., form-
ing a continuation of his works on
the founders of the Belgian monarchy,
and illustrating by documents pre-
viously unpublished, English politics
during the first years of the national
establishment of Belgium, and various
episodes in the life of Leopold I.
"La Révolution Belge de 1830," 2
vols., 1872; and "Guillaume le Taci-
turne," 1873.
K.
KAFFRARIA. BISHOP OF (See
CALLAWAY, DR.).
|
|
JUSTE, THÉODORE, a popular Bel-
gian author, whose elucidations of
the history of his native country are
well known in England, was born at
Brussels in 1818, and became suc-
cessively Secretary of the Central
Commission of Instruction, a mem-
ber of the Belgian Archæological
Academy, and Keeper of the Royal
Museum of Artillery. Besides con-
tributing extensively to journals and
reviews, M. Juste has published the
following works in illustration of the
history of France and of the Low
Countries:-" Histoire Élémentaire
et Populaire de la Belgique, 1838,
3rd edit. 1848; "Histoire Populaire
de la Révolution Française," 1839;
"Un Tour en Hollande," 1839; "His-
toire du Consulat et de l'Empire,"
1840; "Essai sur l'Histoire de l'In-
struction Publique en Belgique,"
1844; "Précis de l'Histoire Moderne
considérée dans ses rapports avec la
Belgique," 1845; "Histoire de la Ré-
volution Belge de 1790," 3 vols., 1846;
"Charlemagne," 1846; "Précis de
l'Histoire du Moyen Age," 5 vols.,
1846; "Histoire de la Révolution des
Pays-Bas sous Philippe II.," 2 vols.,
1855; "Charles Quint et Marguerite
d'Autriche," 1858; "Les Pays-Bas au
XVIe Siècle," 2 parts, 1858-63; "La
Belgique en 1860," 8vo, 1861;" Chris-
tine de Lalaing, Princesse d'Épinoy,"
1861;
"Histoire du Soulèvement des
Pays-Bas contre la Domination Es-
KALAKANA, DAVID, King of the
Sandwich or Hawaiian Islands, born
about 1838. He belongs to one of
the highest families in the islands.
When King Kamehameha V. died in
1872, there were two candidates for
the vacant throne, David Kalakana
and William Lunalilo; the latter was
elected by a plebiscitum, which was
confirmed by the Legislature. Lunalilo
died within a twelvemonth, and Kala-
kana again put forward his claims.
A Legislature, specially convened for
the purpose, elected him in Feb.,
1874; but the validity of this elec-
tion was contested by Queen Emma,
widow of Kamehameha IV., who
died in 1863. Queen Emma is the
daughter of a native chief by an
Englishwoman, and was adopted by
Dr. Rooke, an English physician on
the islands, and, before her marriage
with Kamehameha, was known as
Emma Rooke. The dispute threatened
to result in a civil war, the adherents
of Emma hoping that the British
Government would refuse to acknow-
ledge Kalakana, who was presumed
to be hostile to European influence
in the islands; but in June, 1874,
Queen Victoria sent a letter to Kala-
|
PP 2
580
KALISCH-KANE.
kana, congratulating him upon his
accession, and his right was then
admitted. In the autumn of 1874 he
decided to visit America and Europe,
and the United States Government
despatched a steam frigate to convey
him to San Francisco, where he ar-
rived Nov. 28. King Kalakana is
well educated, of exemplary habits
and dignified manners, and speaks
English with fluency.
KALISCH, MARCUS, PH.D., M.A.,
was born of Jewish parents at Trep-
ton, Pomerania, Prussia, May 16,
1828. He was educated at Berlin,
first in the Grammar School of the
"Grane Klosser," under Dr. Ribbeck,
and then at the University, where he
studied classical philology under
Boekh and Laihmann, and the Se-
mitic languages and Biblical sciences
under Petermann, Benary, Kingsten-
burg, Vatke, and others; besides
devoting himself to Talmudical lite-
rature, both privately and in the
Rabbinical College. He took degrees
in these various branches in 1848,
both at Berlin and Halle. Early in
1849 he left Prussia in consequence
of the political commotion which at
that time disturbed the country, and
settled in England. Here he con-
tributed at first both to English and
continental periodicals, delivered lec-
tures on secular and theological sub-
jects, and filled the post of secretary
to the Chief Rabbi; but he soon con-
centrated his whole attention upon
the preparation of a critical Com-
mentary on the Old Testament. In
this undertaking he was supported by
the Rothschild family, who secured
for him the leisure necessary for so
laborious an enterprise, and with
whom, since 1850, he had been in the
most intimate relations. The first
volume appeared in 1855, under the
title of "A
A Historical and Critical
Commentary on the Old Testament,
with a new Translation. Exodus."
The second volume, "Genesis," fol-
lowed in 1858; the third, "Leviticus,
Part I., containing Chapters I. to X.,
with Treatises on Sacrifices and the
Hebrew Priesthood," in 1867; the
fourth, "Leviticus, Part II., contain
ing Chapters XI. to XXVII., with
Treatises," in 1872. In the interval
between the appearance of the second
and third volumes Dr. Kalisch wrote
a Hebrew Grammar, A severe illness
contracted towards the end of 1872
interrupted his labours, but a partial
recovery enabled him to resume them
in 1876, at least to some extent, and
in 1877 appeared the first part of a
new work of "Bible Studies," com-
menting on "The Prophecies of
Balaam." A second part, containing
"The Book of Jonah, preceded by a
Treatise on the Hebrew and the
Stranger," is in the press.
KANE, SIR ROBERT, M.D., born in
Dublin in 1810, where his father was
a manufacturing chemist, was edu-
cated for the medical profession, and
commenced his studies at the Meath
Hospital, of which he became the
clinical clerk. In 1830 he obtained
the prize offered by Dr. Graves for the
best essay on the Pathological Condi-
tion of the Fluids in Typhus Fever.
Mr. Kane became a licentiate in 1832,
and was elected a Fellow of the King
and Queen's College of Physicians
in Ireland in 1841, having been pre-
viously appointed Professor of Che-
mistry to the Apothecaries' Hall, of
whose board he was for many years
a leading examiner. He resigned his
professorship in 1845, and was suc-
ceeded by Dr. Aldridge. In 1832 he
projected the Dublin Journal of Medi-
cal Science, confined in the first in-
stance to chemistry and pharmacy,
and afterwards extended to practical
medicine. His direct connection with
that journal ceased in 1834. He held
the appointment of Professor of Na-
tural Philosophy to the Royal Dublin
Society, from 1844 till 1847, and in
the latter year the Royal Academy
awarded him the Cunningham gold
medal for his discoveries in chemistry.
He had been a member of the Royal
Irish Academy from 1832, was placed
upon its council in 1841, and was
afterwards elected its secretary, an
office which he continued to fill until
he received the appointment of Presi-
KARR-KARSLAKE.
dent of the Queen's College of Cork.
He had presented, in 1840, to the
Royal Society of London, some re-
searches on the colouring matter of
the lichens, which were subsequently
published in the Philosophical Trans-
actions, and for which he received the
royal medal. In 1843 he delivered a
scries of lectures on the different
sources of industry which exist in Ire-❘
land. In 1846 the measures recom-
mended by him for the formation of
a Museum of Industry in Ireland were
carried out, the Museum in St. Ste-
phen's Green was created, and he was
appointed Director, the Ordnance
zoological and mineral collection of
Mountjoy being removed to it. Dr.
Kane's most extensive work, "The
Elements of Chemistry," appeared in
1842; and the "Industrial Resources
of Ireland" in 1844. Dr. Kane was,
in 1845, appointed, in conjunction
with Professors Lindley and Playfair,
to examine into the cause and means
of preventing the potato blight. In
1846 he received the honour of knight-
hood, and was appointed one of the
Irish Relief Commissioners. He re-
signed the Presidency of Queen's
College, Cork, in 1864.
581
""
After the revolution of 1848, M. Karr,
disgusted with political life, retired
to Nice, and still writes occasionally
in the Revue des Deux Mondes and
other periodicals. His chief occupa-
tion, however, is horticulture on a
large scale. The publication of a
complete edition of this author's
works commenced at Paris in 1860.
He was made Chevalier of the Legion
of Honour, April 25, 1845. His
daughter, Mdlle. Thérèse Karr, has
written "Les Soirées Germaniques
offertes à la Jeunesse," published in
1860; "Les Huit Grandes Époques
de l'Histoire de France," in 1861;
"Contre un Proverbe," and "Dieu et
ses Dons," in 1864, and other works.
KARR, JEAN BAPTISTE AL-
BAPTISTE AL-
PHONSE, author, born at Paris, Nov.
24, 1808, received his first instructions
from his father, and afterwards en-
tered the Collége Bourbon, in which
he became a teacher. A copy of verses
which he sent to the satirical journal
Figaro introduced him to literary life.
Having been disappointed in love, he,
in 1832, published a novel written in
his youth,-" Sous les Tilleuls, a
mélange of irony and sentiment, of
good sense and trifling, which at once
made him popular. "Une Heure trop
Tard" appeared in 1833; "Vendredi
Soir," in 1835; "Le Chemin le plus
Court," in 1836; "Einerley" and
"Geneviève" in 1838; and "Voyage
autour de mon Jardin," in 1845, fol-
lowed by numerous other works. In
1839 he became editor-in-chief of
Figaro, the same year founded Les
Guêpes, a monthly satirical journal,
which had a remarkable success.
KARSLAKE, THE RIGHT HON.
SIR JOHN, Q.C., M.P., is the second
son of the late Mr. Henry Karslake,
solicitor, of Regent Street, and of
Queen Square, Bloomsbury, by his
first wife, Elizabeth Marsh, eldest
daughter of the late eminent convey-
ancer, Mr. Richard Preston, Q.Č.,
sometime M.P. for Ashburton. He
was born at Bencham, near Croydon,
in 1821; received his education at
Harrow school; was called to the
bar at the Middle Temple in 1846;
and went the Western
and went the Western circuit, of
which he became one of the leaders.
He obtained a silk gown in 1861.
Mr. Karslake was returned to Parlia-
ment, unopposed, in Feb., 1867, as
member for Andover, which borough
he represented, in the Conservative
interest, till Dec., 1868, when he was
an unsuccessful candidate for Exeter.
In Dec., 1873, he was returned by the
borough of Huntingdon, which he
continued to represent in the House
of Commous till Feb., 1876. He was
appointed Solicitor-General Nov. 30,
1866, and was Attorney-General from
July, 1867, till Dec., 1868. Mr.
Disraeli, on becoming Prime Minister
in Feb., 1874, again gave the Attorney-
Generalship to Sir John Karslake,
who, however, was obliged to resign
it in the following April, in conse-
quence of failing sight, which resulted
in total blindness. Sir J. Karslake,
who received the honour of knight-
|
582
KAUFMANN-KEAN.
hood, Jan. 1, 1867, is a Bencher of
the Middle Temple. He was sworn of
the Privy Council Mar. 24, 1876.
KAUFMANN, GEN., is one of those
soldiers who owe their advancement
to natural talent and the force of
character. Having completed his
education at the Military School for
Engineers he departed for the Cauca-
sus, where he took a distinguished
part in many expeditions, rising to
the rank of General. His last cam-
paign against the mountaineers pro-
cured for him the post of chief of
the field officers under Gen. Moura-
vieff. His tact and conciliatory dis-
position pointed him out during the
Crimean war as a fit officer to settle
with Gen. Williams the conditions of
capitulation at Kars. After the cam-
paign in Asia Minor, the grand duke
Nicholas, inspector-general of the
engineers, appointed him chief of his
staff, a position from which he was
advanced to the direction of the
Minister of War's office. The army
having to be reorganized, Gen. Kauf-
mann showed that he understood the
difficult task entrusted to him, and to
him, conjointly with the Minister of
War, Millutin, must be assigned the
credit of framing the new rules
which secured its regeneration. In
1865 he replaced Gen. Mouravieff as
Governor of Lithuania. Having been
entrusted with the task of organizing
the Khiva expedition, General Kauf-
mann left St. Petersburg for Tash-
kend, Feb. 1, 1873; captured Khiva,
July 15; and evacuated the place
Aug. 12. An account of this expedi-
tion is given by Mr. J. A. MacGahan
in his "Campaigning on the Oxus
and the Fall of Khiva," 1874. Sub-
sequently he was placed in command
of the expedition against Turkestan
in Aug.-Sept., 1875. In an order of
the day, dated Camp of Min Bulah,
on the right bank of the Sir Daria,
Oct. 7, he proclaimed the annexation
by Russia of the northern half of the
Khanate of Khokand. The new pro-
vince is bordered by the Sir Daria
and Marin rivers, and called the Dis-
trict of Namangan. The town of
1
•
Khokand was not included in the
annexed territory. At the commence-
ment of the recent war between
Russia and Turkey General Kauff-
mann received an important com-
mand.
KAYSERLING, M., born in
Hanover (Germany), June 17, 1829,
was educated there and at the Uni-
versity of Berlin. He was appointed
by the Government of Aargau, in 1861,
Rabbi of the Swiss Jews, and in Sept.,
1870, Rabbi and Preacher of the
Jewish Community in Pesth, Hungary.
In 1861, he married a daughter of the
celebrated Dr. Ludwig Philippson.
Dr. Kayserling is the author of "Se-
phardim: Romanische Poesien der
Juden in Spanien," Leipzig, 1859;
"Ein Feiertag in Madrid, zur Ge-
schichte der Spanisch-Portugiesischen
Juden;""Geschichte der Juden in
Spanien und Portugal," 1859-61 ;
"Menasse Ben Israel, Sein Leben und
Wirken," Berlin, 1867; "Geschichte
der Juden in England," Berlin,
1861; "Der Dichter Ephraim Kuh,
ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der
Deutschen Literatur," Berlin, 1867 ;
"Moses Mendelssohn, Sein Leben
und Wirken," Leipzig, 1862;
"Zum
Siegesfeste, Dankpredigt, und Dank-
lieder von M. Mendelssohn," Berlin,
1866; "Die Rituale Schlachtfrage oder
ist Thierquälerei ; Aarau, 1867;
"Schlachten Bibliothek Jüdischer
Kanzelredner," 1 Jährg, Berlin, 1870,
2 Jährg, 1871 (to be continued). He
also published several series of his-
torical and literary articles in the
Deutsche Museum of Prutz, Frankel's
Monatsschrift, Jahrbuch für Israeli-
ten in Wien, Steinschneider's Hebr.,
Bibliographie, and some Sermons.
"
KEAN, MRS. CHARLES, better
known by her maiden name of Miss
Ellen Tree, the daughter of a gentle-
man who held an appointment in the
East-India House, born early in the
century, first appeared in public at
Covent Garden, in the character of
Olivia, in "Twelfth Night," for the
benefit of her sister, Miss M. Tree,
who in 1825 married Mr. Bradshaw,
some time member for Canterbury,
KEATING-KEITH.
and then retired from professional
life. Miss E. Tree, having performed
in Edinburgh and Bath, was engaged
at Drury Lane, her first part being
Violante, in the "Wonder." In 1829
she transferred her services to Covent
Garden, and made her first appearance
as Lady Townley, in the "Provoked
Husband." For her benefit she
played Romeo to Miss Fanny Kemble's
Juliet, and her success was so great
that the manager entrusted to her
the heroine in Miss Kemble's play of
"Francis I." She was the original
Mariana in Sheridan Knowles's play
of "The Wife;" the original Myrrha,
in Lord Byron's CC
Sardanapalus;
the original Countess, in Sheridan
Knowles's play of "Love;" but her
name is chiefly associated with Shak-
spere's Rosalind and Viola, and with
Talfourd's "Ion." Between 1836 and
1839 she visited the United States,
where she met with an enthusiastic
reception. She was married to the
late Mr. Charles Kean, Jan. 29, 1842,
and retired from the stage on the
death of her husband, which occurred
Jan. 22, 1868.
""
KEATING, THE RIGHT HON. SIR
HENRY SINGER, third son of the late
Lieut.-Gen. Sir H. S. Keating, K.C.B.,
born near Dublin in 1804, was edu-
cated at Trinity College, Dublin, where
he graduated M.A.; was called to the
bar at the Inner Temple in 1832, and
in 1834 went the Oxford circuit (of
which he became leader after Serjeant
Talfourd's elevation to the bench).
He became a Q.C. and Bencher of the
Inner Temple in 1849, in which year
he edited jointly with Mr. (afterwards
Mr. Justice) Willes, that great legal
work, "Smith's Leading Cases." Mr.
Keating was returned at the general
election of 1852, one of the members
for Reading, as a Liberal in favour of
vote by ballot and an extension of
the suffrage, and opposed to the May-
nooth grant and church-rates. On
the resignation of Mr. Stuart Wortley
in 1857, he was appointed Solicitor-
General, and received the honour of
knighthood; in 1859 was appointed
a second time Solicitor-General, and
583
in Dec. of the same year succeeded
Mr. Justice Crowder as Judge of the
Common Pleas. Sir H. Keating
carried a very useful measure, known
by his name, "The Bills of Exchange
Act," 18 & 19 Vict. c. 67, enabling
holders of bills and notes, when there
was no real defence, to get judgment
summarily. He resigned his judg-
ship, Feb. 1, 1875, and on his retire-
ment was sworn a member of the
Privy Council.
|
KEELEY, MRS., widow of Mr.
Robert Keeley, the popular comedian
(who died in 1869) was born at Ips-
wich in 1806, acquired reputation as
an actress as Miss Goward, and made
her first appearance in London at the
Lyceum in 1825, as Rosina, in the
opera of that name, and Little Pickle,
Mrs. Keeley acquired great fame by
her rendering of the characters of
Smike, Mrs. Peerybingle, and Cle-
mency Newcome, in stage adapta-
tions of Mr. Dickens's novels, "Nicho-
las Nickleby, ""The Cricket on the
Hearth," and "The Battle of Life.”
KEITH, THE REV. ALEXANDER,
D.D., born at Keithall, N.B., in 1791,
was educated at Marischal College,
Aberdeen. From 1816 till 1843 he
was a minister of the Established
Church of Scotland at St. Cyrus,
Kincardineshire, and afterwards of
the Free Church; but on account of
the state of his health has for many
years been unable to attend to minis-
terial duties. In 1823 he published
the first edition of his "Evidences of
the Truth of the Christian Religion
derived from the literal Fulfilment of
Prophecy," a work which became a
text-book, both in England and Scot-
land, and to the 37th edition of which,
in 1859, he appended some interesting
criticisms on Professor Stanley's
"Poetical Interpretation of the Pro-
phecies." This work, which has been
translated into many languages, was
followed by "The Signs of the Times,"
published in 1831; "Demonstration of
the Truth of the Christian Religion,
in 1838; "The Land of Israel," in
1843; "The Harmony of Prophecy,
in 1851; and "The History and
""
""
584
KELLOGG-KELLY.
Destiny of the World and of_the|
Church, according to Scripture," Part
I., in 1861. In company with the
Rev. Dr. Black, the Rev. A. Bonar,
and the Rev. Robert McCheyne, con-
stituting a deputation from the Church
of Scotland to Palestine and other
Eastern countries, he visited some of
the scenes of Scripture prophecy, to
make researches respecting the actual
condition of the Jews. An account of
this mission was published under the
title of "A Narrative of the Mission
to the Jews." During this tour he
obtained a quantity of accurate local
information, which he has embodied
in the more recent editions of his
great work, the design of which he
declares to be to prove "that the
most literal interpretation of mani-
fold predictions can stand every test,
and give demonstration to all who
have eyes to see and ears to hear,
that the Word is the Word of God."
His eldest son, the Rev. Alex. Keith,
M.A., is the author of a "Commentary
on Isaiah." Another son, Dr. G. S.
Keith, of Edinburgh, who accom-
panied him in his last journey to the
East, has illustrated the last edition
of his father's work by photographic
drawings.
she again visited England, appearing
at the Drury Lane Opera. Iu the
winter of 1873-74 she organized a
company, and has since that time ap-
peared in English operas and concerts
in the principal cities of the United
States.
|
KELLOGG, CLARA LOUISA, born
at Sumter, South Carolina, in 1842.
At an early age she gave evidence of
musical talent, and after some years
of careful study made her first ap-
pearance at the Academy of Music
in New York in 1860. But it was only
after nearly four years more of study
and practice that she gave evidence
of her extraordinary musical powers.
As Marguerite in Gounod's "Faust,"
in the season of 1864-5, she vindi-
cated her title to be regarded as one
of the best artists of her time. Her
success was not less complete in
"Crispino," as "Linda di Chamounix,"
in the "Barber of Seville," "La Son-
nambula,” “ Lucia di Lammermoor,"
and other operas, within the next two
years. On Nov. 2, 1867, she made a
successful début in London as Mar-
guerita in "Faust." She returned to
the United States in 1868. In 1872
KELLY, THE RIGHT HON. SIR
FITZROY, son of Capt. Hawke Kelly,
R.N., born in London in 1796, was,
in 1824, called to the bar at Lincoln's
Inn, and went the Norfolk circuit.
In 1835, he was made a King's
Counsel, elected a Bencher of Lincoln's
Inn, and one of the members for
Ipswich, and having been unseated
on petition, was returned in Feb.,
1838, and occupied the seat till the
general election in July, 1841, when
he was defeated. In March, 1843, he
was returned as one of the members.
for Cambridge, which he continued to
represent till 1847, having in the
meantime, during the administration
of Sir R. Peel, held the office of Soli-
citor-General, and received the honour
of knighthood. At the general elec-
tion in Aug., 1847, Sir F. Kelly con-
tested Lyme Regis, but without suc-
cess, and he did not again obtain
a seat in the House of Commons
till April, 1852, when, having ac-
cepted the post of Solicitor-General
in Lord Derby's first administra-
tion, he was returned as one of the
members for Harwich. Before taking
his seat for this borough he was elected.
one of the members for East Suffolk,
in which division of the county he
had acquired property, and he re-
mained one of its members till he
was raised to the bench. Sir Fitzroy
Kelly, who was Attorney-General in
Lord Derby's second administration
in 1858-9, was made Lord Chief
Baron of the Court of Exchequer on
the resignation of Sir Frederick Pol-
lock, in June, 1866. He was an
energetic member of the society in-
stituted with a view of promoting the
reform and amendment of the law..
The cases by which he is best known
as a lawyer are his defence of Frost
and his brother-Chartists at Newport
in 1840, his defence of the murderer-
|
Br
KELLY-KEMBALL.
Tawell, the Quaker, in 1845, and his |
prosecution of Dr. Bernard for being
concerned in the Orsini conspiracy,
during his Attorney-Generalship in
1858.
KELLY, FRANCES MARIA, an
actress and singer, born at Brighton,
Dec. 15, 1790. Her father was an
officer in the army, and brother to
Michael Kelly, under whom she
studied music and singing, and she
went on the stage at a very early age,
as a member of the chorus at Drury
Lane, first appearing as an actress at
Glasgow in 1807. She was a member
of Mr. Colman's company at the Hay-
market in 1808. At the English Opera
House, under Mr. Arnold's manage-
ment, she earned laurels as a singer,
taking several of the characters which
had been filled by Madame Storace,
and from this house went to Drury
Lane. Whilst performing there she
was fired at from the pit, when a
scene of extraordinary excitement
ensued. The perpetrator tried for the
murderous attempt was acquitted on
the ground of insanity. A similar at-
tempt upon her life was afterwards
made at Dublin, fortunately with no
better success.
Miss Kelly, an act-
ress of great versatility and talent,
excelled in the comedy parts filled by
Mrs. Jordan, and still more in domes-
tic melodrama. The popular plays
of "The Sergeant's Wife," "The Maid
and the Magpie," and "The Inn-
keeper's Daughter," are specially as-
sociated with her name. Miss Kelly,
who built the small theatre in Dean
Street, Soho, long known as Miss
Kelly's, and called the New Royalty,
in 1861, has retired from the stage
for many years.
KEMBALL, LIEUTENANT-GENE-
RAL SIR ARNOLD BURROWES,
K.C.B., K.C.S.I., born in 1818, was
educated for his profession at Addis-
combe, and received his first com-
mission as second lieutenant in the
Bombay Artillery, Dec. 11, 1837.
His battery formed part of the Army
of the Indus under Lord Keane, and
with it he served in the first cam-
paign in Afghanistan, 1838-9, in-
585
R
cluding the siege and storming of
Ghuznee and subsequent occupation
of Cabul, for which he received the
medal. His real field of utility,
however, was
was determined by his
appointment as Assistant Political
Resident in the Persian Gulf in 1842,
where he was employed in various
political duties for 28 years, and
acquired a special and valuable
experience of Turkish and Persian
Affairs, and mastery of the Turkish,
Persian, and Arabic languages. He
was made Political Resident in the
Persian Gulf in 1852, and Consul-
General at Bagdad, and Political
Agent in Turkish Arabia in 1855,
after having acted in both capacities
at various times during the absences
of previous incumbents. He took
part in the Persian Expedition in
1857, under Sir James Outram, and
was present at the capture of Mohum-
rah and subsequent operations in the
field. He was specially mentioned
several times in the despatches of
both the General and the Commo-
dore, commanding the land and sea
forces, for his valuable assistance,
advice, and gallantry. Lord Canning
in his notification of June 18, 1857,
publicly thanked him for his zealous
services, "afforded on every occasion
of difficulty and danger, and espe-
cially in the brilliant expedition
against Ahwas." For his services in
the Persian War, Captain Kemball
was rewarded with the medal and
clasp, a Brevet Majority, and the
C.B. In 1866 he was nominated to
the second-class of the Star of India,
and in 1874 was promoted to General
Officer's rank, antedated to March,
1868. Sir Arnold was selected to
attend upon the Shah during that
potentate's visit to England in 1873;
and from April, 1875, he was em-
ployed on the Turko-Persian Boun-
dary Commission until the summer
of 1876, when he was sent as British
Commissioner to the Turkish Army,
and accompanied Abdul - Kezim
through the Servian Campaign. He
was promoted to the brevet rank of
Lieutenant-General in Oct., 1877,
|
586
KEMBLE-KEMPE.
and was created a K.C.B. July 29,
1878.
|
""
KEMBLE, ADELAIDE, younger
daughter of the late Mr. Charles
Kemble, and niece of Mrs. Siddons,
born about 1816, was intended for a
concert singer, without any view to
the stage, and at the age of seven-
teen appeared in London, and at the
York festival in 1834, but without
producing any marked effect. She
then visited Paris, Germany, and
Italy, for the purpose of improve-
ment, and made her first appearance
in "Norma,' on the stage of the
Fenice, at Venice, and achieved
great success. She was equally for-
tunate at Trieste, Milan, Padua,
Bologna, and Mantua, and at the
height of her reputation was recalled
to England, in 1841, by the serious
illness of her father. She made her
first appearance in London in "Nor-
ma," and at once achieved a position
worthy of the name she bore, and in
1842 sang in "Figaro," the "Son-
nambula, ""Semiramide," "Il Matri-
monio Segreto," and a variety of
operas, and retired from the stage on
her marriage, in 1843, to Mr. Frede-
rick U. Sartoris. She published "A
Week in a French Country House,"
in 1867.
|
a tragedy written by herself at seven-
teen. In 1832 she visited America,
and, with her father, performed with
great success at the principal theatres
of the United States. An account of
these wanderings is given in her
"Journal of a Residence in America,"
(1835). At this period she became
the wife of Mr. Pierce Butler, a
planter of South Carolina, from
whom she obtained a divorce in 1839.
She resumed her maiden name, and
retired to Lenox, Massachusetts,
where she resided, with the exception
of a year spent in Italy, for nearly
twenty years. Besides translations
from Schiller and others. she has
also published, "The Star of Seville"
(1837); a volume of " Poems" (1842);
"A Year of Consolation (1847);
"Residence on a Georgia Plantation
(1863); "Records of a Girlhood" (3
vols. 1878); and has appeared at in-
tervals as a public reader. From 1869
to 1873 she was in Europe. She then
returned to America, and has since
resided near Philadelphia. In 1876-7
she contributed to the Atlantic
Monthly a series of papers giving
some reminiscences of her early
years.
""
""
KEMBLE,
FRANCES ANNE,
daughter of Charles Kemble, and
niece of Mrs. Siddons, born in New-
man Street, London, November 27,
1809. She made her first appear-
ance, Oct. 5, 1829, as Juliet, at
Covent Garden Theatre, then under
the management of her father.
"Venice Preserved " was revived
Dec. 9, in that year, for the purpose
of introducing her as Belvidera
and she sustained the parts of the
Grecian Daughter, Mrs. Beverley,
Portia, Isabella, Lady Townley,
Calista, Bianca, Beatrice, Constance,
Lady Teazle, Queen Catherine,
Louise of Savoy in "Francis I.,"
Lady Macbeth, and Julia in the
"Hunchback." The three years
during which she retrieved the for-
tunes of her family, were marked |
KEMPE, THE REV. JOHN ED-
WARD, M.A., born at Newington,
Surrey, March 9, 1810, was educated
at St. Paul's School and Clare Col-
lege, Cambridge, where he graduated
B.A. in 1833 as a senior optime, and
first class in classics; and M.A. in
1837. He was appointed Curate of
Tavistock, Devon, in 1833, and elected
a Fellow of his college in 1841. He
became Curate of Barnet, Herts, in
1844; Incumbent of St. John's, St.
Pancras, on the presentation of
Bishop Blomfield, in 1846; of St.
Barnabas, Kensington, in 1848; and
Rector of St. James's, Piccadilly, on
the presentation of Lord Aberdeen,
as Premier, in 1853. In 1861 he was
appointed by Bishop Tait to the Pre-
bendal stall of Chamberlainewood,
in St. Paul's; in 1864 he became one
of her Majesty's chaplains; and in
1868 he was elected one of the
by the production of "Francis I." | Proctors in Convocation for London,
+
KENNEDY.
being re-elected in 1874. He is also
a Rural Dean of the diocese. Mr.
Kempe has published lectures on the
Book of Job, and on Elijah; occa-
sional sermons, and prefaces to lec-
tures delivered in St. James's Church
on "The Use and Abuse of the
World," "Companions for the Devout
Life," and "Classic Preachers of the
English Church.” These lectures,
preached for several successive years
at the Sunday afternoon services of
St. James's, during the London
season, have attracted great interest
and attention. During Mr. Kempe's
incumbency of St. James's, consider-
able additions have been made to the
church accommodation of the parish,
and large sums have been raised for
this purpose, and for the endowment
of the daughter churches. The sub-
division of the parish into district
parishes has been the leading feature
of Mr. Kempe's administration. He is
considered to have rendered great ser-
vice to the Anglican Church in general,
and especially to its cause in London,
by having established, and conducted
as President, for many years, monthly
conferences, at which clergy and
laity meet for the discussion of
Church questions. It might not be
too much to say that to these con-
ferences may be traced much of the
impulse which has given rise to
Church Congresses, Diocesan Synods,
and other gatherings of Churchmen
for the interchange of thought and
the promotion of brotherly inter-
course amongst different schools of
opinion. Mr. Kempe is also the
founder of the St. James's Diocesan
Home for Female Penitents, for
which a fine building, with a beauti-
ful chapel, has been erected on the
episcopal estate at Fulham; and he
was one of Bishop Tait's principal
counsellors and coadjutors in the
origination and earlier working of the
Bishop of London's Fund. The name
of "the Bishop of London's Fund,"
which certainly contributed to the
success of the movement, was sug-
gested by him.
KENNEDY, THE REV. BENJAMIN
587
HALL, D.D., born at Summer Hill,
near Birmingham, Nov. 6, 1804,
eldest son of the late Rev. Rann
Kennedy, incumbent of St. Paul's,
Birmingham, and Second Master of
King Edward's School in that town,
author of "The Reign of Youth,
and other poems, was educated at
King Edward's School, Birmingham,
and at Shrewsbury School, under
Dr. Butler. Entering St. John's Col-
lege, Cambridge, he gained the Por-
son Prize and Browne's Medal for
Latin Ode in 1823; the Pitt Uni-
versity Scholarship in his first year;
Browne's Medal for Greek and Latin
Odes, and the Porson Prize in 1824 ;
Browne's Medal for Epigrams in
1825; and the Porson Prize a third
time in 1826. He graduated B.A. as
Senior Classic and Senior Chancel-
lor's Medallist in 1827, gained the
Member's prize for a Latin Essay,
"De Origine
"De Origine Scripturæ Alpha-
beticæ," was elected Fellow and
Classical Lecturer of St. John's
College in 1828, became an As-
sistant Master at Harrow, under Dr.
Longley, in 1830, and was appointed
Head Master of Shrewsbury School,
vacant by the promotion of the late
Dr. Butler to the sec of Lichfield, in
1836. In 1841 he became Preben-
dary of Lichfield; and in 1860 was
appointed Select Preacher in the
University of Cambridge.
He was
presented to the rectory of West
Felton, Salop, in 1865 (which he
resigned in 1868), resigned the Head
Mastership of Shrewsbury School at
Midsummer, 1866, and was appointed
Regius Professor of Greek at Cam-
bridge and Canon of Ely in 1867. He
was elected a Member of the Council
of that University in 1870; and
was appointed the Lady Margaret's
Preacher for the year 1873. Dr.
Kennedy has contributed to the
"Sabrina Corolla," 1850, 3rd edit.,
1860; and has published "The
Psalter in English Verse, 1860, 2nd
edit., 1877; "The Public School
Latin Grammar," 1871, 4th edit.,
1876; "The Birds of Aristophanes,
translated into English Verse," 1874;
""
i
588
KENRICK-KENT.
a school edition of "Virgil," 1876,
2nd edit., 1878; (C
Between Whiles
(a collection of Greek, Latin, and
English poetry), 1877, 2nd edit.,
1878; and "Occasional Sermons
preached in the University of Cam-
bridge and elsewhere, with an Ap-
pendix of Hymns," 1877.
KENRICK, THE MOST REV.
PETER RICHARD, D.D., Archbishop
of St. Louis, Missouri, was born in
Dublin, Ireland, in 1806. He was
educated at Maynooth, and ordained
a priest in Ireland, but soon after-
wards emigrated to Philadelphia,
where his brother (the late Arch-
bishop of Baltimore) was then coad-
jutor to the Bishop. Here he edited
the Catholic Herald for several years,
and published various works, original
and translated. He was also made
Vicar-General of the diocese. In
1841 Bishop Rosati of St. Louis, re-
quested his nomination as his coad-
jutor with the right of succession.
He was consecrated Bishop of Drasa
in partibus, and coadjutor of St.
Louis, Nov. 30, 1841. In 1843, on
the death of Bishop Rosati, Dr. Ken-
rick became Bishop of St. Louis, and
in 1847 the first Archbishop of that
city. He has been very successful in
promoting the interests of the see,
having established a large hospital,
an orphanage, two magnificent con-
vents, numerous schools and chari-
table institutions, and one of the
most extensive and beautiful ceme-
teries in the United States. Besides
the translations already referred to,
and editions of devotional works, the
Archbishop has published "The Holy
House of Loretto; or, an Examina-
tion of the Historical Evidence of its
Miraculous Translation ;" and "An-
glican Ordinations." Archbishop
Kenrick was present at the Vatican
Council, and was reported to have
maintained the inopportuneness of
defining the dogma of Papal Infalli-
bility. He, however, acquiesced in
the definition, and published it, to-
gether with the other decrees of the
Council in his diocese.
KENT, WILLIAM CHARLES MARK
|
??
(better known as Charles Kent), poet
and journalist, was born in London,
Nov. 3, 1823, and educated at Prior
Park, and Oscott Colleges. His father,
William Kent, who, in 1816, was a
midshipman on board the Leander at
the battle of Algiers, under Lord Ex-
mouth, was the only son of the late
Captain William Kent, R.N., the
discoverer of Kent's Group, the Gulf
of St. Vincent, &c., as the earliest
Government Surveyor of the Coast
of New South Wales.
of New South Wales. Captain Kent
died off Toulon in 1812, while in
command of H.M.S. Union, 98 guns,
then stationed up the Mediterranean.
Mr. Charles Kent's mother (Ellen)
was the only daughter of the late
Judge Baggs, of Demerara, and sister
of the late Bishop Baggs, Vicar
Apostolic of the Western District of
England and Cameriere d'Onore to
His Holiness Pope Gregory XVI.
At an early age Mr. Kent adopted
literature as a profession, and was
called to the bar at the Middle
Temple in 1859. When he was nine-
teen he published some thirty-six
essays, sketches, and tales, in three
series; among the stories being
""
Napoleon's Slippers," "Shakspere's
Frolic on the Thames," "The Sea-
gull of Iona (a tale of the escape
of the Young Pretender, Prince
Charles Edward), and "The Camel
Driver's Turban "
founded on an
incident in the life of Mahomet. His
first work, "Aletheia, or the Doom of
Mythology," with other poems, was
published in 1850, and in 1853 elicited
a remarkable letter from M. de La-
martine, in which he expressed a wish
that the poem addressed to himself
might form his epitaph. "Dream-
land, or Poets in their Haunts," with
other poems, appeared in 1862. His
prose works include among them
The Vision of Cagliostro, a Tale of
the Five Senses, reprinted in the
6:
Tales from Blackwood;" "The
Derby Ministry," a series of Cabinet
Pictures, under the nom de plume of
Mark Rochester; A Mythological
Dictionary; a politico - religious.
treatise entitled "Catholicity in the
(C
""
|
(1
ገ
KENWARD-KEPPEL.
*"
રી
Dark Ages," by an Oscotian; in 1864
"Footprints on the Road," included
in the "Select Library of Popular
Authors; and in 1869 The
Gladstone Government," by
Templar, another series of Cabinet
Pictures, or sketches of contem-
porary statesmen.
His poem of
welcome to "Longfellow in Eng-
land," which appeared in the Times
with the initials C. K., went the
round of the newspapers on both
sides of the Atlantic. It was to him
that Charles Dickens addressed the
last letter he ever wrote, appointing
a meeting between them for the next
day almost at the very hour when the
great novelist expired. Between the
Christmas of 1845 and that of 1870 Mr.
Charles Kent was for five-and-twenty
years editor, and during the last eight
of those years proprietor, of the Sun
newspaper. In 1870 was published
a new and collected edition of his
"Poems." In 1872 there was issued
from the press simultaneously in
England and the United States his
work entitled "Charles Dickens as a
Reader."
As an old and intimate
friend of the late Lord Lytton, there
was intrusted to him, in 1874, the
selection and arrangement, in the
Knebworth edition, of all the mis-
cellaneous works of that great author.
During the spring of that year he
assumed the editorship of the Weekly
Register and Catholic Standard. In
1875 he edited, with a Biographical
Introduction and Notes, the Popular
Centenary edition of the Works of
Charles Lamb, in the Standard
Library of the Messrs. Routledge. He
has also been a contributor to the
Westminster Review, the Dublin Re-
view, Blackwood's Magazine, the
New Monthly, Bentley's Miscellany,
the Gentleman's Magazine, Household
Words, the Athenæum, and a great
number of other well-known periodi-
cals; and is a biographer in the new
edition (now_publishing) of the En-
cyclopædia Britannica.
|
|
KENWARD, JAMES, F.S.A., born
in London, July 30, 1828, was educated
for the Church, but owing to family re-
589
About
verses he was unable to proceed to col-
lege, and after a short career as junior
master in schools, he sought subsistence
in commercial pursuits. He has been
for many years connected with the
celebrated lighthouse works of Messrs.
Chance, near Birmingham.
1857 he began to investigate the lite-
rature and antiquities of the Celtic
races, particularly of the Kymric
branch. His miscellany of prose and
verse, entitled "For Cambria," was
published in 1868.
It includes a
number of poems on
the scenic
beauties of Wales and Brittany. His
“Account of the Life and Writings of
the Rev. John Williams ab Ithel "
followed in 1871. In 1871 also ap-
peared "Oriel," a narrative poem in
blank verse on social topics and
manners. Mr. Kenward is an Asso-
ciate of the Institution of Civil En-
gineers. In 1874 he received from the
Emperor of Russia the Cross of the
Order of St. Stanislas.
KEPPEL, THE HON. SIR HENRY,
G.C.B., Vice-Admiral, a younger son
of the late Earl of Albemarle, born
June 14, 1809, entered the navy at an
early age, was made Lieutenant in
1829, and Commander in 1833. In
command of the Childers, 16 guns,
he served on the south coast of Spain
during the civil war of 1834-5, after-
wards on the west coast of Africa,
was made Captain in 1837, and com-
manded the Dido from 1841 till 1845,
during which time he was employed
in the China war of 1842, and after-
wards in the suppression of piracy in
the Eastern Archipelago. From Nov.,
1847, till July, 1851, he commanded
the Meander, 44 guns, on the China
and Pacific stations; in May, 1853,
was appointed to the command of the
St. Jean d' Acre, 101 guns; served in
the Baltic and in the Black Sea, and
having in July, 1855, exchanged into
the Rodney, 74 guns, obtained com-
mand of the Naval Brigade before
Sebastopol. After the fall of that
stronghold he returned to England,
and was appointed to the Colossus.
In Sept., 1856, he hoisted his pennant
as Commodore on board the Raleigh,
590
KÉRATRY-KERN.
he was appointed officer of ordnance
to Marshal Bazaine. The Comte de
Kératry was several times mentioned
in the "Order of the Day" in Africa
and Mexico. At the commencement
of the year 1865 he was recommended
for a lieutenant's commission, but he
sent in his resignation and retired
from the service. At this period he
had received the Legion of Honour,
and had been decorated with several
foreign Orders. On his return to
France he devoted himself to literary
pursuits, and contributed to the
Revue Contemporaine a remarkable
series of articles on the Mexican ex-
K
his flag on board the Rodney, as Vice-pedition, in which he severely at-
Admiral Commander-in-Chief on the
China and Japan station.
He re-
turned to England in Dec., 1869, on
attaining the rank of full Admiral,
and was made D.C.L. of Oxford in
1870. He was created a G.C.B. in
1871, and he became an Admiral of
the Fleet in 1877. He is a Com-
mander of the Legion of Honour, and
Medjidie of the second class. Sir H.
Keppel has written Expedition
to Borneo, with Rajah Brooke's
Journal," published in 1847, and
"Visit to the Indian Archipelago."
(C
tacked the Government and the con-
duct of Marshal Bazaine. Soon
afterwards he became editor of the
Revue Moderne, in which periodical
he continued his accusations. In
1869 he was returned by the electors
of Brest to the Corps Législatif, when
he associated himself with the new
Liberal Tiers-Parti. On the estab-
lishment of the Government of the
National Defence in Sept., 1870, he
was made Prefect of Police; but in
the following month he escaped from
Paris in a balloon, and proceeded on
a diplomatic mission to Madrid,
where, soon afterwards, he was re-
placed by M. Edmond Adam. He is
the author of "Le Contre-Guérilla,'
1867; "La Créance Jecker," 1867 ;
"L'Elévation et la Chute de Maxi-
milien," 1867; and a work on recent
French events, entitled "Le 4 Sep-
tembre et le Gouvernement de la Dé-
fense Nationale," 1871.
""
|
KÉRATRY, ÉMILE, COMTE DE,
was born at Paris, March 20, 1832,
of an ancient Breton family, his
father being Count Auguste Hilarion
Kératry, who died in 1859. Having
completed his studies at the Lyceums
of St. Louis and of Louis-le-Grand,
he entered as a volunteer the 1st
regiment of Chasseurs d'Afrique in
1854, went through the Crimean cam-
paign, removed successively to the
1st regiment of Spahis and of Cuiras-
siers, and in 1859 was appointed
sous-lieutenant in the 5th regiment
of Lancers. In 1861 he exchanged
into the 3rd regiment of Chasseurs
d'Afrique, in order that he might
make the campaign in Mexico; and
in 1864 he was detached as Captain
commanding the second squadron of
Colonel Dupin's famous counter-
guerilla. In this dangerous service
he distinguished himself by his
bravery and decision, and afterwards
KERN, J. CONRAD, statesman, was
born in 1808, in the market-town of
Berlingen, near Arenenberg, in the
canton of Thurgau, Switzerland.
After studying at the gymnasium of
Zurich, he proceeded to the Univer-
sity of Basle, to study theology, which
he gave up, became a law student, and
finished his education in the schools.
of Berlin, Heidelberg, and Paris.
From 1837 he performed in his can-
ton the duties of President of the
Supreme Court of Judicature, and
those of President of the Council of
52 guns, and proceeded to China,
where his ship was lost by striking
on an unknown rock. He commanded
a division of boats at the destruction
of the Chinese war fleet in the
Fatshan Creek, June 1, 1857, for
which service he was made a K.C.B.,
and on attaining flag rank, he re-
turned to England. In 1859 he was
made Groom in Waiting to the
Queen, which office he relinquished
in May, 1860, on being appointed to
the Cape of Good Hope as naval
Commander-in-Chief, from which he
was transferred to the Brazilian
station. In Jan., 1867, he hoisted
KERVYN-KHALIL.
|
Education. Dr. Kern, at an early
period, impelled by his liberal ten-
dencies, was engaged in reforming
the cantonal institutions. In a wider
field he was from 1833, under the old
compact, as under the new Federal
constitution, regularly chosen_repre-
sentative of his canton in the Diet or
in the National Assembly. In 1838
the French Government insisted,
through its ambassador, the duke of
Montebello, on the extradition of
Prince Louis Napoleon, who, with
his mother, Queen Hortense, had for
some time resided in the canton of
Thurgau. In the Diet, Dr. Kern pro-
tested against the right of any power
to interfere with the hospitality of
his canton, or with the liberty of a
Swiss citizen; and on his return to
Thurgau to render to the Town
Council an account of the delibera-
tions of the Diet, he urged his fellow-
citizens not to allow themselves to be
intimidated by the menaces of France.
"Do what is right, happen what may,"
was the conclusion of his speech.
Dr. Kern had the satisfaction to re-
turn to the Diet with the unanimous
votes of his canton in favour of his
principle. As President of the École
Polytechnique of Zurich, he has done
much for that valuable institution.
When, in 1857, the dispute between
Switzerland and the King of Prussia
threatened to cause serious troubles,
Dr. Kern was deputed to maintain
the interest and uphold the dignity
of the republic at the conference
held at Neufchâtel; and was ap-
pointed Swiss plenipotentiary at the
court of France.
KERVYN DE LETTENHOVE,
JOSEPH MARIE BRUNO CONSTANTIN,
a Belgian statesman and historian,
born at St. Michel, near Bruges,
Aug. 17. 1817. From an early age he
devoted himself to historical and
antiquarian studies, and began to
gather the materials for the admir-
able works which have gained for him
so high a reputation, both in his
native country and in France. He
has been for many years a member
of the Chamber of Representatives,
591
where he distinguished himself as a
supporter of the Conservative or
Catholic party. When that party
came into power in July, 1870, he
accepted office under Baron d'Ané-
than as Minister of the Interior, and
retained that post until the resigna-
tion of the ministry in Dec., 1871.
M. Kervyn de Lettenhove is the
author of a French translation
of the select works of Milton
("Euvres Choisies de Milton "), pub-
lished anonymously at Paris, with
the original text in 1839; "Histoire
de Flandre," 6 vols., Brussels, 1847-
50,, 4 vols., Bruges, 1853-54; an
"Etude sur les Chroniques de Frois-
sart," which was "crowned" by the
French Academy
French Academy in 1856; and
"Jacques d'Artevelde," 8vo, Ghent,
1863. He has also edited "Les
Cronikes des Comtes de Flandres,"
Bruges, 1849; "Mémoires de Jean
de Dadizeele, souverain bailli de
Flandre, haut bailli de Gand, 1431-
81," Bruges, 1850; and "Lettres
et Négociations de Philippe de Com-
mines," with a historical and bio-
graphical commentary, Brussels,
1867. His magnificent edition of
Froissart was completed by the pub-
lication of the last four volumes-
fourteenth to seventeenth-in 1872.
M. Kervyn de Lettenhove, who is a
member of the Royal Academy of
Belgium, was elected in 1863 a mem-
ber of the French Academy of Moral
and Political Sciences in the section
of general and philosophical history.
KHALIL SHERIFF PASHA, an
Ottoman statesman, formerly known
as Khalil Bey, is a son of Sheriff
Pasha, the companion in arms of the
great Mehemet Ali. He was born
June 20, 1831, not far from the banks
of old Nile, and under the shade of
the Libyan Hills, at Syout, the
present capital of Upper Egypt. In
1843 he was sent by his father to
Paris, where he studied languages,
science, and jurisprudence, till 1849,
when he returned to Egypt. From
that date he was attached as second
secretary to the person of the then
Viceroy, Abbas Pasha, and was em-
K
.592
KILLALOE-KILMORE.
ployed in various administrative posts
until the latter's death. After the
accession of Said Pasha to power,
Khalil Bey was sent as Commissioner
to the Paris Exhibition of 1855; but
disapproving the manner in which
the Egyptian administration was con-
ducted, and being, besides, anxious to
enter into the direct service of the
Porte, he, in the following year,
offered his services to A'ali Pasha.
Khalil Bey accompanied A'ali Pasha
to Paris, where his Highness acted as
one of the plenipotentiaries charged
with the conclusion of the treaty of
March 30, 1856. On his return to
Constantinople he was appointed by
the Grand Vizier, resident Minister,
and afterwards Envoy Extraordinary
.and Minister Plenipotentiary at
Athens, a post which he filled till
1859, when having been attacked
with severe inflammation of the eyes,
he was obliged to solicit leave of
absence, of which he availed himself
until 1861. The late Sultan, Ab-
dul Aziz, on his accession to the
throne, sent him as Envoy Extraordi-
nary and Minister Plenipotentiary to
St. Petersburg, where he was so well
received by the Czar and Russian
society in general, that he refused the
post of Ambassador to Vienna offered
to him two years afterwards by the
Imperial Government. In the en-senting his letters of recall to the
trance hall of Khalil Bey's palace Emperor Francis Joseph, he was in-
at Foundoukli, on the Bosphorus, is vested by his Majesty with the Grand
to be seen a stuffed bear of enormous Cross of the Order of St. Stephen.
size that was shot by the Emperor On Aug. 10, 1871, he was raised to
Alexander's own hand, and presented the rank of Muchir by the Sultan,
to Khalil Bey as a mark of his Ma- and since that date has taken his
jesty's esteem and friendship. The father's name, Sheriff, in addition to
cold of Russia at length had its that of Khalil, being now known as
effect on a constitution early ac- Khalil Sheriff Pasha. On July 29,
customed to the sunny climate of 1875, he was nominated Turkish Am-
Egypt, and obliged him, in 1866, to bassador to Paris. He was succeeded
resign a post which he had filled with in that post by Aarifi Pasha, in Nov.,
credit to himself and advantage to 1877. About 1873, Khalil Pasha mar-
his Government. Khalil Bey then ried the Princess Naslié, the beautiful
retired to Paris, where he made use and accomplished daughter of his
of the large fortune left him by his Highness Prince Mustapha Fazyl
father, Sheriff Pasha, who had died Pasha, brother of the Khedive.
during the previous year, in a liberal KILLALOE, BISHOP OF.
OF. (See
patronage of literature and the fine FITZGERALD, DR.)
arts. Many who visited Paris during KILMORE, ELPHIN, AND AR-
the Exhibition year of 1867, will,
perhaps, remember Khalil Bey's
gallery of pictures, which was con-
sidered one of the finest private col-
lections in France, while his racing
stud, under the name of Major Fri-
dolin, was famous both in this country
and on the Continent. Desirous,
however, of again serving his country,
Khalil Bey returned to Constanti-
nople in 1868, where he was warmly
received in ministerial circles, and
shortly afterwards received the ap-
pointment of Musteschar of the
Minister for Foreign Affairs. In that
important post he rendered such
valuable services in the settlement of
the dispute between the Porte and
the Viceroy of Egypt, that, upon the
surrender of the ironclads by the
Khedive, the Sultan, in a personal
interview at the palace of Dolma-
Baghtché Feb., 1870- conferred
upon him the Grand Cordon of
the Order of the Medjidie. In
Aug., 1870, Khalil Bey resigned
the post of Under-Secretary for
Foreign Affairs, and was immedi-
ately afterwards appointed Am-
bassador from the Sublime Porte to
the Court of the Kaiser at Vienna.
In Sept., 1872, he was appointed
Foreign Minister in the place of
Djémil Pasha, deceased.
On pre-
|
KIMBERLEY-KINKEL.
593
DAGH, BISHOP OF. (See DARLEY, | the Vice-Chancellors. He was sworn
DR.)
a member of the Privy Council, Nov.
13, and resigned the Vice-Chancellor-
ship in Dec. 1866.
|
KIMBERLEY (EARL OF), THE
RIGHT HON. JOHN WODEHOUSE, born
Jan. 7, 1826, was educated at Eton
and Christ Church, Oxford, where he
graduated B.A. in 1847, taking a first-
class in classical honours. He suc-
ceeded his grandfather as third Baron
Wodehouse, May 29, 1846, and was
raised to the earldom of Kimberley
June 1, 1866. In Dec., 1852, he ac-
cepted the post of Under-Secretary
of State for Foreign Affairs, which
he held under Lords Aberdeen and
Palmerston until 1856, when he was
appointed Ambassador at St. Peters-
burg. He returned from Russia in
1858, and resumed his post as Under-
Secretary for Foreign Affairs in Lord
Palmerston's second administration,
June 19, 1859, retiring Aug. 14, 1861.
In 1863 he was sent on a special
mission to the north of Europe, with
the view of obtaining some settle-
ment of the Schleswig-Holstein ques-
tion; and in Oct. 1864, succeeded
the late Earl of Carlisle in the Lord-
Lieutenancy of Ireland, resigning|
that post on the fall of Lord Russell's
second administration, in July, 1866.
He held the office of Lord Privy Seal
in Mr. Gladstone's administration
from Dec., 1868, to July, 1870, and
that of Secretary of State for the Colo-
nies from the latter date until the
retirement of Mr. Gladstone in Feb.,
1874. In Feb., 1878, he was nomi-
nated a member of the Royal Com-seated.
mission appointed to inquire into
the working of the Penal Servitude | COURTENAY, DR.)
Acts.
KINGLAKE, ALEXANDER WIL-
LIAM, eldest son of the late William
Kinglake, Esq., of Wilton House, near
Taunton, born in 1811, was educated at
Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge,
where he graduated B.A. in 1832, was
called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in
1837, but retired from the law in
1856. He is well known as the author
of "Eothen," an account of his ex-
periences in Eastern travel, published
in 1844. He was returned as one of
the members in the Liberal interest,
in March, 1857, for Bridgewater. In
1858 he moved the first amendment
against the "Conspiracy Bill,” and in
the same year brought forward the
question of the Cagliari, and in 1859
that of the Charles et Georges. In
1860 he took an active part in de-
nouncing the annexation of Savoy
and Nice to the French empire. His
"Invasion of the Crimea," being the
first portion of a History of the
Russian War of 1854-6, a work upon
which he had been for some time
engaged, appeared in 1863, and some
passages are said to have given great
offence at the Court of the Tuileries.
The fifth volume appeared in 1875.
At the general election of 1868 he
was again returned for Bridgwater
(which borough has since been dis-
franchised), but on petition was un-
|
KINDERSLEY, THE RIGHT HON.
SIR RICHARD TORIN, eldest son of the
late Nathaniel E. Kindersley, Esq., of
Sunning Hill, Berks, born in 1792,
was educated at Trinity College,
Cambridge, where he graduated B.A.
in 1814, as fourth Wrangler, and was
afterwards elected Fellow. In 1818
he was called to the bar at Lincoln's
Inn, was appointed a King's Counsel
in 1835, held the office of a Master in
Chancery from 1848 to 1851, and in
the latter year was appointed one of
KINGSTON, BISHOP OF. (See
KINKEL, JOHANN GOTTFRIED,
was born at Obercassell, a village in
Rhenish Prussia, Aug. 11, 1815. His
father, a Protestant clergyman, took
charge of his education until he
entered the Gymnasium of Bonn,
where he obtained the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy, and taught
divinity, especially the history of the
Church, for upwards of nine years.
In 1837 Dr. Kinkel travelled through
Italy for the purpose of qualifying
himself to become a lecturer on
Christian Art. On his return from
Q Q
594
Italy he was appointed Professor of
Theology in the University of Bonn;
but, having offended the authorities
by advocating the separation of
Church and State, he abandoned
theology, and devoted himself to
historical literature and ancient art,
on which subjects he published, in
1845, a work which is considered a
standard authority in Germany.
About this time he published a poem,
entitled "Otto der Schutz," which
has passed through several editions.
He continued to lecture at Bonn and
Cologne until the revolution of 1848,
when he embarked heart and soul in
the liberal cause, and was elected a
member of the Berlin Parliament, in
which he supported the democratic
party. As the revolution progressed,
he became more enthusiastic in its
cause, and joined a free corps. The
insurgents, however, were scattered
by the Prussian troops, and Dr.
Kinkel was taken prisoner, tried by
court-martial, and sentenced to in-
carceration for life. In the latter
part of 1850, aided by the courage
and devotion of a former pupil, and
the unwearied efforts of his wife, he
effected his escape, landing at Edin-
burgh, Dec. 1. After visiting the
United States he took up his residence
his residence
in London, acting as a Professor of
German Literature and a Lecturer on
History and the Fine Arts.
KIRK-KLAPKA.
་
KIRK, DR. JOHN, was born at
Arbirlot, near Arbroath, Forfarshire,
in 1833. He graduated M.D. in the
University of Edinburgh in 1854, and
early distinguished himself in botany
and other departments of natural
history. He served on the Civil
Medical Staff during the Crimean
War, and subsequently, for six years,
as naturalist and second in command
of Livingstone's second exploring
expedition. His health now giving
way, he returned to England for a
time, and then went back to Africa in
the consular service. He was soon
promoted to be Consul-General at
Zanzibar, and ultimately Political
Agent. In the latter capacity he
accompanied the Sultan of Zanzibar
|
in his visit to England in 1875,
having previously, by his great influ-
ence with that potentate, induced him
to enter into a treaty for the abolition
of the slave trade in his dominions.
By his own exertions, and the aid he
has afforded to other explorers, Dr.
Kirk has materially aided the progress
of geographical discovery in East Af-
rica; but his great achievement is the
almost complete suppression of the
slave trade in the greater part of
Eastern Africa.
|
KIRKWOOD, DANIEL, LL.D., born
in Harford county, Maryland, Sept.
27, 1814. From 1838 to 1850 he
taught mathematics in various insti-
tutions. In 1851 he became Professor
of Mathematics in Delaware College;
and in 1856 in the Indiana Univer-
sity. In 1849 he published a paper
setting forth his discovery of the
analogy between the periods of rota-
tion of the primary planets. In vol.
xxix. of the Monthly Notices of the
Royal Astronomical Society appeared
a notable paper by him on
"The
Nebular Hypothesis, and the Approxi-
mate Commensurability of the Plane-
tary Periods," in which the Theory of
Laplace was applied to explain the
existence of the gaps in the zone of
the minor planets between Mars and
Jupiter, and also assigning a physical
cause for the hiatus in the ring of
Saturn. He has published an elabo-
rate work, "Comets and Meteors:
their Phenomena in all Ages, their
Mutual Relations, and the Theory of
their Origin" (1873).
KLAPKA, GEORGE, born at Temes-
war, April 7, 1820, entered the army
at the age of eighteen, was at first
attached to the artillery, and com-
pleted his military education at
Vienna. Sent, in 1847, into a frontier
regiment, he was disgusted with the
profession, and resigned.
He was
about to travel abroad when the
revolution of 1848 broke out, and he
resumed the profession of arms.
Fighting against Austria, he took
command of a company of Honveds,
and distinguished himself in the war
against the Servians. Towards the
KNATCHBULL-HUGESSEN-KNIGHT.
(4
Close of 1848 he was the chief of the
staff of Gen. Kis, and after the defeat
of Kaschau (Jan. 4, 1849), replaced
Messaros at the head of his corps
d'armée. Under Kossuth he was
Minister at War, and entered com-
pletely into the views of the govern-
ment of the Revolution. Quitting
the ministry, he took command of
Comorn, and vainly endeavoured to
reconcile Kossuth and Görgei. After
the unfortunate capitulation of Vila-
gos (Aug. 13, 1849), Klapka main-
tained himself heroically in Comorn,
and menaced Austria and Styria,
until he heard of the alleged defection
of Görgei. In Sept. 1849, a conven-
tion was signed between the de-
fenders of the place and Gen. Haynau,
and Klapka went into exile, first in
London, and afterwards in Switzer-
His
land and Italy.
Memoirs,"
published at Leipsic in 1850, were
followed by "The National War in
Hungary and Transylvania," in 1851.
In the unfortunate arrangements set
on foot by Garibaldi for the attempt
on Rome, in 1862, when he sought to
excite the Hungarians to take the
field, a judicious counter-proclama-
tion from Klapka, pointing out the
headlong temerity and rashness of
the undertaking, kept them quietly
in their homes. In 1866, however,
after the defeat of Austria at Konig-
grätz, he formed a company of Hou-
veds, and endeavoured to bring about
a revolution in Hungary, but the
attempt failed, and Klapka fled to
Oderberg. In 1873 he undertook the
re-organisation of the Turkish army.
KNATCHBULL-HUGESSEN,
THE RIGHT HON. EDWARD HUGES-
SEN, M.P., son of the late Sir Edward
Knatchbull, Bart., born at Mersham
Hatch, Kent, April 29, 1829, was
educated at Eton, and at Magdalen
College, Oxford, where he graduated
in 1850. He entered the House of
Commons as M.P. for Sandwich in
April, 1857, and has sat for that con-
stituency ever since. Mr. Knatch
bull-Hugessen, who is a Liberal, was
a Lord of the Treasury from June,
1859, till May, 1866; Under-Secre-
595
|
tary of State for the Home Depart-
ment from Dec., 1868, to Jan., 1871 ;
and Under-Secretary for the Colonies
from the last-named date to Feb.
1874. He was Chairman of the
Treasury Commission which sat in
Dublin in 1866 (the other members
being Sir Richard Mayne, Sir Donald
Macgregor, Col. Ward, and Mr. Law),
to inquire into the condition of the
Irish Constabulary, which at that
time had no fewer than 1,500 vacan-
cies. The result of the investigation
was an increase of their pay, and im-
provement of their condition, the
force being thus restored to its former
popularity. Mr. Knatchbull-Huges-
sen is a Magistrate and Deputy-Lieu-
tenant of Kent, Chairman of the East
Kent Quarter Sessions, one of the
Lords of Romney Marsh, a Commis-
sioner of Sewers for East Kent
Levels, for Wall and Marsh, and for
Luddenham Levels. He was sworn
of the Privy Council March 24, 1873.
He married, in 1852, Anna Maria
Elizabeth, younger daughter of the
Rev. M. R. Southwell, vicar of St.
Stephen's, St. Albans, by whom he
has two sons and as many daughters.
His publications arc:- "Stories for
my Children," 1869; "Crackers for
Christmas,"
1870 :
"Moonshine,"
1871; "Tales at Tea-time," 1872;
"Queer Folk," 1873 ; (C
Whispers
from Fairyland," 1874; "River Le-
gends, or River Thames and Father
Rhine," 1874; "Higgledy-Piggledy;
or, Stories for Everybody and Every-
body's Children," 1875; and "Uncle
Joe's Stories," 1878.
KNIGHT, JOHN PRESCOTT, R.A.,
son of Knight the comedian, was born
at Stafford in 1803, and became a
clerk in a West India merchant's
office in Mark-lane. The failure of
this firm altered his plan of life.
Having shown some taste for draw-
ing, he was placed by his father for a
time under Mr. H. Sass and Mr. G.
Clint. His father's death again threw
him on his own resources, but he
fought the battle of life gallantly
against adverse circumstances, and
began to exhibit portraits at the
QQ2
596
KNOWLES-KOCH.
was
Academy about 1827. He
elected an Associate in 1836, attained
the full honours of the Academy in
1844, and was appointed Secretary to
the Royal Academy before the term
of his two years' service as Member
of Council had expired. He resigned
the secretaryship in May, 1873, when
the Council, in consideration of his
long and valuable services, voted him
a pension equivalent to his former
salary. Mr. Knight's fame as an
artist rests more particularly on his
success as a portrait-painter.
KNOWLES, JAMES, born in 1831,
was educated as an architect at a
private school, at University College,
in his father's office, and in Italy. He
is a Fellow of the Royal Institute of
British Architects, and has executed
many architectural works, chiefly in
London and its neighbourhood
amongst which may be mentioned,
Aldworth, the Surrey residence of
Mr. Alfred Tennyson; Kensington
House, with its gardens and adjuncts;
the Thatched House Club, St. James'
Street; the public garden and foun-
tain in Leicester Square; Albert
mansions in Victoria Street; and
St. Saviour's, St. Philip's, and St.
Stephen's Churches at Clapham.
Mr. Knowles has also been engaged
in literature from an early age, con-
tributing many articles to journals
and reviews, and in 1860 compiling
(from Sir Thomas Malory) "The
Story of King Arthur," which reached
a sixth edition. In 1869 he originated
"The Metaphysical Society," a club
consisting of forty members, chiefly
being eminent representatives of the
most various forms of contemporary
thought and belief on speculative sub-
jects Anglican, Roman Catholic,
Nonconformist, Positivist, Agnostic,
and Atheistic-and constituted for the
full, free, and confidential discussion
of philosophical questions. In 1870
he succeeded Dean Alford in his edi-
torship of the Contemporary Review,
which, by enlisting the aid of the
members of the Metaphysical Society,
he raised to a position of influence
and importance. In 877, owing to a
change in the proprietorship of the
Contemporary Review, a separation
took place between it and Mr.
Knowles, when-supported by more
than one hundred writers of celebrity
(mostly members of the Metaphysical
Society and contributors to the Con-
temporary Review) — he established
The Nineteenth Century, a monthly
review, in which, as his own property,
the principle of the unfettered and
unbiassed discussion of all topics of
public interest by authors signing
their own names, might be preserved
without interference. The Nineteenth
Century immediately attained and
preserves a circulation unprecedented
amongst similar undertakings.
KNOX, THE RIGHT REV. ROBERT
BENT, D.D., Bishop of Down, Connor
and Dromore, son of the late Hon.
and Venerable C. Knox, archdeacon
of Armagh, and a relative of the Eari
of Ranfurly, was born in 1808, and
educated at Trinity College, Dublin.
Having been successively Prebendary
of Limerick and Chancellor of Ard-
fert and Aghadoe, he was advanced
to the episcopate in 1849.
KOBELL, FRANZ VON, mineralo-
gist and poet, born at Munich, July
19, 1803; was educated in his native
town, where, at the age of twenty-
three, he was appointed to an Assist-
ant-Professorship of Mineralogy. The
publication of his "Characteristics of
Minerals," in 1830-31, obtained for
him the appointment of Titular Pro-
fessor; and he has written several
works on the science of mineralogy.
His poems have been received with
great favour by the public. The
"Gedichte in Ober-Bayerischer Mun-
dart," published in 1849. and his
"Gedichte in Pfalzischer Mundart,"
are extremely popular. He published
"Hochdeutsche Gedichte, a collec-
tion of poems in pure German, in
1852. Herr von Kobell has been de-
corated with several orders, in recog-
nition of his scientific lectures.
""
KOCH, KARL HEINRICH EM-
MANUEL, born at Weimar in 1809,
studied the natural sciences and me-
dicine at Wurzburg and Jena. In
KOHL-KOSSUTH.
1836 he undertook a scientific journey
to Southern Russia, the result of
which was his interesting work, “A
Journey across Russia to the Isthmus
of the Caucasus," published in 1842-3.
On his return to Jena he was ap-
pointed Assistant-Professor of Botany,
and in 1843 set out again to explore
Turkey, Armenia, the Pontus, the
Caspian Sea, and the Caucasus, in
order to collect the materials of a
work, entitled "Wanderings in the
East," which appeared in 1846-7.
The third volume, under the title of
"The Crimea and Odessa," had been
in part published when the war in
the East broke out. Koch has written
a number of works on various sub-
jects in natural history, and published
in 1851 an excellent map of the
“Caucasian Isthmus," with explana-
tory notes on the political, ethnogra-
phical, botanical, and geognostic state
of the country.
KOHL, JOHN GEORGE, was born at
Bremen, April 28, 1808, where his
father was a merchant. Having
studied science in his native town,
and law in the universities of Göt-
tingen, Heidelberg, and Munich, he
obtained, on the death of his father,
in 1832, the post of private tutor in
the family of the Baron de Manteuffel,
in Courland, and afterwards in that
of Count Medan, situations which
occupied him for five years. After
this he travelled over Livonia, visited
a great part of Russia, and returning
to Germany in 1838, settled at Dres-
den, whence he made those journeys
to various parts of Europe which
have since rendered his name as a
traveller so familiar. Among his
works may be mentioned" Sketches
and Pictures in St. Petersburg," and
Travels in the South of Russia,"
published in 1841; "A hundred
Days' Travel in the Austrian States,"
Travels in Styria and Upper Ba-
varia,” and “Travels in England," in
1842; "The British Isles and their
Inhabitants," in 1844; "Travels in
Denmark and in the Duchies of
Schleswig and Holstein," in 1846;
“Remarks on the Danish and German
597
Nationalities and Language as found
in Schleswig," in 1847; and "Travels
in Istria, Dalmatia, and Montenegro,"
in 1851. In 1854 he started for the
United States, where he remained
four years, and wrote "Travels in
Canada," published in 1855; "Tra-
vels in the North-western Parts of the
United States,” in 1857, and “ Kitahi-
Gamis; or, Tales from Lake Supe-
rior." In 1857 he contributed to the
Smithsonian Institute at Washington,
two treatises on the Maps and Charts
of the New World at different periods,
and wrote as a supplemental volume
to Hakluyt's great work, a descriptive
catalogue of all maps, charts, and
surveys relating to America. In
1861 he published a "History of, and
Commentary on, Two Maps of the
New World, made in Spain at the
commencement of the reign of the
Emperor Charles V." Mr. Kohl, who
has lectured before various learned
societies, has written some works of
a more purely scientific nature. A
translation of his "History of the
Discovery of America" was published
in England in 1862.
KOSSUTH, LOUIS, ex-Governor of
Hungary, was born Sept. 16, 1802, at
Monok, in the county of Zemplin,
where his father was a small owner,
of the noble class. Louis was edu-
cated at the Protestant College of
Scharasehpatack, where he qualified
himself for the profession of an advo-
cate, obtained his diploma in 1826,
and in 1830 became agent to the
Countess Szapary, and as such sat in
the Comital Assembly. At the age
of twenty-seven he took his seat in
the National Diet of Presburg, as
representative of a magnate.
He
published reports of the proceedings
of this assembly on lithographed
sheets, until they were suppressed
by the government, and afterwards
in MS. circulars. The government,
which determined not to allow re-
ports of parliamentary debates to
become current in Hungary, prose-
cuted him for high treason; and in
1839 he was sentenced to four years'
imprisonment. After about a year
598
KRUPP.
|
and a half of confinement, he was
liberated under an act of amnesty.
In Jan., 1841, he became chief editor
of the Hirlap, a newspaper published
at Pesth. His influence with his coun-
trymen steadily increased until, in
March, 1848, he entered Vienna with
a deputation to urge the claims of his
country upon the government, and
returned to Presburg as Minister of
Finance. Under his influence the
internal reforms which he had ad-
vocated were carried out; the
last remains of the oppressive feudal
system were swept away, and the
peasants were declared free from all
seignorial claims, the country under-
taking to indemnify the landlords.
The Diet was dissolved, and a new
Diet summoned for July 2, by
which Kossuth was created Governor
of Hungary, and he held that post dur-
ing the civil war of 1848-9. After the
efforts of the Hungarians had been
crushed mainly by the aid of Russian
armed intervention, Kossuth was
compelled to retire to Turkey. He
reached Schumla with Bem, Dembin-
ski, Perczel, Guyon, and 5,000 men,
and was appointed a residence in
Widdin. Austria and Russia wished
the refugees to be given up, in which
case they would probably have been
executed. Through the interven-
tion of England and France, the
demand was refused. The late Sul-
tan behaved with great humanity
and disinterestedness on the occasion.
The refugees were removed to Ku-
tahia, in Asia Minor, where they
remained prisoners until Aug. 22,
1851. Kossuth left Kutahia, Sept. 1,
and after touching at Spezzia, called
at Marseilles, but was refused per-
mission to travel through France.
Having been hospitably received at
Gibraltar and at Lisbon, he reached
Southampton Oct. 28, sailed for the
United States Nov. 21, and made a
tour, agitating in favour of Hungary.
He soon returned to England, where
he resided for some years, occupying
himself chiefly in writing for news-
papers, and delivering lectures against
the house of Hapsburg. One of the
last occasions on which his name was
brought prominently before the pub-
lic, was in 1860, when the Austrian
government instituted a successful
process against Messrs. Day and Sons
for lithographing several millions of
bank notes for circulation in Hungary,
signed by Kossuth, as governor of
that country. In Nov., 1861, he pub-
lished in the Perseveranza, an Italian
journal, a long letter, setting forth
the situation of Hungary, and urging
the Italians to commence war against
Austria, with the view of enabling the
Hungarians to develop their strength
against that power; issued an inflam-
matory address to the Hungarians,
June 6, 1866, and after the close of
the war of that year advised the
Hungarians to reject the concessions
offered by Francis Joseph. He was
elected deputy for Waitzen, Aug. 1,
1867, but he declined to accept the
office. In April, 1875, M. Kossuth
was living in an uupretending dwell-
ing in Turin, where he had resided
for thirteen years, in the strictest
privacy. Latterly he has devoted
much of his time to science, and he
published a paper on the "Farben-
veränderung der Sterne" in 1871.
KRUPP, FREDERICK, a celebrated
metal - founder, proprietor of the
enormous manufactory at Essen, in
Rhenish Prussia, originally established
by his father in 1827. At first the
elder Krupp had only two workmen,
and the works were conducted on the
most limited scale; but under the
supervision of the son they attained
to their present colossal proportions.
Frederick Krupp is the discoverer of
the method of casting steel in very
large masses. He sent to the London
Exhibition of 1851 a block weighing
forty-five German quintals; and at
the present time he is able to cast a
block weighing more than four thou-
sand quintals. Herr Krupp manu-
factures a large number of articles
used for peaceful purposes, but his
name is more particularly associated
with the gigantic steel siege guns
which the Germans used with such
terrible effect against the city of
KÜCKEN-LABOULAYE.
Paris. In 1864 the King of Prussia
offered him letters of nobility, which
he declined to accept.
|
|
KÜCKEN, FREDERICK WILLIAM,
composer, was born Nov. 10, 1810, at
Bleekede, in Lüneburg. His youthful
compositions attracting the attention
of the Grand-Duke of Mecklenburg-|
Schwerin, he became, at the age of
nineteen, professor of music to the
hereditary prince, whom he accom-
panied to Berlin, where he took les-
sons of Rombach, and published his
first opera," The Swiss Flight," which
had a great success. After spending
some time at the court of the King of
Hanover, he visited Vienna, and at
this city some of his ballads first
attracted attention. From 1843 till
1846 M. Kücken resided in Paris,
where he took lessons of Halévy, and
composed his opera," The Pretender,"
as well as several romances, to six of
which Henry Heine furnished words.
Among his compositions may be cited,
in addition to operas, five sonatas, for
piano and violin, and one hundred and
twenty songs and ballads, the words
of many of which have been translated
into English. He obtained in 1848 the
first prize at several German philhar-
monic societies, and in 1852 the three
prizes for song music offered at the
Antwerp musical fête, and was until
1861 capell-meister to the King of
Würtemburg. In the last-mentioned
year he retired to Schwerin.
KUPER, ADMIRAL SIR AUGUSTUS
LEOPOLD, G.C.B., the fourth son of
the late Rev. William Kuper, D.D.,
who was chaplain to her Majesty the
late Queen Dowager, was born in
1809, and entered the Royal Navy in❘
1823. He saw some active service on
the South American and Mediter-
ranean stations, and in 1841 served
with distinction in China, where he
took an active part in the operations
at Canton. He became Commander
in 1839, Captain in 1841, attained
flag rank in 1861, and was appointed,
in the last-mentioned year, Com-
mander-in-Chief on the East Indian
and China station, with temporary
rank of Vice-Admiral, and in that
599
capacity superintended the opera-
tions on the coast of Japan in 1864,
for which successful services he was
created a K.C.B. He was created a
G.C.B. in 1869; made an Admiral in
1872; and was placed on the retired
list of that rank in Sept., 1875. Since
1874 he has enjoyed a "good service
pension" of £300 a year.
L.
LABOULAYE, EDOUARD RENÉ
LEFEBVRE, a French jurist, and a
member of the Institute, born in Paris
Jan. 18, 1811, adopted the legal pro-
fession, and became an advocate in the
Cour Royale of Paris. He was engaged
for a time in the business of type-
founding, but he has devoted himself
principally to literature, his works
being numerous and of great historical
value. He was elected a member of
the Academy of Inscriptions and
Belles Lettres in 1845, and appointed
Professor of Comparative Legislation
in the Collège de France in 1849.
M. Laboulaye took part in various
attempts made by the liberal party
under the Imperial régime to stir up
and direct public opinion in France,
and several times endeavoured, with-
out success, to enter the Corps Légis-
latif. Having been nominated in Feb.,
1870, a member of the commission
appointed to inquire into the admin-
istrative organisation of the city of
Paris, and of the department of the
Seine, he severed his connection with
the old Opposition, and publicly
asserted, several weeks before the
Plébiscite, the necessity of a “pacific
revolution," and of an affirmative vote
in the remarkable, and often stormy,
meetings held in Paris and Versailles.
'He now lost much of his popularity,
and when in the month of May in
that year he resumed his lectures in
the Collège de France, disorderly
demonstrations occurred which led
to the temporary suspension of his
teaching. În July, 1871, he obtained
a seat in the National Assembly for
the department of the Seine; and he
←
600
LABUAN-LAING.
knowledge on which they are founded.
He was appointed Curator of the
Library of the Arsenal in Paris in 1855.
He was decorated with the Legion of
Honour in 1835, and promoted Grand
Officer, Jan. 8, 1860. M. Paul Lacroix
has contributed to numerous journals,
has written dramas and novels, and
has distinguished himself as an ar-
chæologist. The most magnificent
of his richly illuminated antiquarian
works, originally written in French,
have appeared in English under the
titles of "The Arts of the Middle
Ages ;" "Manners, Customs, and
Dress of the Middle Ages," 1873;
(
Military and Religious Life in the
Middle Ages, and at the Period of the
Renaissance," 1874; and "Science
and Literature in the Middle Ages,
and at the Period of the Renais-
sance," 1878.
LAHORE, BISHOP OF. (See
FRENCH.)
LAING, SAMUEL, M.P., son of Mr.
Samuel Laing, of Rapdale, co. Orkney,
and nephew of Mr. Malcolm Laing,
author of a "History of Scotland,"
born at Edinburgh in 1810, was edu-
cated at St. John's College, Cam-
bridge, where he took his B.A. degree
in 1832, being second wrangler and
second Smith's prizeman. He was
elected a fellow of St. John's, resided
in the university as a mathematical
tutor, and entered at Lincoln's Inn,
where he was called to the bar in
1840, and soon after became private
secretary to Mr. Labouchere, then
President of the Board of Trade.
Upon the formation of the Railway
Department, he was appointed secre-
tary, and thenceforth distinguished
himself in railway legislation under
successive presidencies of the Board
of Trade. In 1844 he proved the
results of his experience in "A Report
on British and Foreign Railways,"
gave much valuable evidence before
a committee of the Commons upon
Railways, and to his suggestions the
humbler classes are mainly indebted
for the convenience of parliamentary
trains at a minimum rate of payment
of one penny per mile. In 1845 Mr.
|
M. |
has voted with the Left Centre.
Laboulaye has spoken in all the im-
portant debates since that period, and
he has repeatedly declared that he
prefers a constitutional Republic to
any other form of government for
France. The National Assembly
elected him a Senator for life, Dec.
10, 1875. He was appointed Admi-
nistrator of the College of France by
a decree dated March 14, 1876. Just
a year later the French national com-
mittee of the International Commis-
sion for the exploration and the civi-
lisation of Africa elected him one of
its vice-presidents. On Dec. 3, 1877,
he resumed his lectures on Compara-
tive Legislation in the College de
France, and addressed a large au-
dience on "Aristotle's Politics." M.
Laboulaye's chief works are, "His-
toire du Droit de Propriété Foncière
en Europe depuis Constantin jusqu'au
nos Jours," published in 1839, and
"crowned" by the Academy of In-
scriptions and Belles Lettres; "Essai
"Essai
sur la Vie et les Doctrines de Fré-
déric-Charles de Savigny," 1842;
"Recherches sur la Condition Civile
et Politique des Femmes, depuis les
Romains jusqu'au nos Jours," 1843, a
work which was "crowned" by the
Academy of Moral and Political
Sciences; "Essai sur les Lois Cri-
minelles des Romains concernant la
Responsabilité des Magistrats," 1845,
"crowned" by the Academy of In-
scriptions and Belles Lettres; "His-
toire Politique des États-Unis, depuis
les premiers Essais de Colonisation
jusqu'à l'adoption de la Constitution
Fédérale, 1620-1789," vols. i., ii., and
iii., 1855-66; “Etudes sur la Pro-
priété Littéraire en France et en
Angleterre," 1858; besides transla-
tions, articles in reviews and news-
papers, and some volumes of tales.
LABUAN, BISHOP OF. (See CHAM-
BERS, WALTER.)
LACROIX, PAUL, who writes under
the pseudonym of the "Bibliophile
Jacob," born in Paris, Feb. 27, 1806,
is the author of a series of novels and
romances, which derive their interest
from the curious details of book-
LAKE.
|
Laing was nominated a member of
the Railway Commission, presided
over by Lord Dalhousie, and drew
up the chief reports on the railway
schemes of that period. Had his re-
commendations been followed, much
of the commercial crisis of 1845
would, as has since been proved,
have been averted. The reports of
the commission having been rejected
by Parliament, the commission was
dissolved, and Mr. Laing, who re-
signed his post at the Board of Trade,
returned to practice at the bar. In
1848 he accepted the post of Chair-
man and Managing Director of the
Brighton Railway Company, and
under his administration the passen-
ger traffic of the line was in five
years nearly doubled. In 1852 he
became Chairman of the Crystal
Palace Company, from which he re-de-Camp to her Majesty in 1856 with
tired in 1855, as well as from the the rank of Colonel in the army, and
chairmanship of the Brighton Rail- was Chief Commissioner of Metropo-
way Company. In July, 1852, Mr.
1852, Mr. litan Police in Dublin, from 1858 to
Laing was returned in the Liberal Aug., 1877. Col. Lake was transferred
interest for the Wick district, which to H.M. Army in 1856 as a Lieut.-Col.
he represented till 1857, and having unattached. He was created a Com-
been re-elected in April, 1859, re- ponion of the Bath in 1856, and a
signed in Oct., 1860, on proceeding Knight Companion of the Order in
to India as Finance Minister, in place March, 1875. Sir Henry Atwell Lake
of the late Mr. James Wilson, and has been twice married-first, to Anne,
was once more elected in July, 1865. youngest daughter of the Rev. Pere-
He was an unsuccessful candidate for grine Curtois, of the Longhills,
Wick in Nov., 1868, but in Jan., 1873, Lincolnshire; and secondly, in 1848,
he again obtained a seat in the House to Anne Augusta, youngest daughter
of Commons as member for Orkney of the late Sir William Curtis, and
and Shetland. Mr. Laing, who was granddaughter of Alderman Sir Wil-
Financial Secretary to the Treasury liam Curtis, formerly Lord Mayor of,
from June, 1859, till Oct., 1860, again and M.P. for, London. (She died
accepted the chairmanship of. the Dec. 20, 1877).
Brighton Railway in 1867.
|
LAKE, THE VERY REV. WILLIAM
CHARLES, D.D., Dean of Durham, son
of Capt. Lake, born in Jan., 1817, was
educated at Rugby under Dr. Arnold,
whence he was elected, in 1834, to a
scholarship at Balliol College, Oxford,
and took first-class honours in classics.
He obtained the Latin Essay, became
Fellow and Tutor of his College,
Proctor and University Preacher and
Public Examiner in classics and in
modern history. Lord Panmure named
him member of a commission to in-
quire into the state of military educa-
LAKE, COLONEL SIR HENRY AT-
WELL, K.C.B., is the third son of Sir
James Samuel William Lake, Bart.,
by Maria, daughter of Mr. Samuel
Turner. He was born about 1809,
was appointed to the Madras Engi-
neers in 1826, attained the rank of
Captain in 1841, and of Lieutenant-
Col. in Nov., 1855. He gave up a
valuable post in India for service in
Turkey at the outbreak of the Russian
war, and volunteered to go, on a re-
duced salary, to Kars, where he
· 601
|
|
rendered valuable services to Gen.
Williams, by whose side he stood
throughout the hard-pressed siege,
and by his skill rendered the fortress
almost impregnable, so that he was
called by the Russians "The English
Todleben." The surrender of this for-
tress, owing not to the superior skill
or strategy of Mouravieff, but to the
failure of the promised support from
Constantinople, was severely criticised
in Parliament. Col. Lake accompanied
his chief as a prisoner of war to Rus-
sia, where he was honourably treated,
and on the conclusion of peace re-
turned to England, and published, in
1856, an account of his Eastern remi-
niscences entitled, "Kars and our Cap-
tivity in Russia," as well as a profes-
sional work called, "The Defence of
Kars." He was nominated an Aide-
602
LAMAR-LANDSEER.
tion in France, Prussia, Austria, and
Sardinia, and conjointly with Col.
Yolland, R.E., he submitted, in 1856,
a report on the subject to both Houses
of Parliament. He was again ap-
pointed, in 1858, member of the royal
commission under the presidency of
the late duke of Newcastle, to report
on the state of popular education in
England; in 1858 was presented by
his college to the living of Huntspill,
Somerset; was appointed by the Bishop
of London preacher at the Chapel
Royal of Whitehall; and was made
prebendary of Wells. In 1868 he was
again member of the royal commis-
sion on military education, and on
Aug. 9, 1869, was appointed to the
deanery of Durham by Mr. Glad-
stone.
|
LAMAR, LUCIUS QUINTUS CIN-
CINNATUS, born in Jasper county,
Georgia, in 1826. He graduated at
Emory College, studied law, and was
admitted to the Georgia bar. He
emigrated to Mississippi, was elected
a representative in Congress in 1856,
and re-elected in 1858. When the
State of Mississippi passed the ordi-
nance of secession, in 1861, he re-
signed his seat, and became a colonel
in the Confederate army, but was
soon sent on a mission to Europe.
His civil disabilities having been re-
moved, he was, in 1872, elected to
Congress from Mississippi, and was
re-elected in 1874. In 1876 he was
elected Senator in Congress. He has
taken a prominent place among those
ex-Confederate statesmen who are
endeavouring to bring about a perfect
harmony between the different sec-
tions of the Union. He is one of
the most effective speakers in Con-
gress, his address upon the death of
Charles Sumner being one of his
finest efforts.
LAMPSON, SIR CURTIS MI-
RANDA, BART.; born in Vermont,
United States, Sept. 21, 1806; came
to England in 1830, and was natu-
ralized in 1848. Upon the formation
of the company for laying the At-
lantic telegraph, in 1856, he was
appointed one of the directors, and
became vice-chairman. The import-
ant aid rendered by him in the great
undertaking was acknowledged in a
letter from Lord Derby to Sir Staf-
ford Northcote, who presided at the
banquet given at Liverpool, Oct. 1,
1866, in honour of those gentlemen
who had taken an active part in the
laying of the cable; and he was
made a baronet Nov. 13, 1866. Sir
Curtis Lampson is deputy-governor
of the Hudson's Bay Company, and
one of the trustees of the fund given
by his friend the late Mr. Pea-
body for the benefit of the poor of
London.
LANDSEER, CHARLES, R.A., son
of the late John Landseer, A.R.A..
and elder brother of the late Sir
Edwin Landseer, born in 1799, having
been instructed by his father, became
one of Haydon's pupils, and entered
the schools of the Academy as a
student in 1816. In early life he
accompanied the late Lord Stuart de
Rothesay to Portugal, and to Rio de
Janeiro, on his mission to negociate a
commercial treaty with Don Pedro I.,
for whom he made a large collection
of drawings and sketches. In 1828
he exhibited at the Academy, "Doro-
thea ;" and at the British Institution
studies from Continental subjects—
a "Group of Portuguese Peasants,"
and "The Tyrolese Hunter;" but
did not again exhibit at the Academy
till 1832. His picture "Clarissa
Harlowe in the Prison-room of the
Sheriff's Office," is in the Vernon
Gallery and the "Plundering of
Basing House," and the "Battle of
Langside," led to his election as
Associate of the Academy in 1837.
His pictures of the "Departure in
Disguise of Charles II. from Colonel
Lane's," in 1842,
Lane's," in 1842, "The Monks of
Melrose," in 1843, and the "Return
of the Dove to the Ark," in 1844,
secured the favour of Art Union prize-
holders for £300, £400, and £300
respectively. Elected R.A. in 1845,
he succeeded Mr. Jones as Keeper of
the Academy in 1851, and he held
that office till May, 1873, when the
council, in consideration of his long
T
LANDSEER-LANKESTER.
and valuable services, voted him a the Confederation of the British
pension equivalent to his former North American Provinces in the
salary.
summer of 1866, and afterwards to
LANDSEER, THOMAS, A.R.A., the Quebec Conference, and repaired
elder brother of Charles Landseer, to London with other commissioners
R.A., born towards the close of the towards the end of that year, in order
last century, has occupied for many to complete the arrangements. On
years a distinguished place as an the reorganisation of the Dominion
engraver, and has constantly exhi- Cabinet. in 1867, Mr. Langevin was
bited at the Royal Academy. His transferred to the position of Secre-
finely-executed plate of Rosa Bon-tary of State of Canada, Superin-
tendent-General of Indian Affairs,
and Registrar-General; and in Nov.,
1869, exchanged this office for that
of Minister of Public Works, which
he still retains. He was made a
C.B. when in London completing the
arrangements for the organisation of
the Dominion Government.
heur's "Horse Fair," published in 1861,
added greatly to his reputation. His
best engravings are after his brother's
pictures, of which he has managed to
catch not only the spirit, but even
the style in which they are painted,
giving almost the touches of the
brush. He published the "Life and
Letters of William Bewick (Artist),"
2 vols., 1871.
re-
LANGEVIN, THE HON. HECTOR
LOUIS, C.B., born in Quebec, Aug. 15,
1820, was educated at the college in
his native city, studied law at Mon-
treal, and was called to the bar in
1850. He was for some time chief
editor of the Mélanges Religieux, a
newspaper published three times a
week at Montreal; was afterwards
one of the editors of Le Courrier du
Canada, a daily paper published in
Quebec, and wrote "Droit Adminis-
tratif des Paroisses, or Parochial
Laws and Customs of Lower Canada,"
1862. Mr. Langevin, elected Mayor
of Quebec in Dec., 1857, was
elected in 1858 and 1859, has filled
the chair of the Institut Canadien,
and has been President of the St.
Jean Baptiste Society of Quebec.
He was elected, Jan. 2, 1858, member
of the Provincial Parliament, by the
county of Dorchester, which he con-
tinues to represent, and has always
supported the Conservative party.
In March, 1864, Mr. Langevin be-
came Solicitor-General for Lower
Canada, with a seat in the Cabinet in
Sir E. P. Tache's administration, and
exchanged the former post for the
Postmaster-Generalship in Nov., 1866.
He was one of the Canadian dele-
gates to the conference at Prince
Edward's Island, on the question of
LANGFORD, JOHN ALFRED,
LL.D., was born at Birmingham,
Sept. 12, 1823, and is self-educated.
He was a member of the Birmingham
Free Libraries Committee, 1864-74 ;
Teacher of English Literature in the
Birmingham and Midland Institute,
1868-74; a Fellow of the Royal His-
torical Society from its foundation ;
was elected member of the Birming-
ham School Board in 1874, and re-
elected in 1876. He has been local
editor of the Birmingham Daily
Gazette and the Birmingham Morning
News. Dr. Langford is the author of
603
66
|
Religious Scepticism and Infi-
delity," 1850; "A Drama of Life
and Aspiranda," 1852; Religion
and Education in Relation to the
People,' 1852; "English Demo-
cracy," 1855; "The Lamp of Life, a
Poem," 1856; "Poems of the Fields
and Town," 1859;" Shelley, and other
Poems," 1860
Poems," 1860; Prison Books and
their Authors," 1861; "Pleasant
Spots and Famous Places," 1862;
"A Century of Birmingham Life," 2
vols. 1868; Modern Birmingham,"
2 vols., 1874-7; "Staffordshire and
Warwickshire, Past and Present," 2
vols., 1874. The honorary degree of
LL.D. was conferred upon him by
Greeneville and Tusculum College in
1869.
""
((
LANKESTER, EDWIN RAY, M.A.,
F.R.S., was born May 15, 1847, at 22,
604
LANMAN-LANZA.
|
Old Burlington-street, London, and | to Daniel Webster, and librarian to
educated at St. Paul's School, London, the House of Representatives; and
and Christ Church, Oxford. He was since 1871 has been Secretary of the
appointed Fellow and Lecturer of Japanese legation at Washington.
Exeter College, Oxford, in 1872, and He has published "Essays for
Professor of Zoology and Compara- Summer Hours," "A Summer in the
tive Anatomy in University College, Wilderness," "Private Life of Daniel
London, in 1874. He was elected a Webster," "Adventures in the Wilds
Fellow of the Royal Society in 1875. of America," and "The Japanese in
He has published a long series of America." Of special value is his
scientific memoirs (dating from 1865),
chiefly on comparative anatomy and
paleontology, the chief of which are
"A Monograph of the Fossil Fishes
of the Old Red Sandstone of Bri-
tain, Part I.," 1870; Compara-
tive Longevity," 1871; "Contribu-
tions to the Developmental History
of the Mollusca" (Philos. Trans.
Royal Society), 1875, and the Eng-
lish edition of Haeckel's "History of
Creation." Besides these he has pub-
lished numerous shorter memoirs, and
has constantly contributed reviews
and articles to the pages of the
Athenæum, the Academy, and Nature.
Since 1869, when he joined his father,
the late Dr. Edwin Lankester, in
that work, he has been chief editor
of the Quarterly Journal of Micro-
scopical Science. During the years
1870-74, he was one of the sectional
secretaries of the British Association
for the Advancement of Science, and
organised the annual museum which
has become a feature of the meetings
of that body. In the autumn of 1876
Professor Lankester prosecuted the
spirit medium Slade, and procured
his conviction by Mr. Flowers at
Bow-street as (6 a common rogue and
vagabond." On appeal the convic-
tion was quashed through a legal in-
formality, but Professor Lankester at
once took out a fresh summons, and
Slade left the country. He has also
taken a prominent part in the de-
fence of scientific experiment on live
animals, and in the discussion of Uni-
versity Reform.
Dictionary of Congress," of which
several editions have appeared, the
latest in 1876. It comprises biogra-
phical sketches of every member of
Congress since the formation of the
Federal Government.
LANZA, GIOVANNI, an Italian
statesman, born about 1815, has acted
a very conspicuous part in Italian
politics since 1848, having been a
member of various liberal associations
which were formed for the promotion.
of constitutional reform in Piedmont.
After the establishment of parlia-
mentary government, he became Vice-
President, and subsequently Presi-
dent, of the Italian Parliament. At
the time the War of Independence
broke out in 1859, he was Finance
Minister in Count Cavour's Cabinet.
In Sept., 1864, he accepted a seat in
the new Cabinet formed by General
La Marmora, after the disturbances
caused at Turin by the removal of
the capital to Florence; but he re-
signed on Aug. 20, 1865, in consequence
of a difference of opinion between
him and his colleagues in regard to
the question of the elections. In Sept.,
1867, he was elected President of the
Chamber of Deputies, an event which
was regarded as a triumph for the
Menabrea Cabinet. Again, however,
he held office for less than a year, re-
signing in Aug., 1868, after the vote
of the Chamber respecting the farm-
ing of the tobacco monopoly. In
Jan., 1869, the collection of the grist-
tax led to some very serious disturb-
ances in the provinces of Central
Italy, and the virulence of the Oppo-
sition compelled General Menabrea
to modify his Cabinet three times;
but in vain. When the Parliament
reassembled in Nov., Signor Lanza,
|
..
LANMAN, CHARLES, born in Mon-
roe County, Michigan, June 14, 1819.
He became successively a clerk in a
mercantile house in New York, a
journalist, traveller, private secretary
LARCOM-LASKER.
the candidate of the Opposition, was
elected President of the Chamber of
Deputies, whereupon the Ministry re-
signed. In this crisis the King sent
for Lanza, who endeavoured in vain to
form an administration, but who took
office in the Cabinet formed by Signor
Sella (Dec., 1869) as Minister of the
Interior. King Victor Emmanuel
conferred the Order of the Annun-
ziada on Signor Lanza in Oct., 1870.
LARCOM, THE RIGHT HON. SIR
THOMAS AISKEW, Bart., K.C.B.,
F.R.S., second son of the late Capt.
Joseph Larcom, R.N., born in 1801,
and educated at the Royal Military
Academy, Woolwich, obtained a com-
mission in the Royal Engineers at
the age of nineteen. In 1828 he was
entrusted with the direction of the
Irish Ordnance Survey Office, of
which post he discharged the duties
until 1846, when he was appointed a
Commissioner of Public Works in
Ireland, of which he became deputy-
chairman, and in 1853 was appointed
Under-Secretary for Ireland. In 1858
he attained the rank of Major-General.
He has been employed on various
parliamentary inquiries and commis-
sions, organised the system of agri-
cultural statistics in Ireland, contri-
buted to the Transactions of several
learned societies, and edited Sir W.
Petty's "History of the Survey of
Ireland, A.D. 1656." Sir Thomas,
who is a F.R.S., M.R.I.A., LL.D. of
the University of Dublin, and a
Member of the Senate of the Queen's
University in Ireland, became a
Major-General in the Engineers and
C.B. in 1858, and was created a
K.C.B. (civil division) in 1860. On
his retirement from the office of
Under-Secretary in 1868, he was
created a baronet, and a member of
the Privy Council in Ireland.
LASKER, EDUARD, was born Oct.
14, 1829, at Jaroczyn, in the province
of Posen, Prussian Poland, of parents
who were strictly orthodox Jews. He
attended the Gymnasium of Breslau,
where he studied mathematics and
law. On the completion of his
studies he went to Berlin, and there
+
605
was appointed Auscultator (lawyer's
assistant) in the District of the Kam-
mergericht. Having subsequently
passed his second State examination,
he went abroad, and stayed in foreign
countries, principally England, for
three years, to study the laws of
Great Britain; but he returned to
Berlin in 1856, and became Assessor
to the Stadtgericht in 1858. He now
passed his novitiate as a politician by
writing political articles, especially in
the Deutschen Jahrbücher; and in
March, 1865, he became a candidate
for the fourth Berlin electoral dis-
trict, and was elected a Deputy to
the Prussian Diet. There was not at
that period any German Parliament-
not even that of the North German
Confederation, which only came into
existence in 1867. The time of Herr
Lasker's entry into the Prussian Diet
was a very exciting one in the home
politics of Prussia. The conflict
which was waged between the
German Progressist party (Fort-
schritts-Partei) and the Government
may be said to have reached its
height at that period. Herr Lasker
joined that faction, which had then
obtained the Parliamentary majority,
refused voting the budget, and op-
posed most energetically the carrying
out of the army organisation. The
opposition was futile, for if not com-
pleted, the scheme was then already
carried practically into effect. The
struggle between the Government and
the majority of the popular represen-
tatives was brought to a close in the
following year (1866) by Prussia de-
claring war against Austria. From
that moment the aspect of affairs was
entirely changed. The Prussians were
originally opposed to a war with
Austria, but when once the struggle
had commenced they sided with the
Government. This led also to a com-
plete change in the Parliamentary
situation, and Herr Lasker was one
of those who, separating themselves
from the Progressist party, formed
with the members of the Old Liberal
party (formerly the Vincke faction),
that which has ever since been known
606
LASSELL-LASTEYRIE.
as the National Liberal party, which
though the strongest in numbers in
the German Reichstag, has never re-
presented by itself a majority. Of
this party Herr Lasker is one of the
most prominent leaders. As a mem-
ber of the North German Parliament,
and later as a member of the Parlia-
ment of the German Empire, to which
he was re-elected in Aug., 1878, Herr
Lasker has taken a most decided part
in the reorganisation and unification
of Germany.
LASSELL, WILLIAM, F.R.S.,
LL.D., was born June 18, 1799, at
Bolton, in Lancashire, and suffered
the irreparable loss of his father be-
fore the completion of his eleventh
year. He received the rudiments of
education at a day-school in the town,
and afterwards spent a year and a
half at a provincial academy at Roch-
dale. In 1814. he entered a mer-
chant's office at Liverpool, and passed
through a seven years' apprenticeship.
He commenced business in Liverpool,
as a brewer, about the year 1825,
without, however, much taste or in-
clination for trade, and spent almost
all his leisure time in his favourite
pursuit of astronomy, and the me-
chanics connected therewith. Not
having at that time sufficient means
to enable him to purchase expensive
instruments, Mr. Lassell began, about
1820, to construct reflecting telescopes
for himself, of both the Newtonian
and Gregorian forms-chiefly the
former. He began simultaneously
with a Newtonian of seven inches
diameter and seven feet focus, and a
Gregorian of seven and a half inches
diameter and four feet focus. Being
successful with these, he afterwards
made a Newtonian of nine inches
aperture and 112 inches focus, which
he wrought to great excellence, and
in 1839 mounted, equatorially, at
Starfield, near Liverpool. This in-
strument is fully described in the
12th volume of the "Memoirs" of
the Royal Astronomical Society.
Records of many observations male
with it are scattered through the
"Monthly Notices" of the same Sɔ-
-
| ciety (Vols. v., vi., vii., &c.). In 1844-5
Mr. Lassell erected his two-foot equa-
torial, mounted on the same plan as
the nine-inch, but having a diameter
of twenty-four inches, and a focus of
twenty feet. This telescope, and the
machine by which the mirrors were
polished, are also described in the
same "Memoirs." With this instru-
ment he discovered, in Sept., 1847,
the satellite of Neptune; and in
Sept., 1848, simultaneously with the
late Professor Bond, in America, he
discovered Hyperion, an eighth satel-
lite of Saturn. In 1851, after long
and careful search, he discovered,
also with the same telescope, two
additional satellites of the planet
Uranus (Umbriel and Ariel), interior
to the two discovered by Sir William
Herschel in 1787, and very much
smaller. In 1852 Mr. Lassell took
out this telescope to Malta, and erected
it on St. John's Cavalier, in Valetta,
observing there through the winter
of that year. His last work in astro-
nomical science was the construction
of a larger equatorial telescope than
had previously been made, mounting
it, generally, like the former ones,
but of four feet diameter and thirty-
seven feet focus. The description of
this telescope, and the account of its
erection in Malta, and of the work
done with it in the interval from
1861 to 1865, constitute the 36th
volume of the Astronomical Society's
"Memoirs." In 1839 Mr. Lassell
was elected a Fellow of the Royal
Astronomical Society, received its
Gold Medal in 1849, and in 1870 was
elected its President. In 1849 he
became a Fellow of the Royal Society,
and received one of its Royal Medals
in 1858. He is also an Honorary
Fellow of the Royal Society of Edin-
burgh; and in 1875 received an
honorary degree from the University
of Cambridge.
#
LASTEYRIE (COMTE DE)
CHARLES LEON FERDINAND, politi-
cian, better known as a writer on
art, born June 15, 1810, was elected
a deputy in 1842, and supported M.
Odillon Barrot. After the coup d'état
+
LATHAM-LA VALETTE.
46
of Dec., 1851, he was, for some free
expression of his opinion, detained in
prison, and did not re-appear on the
political stage until 1857, when he
was a candidate for the Corps Légis-
latif. M. Lasteyrie, who is a member
of several learned societies, was
elected a member of the Academy of
Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres in
April, 1860. He has written the
History of Painting on Glass from
the Monuments of France," which
received the prize of the Institute,
published in 1837-56; a "Report on
the Manufactures of Sèvres and the
Gobelins," in 1850; "Theory of
Painting on Glass," in 1853; "The
Cathedral of Aosta," in 1854, being
the introduction to a series of archæo-
logical studies of the churches of the
Alps; "L'Electrum des Anciens
était-il de l'Émail?" in 1858; "De-
scription du Trésor de Guanazar, re-
cherches sur toutes les questions
archéologiques qui s'y rattachent," in
1860; "Les Travaux de Paris, Exa-
men Critique," in 1862; "Causeries
Artistiques," in 1862; "La Peinture
à l'Exposition Universelle," in 1863;
"Question Parisienne," a letter to
M. Chaix-d'Est-Ange, in 1864; and
"L'Histoire du Travail à l'Exposition
Universelle," in 1869.
607
|
**
**
Ethnology," in 1859; "Nationalities
of Europe,
of Europe," in 1863; a work on
"Comparative Philology; several
papers on
papers on "Logic; a new edition
of" Johnson's Dictionary," of which
the thirty-sixth and last number was
published Jan. 1, 1870; and "Out-
lines of General or Developmental
Philology," 1878.
LA VALETTE (MARQUIS DE),
CHARLES-JEAN-MARIE-FÉLIX, born
at Senlis, Nov. 25, 1806, entered
the diplomatic service under Louis-
Philippe, became Secretary to the
Embassy at Stockholm in 1837,
Consul-General at Alexandria in
1841, and Minister Plenipotentiary
at Hesse-Cassel in 1846. Recalled
in 1849, he was appointed, at the
commencement of 1851, Envoy Ex-
traordinary to Constantinople, and
fulfilled the difficult duties appertain-
ing to that important post until,
fearing that his antecedents in the
question of the Holy Places might
prove an obstacle to conciliation, he
asked permission to return to France
and was replaced, Feb. 18, 1853, by
M. de la Cour. He was raised to the
dignity of a Senator, June 23, 1853;
was again accredited Ambassador to
Constantinople, May 21, 1860; was
appointed Minister Plenipotentiary
to the Holy See, in place of the Duc de
Gramont, in Aug., 1861, and remained
there until the retirement of the late
M. Thouvenel from the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs, Oct. 18, 1862. He
was by decree, March 20, 1865, ap-
pointed to the Ministry of the Inte-
|
LATHAM, ROBERT GORDON,
M.D., F.R.S., born at Billingborough,
in Lincolnshire, in 1812, was edu-
cated at Eton, and proceeded to
King's College, Cambridge, where he
graduated B.A. in 1832, being duly
elected Fellow. He afterwards studied
medicine, and became assistant phy-rior in place of M. Boudet. In Sept.,
sician to the Middlesex Hospital, 1866, having been entrusted ad in-
where he lectured on Forensic Medi- terim, during the absence of M. de
cine and Materia Medica. His name, Moustier, with the portfolio of Foreign
however, is best known to the world Affairs, he drew up the famous circu-
by his ethnological researches, and lar of the French Government on the
his writings on that subject and affairs of Germany; and when, at
on philology. His first works were the close of the year 1868, the state
Norway and the Norwegians," a of M. de Moustier's health compelled
translation from the Swedish of Teg- him to retire from the public service,
ner's "Frithiof Saga," and "Axel," the Marquis de La Valette was ap-
published in 1840; "The Varieties pointed to succeed him. After the
of Man," and "The Ethnology of
The Ethnology of Imperial message of June 12, 1869,
Europe," in 1852; "The English promising a liberal constitution for
Language," in 1855; "Descriptive France, the Marquis withdrew from
|
608
LAVELEYE-LAWRENCE.
|
the Ministry, and in the following |
month was sent as Ambassador to
London, but he resigned his post on
the formation of M. Ollivier's admi-
nistration in Jan., 1870, and with-
drew from public life. The Marquis
de La Valette was promoted Grand
Officer of the Legion of Honour,
April 15, 1852, and Grand Cross, July
10, 1861. He received on Aug. 15,
1866, the title of Officer of Public
Instruction, and, a few months later,
the Insignia of the Prussian Order of
the Black Eagle.
LAVELEYE, ÉMILE LOUIS
VICTOR, DE, a Belgian writer, chiefly
on topics connected with political eco-
nomy, is a cousin of the well-known
civil engineer, Auguste François
Lamoral de Laveleye, who died in
1865. Born at Bruges, April 5, 1822,
he studied first in the Athenæum of
that city, next in the College Sta-
nislas, at Paris, and finally went
through the course of law at Ghent.
In 1848 he devoted himself ex-
clusively to politics, and the study
of economical questions, and in 1864
was appointed to the chair of Poli-
tical Economy, in the University of
Liége. M. Laveleye is a warm par-
tisan of the Liberals, whose policy
he has supported in numberless
articles, published in Belgian and
French journals. He is a corre-
sponding member of the Royal Aca-
demy of Belgium, and in 1869 he
was elected a corresponding member
of the French Academy of Moral
and Political Sciences. M. Laveleye
is a constant contributor to the
Revue des Deux Mondes, and has
published a great number of separate
works, of which we can only find
room to mention :-" Mémoire sur
la Langue et la Littérature Pro-
vençales," 1844; "Histoire des Rois
Francs," 1847; "L'Enseignement
Obligatoire," 1859; "La Question
d'Or," 1860; a translation of the
"Nibelungen," 1861, second edition,
1866; "Questions Contemporaines,'
1863;
"Études et Essais," 1869;
"Prussia and Austria since the Battle
of Sadowa," 1870; "L'Instruction |
du Peuple,” 1872;
du Peuple," 1872; "Essai sur les
Formes du Gouvernement dans les
Sociétés Modernes," 1872; "Le Parti
Clérical en Belgique," 1873; "Des
Causes Actuelles de la Guerre en
Europe et de l'Arbitrage Interna-
tional," 1873; "De la Propriété et
de ses Formes Primitives," 1874;
'Protestantism and Catholicism in
their bearing upon the Liberty and
Prosperity of Nations," 1875; and
"L'Afrique Centrale et la Conférence
Géographique," 1877.
LAWRENCE (BARON), THE RIGHT
HON. JOHN LAIRD MAIR, late Viceroy
and Governor-General of India, who
has been emphatically styled the
saviour of that vast possession of the
British crown during the mutiny of
1857, brother of the late Sir Henry
Lawrence, K.C.B., killed in the same
year, in the defence of Lucknow
against the rebels, was born March 4,
1811, and received his early education
at Foyle College, Londonderry, and at
the East-India College, Haileybury.
He obtained his nomination to India
as a writer in 1829, became Assistant
to the Chief Commissioner and Re-
sident at Delhi in the early part of
1831; was promoted to the post of
Officiating Magistrate and Collector
in Dec., 1833, and to a similar post at
Paniput in 1834; was appointed
Joint-Magistrate and Deputy-Col-
lector of Goorgaon, and the southern
division of Delhi, in July, 1836,
and Officiating Magistrate of the
southern division, in December
and conducted the settlement duties
in Zillah Etawah, in 1838; proceeded
to Europe on furlough, in Feb., 1840,
and did not return to India until Dec.,
1842. Up to this time Mr. Lawrence
had been chiefly engaged in magis-
terial and revenue duties. After
holding one or two temporary em-
ployments, he was employed as
Magistrate and Collector in the
Central district of Delhi territory,
which includes the city of Delhi,
when his administrative ability at-
tracted the attention of the Governor-
General, Sir H. Hardinge, and an
opportunity for making himself a
;
LAWRENCE.
|
name presented itself on his being
appointed to the important post of
Commissioner of the trans-Sutlej
provinces, which had been added to
our Indian empire, after the first
Sikh war of 1845-6. In this position
he found ample scope for the exercise
of his abilities and persevering energy,
and succeeded in placing the ad-
ministration-political, fiscal, and
judicial-on a sound basis. He was
also twice employed during 1846
and 1843 as Acting Resident at
Lahore, in addition to his substan-
tive duties. The assassination, at
Mooltan, of the English envoys, Mr.
Agnew and Lieutenant Anderson,
April 18, 1848, followed by a general
insurrection in the Punjaub, led to
the second Sikh war. After a long
and obstinate contest, the Sikhs were
finally defeated by Lord Gough, at
Goojerat, Feb. 21, 1849, when their
territory was surrendered into our
hands, and was declared by Lord
Dalhousie to be thenceforth annexed
to our possessions in India. The first
important step on the part of the
Governor-General, was to seek for
men of administrative ability to
bring the newly-acquired territory
under British laws and rule. Sir H.
Lawrence, who had filled the post of
Resident at Lahore, and his brother
Mr. John Lawrence, were nominated
two out of three members of the
board for the administration of the
Punjaub. The third member was
Mr. Charles Grenvill Mansel. Some
slight idea of the labours of this
commission may be formed from
the fact that the superficial area
of the country is 50,400 square
miles, and that it contains a popu-
lation, partly military and partly
agricultural, of various races and re-
ligious creeds, who all "hated every
dynasty except their own, and re-
garded the British as the worst be-
cause the most powerful of usurpers."
Under their former sovereign, Run-
jeet Singh, the administration was
deplorable. There was scarcely a
crime for which impunity could not
be purchased by bribes; while the
609
oppressive exactions of the provincial
governors, who farmed the taxes,
were unchecked. Such was the state
of affairs when the British Govern-
ment first interfered in the internal
administration of the country. Much
had been done by Sir H. Lawrence,
when acting as Resident at Lahore, to
ameliorate the condition of the people;
but his endeavours were interrupted
by the rebellion of 1848-9. The first
labour undertaken by the board ap-
pointed by Lord Dalhousie, was to
organise a comprehensive system of
law and justice, and of social and
financial improvement throughout the
Punjaub. It was found necessary to
disband the Sikh soldiery, though
many of them afterwards entered the
British service, and an irregular force,
consisting of ten regiments, was raised
for the protection of the western
frontier. In consequence of these
measures, at the end of two years, the
board was able to report to the Go-
vernor-General that "the entire Bri-
tish system and its institutions were
thoroughly introduced into the Pun-
jaub." One triumphant result of this
consummation was shown in the fact
that in the great mutiny of 1857, that
province remained faithful to British
rule, and contributed largely to the
preservation of our Indian empire.
In 1856 Sir J. Lawrence was made a
K.C.B. in reward of his services as
Chief Commissioner of the Punjaub,
and was advanced to the dignity of
a G.C.B. (civil) in 1857, for his zeal,
intrepidity, and energy in aiding the
military authorities to suppress the
formidable revolt. He was created
a baronet Aug. 16, 1858, sworn a
member of the Privy Council, and
on the creation of the Order of
the Star of India, was made K.S.I.
In Dec., 1863, he succeeded the late
Lord Elgin as Governor-General of
India, an appointment which gave
great satisfaction both in this country
and in India. He was made a member
of the Indian Council, and the Court
of Directors of the East-India Com-
pany granted him a life pension of
£2,000 per annum, which, by a special
R R
:
610
LAWRENCE-LAWSON.
act (27 Vict. c. 2), he was empowered
to hold with his full salary as Viceroy
of India. On March 27, 1869, he
was raised to the House of Peers by
the title of Baron Lawrence, of the
Punjaub, and of Grately in the county
of Southampton. Lord Lawrence, who
has received the honorary degrees of
D.C.L. and LL.D. from the Universi-
ties of Oxford and Cambridge, is
known as an earnest advocate of an
open Christian course in the govern-
ment of India; and especially of
and especially of
making the Bible a class-book in
the Government schools, but allowing
the attendance of the native pupils
to be voluntary. At the first election
for the London School Board in 1870,
he was chosen for the Chelsea division,
and at the first meeting of the Board
he was elected its chairman. He
resigned the position of chairman in
Nov., 1873.
LAWRENCE, SIR GEORGE ST.
PATRICK, K.C.S.I., C.B., son of Col.
Alexander William Lawrence, born at
Trincomalee, Ceylon, in 1805, was
educated at Foyle College, London-
derry, and at Addiscombe College,
Surrey. He became a cornet in the
Bengal Light Cavalry in 1821, and
adjutant in 1824. He was appointed
Political Assistant and Military Secre-
tary, Envoy and Minister at Cabul in
August, 1839, and was kept prisoner
by the Afghans for nearly nine
months. He was appointed Political
Assistant at Peshawur in 1848, and
was again kept in captivity for nearly
six months. He was present at the
murder of Sir William Macnaghten,
and was made prisoner, but was re-
leased and given over as an hostage
to the Afghans on the Cabul retreat.
He was present in several frontier
actions, especially in the Katah Pass,
with the Commander-in-Chief, Sir
Charles Napier. He became Political
Agent at Meywar, Rajpootanah, in
June, 1850; Agent to the Governor-
General for the Rajpootanah States
in March, 1857; Major-General Ben-
gal Staff Corps, in Sept., 1861; and
retired on full pay, with the honorary
rank of Lieutenant-General, in Jan.,
1867. He was nominated a Com-
panion of the Bath in 1860, and a
Knight Commander of the Order of
the Star of India in 1866. Sir G.
Lawrence is the author of "Reminis-
cences of Forty-Three Years' Service
in India," edited by W. Edwards,
1874.
LAWSON, THE RIGHT HON. JAMES
ANTHONY, LL.D., born at Waterford,
in 1817, was educated at Trinity
College, Dublin, where he took the
usual degrees, and was called to the
Irish bar in 1840. He became a Q.C.
in 1857, was appointed law adviser
of the Crown in Ireland, and on the
formation of Lord Palmerston's second
administration, in 1859, Solicitor-
General for Ireland, succeeding Mr.
O'Hagan as Attorney-General in 1865 ;
from which office he retired on the
fall of Lord Russell's second adminis-
tration, in July, 1866. He was an
unsuccessful candidate in the Liberal
interest for the University of Dublin
in April, 1857, and was first returned
for Portarlington at the general elec-
tion in July, 1866. Mr. Lawson was
appointed a Justice of the Court of
Common Pleas in Ireland, in 1868.
On the disestablishment of the Irish
Church in 1871, he was appointed
Commissioner with Lord Monck, and
the late Mr. G. A. Hamilton, to carry
into effect the provisions of the Act.
He has written "Lectures on Political
Economy," 1844, and has contributed
papers on Law Reform to the Transac-
tions of the Dublin Statistical Society,
of which he is president.
LAWSON, SIR WILFRID, Bart.,
M.P., son of the late Sir Wilfrid
Lawson, of Aspatria, Cumberland, was
born in 1829, and succeeded to the
title and estates on his father's death,
in 1867. From an early age he has
been an enthusiastic advocate of the
Temperance movement, and he is now
the leader of the United Kingdom
Alliance, and its spokesman in Parlia-
ment. At the general election of
1859, he stood, in conjunction with
his uncle, the late Sir James Graham,
as a candidate for the representa-
tion of Carlisle, and succeeded by a
LAYARD.
narrow majority over his opponent,
Mr. Hodgson.
In March, 1864, he
first moved for leave to introduce
the measure now so well known as
the Permissive Bill, the main prin-
ciple of which is the giving to two-
thirds of the inhabitants of any
parish or township an absolute veto
upon all licences for the sale of in-
toxicating liquors granted within
their districts. It was supported
by forty members. In 1865 he
Stratford Canning, who, in 1845,
generously offered to share the cost of
excavations at Nimroud, and in the
autumn Mr. Layard set off for Mosul,
and began his labours on a spot pre-
viously undisturbed. Here he ulti-
mately succeeded in exhuming some
of the numerous wonderful specimens
of Assyrian art which enrich the
British Museum. The Government
and the authorities of the British
Muscum, however, for a time failed to
tion by his former opponent, Mr.
Hodgson; but, at the general elec-
tion of 1868, on appealing to the
enlarged constituency as a supporter
of Mr. Gladstone, he was returned
at the head of the poll. He was
again returned at the general election
of Feb., 1874.
was displaced at the general elec-appreciate the value of Mr. Layard's
researches. He was appointed At-
taché to the Embassy at Constanti-
nople, April 5, 1849, and Under-
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
in Lord Russell's first administration
for a few weeks in 1852 ; Lord Derby,
on his accession to power in Feb. of
that year, having offered to retain him
in that office until the return of Lord
Stanley to England, and then to give
him a diplomatic appointment. This
offer Mr. Layard, after taking the
advice of Lord Russell, declined. In
the Coalition Cabinet under Lord
Aberdeen, he was offered various
posts, which, as they were of a nature
to remove him from the field of
Eastern politics, he declined. In
1853 he was presented with the free-
dom of the City of London, in con-
sideration of his discoveries amongst
the ruins of Nineveh, and went to
Constantinople with Lord Stratford
de Redcliffe; but, disagreeing with
his chief, returned in the course of
the year to England. In the House
of Commons he became the advocate
of a more decided course of action on
the Eastern question, and delivered
several energetic and impressive
speeches on that important subject.
In 1854 he again proceeded to the
East, was
a spectator of the im-
portant events then taking place in
the Crimea, witnessed the battle of
the Alma from the maintop of the
Agamemnon, and remained in the
Crimea till after the battle of Inker-
mann, making himself acquainted
He was
with its actual condition.
one of the most urgent among the
members of the House of Commons in
?
LAYARD, THE RIGHT HON. SIR
AUSTEN HENRY, G.C.B., son of Henry
P. J. Layard, Esq., and grandson of
the late Dr. Layard, Dean of Bristol,
was born in Paris, March 5, 1817.
Having commenced the study of the
law, which he soon relinquished for
more congenial pursuits, he, in 1839,
set out with a friend on a course of
611
travel, visited various points in
northern Europe, and proceeded
through Albania and Roumelia, to
Constantinople, where, at one period,
he acted as a correspondent of a
London newspaper, and afterwards
travelled through various parts of
Asia, and learned the Arabic and Per-
sian languages. In his wanderings
he made it a special point to explore
those spots believed to have been the
sites of ancient cities, and when at
Mosul, near the mound of Nimroud,
he was impelled with an irresistible
desire to examine carefully the spot
to which history and tradition point
as the "birthplace of the wisdom of
the West." On hearing that M. Botta,
a Frenchman, had been carrying out
excavations at the cost of his Govern-
ment, and had found a great number of
curious marbles, Mr. Layard longed
for the opportunity of making similar
discoveries. Returning to Constan-
tinople, he laid his views before Sir
R R 2
612
LEATHES.
demanding the committee of inquiry
into the state of the army; and he
took a leading part in the investiga-
tion, to which he contributed his
evidence. On the formation of Lord
Palmerston's first administration, in
1855, he was again offered a post;
but as it was unconnected with the
foreign policy of the country, he de-
clined it, became one of the leaders
of the Administrative Reform Associ-
ation, and brought before the House
of Commons, in June, 1855, a motion
embodying their views, which was
rejected by a large majority. He
spent some time in India during the
rebellion of 1857-8, endeavouring to
ascertain its cause. He was returned
as one of the members in the Liberal
interest for Aylesbury in July, 1852;
was defeated at the general election
in March, 1857; was an unsuccessful
candidate at York in April, 1859, and
was returned one of the members for
Southwark in Dec., 1860. In 1848-9,
he published "Nineveh and its Re-
mains;" and, in 1853, a second part
of the work. His "Monuments of
Nineveh" appeared in 1849-53, and
an abridged edition of "Nineveh and
its Remains in 1851. Mr. Layard,
who had been elected Lord Rector of
Aberdeen University in 1855 and
1856, became Under-Secretary of
State for Foreign Affairs in Lord
Palmerston's second administration,
in July, 1861, and retired on the fall
of Lord Russell's second administra-
tion, in July, 1866. He was appointed
a trustee of the British Museum in
Feb., 1866. He was Chief Commis-
sioner of Works in Mr. Gladstone's
administration from Dec., 1868, at
which time he was added to the Privy
Council, until Nov., 1869, when he
retired from Parliament on being
appointed Envoy Extraordinary and
Minister Plenipotentiary at Madrid.
In April, 1877, he was sent as Ambas-
sador to Constantinople in succession
to Sir Henry Elliot, who, after the
failure of the Conference of Constan- |
tinople to secure peace between
Turkey and Russia, had returned to
England and had requested a long
|
""
leave of absence in order, it was said,
to recruit his health. On the re-esta-
blishment of ordinary diplomatic
relations with the Sublime Porte, Mr.
Layard was chosen by Lord Beacons-
field to be our Ambassador. He
arrived at Constantinople April 24,
1877. The Order of the Grand Cross
of the Bath was conferred on him in
June, 1878, just before the assembling
of the Congress of the Great Powers
at Berlin.
LEATHES, THE REV. STANLEY,
M.A., was born March 21, 1830, at
Ellesborough, Bucks, being son of the
Rev. Chaloner Stanley Leathes, rector
of that parish. He was educated at
Jesus College, Cambridge (B.A. 1852,
Tyrwhitt University Scholar 1853,
M.A. 1855), was ordained by Dr.
Hamilton, bishop of Salisbury, in
1856, and became curate successively
of St. Martin's, Salisbury. St. Luke's,
Berwick Street, and St. James's.
Westminster. Mr. Leathes succeeded
Dr. M'Caul as Professor of Hebrew in
King's College, London, in 1863. He
was appointed by the Archbishop of
Canterbury (Dr. Tait) Boyle Lecturer
in 1867, and held this office from 1868
to 1870. He became Minister of St.
Philip's Regent Street, in 1869. He
was elected Hulsean Lecturer in the
university of Cambridge for the year
1873, and Bampton Lecturer at Ox-
ford for the year 1874.
He was ap-
pointed Warburtonian Lecturer at
Lincoln's Inn, by the Archbishop of
Canterbury, Lord Mansfield, and Lord
Selborne, in 1876, an office which is
tenable for four years. The Univer-
sity of Edinburgh conferred on him
the honorary degree of D.D., March 2,
1878. Mr. Leathes, who was invited
by Convocation to join in the revision
of the Authorised Version of the Old
Testament, is the Author of "The
Witness of the Old Testament to
Christ," being the Boyle Lectures for
1868; "The Witness of St. Paul to
Christ; "The Witness of St. John to
Christ; University Sermons; a
"Hebrew Grammar; "Truth and
Life," short sermons, 1872;
"Struc-
ture of the Old Testament," a series
"
""
""
LEBOEUF-LECOCQ.
613
sion appointed to inquire into the
capitulations.
wicz.
LECKY, WILLIAM EDWARD
HARTPOLE, M.A., was born in the
neighbourhood of Dublin, March 26,
1838, and educated at Trinity College,
Dublin, where he graduated B.A. in
1859 and M.A. in 1863. Devoting
himself to literature, he soon gained
great distinction as an author. His
LEBEUF, EDMOND, a Marshal of acknowledged works are: "The
France, born Nov. 5, 1809, received Leaders of Public Opinion in Ireland,"
his professional education in the published anonymously in 1861, and
Polytechnic School and the School of republished in 1871-72; "History of
Artillery at Metz. He attained the the Rise and Influence of the Spirit
rank of Colonel in 1852, served in the of Rationalism in Europe," 2 vols.,
Crimean war at the head of the artil- 1865, 5th edit., 1872; "History of
lery; became a General of Division European Morals from Augustus to
in 1857, and commanded the artillery Charlemagne," 2 vols., 1869 ; and “ A
luring the Italian campaign in 1859. History of England in the Eighteenth
He was then appointed Aide-de-Camp Century," vols. I. and II., 1878. The
to the Emperor, and a member of the first three works have been trans-
Committee on Artillery. In 1866 helated into German by Dr. H. Jolo-
was sent to Venetia as Imperial Com-
missioner for transferring the pro-
vince to the Italian authorities; and
in Jan., 1869, he was appointed to
succeed General de Goyon at Tou-
louse, and to command the 6th Army
Corps. In the following August he
succeeded Marshal Neil as Minister
of War, and he continued to occupy
that position in the parliamentary
cabinet formed by M. Ollivier in
Jan., 1870, being shortly afterwards
created a Marshal of France. Just
before the late war between France
and Prussia, Marshal Leboeuf assured
the Emperor that the army was in a
complete state of organization, and
thoroughly prepared for war. The
disasters which so soon followed
showed how much the Minister's
confident opinion was to be relied
on, and he became the most unpopu-
lar man in the country. He accom-
panied his Imperial master to the
seat of war, and after Sédan was
shut up in Metz with Marshal Ba-
zaine. On the capitulation of that
fortress he was sent prisoner into
Germany. After peace was signed he
went to Switzerland, and subse-
quently he returned to France where
he gave evidence before the Commis-
of popular essays, 1873; "The Gos-
pel its Own Witness," 1874, being
the Hulsean Lectures delivered in
the preceding_year; Religion of
the Christ; its Development," (Bamp-
ton Lectures) 1874; and "The
Christian Creed: its Theory and
Practice. With a Preface on some
present Dangers of the English
Church," 1878.
CC
LECOCQ, ALEXANDRE CHARLES,
musical composer, born at Paris,
June 3, 1832. He received his musi-
cal education in the Conservatoire,
where he studied from 1849 till 1854,
when he set up as a teacher of music.
About this period M. Offenbach
founded the theatre of the Bouffes
Parisiens, and opened a competition
for the composition of an operetta
in one act, entitled "Le Docteur
Miracle." M. Lecocq, with seventy-
seven other competitors, entered the
lists, and he was at first classed
among the first six, with MM. Bizet,
Demerssemann, Erlanger, Limagne,
and Manniquet, and afterwards he
had the satisfaction of seeing his
score chosen conjointly with that of
George Bizet, the result being that
"Le Docteur Miracle" was first re-
presented on the stage with the music
of M. Lecocq, April 8, 1857, and
with the music of M. Bizet on the
9th of the same month, the two
scores being afterwards played on
alternate nights. Neither of them,
however, was received with much
favour by the public. M. Lecocq
obtained a larger measure of success
with several one-act operettas which
614
LE CONTE-LEDOCHOWSKI.
""
|
""
were produced at the little theatre | Camargo" (same theatre, Nov. 20,
of the Champs-Elysées, viz., "Le
Baiser à la Poste," "Liline et Valen-
tin," "Les Ondines au Champagne
(Sept., 1865), and "Le Cabaret de
Ramponneau" (Oct., 1867). In May,
1866, he had brought out at the Pa-
lais-Royal an operetta in one act,
"Le Myosotis," the music being com-
posed by him, and the witty and
sprightly libretto being from the
pen of Cham, the caricaturist. This
piece was received with the most
flattering marks of favour. After
the establishment of the Athenée M.
Lecocq produced at that theatre
"L'Amour et son Carquois" (Jan.,
1868), a comic opera in two acts;
and in the month of April following,
"Fleur de Thé 29
an opera buffa in
three acts, which was his first bril-
liant success, and which had a run of
100 nights. Among his subsequent
pieces are:-"Les Jumeaux de Ber-
game; "Le Carnaval d'un Merle
blanc ""Gandolfo ;" "Le Rajah de
Mysore;" "Le Testament de M. de
Crac ;
"Le Barbier de Trouville;"
"Les Cent Vierges," produced at
Brussels during the war of 1870-71;
"La Fille de Madame Angot," his
most popular production, also brought
out at Brussels, Dec, 4, 1872; "Gi-
roflé-Girofla," brought out March 21,
1874, at the Théâtre des Fantaisies
Parisiennes (Alcazar) at Brussels, and
afterwards with an English libretto,
at the Philharmonic Theatre in Lon-
don; "Les Prés Saint Gervais," an
opera buffa, brought out at the
Théâtre des Variétés, Paris, Nov. 14,
1874, and in an English dress at the
Criterion Theatre, London, on the
28th of the same month, the original
libretto by MM. Sardou and Gille
having been translated by Mr. Robert
Reece;
"Le Pompon" (at the Folies
Dramatiques, Nov., 1875); "La Petite
Mariée," (produced at the Renaissance,
Dec., 1875, and presented to a Lon-
don audience at the Opéra Comique,
May 6, 1876); " Kosiki " (Renaissance,
Oct., 1876); "La Marjolaine" (same
theatre, Feb. 3, 1877); "Le Petit Duc"
(same theatre, Jan. 25, 1878); and "La
|
•
??
1878.)
LE CONTE, JOSEPH, M.D, born
in Georgia, Feb. 26, 1823. He gra-
duated at the New York College of
Physicians and Surgeons, in 1845.
and practised his profession at Macon,
Georgia. In 1850 he went to Cam-
bridge, Massachusetts, where he
studied under Agassiz, whom he ac-
companied on his scientific expedi-
tion to Florida. He subsequently
held several professorships, among
which was that of Chemistry and
Geology in South Carolina College,
1856-69. Since 1869 he has been
Professor of Geology and Natural
History in the University of Cali-
fornia. He has published several
essays on education and the fine arts,
and a work on "The Mutual Re-
lations of Religion and Science.'
Among his strictly scientific publica-
tions are papers on "The Agency of
the Gulf Stream in the Formation of
the Peninsula of Florida; ""On the
Correlation of Vital Force with
Chemical and Physical Forces;
"On the Phenomena of Binocular
Vision ;' "A Theory of the Forma-
tion of the Great Features of the
Earth's Surface;""On some of the
Ancient Glaciers of the Sierras ;"
"On the Great Lava Flood of the
North-west ; and On the Struc-
ture and Age of the Cascade Moun-
tains."
;;
ร
""
LEDOCHOWSKI, HIS EMINENCE
MIECISLAS, Cardinal of the Roman
Church, Archbishop of Gnesen and
Posen, and Primate of Poland, was
born at Gork, of an illustrious Polish
family, Oct. 29, 1822. He commenced
his theological studies under the
Lazarists in the college of St. John,
Warsaw, and at the age of eighteen
received the ecclesiastical tonsure and
habit from the Bishop of Sandomir.
After some studies at Vienna he pro-
ceeded to Rome, where he joined the
"Academia Ecclesiastica," founded
by Pius IX. to impart a special train-
ing to young ecclesiastics distin-
guished by their acquirements. His
Holiness named Ledochowski Do-
LEE.
•
publications.
mestic Prelate and Protonotary|tributor to various literary and artistic
Apostolic, and also sent him on a
diplomatic mission to Madrid and
as Auditor of the Nunciature to
Lisbon, Rio de Janeiro, and Santiago
de Chili. He was nominated Arch-
bishop of Thebes, in partibus infi-
delium, on his appointment, Sept. 30,
1861, to the Nunciature of Brussels,
where he remained four years. In
Jan., 1866, he was translated to the
archbishopric of Gnesen and Posen,
and as the occupant of that see he
possesses the title of Primate of
Poland. In consequence of his resist-
ance to the laws enacted in Prussia
against the Church, he was, in 1874,
cast into prison, and he was actually
incarcerated in the dungeons of Os-
trowo when he was proclaimed a Car-
dinal by the Pope in a secret consis-
tory held in Rome, March 15, 1875.
He was released from captivity Feb.
3, 1876. Being banished from his
diocese he proceeded to Rome, where
he took possession of his "title," the
church of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli
(May 11).
LEE, THE REV. FREDERICK
GEORGE, D.C.L., F.S.A., born Jan. 6,
1832, at Thame Vicarage, Oxfordshire,
is the eldest son of the late Rev.
Frederick Lee, M.A., rector of Easing-
ton, in that county. He was educated
at the Grammar School, Thame, and
at St. Edmund's Hall, Oxford, where
he graduated S.C.L., and became both
a university and college prizeman in
1854. He was afterwards a student
of Cuddesden Theological College, and
was ordained deacon in 1854, and
priest in 1856, by the Bishop of Ox-
ford. He has been curate of Sunning-
well, Berks, assistant minister of
Berkeley Chapel, and incumbent of
St. Mary's, Aberdeen. He was created
hon. D.C.L. Nov. 20, 1864. At pre-
sent he is vicar of All Saints', Lam-
beth. Dr. Lee founded and edited
the Union Review from 1863 to 1869,
and was hon. secretary of the Associa-
tion for the Promotion of the Unity of
Christendom, from 1857 to 1869. He
is the author of "Poems," 2nd edit.
1855; "The Words from the Cross,"
2nd edit. 1859; "The Gospel Mes-
sage," 1860; "The St. George's
Riots: a Letter to the Right Hon.
W. E. Gladstone, M.P.," 3rd edit.
1860; "The Cheyne Case: a Letter
to Adam Urquhart, Sheriff of Wigton-
shire," 3rd edit. 1860; "The King's
Highway, and other Poems," 1866;
|
The Martyrs of Vienne and Lyons,
an Oxford Prize Poem," 3rd edit.
1866; "The Message of Reconcilia-
tion," 2nd edit. 1868; "The Church
of England and Political Parties: a
Letter to the Right Hon. Gathorne
Hardy, M.P." 2nd edit. 1868;
"Petronilla, and other Poems," 2nd
edit. 1869; "The Beauty of Holi-
ness," 4th edit., 1869; "Parochial and
Occasional Sermons," 1869; "Death,
Judgment, Heaven, and Hell," 3rd
edit. 1870; and "The Validity of the
Holy Orders of the Church of Eng-
land maintained and vindicated,
1870. As editor he has published
Prayers for the Reunion of Christen-
dom," 1864; "Sermons on Reunion,'
*
615
LEE, SIR EDWARD, F.S.A., born
Oct. 16, 1833, at the Vicarage House,
Thame, Oxfordshire, is the younger
son of the late Rev. Frederick Lee,
M.A., Rector of Easington, of an old
family long resident in that county,
one member of which was Chancellor
of the University of Oxford. He was
educated at the Grammar School of
Thame, and afterwards studied art in
London. After having been for some
years manager of the Literary and
Scientific Department of the Crystal
Palace, he was appointed by Sir
Arthur Guinness, Director of the
Dublin Exhibition of 1872, which,
under his counsel and management,
proved a great success. In acknow-
ledgment of his constant and inde-
fatigable labours, the Lord-Lieutenant
(Earl Spencer), at the closing cere-
monial, conferred upon him the
honour of knighthood (1872). He
was for awhile Managing Director of
the Alexandra Palace, but is now
again Director of the Exhibition Pa-
lace in Dublin; and has been a con-
""
•
22
616
LEE.
::
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""
|
1864, second series, 1865; "Sancta | his will. In 1848 he commenced his
Clara on the Thirty-nine Articles, series of joint works with Thomas
1865; "Miscellaneous Sermons," 1865; Sidney Cooper, the eminent cattle-
Essays on Reunion," 1867; "Altar painter. Among Mr. Lee's latest
Service Book for the Church of works are the " Bay of Biscay," "The
England," 1868; "The Book of Plymouth Breakwater," the "Signal-
the Epistles," 1868; "The Book of Station at Gibraltar," "View of Gib-
the Gospels," 1868; "Manuale Cleri- raltar from the Sands, on the Western
corum," 1870; "Directorium Angli- Shore," and "View of Garibaldi's
canum," 4th edit. 1870; "The Chris- Residence at Caprera," done from
tian Doctrine of Prayer for the De- painted sketches made on the island
parted," 1872; "The Bells of Botte- during a fortnight's residence with
ville Tower, and other Poems," 1873; the General. This picture, with
"Glimpses of the Supernatural," Cressingham," "Bay of Biscay,"
1874; Lyrics of Light and Life," and the "Signal-Station, Gibraltar."
1874; "Recent Legislation and was in the possession of Mr. Christie,
its Dangers: a Letter to the Lord of Victoria Street, Westminster. His
Bishop of Winchester," 1875; "Me- "Land we Live in was at the Roval
morials of the Rev. R. S. Hawker," Academy Exhibition of 1867. His
1876; Glossary of Liturgical and name now appears on the list of re-
Ecclesiastical Terms," 1876; "The tired Royal Academicians.
Repeal of the Public Worship Regu- LEE, JOHN EDWARD,
EDWARD, F.S.A.,
lation Act, a Letter to Lord Cairns,' F.G.S., was born Dec. 21, 1808, at
1877; and "More Glimpses of the Newland, near Hull, For some years
World Unseen," 1878. Dr. Lee has he was the Hon. Secretary of the
been a contributor to the Ecclesiastic, Hull Royal Institution, and studied
the Christian_Remembrancer, the geology under the late Professor
Gentleman's Magazine, and the Phillips. He has, however, written
Ecclesiologist.
nothing on geology with the excep-
tion of a few papers in the journals,
though he has amassed a large private
collection of fossils. In 1841 he re-
moved to Caerleon, in Monmouthshire,
and took an active part in forming
the County Antiquarian Association,
of which for more than 25 years he
was the Honorary Secretary, and as
an amateur artist he contributed to
most of its periodicals. In 1862, he
published "Isca Silurum," or
illustrated catalogue of the Roman
remains found at Caerleon, the an-
cient capital of the Siluri, and in 1866
appeared his translation and re-ar-
rangement of Dr. Keller's
"Lake
Dwellings." He has also published
"Roman Imperial Photographs.
1874; and "Roman Imperial Pro-
files; being a series of more than
160 Lithographic Profiles enlarged
from Coins," 1874; and a translation
of Conrad Merk's "Excavations at
the Kesslerloch, near Thayngen, Swit-
zerland, a Cave of the Reindeer Pe-
riod," 1876. For twenty-eight years
an
""
LEE, FREDERICK RICHARD, R.A.,
landscape-painter, born at Barnstaple,
Devon, in June, 1798, received a com-
mission in the 56th Foot at a very
early age, and served in the Nether-
lands. He first exhibited his pictures
in London at the British Institution,
from whose directors he afterwards
received a £50 prize; commenced
exhibiting at the Royal Academy in
1824; was elected Associate in 1834,
and R.A. in 1838. He excels in cheer-
ful landscapes, representing English
rivers and avenues of trees, and in
Scotch scenery.
Some of his finest
works are, or were, in the collections of
the Marquis of Breadalbane, the late
Lord Lansdowne, Lord Ellesmere,
Lord Spencer, Sir G. Philipps, Sir J.
Warrender, Sir T. Baring, Alderman
Salomons, J. Cuningham, Esq., of
Carshalton, and Messrs. A. and T. Bur-
nand. The "Ploughed Field was
purchased from the Academy by the
late Mr. Beckford, who showed the
value he set upon it by reserving it in
"
|
""
LEE-LEES.
he has been in the commission of the
peace for Monmouthshire, but he is
now residing at Torquay, and he is
one of the local secretaries of the
Society of Antiquaries for Devon-
shire.
LEE, RICHARD, dramatist and
journalist, son of Charles Lec, R.N.,
was born Feb. 10, 1828, and educated
at King's College School, London.
Devoted to literary pursuits from an
early age, he became associated as
contributor with various publications.
He retired from the office of dramatic
critic of the Morning Advertiser upon
the production of his first play, "Or-
deal by Touch," at the Queen's The
atre, in May, 1872. He has also writ-
ten "Chivalry," brought out at the
Globe, Sept. 13, 1873.
LEE, THE VEN. WILLIAM, D.D.,
Archdeacon of Dublin, son of the
Rev. William Lee, rector of Emly,
born in Ireland, in 1815, was educated
at the Endowed School of Clonmel and
at Trinity College, Dublin, where he
obtained the First Classical Scholar-
ship, First Mathematical Moderator-
ship, and the Mathematical Prize. He
was elected Fellow in 1839, was ap-
pointed Professor of Ecclesiastical
History in 1857, and Archbishop
King's Lecturer on Divinity in 1863.
He has written "Three Introductory
Lectures on Ecclesiastical History,
published in 1858; “An Examination
of the Remarks of the late Professor
Baden Powell on the Study of the
Evidences of Christianity," in 1861 ; a
Sermon on the Consecration of Arch-
bishop Trench, in 1864; and “Stric-
tures on a Recent Attempt to Deny
the Succession of the Hierarchy of the
Church of Ireland from the Ancient
Irish Church," in 1866. Dr. Lee is
best known by his celebrated "Don-
“Don-
nelan Lectures" for 1852, on the
Inspiration of Holy Scripture, its
Nature and Proof."
LEES, EDWIN, F.L.S., F.G.S., born
at Worcester, May 12, 1800, was
educated there, and afterwards at
a private school in Birmingham.
Having been brought up to com-
mercial pursuits, he abandoned them
617
for the more congenial studies of
botany and natural history. The
natural history of Worcestershire in
particular has been his study, and he
assisted the late Sir Charles Hastings
in establishing the Worcestershire
Natural History Society, of which he
was the first Hon. Curator; and be-
came the first president of the Wor-
cestershire and vice-president of the
Malvern Naturalists' Club. He is well
known as a lecturer and writer on
botany, and has written "The Bo--
tanical Looker-out in England and
Wales;" "The Affinities of Plants
and Animals, their Analogies and
Associations ;" "Pictures of Nature
around the Malvern Hills and Vale of
Severn;" "The Botany of the Mal-
vern Hills," which has passed through
three editions; some poetical pieces,
and numerous papers in magazines.
devoted to botany and natural history,
besides various articles in the "Trans-
actions" of the Woolhope (Hereford--
shire) and Malvern Field Clubs, and
in the Worcester Journal. He pub-
lished "The Botany of Worcester-
shire," in 1868. A series of ar-
ticles from his pen on remarkable
and curious old trees, relics of the
English forests, have lately appeared
in the Gardeners' Chronicle, and
when completed will be published in
a separate form (1874-6). In 1869
the members of the Worcestershire
and Malvern Naturalists' Clubs pre--
sented Mr. Lees with his portrait
and a breakfast service of plate in
acknowledgment of his services ex-
tending over more than a quarter of
a century. His latest publication is
K
The Forest and Chace of Malvern,
its Ancient and Present State; with
notices of the most remarkable Old
Trees within its confines," 1877.
LEES, FREDERIC RICHARD, born
March 15, 1815, at Meanwood Hall,.
near Leeds, was educated for the
law, but abandoned the profession
for literature. He was created a
Doctor of Philosophy by the Univer-
sity of Giessen, in 1842, and is a
Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries
of Scotland. Mr. Lees is a voluminous.
618
LEFEVRE-LEGGE.
46
|
author on politics, theology, criticism, |
and especially temperance. His prin-
cipal works are:- Metaphysics of
Owenism Dissected," 1837; "Science
of Symbolism; or, Logic in its Method,
Means, and Matter," 1845; The
Truth-Seeker in Literature, Science,
and Philosophy," 5 vols. 1845-50;
"The 100 Guinea Prize Argument
for the Suppression of the Liquor
Traffic," 1856: "Text Book of Tem-
perance," 1868; and (jointly with
the Rev. Dawson Burns), "The Tem-
perance Bible Commentary," 1866.
Mr. Lees has travelled over a large
part of Europe, and twice visited
Ameriea. He unsuccessfully con-
tested Ripon, Northampton, North-
amptonshire, and Leeds, where he
obtained 6000 votes, at the general
election of Feb., 1874.
B
1848. He was returned for Finistère
to the Constituent Assembly in Sept.
1848, but took no part in its delibera-
tions until March, 1849, he having
been in the meantime employed on a
diplomatic mission at the Russian
court. On his return he voted with
the Right and supported the policy
of Louis Napoleon, which, however,
he subsequently opposed in the Legis-
lative Assembly, the result being that
after the coup d'état he was placed
under arrest and banished from the
country. General Le Flô sojourned
for some years in Belgium and Jersey,
but in 1859 returned to his native
country. On the formation of the
Government of the National Defence
in Sept., 1870, he was appointed
Minister for War, and he held that
position in the government of M.
Thiers until July, 1871, when he was
selected to fill the post of Ambassador
at St. Petersburgh, in lieu of the Duke
de Noailles.
LEFEVRE, SIR JOHN GEORGE
SHAW, K.C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S.,
younger brother of Viscount Eversley,
born in London, Jan. 24, 1797, was
educated at Eton and Trinity College,
Cambridge, where he graduated, in
1818, as Senior Wrangler, and became
a Fellow. In 1824 he was called to
the bar at the Inner Temple, and re-
presented Petersfield in the Liberal
interest in the first Reformed Parlia-
ment. He has been Under-Secretary
of State for the Colonies (1833); a
Commissioner of the Poor-Laws
(1834); Joint Assistant Secretary to
the Board of Trade (1841); Deputy
Clerk of the Parliaments (1848); and
a Civil Service Commissioner. In 1856
he was appointed Clerk of the Par-
liaments, which office he resigned in
March, 1875. He is an Ecclesiastical
Commissioner, and Vice-Chancellor
of the University of London.
LEGGE, EDWARD, born about
1840, having served a hard apprentice-
ship to journalism, began an active
career as a special correspondent for
the Irish Times, in the war between
Germany and France, in 1870. Early
in the following year he joined the
Morning Post, and represented that
journal at all the principal royal and
other ceremonies, until 1876. He re-
corded for the Morning Post the entry
of the victorious German troops into
Berlin in 1871; the arrival of the Shah
of Persia in Belgium; the marriage of
the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh
at St. Petersburg, in 1874; accom-
panied the suite of Don Alfonso from
Paris to Spain when the young King
was called to the throne; and chro-
nicled all the home events of import-
ance between 1871 and 1876. Mr.
Legge was called to the bar of the
Middle Temple in 1875. In 1876 he
established (in conjunction with Mr.
J. T. Peacock) The Whitehall Review,
a weekly journal, which is described
as the "representative organ of 'good'
society."
|
LE FLO, ADOLPHE EMMANUEL
CHARLES, a French general and
diplomatist, born at Lesneven (Finis-
tère), Nov. 2, 1804, after passing
through the usual course of instruc-
tion at the military school of Saint
Cyr, served with distinction in Al-
geria, and was, for his gallant conduct
before Constantine, advanced to the
rank of Major. He became a Colonel
in 1844, and a General of Brigade in
LEGGE, JAMES, M.A., was born at
Huntly, Aberdeenshire, Dec. 20, 1815,
LEHMANN.
619
and educated at Huntly, and the
grammar schools of Aberdeen and
Old Aberdeen. He entered King's
College and University in 1831 gra-
:
duated M.A. in 1835; studied subse-
quently at Highbury Theological Col-
lege, London, and received from the
University of Aberdeen the degree of
LL.D. in 1870. He was appointed
a missionary to the Chinese in con-
nection with the London Missionary
Society, in 1839, and arrived at Ma-
lacca in that capacity in December of
the same year.
In 1840 he took
charge of the Anglo-Chinese College
founded there by the Rev. Dr. R.
Morrison in 1825. In 1843 he re-
moved to Hong Kong, where he con-
tinued till 1873 in the discharge of
missionary duties, and officiating also
for many years as minister of the
English Union Church, which had
grown up in connection with his
labours. Having returned to Eng-
land in 1867, leaving his return to
Hong Kong uncertain (though he did
return in 1870), he was presented by
the Government of the colony with a
service of plate "in acknowledgment
of many valuable public services
freely and gratuitously rendered;"
and by many of the Chinese inhabi-
tants with a valuable and beautiful
silver tablet, made after the Chinese
fashion. In 1875 several gentlemen
connected with the China trade
formed themselves into a committee
to promote the establishment of a
Chair of the Chinese Language and
Literature at Oxford, to be occupied
in the first place by Dr. Legge. The
University liberally responded to the
proposal, and the Chair was consti-
tuted in March, 1876. Corpus Christi
College was forward in aiding the
foundation, and Dr. Legge is now a
Fellow and M.A. of it. In certain
philological discussions which arose
in China in 1847 about the proper
rendering in Chinese of the words
"God" and "Spirit," Dr. Legge took
a prominent part, his principal publi-
cation being a volume in 1852, under
the title of The Notions of the
Chinese Concerning God and Spirits."
|
His principal claim to literary dis-
tinction, however, rests on his edition
of the Chinese Classics with the
Chinese Text, a translation in Eng-
lish, notes critical and exegetical, and
copious prolegomena. He conceived
the idea of this work in 1841, feeling
that "he should not be able to con-
sider himself qualified for the duties
of his position until he had thoroughly
mastered the classical books of the
Chinese, and had investigated for
himself the whole field of thought
through which the sages of China had
ranged, and in which were to be
found the foundations of the moral,
social, and political life of the
people." His plan was to embrace
what are called "the four Shu," and
"the five King." The Shu were pub-
lished in two volumes in 1861. Three
of the King have since been published
in two volumes each, in 1865, 1871,
and 1872. There are still wanting
two King to complete the work; but
with the volumes thus far published,
there are incorporated translations
of various other important ancient
Chinese works. Smaller editions of
the Shu have been published by
Messrs. Trübner & Co., without the
Chinese part, and also a version of the
second King, or Book of Ancient
Chinese Poetry, rendered by the
author in English verse, in 1875. For
these works the Julien prize, on occa-
sion of its first award, was given to
Dr. Legge by the Académie des Belles
Lettres et Inscriptions of the Insti-
tute of France in 1875. He attended
the Congress of Orientalists held at
Florence in 1878.
LEHMANN, RUDOLF, artist, was
born Aug. 19, 1819, at Ottensen near
Hamburg, and educated at Ham-
burg. His art education he received
at Paris, Munich, and Rome. He ob-
tained three gold medals at three
Paris Exhibitions, and was created a
Knight of the Order of the Falcon by
the Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar.
His portrait painted by himself at
the request of the Director of Public
Galleries in Florence, is placed in the
Galleria degli Uffizi of that city, in
620
LEIDY-LEIGHTON.
the room set apart for portraits of
distinguished artists painted by them-
selves. Mr. Lehmann's chief pictures
are :-"Sixtus V. blessing the Pon-
tine Marshes," bought by the French
Government for the Museum in Lille;
a "Madonna," and a " St. Sebastian,
ordered by the French Government
for two churches in France; "Early
Dawn in the Pontine Marshes;
numerous pictures of modern life and
costume in Italy; numerous portraits
of distinguished persons in England;
and a collection of pencil sketches,
portraits of distinguished contempo-
raries, with their autographs (100 in
number) 12 of them published by
Messrs. Bruckmann et Co.
""
""
""
LEIDY, JOSEPH, M.D., LL.D., born
in Philadelphia, Sept. 9, 1823. He
graduated M.D. in the University of
Pennsylvania in 1844, and commenced
the practice of his profession, but
soon devoted himself to scientific pur-
suits. From 1846 to 1852 he gave
private courses of lectures on anatomy
and physiology. In 1846 he was
made Chairman of the Curators of
the Anatomy of Natural Sciences at
Philadelphia; in 1853 Professor of
Anatomy in the University of Penn-
sylvania; and in 1871 Professor of
Natural History in
Swarthmore
College, all of which positions he still
holds. He has furnished more than
800 contributions to scientific perio-
dicals. Among his more important
works are: 66
Flora and Fauna within
Living Animals; "The Extinct
Mammalian Fauna of Dakota and
Nebraska" (with 30 plates, 1870);
and "Contributions to the Extinct
Vertebrate Fauna of the Western
Territories" (with 37 plates, 1873).
LEIGHTON, SIR FREDERICK,
P.R.A., was born at Scarborough, Dec.
3, 1830, and from childhood evinced a
strong passion for painting. This his
parents encouraged, as they gave him
every opportunity for gratifying it.
They opposed, however, for some
years, his desire to study art with a
view of making it a profession.
His first systematic instructions in
drawing were received at Rome in
the winter of 1842-43 from a painter
named Filippo Meli. In 1843-44 he
entered, as a student, the Royal Aca-
demy of Berlin. Then followed a
comparative withdrawal from art for
a year, during which the embryo
painter was receiving his general
education at a school at Frankfort-on-
the-Maine. The winter of 1845-46
was spent in Florence; and here it
was that the father at last yielded to
the son's desire to embrace painting
as a profession. Some drawings of
the young student were submitted to
the celebrated American sculptor,
Hiram Powers, and the father pro-
mised that his decision should depend
on the results of his interview with
the sculptor. The estimate formed
by Powers of the drawings being
highly favourable, the youthful
Leighton was permitted from that
day forward, to devote the whole of
his time to painting. Part of the
time, from 1846 to 1848, he studied
in the Academy of Frankfort-on-the-
Maine. The winter of 1848-49 he
passed in Brussels, painting his first
finished picture, which represented
the story of Cimabue finding Giotto
drawing in the fields. The succeed-
ing year or so he spent in Paris, copy-
ing in the Louvre, and attending the
life school. Thence he returned to
Frankfort, where he became, and con-
tinued till the early part of 1853, a
pupil of E. Steinle of Vienna (one of
the followers of Overbeck), Professor
of Historical Painting at the Academy
of that city. During this period.
several pictures were painted by Mr.
Leighton, amongst others a large one
of "The Death of Brunellesco." More
or less of three winter seasons were
next passed at Rome in diligent study
and in painting a large picture of
Cimabue," representing the proces-
sion (consisting in the picture of
Cimabue, his scholars, and principal
Florentine contemporaries) which is
said to have accompanied with great
honour and rejoicing, through the
streets of Florence, to the church of
Santa Maria Novella, Cimabue's pic-
ture of the Madonna. The exhibition
<
|
of this work by Mr. Leighton at the
Royal Academy in 1855 was a great
surprise to the London public, coming
as it did from an artist unknown in
England. It was at once purchased
by the Queen, and it was re-exhibited |
at the Manchester Art-Treasures and
the International Exhibitions. During
four years after this early and great
success, the artist resided in Paris,
studying, however, under no master,
though aided by the counsel of Ary
Scheffer, Robert Fleury, and other
French painters. Subsequently he
resided in London, and in 1856 he
contributed to the Academy Exhibi-
tion a picture entitled "The Triumph
of Music," the subject being Orpheus,
by the power of his art, redeeming
his wife from Hades. The following
is a list of his later contributions to
the Academy :-"The Fisherman and
the Syren " and "Romeo and Julict,
act iv., scene 5," 1858; Pavonia,"
Sunny Hours," and "La Nanna,"
1859;"Capri-Sunrise," 1860; "Por-
trait of Mrs. S. O.," " Paolo and Fran-
cesca, "A Dream, "Lieder Ohne
Worte, Capri - Paganos,'
Paganos," 1861 ;
“Odalisque, "The Star of Bethle-
hem," "Sisters,"
Michael Angelo
nursing his Dying Servant," "Duett,"
Sea Echoes," 1862; "Jezebel and
Ahab,' "A Girl with a Basket of
Fruit," "A Girl feeding Peacocks,"
"An Italian Cross-bowman," 1863;
Ki
""
""
"" (
>>
..:
""
LEIGHTON.
Dante in Exile," "Orpheus and
Eurydice," "Golden Hours," 1864;
"David," Mother and Child,"
"Widow's Prayer," "Helen of Troy,"
*C
In St. Mark's," 1865; "Painter's
Honeymoon,"
"Mrs. James Guthrie,"
"Syracusan Bride," 1866; "Pasto-
ral,'
""Spanish Dancing-Girl-Cadiz,"
Knucklebone Player," "Roman
Mother," "Venus Unrobing," 1867
Jonathan's Token to David,' Mrs.
F. P. Cockerell," "Ariadne aban-
loned by Theseus," "Acme and Sep-
timius, ""Actæa,” 1868; "St. Jerome,"
Dædalus and Icarus," "Electra at
the Tomb of Agamemnon," "Helios
and Rhodos,” 1869; "A Nile Woman,'
1870; "Hercules wrestling with
Death for the Body of Alcestis,"
""
""
621
Greck Girls picking up Pebbles by
the Sea.
the Sea." "Cleoboulos instructing his
daughter Cleobouline," 1871; "After
Vespers,
"“ Summer Moon,'
""Portrait
of Sir E. Ryan," "A Condottiere,"
1872; "Weaving the Wreath," "The
Industrial Arts of Peace," 1873;
"Moorish Garden: a Dream of Gra-
nada," "Old Damascus,"
"Old Damascus," "Antique
Juggling Girl," "Clytemnestra from
the Battlements of Argos watching
for the Beacon Fires which are to
announce the return of Agamemnon,"
1874; "Portion of the Interior of the
Grand Mosque of Damascus,'
"""Little
Fatima," "Venetian Girl," and
Eastern Slinger Scaring Birds in
the Harvest Time," 1875; Portrait
of Captain Burton," "The Daphne-
phoria," "Teresina, ""Paolo," 1876 ;
"Music Lesson" and "Study," 1877 :
Nausicaa," "Serafina" and "Wind-
ing the Skein," 1878. In the Port-
folio for 1870 is a photograph of the
group of "The Five Foolish Virgins,"
reproduced from the reredos of St.
Michael's Church, Lyndhurst, situate
on the borders of the New Forest.
In painting this wall-picture Mr.
Leighton made use of a new medium
tried by Mr. Gambier Parry at High-
ham, near Gloucester, and in the
nave-vault of Ely Cathedral. The
medium in which the figments are
ground, is a mixture of wax, resin,
oil of lavender, and artist's copal:
the wall when saturated with this
preparation becomes, on the evapo-
ration of the volatile oils, a firm, solid
mass. Mr. Leighton has also executed
many drawings for the wood-engra-
vers, among which may be named
the illustrations to George Eliot's
Florentine tale of "Romola." It has
been said by a judicious critic that
"whatever diversity of opinion may
exist respecting some characteristics
of Mr. Leighton's art, it is universally
admitted that no English painter's
works are distinguished in greater, or
perhaps equal, degree, by the attri-
bute of style; that is to say, as pre-
served on the Continent by long and
uninterrupted adherence to the ex-
amples and traditions of the schools
(C
622
LEIGHTON-LEITNER.
Leighton was elected an Associate of
the Royal Academy in 1864, and an
Academician in 1869. He was chosen
President of the Royal Academy in
succession to the late Sir Francis
Grant, Nov. 13, 1878, and a few days
later received the honour of knight-
hood. In the same year he was
nominated an Officer of the Legion
of Honour. Sir F. Leighton is
Colonel of the Artists' corps of
Volunteers.
""
especially that of Venice." Mr. | agonal superficial miles, for the use
of municipal administrators, Post-
Office telegraphs. cabs, &c., and
printed in full in the Graphic of
February, 1870. Mr. Leighton, who
has visited most of the Continental
museums and schools, illustrated
"The Moral Emblems," "The Lyra
Germanica," and "The Life of Man
Symbolized; hitting at Fashion's
folly in a very popular little book,
"Madre Natura.' În 1871 appeared
three editions of "Paris under the
Commune," edited and illustrated by
our artist, who had his atelier blown
up with gunpowder by the Commu-
nards and his concierge shot. Mr.
Leighton served on the Commissions
of the Exhibitions of 1851 and 1862,
taking first-class medals in London in
1851 and 1862, at Paris in 1855 and
1867, and at Philadelphia in 1876.
In 1873 he made an extended tour in
Russia, Caucasia, and Georgia, for the
purpose of studying the Byzantine
Art of the Greek Church, returning
by way of the Crimea.
LEITNER, GOTTLIEB WILLIAM,
M.A., Ph.D., born at Pesth, capital
of Hungary, Oct. 14, 1840, is a
naturalized British subject, and has
several relatives living in England.
He was educated at Constantinople,
Brussa, Malta, and King's College,
London; was appointed First Class
Interpreter to the British Commis-
sariat during the Russian war, in
1855; was lecturer in Arabic, Turk-
ish, and Modern Greek at King's
College, London, in 1859; and Pro-
fessor of Arabic with Muhammadan
Law at the same institution, in 1861,
when he founded the Oriental sec-
tion. The degrees of M.A. and Ph.D.
were conferred upon him by the
University of Freiburg, in 1862. He
has founded over seventy institutions,
including the Punjaub University
College, a number of schools of
various grades, literary societies and
free public libraries in India and
elsewhere; and has started six jour-
nals in English, Arabic, Urdu, &c.
Dr. Leitner discovered the languages.
and races of Dardistan in 1866; and
LEIGHTON, JOHN, F.S.A., an
artist, descended from the Leightons
of Ulysseshaven, Forfarshire, N.B.,
was born Sept. 15, 1822, in the parish
of St. James, Westminster, and be-
came a pupil of Mr. Howard, R.A.
His first published work was a series
of outlines, in 1844; but before this
he had contributed to cartoou exhi-
bitions. About 1850 he published
several serio-comic brochures under
the nom-de-plume of " Luke Limner,"
being satires on art principles, then
little understood. This was followed
by twenty-four outlines, entitled
"Money," and the foundation of the
first school of drawing for artisans
in London, under the Presidency of
Prince Albert, in which Mr. Leighton
largely aided. He also published the
first book on design in all styles, and
promoted for many years a free exhi-
bition of pictures. He helped to
found the Photographic Society of
London, and devoted two years to
codify the copyright laws of art at
the Society of Arts in the Adelphi, in
connection with the first artists, pre-
sided over by Sir C. Eastlake. Mr.
Leighton has lectured on "Libraries,"
"Oriental Art," and "Binocular Per-
spective." He contributed sugges-
tions to the Royal Academy Com-
mission, being in favour of the
Burlington House site, reporting upon
the future art library there. It was
at Mr. Leighton's suggestion that
Earl Sydney, the Lord Chamberlain,
modified and ameliorated the Court
Costume at St. James's in 1869. Mr.
Leighton also devised an ingenious
scheme for dividing London into hex-
-
LE JEUNE.
-
"}
he has since incorporated other lan-
guages between Kabul, Kashmir, and
Badakhshar in his researches. He
was the only British exhibitor at the
Vienna Universal Exhibition of 1873,
who, in competition with the Minis-
tries of Education of all civilised
countries, received the only Grand
Diploma of Honour that was awarded
for "promotion of education. He
brought over the first Yarkandi and
the first Siah Posh Kafir to Europe,
as well as the largest Central Asian
collection of curiosities and anti-
quities. He excavated Græco-Bud-
dhistic sculptures in 1870, and es-
tablished a link between Greece at
the time of Alexander the Great and
Buddhist art and religion. Dr.
Leitner originated and defended the
title "Kaiser-i-Hind" in connection
with Her Majesty's assumption of the
Imperial dignity in India, long before
its adoption by the Indian Govern-
ment. On the historical occasion of
the Delhi Imperial Assemblage, held
on the 1st Jan., 1877, the Viceroy
(Lord Lytton) referred to his " suc-
cessful services in the cause of educa-phical Grammar of Arabic;" the
tion as an honour to India and to all same translated into Urdu and
of us," in reply to the address of an Arabic; "The Sinîn-ul-Islam" (His-
influential deputation of native chiefs tory and Literature of Muhammad-
and others which Dr. Leitner headed. anism in their relations to Universal
On this occasion also the Viceroy History); "The Races of Turkey,
promised to raise Dr. Leitner's main with principal reference to Muham-
creation, the University College, to madan Education; Comparative
the rank of a full University in all Vocabulary and Grammar of the
the ordinary Faculties, with the ex- Dardu Languages ; Dialogues in
ception of Theology, besides recog- the above languages;
"Results of a
nizing its functions not only as an Tour in Dardistan, Kashmir, Little
examining, but also as a teaching, Thibet, Ladak, Zanskar, &c." Lond.,
body, and an academy for the initia- 1868, et seq.; "History of Dardistan.
tion of original research and the pro- Songs, Legends, &c.;
"Græco-
duction of original works in the Buddhistic Discoveries;
"A Na-
Oriental languages, and of transla- tional University for the Punjab ;"
tions from European languages into and "Adventures of a Siah Posh
the vernaculars of India. Dr. Leitner Kafir."
also caused considerable excavations
to be made by his retainers in Swat,
which yielded numerous Græco-
Buddhistic sculptures, and proved
that Greek art had once influenced
that now inhospitable region. In the
course of his literary activity Dr.
Leitner has brought together one of
"" ((
"}
|
99
623
the largest collections in the pos-
session of a private individual, and
which is unique in many respects.
Besides its ethnographical and numis-
matic interest, it chiefly illustrates
the influence of Greek art when in
contact with barbaric sculpture,
whether Egyptian, Indian, Assyrian,
or Persian. A portion of it is de-
posited on loan at the India Museum.
Dr. Leitner is Principal of the Lahore-
Government College (in which the
Delhi College is now incorporated);
Principal of the Oriental College,
Lahore; and Registrar of the Punjaub
University. He is also the Presi-
dent of an important body which
he founded in 1864, namely, the
Punjaub Association, or Anjuman-i-
Punjaub, an institution for social, po-
litical, and educational reforms. Dr.
Leitner speaks, reads, and writes 25
languages, and is probably the greatest
living linguist. Dr. Leitner attended
the Congress of Orientalists held at
Florence in Sept., 1878.
His pub-
lished works comprise :-"Theory and
Practice of Education;" "Philoso-
""
LE JEUNE, HENRY, A.R.A., of
Flemish extraction, was born in 1819.
In early life he was sent to study at
the British Museum, and in 1841 he
obtained the gold medal of the Royal
Academy for a picture of "Samson
bursting his Bonds." He was Head
Master of the Government School of
624
LELAND-LENNOX.
Design from 1845 to 1848, when he
became Curator of the Painting
School at the Royal Academy, re-
tiring from this post in 1864. He
has been a frequent exhibitor since
1841, and was chosen an A.R.A. in
1863.
""
relating to political history, England,
and biography. Several of these
articles were published in a, sepa-
rate form, under the title of " Études
Critiques et Biographiques," in 1862.
He was elected a member of the
French Academy in succession to
Jules Janin, May 13, 1875, and his
reception was on March 2, 1876. His
keen and often hostile criticism of
English policy is always read with
interest by the more serious portion
of Frenchmen, and is not disregarded
in England; and it may be said that
it is chiefly by his exertions as a jour-
nalist that he obtained admission to
the French Academy; but he is the
author of a number of able articles in
the Revue des Deux Mondes, which
have deservedly obtained a European
reputation. M. Lemoinne has written
no continuous book. "More than
once," he said to his fellow Acade-
micians, on the occasion of his recep-
tion, "when the ambition of sitting
among you was suggested to me, I
was told, Write a book.' My book,
I have been writing it every day for
30 years, and I thank you for having
discovered it."
LELAND, CHARLES GODFREY,
born in Philadelphia, Aug. 15, 1824.
He graduated at Princeton College
in 1846, and subsequently studied
at the Universities of Heidelberg,
Munich, and Paris. He was in Paris
during the revolution of 1848, but
returned to the United States in the
autumn of that year, and studied law.
He was admitted to the bar in 1851,
but soon relinquished law for litera-
ture, and contributed largely to
periodicals. For several years he has
resided in Europe. His works. many
of which are of a humorous or
burlesque character, include, "The
Poetry and Mystery of Dreams"
(1855); "Meister Karl's Sketch
Book" (1855); "Pictures of Travel,"
a translation of Heine's "Reise-
bilder " (1856); "Sunshine in
Thought (1862); "Legends of
Birds" (1864); Hans Breitmann's
Ballads," written in a sort of mongrel
patois, made up of Pennsylvania
Dutch, and English words (5 parts,
1867, et seq., complete edition, 1870);
"The Music Lessons of Confucius and
other Poems" (1870); "Gaudeamus,"
a translation of the humorous poems
of Scheffel" (1871); Egyptian
Sketch Book" (1873); "The English
Gipsies and their Language" (1873);
"Fu-Sang, or the Discovery of Ame-
rica by Chinese Buddhist Priests in
the Fifth Century (1875); and
"English Gipsy Songs" (1875).
LENNOX, LORD WILLIAM PITT,
fourth son of the fourth Duke of Rich-
mond, and godson of William Pitt,
born Sept. 20, 1799, and educated at
Westminster, was for some time on
the staff of the Duke of Wellington,
whom he accompanied to Brussels.
Vienna, and Paris, and retired from
the army in 1829. His lordship has
contributed to the Sporting Review
from its commencement, to the
"Diadem,' "Book of Beauty,"
Bentley's and other magazines. For
a year he edited the Review news-
(6
""
LEMOINNE, JOHN EMILE, pub-paper, and is a contributor to the
licist, born in London, of French
parents, Oct. 17, 1815; commenced
his studies in England, and finished
them in France. In 1840 the director
of the Journal des Débats intrusted him
with the supervision of the English
correspondence of that journal, a posi-
tion which he still holds. He has con-
tributed to the Revue des Deux Mondes
numerous articles, for the most part
Illustrated London News, Once a
Week, and Land and Water. Amongst
his numerous works of fiction may be
mentioned "Compton Audley," pub-
lished in 1841; "The Tuft-Hunter,"
in 1843; "Percy Hamilton," in 1852 ;
and " Philip Courtenay," "The Story
of my Life," in 1857. He has also
| written "Three Years with the Duke
of Wellington in Private Life;"
""
LENORMANT.
625
|
|
"
de France. From 1869 to 1872 he
was editor of the Moniteur des Archi-
tectes, and in 1874 he founded, in
conjunction with M. de Witte, the
Gazette Archéologique. His contri-
butions to antiquarian periodicals,
French and foreign, are very
numerous. Among his works are :—
"Essai sur la Classification des
Monnaies des Lagides," 1856, to
which the Académie des Inscriptions
LENORMANT, FRANÇOIS, is the et Belles Lettres awarded the numis-
son of Charles Lenormant, a distin- matic prize in 1857;
"Sur l'Origine
guished French antiquary and his- Chrétienne des Inscriptions Sinaï-
torian, and a member of the Institute, tiques," 1859 ; "Deux Dynasties
who died in 1859. He was born at Françaises chez les Slaves méri-
Paris in 1835, and became known at dionaux aux XIVe et XVe siècles,”
an early age by his numismatic and 1861;"Le Gouvernement des Îles Ioni-
archæological researches, undertaken ennes lettre à Lord John Russell,"
by the advice and under the direction 1861;"Histoire des Massacres de
of his father. In 1857 he carried off Syrie en 1860" (1861); "Recherches
the numismatic prize awarded by the Archéologiques à Eleusis," 1862;
Academy of Inscriptions. He made "Essai sur l'Organisation Politique
several_archæological tours in Ger- et Economique de la Monnaie dans
1863 :
many, Italy, and the East. He hap- l'Antiquité,
Monographie
pened to be in Syria, charged with an de la Voie Sacrée Éleusienne,"
official mission, at the time of the 1864; "La Grèce et les Îles Ioni-
massacres of the Christians in 1860,❘ennes,'
"1865; "Introduction à un
which he described in a series of
letters addressed to newspapers in
Paris, and afterwards reprinted under
the title of "Une Persécution du
Christianisme en 1860: les derniers
Événements de Syrie" (1860). In
that year (1860) M. Lenormant had
made important excavations at
Eleusis, and in 1866 he was appointed
a member of the scientific commission
which was sent to observe the vol-
canic phenomena of the island of
Santorin. He was nominated sub-
librarian of the Institute in 1862, but
he resigned that post in 1872, and in
1874 he was appointed Professor of
Archæology__in the Bibliothèque
Nationale. During the siege of Paris
he served as a volunteer in the 9th
Regiment of the National Guard of
Paris, and was wounded at Buzenval.
He attended the Congress of Ori-
entalists held in Florence in Sept.,
1878. Being, like his father, a
sincere Catholic, he contributed
largely to the Ami de la Religion,
the Correspondant, and the Gazette
•
"Merrie England: its Sports and
Pastimes," 1857; "Pictures of Sport-
ing Life and Character," 1859; "The
Victoria Cross," dedicated to Her
›› ❝ Re-
Majesty; "London at Table
creations of a Sportsman, 1862 ?;
"Life of the Duke of Richmond;
"Fifty Years'.Biographical Reminis-
cences," in 1863; "Adventures of a
Man of Family," 1864; and "Drafts
on my Memory," 1865.
""
""
""
""
Mémoire sur la Propagation de
l'Alphabet Phénicien dans l'ancien
Monde," 1866; "Les Tableaux du
Musée de Naples," 1867; "Les Chefs-
d'oeuvre de l'Art Antique," 3 vols.,
1867-69; "Manuel d'Histoire An-
cienne de l'Orient," 2 vols., 1868, a
work which was "crowned in 1869
by the French Academy; "Histoire
du Peuple Juif," 1868; "Histoire
des Peuples Orientaux et de l'Inde,"
1869; "Essai de Commentaire des
Fragments Cosmogoniques de Berose,"
1871; "Lettres Assyriologiques et
épigraphiques sur l'Histoire et les
Antiquités de l'Asie antérieure,"
2 vols., 1871-72; "Études Accadi
ennes,' 1873 ; "Le Déluge et
l'Epopée Babylonienne, 1873;
"Choix de Textes Cunéiformes,'
1874-75; "Les Sciences occultes en
Asie," 2 vols., 1874-75; “La Langue
Primitive de la Chaldée," a reply to
the critics of the "Etudes Accadi-
ennes," 1875; "Sur le nom de Tam-
moux," 1876; "Les Syllabaires
Cunéiformes ;"
|
""
""
and
"Étude sur
SS
626
LEO THE THIRTEENTH.
|
LEO THE THIRTEENTH, HIS
HOLINESS POPE, the 258th Roman
Pontiff, and 257th successor of St.
Peter, is the son of Count Ludovico
Pecci, by his wife Anna Prosperi.
He was born at Carpineto, in the
diocese of Anagni, in the State of the
Church, March 2, 1810, and was bap-
tized by the names of Vincenzo and
Gioacchino. His mother always
called him by his first name, which
was also used by himself up to the
termination of his studies, when he
began to use the second name,
Gioacchino. In 1818 his father sent
him, along with his elder brother
Giuseppe, to the Jesuit College of
Viterbo. There he was taught
grammar and humanities under
Father Leonardo Giribaldi, a man of
great learning, until the year 1824,
when, on his mother's death, he was
sent to Rome to the care of an uncle,
and took up his residence in an apart-
ment in the palace of the Marchese
Muti. In Nov., 1824, he entered the
schools of the Collegio Romano, then
restored to the Jesuits, and had for
his teachers Fathers Ferdinando
Minini and Giuseppe Bonvieini, both
distinguished for eloquence and virtue
of no common order. Three years
later he began to study mathematics.
He had for instructors Father Gio-
vanbattista Pianciani, nephew of Leo
XII., and Father Andrea Carafa, a
mathematician of renown. Young
Pecci signalised himself by his assi-
duity and talent, and in 1828 got the
first premium in Physico-Chemistry,
and the first accessit in mathematics.
Then he passed to the course of phi-
losophy, and in the four years of that
curriculum he attended the lectures of
Fathers Giovanni Perrone, Francesco
Manera, Michele Zecchinelli, Cor-
nelius Van Everbroeck, and Francesco
Xaverio Patrizi, brother of the late
Cardinal Patrizi. While studying
philosophy Pecci was entrusted,
despite his youth, to give repetitions
in philosophy to the pupils of the
German College. In his third year of
quelques parties des Syllabaires | philosophy he sustained a public dis-
Cunéiformes," 1877.
putation, and obtained the first
premium (1830). The following year,
being then but 21 years old, he ob-
tained the laurea in philosophy. Even
in Viterbo young Pecci was noticed
for his ability and for his perfect pro-
priety of conduct. In Rome he
seemed entirely devoted to study, and
took no part in entertainments, con-
versazioni, amusements, or plays. At
the age of 12 or 13 he wrote Latin,
prose or verse, with a marvellous faci-
lity. Having entered the College of
Noble Ecclesiastics, the Abbate Pecci
frequented the schools of the Roman
University to learn canon and civil
law. Pecci and Duke Sisto Riario
Sforza (afterwards Cardinal Arch-
bishop of Naples) were the two
brilliant youths who eclipsed all the
rest of their companions in study.
Cardinal Antonio Sala took much in-
terest in Pecci, and assisted him with
advice and instruction. Becoming a
doctor in laws, he was made by Pope
Gregory XVI. a domestic prelate and
Referendary of the Segnatura, March
16, 1837. Cardinal Carlo Odescalchi,
famous for his humility in re-
nouncing the purple to enter the So-
ciety of Jesus, gave Pecci holy orders
in the chapel of St. Stanislas Kostka,
in S. Andrea al Quirinale, and on
Dec. 23, 1837, conferred the priest-
hood upon him in the chapel of the
Vicariate. Gregory XVI. bestowed
upon him the title of Prothonotary
Apostolic, and appointed him Apos-
tolic Delegate at Benevento, Perugia,
and Spoleto in succession. In these
important posts he ruled with firm-
ness and prudence, and while at
Benevento he, by his energy, put a
stop to the brigandage which had
before infested that district. In 1843
he was again promoted by Pope
Gregory XVI., being sent as Nuncio
to Belgium, and on Jan. 17 in that
year he was created Archbishop of
Damietta, in partibus infidelium, to
qualify him for his office of Nuncio.
He remained at Brussels for three
years, and was then nominated Bishop
of Perugia on Jan. 19, 1846, about
|

LEOPOLD II.-LEPSIUS.
|
four months previous to the death of
Gregory XVI. The assertion that
that Pontiff created Pecci a Cardinal
in pectore before he died, and that
Pius IX. allowed seven years to
elapse before he gave effect to the
nomination made by his predecessor
in pectore has been often made, but
the statement has no foundation in
fact. He was created and proclaimed
a Cardinal by Pius IX. in the Con-
sistory of Dec. 19, 1853. He was a
member of several of the Congrega-
tions of Cardinals—among them those
of the Council, of Rites, and of
Bishops and Regulars. In Sept.,
1877, he was selected by Pope Pius
IX. to fill the important office of
Cardinal Camerlengo of the Holy
Roman Church, which post had
become vacant by the death of Car-
dinal De Angelis. In that capacity,
after the death of the late Pope (Feb.
7, 1878), he acted as Head of the
Church in temporal matters, made the
arrangements for the last solemn ob-
sequies of the Pontiff, received the
Catholic ambassadors, and superin-
tended the preparations for the Con-
clave. Sixty-two Cardinals attended
the Conclave, which was closed in the
Vatican on Monday, Feb. 18, 1878. In
the first scrutiny, made on the follow-
ing morning, Pecci had 19 votes, the
others being scattered among various
Cardinals, such as Franchi, Bilio, De
Luca, Martinelli, and Ferrieri. In
the second scrutiny, on the evening
of Tuesday, Cardinal Pecci's votes
rose to 34, and in the scrutiny on
Wednesday (Feb. 20) morning to 44.
The election was then at an end, and
the Cardinal Camerlengo was made
Pope by the acclamation of all. The
news was officially proclaimed to the
outside world at a quarter past one
o'clock, from the gallery of St.
Peter's, when it was announced that
his Holiness had assumed the name of
Leo XIII. On March 3 he was
crowned in the Sistine Chapel, all the
ancient ceremonies being observed,
save the benediction Urbi et Orbi,
from the loggia of St. Peter's. One
of the first acts of his Pontificate was
-
627
the restoration of the hierarchy in
Scotland. While Bishop of Perugia
Cardinal Pecci addressed several pas-
toral letters to his flock. One of
these, written on the occasion of the
Lenten Indult for the year 1868, has
been printed.
LEOPOLD II. (LEOPOLD-LOUIS-
PHILIPPE-MARIE-VICTOR), King of
the Belgians, son of the late King
Leopold I., upon whose death, which
occurred Dec. 10, 1865, he succeeded
to the throne as Leopold II., was
born at Brussels, April 9, 1835, and
married, August 22, 1853, the Arch-
duchess Maria of Austria, by whom
he has had three children-two
daughters and one son, the Duke of
Brabant, who died in Jan., 1869, at
the age of ten. In 1855, in company
with the Duchess of Brabant, he
made a lengthened tour through
Europe, Egypt, and Asia Minor. As
Duke of Brabant, he took a prominent
part in several important discussions
in the Senate, especially in that re-
lating to the establishment of a
maritime service between Antwerp
and the Levant. His Majesty has
visited this country very frequently.
His "silver wedding" was celebrated
with great rejoicings in Aug., 1878.
LEPSIUS, KARL RICHARD, orien-
talist, born at Naumberg, Dec. 20,
1813, studied philology at Leipsic,
Göttingen, and Berlin, under the
direction of Bopp. After receiving
his doctor's degree in 1833, he repaired
to Paris, furnished with letters of
recommendation from Von Humboldt,
and in 1834 gained the Volney prize
for his memoir, "Palæography ap-
plied to Linguistic Researches,"
published at Leipsic, in 1842. This
treatise was followed by two im-
portant ones, printed in the Transac-
tions of the Academy of Berlin
66
Report on the Semitic, Indian, an-
cient Persian, ancient Egyptian, and
Ethiopic Alphabets," and "On the
Origin of the Nouns of Number in the
Indo-Germanic, Semitic and Coptic
Languages." In 1835 he went to
Italy to make researches in various
libraries, and at Rome gained the
Add
SS 2
628
LESLIE.
friendship of Bunsen. In 1837 he
published his celebrated "Letter to
M. Rosellini on the Hieroglyphic
Alphabet," which was followed by
"Memoirs on the Architecture and
Monuments of the Egyptians." Since
that time Lepsius has confined his
researches and studies almost exclu-
sively to languages and Egyptian
antiquities. In 1838 he was sent to
England by the Archæological Insti-
tute, where, meeting with Bunsen, the
project was formed of an expedition
to Egypt, which had the sanction of
the King of Prussia. This expedition,
which comprised English and Ger-
man men of science as well as artists,
left England in Sept., 1842. Favoured
by the protection of Mehemet Ali, it
lasted four years, and produced the
happiest results. On his return to
Germany, in 1846, Lepsius was
nominated Titular Professor at Ber-
lin, and a member of the Academy
of Sciences. He has since occupied
himself in publishing the fruits of
his researches on the history, geo-
graphy, chronology, the arts, lan-
guage, literature, and religion of the
Egyptians. "Monuments of Egypt
and Ethiopia" appeared in 1853-57;
"The Universal Linguistic Alphabet
in 1855; and" Standard Alphabet for
reducing Unwritten Languages and
Foreign Graphic Systems" (Lond.
and Berlin), in 1863. He has pub-
lished a work on the Nile, which has
been translated into English.
""
LESLIE, GEORGE DUNLOP,
R.A., the youngest son of the late
Charles Robert Leslie, R.A., was born
at 12, Pineapple Place, St. John's
Wood, London, July 2, 1835, and
educated at the Mercers' School in
the City. From his father he derived,
of course, a great deal of instruction
in art; and the pure and tender feel-
ing, as well as the simplicity and
method, which distinguish so many
works of the father, seem to be re-
flected in the productions of the son.
Young Leslie was, however, placed by
his father, at Mr. F. Cary's School of
Art, Bloomsbury, whence he was ad-
mitted a student of the Royal Aca-
demy in April, 1854. The first picture
he exhibited, called "Hope," appeared
at the British Institution in 1857,.
and was purchased by Lord Houghton.
In the same year two small pictures
by him were hung at the Royal Aca-
demy, where he has since regularly
exhibited. In the spring of 1859 his
father died, leaving the young artist
entirely on his own resources. He
was elected an Associate of the Royal
Academy in 1868, and a Royal Acade-
mician June 29, 1876. The principal
pictures he has exhibited
"Matilda" and "Bethlehem," in
1860; Fast-day at the Convent,"
in 1861; "A Summer Song," in
1862; "The Lost Carkanet and
"The War Summons," in 1863; "The
Flower and the Leaf" and "Say,
Ta!" in 1864; "The Defence of
Lathom House," in 1865; "Clarissa,'
in 1866, which was also exhibited at
the Paris International Exhibition;
are
**
Willow, Willow," "The Country
Cousins," "Ten Minutes to Decide,'
and "The Rose Harvest," in 1867;
"Home News" and "The Empty
Sleeve," in 1868 ; "Celia's Harbour
and "Cupid's Curse," in 1869; "For-
tunes " and Carry," in 1870;
"Nausicaa and her Maids," in 1871;
"Lavinia," "An Elopement, A.D.
1790," and "Lucy and Puck," in
1872; "The Fountain," in 1873;
"Pot Pourri,” "The Nut-Brown
Maid" and "Five o'Clock,” in 1874;
"School Revisited," "The Path by
the River," and "On the Banks of
the Thames, A.D. 200," in 1875;
"Roses," "My Duty towards my
Neighbour," "Violet," and "Laven-
der," in 1876; " Cowslips" and "The
Lass of Richmond Hill" (his diploma
picture), in 1877; and "Home, Sweet
Home," in 1878.
??
,,
LESLIE, HENRY DAVID, musical
composer, son of John Leslie, born in
London, June 18, 1822, and educated
at the Palace School, Enfield, com-
menced his musical studies in 1838,
under the direction of Charles Lucas,
now Principal of the Royal Academy
of Music. He was appointed Hon.
Sec. of the Amateur Musical Society
|
我
​LESSEPS.
629
|
of London on its formation in 1847,
and from 1855 until its dissolution in
1861 was its conductor. In 1856 he
founded the choral society known by
his name, and still conducted by him,
and is Principal of the College of
Music, an institution founded in 1864
for the purpose of enabling students to
obtain a complete musical education
on the system of the Continental con-
servatoires. He has composed "Te
Deum "and" Jubilate in D," published
in 1841; "Orchestral Symphony in
F.," in 1847; Festival Anthem, "Let
God Arise," for soprano and tenor
solo, double chorus and orchestra, in
1849; dramatic overture, "The
Templar," in 1852; oratorio,
manuel," in 1853; operetta, "Ro-
mance, or Bold Dick Turpin," and
oratorio, "Judith," in 1857; cantata,
Holyrood," in 1860; wedding can-
tata, "The Daughter of the Isles," in
1861; besides various compositions
for stringed instruments, and some
sixty or seventy single songs, duets,
anthems, pianoforte pieces, &c. Mr.
Leslie in 1864 composed a romantic
opera in three acts.
ments Officiels." M. de Lesseps re-
ceived a firman sanctioning the enter-
prise in 1854, and a letter of concession
was granted by the Viceroy of Egypt
in Jan., 1856. Eminent English engi-
neers (and among them the late G.
Stephenson) questioned its practica-
bility, which, however, has since been
clearly demonstrated. The works were
commenced soon after the company
was constituted, in 1859; large sums
were subsequently expended, and the
late Pasha of Egypt was induced to
take a large number of shares in the
undertaking, besides permitting M. de
Lesseps to employ native labourers.
This ingenious scheme was at first
"Im-favoured by a portion of the commer-
cial body in this country; but a belief
soon gained ground that the project
was virtually a political one, and in
this point of view it received no en-
couragement from the British govern-
ment. On the death of the late Pasha
of Egypt in 1863, the question of the
sanction of the Ottoman Porte was
more actively discussed, and the right
of the Sultan to grant it formally
insisted upon.
The result was the
withdrawal of the permission to the
company to hold any portion of Egyp-
tian territory-the supposed covert
design of the project; and after much
dispute between M. de Lesseps and the
Egyptian government, the claim for
compensation to the company he re-
presented was left to the arbitration
of the Emperor of the French, who
imposed certain conditions on both
parties, and allowed the works to be
continued. A canal, with sufficient
water to admit of the passage of
steamboats, was opened Aug. 15, 1865.
By degrees, owing to the employment
of gigantic dredges and a novel system
of machines for raising and carrying
away the sand, the bed of the canal
was enlarged, so that small ships and
schooners
schooners were enabled to pass
through in March, 1867. At length the
waters of the Mediterranean mingled
with those of the Red Sea in the Bitter
Lakes, Aug. 15, 1869, an event which
was commemorated by grand fêtes at
Suez; and on Nov. 17 the canal was
LESSEPS, VICOMTE FERDINAND
DE, diplomatist and engineer, born at
Versailles, Nov. 19, 1805, was ap-
pointed, in 1828, Attaché to the
French consulate at Lisbon, and after
holding various consular offices in
Europe and the East, was made Consul
at Barcelona in 1842, during the bom-
bardment of which town he zealously
devoted himself to protect French life
and property, besides affording an
asylum to Spaniards and others on
board French ships. His fame rests
chiefly on his scheme to pierce the
Isthmus of Suez by means of a canal,
and in successfully carrying it out he
showed much zeal and indefatigable
energy. It was in 1854, when in Egypt
on a visit to Mehemet Saïd, that he
opened the project to Saïd Pasha, who,
seeing the advantage that might be
expected to accrue from its execution,
invited him to draw up a memorial on
the subject. This was done with full
details, under the title of " Percement
de l'Isthme de Suez exposé, et Docu-
|
630
LEVI.
formally opened at Port Saïd amid a
series of festivities participated in by
the Empress of the French, the
Emperor of Austria, the Crown Prince
of Prussia, Prince William of Orange,
the English and Russian ambassadors
at Constantinople, and a large number
of English and Continental merchants
and journalists. A grand processional
fleet, composed of forty vessels, then
set out from Port Saïd in the direction
of Ismaïla. A few days after the
inauguration, M. de Lesseps married
Malle. Autard de Bragard, a very
young Creole of English extraction.
In Feb., 1870, the Paris Société de
Géographie awarded the Empress's
new prize of 10,000 francs to M. de
Lesseps, who gave the money as a
contribution to the society's pro-
jected expedition to Equatorial Africa.
He was appointed to the rank of
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour,
Nov. 19, 1869; received the cordon of
the Italian Order of St. Maurice in
Dec., 1869; and was nominated by
Queen Victoria an honorary Knight
Grand Commander of the Order of the
Star of India, Aug. 19, 1870. The
honorary freedom of the City of Lon-
don was publicly presented to him,
July 30, 1870. In July, 1873, the
Paris Academy of Sciences chose
M. de Lesseps a free member in the
place of M. de Verneuil deceased.
In 1875 he published "Lettres, jour-
nal, et documents pour servir à
l'histoire du canal de Suez." For this
work the French Academy awarded
to him the Marcelin-Guérin prize of
5,000 francs (May, 1876).
established in 1849, and numbers up--
wards of 600 members. This im-
portant example led to the formation
of similar institutions in other com--
mercial towns in the provinces. In
his capacity of Hon. Sec. of the Liver-
pool Chamber of Commerce, Mr. Levi
procured information respecting simi-
lar institutions abroad, and was en-
abled to produce his " Commercial Law
of the World," 1850, a second edition
of which, under the title of "Inter-
national Commercial Law," appeared
in 1873. This work gained for the
author the Swiney Prize awarded by
the Society of Arts and the College
of Physicians, and from the Em--
peror of Austria and the King of
Prussia their great gold medal for
science and art. Mr. Levi suggested
the utility of an International Com-
mercial Code, and lectured on the
subject before the Chambers of Com--
merce. A conference presided over
by Lord Brougham and the Earl of
Harrowby was held in London on the
subject, and the result was that two
Acts were passed, 19 & 20 Vict. c. 60,
and 19 & 20 Vict. c. 97, whereby the
mercantile laws of the United King-
dom were made uniform on many
points. Since then, considerable ad-
vance has been made towards unity
of commercial legislation even in
foreign countries. Mr. Levi has writ-
ten "On Taxation: How it is Raised..
and How it is Expended," published
in 1860; and many of his contribu-
tions may be found in the Journal of
the Statistical Society, the Transac
tions of the British Association, and
the Journal of the Society of Arts.
He has also written a "History of
British Commerce and of the Econo-
mic Progress of the British Nation,
1863-70" (1872). In 1852 the Council
of King's College, London, allowed
him to give evening lectures on Com--
merce and Commercial Law, and he
was appointed Professor of the Prac-
tice and Principles of Commerce in
that College. His contributions to sta-
tistical science are extensive. He was
called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn
in 1859, was created a Doctor of
|
LEVI, LEONE, F.S.A., born at An-
cona, in Italy, June 6, 1821, was edu-
cated for mercantile pursuits; in 1844
arrived at Liverpool, and in 1847 was
naturalized, and became a British sub-
jeet. Mr. Levi being struck with the
want, in so great a commercial com-
munity as Liverpool, of a Chamber of
Commerce, with a supplemental tri-
bunal of commerce for the settlement
of commercial disputes, agitated the
question as one of public interest.
His appeal was successful, and the
Liverpool Chamber of Commerce was
LEVISSOHN-LEWIS.
|
Political and Economical Sciences by
the University of Tübingen in 1861,
is a Fellow of the Statistical Society,
and of the Society of Antiquaries, a
member of the Society of Arts, and
a Fellow of the Royal Geographical
Society.
|
LEVISSOHN, DR. JOSEPH, born
in Germany at the close of the last
century, was carefully educated, in
the Jewish synagogue, in the religious
tenets of his people. His learning
and pious zeal pointed him out as a
fit person to fill the vacant principal
rabbinical post in Würtemberg; but
discussion with a Russian nobleman
on religious matters led to his reading
the New Testament, and this resulted
in his resigning his function as "Mas-
ter in Israel." He went to St. Peters-
burgh, where he was admitted as a
member of the Greek Church, and
was appointed Professor of Hebrew
and Divinity in the University. In
his zeal for the conversion of his
brethren, he impressed upon Nicholas
I. the importance of translating into
Hebrew the Russo-Greek Liturgy,
known as the compilation of St.
Chrysostom. Nicholas I. authorized
the undertaking, the expenses of
which were enormous, and Dr. Levis-
sohn's adversaries in the Council of
Censors urged the Czar to suppress
the translation as not well adapted to
undergo the searching criticism of
learned Jews, who abound in Russia.
The whole impression has since been
guarded under the lock and key of the
Censorial Synod of St. Petersburg,
two copies excepted, one of which is in
the library of the British Museum,
and the other in the study of the
Bishop of St. David's. In 1858, when
the Czar determined to organize a
Russo-Greek ecclesiastical establish-
ment at Jerusalem, he sent a large
staff of ecclesiastical dignitaries and
officials, inclusive of Dr. Levissohn.
The professor made some valuable
discoveries in Samaritan MSS. at
Nablus, some account of which was
published at Paris in 1862. His or-
thodoxy has, however, been impugned,
and his enemies at court succeeded in
|
631
getting his supplies from head-quar-
ters stopped. He is affectionately
befriended by the Russian bishop at
Jerusalem, in whose house he lives,
and devotes his time to Biblical re-
searches.
|
LEWIS, ESTELLE ANNA, only
daughter of Delmonte-Robinson, a
Maryland planter, was born in Balti-
more, United States, about 1834.
Maternally she is descended from the
Ormond family, and paternally from
the Delmontes of Navarre. She re-
ceived her rudimental education at
the Troy Female Seminary on the
Hudson, near New York. She wrote
verses at ten, which found their way
into the public journals, and a drama
entitled "King Reason," which was
performed by her fellow-pupils. On
leaving the seminary, her first volume
of Poems, "Records of the Heart,'
was published in New York. "Child
of the Sea," and " Myths of the Min-
strels" followed at short intervals. A
collection of her poems, beautifully
illustrated, was published soon after-
wards, and went through several
editions. She then came to Europe;
passed a year in Paris, next visited
Italy, and thence returned to America.
During her stay in New York, she
printed "Helemar," a tragedy, and
published a new edition of her poems.
In 1865, immediately after the close
of the Civil War, she returned to
Europe, visited Greece, travelled in
Germany and Switzerland, spent three
years in the south of France, and
then settled down in England, where
she has resided for several years. An
illustrated edition of "Records of the
Heart was issued in London in 1866.
In 1873 "The King's Stratagem; or,
The Pearl of Poland," a tragedy in
five acts, was published in London.
In 1875, this was followed by
"Sappho," a tragedy in five acts. It
passed through four editions. During
her long residence in Europe, Mrs.
Lewis has under the nom-de-plume of
""
((
""
Stella," contributed to American
journals a series of piquant letters on
society, literature, and art in differ-
ent countries. "The Belle of the
632
LEWIS-LIGHTFOOT.
Carnival," "The Bal Masqué," and
"Blanche de Beaulieu "-novelettes
from her pen-have appeared, as
serials, in English papers.
LEWIS, THE RIGHT REV. JOHN
TRAVERS, D.D., Bishop of Ontario,
born in 1827, was educated at Trinity
College, Dublin, where he graduated as
senior moderator in ethics and logic,
and was gold medallist. He was
ordained in 1848, and held the curacy
of Newtown-Butler, went to Canada in
1850, and was appointed by the bishop
of Toronto to the pastoral charge of
the parish of Hawkesbury, which he
exchanged in 1854 for the rectory of
Brookville. He was appointed first
Bishop of Ontario, in Upper Canada,
Jan. 25, 1862.
LICHFIELD, BISHOP OF. (See
MACLAGAN.)
LIDDELL, THE VERY REV. HENRY
GEORGE, D.D., Dean of Christ Church,
Oxford, eldest son of the late Rev. H.
G. Liddell (formerly rector of Easing-
ton, Durham, and brother of the late
Lord Ravensworth), was born in 1811.
Having been educated at the Charter-
house, and at Christ Church, Oxford,
where he took a double first-class in
1833, he became successively Tutor
and Censor of Christ Church, Public
Examiner in Classics, Proctor of the
University, Head Master of Westmin-
ster School, a member of the Oxford
University Commission, Domestic
Chaplain to the late Prince Albert, and
Chaplain Extraordinary to the Queen.
He succeeded Dr. Gaisford as Dean of
Christ Church in 1855, and became
Vice-Chancellor of the University of
Oxford in 1870. He has written " A
History of Rome," published in 1855,
which has gone through many editions,
and is joint author of "Liddell and
Scott's Greek Lexicon," which first
appeared in 1843, and of which the
sixth edition, greatly augmented, was
published in 1869.
|
LIDDON,THE REV. HENRY PARRY,
D.D., D.C.L., Canon of St. Paul's Ca-
thedral, an eloquent preacher, was
educated at Christ Church, Oxford,
where he graduated B.A. in 1850;
became Johnson's Theological Scholar
in 1851, and proceeded to the degree
of M.A. in 1852. Having taken
orders, he was, from 1854 to 1859,
Vice-Principal of the Theological
College of Cuddesdon. He was also
Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of
Salisbury. In 1864 Dr. Liddon was
appointed Prebendary of Major Pars
Altaris in Salisbury Cathedral, and in
1866 Bampton Lecturer. In 1870 he
was installed a Canon Residentiary of
St. Paul's, London. Canon Liddon is
the author of "Lenten Sermons," 1858;
"The Divinity of our Lord and Saviour
Jesus Christ" (the Bampton Lectures
for 1866), published in 1867; and
"Some Words for God." In 1870 he
was appointed Ireland Professor of
Exegesis in the University of Oxford.
LIGHTFOOT, THE REV. JOSEPH
BARBER, D.D., was born at Liverpool
in 1828, and received his education at
Trinity College, Cambridge, where he
obtained a scholarship in 1848, and
graduated B.A. in 1851 as Senior
Classic and Chancellor's Medallist.
In 1853 he was Norrisian University
Prizeman, and he proceeded M.A. in
the next year, having been previously
(in 1852) elected to a fellowship in
his college. In 1854 he was ordained
deacon by the late Bishop of Man-
chester (Dr. Prince Lee), by whom
he was also admitted to priest's
orders in 1855. Dr. Lightfoot has
been successively appointed Tutor of
Trinity College(1857); Select Preacher
at Cambridge (1858); Chaplain to the
late Prince Consort (1861); Honorary
Chaplain in Ordinary to her Majesty
(1862); Hulsean Professor of Di-
vinity in the University of Cambridge
(1861); D.D. (1864); Whitehall
Preacher (1866); Examining Chaplain
to Dr. Tait, Archbishop of Canterbury
(1868); Canon Residentiary of St. Paul's
Cathedral (Feb., 1871); Honorary
Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge
(1872); and one of the Deputy Clerks
of the Closet to her Majesty (Feb.,
1875); Margaret Professor of Divinity
at Cambridge (1875). He has pub-
lished "St. Paul's Epistle to the Ga-
latians. A revised Text, with Intro-
duction, Notes, and Dissertations,"
LINDLEY-LINGEN.
|
8vo, Camb. and Lond., 1865, 2nd edit.
1866, 4th edit. 1874; "The Epistles
of St. Paul. A revised Text in Greek,
with Introduction, Notes, and Disser-
tations," 1865; 66
St. Paul's Epistles
to the Philippians. A revised Text,
with Introduction, Notes, and Disser-
tations," 1868, 3rd edit. 1873; "St.
Clement of Rome. The two Epistles
to the Corinthians. A revised Text,
with Introduction and Notes,* 1869;
"On a Fresh Revision of the English
New Testament," 1871, 2nd edit. 1872;
and "St. Paul's Epistles to the Colos-
sians and to Philemon. A revised
Text, with Introductions, Notes, and
Dissertations," 1875. He also edited
the late Dean Mansel's treatise on
"The Gnostic Heresies of the First
and Second Centuries," 1875, and he
has been a contributor to the
"Speaker's Commentary, Smith's
Dictionary of the Bible," and the
Contemporary Review.
LIMERICK, BISHOP OF. (See
GRAVES, DR.)
""
LINCOLN, BISHOP OF. (See
WORDSWORTH, DR.)
LIND. (See GOLDSCHMIDT, MA-
DAME.)
LINDLEY, THE HON. SIR NATHA-
NIEL, is the eldest son of the late Dr.
John Lindley, F.R.S. (Professor of
Botany at University College, London,
and author of numerous well-known
botanical works), by Sarah, daughter
of Mr. George Anthony Freestone, of
St. Margaret's, Suffolk. He was born
at Acton Green, Middlesex, in 1828,
and educated at University College,
London. He was called to the bar at the
Middle Temple, in Michaelmas term,
1850, and practised in the Chancery
courts. In 1872 he obtained a silk
gown. He was appointed a Judge of
the Common Pleas division of the
High Court of Judicature in May,
1875, on which occasion he received
the honour of knighthood. He is
the author of an "Introduction to the
Study of Jurisprudence," and of a
"Treatise on the Law of Partnership
and Companies."
633
|
Colonel Grenadier Guards; Lieu-
tenant-Colonel commanding the Fife
Rifle Volunteers; and late Major com-
manding the first regiment of the
Italian Legion, has, since his retire-
ment from active military life, de-
voted himself to artistic_pursuits.
During his residence at Rome, he
became an intimate friend of the late
Mr. Gibson, and embracing art as a
serious study, enjoyed the advantage
of the instruction of Ary Scheffer.
Sir Coutts Lindsay, whom profes-
sional artists decline to consider as
an amateur, has exhibited many pic-
tures at the Royal Academy, notably
the "Good Shepherd" and a portrait
of "Lord Somers." His most im-
portant work is, perhaps, to be found
in Dorchester House, the central hall
of which is decorated entirely from
his designs, and mainly by his own
hand. Strongly imbued with the
early Italian idea of painting, for
decorative purposes, upon a golden
ground, he has left in Mr. Holford's
mansion a substantial record of his
skill. He is a trustee of the National
Gallery, and was on the English Com-
mission, and a member of the Fine Arts
Committee of the Paris Exhibition.
He is the owner of the Grosvenor
Gallery. In building this receptacle
of art he was not actuated by any
spirit of opposition to the Royal
Academy, but rather by the idea of
affording an increased area to artists
for the exhibition of their works.
KA
LINGEN, RALPH ROBERT
WHEELER, C.B., only son of the late
Mr. Thomas Lingen, of Birmingham,
born in that town in 1819, was edu-
cated at Bridgnorth Grammar-school,
whence he was elected, in 1837, to a
scholarship at Trinity College, Ox-
ford. He obtained the Ireland
Scholarship in 1838, the Hertford
Scholarship in 1839, graduated B.A.
as a first class in classics in 1840, was
afterwards elected to a Fellowship at
Balliol College, and obtained the
Chancellor's prize for a Latin Essay
in 1843, and the Eldon Law Scholar-
ship in 1846. He studied in the
LINDSAY, SIR COUTTS, of Bal-
carres, born in 1824, late Lieutenant-chambers of the late Mr. Peter Brodie
634
LINNELL-LINTON.
and the late Mr. Heathfield, and was in 1838 and 1839), and Lord Lans--
called to the bar, but shortly after-downe in 1840. His subsequent land-
wards entered the Educational De- scape pictures include "The Morning
partment of the Privy Council, and Walk," in 1847; "The Windmill,
in 1849 succeeded Sir J. P. Kay- and "A Wood Scene," both in the
Shuttleworth, Bart., as Secretary. In Vernon Gallery; "Eve of the De-
this capacity he is understood to have luge," in 1848; "The Return of
been one of the chief advisers and Ulysses," in 1849. His more recent
promoters of the framing and pub- pictures are "Christ and the Woman
lication of the famous Educational of Samaria at the Well," "The Dis--
Minute which some years ago caused obedient Prophet," "The Last Gleam
so much controversy in clerical circles before the Storm," Crossing the
and amongst schoolmasters in general. Brook," "The Timber Waggon,"
In Jan., 1870, he was appointed to
succeed the Right Hon. G. A. Hamilton
as Permanent Secretary of the Trea-
sury. He resigned that post in Oct.
1878.
"
"
LINNELL, JOHN, painter, born in
London in June, 1792, painted in oil
as early as 1804, and was, about 1805,
fellow-pupil with Hunt, the water-
colour painter, for one year, of John
Varley, the father of the existing
school of water-colour painting. He
first exhibited at the Academy in 1807,
"Fishermen, a Scene from Nature,
and at the British Institution in 1808.
He obtained a medal at the Royal
Academy in 1807, for a drawing from
the life, and another, in 1810, for the
best model from the life, and the prize
of fifty guineas at the British Institu-
tion for the best landscape, in Jan.,
1809. He exhibited at the Academy
again in 1821, landscape and portraits.
During the interval he painted many
views in Wales and elsewhere, and
from 1818 till 1820 he had exhibited
at the Society in Spring Gardens.
Throughout the earlier and greater
part of Linnell's career, he painted a
much larger number of portraits than
of landscapes. The latter include "A
View in Windsor Forest,' ""A Sandy
Road," "A Heath Scene." Among
his numerous portraits are "A Family
Group-the Artist's Children," a
miniature on ivory, in 1825; his por-
traits of fellow-artists, Calcott in 1832.
Mulready in 1833, Philips in 1835; of
such men as Malthus in 1833, Empson
in 1834, Warren in 1837, Whately in
1838, the elder Sterling and Thomas
Carlyle in 1844, Sir Robert Peel (twice,
(C
""
Barley Harvest," "Under the Haw--
thorn,' "Chalk," and "Harvest
Showers," in the exhibition of the
Royal Academy for 1868, "The Lost
Sheep," in 1869; "Sleeping for Sor--
row," in 1870; Shelter," in 1871;
"The Ford," in 1872; "A Coming
Storm," in 1873; and "Woodcutters,'
in 1874; "Woods and Forests," in
1875; "The Hollow Tree," in 1876 ;
"Autumn," in 1877; and "The Heath,'
in 1878. Linnell is not a member of
the Royal Academy, and has posi--
tively refused to become one.
""
""
**
LINTON, MRS. ELIZA, daughter of
the late Rev. J. Lynn, vicar of Cros--
thwaite, Cumberland, was born at
Keswick in 1822. Her first work of
fiction, entitled "Azeth, the Egyp-
tian," appeared in 1846; "Amymone:
a Romance of the Days of Pericles,'
in 1848; and "Realities," a story of
modern life, in 1851; since which time
this authoress has been connected
with the press. In 1858 she was mar-
ried to Mr. William James Linton,
the engraver and author. Her "Witch
Stories appeared in 1861; "The
Lake Country," illustrated by her
husband, in 1864; "Grasp Your
Nettle," in 1865; "Lizzie Lorton of
Greyrigg," and "Sowing the Wind,"
in 1866; "The True History of
Joshua Davidson, Christian and Com--
munist," in 1872; "Patricia Kem--
ball," in 1874; "The Mad Willoughbys.
and other Tales," in 1876;
"The
Atonement of Leam Dundas," and
"The World Well Lost," in 1877.
Mrs.
Mrs. Lynn Linton is also credited
with the authorship of the " Girl of
the Period" in the Saturday Review,
""
(C
""
an
LINTON-LISZT.
and with most of the papers that have
appeared in that journal on the
woman question. "Ourselves," a
book of essays on the same subject,
by Mrs. Linton, appeared in 1867.
|
LINTON, WILLIAM JAMES, born
in London in 1812, was apprenticed
to Mr. G. W. Bonner in 1828, became
the partner in 1842, of the late Mr.
Orrin Smith, the eminent engraver on
wood, who died only three years after-
wards, and was engaged with him on
the first works of importance pub-
lished in the Illustrated London News.
As an engraver on wood he ranks in
the first class. In his younger days,
as a zealous Chartist, he became inti-
mately associated with the chief poli-
tical refugees, Italian, Polish, and
French, taking an active part in their
proceedings at public meetings by
lecturing and writing; in 1844 was
concerned with Mazzini in calling the
attention of the House of Commons to
the fact that the exile's letters had
been opened by Sir James Graham;
and in 1848 was deputed to carry to
the French Provisional Government
the first congratulatory address of
English workmen. In 1851 he was
one of the founders of the Leader
newspaper, from which he seceded,
owing to a want of sympathy with
its principles; in 1855 became the
manager and editor of Pen and Pencil;
and was for several years a regular
poetical contributor to the Nation,
during the editorship of Mr. Duffy.
He has contributed to the Westminster
Review, Examiner, and Spectator. He
has published: "A History of Wood
Engraving," and a series of "The
Works of Deceased British Artists,"
1860 ;
"Claribel and other Poems,"
1865; a "Life of Thomas Paine;" and
several volumes of "The English Re-
public." In 1867 he went to America,
resided several years in New York,
where he executed many admirable
works; and subsequently made his
home in New Haven, Connecticut,
where he conducts a large engraving
establishment.
LIPPINCOTT, SARA JANE
(CLARKE), known by her nom de
|
""
""
plume of "Grace Greenwood," born
at Pompey, New York, Sept. 23, 1823.
Her father having removed to New
Brighton, Pennyslvania, she joined
him there in 1843, and occupied her
leisure time in writing for magazines
and periodicals. In 1853 she was
married to Mr. Leander K. Lippin-
cott, of Philadelphia. Besides fre-
quent contributions to periodicals,
she has published "Greenwood
Leaves" (1850-52); "History of my
Pets (1850); "Poems (1851);
"Recollections of my Childhood"
(1851); Haps aud Mishaps of a
Tour in England" (1854);
"Merrie
England" (1855); "Forest Tragedy
and other Tales" (1856); "Stories
and Legends of Travel (1858);
"History for Children" (1858);
"Stories
from Famous Ballads "
(1860); "Stories of Many Lands,"
"Stories and Sights in France and
Italy," and "Records of Five Years
(1867); and "New Life in New
Lands" (1873).
""
LISZT, THE ABBÉ FRANZ, pianist,
born at Szegszard, in Hungary, Oct.
22, 1811, made his first public appear-
ance in a concert in his ninth year,
and was afterwards placed under
Czemy, Salieri giving him lessons in
harmony.
harmony. After eighteen months of
zealous study, he played in a concert
with success, and was taken to Paris,
where he performed before the Duke
of Orleans, and soon became a great
favourite in that capital. In 1825 an
opera of his was produced, but did
not attract. Having made several
successful tours through France and
England, he in 1825 produced an
opera, "Don Sanche, où le Château
des Amours," which did not command
success. He at last heard Paganini,
and resolved he would become the
Paganini of the pianoforte. His com-
positions are chiefly valuable for hav-
ing contributed to raise the art of
piano-playing to a height of brilliancy
before unattained, whilst his own
creative powers on that instrument
are so marvellous as to place him in
the highest rank of great performers.
He was promoted Commander of the
(6
635
""
-
636
LITTLEDALE-LITTRÉ.
Legion of Honour in 1861. Although
in June, 1864, he wrote a letter con-
tradicting the report that he had en-
tered a convent, he took orders and
received the tonsure, April 25, 1865,
from his friend, Mgr. de Hohenlohe,
in the chapel of the Vatican. Since
that period he has chiefly devoted
his attention to religious music, and
has organised numerous concerts and
musical entertainments, the proceeds
of which were devoted to works of
Catholic charity. At the close of the
year 1871 he removed from Rome,
and returned to his native country,
which generously granted him a pen-
sion of £600 a year, with a nobiliary
title. He was named Director of
the Hungarian Academy of Music
in April 1875. One of his two
daughters is the wife of Richard
Wagner, the composer. An English
translation by Mr. Walker Cook, of
the Abbé Liszt's "Life of Chopin
was published in 1877.
""
LITTLEDALE,THE REV.RICHARD
FREDERICK, LL.D., born in Dublin,
Sept. 14, 1833, received his academical
education at Trinity College, Dublin,
of which he was a foundation scholar,
graduating B.A. as first-class in
classics in 1854, M.A. in 1858, and
LL.D. in 1862. He is also a D.C.L.
of Oxford, and was ordained in 1856
by Dr. Hinds, Bishop of Norwich.
He held the curacies of Thorpe Ham-
let, Norwich, and St. Mary's, Crown
Street, London, from 1856 to 1861.
For the last eighteen years Dr. Little-
dale has been engaged in literary
work of an ecclesiastical character,
chiefly liturgical, controversial, and
exegetic, being unable to take paro-
chial work from chronic ill-health.
He is the author of "Application of
Colour to the Decoration of Churches,
1857; ((
Philosophy of Revivals."
1860; (C
Religious Communities of
Women in the Early Church," 1862;
"Offices of the Holy Eastern Church,"
1863; "The Mixed Chalice," 1863;
"Carols for Christmas and other Sea-
sons," 1863; "Unity and the Rescript,
a Reply to Bishop Ullathorne," 1864;
"The North Side of the Altar," 1864;
"Catholic Ritual in the Church of
England," 1865; "The Elevation of
the Host," 1865; "Incense, a Litur-
gical Essay," 1866; "Missionary
Aspect of Ritualism "in "The Church
and the World," 1866;
"Catholic
Revision, a Letter to Archbishop
Longley," 1867; "Additional Ser-
vices, a second Letter to Archbishop
Longley," 1868; "Innovations, a
Lecture on the Reformers," 1868 ;
"Continuation of Neale's Commen-
tary on the Psalms," vol. II., 1868,
vol. III., 1871, vol. IV., 1874; "The
First Report of the Ritual Commis-
sion," in "The Church and the
World,” 1868; "The Children's
Bread, a Communion Office for the
Young," 1868; "Commentary on the
Song of Songs," 1869; "Early Chris-
tian Ritual," 1869; "The Crisis of
Disestablishment,
1869 ; "Tradi-
tion," a lecture at Cambridge, 1869
Misapplied Texts of Scripture,
1870; "Church Reform," 1870; "The
Two Religions," a lecture at Oxford,
1870; "Church and Dissent," 1871
;
"The Secular Studies of the Clergy,
in the Contemporary Review, 1871;
"Children of Calvary," 1872; "Re-
ligious Education of Women," "Ra-
tionale of Prayer," "High Life Below
Stairs," "Church Parties,
"Eccle-
siastical Vestments," in the Contem-
porary Review, 1872-3-4-5;
"The
Ornaments Rubric, Strictures on Dean
Howson's Letter,
1875. He has
also edited St. Anselm's "Cur Deus
Homo?" 1863; the "Priest's Prayer-
Book," 1864; the "People's Hymnal,
1867; and "Primitive Liturgies in
Greek and English," 1868-69.
""
(6
•
""
""
LITTRÉ, MAXIMILIEN PAUL
EMILE, publicist and philologist,
member of the Institute, born at Paris,
Feb. 1, 1801, after having pursued a
course of studies with much distinc-
tion, embraced the profession of
medicine, devoting himself to its his-
tory and to the study of philology.
His translation of the "Works of
Hippocrates," published in 1839-61,
gained for him admission to the
Académie des Inscriptions. M. Littré,
whose political opinions are democra-
""
""
""
LLOYD.
(C
66
tical, became one of the editors of
the National. When M. Auguste
Comte proposed, under the name of
positive philosophy," a new philo-
sophical and social doctrine, M. Littré
embraced the system with ardour,
and published a defence of it in 1845,
in a work entitled "De la Philosophie
Positive." Ceasing to take an active
part in politics, in Oct., 1848, he de-
voted himself entirely to study, and
contributed to the Revue des Deux
Mondes a remarkable article entitled
“La Poésie Homérique et l'Ancienne
Poésie Française." In 1844 he was
chosen by the Académie des Inscrip-
tions as one of a commission appointed
to continue the "Histoire Littéraire de
France," and in 1854 was appointed
editor of the Journal des Savants. M.
Littré has published a translation of
Strauss's "Vie de Jésus," in 1839-40;
Application de la Philosophie Posi-
tive au gouvernement des Sociétiés,
&c.," in 1849; "Histoire de la Lan-
gue Française," in 1862; an admi-
rable "Dictionnaire de la Langue
Française," commenced in 1863 and
completed in 1873; "Médecine et
Médecins," 1872; and numerous other
works. M. Sainte-Beuve wrote an
interesting notice of the life and
works of M. Littré, who refused the
decoration of the Legion of Honour.
He established a new review, La
Philosophie Positive, in 1867. In Jan.,
1871, M. Gambetta appointed him
Professor of History and Geography
in the Polytechnic School, which was
opened at Bordeaux during the siege
of Paris. M. Littré was elected a
member of the French Academy,
Dec. 30, 1871, received the honorary
degree of Master of Philosophy and
Doctor of Literature from the Uni-
versity of Leyden, in Feb., 1875, and
was elected an honorary member of
the Austrian Academy of Sciences in
June, 1875.
LIVERPOOL, BISHOP OF.
O'REILLY.)
(See
LLANDAFF, BISHOP OF.
OLLIVANT, DR.)
(See
LLOYD, THE REV. HUMPHREY,
D.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., eldest son of
637
the Rev. Bartholomew Lloyd, born
in Dublin in 1800, was educated
in one of the Dublin classical
schools, and entered Trinity College
in 1815. He was elected scholar in
1818, and graduated in 1820, having
won the gold medal for science at his
degree examination. In 1824 he was
elected Fellow and Tutor of Trinity
College; and he was soon after or-
dained a minister of the United
Church of England and Ireland. In
1831 he resigned the office of tutor,
and was elected to fill the chair
of Natural Philosophy. During his
tenure of this office Professor Lloyd
devoted himself especially to the
sciences of Light and Magnetism..
In 1832 he undertook, at the request
of Sir William Hamilton, the ex-
perimental investigation of the re-
markable laws of refraction in bisexal
crystals, which Sir W. Hamilton had
deduced as mathematical conse-
quences of Fresnel's theory; and
he succeeded not only in verifying
the two cases of conical refraction
predicted by theory, but also in
establishing theoretically, as well as
by experiment, the law of polariza-
tion in the emergent cone. His
account of these investigations was
published in the "Transactions of
the Royal Irish Academy," vol. xvii..
In 1838, at Professor Lloyd's sug-
gestion, the Board of Trinity College
founded a magnetical observatory in
Dublin, which was placed under his
direction, and furnished with in-
struments devised by him, and con-
structed, for the most part, by the
eminent mechanical engineer, Mr..
Grubb, of Dublin. At the meeting
of the British Association in the
same year, Sir John Herschel, Mr..
Whewell, Mr. Peacock, and Professor
Lloyd, were appointed a Committee,
to represent to the Government the
scientific importance of sending out
a naval expedition to the southern
hemisphere, to supply the deficiency
of our knowledge of terrestrial
magnetism, and of establishing mag-
netical observatories at certain points
of the British colonies and of the
S
A
638
LOCKER.
Indian empire. The measure was |
soon after warmly taken up by the
Royal Society, and, upon the joint
application of the two bodies, was
adopted by the Government, by
whom also the other principal states
of Europe were invited to co-ope-
rate. At the instance of the Royal
Society Colonel Sabine and Pro-
fessor Lloyd visited Berlin and
Göttingen, in 1839, to invite the
assistance of Humboldt, Gauss, and
Kupffer, under whose direction simul-
taneous magnetic observations had
been already carried out in Europe.
The preparation of the written in-
structions for the conduct of the
observatories was committed to Pro-
fessor Lloyd, who likewise under-
took, at the request of the Board
of Órdnance and the East India
Company, to instruct the officers ap-
pointed to direct them in the use of
the instruments. Dr. Lloyd resigned
the chair of Natural Philosophy in
1843, on his succession to a Senior
Fellowship; and he was raised to
the Provostship of Trinity College
(an office also held by his father) in
1867. His principal works are:-
"A Treatise on Light and Vision,'
1831; "Report on the Frogress and
Present State of Physical Optics,"
presented to the British Association
in 1834; "Account of the Magnetical
Observatory of Dublin, and of the
Instruments and Methods of Ob-
servation employed there," 1842;
"Dublin Magnetical and Meteorolo-
gical Observations," 2 vols., 1865-1869;
"Treatise on the Wave Theory of
Light," third edition, 1873; "Trea-
tise on Magnetism, General and Ter-
restrial," 1874; and "Miscellaneous
Papers connected with Physical
Science," 1877. He is also the
author of a theological tract on
"The Power of the Keys," 1873, and
of other tracts and pamphlets re-
lating to the Church of Ireland and
to the University of Dublin. Dr.
Lloyd is a Fellow of the Royal
Societies of London and Edinburgh,
and honorary member of the Philo-
sophical Societies of Cambridge and
""
Manchester, and of several of the
scientific societies of Europe and
America. He was elected President
of the Royal Irish Academy in 1846,
in succession to Sir William Hamil-
ton. In 1856 he received the honorary
degree of D.C.L. from the University
of Oxford; and in the following year
he was chosen President of the Bri-
tish Association at the meeting held
in Dublin. The Cunningham medal
was awarded to him by the Royal
Irish Academy for his researches in
light and magnetism; and in 1874
he received from the Emperor of
Germany the cross of the Prussian
order, "Pour le Mérite."
LOCKER, ARTHUR, the youngest
son of the late Edward Hawke
Locker, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., Commis-
sioner of Greenwich Hospital, was
born in Greenwich Hospital, July 2,
1828. He was educated at Charter-
house and at Pembroke College,
Oxford (B.A. 1851). He entered a
merchant's office in Liverpool, and
afterwards led a life of varied expe-
rience in Australia and India. Re-
turning home in 1861, he resolved to
devote himself to literature, and since
that time has written the following
works of fiction: "Sir Godwin's
Folly," 1864; "Sweet Seventeen,"
1866; "Stephen Scudamore," 1868,
containing some of his Australian
experiences
"On a Coral Reef,"
1869; and "The Village Surgeon,
1874. Mr. Arthur Locker has also
been a frequent contributor to maga-
zine literature, and between 1865 and
1870 wrote a large number of literary
reviews for the Times. In 1870 he
became editor of the Graphic (a post
which he still retains), and to this
journal he has contributed several
highly popular poems and Christmas
stories. In 1856 he married Mary
Jane, daughter of Lieut. J. W. Rouse,
R.N., of Greenwich Hospital, by
whom he has two sons.
|
LOCKER, FREDERICK, was born
in 1821. His father, Mr. E. H.
Locker, was a Civil Commissioner of
Greenwich Hospital, and founded the
Naval Gallery there. Mr. Locker's
•
""
grandfather was Captain William
Locker, R.N., Lieutenant-Governor of
Greenwich Hospital. Mr. Locker
was for some years in the Admiralty,
Whitehall, as Précis Writer. He has
contributed reviews to the Times, and
original verses to the Times, Black-
wood, the Cornhill and Punch, of
which several have been collected in
a volume called "London Lyrics."
In 1867 he edited the "Lyra Elegan-
tiarum," with
with an essay prefixed.
Mr. Locker is also known for his col-
lection of drawings by the Old
Masters, and also for his library of
early English poets and the drama.
He married first a sister of the late
Earl of Elgin, and secondly the
daughter of Sir C. Lampson, Bart.
LOCKYER-LOEWE.
I
|
(4
LOCKYER, JOSEPH NORMAN,
F.R.S., born at Rugby, May 17, 1836,
was educated in various private schools
and on the Continent. He was ap-
pointed to the War Office in 1857,
and from Lord de Grey received the
appointment of editor of Army
Regulations in 1865, and, in con-
junction with Mr. Thos. Hughes,
M.P., placed the legislation of the
War Office on an improved basis. In
1870 he was appointed Secretary of
the Royal Commission on Scientific
Instruction and the Advancement of
Science, and on the termination of
the labours of that commission was
transferred to the Science and Art
Department. Mr. Lockyer is known
as a worker in astronomy and physics,
a large contributor to scientific lite-
rature, and a lecturer on scientific
subjects. He was elected a Fellow of
the Royal Astronomical Society in
1860, and he contributed an important
paper on "The Planet Mars to the
Memoirs of that Society. About this
time he commenced telescopic obser-
vations of the sun, and in 1866 pro-
posed a method for observing the red
flames without an eclipse, which
method he and M. Janssen indepen-
dently applied in 1868. To com-
memorate this discovery a medal was
struck by the French Government in
1872. He was elected a Fellow of
the Royal Society in 1869, and inde-
|
|
""
"
639
|
pendently, and in conjunction with
Dr. Frankland, announced many im-
portant solar and physical discoveries
to the Society in this and the follow-
ing years. He was chief of the Eng-
lish Government Eclipse Expedition
to Sicily in 1870, and to India in
1871, and was elected Rede Lecturer
to the University of Cambridge in
1871, and Bakerian Lecturer to the
Royal Society for the year 1874, in
which year also he received the Rum-
ford Medal from that body. On
Jan. 29, 1875, the Paris Academy of
Sciences elected him a corresponding
member in the Section of Astronomy.
Mr. Lockyer has published “ Elemen-
tary Lessons in Astronomy;
""" Con-
tributions to Solar Physics," 1873;
"The Spectroscope and its Applica-
tions," 1873; "Primer of Astronomy,"
1874; "Studies in Spectrum Analy-
sis," 1878; and "Star Gazing, Past
and Present," 1878. He is a foreign
member of several academies and
scientific bodies, and is a Knight of
the Brazilian Order of the Rose.

LOEWE, THE REV. DR. LOUIS,
was born at Zülz, in Prussian Silesia,
in 1809, and educated at Rosenberg,
in Silesia, subsequently at the theo-
logical colleges of Lissa, Nicholsburg,
and Presburg, and the University of
Berlin. He was appointed in 1839
Hebrew Lecturer and Oriental lin-
guist to the late Duke of Sussex; in
1856, Head Master of the Jews' Col-
lege, Finsbury Square; in 1858,
Examiner for Oriental Languages to
the Royal College of Preceptors; and
in 1868, Principal and Director of Sir
Moses Montefiore's Theological Col-
lege at Ramsgate. Dr. Loewe travelled
under the auspices of the Duke of
Sussex, the Duke of Northumberland
(then Lord Prudhoe), the Earl of
Munster, and the late Admiral Sir
Sydney Smith, in the years 1836,
1837, 1838, in Egypt, Nubia, part of
Ethiopia, Syria, Palestine, Turkey,
Asia Minor, and Greece, for the cul-
tivation of the study of the Arabic,
Coptic, Nubian, Turkish, and Circas-
sian languages and literature, and
accompanied Sir Moses Montefiore,
640
LOEWE-LONG.
Bart., on nine of his philanthropic | was, until 1876, when he refused
re-election, first Vice President of
the latter. Dr. Loewe is, or long.
was, leader of the Fortschritts party,.
or" Progressists," and he still holds
firmly to abstract principles of ad-
vanced liberalism.
missions to the East, and on four to
Russia, Poland, Roumania, and Rome.
He has published "The Origin of the
Egyptian Language proved by the
Analysis of that and the Hebrew" in
the "Asiatic Journal," 1837; "Briefe
aus dem Orient" (Letters from the
East) in Dr. Philippson's "Allgemeine
Zeitung des Judenthums," No. 18-79
in 18 numbers, Leipzig, 1839; a
translation of J. B. Levinsohn's
“Éfés Dámmîm," a series of conver-
sations at Jerusalem between a patri-
arch of the Greek Church and a chief
rabbi of the Jews, London, 1841; a
translation of the Rev. David Nieto's
"Máttéh Dán," being a supplement
to the book "Kuzári," 1842; "Ob-
servations on a Unique Cufic Gold
Coin," issued by Al-Aamir Beâkhcám
Allah, Abû Ali Manzour Ben Mustali,
tenth caliph of the Fatimite dynasty,
London, 1849; "A Dictionary of
the Circassian Language," in two
parts, English-Circassian-Turkish and
Circassian- English - Turkish, 1854;
Memoir on the Lemlein Medal,"
1857; besides numerous "Discourses"
and papers in the Transactions of
learned societies.
LOFTUS, THE RIGHT HON. SIR
AUGUSTUS WILLIAM FREDERICK
SPENCER, commonly called LORD
AUGUSTUS LOFTUS, the fourth son of
the second Marquis of Ely, was born
in 1817, and educated at Trinity Col-
lege, Cambridge. Entering the diplo-
matic service, he became attaché at
Berlin in 1837; paid-attaché at Stutt-
gart in 1844; served with the spe-
cial missions at Berlin and Vienna in
1848; was appointed Secretary of
Legation at Stuttgart in 1852; was
transferred to Berlin in 1853; acted
as chargé d'affaires there during por--
tions of the years 1853, 1855, 1857;
was appointed Envoy at Vienna in
March, 1858; was transferred to Berlin
in Dec., 1860; to Munich in 1862;
returned to Berlin in 1865; was ac-
credited to the North German Con-
federation in 1868; and appointed
to replace Sir Andrew Buchanan as
Ambassador at St. Petersburg in July,
1871.
2
|
|
LOEWE, WILLIAM, M.D., a leading
German politician, born at Olven-
stedt, near Magdeburg, Nov. 14, 1814.
He studied at the Gymnasium of
Magdeburg, and at the University of
Halle, where he graduated as Doctor
of Medicine. His first appearance in
political life was in 1848, when he
was elected Delegate to the Frankfort
Parliament. He was President of
the "German Parliament" after its
secession to Stuttgart. Pursued on
account of this circumstance, he went
into exile, and remained abroad till
1861, when a general amnesty opened
the way for him to return. During
his exile he lived two years in
Switzerland, two in London, and eight
in New York. Since his return to
his native country he has divided his
time between the practice of his pro-
fession and legislative work. He is
a member both of the Prussian House
of Deputies and of the Reichstag, and
|
-
W
LONDON, BISHOP OF. (Sec JACK-
SON, DR.)
"C
LONG, GEORGE, M.A., classical
scholar, born at Poulton, Lancashire,
in 1800, was educated at Maccles-
field School, proceeded thence to
Trinity College, Cambridge, where he
was the contemporary of Macaulay,
and with him was elected to the
Craven Scholarship. He graduated
B. A. as first Chancellor's Medallist
in 1822, became a Fellow of his col-
lege, and having held for some years
a professorship in the University of
Virginia, U.S., returned to England,
and took an active part in the lite-
rary labours of the Society for the
Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, un-
der whose auspices he edited the
Quarterly Journal of Education, and
superintended the publication of the
Penny Cyclopædia," from its com-
mencement in 1833 to its completion

LONGFELLOW.
in 1846. Having been called to the
bar at the Inner Temple in 1837, he
was appointed by the benchers of the
Middle Temple to deliver a three
years' course of lectures on Jurispru-
dence and Civil Law, was for some
years Professor of Greek and of Latin
in the University of London (now
University College), and until mid-
summer, 1871, held a similar post
in Brighton College. In 1873 the
Queen, on the recommendation of
Mr. Gladstone, granted Professor
Long a pension of £100 a year.
Mr. Long has written "Two Dis-
courses on Roman Law, delivered in
the Middle Temple Hall," in 1846;
“Egyptian Antiquities of the British
Museum," and "History of France
and its Revolutions," in 1849; in
conjunction with Mr. G. R. Por-
ter, "Geography of England and
Wales," in 1850; and "Geography
of America," and "Decline of the
Roman Republic," vols., 1864-74.
5
He translated "Thoughts of the Em-mance,
peror Marcus Aurelius Antoninus,'
and "Select Lives from Plutarch
has edited Cicero's "Orations,'
Cæsar's "Gallic War," Sallust, and
the "Bibliotheca Classica ;" and has
been an
extensive contributor to
Dr. Smith's "Classical Dictionaries."
He also edited the seven volumes of
the "Biographical Dictionary of the
Society for the Diffusion of Useful
Knowledge," 1842-44.
>>
LONGFELLOW, HENRY WADS-
WORTH, born in Portland, Maine,
Feb. 27, 1807. At the age of fourteen
he entered Bowdoin College, where
he graduated in 1825, and was for a
few months a law student in the
office of his father. Having been
offered a professorship of modern
languages in Bowdoin College, with
the view of qualifying himself for the
post, he spent three years and a half
in travelling in France, Spain, Italy,
Germany, Holland, and England, and
returning to the United States in
1829, entered upon the duties of his
office. On the resignation of the late
Mr. Geo. Ticknor, in 1835, of the pro-
fessorship of modern languages and
46
of belles lettres in Harvard College,
Mr. Longfellow was appointed to the
vacancy. He gave up his chair at
Bowdoin College, and again went
abroad, in order to become more
thoroughly acquainted with the lan-
guages and literature of northern
Europe, and having travelled more
than twelve months in Scandinavia,
Germany, and Switzerland, returned
in the autumn of 1836 to enter upon
his duties at Harvard. In 1854 he
resigned his professorship, and was
succeeded by James Russell Lowell,
Whilst an undergraduate, he wrote
many poems for the U.S. Literary
Gazette, and while professor at Bow-
doin College contributed some valu-
able criticisms to the North American
Review. His translation of the
Spanish poem by Don Jorge Man-
rique, on the death of his father, with
an introductory essay
essay on Spanish
poetry, appeared in 1833; “Outre
Mer," in 1835; "Hyperion," a ro-
and "Voices of the Night,"
his first collection of poems, in 1839;
Ballads, and other Poems," in 1842
;
Poems on Slavery," in 1843; "The
Spanish Student, a play, in 1843;
"The Poets and Poetry of Europe.
and "The Belfry of Bruges," in 1845,
"Evangeline," in 1847; "Kavanagh,
a tale, in 1849; "The Sea-side and
the Fire-side," in 1849; "The Golden
Legend," in 1851; "The Song of
Hiawatha," in 1855; "Miles Stan-
dish," in 1858; "Tales of a Wayside
Inn," in 1863;" Flower de Luce," in
1866; a translation of Dante, in
three volumes, in 1868; his
"New
England Tragedies," in 1868;
"The
Divine Tragedy," in 1872;
"Three
Books of Song, in 1872; "After-
math," in 1873; "The Hanging of
the Crane," in 1874; "The Masque
of Pandora," in 1875; and "Keramos,"
in 1878. He also published new and
complete editions of his poetical and
prose works in 1869; and a revision,
with additions, of his "Poets and
Poetry of Europe," in 1871. His
works have been frequently reprinted
in Great Britain, and many of them
translated into the continental lan-
""
T T
641
??
-
:)
:"
642
LONGSTREET-LOOMIS.
J
guages. He revisited Europe in 1842, | the time was a more ready and com-
and again in 1868 and 1869. The prehensive system of transportation,
honorary degree of LL.D. was con- he entered with great energy upon
ferred upon him by the University the extension of Southern railroads.
of Cambridge in June, 1868, and that He made New Orleans his resi-
of D.C.L. by the University of Oxford, dence, and, having been amnestied
July 27, 1869; and in 1873 he was by President Johnson, he was so
elected a member of the Russian Aca- cordial towards the Administration
demy of Science, and in 1877 a mem- that President Grant nominated,
ber of the Spanish Academy. Complete and the Senate confirmed, him as
editions of his poetical works were Surveyor of the Port of New Orleans..
published by Messrs. Routledge (who in 1875 he took up his residence in
have purchased the copyrights of his Georgia.
more recent works) in 1865 and 1866.
LONGSTREET, GEN. JAMES, born
in South Carolina about 1821. He
graduated at the Military Academy
at West Point in 1842, and was on
duty on the Mexican frontier till
1846; took part in the Mexican war,
1846-48, where he was wounded; at-
tained the rank of Captain and a
Major's brevet; served subsequently
in Texas and as Paymaster in the
U.S. army, being promoted Major on
the staff in 1858. He resigned his
commission to take part with the
South in the civil war, June 1, 1861;
was appointed to the command of
the 4th brigade of Gen. Beauregard's
first corps, near Centreville, and was
present at the battle of Bull Run,
July 21, 1861. During the early part
of 1862 he was made Major-General,
and won reputation under Gen. Lee,
in the campaigns against McClellan,
Pope, Burnside, and Meade. After
the battle of Fredericksburg, Dec. 13,
1862, Longstreet was promoted to the
command of a corps, with the rank
of Lieutenant-General. He took an
active part in the battle of Gettys-
burg, July 1-3. He was also con-
spicuous for his military ability in
the campaign of the Wilderness,
May 1-6, 1864, and was severely
wounded on the 6th of May, but re-
covered in time to take command of
his corps during the siege of Peters-
burg. He surrendered with General
Lee in April, 1865. After the war,
General Longstreet acted zealously
for the restoration of harmony oe-
tween the two sections. Believing
that the great need of the South at
LOOMIS, ELIAS, LL.D., born at
Tolland, county Connecticut, in Aug.,.
1811. He graduated at Yale College
in 1830, and was tutor there from
1833 to 1836. He then studied for a
year in Paris, and on his return
was appointed Professor of Natural
Science in the Western Reserve Col-
lege in Ohio. Here he made many
astronomical and meteorological ob-
servations. In 1844 he was chosen
Professor of Natural Philosophy in
the New York University, retaining
the position until 1860, although a
portion of his time from 1845 to
1849 was employed, under the direc-
tion of the Superintendent of the
Coast Survey, in determining the
difference of longitude between New
York and other cities by means of
the electric telegraph. In the course
of these experiments, the velocity of
the electric current through tele-
graphic wires was for the first time
determined. In 1866 he was ap-
pointed Professor of Natural Philo-
sophy in Yale College, a position
which he still holds. Besides nume-
rous contributions to scientific jour-
nals, he has published "Plane and
Spherical Trigonometry (1845) ;
Progress of Astronomy" (1850 and
1856); Analytical Geometry and
Calculus " (1851); "Elements of
Algebra" (1851); "Elements of Geo-
metry and Conic Sections" (1851,
enlarged edit., 1871); "Tables of
Logarithms" (1855); "Natural Philo-
sophy (1858); "Practical Astro-
nomy" (1855, enlarged edit., 1865);
"Elements of Arithmetic (1863);
"Treatise on Meteorology" (1868);
66
>>
66
LOPES-LOSSING.
643
"Elements of Astronomy" (1869); | 1877. In July, 1878, he accepted the
and "The descendants of Joseph
Loomis," his ancestor (1870).
post of Governor-General of the Do-
minion of Canada, in succession te
Lord Dufferin. He was soon after-
wards created a Knight Grand Cross
of the Order of SS. Michael and
George. Accompanied by the Prin-
cess Louise, he proceeded to Canada
(Nov. 1878), where he had a most
enthusiastic reception.
|
LOPES, THE HON. SIR CHARLES,
third son of the late Sir Ralph Lopes,
the second Baronet, of Maristow,
Devon, by Susan Gibb, eldest daughter
of the late A. Ludlow, Esq., of Hey-
wood House, Wilts, was born at
Devonport, in 1828, and received his
education at Winchester School, and
at Balliol College, Oxford. He was
called to the bar of the Inner Temple
June 7, 1852, became Recorder of
Exeter in 1867, obtained his silk
gown in 1869, and became a bencher
of his Inn shortly afterwards. He
was M.P. for Launceston in the Con-
servative interest from April, 1868,
till Feb., 1874, and for Frome from
that date until his elevation to the
judicial bench. On Nov. 3, 1876, he
accepted the vacant judgeship in the
Court of Common Pleas in succession
to the late Mr. Justice Archibald, and
very shortly afterwards he received
the honour of knighthood.
LOSSING, BENSON JOHN, LLD.,
born at Beekman, New York, Feb.
12, 1813. At the age of thirteen he
was apprenticed to a watchmaker in
Poughkeepsie, and subsequently en-
tered partnership with his employer;
but in 1835 relinquished the business,
and became joint owner and editor
of the Poughkeepsie Telegraph. He
soon added to this a semi-monthly
literary journal called the Pough-
keepsie Casket, and studied wood-
engraving and drawing, to be able
to illustrate it. About 1838 he settled
in New York as a wood-engraver,
publishing also the Family Magazine.
In 1841 he published "An Outline
History of the Fine Arts." He was
at this time largely engaged in de-
signing and engraving illustrations
for books. In 1847 he published
"Seventeen Hundred and Seventy-
six," a large illustrated work; and
in 1848, "Lives of the Signees of the
Declaration of Independence." In
1848 he projected his "Pictorial Field
Book of the Revolution," which con-
tained over 1,000 designs, made by
himself in the various localities of
the war. His other works are, an
"Illustrated History of the United
States for Schools and Families,"
1854 and 1856; "Our Countrymen;
or, Brief Memoirs of Eminent Ameri-
cans," 1854; "Mount Vernon and its
Associations," 1859; "Recollections
and Private Memoirs of Washington,"
which, though nominally written by
G. W. Parke Curtis, was arranged,
annotated, and illustrated by Mr.
Lossing; "Life and Times of Philip
Schuyler," 1860; "Life of Washing-
ton," 1860; "The Hudson, from the
Wilderness to the Sea," 1863; "Pic-
torial History of the Civil War in
LORNE, SIR JOHN GEORGE ED-
WARD HENRY DOUGLAS SUTHER-
LAND CAMPBELL, G.C.M.G., called
by courtesy the MARQUIS OF, M.P.,
eldest son of the Duke of Argyll,
was born at Stafford House, Lon-
don, in 1845. He was elected M.P.
for Argyleshire, in the Liberal in-
terest, in Feb., 1868, and in Dec. of
the same year he became private
secretary to his father at the India
Office. The chief event of his life
was his marriage with the Princess
Louise, fourth daughter of Queen Vic-
toria, on March 21, 1871, on which
occasion he was created a Knight of
the Thistle. The marriage ceremony
was performed in St. George's Chapel,
Windsor, by the Bishop of London,
assisted by the Bishops of Winchester.
Oxford, and Worcester. A trifling
work, by the Marquis of Lorne, en-
titled "A Trip to the Tropics, and
Home through America," was pub-
lished in 1867. It was followed by
"Guido and Lita: a Tale of the
Riviera," a poem, 1875; and "The
Psalms literally rendered in Verse,"
|
TT 2
644
DE
|
the United States," 1866-69; "Pic-| VIER FRANÇOIS D'ASSISE - JEAN-
torial History of the War of 1812," JULES - AUGUSTE - VOLFANDO
1869; "History of the United States BRAGANZA BOURBON), King of
for Children," 1875. Besides these, Portugal, second but eldest surviving
he has contributed to Harper's Maga- son of Donna Maria II., Queen of
zinc and other periodicals an immense Portugal, and Dom Fernando, Prince
number of papers, illustrated by him- of Saxe-Coburg, born Oct., 1838,
self, and is a most industrious col- visited this country with his elder
lector of documents relating to brother in 1854, when he bore the
American history. In 1872 he re- title of Duke of Oporto, and, after-
ceived the degree of LL.D. from the wards attained the rank of a Captain
University of Michigan. He resides in the Portuguese navy.
He suc-
at Chestnut Ridge, near the city of ceeded to the throne on the demise
New York.
of his brother, King Pedro V. (by a
fever, which carried off another
brother), Nov. 11, 1861. He married,
Oct. 6, 1862, Pia, youngest daughter
of Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy,
by whom he has two sons, Carlos,
born Sept. 28, 1863, and Alfonso, born
July 31, 1865. His Majesty published
in 1877 a translation into Portuguese
of Shakspere's "Hamlet." This is
only the first instalment, and the
translations of other plays-the "Mer-
chant of Venice," and "Othello".
are ready for publication.
LOUIS II (OTHO FREDERICK
WILLIAM), King of Bavaria, born at
Nymphenburg, Aug. 25, 1845, suc-
ceeded to the throne on the death of
his father, Maximilian Joseph II. in
the early part of 1864. At the com-
mencement of his reign he took
scarcely any part in the manage-
ment of the affairs of his country,
which was so dangerously compli-
cated by the rivalry between Austria
and Prussia. After the battle of
Königgrätz, a treaty of alliance was
entered into by Prussia and Bavaria,
in consequence of which the latter
power joined Prussia in the recent
invasion of France. Of late the Ba-
varian Government has become con-
spicuous in Europe by its opposition
to the Ultramontane party, and its
encouragement of Dr. Döllinger, and
the so-called "Old Catholics." King
Louis is passionately fond of music,
and is a zealous partisan and munifi-
cent patron of Richard Wagner.
LOTTI-LOUIS IV.
LOTTI DE LA SANTA, MADE-
MOISELLE, was born in Mantua, Dec.
23, 1833. Belonging to a noble family,
she was carefully educated, and com-
pelled by altered circumstances to
think of availing herself of the na
tural gifts with which she was en-
dowed, adopted the stage as a pro-
fession, studying under Manzencato,
a master of reputation, and afterwards
under Romani. Aided by Donizetti,
she obtained an engagement at the
Italian Opera-house in Constanti-
nople, where, in April, 1852, she made
her first appearance with great suc-
cess in
"Roberto il Diavolo," and
proceeded to Milan, gaining great
applause in the character of Zerlina,
in" Don Giovanni." After singing
with equal success at Vienna and
Florence, she repaired to Rimini, in
order to appear in a part written ex-
pressly for her, in Verdi's opera,
"Araldo." In 1854 she went to St.
Petersburg, and remained there three
years; was engaged by Mr. Gye to
appear in London in 1859, in conjunc-
tion with Mesdames Grisi and Bosio,
where, though she failed in the first
instance, to secure that applause
which her Continental reputation had
led her friends to expect, she subse-
quently vindicated, by her successful
performances in "Maria de Rohan,'
Rigoletto,"
**"La Gazza Ladra," and
"Martha," her title to a high position
among the lyric artists of the day.
LOUIS I. (LOUIS - PHILIPPE-
MARIE - FERDINAND - PIERRE-D'AL-
CANTARA - ANTOINE - MICHEL - RA-
PHAËL - GABRIEL - GONZAGUE - XA-
.:
19
-
-
10
-
LOUIS IV. (FREDERICK WILLIAM
LOUIS CHARLES), K.G., Grand Duke
of Hesse-Darmstadt, eldest son of
LOVELL-LOWE.
Prince Charles William Louis of Hesse-
Darmstadt, by a cousin of the King
of Prussia, born Sept. 12, 1837,
is a captain in the 1st regiment of
the Prussian Guard, and colonel of
a regiment of hussars. He married
the Princess Alice, second daughter
of Queen Victoria, July 1, 1862, when
an allowance of £6,000 a year was
settled on the bride-elect, together
with £30,000 as a dowry. The Queen
granted him the prefix of " His Royal
Highness," and created him a Knight
of the Garter. This is not the first matri-
monial connection contracted between
the present reigning family of Eng-
land and the house of Hesse, an aunt
of Queen Victoria, the Princess Eliza-
beth, daughter of George III., having
married the Landgrave of Hesse-Hom-
burg. His Royal Highness succeeded
to the Grand-Dukedom on the death
of his uncle, Louis III., June 13, 1877.
The Grand Duke has seven children:
645
periodical literature, Mr. Lovell has
translated and edited the "Nouveau
Robinson Suisse" of Stahl.
−(1) Victoria Elizabeth Mathilde
berte Marie, born at Windsor, April
5, 1863; (2) Elizabeth Alexandra
Louise Alice, born at Bessungen, Nov.
1, 1864; (3) Irène Marie Louise
Anna, born at Darmstadt, July 11,
1866; (4) Ernest Louis Charles Al-
bert, born Nov. 25, 1868; (5) Fre-
derich Wilhelm August Victor Leo-
pold Ludwig, born Oct. 7, 1870,
accidentally killed, May 29, 1873; (6)
Victoria Alice Helena Louise, born
June 5, 1872 ; and (7) Marie Victoria
Feodore Leopoldine, born May 24,
1874, died Nov. 15, 1878.
LOWE, EDWARD JOSEPH, F.R.S.,
elder surviving son of the late Alfred
Lowe, Esq., J.P., of Highfield, near
Nottingham (one of the original
members of the Meteorological So-
ciety), was born at Highfield, Nov.
11, 1825; and in 1840 he commenced
that valuable series of daily meteoro-
logical observations which have been
continued to the present day.
In
1846 he published "A Treatise on
Atmospheric Phenomena." About
1848 he assisted the late Professor
Baden Powell in the meteor observa-
tions for the British Association, and
was the first to point out the conver-
gence of meteors to a point in the
heavens. Prognostications of the
Weather," a small work by him, ap-
peared in 1849. In 1850 he became
a member of the Meteorological So-
Al-ciety, of which he was one of the
founders. In 1853 he wrote two
valuable local works, entitled "The
Climate of Nottinghamshire," and
"The Conchology of Nottingham-
shire." In the same year he like-
wise assisted the late Professor Ed-
ward Forbes, in the compilation of
his work on "British Mollusca," and
issued the first parts of the well-
known "Natural History of British
and Exotic Ferns." His next work,
(3
on
"British Grasses," appeared in
1858, and he subsequently wrote two
other botanical works on "Beautiful-
leaved Plants," and "New and Rare
Ferns," in 1861 and 1862; and “ Our
Native Ferns," in 1865. His last
work, entitled the "Chronology of
the Seasons," is yet in progress, the
first part only having been issued.
In 1860 he was one of those who
accompanied the Government expe-
dition to Spain for the purpose of
observing the solar eclipse, and was
placed in charge of the meteorological
departments in the Santander district.
In 1866 he was local secretary to the
British Association. In 1868 he was
president of the Nottingham Literary
and Philosophical Society. Besides
LOVELL, JOHN, born Nov. 20,
1835, at Farnham, Surrey, and edu-
cated at a private school, began his
journalistic career in 1856, at the
small town of Guildford, in Surrey.
Thence he went to the North, where
he became connected with several of
the leading provincial journals, and
at the same time contributed to the
periodical literature of the day. He
was appointed editor of Cassell's
Magazine, in succession to Mr. Moy
Thomas, in 1868, but relinquished
that post in 1869 to take the manage-
ment of the Press Association. In
addition to contributing largely to
646
LOWE-LOWELL.
Kidderminster in July, 1852, and re-
presented that borough till April,
1859, when he was elected for Calne.
During the sessions of 1866 and 1867
Mr. Lowe was one of the most
strenuous opponents of the Reform
Bill, and a collected edition of his
speeches on the question appeared in
1867. In Dec., 1868, he was elected
the first representative in the House of
Commons of the University of London,
and in the same month, on the forma-
tion of Mr. Gladstone's administra-
tion, he was appointed Chancellor of
the Exchequer and a member of the
Council on Education. He resigned
the Chancellorship of the Exchequer
in Aug., 1873, and was appointed to
succeed Mr. Bruce at the Home Of-
fice. At the same time Mr. Gladstone
assumed the Chancellorship of the
Exchequer, in addition to his office
of First Lord of the Treasury. Mr.
Lowe of course went out of office
with his party in Feb., 1874. He was
created honorary LL.D. of Edinburgh
in 1867, and honorary D.C.L. of Ox-
ford in 1870.
being the author of the works enu-
merated, Mr. Lowe has contributed
many papers on scientific subjects to
various learned societies, and to the
British Association; and at
and at the
present time (1878) he sends daily
meteorological telegrams to the
Board of Trade, and synchronous
meteorological observations to the
United States
States Government. He
was the inventor of the dry powder
tests for the ozone observations used
in the scientific balloon ascents. He
was also the discoverer of an entirely
new and distinct species of British
worm, the Megascolex Rigida (Baird);
and has been the raiser of many ab-
normal British ferns. For some years
past Mr. Lowe has been a Deputy-
Lieutenant and Justice of the Peace
for Nottinghamshire, and a Commis-
sioner of Income Tax. He is a
Fellow of the Royal, the Royal As-
tronomical, the Geological, the Lin-
næan, the Meteorological, the Zoolo-
gical, and the Horticultural Societies.
LOWELL, JAMES RUSSELL, LL.D.,
born at Cambridge, Massachusetts,
Feb. 22, 1819. He graduated at Har-
vard College in 1838, and studied law,
but never practised.
but never practised. He commenced
authorship before leaving college, by
the publication of a class poem. A
volume of miscellaneous poems, en-
titled "A Year's Life," appeared in
1841; a new collection containing
"Legend of Brittany," Prome-
theus," and others, in 1844; "Con-
a
LOWE, THE RIGHT HON. ROBERT,
M.P., son of the late Rev. Robert Lowe,
Rector of Bingham, Notts, born at
Bingham in 1811, was educated at
Winchester and at University College,
Oxford, where he graduated in high
honours in 1833; was elected Fellow
of Magdalen in 1834, and became a
private tutor at Oxford. He was
called to the bar by the Hon. Society
of Lincoln's Inn in Jan., 1842, went
the same year to Australia, where he
practised with much success as a bar-
rister, and sat in the council of that
colony from 1843 to 1850; was after-versations on some of the Old Poets,'
wards elected member for Sydney,
and returned to England in 1851.
He was one of the joint-secretaries of
the Board of Control from Dec., 1852,
till Feb., 1855; was appointed Vice-
President of the Board of Trade and
Paymaster-General in Aug., 1855, re-
tiring on the return of Lord Derby to
power in 1858; was appointed Vice-
President of the Education Board in
June, 1859, and resigned in April,
1864. He has been a member of the
Senate of the University of London
since 1860, was returned member for
|
containing a series of well-studied
criticisms, both in prose and verse,
giving indications of Mr. Lowell's
interest in the various political and
philanthropic questions of the day,
and of his attachment to those prin-
ciples of which he has since been the
champion, in 1845; a third collection
of poems, and "The Vision of Sir
Launfal," founded on a legend of the
Search for the San Graal, in 1848;
"A Fable for Critics," in which he
satirically passes in review the
literati of the United States, and his
LOWTHER-LOYSON.
|
most remarkable work, "The Biglow | 1874, till Feb., 1878, when he was
Papers," a collection of humorous appointed Chief Secretary of Ireland,
poems on political subjects, written in succession to Sir Michael Hicks
in the Yankee dialect, in 1848. "Fire- Beach, who had been advanced to the
side Travels," including graphic Colonial Secretaryship. Mr. Lowther
papers on Cambridge in old times, is a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant
and the second series of the "Biglow for the North Riding of York.
Papers" appeared in 1864. In 1869
he published "Under the Willows,
and other poems ;' and near the
""
close of the same year,
"The Cathe-
dral," an epic poem; in 1870, a col-
lected volume of essays, entitled
"Among my Books ; " and in 1871,
"My Study Windows." In 1855 he
succeeded Longfellow as Professor of
Modern Languages and Belles-Lettres
in Harvard College. The degree of
LL.D. was conferred upon him in
1874, by the English University of
Cambridge. From 1857 to 1862 he
was editor of the Atlantic Monthly,
and he had previously been
nected editorially or otherwise with
The Pioneer, a magazine of high cha-
racter, the Anti-Slavery Standard,
Putnam's Monthly; and from 1863
to 1872 was editor of the North
American Review. He has also been
a lecturer before the Lowell Institute,
in Boston, on the British poets. To-
wards the close of 1874 he was offered
the post of Minister to Russia, which
he declined; but in 1877 accepted
that of Minister to Spain.
con-
647
LOWTHER, THE RIGHT HON.
JAMES, M.P., younger son of Sir
Charles Hugh Lowther, Bart., by
Isabella, daughter of the late Rev.
Robert Morehead, D.D., Rector of
Easington-cum-Liverton, Yorkshire,
was born at Twillington House,
Leeds, in 1840, and educated at
Westminster School and at Trinity
College, Cambridge (B.A., 1862;
M.A., 1866). He was called to the
bar at the Inner Temple in 1864.
The next year he was elected M.P.
for York in the Conservative interest,
and he has continued to sit for the
borough down to the present date.
He was Parliamentary Secretary to
the Poor Law Board from Aug. to
Dec. 1868, and Under-Secretary of
State for the Colonies from Feb.,
LOYSON, CHARLES, formerly
known in religion as FATHER HYA-
CINTHE, born at Orleans in 1827,
finished his studies at the Academy
of Pau, and at an early age composed
some remarkable poetry. In 1835 he
entered Saint-Sulpice, was ordained
priest after four years of theological
study, taught philosophy at the great
Seminary at Avignon, and theology at
that of Nantes, and officiated in his
ecclesiastical capacity at Saint-Sul-
pice. He afterwards spent two years
in the convent of the Carmelites at
Lyons, entered that Order, and at-
tracted much attention by his preach-
ing at the Lycée of that city. He
delivered the course of sermons in
Advent at Bordeaux, a course for Lent
at Périgueux in 1864, and repaired to
Paris, where his Advent sermons at
the Madeleine and at Notre Dame
attracted much attention (1865-69).
Gradually, however, a suspicion grew
up that the eloquent pulpit orator was
not altogether orthodox in his views,
and in 1869 M. Louis Veuillot de-
nounced him to the court of Rome,
but he succeeded this time in clearing
himself from the charge of heresy.
In June of the same year, however,
Father Hyacinthe delivered before
the International League of Peace
an address, in which he spoke of the
Jewish religion, the Catholic religion,
and the Protestant religion as being
"the three great religions of civilized
peoples.' This expression elicited
severe censures from the Catholic
press. The doubt now generally en-
tertained as to the reverend father's
orthodoxy was changed into certainty
by his famous letter, addressed on
Sept. 20 of the same year, to the
General of the Barefooted Carmelites
at Rome, in which he protested against
the "sacrilegious perversion of the
Gospel," and went on to say ;—" It is
";
648
LUARD-LUBBOCK.
|
my profound conviction that if France
in particular and the Latin races in
general are given up to social, moral,
and religious anarchy, the principal
cause is not Catholicism itself, but the
manner in which Catholicism has for a
long time been understood and prac-
tised." This manifesto against the
alleged abuses in the Church created
intense excitement, not only in France,
but throughout the civilized world,
and the young monk was hailed as a
powerful ally by all the opponents of
the papacy. Soon after this Father
Hyacinthe left France for America,
landing in New York, Oct. 18, 1869.
He was warmly welcomed by the lead-|
ing members of the various Protestant
sects in the United States, but, though
he fraternized with them to a certain
extent, he constantly declared that he
had no intention of quitting the fold
of the Catholic Church. The Pope,
after frequent solicitations on the sub-
ject, at last consented, in Feb., 1870,
to relieve Father Hyacinthe from his
monastic vows, and he accordingly
became a secular priest under the title
of the Abbé Loyson. As was naturally
to be expected. M. Loyson ener-
getically protested against the dogma
of the Pope's infallibility; and soon
after the seizure of Rome by King
Victor Emmanuel's troops, he paid a
visit to the Eternal City, where he
delivered a series of discourses. In
Sept., 1871, he attended the Congress
of the self-styled "Old Catholics" at
Munich. On Sept. 2, 1872, he was
married in London, at the Marylebone
Registry Office, to Emily Jane, daugh
ter of Mr. Amory Butterfield, and
widow of Mr. Edwin Ruthven Meri-
man, of the United States. Dr. Stan-
ley, the Dean of Westminster, and
Lady Augusta Stanley his wife were
present at the marriage. The Abbé
Loyson was elected curé of Geneva,
but he resigned this post in 1874, on
the ground "that the spirit which
prevailed in the Liberal Catholic
movement in Geneva, was neither
Liberal in politics nor Catholic in
religion." A translation by Mrs.
Loyson of some of her husband's
|
"letters, fragments, and discourses,"
was published at London in 1874,
under the title of "Catholic Reform,'
with a preface by Dr. Stanley, Dean
of Westminster. He revisited Eng-
land in June, 1876, and delivered
three lectures on "The Prospects of
Christendom," and one on "The
State Regulation of Vice," in refer-
ence to the Contagious Diseases Act.
"".
>>
LUARD, THE REV. HENRY
RICHARDS, M.A., son of the late Henry
Luard, Esq., born in 1825, was edu-
cated at Trinity College, Cambridge,
where he graduated B.A. in 1847, and
M.A. in 1850, and became Fellow and
Assistant Tutor of his College, Regis-
trary of the University, and Vicar of
St. Mary the Great, Cambridge. He
has written "The Life of Porson,"
in the "Cambridge Essays "for 1857;
"Catalogue of the MSS. in the Cam-
bridge University Library the
theological portion, and the general
index; "Remarks on the Cambridge
University Commissioners' New Sta-
tutes for Trinity College," 1858; and
edited "Lives of Edward the Con-
fessor," 1858; Bartholomei de
Cotton Historia Anglicana," 1859;
'Roberti Grosseteste Epistolæ," 1861;
"Annales Monastici," in 1864-9, and
"Matthew Paris," 1872-4, in the
Government series of Medieval Chro-
nicles; "Correspondence of Porson,"
1866; "Graduati Cantabrigienses,"
1873 : "On the Relations between
England and Rome during the earlier
portion of the Reign of Henry III.,"
1877.
――
LUBBOCK, SIR JOHN., Bart., M.P.,.
F.R.S., was born at 29, Eaton Place,.
London, April 30, 1834, being the son
and heir of Sir John William Lub-
bock, of Mitcham Grove, Surrey, and
High Elms, Down, Kent, a gentleman
eminent as an astronomer and a
mathematician, by his wife Harriet,
daughter of Lieut.-Col. George Ho-
tham, of York. The baronetcy was
created in 1806, in favour of the
great-great-uncle of the present baro-
net, who succeeded to it in 1865, and
who resides at High Elms, an estate-
of 14,000 acres, near Farnborough.
LUCAN.
649
From a private school he was trans-
ferred to Eton. His father, owing to
the sudden illness of several of his
partners, took him, when but fourteen
years of age, into his bank in Lom-
bard Street, a business with which
the family has been connected for
several generations. He became a
partner in this establishment in 1856.
Among the improvements which he
introduced in banking affairs were
the "County Clearing" and the pub-
lication of the Clearing House returns.
So high was his professional reputa-
tion that he was chosen Honorary
Secretary to the Association of London
Bankers, and nominated by the Crown
to serve on the International Coinage
Commission. He was also a member
of the Public School Commission and
of the Advancement of Science Com-
mission. It is, however, by his works
on the ancient vestiges and remains
of man that Sir John Lubbock has
most distinguished himself. He has
written" Pre-historic Times, as illus-
trated by Ancient Remains and the
Manners and Customs of Modern
Savages," 1865, 3rd edit. 1872; "The
Origin of Civilization and the Primi-
tive Condition of Man," 1870, which
has also passed through three editions,
and which, like the preceding work,
has been translated into several lan-
guages; "The Origin and Metamor-
phoses of Insects," 1874;" On British
Wild Flowers, considered in relation
to Insects," 1875; "Monograph of
the Thysanura and Collembola;
and a large number of separate
memoirs on zoological, physiological,
and archæological subjects in the
Transactions of the Royal Society, the
Society of Antiquaries, the Linnæan,
Ethnological, Geological, and Ento-
mological Societies, and the British
Association. He has been President
of the Ethnological and Entomologi-
cal Societies, and of the Anthropo-
logical Institute, Vice-President of
the British Association, and of the
Royal and Linnæan Societies. Sir John
Lubbock has been twice chosen to re-
present Maidstone in Parliament. In
Feb., 1870, after he had been defeated
as a Liberal candidate for West Kent
by only fifty votes, he was triumph-
antly returned for the county town,
an honour which was renewed at the
last general election. In the House
of Commons he has spoken principally
on financial and educational subjects.
He has been so fortunate as to suc-
ceed in carrying no fewer than eight
important public measures, including
the Bank Holidays Act (1871), by
which four new statute holidays were
added to the two previously in exist-
ence. The other measures were The
Absconding Debtors' Bill, the Apothe-
caries' Company Medical Act Amend-
ment Bill, The University of London
Medical Act Amendment Bill, the Fal-
sification of Accounts Bill (by which,
for the first time, it became an offence
to falsify accounts for the purpose of
fraud), The Bankers' Books Evidence
Bill, the College of Surgeons Medical
Act Bill, and the Factors' Acts Amend-
ment Bill. More recently his name
has been associated with the " Ancient
Monuments Bill," which, however, has
not yet received the sanction of the
legislature. In 1877 he moved the
|
previous question" to Mr. Glad-
stone's famous resolutions on the
Eastern Question. Sir John was a
member of the Public School Commis-
sion and of theAdvancement of Science
Commission. In March, 1878, he was
appointed a Trustee of the British
Museum, in the place of the late Sir
William Stirling Maxwell. In the
same year the University of Dublin
conferred upon him the honorary de-
gree of LL.D. He is Vice-Chancellor
of the University of London.
**
LUCAN (EARL OF), THE RIGHT
HON. GEORGE CHARLES BINGHAM,
G.C.B., elder son of the second earl,
whom he succeeded June 30, 1839,
born April 16, 1800, was educated
at Westminster, entered the army at
the usual age, and served as a volun-
teer with the Russian_army under
Gen. Diebitsch in the Turkish cam-
paign in 1828. He was one of the
representatives of the county of Mayo,
in the Conservative interest, from 1826.
till 1830, and was chosen one of the
-650
•
LUCCA.
|
Representative Peers for Ireland in
1840. He served in the Crimea in
1854-5, in command of a division of
cavalry, and took part in the battles
of the Alma, Sept. 20, Balaklava, Oct.
25, and Inkermann, Nov. 5, 1854.
Owing to some misapprehension of
Lord Raglan's orders, that heroic but
fatal charge of the Light Brigade in
which so many lives were lost was made
in the battle of Balaklava. Lord Lucan,
who was colonel of the 8th Hussars till
Feb. 22, 1865, when he became Colonel
of the 1st regiment of Life Guards,
was made a Lieutenant-General in
1858, and General Aug. 28, 1865; was
nominated a K.C.B. for his Crimean
services, and G.C.B. in 1869; is Com-
mander of the Legion of Honour,
Knight first-class of the Medjidie, and
a Knight, second-class, of St. Anne of
Russia.
at Olmütz, during which she met with
an adventure that tended very consi-
derably to increase her popularity.
Having been insulted by a female
artiste of the same theatre, she at once
informed the manager that unless she
received an ample apology, nothing
should induce her to appear again at
Olmütz. That gentleman having
threatened her with imprisonment
upon the terms of his contract if she
persisted in her resolution, she delibe-
rately walked to the citadel, gave her-
self up, and remained in durance for
four-and-twenty hours. The commo-
tion this conduct occasioned induced
the manager to use his influence with
the offending lady to submit to Mdlle.
Lucca's demand. On leaving her
prison, she at once terminated her
engagement at Olmütz, and proceeded
to Prague, where, in March, 1860, she
appeared as Valentine in the "Hugue-
nots," and in "Norma," and at once
secured the patronage of the Princess
Colloredo, sister of the Governor, the
Count Clam-Gallas, &c. Shortly be-
fore her appearance at Prague,
Meyerbeer, who, as the director of
the Berlin Hof-opera Theatre, was at
that time seeking for a prima donna
competent to fill the part of the
heroine in his last work, "L'Afri-
caine," had his attention directed to
this rising star. The youth and
genius of the young artiste being
just what Meyerbeer had long looked
for in vain, induced him to secure her
services for three years at Berlin,
where he gave her the advantage of
his advice and tuition. In the
Prussian capital Mdlle. Lucca met
with her usual success, which so
rapidly increased that an engage-
ment was offered her at the Imperial
Academy of Music at Paris. This
she refused, notwithstanding the
urgent entreaty of her gifted friend
and teacher that she should accept it.
At his instigation,
At his instigation, however, she
entered into an engagement with Mr.
Gye to appear at the Royal Italian
Opera in London, in 1863, and carried
all before her. Being dissatisfied
with the terms of her engagement
LUCCA, PAULINE, the daughter of
poor but worthy parents, who on ac-
count of reduced circumstances were
unable to educate their children, was
born at Vienna, in 1840. Her name
was originally Lucas, and her parents
were of the Jewish faith, which she
abandoned. A professional singer,
named Erl, who accidentally disco-
vered that she possessed a most pro-
mising voice, very generously under-
took to give her instruction; and, when
fifteen years of age, she obtained an
engagement at the Karinther Thor
Theatre, and assisted in the Sunday
services at the Karl Kirche. At the
latter place, the unavoidable absence
of a leading vocalist, in 1856, gave the
youthful aspirant an opportunity for
distinguishing herself, and the sensa-
tion she created was so great that
means were devised by the principal
musicians in Vienna to enable her to
complete her training. Her improve-
ment was rapid and decided, and
having accepted an engagement to sing
Italian parts at the Olmütz Theatre,
she appeared in Sept., 1859, for the
first time, as Elvira, in Verdi's "Er-
nani," with such success that brilliant
offers were immediately made her from
many parts of Germany. She preferred,
however, to renew her engagement
|
LUGARD-LUKIS.
|
He was sworn of the Privy Council
Nov. 3, 1871. He attained the rank
of General in Nov. 1872.
""
she suddenly left London, assigning
as a reason for her singular conduct
that "the Thames did not agree with
her." On the production of Meyer-
beer's "L'Africaine at Covent
Garden, in 1865, she was induced to
return, and she subsequently shared
the honours of that establishment with
Mdlle. Adelina Patti. In Nov., 1865,
she became the wife of Baron von
Rohden, and is still the prima donna
assoluta of the Berlin Hof-opera
Theatre, dividing her time between
that capital and London.
husband was slain in the war between
France and Prussia in 1870.
Her
651
LUGARD, THE RIGHT HON. SIR
EDWARD, G.C.B., son of Capt. John
Lugard, born at Chelsea in 1810, was
educated at the Military College,
Sandhurst, and having entered the
army in 1828, proceeded to India,
where he served with distinction for
many years. During the Affghan
war of 1842, he was Brigade-Major
to the fourth brigade; and during
the Sikh war of 1845-6, Assistant
Adjutant-General of the first division.
Throughout the Punjaub campaigns
of 1848-9, he was Adjutant-General
to the Queen's forces, for which ser-
vices, he was made a C.B. and Aide-
de-Camp to the Queen. He was made
K.C.B. for his services as chief of the
staff in the Persian expedition of
1856-7, and was appointed Adjutant-pared
General in India at the close of 1857.
At the capture of Lucknow, and the
subsequent operations against the
rebels, he commanded, as Brigadier-
General, the second division of in-
fantry, and for his distinguished ser-
vices on these occasions was specially
promoted to the rank of Major-Gene-
ral in 1858. He received the colonelcy
of the 31st foot, June 1, 1862, was
made Lieutenant-General, Jan. 12,
1865, and G.C.B. in 1867, was ap-
pointed Secretary for Military Cor-
respondence in the War Department
in Feb., 1859, and permanent Under-
Secretary of War in May, 1861. He
resigned the latter office in Nov.,
1871, on being appointed President
of the Army Purchase Commission.
LUKIS, THE REV. WILLIAM COL-
LINGS, M.A., F.S.A., born in 1817,
was educated at Trinity College,
Cambridge, where he graduated in
honours in 1840; has been succes-
sively incumbent of East Grafton,
Vicar of Great Bedwyn, and Rector
of Collingbourne Ducis, in Wilts, and
Rural Dean of the Deanery of Marl-
borough, and is Rector of Wath-juxta-
Ripon, Yorkshire, and Rural Dean of
the Deanery of Catterick East. Mr.
Lukis, who is a Fellow of the Royal
Society of Northern Antiquaries at
Copenhagen, Hon. Member of the
Société Archéologique de Nantes, and
of the Société Polymathique du Mor-
bihan, Brittany, one of the Secretaries
of the York Architectural Society,
and was some time one of the general
secretaries of the Wilts Archæological
and Natural History Society, pub-
lished in 1845 "Specimens of Ancient
Church Plate; " in 1857, "An Ac-
count
count of Church Bells and Bell
Foundries; " in 1858, "A Few Words
to Rural Deans and Churchwardens,"
two tracts relating to the care and
condition of church bells, and "The
History of the Salisbury Bell
Foundry; " and in 1861, "Danish
Cromlechs and Burial Customs com-
|
with those of Brittany, Great
Britain, &c." He has contributed
"Cromlechs,"
""Certain Peculiarities
in the Construction of Chambered
Tumuli," and "Remarkable Cham-
bered Long Barrow at Kerlescant,
Carnac," to the Journal of the British
Archæological Society, and has written
"On Flint Implements and Tumuli in
"""Notes
the Neighbourhood of Wath,'
on Barrow-digging in the Parish of
Collingbourne Ducis, Wilts," "Sur la
Dénomination des Dolmens ou Crom-
lechs, Rapport sur un Tumulus de
l'Age de Bronze au Rocher, Plougou-
melen," "The Stone Avenues of Car-
nac,' Brittany Sepulchral Cham-
bers, with an attempt to reduce them
"Rude
to Chronological Order;
Stone Monuments, and the errors
97 66
""
""
652
LUMLEY-LYNCH.
commonly entertained respecting | of Leopold, which, in consequence of
their construction," 1875; and "A existing regulations, he was unable
Guide for Archæologists and others to accept. In Oct., 1878, he was.
to the Pre-historic Monuments of nominated a Knight Commander of
South Brittany," 1875.
the Order of the Bath.
LUMLEY, SIR JOHN SAVILE,
K.C.B., son of John, eighth Earl of
Scarborough, was born in 1825. He
entered the Foreign Office as a super-
numerary clerk in the Librarian's de-
partment in 1841, but was permitted
to accompany the late Earl of West-
moreland to Berlin as private secre-
tary and attaché in the autumn of
that year. In 1842 he was appointed
Attaché at Berlin, and was subse-
quently transferred to St. Petersburg,
where he acted as paid Attaché. In
1854 he was nominated Secretary of
Legation at Washington, and in the
following year he was Chargé
d'Affaires and also employed on
special service at New York. On the
departure of Mr. (now Sir John)
Crampton, in May, 1856, Mr. Lumley
was left in charge of the archives,
and in February, 1858, he was trans-
ferred to Madrid, where he acted for
a short time as Chargé d'Affaires.
He was employed on special service
in the Basque Provinces in 1858, and
was transferred to St. Petersburg in
the following year. In 1860 he was
appointed Secretary of Embassy at
Constantinople, but the close of the
same year saw him back in St. Peters-
burg, where he was Chargé d'Affaires
in 1862, 1864, and again in 1865. In
1866 he was elected an Associate of
the Imperial Russian Academy of
Fine Arts, and in the same year he
was promoted to be Envoy Extra-
ordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary
to the King of Saxony. In August,
1867, he was appointed, in the same
capacity, to the Swiss Confederation,
but was transferred to Brussels in
Oct., 1868. He was appointed by the
Queen to represent Her Majesty at
the funeral of his Royal Highness
the Duke of Brabant in Jan., 1869.
He was nominated a Companion of
the Order of the Bath in 1873, and
was offered by the King of the Bel-
gians the Grand Cross of the Order
|
LUSH, THE HON. SIR ROBERT,
born at Shaftesbury, Oct. 25, 1807,
and educated at his native place, was
called to the bar in 1840. He prac-
tised with much success, became Q.C..
in 1857, and was appointed one of
the judges of the Queen's Bench in
Nov., 1865, when he received the
honour of knighthood. Sir R. Lush
has written "Notes on the New Will
Act," and "Act for Abolishing Arrest
for Debt," published in 1838 ; " Prac-
tice of the Superior Courts," in 1846,
&c. In Aug., 1878, he was nominated
a member of the Royal Commission
appointed to inquire into the pro-
visions of the Draft Code relating to
Indictable Offences.
LYNCH, THE RIGHT REV..
PATRICK NILSON, D.D., Bishop of
Charleston, was born at Cheraw,
South Carolina, March 10, 1817.
After studying at the diocesan
Seminary of Charleston, he went to
Rome in 1834, where he studied in
the College of the Propaganda. He
received his Doctor's degree in 1840,.
was ordained priest, and returned to
Charleston, where he was appointed
Rector of the Seminary and Professor ·
of Theology. In 1845 he became
Rector of St. Mary's parish, in 1847,.
Rector of the Cathedral, and in 1850,
Vicar-General of the diocese. After
the death of Bishop Reynolds, in
1855, he was appointed Adminis--
trator, and in 1857 Bishop of the
diocese. During his episcopate he
has founded several churches, an
Ursuline Convent, an Orphan Asylum,
and numerous schools. Many of
these were destroyed during the
civil war, and Bishop Lynch has de-
voted himself mainly to preaching:
and lecturing in the Middle and
Northern States in order to raise
funds to repair these ruins. In 1869
he was present at the Vatican Coun-
cil, where he sustained the definition
of the dogma of Papal infallibility.
LYONS-LYTTON.
He has published several essays on
astronomical, historical, and theolo-
:gical subjects.
LYONS (BARON), THE RIGHT
HONOURABLE RICHARD BICKERTON
PEMELL LYONS, G.C. B., only surviv-
ing son of the first Lord Lyons (who
commanded the British fleet in the
Black Sea in 1855-6), was born at
Lymington, April 26, 1817, and suc-
ceeded to his father's title Nov. 23,
1858. Having been educated at
Winchester and Christ Church, Ox-|
ford, he was appointed unpaid Attaché
at Athens in 1839, and paid Attaché
in 1844, at Dresden in 1852, at Flo-
rence (residing at Rome) in 1853,
Secretary of Legation there (residing
at Rome) in 1856, and Envoy to Tus-
cany in 1858. He was accredited as
Envoy Extraordinary to the United
States in Dec., 1858, returned to
England on account of ill health in
Feb., 1865, was appointed Ambassador
at Constantinople in Aug., 1865, and
was transferred to Paris in July, 1867.
He was made a K.C.B. in 1860, a
G.C.B. in 1862; was sworn of the
Privy Council, March 9, 1865; and
made an honorary D.C.L. at Oxford,
June 21, 1865.
LYTTON (BARON) THE RIGHT
HON. EDWARD ROBERT BULWER-
LYTTON, poet and diplomatist, only
son of the great novelist, poet, dra-
matist, orator, and statesman, was
born Nov. 8, 1831. He was edu-
cated first at Harrow, and under
private tutors, and afterwards at
Bonn, in Germany, where he de-
voted himself especially to the study
of modern languages. When nearly
eighteen years of age he entered
the diplomatic service of the Crown,
being appointed Oct. 12, 1849, At-
taché at Washington, where his uncle,
Sir Henry Bulwer, afterwards Lord
Dalling and Bulwer, was ambas-
sador, and to whom he acted at the
time as private secretary. On Feb. 5,
1852, he was transferred as Attaché
to Florence, and on Aug. 12, 1854,
was removed to the Embassy at
Paris. He was thence promoted
shortly after the peace of 1856, to be
653
Two
paid Attaché at the Hague.
years afterwards, on April 1, 1858, he
was appointed first paid Attaché at
St. Petersburg, and a little more than
two months later, was gazetted first
paid Attaché at Constantinople. From
that Embassy he was, on Jan. 6, 1859,
transferred to the one at Vienna.
While attached to the latter Embassy,
he was twice employed in positions of
great trust and responsibility in
Servia. From Feb. to March 7,1860,
for example, he was the Acting Con-
sul-General at Belgrade, and besides
this was employed upon a special
mission to prevent the renewal of
hostilities between the Turks and
Servians after the capital of the
latter had been bombarded. In re-
ward for his good service upon this
mission he was on Oct. 1, 1862,
gazetted second secretary in Her
Majesty's diplomatic service, being
employed in that capacity at Vienna.
Shortly afterwards he was promoted
on Jan. 6, 1863, to be Secretary of
Legation at Copenhagen. There,
during two intervals, from Feb. 27 to
March 18, 1863, and again from
April 14, to May 24, 1864, he held
the position of Chargé d'Affaires. A
week before the date last mentioned
(on May 18, 1864), he was gazetted
as Secretary of Legation at Athens,
whence, on April 21, 1865, he was
transferred to Lisbon. Upon three
several occasions he there also dis-
charged the office of Chargé d'Affaires,
from May 30 to Oct., 1865, from
April 29 to Nov. 18, 1866, and from
Sept. 14, 1867, to March 19, 1868. In
little more than a month from the last
named date, on Feb. 29, 1868, when
he successfully concluded the nego-
tiation of a Commercial Treaty be-
tween Great Britain and Austria, he
was transferred to Madrid. Six
months later he was promoted to the
Secretaryship of Embassy at Vienna.
There he acted once more from Oct.
30 to Dec. 29, 1869, as Chargé
d'Affaires, and was thence transferred
on Oct. 5, 1872, as Secretary of Em-
bassy to Paris. Scarcely three months
afterwards (Jan. 18, 1873), upon his
654
LYTTON.
illustrious father's death, he suc-|
ceeded to the title as the second
Baron Lytton. Twice during that
same year, from April 13 to May 17,
and again from Sept. 14 to Oct. 22,
he acted at Paris as Chargé d'Affaires,
and to the close of his career in the
French capital as Secretary of Em-
bassy, he was always, during the
absence of the ambassador, accre-
dited there as Minister Plenipoten-
tentiary. His lordship, having pre-
viously declined the Governorship of
Madras, was appointed Her Britannic
Majesty's Ambassador at Lisbon in
the December of 1874; and, after
occupying that post for a year, was
suddenly informed by telegram, in
the January of 1876, of his nomina-
tion as the Viceroy of India. Hasten-
ing to London to complete his arrange-
ments for assuming this high office,
his Excellency, on the 1st of March,
took his departure for Hindostan.
Midway on his journey Lord Lytton
met by pre-arrangement in Egypt
H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, then on
his way home from his tour through
India. Immediately on his arrival at
Calcutta, his Excellency was sworn
in as Governor-General and Viceroy
on the 12th April, 1876; and on the
1st Jan., 1877, surrounded by all the
princes of Hindostan, presided at the
gorgeous ceremonial which marked
on the plains of Delhi the Proclama-
tion of Her Majesty Queen Victoria
as Empress of India. In Dec., 1877,
the Queen conferred upon him the
honour of the Grand Cross of the
civil division of the Order of the
Bath. Lord Lytton's first work was
published when he was twenty-four,
and was at once warmly wel-
comed by the critics. It proved
quite independently his inheritance
of great literary genius, for it ap-
peared under a pseudonym. This was
in 1855, the work being entitled
Clytemnestra, the Earl's Return,
the Artist, and other Poems," by
"Owen Meredith." Another work
appeared from his hand in 1859, called
The Wanderer, a Collection of Poems
in many Lands," evidencing a sin-
""
gularly graceful fancy, and a sur-
prising facility of versification. This
was followed, in 1860, by a novel in
sprightly verse, called Lucile,'
which was afterwards republished in
4to, in 1868, with illustrations by Du
Maurier. In 1861 he produced anony-
mously, in collaboration with the
Hon. Julian Fane, "Tannhäuser, or
the Battle of the Bards," his friend
writing under the nom de plume of
"Neville Temple," himself under that
of "Edward Trevor." Ten years.
later, in 1871, the Hon. Robert Lytton
wrote "Julian Fane, a Memoir," in
which the friendship of the two was
lovingly commemorated by the sur-
vivor. Meanwhile, in the same year
in which "Tannhäuser "
had ap-
peared, Owen Meredith, as the fruit
of his residence in Belgrade, pub-
lished under the title of "Serbski
Pesme," a 'collection of the National
Songs of Servia. A prose romance
followed in 1863, under the name of
"The Ring of Amasis," purporting
to be edited from the papers of a
German physician. In 1867 there
were published in two volumes, the
"Poetical works of Owen Meredith,'
and in the following year, also in
two volumes, there appeared, with a
portrait of the author, his "Chronicles
and Characters." This work was fol-
lowed, in 1869, by Orval, or the
Fool of Time," a dramatic poem para-
phrased from the Polish, being
founded in fact upon the "infernal
comedy" of Count N. A. Z. Krasinski,
"Nie-boska Komedyja," the volume
comprising among other imitations
and paraphrases in verse several from
the Greek, Latin, Italian, and Danish
literatures. In 1874, Lord Lytton
published in two vols., his "Fables in
Song," and also in two vols., the
""
(C
Speeches of Edward Lord Lytton,
with some of his Political Writings,
hitherto unpublished, and a Prefatory
Memoir by his Son." Robert Lord
Lytton married Oct. 4, 1864, Edith,
second daughter of the Hon. Edward
Villiers, and niece of the late Earl
of Clarendon. Their only surviving
son (born in 1876) is, at Her Ma-
|
(C
MACCABE-MCCAUL.
jesty's own instance, the godson of
the Queen, and is in consequence
named Victor Alexander George
Robert. Lady Lytton was included,
on Jan. 1, 1878, in the select list of
the recipients of the Order of the
Imperial Crown of India.
M.
MACCABE, WILLIAM BERNARD,
born in Dublin, Nov. 23, 1801, wrote
for the Irish press from 1824 till
1835. Whilst he was connected with
the Dublin Morning Register, Mr.
O'Connell declared he " only held
himself responsible for his speeches
as reported by Mr. MacCabe. From
1835 till 1851 he was a Parliamentary
Reporter on the Morning Chronicle
and Morning Herald, in 1847 was
appointed Consul in London for the
Oriental Republic of Uruguay, and
in 1851 he resigned that appointment
and his connection with the London
press to become editor of The Weekly
Telegraph, a Catholic paper in Ire-
land. This he resigned in 1856, and
has since contributed to the London
Review, the Dublin Review, Tait's
Magazine, and other periodicals, and
has translated books from the Greek,
German, and Italian languages. He
has published "A Catholic History of
England" (embracing the Anglo-
Saxon period), 1848-54; "Bertha: a
Romance of the Dark Ages," 1851,
since translated into German and
French; "Florine, Princess of Bur-
gundy, a Tale of the First Crusade,"
3rd edit., 1873; "Agnes Arnold," a
novel, in 1860; and other works.
|
McCARTHY, DENIS FLORENCE,
poet, descended from the ancient
royal Irish sept of the MacCauras,
born about 1820, has composed
"Ballads, Poems, and Lyrics," mostly
founded on Irish traditions, and
written in a patriotic spirit, published
in 1850. This volume embraces
translations from nearly all modern
European languages, including some
from André Chenier. He translated
Calderon's dramas from the Spanish
655.
|
into English asonante verse, with an
introduction and notes, published in
1853; and has written "Under-
Glimpses and other Poems," and
"Bell-founder and other Poems,"
both published in 1857; "Shelley's
Early Life, from original Sources,"
1872; and other works. In 1871 he
received a Civil List pension of £100,
in consideration of his literary merit
as a poet.
MCCARTHY, JUSTIN, was born at
Cork, in November, 1830. After re-
ceiving a liberal education there, he
became attached to the staff of a
Liverpool paper in 1853. He entered
the Reporters' Gallery of the House
of Commons in 1860 for the Morning
Star, became foreign editor of that
paper the following autumn, and
chief editor in 1864; he resigned the
latter post in 1868, and travelled
through the United States for nearly
three years, visiting thirty-five of the
thirty-seven States. Mr. McCarthy
has contributed to the London Review,
the Westminster Review, the Fort-
nightly Review, to several English
magazines, and to many American
periodicals. He is the author of
"The Waterdale Neighbours," 1867 ;
"My Enemy's Daughter," 1869;
"Lady Judith," 1871; "A Fair
Saxon," 1873; "Linley Rochford,'
1874; "Dear Lady Disdain," 1875;
"Miss Misanthrope," 1877 (novels);
of "Con Amore," a volume of critical
essays; and "Prohibitory Legislation
in the United States," an account of
the working of the Liquor Laws, in
Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan,
Iowa, and other States of the Union.
Mr. McCarthy is a political writer for
one of the London daily papers. In
politics he is a Radical, and was
invited, but declined, to become a
candidate for either of two Irish
boroughs at the general election of
Feb., 1874.
""
MCCAUL, THE REV. JOHN, M.A.,
LL.D., was born in Dublin in 1807.
He was educated at Trinity College,
Dublin, where he became Classical
Tutor and Examiner. In Nov., 1838,
he was appointed by the late Arch-
'656
MCCLELLAN.
bishop of Canterbury Principal of the
Upper Canada College, and entered
upon his duties in Jan., 1839. In
1842 he became Vice-President of
King's College, Toronto, and Pro-
fessor of Classics, Logic, Rhetoric,
and Belles Lettres. In 1849,
he was appointed President of
the University of Toronto, and
in 1853 President of University
College, and Vice-Chancellor of the
University of Toronto. Dr. McCaul
has published several volumes of
essays and treatises on classical
topics. He has also edited for colle-
giate text-books the Satires and
Epistles of Horace (still almost uni-
versally used in schools in Ireland)
and portions of Longinus, Lucian,
and Thucydides; and has edited a
monthly Canadian journal. In this
country he is best known as a writer
on Latin Epigraphy. His "Britanno-
Roman Inscriptions" and "Christian
Epitaphs of the first Six Centuries,"
have been most favourably received,
and have gained for him high reputa-
tion as a scholar and a critic.
|
MCCLELLAN, GEN. GEORGE
BRINTON, born in Philadelphia,
Dec. 3, 1826. He graduated at the
Military Academy at West Point, in
1846, and was assigned to duty as
second lieutenant of engineers: served
with distinction during the Mexican
war, and was breveted as 1st lieutenant |
and captain. From 1851 to 1855 he
was engaged mainly in engineering
work in different parts of the United
States. In 1855-56 he was a member
of the military commission sent to
visit the seat of war in the Crimea.
In 1857 he resigned his commission
in the army, and became chief engi-
neer of the Illinois Central Railroad,
and in 1860 was made President of
the St. Louis and Cincinnati Railroad.
At the opening of the civil war he
was commissioned as Major-General
of Ohio Volunteers, and was placed
in command of a military depart-
ment comprising the States of Ohio,
Indiana, Illinois, and a portion of
Pennsylvania and Virginia. He was
made a major-general of the regular
army, and in May, 1861, commanded
in several successful engagements in
Western Virginia. After the defeat at
Bull Run he was called to Washing-
ton, and placed in command of the
troops in that region. Gen. Winfield
Scott resigning in Nov., 1861, Mc-
Clellan was appointed general-in-
chief of the armies of the United
States. He took the field in March,
1862, having in the meanwhile been
relieved of the command of all except
the army of the Potomac. He set out
for the Peninsula of Virginia, and laid
siege to Yorktown, which was aban-
doned as soon as his batteries were
ready to open fire; the enemy falling
back to Richmond. McClellan fol-
lowed leisurely and took up a position
on the Chickahominy, a small stream
running near Richmond. Here he was
attacked by the Confederate forces,
commanded by Gen. R. E. Lee, and
after a series of actions lasting from
June 26 to July 1, he retreated to a
position on the James River. Mean-
while Gen. Halleck having been made
general-in-chief of the army, ordered
McClellan to return with his whole
force to Fortress Monroe. The scat-
tered troops in Northern Virginia had
been united under Gen. Pope. Gen.
Lee assailed these, and gained a de-
cided victory, Sept. 30, 1862, the sc-
cond battle of Bull Run. Lee then
began the invasion of the State of
Maryland, and McClellan, who had
been again put in command of the
Union army, encountered him (Sept
16, 17) at Antietam, where a severe,
but indecisive battle was fought, in
which McClellan had a preponder-
ance of force. Lee was able to re-
cross the Potomac into Virginia,
slowly followed by McClellan, whose
dilatory movements gave great dis-
satisfaction; and on Nov. 7 he was
superseded in command by Gen.
Burnside. After this McClellan took
no further part in the war.
In Aug.,
1864, he was the Democratic candi-
date for President, but received only
21 electoral votes, the remaining 212
being cast for Abraham Lincoln; of
the popular vote, however, about
MCCLINTOCK.
657
|
2,220,000 were cast for Lincoln, | two years he was with the Pacific
and about 1,800,000 for McClellan. | squadron in the Frolic, Captain
McClellan resigned his commissson Hamilton. Returning to England
in the army in Nov., 1864, came to about the time when great anxiety
Europe, where he remained till 1868, began to be felt for the safety of Sir
and then returning to the United John Franklin, he entered heartily
States, resumed his practice as an into the schemes for his relief, and
engineer. By the will of Mr. Edwin accompanied Sir James Clark Ross in
A. Stevens he was placed in charge of the Arctic expedition sent out by the
the Stevens floating battery, which Admiralty in 1848. He came back
had been for many years in course of again in Nov., 1849, after an absence
construction at Hoboken, opposite of nineteen months, and early in the
New York, but which subsequently following year joined another expedi-
proved to be useless. He was superin- tion, under Capt. Austin, as first
tendent of the construction of a rail- lieutenant of the Resistance, Capt.
road bridge over the Hudson River, Ommaney. It was his fortune, in
near Poughkeepsie, New York; and Aug., 1850, to see at Cape Riley the
also Superintendent of Docks and first traces of the missing mariners.
Piers in the city of New York, resign- In April, 1851, while the ships were
ing this position in 1872. In 1877 fast in the ice in Crozier Channel he
he was elected Governor of the State commenced a sledge journey of eighty
of New Jersey. He has published a days along the north shore of Parry
"Manual of Bayonet Exercise," mainly Sound, travelling 760 miles, and reach-
a translation from the French, but ing the most westerly point which
adapted for the use of the United had yet been attained from the east
States army (1852); a volume of in the Arctic regions. The compara-
Government "Reports on the Pacific tive perfection to which sledge
Railroad Survey" (1854); “Reports travelling has been carried is due in
on the Armies of Europe" (1861); great measure to the improvements
"Report on the Organization and which he effected. The squadron
Campaigns of the Army of the Poto- returned to England in the autumn
mac" (1864); and several papers on of the same year, and Lieutenant
military subjects contributed to Har- McClintock was at once promoted to
per's Magazine and other periodicals the rank of Commander. The fol-
in 1874 and 1877; also a series of lowing spring saw him in command
papers, contributed to Scribner's
Scribner's of the Intrepid, one of the five
Magazine, on his Nile travels.
vessels sent out to the Polar regions
under Sir Edward Belcher. In ac-
cordance with instructions from the
Admiralty, he sailed in company with
Capt. Kellett towards Melville Is-
land, in search of McClure, whom he
rescued from a three years' imprison-
ment in the ice; but he was subse-
quently compelled to abandon his
own ship, with three others of Bel-
cher's fleet, the whole expedition
reaching home in Sept., 1854, some
in their single remaining vessel, and
the rest with Capt. Inglefield. McClin-
tock's services were recognised by his
promotion to the rank of captain, but
he did not obtain active employment
until Lady Franklin offered him, in
1857, the command of the Fox, a
U U
MCCLINTOCK, VICE - ADMIRAL
SIR FRANCIS LEOPOLD, D.C.L.,
LL.D., F.R.S., is a younger son of
the late Mr. Henry McClintock, of
Dundalk, Ireland, who was uncle to
the first Lord Rathdonnell. He was
born at Dundalk, in 1819, and entered
the navy at the age of twelve. In
1838 he passed his examination, and
after having been commissioned for
some time at Portsmouth as mate of
the Excellent gunnery ship, he sailed
to South America in Her Majesty's
steamship Gorgon. For his dis-
tinguished conduct in recovering this
vessel when stranded, near Monte-
video, he was promoted to a lieu-
tenancy in 1845. During the next
C
658
MCCLOSKEY.
|
screw steamer of only 177 tons, which
was refitted and equipped with a
crew of 24 volunteers. The little
vessel left Aberdeen July 1, 1857,
and eventually McClintock dis-
covered on the north-west shore
of King William Land a record
announcing the death of Sir John
Franklin and the abandonment
of the Erebus and Terror. The
Fox reached the Isle of Wight on
her return journey Sept. 20, 1859, and
Captain McClintock was received with
great distinction. He received the
honorary degree of Doctor of Laws
from the Universities of Dublin, Ox-
ford, and Cambridge, and was created
a knight (Feb. 23, 1860). The Corpora-
tion of London voted him the freedom
of the City, the Admiralty granted him
the full pay of captain in the navy
for his two years' absence, and Lady
Franklin presented to him the vessel
in which he made the memorable
voyage. In the spring of 1860 he
was appointed by the Government to
survey the deep sea route for a pro-
posed North Atlantic Telegraph. He
was appointed Commodore of the
Jamaica station in 1865, in command
of H.M.S. Aboukir. He was a
Naval Aide-de-Camp to Her Majesty
from 1868 to 1871, and he was in
command of the Portsmouth district
and dockyard from 1872 to 1877,
when he was promoted to the rank of
Vice-Admiral. He is the author of
"The Voyage of the Fox in the
Arctic Seas. A narrative of the Dis-
covery of the Fate of Sir John Frank-
lin and his Companions," Lond., Svo,
1859, 3rd edit., 1869.
MCCLOSKEY, HIS EMINENCE
JOHN, Cardinal Priest of the Holy
Roman Church, fifth Bishop and
second Archbishop of New York, was
born in Brooklyn, N.Y., March 20,
1810. He received his early classical
training at New York, subsequently
entered Mount St. Mary's College,
Emmetsburg, Maryland, and after
graduation pursued his theological
studies in the seminary connected
with that college. He was ordained
priest in St. Patrick's Cathedral,
|
New York, in Jan., 1834. Soon after
this he went to Rome, and for two
years attended the lectures in the
Roman College. On his return to
New York, he was appointed assistant
pastor, and six months later pastor of
the church of St. Joseph, New York,
which office he retained for six years.
except one year (1841), during which
he was first President of St. John's
College, near Fordham, N.Y. In
1844 he was consecrated coadjutor of
the Rt. Rev. John Hughes, D.D., then
Bishop, and subsequently Archbishop,
of New York, and in Sept., 1847, on
the creation of the new diocese of Al-
bany, was installed as its bishop.
He remained in charge of this diocese
for seventeen years, administering its
affairs with signal ability, establish-
ing many new congregations, erecting
a magnificent cathedral at Albany,
and many other new churches in the
diocese, as well as hospitals, asylums,
and schools, and introducing numer-
ous new religious communities. On
the death of Archbishop Hughes,
Bishop McCloskey was tranferred to
the vacant see by a pontifical brief
bearing date May 6, 1864, and was
inaugurated on the 20th of August
in the same year. He was raised
to the dignity of a Cardinal Priest by
Pope Pius IX., March 15, 1875. The
"title assigned to him was Santa
Maria sopra Minerva.
Pope Leo
XIII. conferred the Red Hat on Car-
dinal McCloskey in the Consistory
held on March 28, 1878. One of the
first acts after his installation in the
archiepiscopal see of New York was
the opening of the new Provincial
Seminary of St. Joseph, in a very
large and commodious building pur-
chased for the purpose by his prede-
cessor. This seminary has accommo-
dation for 180 students. The Cardinal
has been very active in promoting
the interests of the Church through-
out the see, having established pro-
tectories for destitute children, a
foundling asylum, an institution for
deaf and dumb girls, a home for aged
women, a German hospital, an asylum
for poor old men, and another for
MACCOLL-MCCORMICK.
|
poor old women. Many new churches
have also been built, and others are
in process of erection; and he has
actively pushed forward the work
upon the new Cathedral of St. Patrick,
on Fifth Avenue, in New York, the
finest architectural site in the city.
This cathedral, which was commenced
by the late Archbishop Hughes, is
now (1878) approaching completion.
It is of white marble, and will be by
far the most imposing ecclesiastical
structure in America. Towards this
his Eminence has contributed $10,000
from his own purse, and to procure
further aid for it he visited Rome
in 1874. He has introduced into the
diocese several religious orders, which
had previously no houses there.
Among these are the Capuchins, the
Franciscans, the Dominicans, the
Dominicans, the
Sisters of the Poor of St. Francis, the
Sisters of the Third Order of St. Fran-
cis, and the Little Sisters of the Poor.
659
plained," in a Letter to Mr. Glad-
stone, 1872; "Lawlessness, Sacerdo-
talism, and Ritualism," 3rd edit. 1875;
and "The Eastern Question: its Facts
and Fallacies," 1877.
|
MACCOLL, THE REV. MALCOLM,
was born March 27, 1838, at Glenfinan,
a sheep farm, occupied by his father,
in Ross-shire, and was educated at
Edinburgh, at Trinity College, Glen-
almond, and at Heidelberg. He was
appointed assistant-curate of St. Bar-
nabas, Pimlico, in 1860; of St. Paul's,
Knightsbridge, in 1861; chaplain to
the British Ambassador at St. Peters-
berg (1862-63); curate of St. Paul's,
Knightsbridge (1864-67). He tra-
velled in Italy and other parts of the
Continent in 1868-69; and was col-
lated to the rectory of St. George, in
the City of London in 1871. He is
the author of :-" Mr. Gladstone and
Oxford," by Scrutator," 2nd edit.
1865;
"Science and Prayer," 4th
edit. 1866; "Is there not a Cause?
A Letter to Col. Greville Nugent,
M.P., on the Disestablishment of the
Irish Church," 2nd edit. 1868; "The
"The
Reformation in England," 2nd edit.
1869; "The Ober-Ammergau Passion
Play," 4th edit. 1870; Is Liberal
Policy a Failure?" by "Expertus,"
1870;
"Who is Responsible for the
War?" by Scrutator," 2nd edit.
2nd edit.
1871;
"The Damnatory Clauses of
the Athanasian Creed rationally experience in Polar service enabled him
MCCORMICK, ROBERT, F.R.C.S.,
R.N., Deputy-Inspector-General of
Hospitals and Fleets, only son of
Robert McCormick, a naval surgeon,
lost in the shipwreck of H.M.S.
Defence, of 74 guns, on the coast of
Jutland, on the Christmas Eve of
1811, was born at Runham, Norfolk,
July 22, 1800. He was a pupil of the
late Sir Astley Cooper's, at Guy's and
St. Thomas's Hospitals. He became
a member of the Royal College of
Surgeons, Dec. 6, 1822, and an hono-
rary Fellow in 1844. He entered the
Navy, April 19, 1823, on board
H.M.S. Queen Charlotte, the flag-
ship of the late Sir James Hawkins
Whitshed, at Portsmouth. He served
three times on the West India station,
and accompanied the late Sir Edward
Parry in H.M.S. Hecla in his attempt
to reach the North Pole. Sir Edward
gave him the charge of the ornitho-
logical collection. In 1836 Mr.
McCormick joined H.M.S. Terror,
commissioned for the relief of the
ice-bound whale ships; and in April,
1839, H.M.S. Erebus, employed with
the Terror in the Antarctic Ex-
pedition, on a voyage for magnetic
observation and discovery in the
South Polar Regions; and, after a
perilous voyage of four years, with
the onerous duties of geologist and
zoologist, in addition to his medi-
cal duties as chief medical officer
of the Expedition, thereby saving
the country the extra expense of
a special naturalist, he was, on his
return, the only officer (eligible for
promotion) left unpromoted. From
1845 to 1848 he was Surgeon of
H.M. yacht William and Mary at
Woolwich, considered a life appoint-
ment when he joined her, and had
hitherto been so held. He was one
of the first, in 1847, to call the atten-
tion of the Admiralty to the fate of
Sir John Franklin, and his long ex-
(
UU 2
MCCOSH-MCCULLY.
|
to lay before the Board promising
plans of search, at the time, for the
missing ships, volunteering himself
to carry them out. But it was not
till after repeated applications, and
plan after plan ignored, that he was
at last sent out in the North Star in
1852. He was given the command
of an open boat, manned by six
volunteers from the North Star,
which he called the Forlorn Hope,
the season being too far advanced;
but after a three weeks' exploration,
amid tempestuous weather, he set at
rest the then mooted question that
there was no opening between Baring
Bay and Jones's Sound. On March
13, 1853 he was benighted in a dense
fog, and had to bivouac in the snow-
drift, with a temperature 32° Fahr.
below zero. Having in vain volun-
teered to explore Smith Sound into
the Polar Ocean, if given the com-
mand of the Mary yacht of 12 tons,
lying useless at Beechey Island, his
former boat's crew volunteering to
accompany him, he returned to Eng-
land in H.M.S. Phonix. On Jan. 6,
1857, he laid before the Royal Geo-
graphical Society and the Admiralty,
his last plan of search, by King Wil-
liam's Land, through Bellot's Strait,
for records of the lost ships. This
plan was subsequently successfully
carried out by Sir Leopold McClin-
tock, and the all-important" record "
found, as he had anticipated, near
Cape Felix.
He was awarded the
Arctic Medal in 1857, and the
Greenwich Hospital pension in
1876. He was compulsorily placed
on the retired list in 1865, de-
prived of the usual step in rank,
from his not having served the time
for the
He is ters
"Inspectorship."
author of the "Boat Voyage up the
"Plans of
Wellington Channel,"
" and
Search in the Arctic Ocean,
"Geology of Tasmania, New Zealand,
Antarctic Continent, and Isles of the
South," in Appendix to the "Ant-
arctic Expedition."
660
MCCOSH, JAMES, D.D., LL.D.,
born in Ayrshire, Scotland, in 1811.
He was educated at the Universities of
Glasgow and Edinburgh, became a
minister of the Church of Scotland, in
Arbroath, in 1835, removed to Brechin
in 1839, where he joined the Free
Church of Scotland in 1843, and was
appointed Professor of Logic and
Metaphysics in Queen's College, Bel-
fast, in 1851. In 1868 he went to
America, and became President of
the College of New Jersey, at Prince-
ton, and has taken a prominent place.
among American divines and edu-
cators. Besides numerous contribu-
tions to British and American re-
views, he has published "The Method
of the Divine Government, Physical
and Moral," and, in conjunction with
Dr. Dickie, "Typical Forms and
Special Ends in Creation (1856);
"The Intuitions of the Mind induc-
tively investigated" (1860); "The
to the
Supernatural in relation
Natural" (1862); "Examination of
Mill's Philosophy" (1866); "Inaugu-
ral Address at Princeton" (1868);
"Logic" (1869); "Christianity and
Positivism; a series of Lectures to
the Times on Natural Theology and
Apologetics" (1871); "The Scottish
Exposi-
Philosophy, Biographical,
tory, Critical, from Hutcheson to
Hamilton" (1874); and a reply to
Belfast Address
Tyndall's noted
(1875).
MCCRIE, THE REV. THOMAS,
D.D., LL.D., eldest son of the Rev.
Dr. T. McCrie, author of the "Life of
Knox," was born at Edinburgh about
1798, and educated at Edinburgh
University. He first settled as minis-
ter in Ceriff, and was appointed to sup-
ply his father's place in Edinburgh,
in 1836. He has published a trans-
lation of Pascal's "Provincial Let-
""Sketches of Scottish Church
History ;
History;""Life of Sir A. Agnew ;
and has contributed to the Witness,
British and Foreign Evangelical
Review, and other religious periodi-
cals. He was appointed Professor of
Systematic Theology in the English
Presbyterian College at London, in
1856.
>>
MCCULLY, THE HON. JONATHAN,
born at Nassau, Nova Scotia, July 25,
MACDONALD MCDONALD.
1809, educated at the county gram-
mar-school, and admitted to the bar
of the province in 1835; removed to
Halifax in 1849, and was appointed
Q.C. and Solicitor-General in 1860.
He was long connected with the
public press of his native province,
and served as a delegate at Quebec
in 1861 and 1862, on the subject of
the union of the provinces and the
Inter-colonial Railway, being the
Chief Commissioner of railways for
Nova Scotia. In 1864 he was one of
the delegates to Charlotte Town,
Prince Edward's Island, for securing
the union of the maritime provinces,
and to Canada, to assist in preparing
the Quebec scheme, and in 1866 to
London, for carrying out the con-
federation of the British provinces
in North America, of which he had
always been an ardent supporter.
He is a Liberal, and formerly led the
Opposition in the Upper House. In
1870 he was appointed a puisne judge
of the Suprene Court of the province
of Nova Scotia.
MACDONALD, GEORGE, poet and
novelist, was born at Huntly, Aber-
deenshire, in 1824, and was educated
at the parish school there, and at
King's College and University, Aber-
deen. After taking his degree he
became a student for the ministry at
the Independent College, Highbury,
London, and was for a short time an
Independent minister, but soon re-
tired, became a lay member of the
Church of England, and settled in
London to pursue a literary career.
His first work was "Within and
Without, a Dramatic Poem," 1856;
followed by "Poems," 1857; "Phan-
tastes, a Faërie Romance," 1858;
"David Elginbrod," 1862; "Adela
Cathcart," 1864; "The Portent, a
Story of Second Sight," 1864; "Alec
Forbes of Howglen," 1865; "Annals
of a Quiet Neighbourhood," 1866;
"Guild Court," 1867; "The Disciple
MCDONALD, SIR JOHN ALEX-
ANDER, K.C.B., D.C.L. (Oxon), LL.D.,
a Canadian statesman, born in 1815,
educated at the Royal Grammar-
school, Kingston, and admitted to
the bar in 1835; was elected to Par-
liament for Kingston, U.C., as રી
Conservative, in Nov., 1844, and still
represents that city. He was ap-
pointed a member of the Executive
Council, and Receiver-General in
May, and Commissioner of Crown
Lands in Dec., 1847. The cabinet
of which he was a member resigned
in March, 1850, and the reformers,
under the lead of Messrs. Lafontaine,
Baldwin, and Hincks, held the reins
of power in Canada until Sept., 1854.
Difficulties connected with the lands
reserved for a Protestant clergy, and
other questions, led to a coalition in
1854, Mr. McDonald joining the
Government as Attorney-General,
which post he held until May, 1862,
being a part of the time premier.
In Jan., 1862, the militia department
was ro-organised, and Mr. McDonald
appointed Minister of Militia. De-
feated on their Militia Bill of that
year, he and his colleagues resigned,
and remained in opposition until
May, 1864, when he again acceded to
office as Attorney-General in the
cabinet of Sir E. P. Tache. But the
and other Poems," 1868; "The Sea-Government was unable to command
board Parish," 1868; "Robert Fal- a sufficient majority, and the pro-
coner," 1868; "Wilfrid Cumber- position to federalize British Ame-
mede," 1871; "The Vicar's Daugh- rica having been reported by a com-
""Malcolm," 1874; "St. George mittee of the Legislative Assembly, a
ter;
粤
​661
•
and St. Michael," 1875; "Thomas
Wingfield, Curate," 1876; "The Mar-
quis of Lossie," 1877. Besides these
Mr. MacDonald has written books for
the young: "Dealings with the
Fairies," 1867; " Ranald Bannerman's
Boyhood," 1869; "The Princess and
the Goblin," 1871; "At the Back
of the North Wind," 1870; and
others. He is also the author of
"Unspoken Sermons," 1866; and a
treatise
on the "Miracles of our
Lord," 1870. In 1877 he received a
Civil List pension of £100, in con-
sideration of his contributions to
literature.
-
662
MCDONNELL-MCDOUGALL.
conference took place between the
leaders on both sides, which resulted
in a coalition, with the view of ma-
turing and carrying a measure to
unite in one government Canada and
the maritime provinces. On the
death of Sir E. P. Tache, in July,
1865, Mr. McDonald again became
Minister of Militia, which office, with
that of Attorney-General, of Upper
Canada, he continued to hold till
1868, when he was appointed Minister
of Justice and Attorney-General, and
in 1869 became Premier also, of the
Dominion Cabinet. He and his
ministry resigned Nov. 5, 1873. In
Oct. 1878 he was entrusted with the
task of forming a new administration.
Appointed one of the delegates from
Canada to arrange the terms of con-
federation with the imperial govern-
ment in 1866, he was chosen by his
co-delegates in London to preside
over their deliberations. Mr. McDo-
nald is the acknowledged leader of
the Conservative party of Upper
Canada. He received the honorary
degree of D. C.L. from the University
of Oxford, and was made a K.C.B. in
1867.
city he was most useful in aiding the
exploration of the interior, in open-
ing up the navigation of the Murray,
and generally developing the re-
sources of that flourishing colony.
He was relieved by Sir Dominic
Daly in Nov., 1861, succeeded the
Marquis of Normanby as Lieutenant-
Governor of Nova Scotia in April,.
1864, and was Governor of Hong-
Kong from Oct. 14, 1865, till 1872.
He was created a K.C.M.G. in 1871.
▼
MCDOUGALL, THE RIGHT REV.
FRANCIS THOMAS, D.C.L., born at
Sydenham in 1817, was educated for
the medical profession at King's Col-
lege, London, where he obtained the
gold medal in 1837. He became a
member and a fellow of the College
of Surgeons, and Demonstrator of
Anatomy at King's College; but,
abandoning his profession, entered at
Magdalen Hall, Oxford, where he
received the honorary degree of M.A.
in 1845, and afterwards that of D.C.L.
He was ordained in 1845, and having
held several curacies in the dioceses
of Norwich and London, proceeded
with Sir J. Brooke as chief missionary
to Borneo in 1847, and was consecrated
to the bishopric of Labuan, in that
island, in 1855. In that capacity his
knowledge of medicine and physical
science was of the greatest service in
facilitating the progress of missionary
enterprise, and, consequently, of civi-
lization. He returned to England in
1868, was presented to the vicarage ·
of Godmanchester, in the county of
Huntingdon, and obtained a canonry
in the cathedral church of Ely, which
preferments he resigned in 1873, on
being appointed a Canon of Win-
chester.
•
MCDONNELL, SIR RICHARD
GRAVES, K.C.M.G., LL.D., eldest son
of the late Rev. Richard McDonnell,
D.D., Provost of Trinity College,
Dublin, who died Jan. 24, 1867,
was born in 1815, and educated at
Trinity College, Dublin, where he
graduated, and was called to the bar
in Ireland in 1838, and in England in
1840. He was appointed Chief Justice
of the Gambia in 1843, and Governor
of the British Settlements on the
Gambia in 1847. While holding that
post he conducted several exploring
expeditions, opening up the interior MCDOUGALL, THE HON. WIL-
of Africa from the Gambia to the LIAM, C.B., member of the Canadian
Senegal, and organized and accom- parliament, born at Toronto, Jan. 25, .
panied some military expeditions 1822, is of Scotch descent. His
with success against powerful native grandfather having emigrated to
tribes who had long oppressed the America before the Revolution, and
peaceful traders of the river. In fought on the British side throughout
1852 he was appointed Governor of the war, on its termination removed
St. Vincent, and Captain-General, to Canada, where he received a grant
and in 1855, Governor-in-Chief of of land as a United Empire loyalist.
South Australia. In the latter capa-William, educated at Toronto and
MCDOWELL-MACFARREN.
663
troops were marched out to assail
them, and the battle of Bull Run en-
sued, in which McDowell was de-
feated, July 21, 1861. Gen. McClellan
took the command soon after that
battle, and Gen. McDowell was placed
in charge of the troops around
Washington. He was made a Major-
General of Volunteers, March 14, and
Commander of the department of the
Rappahannock, April 14, 1862. He
took part in the various battles fought
by Gen. Pope in Aug., 1862, but was
relieved from his command Sept. 5.
In 1863-64 he was president of the
court for investigating cotton frauds,
and of the board for retiring disabled
officers. From July, 1864, to June,
1865, he was in command of the de-
apartment of the Pacific. He was
mustered out of the volunteer service
in 1866, with the rank of Major-
General in the regular army, and
subsequently, for a time, commanded
the department of the east and of the
south, and is now (1878) in command
of the department of the Pacific,
being one of the three major-generals
in the army of the United States.
MACFARREN, GEORGE ALEXAN-
DER, Mus. D., son of the late G.
Macfarren, dramatic author, born in
London, March 2, 1813, was educated
at the Royal Academy of Music; he
was appointed member of the Board
of Professors of the Academy, 1860,
and of the Committee of Manage-
ment of the same, in 1868. Upon
the death of Sir W. Sterndale Ben-
nett, Mr. Macfarren, at the solicita-
tion of the majority of the residents
at Cambridge, became a candidate
for the vacant Professorship of Music
in that University. An opposi-
tion was threatened by Dr. Wylde,
Gresham Professor of Music, but the
day before the election he withdrew,
and Mr. Macfarren was unanimously
elected on March 16, 1875, and created
a Doctor of Music in the following
month. By a grace of the Senate
the stipend attached to the Professor-
ship was raised to £200 per annum,
and he annually delivers a course of
lectures on music, in addition to
at Victoria College, is a member of
the bar. His attention has been
directed to agriculture and politics,
and from 1848 till 1858 he conducted
at Toronto a monthly journal on
agriculture, which obtained a large
circulation in all the provinces; and
from 1850 till 1857 edited The
North American, which was merged
in the Toronto Globe in 1857. He
was first elected to Parliament as
a Reformer in 1858; was appointed
Commissioner of Crown Lands, and
member of the Executive Council in
a Reform Ministry in May, 1862; and
resigned office with his colleagues in
March, 1864, owing to difficulties
arising out of the demand in Upper
Canada for constitutional changes; in
June of the same year was offered
seat in a coalition ministry (as one of
three representatives of the Liberal
party of Upper Canada), formed to
carry a measure to unite British
America under one government, and
accepted office as Provincial Secretary.
During the Fenian troubles in the
summer of 1866, Mr. McDougall was
charged with the duties of Minister
of Marine, and with the aid of Vice-
Admiral Sir James Hope, speedily
organized a respectable navy of seven
gunboats. In 1867 he was made
Minister of Public Works, which
position he held until 1870; and in
1868 he was sent to England to con-
fer with the general government on
some questions of a constitutional
character that had arisen between
the Provinces. He may be regarded
as the leader of the moderate Liberals
of Upper Canada.
MCDOWELL, GEN. IRVIN, born
in Franklin county, Ohio, Oct. 15,
1818. He studied in a military school
in France, and afterwards entered the
Military Academy at West Point,
where he graduated in 1838. On the
breaking out of the civil war he was
made a brigadier-general, and ap-
pointed to the command of the Fede-
ral troops at Washington. The Con-
federates, under Beauregard, were
posted at Manassas, some twenty
miles from the capital. The Union
664
MACGREGOR.
|
examining candidates for degrees.
Mr. Macfarren has composed "The
Devil's Opera," first performed at
books), 1857-69; “Moore's Irish Me-
lodies," 1859; and "Scotch Songs."
MCGREGOR, SIR DUNCAN,
the Lyceum, in 1838; "Emble-K.C.B., of Scotch extraction, born in
1787, entered the army at a very
early age, was actively employed in
Sicily and Italy in 1806, and was
present at the battle of Maida and at
the capture of Catrone, having been
wounded at the former place.
Duncan, who was Inspector-General
of the Constabulary force in Ireland,
received the Order of the Bath for
his services during the disturbances
of 1848. He retired from the army
in 1877.
Sir
"C
matical Tribute," at Drury Lane,
on the Queen's marriage, in 1841;
"Don Quixote," at Drury Lane,
at Drury Lane,
in 1846; "King Charles II.," at
the Princess's, in 1849; Sleeper
Awakened," at Her Majesty's, in
Majesty's, in
1850;
"Robin Hood," at Her Ma-
jesty's, in 1860; "Freya's Gift," at
Covent Garden, in 1863, on the
Prince of Wales's marriage; "Jessy
Lee," at the Gallery of Illustration,
in 1863; "She Stoops to Conquer,"
at Covent Garden, in 1864; "Soldier's
Legacy," at the Gallery of Illustra-
tion, 1864; and "Helvellyn,” at
Covent Garden, in 1864 ; the oratorio
of "St. John the Baptist;" overtures
to "Merchant of Venice," "Romeo
and Juliet," "Chevy Chase," "Don
Carlos," and "Hamlet;" symphonies;
sonatas for pianoforte, and for piano-
forte and flute; trio for pianoforte,
violin, and violoncello; quartets for
string instruments; and quintet for
pianoforte, violin, viola, violoncello,
and double bass; cantatas-"Le-
-"Le-
nora,” in 1851 ; " May-Day," in 1856;
"Christmas," in 1859; and " Songs
in a Cornfield," in 1868; songs from
Tennyson's "Idylls," Lane's "Arabian
Nights," and Kingsley's Poems; and
Shakspere Songs" (Lyrics from the
Plays, for four voices), 1860-4; some
hundreds of songs, duets, &c., and
music for several dramatic pieces;
"Cathedral Service" in E flat, 1863;
"Introits for the Holy Days and
Seasons of the English Church," in
1866; several anthems, and other
church music. He has written ana-
lyses of oratorios, &c., for the Sacred
Harmonic Society, in 1853-7; and of
orchestral works for the Philharmonic,
in 1869-71; the lives of musicians in
the "Imperial Dictionary of Univer-
sal Biography ;" "Rudiments of
Harmony," 1860; "Six Lectures on
Harmony," 1867, 2nd edit. 1877. He
has lectured at the Royal Institution,
London Institution, &c. He has ar-
ranged "Old English Ditties" (13
|
(6
MACGREGOR, JOHN, was born at
Gravesend, Jan. 24, 1825, and is eldest
son of General Sir Duncan Mac-
Gregor, K.C.B. A few weeks after
his birth, his father, then Major Mac-
Gregor, embarked with his wife and
son and regiment on board the Kent,
the East Indiaman, which afterwards
took fire in the Bay of Biscay. Of
the 557 passengers, who were rescued,
on March 1, 1825, by Capt. William
Cooke, of the Cambria, the subject of
the present memoir, then but a few
weeks old, was one. His education
commenced in King's School, Canter-
bury, and was continued, owing to
the removal of his father's regiment,
in many other schools. Proceeding
to Trinity College, Dublin, he gained
three first prizes. He then entered
Trinity College, Cambridge, and gra-
duated as B.A. and a Wrangler. In
1845, Mr. MacGregor began to write
and sketch for Punch. In 1847, he
entered at the Inner Temple, and
graduated as M.A. at Cambridge.
During the Revolution in Paris of
1848, he visited that metropolis; and
in 1849-50 made a tour in Europe
and the Levant, and through Egypt
and Palestine. In 1851, he was called
to the bar. He subsequently visited
Russia and every other country in
Europe, as well as Algeria and Tunis,
and the United States and Canada,
and published an account of his ob-
servations. In 1865, he made his
first canoe voyage, and published, in
1866, his logbook, under the title of
MC'HALE-MACHRAY.
|
"A Thousand Miles in the Rob Roy
Canoe on Rivers and Lakes of
Europe," which in 1871 had passed
through eight editions. A new canoe,
also called the Rob Roy, was con-
structed, fourteen feet in length, and
weighing, with all its apparatus com-
plete, seventy pounds. In this he
made a voyage through Schleswig-
Holstein, Denmark, Sweden, Norway,
and the Baltic, and published an
account of his adventures in a volume,
entitled "The Rob Roy on the Baltic.
After this he made a cruise of 1500
miles entirely alone in the yawl Rob
Roy in the British Channel, and
along the coast of France. An ac-
count of this cruise he published,
under the title, "The Voyage alone
in the Yawl Rob Roy." Perhaps the
most successful of Mr. MacGregor's
voyages was his canoe cruise in
Egypt, Palestine, and in the waters
of Damascus. He published an ac-
count of it, entitled "The Rob Roy
on the Jordan," 1869; 4th edit., 1874.
Mr. MacGregor is Captain of the
Royal Canoe Club, of which the
Prince of Wales is Commodore; and
he is Chairman of the Industrial
Schools Committee of the School
Board for London. In 1870, and
again in 1873, he was elected a mem-
ber of the London School Board, for
the division of Greenwich. In 1873
he married a daughter of Vice-
Admiral Sir Crawford Caffin, K.C. B.
He has contributed articles on marine
propulsion and many minor papers,
to the Transactions of the British
Association.
""
MC'HALE, THE MOST REV. JOHN,
D.D., Archbishop of Tuam, born
in 1791, at Tubber-navine, Mayo,
having learned the rudiments of
Greek and Latin at a school in the
neighbouring town of Castlebar, en-
tered as a student at Maynooth, where
he became Lecturer and Professor of
Dogmatic Theology. Having held his
professorial chair for about eleven
years, he was named Coadjutor-
Bishop of Killala, cum jure successio-
nis, and consecrated with the title
of Bishop of Maronia, in partibus.
|
665
Whilst resident at Maynooth, he pub-
lished, under the signature of "Hie-
rophilus," a series of controversial
letters on Bible Societies, the Pro-
testant Church in Ireland, and Ca-
tholic Emancipation; and, in 1827,
a work on the "Evidences and Doc-
trines of the Catholic Church,” since
translated into the French and Ger-
man languages. Dr. Mc'Hale after-
wards published, under his own sig-
nature as Bishop of Maronia, a second
series of letters on the same class of
subjects, which attracted great atten-
tion both among the friends and the
foes of Catholic Emancipation. On
the death of Dr. Kelly, Dr. Mc'Hale
was promoted to the archiepiscopal
see of Tuam. During Lord Mel-
bourne's ministry, he published
several letters on the questions of the
Church Establishment and Educa-
tion, under the signature of "John,
Archbishop of Tuam," and in 1847 he
collected in one volume the entire
series of letters up to that date. Dr.
Mc'Hale, who has taken an active
part in the politics of the day, is
known as a preacher, not only in
Ireland and England, but in Italy,
and his sermons, delivered in Rome
in 1832, have been translated into
Italian by the Abate de Lucca, Apos-
tolic Nuncio at Vienna. He has
translated into Irish, and published,
above sixty of Moore's "Irish Melo-
dies" in the same precise metre as
the original; in 1861 he produced a
large octavo volume, comprising six
books of the "Iliad," with a corre-
sponding Irish translation in heroic
metre, and published the Pentateuch,
in English and Irish translations,
accompanied with notes and com-
ments: forming the first volume of
the Bible, to be followed by other
parts.
·
MACHRAY, THE RIGHT REV.
ROBERT, D.D., LL.D., Bishop of
Rupert's Land, born in 1832, was
educated at Sidney Sussex College,
Cambridge, where he graduated
(B.A., 1855; M.A., 1858). He became
Dean and Fellow of his college, and
vicar of Madingley, near Cambridge,
666
MACKARNESS.
which benefice he resigned In 1865,
on his appointment to the bishopric
of Rupert's Land.
MACKARNESS, THE RIGHT REV.
GEORGE RICHARD, a bishop of the
Scotch Episcopal Church, and son of
John Mackarness, Esq., a West Indian
merchant, by Catharine, daughter of
George Smith Coxhead, Esq., M.D.
He was born in London in 1823, and
educated at Merton College, Oxford
(B.A., 1845; M.A., 1848; D.D.,
1874). He became a fellow of St.
Columba's College, Ireland, in 1848;
a Fellow of St. Nicholas College,
Lancing, in 1866; was curate of
Barnwell, Northamptonshire, from
1848 to 1854; vicar of Ilam, Staf-
fordshire, from 1854 to 1874; and
was Rural Dean of Alstonfield, and
chaplain to his brother, the Bishop
of Oxford, from 1869 until his own
election to the episcopate. He was
consecrated as Bishop of Argyll and
the Isles in St. Mary's Episcopal
Church, Glasgow, March 25, 1874.
MACKARNESS. THE RIGHT REV.
JOHN FIELDER, D.D., Bishop of Ox-
ford, son of John Mackarness, Esq.,
a West Indian merchant, by Catha-
rine, daughter of George Smith Cox-
head, Esq., was born Dec. 3, 1820,
and received his education at Eton
and at Merton College, Oxford, where
he obtained a "Postmastership." He
took his B.A. degree in 1844, when his
name appears in the second class in
classics. Shortly afterwards he was
elected to a fellowship at Exeter
College, but this he did not retain for
any length of time, for in 1845, almost
immediately after taking priest's
orders, he was presented by the Clive
family to the vicarage of Tardebigge,
Bromsgrove, Worcestershire.
This living he held until 1855, when
he was presented to the rectory of
Honiton, Devonshire, in the patronage
of the Earl of Devon. In 1858 he was
promoted by the late Bishop of
Exeter (Dr. Philpotts) to an honorary
prebendal stall in Exeter Cathedral;
and in 1868 he obtained the small
vicarage of Monkton, near Honiton.
He was also for some time chaplain
near
to Lord Lyttelton. In 1865 he was.
elected one of the Proctors in Convo-
cation for the clergy of the diocese
of Exeter; but on the re-election of
that body in 1869 he failed to secure
his seat, on account of his approval
of Mr. Gladstone's measure for the
disestablishment of the Irish Church.
In Dec., 1869, he was appointed, on
the recommendation of Mr. Glad-
stone, to the Bishopric of Oxford,
vacant by the translation of Dr. Wil-
berforce to the see of Winchester.
MACKAY, CHARLES, LL.D., a
member of the Highland family of
which Lord Reay is chief, was born
in Perth in 1814, and removed in
infancy to London. Proceeding to
Belgium to complete his education,
he was a witness of the startling
events of the revolution that broke
out in 1830, and published, in 1834,
a small volume of poems, which led
to his introduction to the late Mr.
John Black, editor of the Morning
Chronicle, through whose instrumen-
tality he became connected with that
paper, and continued to be so for
about nine years, during which time
he published another volume, entitled
"The Hope of the World," and other
poems. He became editor of the
Glasgow Argus in Sept., 1844, and
retired from the management of that
paper at the general election in 1847
in consequence of a schism in the
Liberal party. In 1846 the Glasgow
University conferred on him the title
of LL.D. Dr. Mackay wrote for the
Daily News a series of poems: "Voices
from the Crowd," afterwards pub-
lished in a separate form. He has
also written,
also written, "The Salamandrine,
or Love and Immortality," pub-
lished in 1842; "Legends of the
Isles, and other poems," in 1845;
"Voices from the Mountains," in
1846; "Town Lyrics," in 1847 ;
"Egeria," in 1850; "The Lump of
Gold," in 1855; "Under Green
Leaves," in 1857; "A Man's Heart,"
in 1860; and "Studies from the An-
tique, and Sketches from Nature," in
1864.
1864. For some years he contributed
leading articles to the Illustrated Lon-
MCKEE-MACMAHON.
|
don News, and he established the
London Review in 1860. Dr. Mackay
resided in New York from 1862 till
1865. As a prose writer, he is best
known by his "Memoirs of Extraor-
dinary Popular Delusions," published
in 1841. A collection of his contri-
butions to All the Year Round, Robin
Goodfellow, and other periodicals, was
published, with the title of "Under
the Blue Sky," in 1871. He also
published "Lost Beauties of the
English Language: an Appeal to
Authors, Poets, Clergymen, and Pub-
lic Speakers," 1874. He has been
engaged for some time past in writing
a book on "The Gaelic Etymology of
the English Language." As this pre-
vented him from following literary
work more immediately remunerative,
his friends subscribed the sum of
£770, including £100 from the " Clan
Mackay," and presented this substan-
tial testimonial to him at St. James's
Hall, Dec. 27, 1877.
667
MACLAGAN, THE RIGHT REV.
WILLIAM DALRYMPLE, D.D., Bishop
of Lichfield, is a native of Scotland.
After being for some time an officer
in the Indian army, he went through
the ordinary university course at St.
Peter's College, Cambridge (B.A.,
1856; M.A. 1860; D.D., jure digni-
tatis, 1878). He was ordained Deacon
in 1856, and Priest in 1857. He served
the curacies of St. Saviour, Padding-
ton, and St. Stephen, Marylebone, till
1860, when he was appointed Secre-
tary to the London Diocesan Church
Building Society, his name having
been brought to the notice of Bishop
Tait by the late Bishop Cotton, who
had known him in India. In 1868 he
was appointed Curate-in-Charge of
Enfield, and in 1869 Lord Chancellor
Hatherley gave him the vicarage of
St. Mary, Newington. When Newing-
ton was transferred to Rochester, the
Bishop of London, in order to re-
tain Mr. Maclagan in his diocese,
promoted him to the vicarage of St.
Mary Abbots, Kensington, where he
remained till 1878, when he was
nominated by the Crown, on the
recommendation of Lord Beacons-
field, to the Bishopric of Lichfield,
which had become vacant by the
death of Dr. Selwyn. He was conse-
crated in St. Paul's Cathedral, June
24, 1878.
|
|
MCKEE, HENRY SHEIL, D.D.,
LL.D., son of the late Mr. H. Mc'Kee
of Tamnadace, co. Derry, born May
29, 1813, was educated at the Bel-
fast Academy, and the University of
Glasgow, where he obtained what in
England would be termed a treble
first, but it was by the intimate fami-
liarity which he acquired with the
Greek and Latin classics that he |
achieved the greatest distinction.
He graduated M.A., in 1839; LL.D.
and D.D. in 1858. He was appointed
first Minister of the "Scot's Church,"
Killucan, Westmeath, Sept. 14, 1841;
and elected Professor of Latin and
Greek in Magee College, Derry, July
5, 1865. Dr. Mc'Kee by his linguistic
acquirements, especially in the de-
partment of Oriental literature, has
obtained a foremost place among the
scholars of the present day. He is
the author of the "Assembly's Shorter
Catechism with the proofs, translated
into Hebrew and Syriac.' In 1864
the president and council of the
Royal Society of Literature, "in con-
sideration of various eminent services
rendered to Literature," elected him
an Honorary Member.
MACLEAN, THE RIGHT REV.
JOHN, D.C.L., D.D., son of Mr.
Charles Maclean of Portsoy, Banff-
shire, Scotland, born in 1828, took the
degree of M.A. at Aberdeen, and that
of D.C.L. at Toronto. He was ap-
pointed curate of St. Paul's, London,
Canada, in 1853; Archdeacon of
Manitoba and Professor of Divinity
in St. John's College in 1866, and
Bishop of the new diocese of Sas-
katchewan in 1873. The diocese
comprises the most fertile portion of
the valley of the river Saskatchewan,
which rises at the base of the Rocky
Mountains, and after flowing across
the Continent discharges its waters
into Hudson's Bay, through Lake
Winnipeg, on the eastern coast.
MACMAHON, MARIE EDME
S
668
MACMAHON.
|
PATRICK MAURICE DE, Duc de Ma- |
genta, a Marshal of France, Pre-
sident of the French Republic, born
at Sully, July 13, 1808, derives
his descent from an Irish family
who risked and lost all for the
last of the Stuart kings. The
MacMahons, carrying their national
traditions, ancestral pride, and his-
toric name, to France, mingled their
blood by marriage with the old
nobility of their adopted country.
This member of the family entered
the military service of France in 1825,
at the school of St. Cyr; was sent to
the Algerian wars in 1830; while
acting as aide-de-camp to Gen.
Achard, took part in the expedition
to Antwerp in 1832; attained to the
rank of captain in 1833; and, after
holding the post of aide-de-camp to
several African generals; and taking
part in the assault of Constantine,
was nominated Major of Foot Chas-
seurs in 1840, Lieut.-Col. of the
Foreign Legion in 1842, Colonel of the
41st of the Line in 1845, and General
of Brigade in 1848. When, in 1855,
Gen. Canrobert left the Crimea, Gen.
MacMahon, then in France, was se-
lected by the Emperor to succeed
him in the command of a division ;
and when the chiefs of the allied
armies resolved on assaulting Sebas-
topol, Sept. 8, they assigned to Gen.
MacMahon the perilous post of carry-
ing the works of the Malakoff. For
his brilliant success on this occasion,
he was made Grand Cross of the
Legion of Honour; and in 1856 was
nominated a Knight Grand Cross of
the Bath. Gen. MacMahon, who took
a conspicuous part in the Italian cam-
paign of 1859, received the bâton of
a Marshal, and was created Duke of
Magenta, in commemoration of that
victory. He represented France at the
coronation of William III. of Prussia,
in Nov., 1861, was nominated to the
command of the 3rd corps d'armée
Oct. 14, 1862, and was nominated
Governor-General of Algeria by decree
Sept. 1, 1864. In this capacity he
inaugurated a new system, the ten-
dency of which was to create an Arab
|
kingdom. It proved, however, a com-
plete failure. The French and other
European colonists became so dis-
satisfied, that in 1868 a large number
of them left for Brazil, while thou-
sands of the natives perished from
hunger. A great outcry was raised
in France against the Marshal, whose
policy was also severely censured by
Mgr. de Lavigerie, Bishop of Algiers.
On the breaking out of the war with
Prussia, Marshal MacMahon was in-
trusted with the command of the
First Army Corps, whose head-quar-
ters were at Strasburg. On Aug. 6,
1870, the Crown Prince of Prussia
attacked the united Army Corps of
Generals MacMahon, Failly, and
Canrobert, drawn up in a position at
Woerth. MacMahon had under him
50,000 men in all, and occupied a
strong defensive position on the slopes
of the Vosges, but the French line
was turned by the Prussians at two
points, and their left and centre
broken, notwithstanding a desperate
charge of cavalry which was ordered
by MacMahon as a last resort. Mac-
Mahon retired on the following day
to Saverne, next to Toul (13th),
Rheims (21st), and Rethel (22nd).
On the 30th his forces were again
defeated by the Prussians, being
driven back from Beaumont beyond
the Meuse, near Mouzon.
He was
chief in command at the battle of
Sedan (Sept. 1), but received a severe
wound in the thigh at the commence-
ment of the engagement, whereupon
the command devolved on General
Wimpffen, who signed the capitula-
tion. MacMahon was made a prisoner
of war, and conveyed into Germany.
Having recovered from his wound, he
left Wiesbaden for France, March 13,
1871, and was nominated in the fol-
lowing month Commander-in-Chief of
the Army at Versailles. He success-
fully conducted the siege of Paris
against the Commune, and ably as-
sisted M. Thiers in re-organizing the
Army. In Dec., 1871, he was requested
by the Parisian Press union to be-
come a candidate to represent Paris
in the National Assembly, but he re-
|
MACMILLAN.
669
diately prorogued, and the Senate, by
a small majority, resolved to exercise
the power conferred by the Constitu-
tion, by concurring with the President
of the Republic in a dissolution. Ac-
cordingly, the Marshal dissolved the
Chamber of Deputies by a decree
dated June 25, 1877. The elections
for the new Chamber were held
throughout France on October 14,
fused to accept the nomination. On
M. Thiers resigning the Presidency
of the Republic, May 24, 1873, he was
elected to the vacant office by the
Assembly. Of the 392 members who
voted 390 voted for Marshal Mac-
Mahon, who immediately afterwards
accepted the Headship of the Execu-
tive, his consent being carried back to
the Assembly, couched in a letter
which was a model of manly straight-resulting in the return of 335 Repub-
forwardness and modesty. "A heavy licans and 198 Anti-Republicans, the
responsibility," he wrote, "is thrust latter classed as 89 Bonapartists, 41
upon my patriotism, but, with the Legitimates, 38 Orleanists, and 30
aid of God, the devotion of the army, "MacMahonists." The Republican
which will always be the army of majority refused to vote the supplies
the law, and the support of all honest and after a brief interval of hesita-
men, we will continue together the tion the Marshal came to the conclu-
work of liberating the territory, and sion that M. Gambetta's famous alter-
restoring moral order throughout the native—ou se soumettre ou se démettre
country; we will maintain internal -must be acted upon. Accordingly
peace and the principles on which he yielded to the Republican majority
society is based. That this shall be and a new ministry was formed under
done I pledge my word as an honest the presidency of M. Dufaure, with
man and a soldier." He at once pro- M. Léon Say, as Minister of Finance,
ceeded to form a Conservative ad- and M. Waddington at the Foreign
ministration, his Ministers being the Office. Thus the period of uneasi-
Duc de Broglie, Foreign Affairs and ness the prolonged crisis that
Vice-President of the Council; M. began on May 16, was peacefully
Ernoul, Justice; M. Beulé, Interior; brought to a close on Dec. 14, 1877.
M. Magne, Finance; General de Marshal MacMahon received the cross
Cissey (who remained par interim), of Knight of the Danish Order of the
War; Vice-Admiral Dompierre d'Hor- Elephant, in May, 1869. Since his
noy, Marine and Colonies; M. Batbie, election as President of the French
Public Instruction, Public Worship, Republic he has been decorated with
and Fine Arts; M. Desseilligny, the insignia of various foreign Orders.
Public Works; and M. de la Bouil-
lerie, Agriculture and Commerce.
The Septennate was voted Nov. 19,
1873, when the National Assembly, by
378 votes against 310, entrusted him
with the exercise of power for seven
years. On May, 16, 1877, Marshal
MacMahon addressed to M. Jules
Simon, the President of the Council,
a letter reproaching the Premier with
incapacity. This compelled the
latter to resign and a new ministry
was formed. The Duc de Broglie
became President of the Council, M.
de Fourtou, Minister of the Interior,
the Duc Decazes remained at the
Foreign Office, and General Berthaut
retained his post as Minister of War.
The Chamber of Deputies was imme-
M
MACMILLAN, THE REV. HUGH,
LL.D., F.R.S.E., born at Aberfeldy,
Perthshire, Sep. 17, 1833, was edu-
cated at Breadalbane Academy and
Edinburgh University. He was ap-
pointed Free Church Minister of
Kirkmichael, Perthshire, in 1859, and
translated in 1864 to Free St. Peter's
Church, Glasgow, his present charge.
He received the degree of LL.D. from
the University of St. Andrews, in
Feb., 1871, and was elected two
months afterwards Fellow of the
Royal Society of Edinburgh. Dr.
Macmillan is the author of "Bible
Teachings in Nature," 1866, now in
its eleventh edition, translated into
Danish, Swedish, German, and other
continental languages; "First Forms
670
MCMURDO-MCNEILE.
of Vegetation," in its third thou- | most active and influential promoters
sand; "Holidays on High Lands," of the movement took immediate steps
which has run through two large to mark their high appreciation of
editions; "The True Vine," also in his zealous and valuable services in
its third edition; "The Ministry of the organization of the force, by ap-
Nature," in its fourth edition; "The pointing a committee to raise a sub-
Garden and the City," in its second scription for the purpose of present-
edition (6
; Sunglints in the Wilder- ing him on his retirement with a
ness; ""The Sabbath of the Fields," suitable testimonial of their respect
translated into Danish and Nor- and regard. In Feb., 1865, the hono-
wegian; and "Our Lord's Three rary colonelcies of the Inns of Court
Raisings from the Dead;" besides Volunteers and of the Engineer and
numerous contributions to quarterly Railway Volunteer Staff Corps were
reviews and religious and scientific accepted by him.
periodicals.
MCMURDO, MAJOR-GEN. WIL-
LIAM, C.B., of Scotch extraction,
born about 1819, entered the army as
ensign in the 78th Highlanders in
1837, and proceeding to India was
employed on the staff. From the
commencement of the brilliant opera-
tions in Scinde, conducted by the
late Sir Charles Napier, the great zeal
and personal intrepidity manifested
by Lieut. McMurdo most con-
spicuously at the battle of Meeanee,
Feb. 17, 1843-attracted the attention
of that illustrious commander, whose
daughter he afterwards married. Sir
Charles appointed him his Assistant
Quartermaster-General, and on many
occasions expressed in very emphatic
terms the high opinion he entertained
of his conduct and services. He be-
came Major in 1848, Lieut.-Col. in
1853, and Col. in 1854. At an early
period of the campaign in the Crimea,
when the inadequate means of land
conveyance for the service of the
troops had become apparent, he was
intrusted with the formation and
command of the Land Transport
Corps since designated the Military
Train-which new branch of our
military establishment he rendered
efficient, and for this service was
made C.B. Not long after the Volun-
teer movement of 1859 assumed a
permanent character, Col. McMurdo
was selected as the fittest officer for
the important and responsible post
of Inspector-General of Volunteer
Forces for the term of five years;
towards the expiration of which, the
G
W
MACNEE, SIR DANIEL, P.R.S.A.,
son of Mr. Robert Macnee, merchant,
was born at Kintry, Stirlingshire, in
1806, and studied with Duncan, R. S.
Lauder, David Scott, and other Scotch
artists, at the Trustees' Academy,
under Sir W. Allan, President of the
Royal Scottish Academy. In 1829 he
was elected a member of the Scottish
Academy. He became a favourite
portrait-painter in Scotland, and his
portrait of the Rev. Dr. Wardlaw
received one of the gold medals at
the International Exhibition at Paris
in 1855. He has since painted some
of our most prominent men: amongst
whom may be named Lord Brougham,
for the College of Justice in Edin-
burgh. Sir D. Macnee is nearly as
well known in England as in Scot-
land, his works always commanding
excellent places in the Royal Aca-
demy in London. He was unani-
mously elected President of the Royal
Scottish Academy, Feb. 9, 1876, in
succession to the late Sir George
Harvey, and shortly afterwards (July
21) he received the honour of knight-
hood. In the same year the Univer-
sity of Glasgow conferred on him the
honorary degree of LL.D.
MCNEILE, THE VERY REV. HUGH,
D.D., was born in 1795, at Ballycastle,
co. Antrim, took his degree of B.A. at
Trinity College, Dublin, in 1815, and
entered as a law student at Lincoln's
Inn. Having resolved to devote him-
self to the Church, in 1820 he was
ordained to a curacy in Donegal,
married a daughter of Dr. Magee,
late archbishop of Dublin, in 1822.
MCNEILL-MACRORIE.
and was presented to the rectory of
Albury, in Surrey, by the late Mr. H.
Drummond, M.P. During his incum-
bency in Surrey, he preached fre-
quently in London; in 1834 was
collated to the district church of St.
Jude, in Liverpool; in 1845 the
Bishop of Chester bestowed on him
an honorary canonry in Chester
cathedral; and his college presented
him with the degrees of B.D. and
D.D. (honoris causâ). In 1848 he
resigned the district of St. Jude's,
and was presented to St. Paul's,
Prince's Park, which was built for
him by his Liverpool friends, at a cost
of between £11,000 and £12,000. In
1860 the Bishop of Chester collated
him to a canonry (residentiary) in his
cathedral. His chief publications are
"An Ordination Sermon," published
by request of the bishop, in 1825;
"Seventeen Sermons," in 1826; "Lec-
tures on Miracles," in 1833; "Letters |
to a Friend (the late Spencer Perceval,
Esq.), on his Secession from the
Church of England;" "Lectures on
the Church of England," delivered in
Hanover Square Rooms; "Lectures
on the Jews," and "Sermons on the
Second Coming of Christ," in 1842;
"The Church and Churches of Christ,"
in 1847;
"The Adoption, and other
Sermons, preached in Chester Cathe-
dral," in 1864; and "Fidelity and
Unity, a Letter to Dr. Pusey on his
Eirenicon," in 1866. A large sum of
money was collected and presented
to Dr. McNeile as a testimonial for
his services in Liverpool. Having
refused to appropriate it to his private
use, it was invested for the founda-
tion of four scholarships in the Col-
legiate Institution of Liverpool, and
an exhibition, value £40 a year, ten-
able at the Universities of Oxford,
Cambridge, or Dublin. In 1868, on
the recommendation of Mr. Disraeli,
he was appointed by her Majesty the
Queen to the Deanery of Ripon,
which he resigned in Oct., 1875, in
consequence of failing health.
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MCNEILL, THE RIGHT HON. SIR
JOHN, G.C.B., third son of the late
John McNeill, Esq., of Colonsay, and
671
brother of the late Lord Colonsay, born
in 1795, was appointed Assistant-
Envoy at the court of Persia in 1831,
became Secretary of the Embassy in
1834, and Envoy Extraordinary and
Minister Plenipotentiary to that court
in 1836.
in 1836. He received the Persian
order of the Lion and Sun in 1834,
and was created a Civil Knight Grand
Cross of the Bath in 1839. During
his residence in the East he became
thoroughly acquainted with the
habits, policy, and resources of
Asiatic nations; and his foresight
enabled him even at that period to
point out the aggressive designs of
Russia, since made manifest. Soon
after his return from Teheran in
1844, he was placed at the head
of the board appointed to superintend
the working of the Scotch Poor-Law
Act of 1845; in 1851 he conducted
a special inquiry into the condition of
the Western Highlands and Islands,
and in Feb., 1855, was chosen by
the Government of Lord Palmerston
to preside over the Commission of
Inquiry into the Administration of the
Commissariat and other supplies of
the army in the Crimea, appointed in
consequence of a vote of the House of
Commons. He was nominated a mem-
ber of the Privy Council, in acknow-
ledgment of his services. Sir John
McNeill, who is an honorary D.C.L.
of Oxford, LL.D, of Edinburgh, and
F.R.S.E., wrote "Progress and Posi-
tion of Russia in the East to 1854,"
published in 1854.
MACRORIE, THE RIGHT REV.
WILLIAM KENNETH, D.D., Bishop of
Pieter-Maritzburg, born about 1831,
received his education at Brasenose
College, Oxford (B.A. 1852), and was
appointed perpetual curate of Ac-
crington, Lancashire, which prefer-
ment he held until his consecration
to the bishopric of Maritzburg, or
Pieter-Maritzburg, Jan. 25, 1869.
The ceremony was performed at
Capetown, the consecrating prelate
being the metropolitan, Dr. Robert
Gray. A protest signed by 129 per-
sons having been presented against
Dr. Macrorie's consecration, the me-
672
MADDEN-MADVIG.
tropolitan replied that it could not be
accepted as a protest, the signers
having no right to protest, but that
he would receive it as "the expres-
sion of views of certain individuals."
MADAGASCAR, BISHOP OF. (See
CORNISH.)
sions and Fanaticisms of an Epidemic
Character," 1857; "The Turkish
Empire, in its Relations with Christi-
anity and Civilization," 1860;" Galileo
and the Inquisition," 1863; "The
Lives and Times of the United Irish-
men"-his most important work, in
which ample details are given of the
causes of the rebellion of 1798, recently
republished in 4 vols.; "Historical
Notice of the Operations and Relaxa-
tions of the Penal Laws against Roman
Catholics, and of those which are still
Unrepealed," 1865; "The History of
Irish Periodical Literature," first
series, 2 vols. 1867. He has also
contributed extensively during the
past thirty years to periodical litera-
ture.
MADRAS, BISHOP OF. (See GELL,
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MADDEN, RICHARD ROBERT,
M.R.I.A., born in 1798, is a son of
the late Mr. Edward Madden, mer-
chant, of Dublin. He is a Fellow of
the Royal College of Surgeons of
England, of which he has been a
member since 1829. Since 1833 he
has been in the civil service of the
Government in several important
offices, especially those connected with
the suppression of the slave trade, in
which his services have been com-
mended by Clarkson, Buxton, Sturge,
and Stephen. He was appointed to
the office of Special Magistrate in
Jamaica in 1833, to that of Superin-
tendent of Liberated Africans at the
Havana in 1835, and in 1836 to that
of Acting Commissioner of Arbitration
in the Mixed Court of Justice in the
Havana, where he remained till 1839.
He was appointed Commissioner of
Inquiry on the West Coast of Africa
on the Slave Trade, &c., in 1840, and
Colonial Secretary of Western Aus-
tralia in 1847. He has filled the office
of Secretary to the Loan-Fund Board,
Dublin Castle, since 1850. He is a
Member of the Royal Irish Academy,
and of the Soc. of Med. Sciences of
Lisbon. He is the author of "Travels
in Turkey, Egypt, &c.," published in
1829: "The Mussulman," in 1830;
“The Infirmities of Genius," in 1833;
"Travels in the West Indies," in 1838
and 1840; “Egypt and Mahommed
Ali, and Condition of his Slaves and
Subjects," 1841; "Connection of the
Kingdom of Ireland with the Crown
of England,” 1845; "History of the
Penal Laws enacted against Roman
Catholics," 1847; "The Island of
Cuba, its Resources, &c.," 1849;
"Shrines and Sepulchres of the Old
and New World," 1851; "The Life
and Martyrdom of Savonarola," 1854;
"Memoirs of the Countess of Blessing-
ton," 1855; "Phantasmata; or Illu-
MADVIG, JOHN NICHOLAS, philo-
logist and politician, of Jewish ex-
traction, was born in the island of
Bornholm, in Denmark, Aug. 7, 1804,
and studied at Fredericksborg and
the University of Copenhagen, where
he became Professor of Latin literature
in 1829. He has compiled "Opuscula
Academica," published in 1834-42; a
"Latin Grammar for the Use of
Schools," published originally in
Danish, and afterwards in German
(a translation of which was issued
at Oxford by the Rev. George Woods,
rector of Sully, Glamorganshire, in
1851); "Syntax der Griechischen
Sprache" (Brunswick, 1847), trans-
lated by the late Rev. T. K. Arnold ;
and "Bemerkungen über verschiedene
Punkte des Systems der Lat. Sprach-
lehre." He has edited Cicero's trea-
tise "De Finibus." Elected Deputy to
the National Diet in 1839, he was, in
1848, one of the most advanced Radi-
cals, and in Nov. of that year was
appointed Minister of Worship, re-
tiring in Jan. 1852, when he received
the general direction of Public In-
struction. Since then he has been
elected a member of the Danish
Chamber, where he exercised great
influence. The first volume of his
"Adversaria Critica ad Scriptores
Græcos et Latinos" appeared in 1871.
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DR.)
MAGEE-MAGUIRE.
|
He was nominated a Chevalier of the
Order of the Lion of the Netherlands
in Feb., 1875.
MAGEE, THE RIGHT REV. WIL-
LIAM CONNOR, D.D., Bishop of Peter-
borough, was born at Cork in 1821,
being son of the Rev. John Magee,
Curate of the Cathedral Parish, Cork.
At the age of thirteen he entered
Trinity College, Dublin, and sub-
sequently obtained a scholarship, be-
sides other academical distinctions.
In due course he took holy orders,
and after holding for some time a
curacy in a Dublin parish, he was
obliged to relinquish it and to pro-
ceed for the benefit of his health to
Malaga, where he remained two years.
On his return, in 1848, he accepted
the curacy of St. Saviour's, Bath,
which he held about two years. In
1850 he was appointed joint incum-
bent, and shortly after sole incumbent
of the Octagon Chapel, Bath. When
the Liberation Society was organised,
Bath formed a counter-association,
called the "Bath Church Defence
Society," in connection with which
Dr. Magee delivered an able lecture
on "The Voluntary System, and the
Established Church." Such was the
effect of this address that similar
societies sprang up throughout the
country. Subsequently Dr. Magee
published "Christ the Light of all
Scripture," an Act Sermon preached
in the chapel of Trinity College,
Dublin, June, 1860; "The Gospel
and the Age," preached at the ordina-
tion in Whitehall Chapel, 1860; and
"The Church's Fear and the Church's
Hope," preached in Wells Cathedral,
1864. At Oxford Dr. Magee on
several occasions preached one of the
Lent lectures, and in Aug., 1861, he
delivered a powerful address to the
clergy at Radley on The Relation
of the Atonement to the Divine Jus-
tice." At Cambridge, and in London
too, he very frequently took part in
preaching and speaking on behalf of
church societies and published several
lectures delivered at their meetings
on "Scepticism,' "Baxter and his
Times," The Uses of Prophecy."
(C
673
The Bishop of Bath and Wells con
ferred on Dr. Magee the honorary
rank of Prebendary of Wells some
time before he left Bath. In 1860 he
succeeded Dean Goulburn as minister
of Quebec Chapel, London, and in
the following Feb. he was appointed
to the rectory of Enniskillen by the
University of Dublin. In 1864 he
was appointed Dean of Cork, and
shortly afterwards Dean of the Chapel
Royal, Dublin. He was appointed
Donellan Lecturer for 1865-66, a
position in Dublin analogous to that
of Bampton Lecturer at Oxford. Dr.
Magee was frequently selected as one
of the special preachers at St. Paul's,
Westminster Abbey, and the Chapel
Royal, Whitehall, as well as at Wind-
sor, before her Majesty. He was also
selected, in 1868, to preach before the
British Association at Norwich and
the Church Congress at Dublin. Both
these sermons were published, under
the respective titles of" The Christian
Theory of the Origin of the Christian
Life,' and "The Breaking Net."
Dr. Magee was appointed Bishop of
Peterborough in 1868, on the death
of Dr. Jeune, being, it is said, the
only Trinity College Dublin man
ever appointed to an English see.
Bishop Magee has from time to time
taken part in the debates of the House
of Lords, and his speech against the
Bill for the disestablishment of the
Irish Church was a remarkable speci-
men of impassioned eloquence. Four
Sermons preached by him at Nor-
wich, in "Defence and Confirmation
of the Faith," attracted much atten-
tion, and were translated into several
continental languages. In 1871 he
delivered and published a " Charge,"
in which he treats of the Athanasian
Creed with great force and ability.
""
MAGENTA, DUC DE. (See MAC-
MAHON.)
MAGUIRE. THE REV. ROBERT.
M.A., son of William Maguire, Esq.,
Inspector of Taxes of the city of
Dublin, born in that city in 1826,
was educated at Trinity College.
Dublin, where he graduated i
first-class honours in 1846, as a
XX
674
MAHAFFY-MAHMOUD-NEDIM PASHA.
moderator and medallist of his class.
Having been ordained, he held the
curacy of St. Nicholas, Cork, from
1849 till 1852, when he became
Clerical Secretary of the Islington
Protestant Institute. He was ap-
pointed Sunday afternoon Lecturer
of St. Luke's, Old Street, in 1856;
Vicar of Clerkenwell in 1857; and
Early Morning Lecturer at St. Swith-
in's, London Stone, in 1864. After
the Fenian explosion at Clerkenwell
(Dec. 13, 1867) Mr. Maguire was
appointed Chairman of the Relief
Committee, which raised upwards of
£10,000 for the relief of the sufferers.
In June, 1875, the Queen, on the re-
commendation of Mr. Disraeli, pre-
sented him to the rectory of St.
Olave's, Southwark. He has written
several controversial and other reli-
gious works, including "Perversion
and Conversion ; or, Cause and
Effect," 1854; "The Seven Churches
of Asia," 1857 ; Expository Lec-
tures on Bunyan's 'Pilgrim's Pro-
gress, 1859; "Things Present and
Things to Come," 1860, since re-issued
(2nd edit.) as "Mottoes for the Mil-
lion; or, Evenings with my Working
Men," 1866; "Self: its Dangers,
Doubts, and Duties," 1862; "The
Miracles of Christ, expository and
critical," 1863; "St. Peter Non-Ro-
man in his Mission, Ministry, and
Martyrdom," 1871. Mr. Maguire has
also edited, with copious annotations,
the two volumes of "Cassell's Illus-
trated Bunyan,” 1864-65.
66
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MAHAFFY, THE REV. JOHN PEYT-
LAND, was born Feb. 26, 1839, at
Chafonnaire, near Vevay on the Lake
of Geneva, in Switzerland, and was
educated in Germany by his parents,
till he entered Trinity College, Dublin,
in 1856. He was elected to a scholar-
ship in 1858, and obtained two Senior
Moderatorships (in Classics and in
Philosophy) at his degree in 1859; got
his Fellowship by competition in
1864; was appointed Precentor of the
Chapel, with control of the college
choir in 1867; Professor of Ancient His-
tory, 1871 (which office he now holds);
and Donnellan Lecturer in 1873. He
obtained the Gold Cross of the Order
of the Saviour from the King of
Greece in 1877. Mr. Mahaffy has pub-
lished a translation of Kuno Fischer's
"Commentary on Kant "
(1866);
"Twelve Lectures on Primitive Civi-
lisation " (1868); "Prolegomena to
Ancient History" (1871): "Kant's Cri-
tical Philosophy for English Readers,"
(1871): "Greek Social Life from
Homer to Menander" (1874, 2nd edi-
tion, 1876, 3rd edition, 1877); "Greek
Antiquities" (1876); "Rambles and
Studies in Greece" (1876, 2nd edi-
tion, 1878); besides many papers
in periodicals and reviews. He is
likewise known as a sportsman. He
is an experienced salmon fisher, and
has shot in the Irish Eight at Wim-
bledon, and played with the Eleven
of Ireland at cricket. Mr. Ma-
haffy is Examiner and Lecturer in
Trinity College, Dublin, in Classics,
Philosophy, Music, and Modern Lan-
guages.
MAHMOUD-NEDIM PASHA, a
Turkish statesman, born about 1806.
A disciple of Rechid Pacha, he com-
menced his career in the office of the
Grand Refendary, and rose to the
post of Mecktoubchi in the Hardjié
(Foreign Office), thence in succession
to those of Grand Chancellor of the
Imperial Divan, and Musteschar, or
Under-Secretary of State for Foreign
Affairs. He was subsequently pro-
moted to the rank of Muchir, and
served as Governor-General of Syria,
and of Smyrna, then as Minister of
Commerce, and, after the death of
Rechid Pasha, as Governor-General of
Tripoli and Barbary. He also filled
for some time the post of Minister of
Justice, and in 1858, during the ab-
sence of Fuad Pasha at the Confer-
ences of Paris for the organization
of Wallachia and Moldavia, he was
charged with the Ministry, ad interim,
of Foreign Affairs. In 1867, when the
late Aʼali Pasha became again Grand
Vizier, Mahmoud Pasha occupied for
a short time the post of Musteschar of
the Grand Vizierat, and then passed
to the Ministry of Marine, where he
introduced several important reforms,
100
MAINE.
and which he administered with
energy and economy. Upon the
death of A'ali Pasha (Sept. 6, 1871),
the Sultan immediately appointed
Mahmoud Pasha to the vacant post of
Grand Vizier. He resigned it April
11, 1876, a few weeks before the de-
position of the Sultan Abdul-Aziz.
In Oct. 1876 a conspiracy against the
new Sultan Abdul-Hamid, was disco-
vered, and it was stated that Mah-
moud Pasha was seriously implicated
in it.
MAINE, SIR HENRY JAMES
SUMNER, K.C.S.I., LL.D., son of the
late James Maine, Esq., M.D., by
Eliza, daughter of Andrew Fell, Esq.,
of Caversham Grove, Oxfordshire, was
born in 1822, and at the usual age
entered Pembroke College, Cam-
bridge. His undergraduate career
was one of remarkable brilliancy, as
will be seen by an enumeration of the
honours he obtained during his Uni-
versity course. In 1842 he obtained
Sir William Browne's medal for a
Greek ode, the Camden Medal, and
the Chancellor's Medal for English
poetry. In the year following he
was elected Craven Scholar, and was
awarded Sir William Browne's medal
for a Latin ode and epigrams. He
graduated B.A. in 1844, when he at-
tained the distinction of Senior
Classic, Senior Chancellor's Classical
Medallist, and likewise obtained
mathematical honours as a Senior
Optime. It is rather singular that
so eminently distinguished a career
should not have been rewarded with
a Fellowship. The authorities of
Trinity Hall, however, offered to Mr.
Maine the office of Tutor of that col-
lege, which he accepted, and he be-
came a member of Trinity Hall and
discharged the duties of Tutor for a
few years. In 1847 he was selected
as Regius Professor of the Civil Law
on the retirement of the Rev. J. W.
Geldart, a half-brother of the late
Master of Trinity Hall from that
office. The promotion of Mr. Maine
to a Professorship at the early age of
25 was an exceptional advancement.
He, however, only held the appoint-
675
ment until 1854, when he relinquished
it to undertake the duties of Reader
on Jurisprudence at the Middle
Temple. Mr. Maine had been called
to the Bar in 1850. In 1862 Mr.
Maine proceeded to India on being
appointed Law Member of the Su-
preme Government, and during his
tenure of this office originated a large
number of legislative improvements.
After nearly seven years of noble
work done for Indian progress he
returned to England in Oct., 1869,
and was elected to the newly-created
Corpus Professorship of Jurisprudence
in the University of Oxford in 1870.
In Nov., 1871, he was appointed a
member of the Council of the Secre-
tary of State for India, on which occa-
sion he was created a K.C.S.I. In
1875 he delivered the Rede Lecture at
Cambridge, the subject being "The
effects of Observation of India on
Modern European Thought." This
lecture attracted considerable atten-
tion, and was published in a pamphlet
form. After the death of Dr. Geldart,
Master of Trinity Hall, Cambridge,
the Fellows of that College were un-
able to agree in the choice of his
successor. One party was in favour
of the Rev. H. Latham, the Senior
Fellow, while an equal number de-
sired to elect Professor Fawcett. In
these circumstances, and in order to
prevent the appointment lapsing to
the Duke of Devonshire, Chancellor
of the University, the Fellows con-
sented to a compromise; and, by a
unanimous vote, elected Sir H. Maine
to the vacant mastership, Dec., 27,
1877. In May, 1878, he signified to
the Vice-Chancellor of the University
of Oxford his intention to resign the
Corpus Professorship of Jurisprudence
at the end of the year. Previously
to his resignation he delivered (Nov.
1878), in the hall of Corpus Christi Col-
lege, Oxford, a series of lectures on
"Modern Theories of succession to pro-
perty after death,and the corrections of
them suggested by recent researches."
His works are "Roman Law and Legal
Education," in "Cambridge Essays,'
1856; "Ancient Law: its connection
77
X X 2
676
MAJOR-MALAN.
with the Early History of Society, and
its relation to Modern Ideas," 1861;
"Village Communities in the East
and West; Six Lectures delivered at
Oxford," 1871; and "Lectures on
the Early History of Institutions,"
1875.
-
his "Life of Prince Henry of Portugal,
surnamed the Navigator, and its Re-
sults," a work pronounced "classical "
in Germany, Portugal, and England.
In testimony of approbation of this
work, Dom Luis I., the present king
of Portugal, raised Mr. Major to the
rank of officer of the Tower and
Sword, and sent him, as a special
compliment, the Collar of the Order
in gold. His Majesty has since con--
ferred on him the rank of Knight
Commander of "the most ancient and
noble " Order of Santiago. In 1873
Mr. Major edited for the Hakluyt
Society the "Voyages of the Venetian
Brothers Nicolò and Antonio Zeno tơ
the Northern Seas in the Fourteenth
Century; comprising the latest known
accounts of the lost Colony of Green-
land and of the Northmen in America
before Columbus." Having unriddled
all the puzzles in this book, which
had been declared by the learned
John Pinkerton, in his History of
Scotland, to be "one of the most
puzzling in the whole circle of litera-
ture," Mr. Major had the honour to
receive from His Majesty the King of
Italy, in recognition of his successful
labours, the rank of Knight Com-
mander of the Crown of Italy. Mr.
Major is one of the Honorary Secre-
taries of the Royal Geographical
Society.
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66
MAJOR, RICHARD HENRY, F.S.A.,
and member of many home and
foreign learned societies, born in
London in 1818, was placed in charge
of the maps and charts in the Printed
Book Department of the British Mu-
seum in Jan., 1844, and in Jan., 1867,
the collection was raised into a De-
partment, of which Mr. Major was
appointed "Keeper." He was the
He was the
Honorary Secretary, from 1849 till
1858, of the Hakluyt Society, for
which he edited "Select Letters of
Christopher Columbus," published in
1847; The History of Travaile into
Virginia Britannia, by W. Strachey,
first Secretary of the Colony," in 1849;
"Notes upon Russia," which he trans-
lated from the Latin of Herberstein,
in 1851-2; and wrote Introductions
to "Mendoza's China," edited by Sir
George Staunton, Bart., and published
in 1853, and to "Tartar Conquerors
in China," edited by the Earl of Elles-
mere, and published in 1854. He
edited "India in the Fifteenth Cen-
tury," published in 1857; and " Early
Voyages to Terra Australis," in 1859.
As a sequel to this latter work, Mr.
Major read before the Society of
Antiquaries, in 1861, a letter on a
discovery made by him of a MS. docu-
ment, by which the honour of the first
authenticated discovery of Australia
was transferred from Holland to Por-
tugal, proving the date of that dis-
covery to have been in 1601. In
recognition of the importance of these
researches, Don Pedro V., King of
Portugal, conferred on Mr. Major the
Knighthood of the Tower and Sword.
In 1865 he communicated to the
Society of Antiquaries an elaborate
memoir on a mappemonde by Leo-
nardo da Vinci, being the earliest
known map containing the name of
America, now in the Royal Collection
at Windsor. In 1868 he published
--
MALAN, THE REV. SOLOMON
CÆSAR, M.A., son of the late Rev.
Cæsar Malan, D.D., of Geneva, who
died in 1864, was born in 1812,
and educated at St. Edmund Hall,
Oxford, where he graduated B.A.
in 1837, having obtained the Boden
Sanscrit, and the Pusey and El-
lerton Hebrew Scholarships,. to-
gether with રી second-class in
classics. In 1838 he went to Cal-
cutta as Classical Professor in Bishop's
College, was ordained deacon, and
in 1839 became Secretary to the
Asiatic Society of Bengal. Returning
to England, he was admitted into
Balliol College, whence he took his
M.A. degree in 1843, and after being
ordained priest, was appointed Vicar
of Broadwindsor, Dorset, in 1845,
MALET.
+
|
46
Herodotica, an Analysis of Herodo-
tus," 1837; “An Outline of Bishop's
College, Calcutta,"" Family Prayers,"
and "Three Months in the Holy
Land," 1843; "A Plain Exposition
of the Apostles' Creed," 1847 ; "A
Catalogue of the Eggs of British
Birds," and "A Systematic List of
British Birds," 1848; "Who is God
in China, Shin or Shang-Te?" 1855;
"The Three-fold San-tsze-king; or,
Triliteral Classic of China," trans-
lated from the Chinese, with notes;
"A Vindication of the Authorised
Version; "A Letter to the Earl of
Shaftesbury on the Chinese and
Mongolian Versions of the Bible,"
and "Aphorisms on Drawing," 1856;
Magdala and Bethany; a Pil-
grimage,' ""The Coast of Tyre and
Sidon a Narrative," 1857; "Let-
ters to a Young Missionary," 1858;
Prayers and Thanksgivings for
the Holy Communion," translated
from Armenian, Coptic, and other
Eastern rituals, for the use of the
clergy; "Meditations on a Prayer
of S. Ephræm for Lent," translated
from the Russian, 1859; "The
Gospel according to S. John," trans-
lated from the eleven oldest versions
except the Latin; viz., the Syriac,
Ethiopic, Armenian, Georgian, Sla-
vonic, Sahidic, Memphitic, Gothic,
Anglo-Saxon, Arabic, and Persian,
with notes and a criticism on all the
1,340 alterations proposed by the five
clergymen in their revision of that
gospel, 1862; "Preparation for the
Holy Communion," translated from
Eastern rituals for the use of the
laity;
"Meditations on Our Lord's
Passion," translated from the Arme-
nian ; "Manual of Daily Prayers,"
translated from Armenian and other
Eastern originals, 1863; " Philosophy
or Truth? remarks on the first
five Lectures on the Jewish Church,
by the Dean of Westminster," 1865;
History of the Georgian Church,
translated from_the_Russian; "Re-Envoy-Extraordinary and Minister-
pentance," translated from the Syriac Plenipotentiary_to the Germanic
of S. Ephræm, 1866; "Sermons by Confederation, Feb. 12, 1852, which
and Prebendary of Sarum in 1871. Gabriel, Bishop of Imereth," trans-
Mr. Malan has written" Persomachelated from the Georgian; "Companion
for Lent," "An Outline of the Early
Jewish Church," "On Ritualism,"
1867; "The Life of S. Gregory the
Illuminator, Patron Saint of the Ar-
menian Church," translated from the
Armenian; "The Holy Sacrament
of the Lord's Supper, according to
Scripture, Grammar, and the Faith,”
1868 ; Instruction in the Christian
Faith," translated from the Arme-
nian; "A Plea for the Authorized
Version, and for the Textus Receptus,
in answer to the Dean of Canterbury,'
1869; "The Liturgy of the Orthodox
Armenian Church," translated from
the Armenian, 1870; "The Differences
between the Greek and the Arme-
nian Churches," translated from the
Russian; "The Conflicts of the Holy
Apostles," an apocryphal book of the
Eastern Church, translated from the
Ethiopic ; "Misawo the Japanese
Girl," translated from the Japanese;
"Our Lord's Miracles and Parables,
explained to the Children of the
Broadwindsor Sunday School," 1871;
"Parables of Our Lord explained to
Country Children," 1872; Divine
Liturgy of St. Mark from an Old
Coptic MS.," 1872; Original Do-
cuments of the Coptic Church," 1873.
Mr. Malan also contributed from
his sketches to the illustrations in
Layard's “Nineveh and Babylon,'
and in "The New Testament," pub-
lished by Mr. Murray; and has also
published chants and other com-
positions, both of sacred and of
secular music,
""
MALET, SIR ALEXANDER
CHARLES, Bart., K.C.B., eldest son
of the late Sir C. W. Malet, F.R.S.,
born in 1800, was educated at Christ
Church, Oxford, where he graduated
B.A. in 1822. Having been attached
to the embassies at St. Petersburg,
Paris, and Lisbon, he was appointed
Secretary of the Legation at Turin in
1835, filled the same post at the
Hague in 1836, and was appointed
**
677
<<
>"
678
MALINS-MAMIANI.
|
post he held till Dec., 1866, when he
retired on a pension. Sir Alexander,
who is a Deputy-Lieutenant for Wilts,
and was made a K.C.B. in June, 1866,
translated from the Norman, "Master
Wace's Chronicle of the Conquest of
England," and is the author of "The
Overthrow of the Germanic Confede-
ration by Prussia in 1866," published
in 1870.
of the Privy Seal, which office he re-
tained till Dec., 1868. He was re-
appointed to the latter office in Feb.,
1874, and resigned it Aug. 12, 1876.
His lordship, who edited
"The
Diaries and Correspondence" of his
grandfather, published in 1844, and
"The First Lord Malmesbury: his
Family and Friends. A Series of
Letters from 1745 to 1820," 2 vols.
Svo, London, 1870, was made a Privy
Councillor Feb. 28, 1852, and G.C.B.
June 14, 1859, and was one of the
general Committee of Fine Arts in
the International Exhibition of 1862.
|
MALINS, SIR RICHARD, born in
1805, and educated at Cambridge, was
called to the bar at the Inner Tem-
ple in 1830, became Q.C. and Bencher
of Lincoln's Inn in 1849, and was first
returned for Wallingford in the Con-
servative interest in July, 1852. He
was re-elected in March, 1857, and
iu April, 1859, but lost his seat at the
general election in July, 1865. He was
appointed a Vice-Chancellor Dec. 4,
1866, and was knighted Feb. 2, 1867.
MALMESBURŸ (EARL OF), THE
RIGHT HON. JAMES HOWARD HAR-
RIS, G.C.B., eldest son of the late
carl, and grandson of the celebrated
diplomatist in the reign of George
III., born in London, March 25,
1807, was educated at Eton and
Oriel College, Oxford, where he gra-
duated B.A. in 1828. Having been
elected a member in the Conservative
interest for the borough of Wilton
in June, 1841, he succeeded to the
peerage on the death of his father,
the second earl, Sept. 10, in that year.
His lordship, as Secretary of State
for Foreign Affairs in Lord Derby's
first administration in 1852, by being
the first to recognize the French
empire, contributed to bring about
the good understanding which, with
slight interruption, subsequently ex-
isted between Napoleon III. and the
Court of St. James's. Lord Malmes-
bury held the same position in Lord
Derby's second administration in
1858-9, when he laboured zealously to
avert the war between France and
Italy and Austria. On the formation
of Lord Derby's third administration,
in 1866, Lord Malmesbury, feeling
unequal, on account of failing health,
to the labours imposed upon a Fo-
reign Minister, became Lord Keeper
MAMIANI (COUNT), TERENZIO
DELLA ROVERE, poet and politician,
born at Pesaro, in the State of the
Church, in 1800, on leaving college
mixed himself up with the revolu-
tionary movements which followed
the accession of Gregory XVI. to the
Pontifical chair, and became one of
the Provisional Government consti-
tuted in Bologna after the rising in
the Romagna. After the revolt had
been put down by the Austrians,
he betook himself to Paris, where he
formed a Propagandist Society, of
which Mazzini was a member. Differ-
ences, however, soon arose between
them, although they did not show
themselves openly till after the
Roman Revolution of 1848. Mamiani
endeavoured to stimulate the courage
of his compatriots by imbuing them
with his own eclectic philosophy-a
sort of compromise between science,
faith, and poetry. At the commence-
ment of 1848 he repaired to Rome,
and took his place among the most
active members of the moderate
Liberal party, and when the constitu-
tion was formed, accepted the Pre-
sidency of the Cabinet. His attempt
to enforce constitutional principles
did not satisfy the stern exigencies of
the revolution, and he resigned, and
repaired to Turin, where, in conjunc-
tion with Gioberti and others, he
founded the Society of the Union of
Italy, of which he became President.
After the murder of Count Rossi he
returned to Rome, and accepted the
portfolio of Foreign Affairs in the
MANBY-MANNERS.
679
Galletti Ministry, but soon separated
from his colleagues, and supported
the French intervention, after which
he retired to Genoa, where he lived
until the Italian war of 1859, when
he appeared in the Parliament of
Turin, and, taking an active part in
politics, was appointed Minister of
Public Instruction in Jan., 1860, Am-
bassador to Greece in March, 1861,
and went to represent the Italian
Government at Berne in 1865. He
has written several philosophical
and political works, in addition to
some poems very popular amongst
his countrymen. In 1870 he became
editor of a new quarterly review, La
Filosofia delle Scuole Italiane
| firm of Robert Stephenson and Co.,
of Newcastle-upon Tyne. He was
a member of the Scientific Inter-
national Commission appointed by
M. de Lesseps to consider the pro-
jected Isthmus of Suez Canal, and
was joint Secretary with M. Bar-
thélemy St. Hilaire, both resigning
when the scheme became a com-
mercial speculation. He has been
extensively engaged on scientific
commissions and investigations, is a
Knight of the Legion of Honour, of
the Order of St. Maurice and St.
Lazarus of Italy, of the Danebrog of
Denmark, Officer of the Rose of
Brazil, and Knight Commander of
the Order of Wasa of Sweden and
Norway. He is Lieutenant-Colonel
of the Engineer and Railway Volun-
teer Staff Corps, which he projected
in 1860, and which was embodied in
1865, and is constantly consulted by
the authorities on questions of trans-
port of troops and on the defence of
the kingdom.
|
|
MANBY, CHARLES, C.E., F.R.S.,
F.G.S., eldest son of the late Mr.
Aaron Manby, of the Horsley Iron
Works, Staffordshire, was born in
1804, and served an apprenticeship
as a practical engineer under his
father. At an early age he was in-
trusted with the erection of the first
marine engines with oscillating cylin-
ders, patented by his father, and in
1820 he designed and constructed the MANISTY, THE HON. SIR HENRY,
Aaron Manby-the first iron steam son of the Rev. James Manisty, B.D.,
vessel that ever made a sea voyage-vicar of Edlingham, Northumberland,
serving as chief engineer on board. was born at Edlingham in 1808, and
He superintended the erection of educated at the Durham grammar
the gas-works at Paris for "Manby, school. He practised as a solicitor
Wilson, et Henry," became one of from 1831 to 1845; was called to the
the managers of the iron works at bar at Gray's Inn in the last-named
Charenton, near Paris, and went to year; was appointed one of Her
the Creusot Iron Works, which he Majesty's Counsel in 1857; and a
remodelled. He then entered the Judge of the High Court of Justice
Government service, and was subse- (Queen's Bench division), in Nov.,
quently appointed chief engineer of 1876, on which occasion he received
the tobacco manufactories for the the honour of knighthood.
French Government. At the end of
1829 he became connected with the
Beaufort Iron Works in South Wales,
where he remained until 1836, when
he removed to London, and com-
menced practice as a civil engineer.
In 1839 he became Secretary of the
Institute of Civil Engineers, and on
resigning that position, in 1856, was
presented with a testimonial and a
purse of two thousand guineas. He
is still the honorary secretary of that
society, and the representative of the
MANCHESTER, BISHOP OF. (See
FRASER, Dr.)
MANNERS, THE RIGHT HON.
LORD JOHN JAMES ROBERT, M.P.,
second son of the late John Henry,
fifth Duke of Rutland, by the Lady
Elizabeth Howard, fifth daughter of
Frederick, fifth Earl of Carlisle, born
at Belvoir Castle, Leicestershire, Dec.
13, 1818, was educated at Eton and
Trinity College, Cambridge, where
he graduated M.A. in 1839, and was
one of the earliest members of the
Camden Society, established for the
purpose of promoting church resto-
680
MANNING.
ration upon the principles of Gothic
architecture. It was at the Univer-
sity that he originally became in-
spired with those half-fantastic, half-
Utopian, yet wholly chivalrous ideas,
which eventually resulted in the
social and political movement set on
foot by the little band of politicians,
who were derisively styled "Young
Englanders." In June, 1841, he was,
with Mr. Gladstone, returned mem-
ber in the Conservative interest for
the borough of Newark, but he did
not present himself again to that
constituency at the general election
in Aug., 1847. He was defeated in a
contest for Liverpool in the latter
year, and in another contest for the
City of London with Baron Roths-
child, in June, 1849, but he was re-
turned for Colchester in Feb., 1850,
and continued to represent that bo-
rough till March, 1857, when he was
elected for North Leicestershire. He
made his maiden speech in Feb.,
1841, when he opposed the repeal of
the Corn Laws, advocating, subse-
quently, the cultivation of diplo-
matic relations with the See of Rome,
and of a better understanding with
the Irish priesthood, a relaxation of
the law of mortmain, and in many
other matters showing that he held
too broad opinions to act always with
his party, though he opposed Sir R.
Peel's free-trade measures in 1845-6,
and from that time identified himself
completely with the Conservatives.
He was appointed First Commis-
sioner of the Office of Works, and
sworn a Privy Councillor in Lord
Derby's first administration in 1852,
held the same post in Lord Derby's
second administration in 1858-9, and
was re-appointed, with a seat in the
Cabinet, in Lord Derby's third admi-
nistration, 1866-7. On the return of
the Conservatives to office in Feb.,
1874, he was appointed Postmaster-
General. The honorary degree of
D.C.L. was conferred upon him by
the University of Oxford in 1876.
Lord John Manners, who is heir pre-
sumptive to the dukedom of Rutland,
is a staunch defender of the rights of
|
the Church, a supporter of the agri-
cultural interest, and acted for many
years as Chairman of the Tithe Re-
demption Trust. His first literary
performance was " England's Trust
and other Poems," 1841. This con-
tains the oft-cited couplet,
;
"Let wealth and commerce, laws and learn-
ing die,
But leave us still our old nobility."
When these lines were quoted against
him in the Guildhall on the occasion of
the contested election of 1849, his lord-
ship exclaimed :-"Rather would I be
the foolish stripling who wrote those
verses, than the discourteous man of
middle age who has so ungenerously
quoted them against me." Appended
to this volume are some minor pieces,
headed "Memorials of other Lands,
commemorative of Lord John's
excursion in company with his elder
brother, then Marquis of Granby
(now Duke of Rutland), through
France, Spain, Switzerland, and
Italy. His other works are "A Plea
for
for National Holy-days," 1843;
"Notes of an Irish Tour," 1849;
"Notes of a Cruise in Scotch Waters
on board the Duke of Rutland's
Yacht, Resolution, in 1848," Lond.,
1850, a handsome folio volume embel-
lished with sketches by John Chris-
tian Schetky, Esq.; "English Bal-
lads and other Poems," 1850; "The
Factories Bill, a Speech," 1850 ;
"The Church of England in the Co-
lonies," a lecture, 1851; "The Im-
portance of Literature to Men of
Business," one of a series of lectures
so entitled, 1852; "Speech on the
Abolition of Church Rates," 1856.
His lordship married first, in 1851,
Catharine Louisa Georgiana, daughter
of the late Col. Marlay, C.B. (she
died April 7, 1854); and secondly,
in 1862, Janetta, eldest daughter of
Thomas Hughan, Esq.
""
MANNING, HIS EMINENCE
HENRY EDWARD, Cardinal Priest of
the Holy Roman Church and Arch-
bishop of Westminster, son of the late
William Manning, Esq., M.P., mer-
chant of London, born at Totteridge,
Hertfordshire, July 15, 1808, was edu-
MANTEUFFEL.
|
cated at Harrow and Baliol College,
Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in
first-class honours in 1830, and be-
came Fellow of Merton College. He
was for some time one of the select
preachers in the University of Oxford,
was appointed Rector of Lavington
and Graffham, Sussex, in 1834, and
Archdeacon of Chichester in 1840.
These preferments he resigned in
1851 on joining the Roman Catholic
Church, in which he entered the
priesthood, and in 1857, founded an
ecclesiastical congregation at Bays-
water, entitled the Oblates of St.
Charles Borromeo. The degree of
D.D. was conferred upon him at
Rome, and the office of Provost of
the Catholic Archdiocese of West-
minster, Prothonotary Apostolic, and
Domestic Prelate to the Pope. After
the death of his Eminence Cardinal
Wiseman, Monsignor Manning was
consecrated Archbishop of Westmin-
ster, June 8, 1865. Pope Pius IX.
created him a Cardinal Priest, March
15, 1875, the title assigned to him
being that of SS. Andrew and Gre-
gory on the Coelian Hill. The same
Pontiff invested him with the Cardi-
nal's Hat in a Consistory held at the
Vatican, Dec. 31, 1877. Dr. Man-
ning wrote four volumes of Sermons
and other works before 1850; since
that date "The Grounds of Faith,"
1852; "Temporal Sovereignty of the
Popes," three lectures, 1860; "The
Last Glories of the Holy See Greater
than the First," three lectures, 1861;
"The present Crisis of the Holy See
tested by Prophecy," four lectures,
1861 ;
"The Temporal Power of the
Vicar of Jesus Christ," 2nd edit., 1862;
"Sermons on Ecclesiastical Subjects,
with an Introduction on the Relations
of England to Christianity," 1863;
"The Crown in Council on the Es-
says and Reviews: a Letter to an
Anglican Friend," 1861;"The Con-
vocation and the Crown in Council:
a Second Letter to an Anglican
Friend," 1864 ; "The Temporal Mis-
sion of the Holy Ghost; or, Reason
and Revelation," 1865; "The Re-
union of Christendom: a Pastoral
|
-
681
"The
Letter to the Clergy,” 1866;
Temporal Power of the Pope in its
Political Aspect," 1866 ; "The Cen-
tenary of St. Peter and the Gene-
ral Council," 1867; "England and
Christendom," 1867;
"Ireland: a
Letter to Earl Grey," 1868; "The
Ecumenical Council and the Infalli-
bility of the Roman Pontiff: a Pas-
toral Letter to the Clergy," 1869;
"The Vatican Council and its Defi-
nitions: a Pastoral Letter," 1870;
"Petri Privilegium: three Pastoral
Letters to the Clergy of the Diocese
of Westminster," 1871; "The Four
Great Evils of the Day," 2nd edit.,
1871; "The Fourfold Sovereignty of
God," a series of lectures, 1871;
"The Dæmon of Socrates," 1872;
"Cæsarism and Ultramontanism,
2nd edit., 1874; "The Internal Mis-
sion of the Holy Ghost," 1875; "The
Vatican Decrees in their bearing on
Civil Allegiance," 1875, in reply to
Mr. Gladstone's "Expostulation;
"Sin and its Consequences," 1876;
"The True Story of the Vatican
Council," published in the Nineteenth
Century, 1877; "Miscellanies," a
collection of his minor writings, 2
vols., 1877; besides numerous ser-
mons and pamphlets.
รา
>
MANTEUFFEL, EDWIN HANS
CARL, BARON VON, General of the
Cavalry and Adjutant-General of the
Emperor of Germany, was born Feb.
24, 1809, at Magdeburg, being de-
scended from an old Pomeranian
noble family, which afterwards settled
in Lower Lusatia. Induced by his
especial preference for a military life,
he entered, April 29, 1827, the Dragoon
Guards as Avantageur, and received,
on May 15, 1828, his patent as Second
Lieutenant. In recognition of his
diligence and capacity, he was sent
from 1834 to 1836 to the General
Military Academy. In the years
1837-38 he acted as Regimental Ad-
jutant, and in May of the latter year
he was nominated Adjutant to the
Government of Berlin. He became
Adjutant to the 2nd Brigade of
Cavalry Guards, Oct. 18, 1839, and
in the following year was ordered to
682
MANTEUFFEL.
|
|
attend on his Royal Highness Prince
Albrecht. In this capacity he was
promoted in Jan., 1842, to be Premier-
Lieutenant, and in Dec., 1843, was
transferred as Equerry to the Adju-
tancy, being named Adjutant of
H.R.H. Prince Albrecht. At the
commencement of the following year
he was aggregated, as Adjutant to
the Prince, into the 1st Regiment of
Dragoon Guards. In March, 1848,
he was ordered for service as Adju-
tant of the Wing to the King; in
May became actual Adjutant of the
Wing; and in Oct. of the same year
was nominated a Major. In July,
1852, he became Lieutenant-Colonel
without patent. His patent followed
in Jan., 1853. In the following Oct.
he received the command of the 5th
Ulane Regiment. In 1854 he be-
came Colonel with the command of
the 3rd Cavalry Brigade. On Feb.
12, 1857, King Frederick William
nominated him Chief of the Depart-
ment for Personal Matters, with re-
tention of his rank as Brigadier-
Commandant. In May, 1858, Von
May, 1858, Von
Manteuffel was advanced to the grade
of Major-General, being nominated
at the same time General à la Suite
of the King; and in Jan., 1861, he
was made Adjutant-General, while
on Oct. 18, the same year, he attained
the rank of Lieutenant-General. This
rapid advancement excited envy, and
Manteuffel was vigorously attacked
in the democratic press. In the law
case between Lieutenant-General von
Manteuffel and Stadtgerichstrath
Carl Twesten (1861), the former had
the greater part of the press against
him. The alliance of Prussia and
Austria for the so-called liberation of
the Elbe Duchies was generally re-
garded as the work of General von
Manteuffel, as he was especially in
favour at the Court of Vienna. The
Prussian Government sent him ac-
cordingly, in Jan., 1864, soon after
the outbreak of war in the Duchies,
to Vienna, to propose energetic war
measures, which task he discharged
with perfect success. In Feb., 1864,
Holstein, participated in the battle of
Missunde, and in the passage of the
Schlei, and led the military actions,
which issued, in March, in the occu-
pation of Jutland. On the conclusion
of the war with Denmark, when the
course of affairs in the Elbe Duchies,
and the question of their administra-
tion and distribution, gave rise to
misunderstandings between Prussia
and Austria, General von Manteuffel
exerted himself to bring about an
amicable agreement between the two
powers. The Convention of Gastein,
which effected this object, was
chiefly the work of the General.
Already in June, 1865, he had been
intrusted with the supreme command
of the troops in the Elbe Duchies ;
and, as a result of the Gastein Con-
vention, was, on Aug. 22, nominated
Governor of the Duchy of Schleswig,
and Commander of the Prussian
troops in Holstein, and of the Prussian
marines stationed at Kiel. The out-
break of the war with Austria, in
1866, called the General a second
time to active warfare. On June 6
he received orders to advance into
Holstein; on the 11th he occupied
Altona, and undertook the govern-
ment of Holstein; on the 15th he
crossed the Elbe near Altona, and
advanced into northern Hanover; on
the 18th he passed with those troops
of his corps which had advanced into
Hanover under the command of the
General of Infantry, Vogel von Fal-
kenstein, and took part in the hem-
ming in of the Hanoverian troops,
and in the operations in Saxony and
Franconia. On July 20 General Man-
teuffel undertook the command-in-
chief of the Army of the Maine, in
succession to General Vogel von
Falkenstein, and led it, strengthened
by various additions of troops, to-
wards Darmstadt and the Odenwald,
in order to engage it with the 7th
and 8th Army Corps, taking part
personally in the fights of Hausen,
Helmstadt, Vettingen, Rossbrunn,
and Würzburg. For these services
the King of Prussia conferred upon
he was sent to the army in Schleswig-him the order Pour le Mérite. After
MANTEUFFEL-MAPOTHER.
the conclusion of peace, Manteuffel
received a diplomatic mission to St.
Petersburg, for the purpose of ob-
taining the recognition by the Russian
government of the results of the war.
On his return from Russia, General
Manteuffel was named General-in-
Command of the troops in Schleswig-
Holstein; and on Sept. 20 was ad-
vanced to the rank of General of
Cavalry and Chief of the Rhenish
Regiment of Dragoons (No. 5); and
on Oct. 30, to that of Commandant of
the Ninth Army Corps. On Jan. 19,
1867, he was, at his own request,
released from this appointment, and
settled down in Naumberg, where he
held a canonry, with the view of ob-
taining repose. On April 8, 1868, he
was nominated General-in-Command
of the First Army Corps, in place of
General von Falkenstein, which corps,
that of the East Prussians, the Gene-
ral again led into the field in 1870-71.
This army corps came under fire first
at Courcelles and Noisseville, was
concerned after the capitulation of
Metz with the evacuation of the camp
and the transport of the prisoners of
war to Germany; re-entered the
campaign against the north-eastern
fortresses, and against the Army of
the North, organised under General
Bourbaki. Having rendered brilliant
services, he was transferred with a
corps to the south, to the line of the
Saône, in order to undertake the
command of the German army, and
operate against the south and south-
east armies of the French. Here, by
a dexterous and rapid flank march,
he cut the communication between
the army of Bourbaki, beaten back
by General von Werder, and Lyon
and Nevers, and so absolutely com-
pleted its defeat, driving it, by the
passes of the Jura, on to the Swiss
territory. General Manteuffel was
formally invested, at Berlin, with the
insignia of the Order of the Black
Eagle, Jan. 18, 1872.
MANTEUFFEL, OTHO-THEO-
dore, Baron VON, statesman, born
at Lübben, Brandenburg, Feb. 3,
1805, studied law in the University
683
|
of Halle, and in 1827 went to Berlin,
where he occupied a modest place in
the magistracy. When Count Bran-
denburg was called to power in the
autumn of 1848, charged with the
duty of suppressing the revolution,
he appointed Manteuffel Minister of
the Interior, and on the restoration of
order he displayed an administrative
ability which gained him the good-
will of a large party among the com-
mercial and middle classes. In Dec.,
1850, he became Chief of the Cabinet
and Minister of Foreign Affairs, and
at Olmütz yielded to Austria on all
the questions of German policy for
which Prussia had contended with
more or less earnestness for two years
and a half. In Jan., 1852, Baron
Manteuffel was made President of
the Council of Ministers, and in 1856
was one of the Peace Plenipotentiaries
at Paris. His aim was to hold
the balance between the Liberals and
the Reactionists; and from the sin-
cerity of his motives he gained the
respect of all parties. He retired from
power Oct. 11, 1858.
MAPOTHER, EDWARD DILLON,
M.D., born at Fairview, near Dublin,
Oct. 14, 1835, received his education
in the Queen's University, and had not
reached the age of nineteen when he
was appointed to the responsible office
of Demonstrator of Anatomy at the
College of Surgeons, Dublin. He also
discharged the duties of Medical
Officer of Health for Dublin, Pro-
fessor of Hygiene, and Member of
the Council of the Royal College of
Surgeons, Ireland. He became Pro-
fessor of Physiology in this institu-
tion in 1867. Dr. Mapother is the
author of "Lectures on Public
Health," 2nd edit., 1869; a "Manual
of Physiology," used largely at medi-
cal schools, and a school-book on the
same subject used in the Irish Na-
tional Schools, and republished by
the Rev. G. R. Gleig in his famous
"New School Series," 1871. He is
also well known as the advocate of
complete pressure in curing aneurism,
and by an "Essay on the Spas of
Lisdoonvarna, co. Clare," a work on
-
MARCÈRE-MARGOLIOUTH.
Skin Diseases, and biographical | again became Minister of the Interior
sketches of Irish Surgeons.
in the administration which was
formed on Dec. 14, 1877.
684
|
MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW,
LL.D., born at Millbury, Massa-
chusetts, Oct. 25, 1825. He graduated
at Amherst College in 1825; was
tutor there until 1849, when having
in the meantime studied law, he was
admitted to the New York bar. He
subsequently engaged in teaching in
Virginia, and in 1858 was chosen
Professor of the English Language
and Comparative Philology in La-
fayette College, Pennsylvania. He
has devoted himself specially to the
Anglo-Saxon language, ranks among
the foremost scholars in that depart-
ment, and in 1873 was chosen Presi-
dent of the American Philological
Association. Besides philological con-
tributions to periodicals and learned
societies, he has published, "A
Method of Philological Study of the
English Language" (1865); "Anglo-
Saxon Grammar" (1870); and "An
Introduction to Anglo-Saxon "
(1871).
|
MARCÈRE, ÉMILE LOUIS GUs-
TAVE DESHAYES DE, a French states-
man, born at Domfront (Orne), of an
ancient Norman family, March 16,
1828. He studied law at Caen, and
having been, in 1848, attached to the
Ministry of Justice, he became, in
succession, "substitut" at Soissons
(1853) and at Arras (1856), Procureur
Impérial at Saint Pol (1857), Presi-
dent of the Tribunal of Avesnes
(1863), and Councillor in the Court of
Appeal at Douai (1856). While
holding the latter post he published,
in 1869, a pamphlet entitled “La
Politique d'un Provincial," which at-
tracted much attention, and was highly
praised by the Liberal press. After
the fall of the Empire, and previously
to the elections, he published another
pamphlet "Lettre aux Electeurs à
l'occasion des élections pour la Con-
stituante," in which he declared his
preference for the Republican form
of government. At the elections of
Feb. 8, 1871, he was returned to the
National Assembly by the depart-
ment of the Nord, receiving 145,000
votes, and being the 17th on a list of
28 successful candidates. He took
his place among the members of the
Left Centre, which chose him for its
Vice-President, and he let no oppor-
tunity pass of advocating the defini-
tive establishment of the Republic.
This was the object he had in view
when he issued in 1872 another
pamphlet on "La République et les
Conservateurs." At the elections of
Feb. 20, 1876, he was chosen as a
Deputy for the second circonscription
of the arrondissement of Avesnes
(Nord), and he was re-elected to the
new Chamber in Oct., 1877. On
March 12, 1876, he succeeded his
friend M. Ricard as Under-Secretary
in the Ministry of the Interior, and
on the death of the latter shortly
afterwards M. de Marcère was him-
self appointed (May 14) Minister of
the Interior. He resigned his port-
folio Dec. 13, 1876, and was succeeded
by M. Jules Simon. M. de Marcère
|
MARGOLIOUTH, THE REV.
MOSES, M.A., LL.D., PH.D., of Jewish
extraction, was born Dec. 3, 1820.
Having become a convert to Chris-
tianity, he entered Trinity College,
Dublin, took orders in 1844, and was
appointed successively Curate of St.
Augustine's, Liverpool, Vicar of Glas-
nevin, and Examining Chaplain to
the Bishop of Kildare. . Subsequently
he became Assistant Minister of St.
Paul's, Onslow Square, South Ken-
sington, and in 1870 he was insti-
tuted to the vicarage of Little Lin-
ford, near Newport Pagnell, Bucks.
He has written several works, bearing
more or less directly on the religious
prospects of his race; including
Principles of Modern Judaism In-
vestigated," 1843; "Israel's Ordinance
Examined," 1844; "Exposition of
Isaiah," 1846; "Lectures on the
Jews in Great Britain," 1846 ; "A
Pilgrimage to
to the Land of my
Fathers," 1850; "History of the
Jews in Great Britain,” 1851 ;
"Lec-
tures on Freemasonry,” and a sermon
(6
MARIETTE.
72
""
entitled "Holmfirth's Solemn Voice,"
in 1852; "The Apostolic Triple
Benediction," 1853; "Sermons: Gen-
uine Repentance and its Effects,'
1854;
"The Anglo-Hebrews, their
Past Wrongs and Present Grievances,"
1856; a Coronation Sermon, entitled
"The Lord's Anointed," preached at
Moscow, 1856, 2nd edit. 1874; "The
Quarrel of God's Covenant," 1857;
"The Gospel and its Mission," 1860;
"End of the Law: Two Sermons,'
1861; "The True Sight," 1862 ;
England's Crown of Rejoicing,'
1853; "Sacred Minstrelsy," 1853
"The Spirit of Prophecy," 1864
"The Haidad," 1864; "Abyssinia,
its Past, Present, and Future: a Lec-
ture," 1866; a Hebrew translation of
Professor Selwyn's Latin "Thanks-
giving," Oct., 1867; "The Vestiges
of the Historic Anglo-Hebrews in
East Anglia," 1869; "The Oracles of
God and their Vindication," 1870;
"Essays on the Poetry of the Hebrew
Pentateuch," 1871; "The Bane of a
Parasite Ritual," 1872; and "The
Lord's Prayer no Adaptation of exist-
ing Jewish Petitions," 1876. Dr.
Margoliouth originated in 1872 The
Hebrew Christian Witness and Pro-
phetic Investigator, and he has him-
self edited the periodical since its
establishment. It was a monthly at
first, but with the beginning of the
year 1877 a new series was inaugu-
rated, and is now published as a
quarterly. Dr. Margoliouth was a
contributor to Cassell's "Bible Dic-
tionary." His works which are ready
for the press comprise-" The Anno-
tated Hebrew Old Testament," 5
vols., 4to; "The History of the
Jews," 12 vols., 8vo; "Essays on the
Poetry and Music of the Hebrews,
Biblical and post-Biblical," 2 vols. ;
and
"Rabbinical Hermeneutics of
the Old Testament." He is now en-
gaged in revising the translation of
the English version of the Old Testa-
ment.
66
•
MARIETTE, AUGUSTE ÉDOUARD,
a French egyptologist, born at Bou-
logne-sur-Mer, Feb. 11, 1821, was
educated at the College of Boulogne,
685
in which he was subsequently a
teacher of grammar and drawing.
He early became interested in anti-
quities, and his first publication was
a dissertation in the shape of a letter
to M. Bouillet, on the names of the
cities that had formerly occupied the
site of Boulogne (1847). Egyptian
hieroglyphics also attracted his atten-
tion, and by the aid of books he be-
came so well versed in egyptology,
that he was appointed in 1848 to a
situation in the Egyptian Museum in
the Louvre; and in 1850, at the
recommendation of the Institute, he
was sent by the French Government
on a scientific mission to Egypt.
There his attention was chiefly di-
rected to the remains of Memphis,
the ancient capital, and he began a
series of excavations, which, carried
on with skill and energy, led to the
most important discoveries.
In par-
ticular, he brought to light the Temple
of Serapis and the colossal figure of
the Sphinx. On his return to France,
he was appointed Assistant Keeper of
the Egyptian Museum in the Louvre.
Some years afterwards he again left
for Egypt, being appointed Inspector-
General and Keeper of the National
Monuments of that country, and
Keeper of the Museum at Bulak, near
Cairo. M. Mariette, who bears the
title of Bey, is a Commander of the
Legion of Honour, and has been
decorated with the Prussian Order of
the Red Eagle. His principal works,
relating to his excavations in Egypt,
are" Le Sérapeum de Memphis, dédié
à S. A. I. le Prince Napoléon, et
publié sous les Auspices du Ministère
d'Etat," parts 1-9, 1857-64, with
plates; "Fouilles exécutées en Égypte,
en Nubie, et au Soudan, d'après les
Ordres du Viceroi d'Égypte," fol.,
1867, with a map and plates; several
memoirs on the "Explication des
fameuses Listes Géographiques des
Pylônes de Karnak," addressed to the
Académie des Inscriptions et Belles
Lettres (1875-76); ´and "Deir-el-
Bahari: Documents Topographiques,
Historiques, et Ethnographiques re-
cueillis dans ce temple pendant les
686
MARIO-MARKS.
Fouilles exécuteés par Auguste
Mariette," 1877, a work published
under the auspices of the Khedive of
Egypt.
MARIO, GIUSEPPE (Marchese di
Candia), singer, born at Turin in
1808, received an excellent musical
education, entered the Sardinian army
as an officer in 1830, resigned his
commission, and proceeded to Paris,
where his admirable tenor voice
gained him his first engagement at
the Opera, at 1,500 francs per month.
The Marchese di Candia, on accepting
it, changed his name to Mario, and,
after two years' study at the Con-
servatory, came out, Dec. 2, 1838,
in the opera of "Robert le Diable.
His career was most triumphant: he
took a principal part in all the
great operas of the time, and be-
came extremely popular in England
as well as on the Continent. Signor
Mario took his final farewell of the
London stage July 19, 1871, and it
was soon afterwards announced that
he would appear at Madrid, in the
spring of 1872, to sing in opera.
Afterwards he had the misfortune to
fall into distressed circumstances,
and in May, 1878, a concert was
given at St. James's Hall for his
benefit, the gross receipts of which
amounted to £1,150. He was the
husband of the late Madame Grisi.
MARITZBURG, BISHOP OF. (See
MACRORIE, DR.)
??
| Society in 1863. Mr. Markham served
in the Arctic expedition in search of
Sir John Franklin in 1850-51; ex-
plored Peru, and the forests of the
Eastern Andes in 1852-54; introduced
the cultivation of the Chinchona
plant from South America into India
in 1860-61; visited Ceylon and India
in 1865-66; served as geographer to
the Abyssinian expedition, and was
present at the storming of Magdala
in 1867-68; and was appointed a
Companion of the Bath in 1871. In
1874 he was created by the King of
Portugal a Commendador of the Order
of Christ. He is the author of
"Franklin's Footsteps," 1852; "Cuzco
and Lima," 1856; Travels in Peru
and India," 1862; "A Quichua Gram-
mar and Dictionary," 1863; "Span-
ish Irrigation," 1867 ;" "A History of
the Abyssinian Expedition," 1869
"A Life of the Great Lord Fairfax,
1870; Ollanta, a Quicha Drama,
1871; "Memoir on the Indian Sur-
veys," 1871; "General Sketch of the
History of Persia," 1873;
"The
Threshold of the Unknown Region,'
1874
1874; "A Memoir of the Countess of
Chinchon," 1875; translations of
several works for the Hakluyt So-
ciety and papers in the Royal
Geographical Society's Journal. He
also wrote the Reports on the Moral
and Material Progress of India for
1871-72, and 1872-73. Mr. Markham
is editor of the Geographical Maga-
zine.
""
""
""
MARKS, HENRY STACY, A.R.A.,
born in Great Portland Street, Lon-
don, Sept. 13, 1829, was educated at
a private school. He studied draw-
MARKHAM, CLEMENTS ROBERT,
C.B., F.R.S., F.S.A., F.L.S., born July
20, 1830, at Stillingfleet, near York,
was educated at Westminster School,
and entered the Navy in 1844. He
was appointed Naval Cadet on boarding at Leigh's Academy in Newman
H.M.S. Collingwood, bearing the flag Street. He gained admission as a
of Sir George Seymour, on the Pacific student to the Royal Academy in
station, Midshipman in 1846, passed 1851. He was elected an Associate
for a Lieutenant in 1850, and left the of the Royal Academy in Jan., 1871,
Navy in 1851. He became a clerk in and an Associate of the Water Colour
the Board of Control in 1855, Assist- Society in March the same year.
ant Secretary in the India Office in Mr. Marks, whose forte is genre and
1867, and was placed in charge of the quaint medievalism, has been a con-
geographical department of the India stant exhibitor at the Royal Academy
Office in 1868. He was appointed since 1853. His principal pictures
Secretary to the Hakluyt Society in "Toothache in the Middle Ages,'
1858, and to the Royal Geographical 1856; "Dogberry's Charge to the
are,
|
""
MARLBOROUGH-MARSH.
687
Watch," 1859; "The Franciscan acceptance of the honour would have
Sculptor," 1861; “Experimental | involved, felt himself obliged to de-
Gunnery in the Middle Ages," 1868; cline it. Two years later, however,
"St. Francis Preaching to the Birds," his scruples in this respect appear to
and "The Princess and the Pelican," | have been overcome, for on the Duke
1870; "Bookworm," 1871; "Ornith- of Abercorn resigning the Viceroyalty
ologist" and "What is it?" 1873; of Ireland, the Duke of Marlborough
"Capital and Labour," 1874; "Jolly was nominated his successor Nov.
Post Boys," 1875; "The Apothe- 28, 1876. The Duke is Lord-Lieu-
cary," 1876; "The Spider and the tenant of Oxfordshire; a Prince of
Fly," 1877;"Convocation," 1878; the Holy Roman Empire; and as
also several decorative works, both descendant, in the female line, of the
for private houses and public build- great Duke of Marlborough, enjoys a
ings. Among the latter may be pension of £5,000 a-year, the palace
named the proscenium friezes of the of Blenheim, and "the honour and
Gaiety Theatre, London, and of the manor of Woodstock." He married,
Prince's Theatre, Manchester.
July 12, 1843, Lady Frances Alice
Emily, eldest daughter of the late
Marquis of Londonderry.
MARRYAT, FLORENCE. (See Ross-
CHURCH, MRS.)
MARSDEN, THE RIGHT REVE-
REND SAMUEL EDWARD, D.D., Bishop
of Bathurst, graduated B.A. at Trinity
College, Cambridge, in 1855, and M.A.
in 1858. Having held several cures,
he was appointed Incumbent of
Bengeworth, in Worcestershire. From
1861 to 1869 he was a diocesan Inspec-
tor of Schools. On June 29, 1869, he
was consecrated Bishop of Bathurst,
New South Wales, the ceremony being
performed in Westminster Abbey, by
the Archbishop of Canterbury.
MARSH, MISS CATHARINE, is the
youngest daughter of the late Rev.
Dr. Marsh, incumbent of Beckenham,
Kent, and Beddington, Surrey, who
died in 1864. For many years she
has taken the greatest interest in the
improvement of the working classes,
for whom she has written narratives
of a religious character. Her best
known works are "English Hearts
and English Hands," "Memorials of
Captain Hedley Vicars," the "Life of
the Rev. William Marsh, D.D.,” a
volume of songs and hymns, entitled
Memory's Pictures," and "Light
for the Line; or, the Story of Thomas
Ward, a Railway Workman." Miss
Marsh resided for some time at Beck-
enham, Kent, to the clergyman of
which parish her sister is married.
During the late visitation of cholera,
MARLBOROUGH (DUKE OF), The
RIGHT HON. JOHN WINSTON SPEN-
CER CHURCHILL, born June 2, 1822,
was educated at Eton and Oriel Col-
lege, Oxford. When Marquis of
Blandford he was returned to the
House of Commons, in April, 1844,
as member, in the Conservative in-
terest, for the family borough of
Woodstock, which he represented,
excepting for a short interval, (from
1845 till 1847,) until he succeeded as
Duke of Marlborough, July 1, 1857.
He became known in Parliament for
his endeavours to increase the use-
fulness of the Established Church.
Among other measures he succeeded
in obtaining an Act to amend those
known as Sir Robert Peel's Acts, "for
making better Provision for the Spi-
ritual Care of Populous Parishes."
Lord Blandford's Act, entitled "The
New Parishes Act," converted exist-
ing districts, under certain conditions,
into new parishes for ecclesiastical
purposes. He was appointed Lord
Steward of the Royal Household in
July, 1866, and held the office of
Lord President of the Council in Mr.
Disraeli's administration from March,
1867, to Dec., 1868. On the forma-
tion of his new government in Feb.,
1874, Mr. Disraeli offered to the Duke
of Marlborough the Viceroyalty of
Ireland. His Grace, however, in con-
sideration of his duties in his county
and towards his extensive property,
and the prolonged absence which the
688
MARSH.
she founded a Convalescent Hospital |
at Blackrock, Brighton, which has
since been established as a permanent
institution; also an Orphanage at
Beckenham, Kent.
MARSH, GEORGE PERKINS, LL.D.,
was born at Woodstock, Vermont,
March 17, 1801. He graduated at
Dartmouth College in 1820, went to
Burlington, Vermont, where he stu-
died law, and was admitted to the
bar. In 1835 he was elected a mem-
ber of the Supreme Executive Council
of the State; and in 1842 was chosen a
member of Congress, retaining his seat
at successive biennial elections until
1849, when he was appointed Minister
to Constantinople, where he remained
four years. In 1852 he was charged
by the United States Government with
a special mission to Greece. During
his residence abroad, he travelled
extensively in Europe, passing some
time in Denmark, Sweden, and Nor-
way, and came to be recognized as a
leading Scandinavian scholar. Re-
turning to America in 1853, he filled
several positions in his native State
until 1861, when he was appointed
Minister to Italy, a position which he
still holds (1878). He has published a
"Compendious Grammar of the Old
Northern or Icelandic Language,
compiled and translated from the
Grammar of Rask" (1838); "The
Camel, his Organization, Habits, and
Uses, with reference to his Introduc-
tion into the United States" (1856);
"Lectures on the English Language
(1861); and "Origin and History of
the English Language" (1862). This
work, with numerous additions and
corrections by the author was trans-
lated into Italian, under his super-
vision (Florence, 1870), and, almost
entirely rewritten, has been issued
under the title "The Earth as Modi-
fied by Human Action" (1874).
MARSH, JOHN B., born at Chester,
April 9, 1835, received his education
at a grammar school in his native
city. He commenced life upon a news-
paper in the north of England, The
Darlington and Stockton Times, and
afterwards was engaged in succession
upon the Chester Courant, the Man-
chester Examiner, the Birmingham
Post, and the London Daily Telegraph.
He has published "Sayings from
Shakspere," 1863; "Wise Sayings by
the Great and Good," 1864; "The
Reference Shakspere," 1864, third
edition, 1875; "Robin Hood," 1865;
"The Story of Harecourt," 1871;
"For Liberty's Sake," 1873 ; “Ve-
nice and the Venetians,” 1873; “Dick
Whittington," 1874.
MARSH, OTHNIEL CHARLES, born
at Lockport, New York, Oct. 29,
1831. He graduated at Yale College
in 1860, and passed the next two
years in the Yale Scientific School,
and from 1862 to 1865 studied in the
universities of Berlin, Heidelberg,
and Breslau. Returning to America
in 1866, he was chosen Professor of
Palæontology in Yale College. He
devoted himself to the special inves-
tigation of the extinct vertebrate
animals of the Rocky Mountain re-
gion, and nearly every year since
1868, has organised and led a scien-
tific expedition to those regions. In
these explorations more than 300 new
species of vertebrates have been dis-
covered, many of which represent
wholly new orders, and others not
before discovered in America. Of
these more than 200 have already
been described by Prof. Marsh in
papers most of which have appeared
in the American Journal of Science.
Among the fossil animals discovered
and described are the Ichthyornithes,
a new order of Cetaceous birds, hav-
ing teeth and biconcave vertebræ ;
the first American Pterodactyls, or
flying lizards, some having a spread
of wings of twenty-five feet; the
Dinocerata, gigantic Eocene mam-
mals, with six horns; the Bronto-
thesida, huge Miocene mammals with
a single pair of horns, and the first
fossil monkeys, bats, and marsupials
found in America. In 1874 and sub-
sequently, he was engaged in pre-
paring a report, to be published by
Government, giving full illustrated
descriptions of his Western dis-
coveries. He was President of the
➡
-
MARSHALL.
MARSHALL, FRANCIS ALBERT,
youngest son of the late W. Marshall,
Esq., M.P. for East Cumberland, was
born Nov. 18, 1840, in Grosvenor
Street, London, and received his edu-
cation at Harrow and Oxford, but did
not take a degree at the University.
He was appointed a clerk in the Audit
Office, Somerset House, by competi-
tion, in 1862, and resigned in 1868.
Mr. Marshall wrote regularly for
several newspapers and magazines
from 1862 to 1870; and published an
unfinished novel, "£.s. d.," in the Bri-
tannia magazine. He is best known,
however, as a dramatist. The follow-
ing pieces by him have been repre-
sented on the stage "Mad as a
Hatter," a farce (produced at the New
Royalty Theatre, Dec. 7, 1863);
"Corrupt Practices," a drama in two
acts, which proved a failure (Lyceum
Theatre, 1870); "Q. E. D.," a come-
dietta (Feb. 12, 1871, at the opening
of the new Court Theatre); "False
Shame," (Globe, Nov. 1872), an
Nov. 1872), an
original comedy in three acts, which
achieved a remarkable success, and
has been received in America and
in various towns of the United
Kingdom with great favour. Since
his " Brighton," a comedy in four
acts founded on Howard's "Sara-
toga" (played 300 nights in London);
and in conjunction with W. H. Wills
Cora," "founded on Adolphe Belot's
"Article 47;" and "Biron" a romantic
opera. In 1875 he published "A
Study of Hamlet," the first of a pro-
jected series of Shaksperian studies.
His comedy, "Family Honour," was
brought out at the Aquarium Theatre,
May 18, 1878.
64
meeting of the American Association | 1839, was elected an Associate of the
for the Advancement of Science, held
in 1878.
""
;
Scottish Academy in 1842, of the
Royal Academy in 1844, and R.A. in
1852. Mr. Marshall, who is one of
the few who have resisted the attrac-
tions of the more lucrative branch of
his art-portrait-busts-devoted his
skill as a modeller of the figure to
poetic sculpture. From the Art-
Union he has received many com-
missions for ideal works.
Broken Pitcher," in 1842 ;
becca," and other models in plaster,
were selected by Art-Union prize-
holders; and a reduction of the
"First Whisper of Love," in 1845,
was chosen by the holder of the £300
prize. The Dancing Girl Re-
posing obtained the Art-Union
premium of £500, reduced copies in
parian being distributed among the
subscribers
"Sabrina,'
and his
executed in 1847, is well known from
the porcelain statuette issued by
Copeland. Mr. Marshall is one of
the three sculptors employed for the
New Houses of Parliament, for which
he executed the statues of Lord
Clarendon and Lord Somers, and has
been selected for important statues
erected by public subscription,-that
in bronze of Sir R. Peel at Manches-
ter, and those of Jenner and Camp-
bell. The latter was long denied
admission to Poets' Corner, for want
of money to pay the fees demanded
by the Dean and Chapter, but which
were in the end relinquished. Jen-
ner's statue, to which there were
many foreign subscribers, erected in
Trafalgar Square, was afterwards
removed to Kensington Gardens. In
1857 Mr. Marshall obtained the first
prize of £700 for a design for a
national monument to the late Duke
of Wellington, and he is executing in
marble part of a series of bassi-ri-
lievi for the chapel in St. Paul's
Cathedral, in which that monument
is to be placed. Among other public
works on which he has been engaged
is a bronze statue of Crompton, the
inventor of the mule spinning-ma-
chine, erected in Bolton; a statue in
marble of Sir George Grey, late
Y Y
MARSHALL, WILLIAM CALDER,
R.A., sculptor, born in 1813, at Edin-
burgh, where he was educated, and
for some years practised his art, stu-
died in London under Chantrey and
Bailey, and in 1836 visited Rome.
He first exhibited at the Royal
Academy in 1835, took up his resi-
dence in London permanently in
689
""
"The
"Re-
690
MARSTON-MARTIN.
Governor of the Cape of Good Hope,
placed in Cape Town; and a statue
of James, seventh Earl of Derby, for
the spot on which that nobleman was
executed at Bolton. Mr. Marshall
was a member of the Royal Commis-
sion appointed to represent British
and colonial exhibitors at the Inter-
national Exhibition held at Paris in
1878, and, in recognition of his ser-
vices, he was nominated a Chevalier
of the Legion of Honour.
MARSTON, WESTLAND, LL.D.,
poet and dramatist, was born at
Boston, Lincolnshire, Jan. 30, 1820.
Having been articled to his uncle, a
solicitor in London, on the comple-
tion of his legal education he relin-
quished law for literature. His best
known five-act dramas hitherto re-
presented are,
"The
Patrician's
Daughter," a tragedy, published in
1841;
"The Heart and the World,"
a play, in 1847 ; "Strathmore," a
tragedy, in 1849; and "Ann Blake,"
a play, in 1852. He has written
MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI, a
French historian, and member of the
Academy, was born Feb. 20, 1810, at
Saint Quentin (Aisne), where his
father was Judge of the Civil Tri-
bunal. He followed as a day-scholar
the course of study in the college of
his native place, and it was resolved
that he should be a notary; but in
1830 he adopted literature as a pro-
fession. His first compositions were
novels. After "Wolfthurm " (1830),
written in conjunction with his friend
and fellow-townsman, Félix Davin,
under the pseudonyms of " Félix ”
and "Irner," he published a series of
historical romances, illustrative of
the epoch of the Fronde, viz.-" La
Vieille Fronde," 1832; "Minuit et
Midi," 1832; reprinted in the
4C
|
((
""
Philip of France," a tragedy; "A"Bibliothèque des Chemins de Fer "
Life's Ransom," a play; "Borough under the title of "Tancrède de
Politics," a comic drama in two acts; Rohan," 1855; and "Le Libelliste,
"A Hard Struggle," a drama in one 1651 - 1652," 2 vols., 1833. His
act; and assisted in the composition friendship with M. Paul Lacroix led
of "Trevanion, or the False Position," him to deal with history in a more
a play in three acts. Of late years direct manner. They planned a
his more conspicuous works are, History of France by the Principal
"Pure Gold," a play in four acts; Historians," the publication of which
"The Wife's Portrait," a drama in was commenced by M. Mame, of
two acts; and "Donna Diana," a a Tours, in 1833. It was intended that
comedy in three acts, partly from this work should consist of a collec-
German sources ; The Favourite of tion of extracts from the principal
Fortune, a comedy, played at the histories and chronicles, connected
Haymarket Theatre in 1866; "A with one another by explanatory pas-
Hero of Romance," from the French, sages, which were entrusted to dif-
with some original scenes, at the ferent writers, who, one after the
same theatre, in 1867; and a blank other, M. Paul Lacroix being the
verse play, produced at the Lyceum first, abandoned the undertaking.
in 1868, entitled, "Life for Life," in After having continued it single-
which Miss Neilson performed her handed, M. Henri Martin attempted
first original character in a poetic to substitute for it a personal work.
drama. Mr. Marston, who was one With the assistance, more or less
of the editors of the National Maga- direct, of M. Lacroix, and of his
zine, has contributed to the Athenæum valuable library, M. Henri Martin
some stirring lyrics, of which the brought out the first edition of his
best known is his "Death Ride at
"History of France" (Paris, 15 vols.,
Balaclava." He published "Gerald, 8vo, 1833-36). The first volume
a Dramatic Poem, and other Poems, originally appeared in 18mo form,
|
""
in 1842; “A Lady in her own Right,'
a novel, in 1860; and a collection of
his contributions in fiction to period-
ical literature, under the title of
"Family Credit, and other Tales," in
1861.
MARTIN.
|
46
and the author's name did not figure
on the title page till the tenth volume
came out. The two friends pub-
lished conjointly soon afterwards a
History of the Town of Soissons,"
2 vols., 1837, the greater portion
of which was written by M. Martin.
An enlarged and improved edition of
the History of France," which,
indeed, was entirely recast, appeared
in 19 octavo volumes, published at
unequal intervals between 1837 and
1854. This is the third edition, as a
second issue of the first had been
printed without the author's revision.
The 10th and 11th volumes, "Wars
of Religion," obtained the first Go-
bert Prize from the Académie des
Inscriptions in 1844. In 1851 the
French Academy, which for so many
years gave its first Gobert prize to
the illustrious Augustin Thierry,
awarded the second one to the 14th
15th, and 16th volumes of M. Mar-
tin's work, comprising the "Reign of
Louis XIV." After M. Thierry's
death, in 1856, the first prize was
given to these volumes. At that
period M. Martin had been collecting
the materials for a fourth edition of
his great work, still further improved,
which appeared in 16 octavo
volumes between 1855 and 1860.
More recently he prepared a popular
illustrated edition (1867 et seq.). In
July, 1869, the Institute awarded to
this great work, the biennial prize of
20,000 francs. In 1848 M. Carnot,
In 1848 M. Carnot,
provisional Minister of Public In-
struction, appointed M. Martin to
deliver at the Sorbonne a course of
lectures on modern history.
history. The
Professor took for his subject "La
Politique Extérieure de la Révolu-
tion." The lectures were interrupted
by the course of events, and did not
extend beyond the first six months.
After the fall of the Empire, he was
appointed Maire of the 16th arron-
dissement of Paris. In Feb., 1871,
he was chosen Deputy for the Seine
and for the Aisne, and he elected to
sit for the latter department. He
voted with the Left. When the In-
surrection of March 18 broke out, he
691
vainly endeavoured to oppose it by
concentrating the resistance to it at
the mairie of the 2nd arrondissement
in the Rue de la Banque. On return-
ing to Paris after the suppression of
the Commune he finally resigned
his office of Maire. On July 29,
1871, he was elected a member of the
Académie des Inscriptions et Belles
Lettres, in succession to M. Pierre
Clément. He also became a member
and Vice-President of the Conseil
Général of the Aisne; and he was
also elected a Senator for that de-
partment, his term of office expiring
in 1885. On June 13, 1878, he was
elected a member of the French
Academy in the room of M. Thiers.
M. Taine was also a candidate for
the seat, but M. Martin defeated
him by 18 votes to 15. M. Martin
has written several minor histor-
ical works in addition to those men-
tioned above, and he has been a
constant contributor to Liberal and
freethinking newspapers and period-
icals.
MARTIN, THE REV. FELIX, S. J.,
born in Normandy, Oct. 4, 1804. In
1823 he entered the Society of Jesus,
and after labouring in colleges and
missions of his order in France and
Belgium, was sent, in 1842, to Canada
to revive the once famous missions
there. He founded St. Mary's College
in Montreal, and presided over it for
many years. His ability as an archi-
tect is shown by the buildings of that
institution, and by many other recent
churches erected in Canada. He was
next for a time stationed at Quebec,
and laboured assiduously to collect
materials for the early history of
Canada
Canada; but his eyesight becoming
impaired, he returned to France,
where he has since been connected
with a house of his order near Paris.
He has edited several works relating
to the early history of Canada, which
were published in Montreal from
1848 to 1852. His works, prepared
after his return to France, include
"Mission du Canada: Relations in-
édites," Paris, 1861; "De Montcalm
in Canada," 1867; and "Le R. P.
YY 2
692
MARTIN-MARTINEAU.
•
Isaac Jogues," 1873. He also ex-
plored and prepared an elaborate re-
port on the ancient Indian Huron-
country, and assisted Caragon in his
series of volumes on the Jesuit mis-
sions.
effect, and his translations of Oehlen-
schläger's dramas, "Correggio” and
"Aladdin," published in 1854 and
1857, have rendered these master-
pieces of the Danish poet's genius
familiar to a large circle of English
readers. His metrical translation of
the Odes of Horace, with notes, ap-
peared in 1860, and was immediately
republished in the United States; his
translation of Catullus in 1861; a
volume of miscellaneous poems, and
translations from Goethe, Schiller,
and Uhland, printed for private cir-
culation; a translation of the " Vita
Nuova" of Dante, in 1862, and of
Goethe's
Faust; "Life of His
Royal Highness the Prince Consort,"
vol. i. in 1874, vol. iii. in 1877. Mr.
Martin, who is married to Miss Helen
Faucit, was created a Companion of
the Bath in March, 1875. ^ The de-
gree of LL.D. was conferred on him
by the University of Edinburgh,
April 21, 1875.
((
""
MARTIN, THE RIGHT HON. SIR
SAMUEL, son of the late Samuel
Martin, of Calmore, Londonderry,
born in 1801, was educated at Trinity
College, Dublin, entered at Gray's
Inn in 1821, and afterwards at the
Middle Temple; practising at first
as a special pleader. After having
been called to the bar by the latter
society in 1830, he went the Northern
circuit, and gained reputation in
Liverpool and other towns by the
ability he exhibited in the conduct
of cases. He married a daughter of
Sir Frederick Pollock, the Lord Chief
Baron, in 1843, was made Q.C., and
at the general election in Aug., 1847,
was elected, on Liberal principles, one
of the members for Pontefract, which
he represented till 1850, when he
was appointed a Baron of the Ex-
chequer, and shortly afterwards
knighted. He resigned his judgeship
at the close of the year 1873, and was
sworn of the Privy Council. He re-
joined the bench of the Middle
Temple in 1878.
""
|
|
MARTINEAU, JAMES, LL.D.,
younger brother of the late Miss
Martineau, was born at Norwich,
April 21, 1805, and educated at the
Norwich Grammar School, Dr. Lant
Carpenter's School at Bristol, and
Manchester New College, York. He
was appointed second minister of
Eustace Street Presbyterian Meeting
House, Dublin, in 1828; second min-
ister of Paradise Street Chapel, Liver-
pool, in 1832; Professor of Mental
and Moral Philosophy in Manchester
New College, in 1841; removed to
London, 1857; was minister of Little
Portland Street Chapel, 1859-72;
and was appointed Principal of Man-
chester New College, London, in 1868.
Dr. Martineau is the author of "The
Rationale of Religious Inquiry," pub-
lished about 1837; "Lectures in
the Liverpool Controversy," 1839;
"Hymns for the Christian Churchi
and Home," 1840; "Endeavours after
the Christian Life," vol. i., 1843;
vol. ii., 1847; "Miscellanies," 1852;
"Studies of Christianity," 1858;
|
MARTIN, THEODORE, C. B., son of
the late James Martin, Esq., of
Edinburgh, born there in 1816, was
educated at the High School, and,
after practising as a solicitor for
several years, removed, in 1846, to
London, where he established himself
as one of the leading parliamentary
agents and Scotch solicitors. He
first became known as an author by
his contributions to various periodi-
cals, under the signature "Bon
Gaultier," and in conjunction with
the late Professor Aytoun, produced
the "Book of Ballads" which bears
that name, and a volume of transla-
tions of the " Poems and Ballads of
Goethe," published in 1858. He pre-
pared a translation of the Danish
poet Henrik Hartz's fine play, "King
René's Daughter," which has been
produced on the stage with great
|
-
(6
-
Essays Philosophical and Theolog-
ical," 2 vols., 1869; “ Hymns of
Praise and Prayer," 1874; and “Re-
MASKELL-MASON.
|
ligion as affected by Modern Ma-
terialism," an address delivered in
Manchester New College, London,
1874. He has been a constant con-
tributor to the National Review, of
which he was one of the founders.
The honorary degree of D.D. was
conferred upon him by the University
of Leyden in Feb., 1875.
MASKELL, WILLIAM, M.A., only
son of the late William Maskell, Esq.,
of Bath, born in 1814, and educated
at University College, Oxford, where
he graduated B.A. in 1836, and M.A.
in 1838, took orders in 1837, and was
instituted to the rectory of Corscombe,
Dorset (of which he was patron), in
1842, resigning it in 1846. He was
appointed chaplain to the Bishop of
Exeter, and instituted to the vicarage
of St. Marychurch, Devon (in the
patronage of the Dean and Chapter
of Exeter), in 1847. The "Gorham
Case," in which Mr. Maskell had taken
an active and prominent part, as
chaplain of the Bishop of Exeter, was
decided by the Judicial Committee of
the Privy Council early in 1850, and
in June Mr. Maskell resigned his pre-
ferments, and was received into the
Roman Catholic Church. This step,
however, was not taken until after a
long and interesting correspondence
with the Archbishop of Canterbury.
Mr. Maskell has written "The Ancient
Liturgy of the Church of England,"
1844; "The History of the Martin
Marprelate Controversy," 1845;
"Monumenta Ritualia Ecclesiæ An-
glicanæ," 1846-7; "A Dissertation
on Holy Baptism," and "An Inquiry
into the Doctrine of the Church of
England upon Absolution," 1848;
the "First" and "Second Letters on
the Position of the High-Church
Party in the Church of England,"
1850; and "A Letter to Dr. Pusey
on his Practice of Receiving Con-
fessions." His fine collection of
English Rituals and Service Books
was, in 1847, disposed of to the trus-
tees of the British Museum, who pur-
chased his collection of ancient and
mediæval carvings in ivory, in 1858.
His most recent publications are "A
|
693
Letter to the Editor of the Dublin
Review upon the Temporal Power of
the Pope and his Personal Infalli
bility," 1869; "What is the Meaning
of the late decree on the Infallibility
of the Pope?" 1871; "Odds and
Ends," 1872, being a description of
the small seaport called Bude Haven,
Cornwall, along with six short sto
ries; "A Dissertation on Ancient and
Mediæval Ivories," 1872, for the Com-
mittee of Council on Education; and
he has also edited for them the South
Kensington Museum Art Handbooks.
Mr. Maskell is a magistrate and
deputy Lieutenant for the county of
Cornwall,
|
MASON, FRANCIS, the youngest
son of a lace merchant, was born
July 21, 1837, at Islington, and edu-
cated at the Islington Proprietary
School, and at King's School, Canter-
bury, became a member of the Royal
College of Surgeons in 1858, and a
Fellow by examination in 1862. He
received his professional education at
King's College, London, of which he
is an honorary Fellow. Early in his
career as a student he attracted the
attention of his teacher, the late Sir
William Fergusson, and subsequently
was for twelve years his confidential
assistant in private practice. He is
Surgeon and Lecturer on Anatomy at
St. Thomas's Hospital, and Consulting
Surgeon to the St. Pancras and
Northern Dispensary. He is a Fellow
of the Medico-Chirurgical, and other
learned societies, and was formerly
Assistant-Surgeon to King's College
Hospital, and Surgeon to the West-
minster Hospital. Mr. Mason is the
author of a work on Harelip and
Cleft Palate," 1877; also "The Sur-
gery of the Mouth," in the Monthly
Review of Dental Surgery; and "The
Surgery of the Face," the last con-
stituting the Lettsomian lectures de-
livered at the Medical Society of
London, in the session 1877-78, and
published in the Lancet. He has
contributed numerous papers to the
medical journals, the Medico-Chir-
urgical Transactions, and the St.
Thomas's Hospital Reports; and is
((
694
MASSÉ-MASSEY.
the inventor of several ingenious sur-
gical instruments.
MASSÉ, FÉLIX MARIE VICTOR,
composer, born at Lorient, March 7,
1822, studied at the Conservatoire of
Paris, and carried off the principal
prize for musical composition in 1844.
Upon his return from Rome he com-
posed various romances and melodies,
and in 1852 a comic opera in one act,
entitled "La Chanteuse Voilée," which
was successful. Amongst his later
compositions, which have nearly al-
ways met with a favourable reception,
may be mentioned, "Les Noces de
Jeannette," 1853; "Galathée," 1854,
accounted one of his best works;
"Miss Fauvette," 1855; "Les Saisons,'
1856; "La Reine Topaze," 1856; "La
Fée Carabosse," 1859; "Le Dernier
Couplet," 1861; and "Le Fils du
Brigadier," 1867. M. Massé, who is
chief of the choir of the opera, is
decorated with the Cross of the Legion
of Honour, and in 1863 received a
pension. In 1866 he was appointed
to succeed M. Leborne as Professor
of Composition at the Conservatoire.
He was elected a Member of the
Académie des Beaux Arts in the
place of Auber, in 1871; and an
Associate of the Royal Academy of
Belgium, in succession to Félicien
David, Jan. 11, 1877.
"1
MASSEY, GERALD, poet, born at
Tring, in Hertfordshire, May 29,
1828, of very poor parents, in early
youth was employed in a silk-mill,
and afterwards became a straw-plai-
ter. He received a scanty education
at the British and National Schools.
The Bible," Robinson Crusoe," the
(C
Pilgrim's Progress," and "Greek
and Roman History," constituted his
chief reading whilst at home. At the
age of fifteen he repaired to London,
became an errand-boy, and spent
some years in trade before he began
to gain his living by writing. A
volume entitled "Poems and Chan-
sons," published at Tring about 1846,
was his first work, and in 1848 he
edited a paper called the Spirit of
Freedom, and in 1849 published
"Voices of Freedom and Lyrics of
Love." The same year he became one
of the secretaries to the Christian
Socialists, who, headed by the Rev.
Mr. Maurice, were trying to promote
co-operation amongst the working
classes. He wrote "The Ballad
of Babe Crystabel, and other Poems,"
published in 1855; "Craigcrook
Castle, and other Poems," in 1856;
and " Havelock's March, and other
Poems," in 1861. Mr. Massey, who
afterwards published a prose work,
entitled "Shakspere's Sonnets and
his Private Friends," received
pension on the civil list in 1863.
His latest work is "A Tale of Eter-
nity, and other Poems," 1869. He
contributes to various periodicals, and
lectures on literary and other subjects.
In 1873 he proceeded on a lecturing
tour to the United States, where he
gained an unenviable notoriety by
the delivery of a blasphemous lecture
entitled, "Why does not God kill the
Devil?"
a
MASSEY, THE RIGHT HON. WIL-
LIAM NATHANIEL, M.P., descended
from the family of the late Lord Cla-
rina, born in 1809, was admitted to
the bar in 1844, and went the Western
circuit. In July, 1852, he was elected
to the House of Commons as one of
the members in the Liberal interest
for Newport, Isle of Wight; at the
general elections in March, 1857, and
in April, 1859, was returned for Sal-
ford, from the representation of which
he retired on becomng Finance Minis-
ter for India, in Feb., 1865. Having
been recorder for Plymouth in Aug.,
1855, he was appointed Under-
Secretary of State for the Home De-
partment in Lord Palmerston's first
administration, from which he re-
tired upon the return of the Derby
ministry to power in Feb., 1858. In
1860 he spoke against Lord John
Russell's Reform Bill, became chair-
man of the Committee of Ways and
Means, and Deputy-Speaker in the
House of Commons, and on being ap-
pointed Finance Minister in India,
in succession to Sir C. Trevelyan, in
Feb., 1865, was sworn a member of
the Privy Council. He afterwards
G
MASSON-MASTERS.
695
turned to Parliament, Nov. 4, 1872,
as member for Tiverton, which
borough he continues to represent.
Mr. Massey has written "Common
Sense versus Common Law," pub-
lished in 1850, and a "History of
England during the Reign of George
III.,” of which four volumes appeared
between 1855 and 1863.
pub-
•
;
""
came back to England, and was re- | Poets," appeared in 1856, and have
been reprinted, with additions, in
3 vols., 1874, one being entitled
specially, "Chatterton: a Story of
the year 1770;" his "Life of John
Milton, narrated in connection with
the Political, Ecclesiastical, and Lite-
rary History of his Time,” vol. i. was
published in 1858, vol. ii. in 1871,
vol. iii. in 1873, and vols. iv. and v.
in 1878, there being yet one volume
wanted to complete the work “Bri-
tish Novelists and their Styles: a
Critical Sketch of the History of
British Prose Fiction, in 1859;
"Recent British Philosophy; a Re-
view with Criticism, including some
Remarks on Mr. Mill's Answer to Sir
W. Hamilton," being an explanation
of some lectures delivered at the
Royal Institution of Great Britain,
in 1865. Among his most recent
publications are an edition of Milton's
Poetical Works, called "The Cam-
bridge Edition," in three volumes,
with introductions, notes, and an
essay on Milton's English, and a
smaller edition of the same, called
"The Golden Treasury Edition," in
two volumes, with introductions,
notes, and a memoir. Both appeared
in 1874. In 1873 he published a
biography of the poet Drummond,
entitled, "Drummond of Hawthorn
den: the Story of his Life and
Writings; " and in 1874 "The Three
Devils : Luther's, Milton's, and
Goethe's.'
MASSON, DAVID, Professor of
Rhetoric and English Literature in the
University of Edinburgh, born Dec. 2,
1822, in Aberdeen, and educated at
Marischal College in that city, and at
the University of Edinburgh, com-
menced his literary career at the age
of nineteen, as editor of a Scotch
provincial newspaper, and repairing,
in 1844, to London, where he remained
about a year, contributed to Fraser's |
Magazine and other periodicals. He
established himself in Edinburgh for
two or three years, as a writer for
periodical publications, besides having
special eagagements with the Messrs.
Chambers, returning to London in
1847, where he resided for eighteen
years, and was appointed to the chair
of English Language and Literature at
University College, London, on the re-
signation of the late Professor Clough
in 1852. He retired from this post in
Oct., 1865, having been appointed
Professor of Rhetoric and English
Literature in the University of Edin-
burgh. He contributed numerous
articles to the Quarterly, National,
British Quarterly, and North British MASTERS, MAXWELL TYLDEN,
Reviews, to the Encyclopædia Britan- M.D., F.R.S., born in 1833, at Canter-
nica and the English Cyclopædia, and bury, was educated at King's College,
in 1859 became editor of Macmillan's London, after which he practised
Magazine, which he conducted for a medicine for some years. He held
good many years, and to which he the lectureship on botany at St.
has largely contributed. His papers George's Hospital from 1855 to 1868,
on Carlyle's "Latter-Day Pamph- and became principal editor of the
lets," "Dickens and Thackeray," | Gardener's Chronicle in 1865. Dr.
"Rabelais," "Literature and the Masters is Botanical Examiner in the
Labour Question,'
"“Pre-Raphaelism | University of London; a Fellow of
in Art and Literature," "Theories of the Royal, Linnæan, and Royal Hor-
Poetry,' Shakspere and Goethe," ticultural Societies; an Associate of
Hugh Miller," and "De Quincey King's College; an honorary or cor-
and Prose-writing," are the best responding member of the principal
known. His "Essays, Biographical Horticultural Societies of Belgium,
and Critical: chiefly on English Russia, Italy, and America, and of
|
"1 (6
"C
15
Ad
696
MATHESON-MATHILDE.
the Royal Society of Sciences of
Liège, the Society of Natural Sciences
of Cherbourg, &c. His works consist
of a treatise on (C
Vegetable Terato-
logy," of "Botany for Beginners" (of
which Dutch and Russian translations
have been made), and of numerous
monographs and papers on subjects
relating to botany, vegetable physio-
logy, and horticulture. He is a fre-
quent contributor to scientific perio-
dicals, and has taken part in Oliver's
"Flora of Tropical Africa," Hooker's
"Flora of British India," Von Mar-
tius's “Flora Brasiliensis," De Can-
dolle's "Prodromus," and other works,
besides preparing the second and third
editions of Henfrey's "Elementary
Course of Botany."
MATHESON, SIR JAMES, Bart.,
F.R.S., second son of Donald Mathe-
son, Esq. (chief of the clan Mathe-
son in Sutherlandshire), born in
1796, having been educated at the
High School and University of Edin-
burgh, embarked in commercial pur-
suits, and was for many years a
partner in the firm of Jardine, Mathe-
son, and Co., merchants in Canton.
He sat in the House of Commons as
member in the Liberal interest for
Ashburton, from March, 1843, until
Aug., 1847, when he was elected
for the counties of Ross and Cro-
marty, which he continued to repre-
sent till Dec., 1868. He was raised
to a baronetcy in 1850, as a mark of
royal approval of his noble benevo-
lence and untiring efforts in alleviat-
ing the sufferings of the inhabitants
of the island of Lewes at the period
of the famine. Sir James, who is a
member of the Board of Trustees for
Manufactures and of the Fishery
Board in Scotland, was for several
years Chairman of the Peninsular
and Oriental Steam-Packet Company.
When at Bombay in the course of his
homeward voyage from China, in
1842, he was presented by the native
merchants with a service of plate of
the value of £1,500, in acknowledg-
ment of his exertions in promoting
British commerce in China, during the
first war with that empire. He is
Lord-Lieutenant of Ross-shire, and
Vice-President of the Caledonian
Asylum, London.
a
MATHIEU-BODET, PIERRE,
French statesman, was born in 1817,
and adopted the legal profession. In
1848 he was chosen one of the Conser-
vative members of the Constituent
Assembly, and retained his seat in the
Chamber till the coup d'état of 1851,
devoting himself particularly to finan-
cial questions. He was appointed by
Prince Louis Napoleon a member of
the Consultative Commission, but on
the confiscation of the property of the
Orleans Princes he resigned that post,
and during the Empire confined him-
self to the exercise of his profession.
On his election to the Assembly in
1871 he retired from the bar. Though
a Conservative, he abstained from
taking part in the consultations of
any particular party. He voted
against M. Thiers in May, 1873, being
one of the fourteen Deputies who
then announced their acceptance of
the Republic as the definite form of
Government, but who urged on the
President a more distinct Conserva-
tive policy. He was elected Reporter
to the Budget Committee in 1872,
and again in the session of 1874. In
June, 1874, he succeeded M. Magne
in the Ministry of Finance, and he
retained his portfolio till May, 1875.
MATHILDE (PRINCESS),
MATHILDE LÆTITIA WILHELMINE
BONAPARTE, daughter of the ex-King
Jerome and Princess Catherine of
Würtemberg, and cousin to Napoleon
III., was born at Trieste, May 27,
1820, and married at Florence, Oct. 10,
1841, to the Russian Prince Anatole
Demidoff. This union was not happy,
and in 1845 they separated by mutual
consent, her husband being compelled
by the Czar to allow the Princess an
annuity of 200,000 roubles. From
1849 till the marriage of Napoleon III.
she did the honours at the palace of
the President, and on the re-establish-
ment of the Empire was comprised
amongst the members of the imperial
family of France, and received the
title of Highness. The Princess, who
MAUDSLEY—MAY.
was a pupil of M. Giraud, is an ac-
complished artist, and has exhibited
some of her pictures upon several
occasions at the Salon de Peinture.
She obtained honourable mention in
1861.
MAY, THE RIGHT HON. GEORGE
AUGUSTUS CHICHESTER, son of the
Rev. Edmund May, late Rector of
Belfast, by Elizabeth, eldest daughter
of the late William Sinclair, Esq., of
Fortwilliam, co. Antrim, was born at
Belfast. He received his education
at Shrewsbury School and at Magda-
len College, Cambridge, where he
graduated with honours.
He was
called to the bar in Ireland in 1814;
was made a Queen's Counsel there in
1865; was law adviser to the Crown
in Ireland from Feb., 1874, to Nov.,
1875; and Attorney-General for Ire-
land from the last date to Feb., 1877,
when he was appointed to succeed
the late Right Hon. James Whiteside
as Lord Chief Justice of the Queen's
Bench in Ireland.
|
MAUDSLEY, HENRY, M.D., was
born at Giggleswick, near Settle,
Yorkshire, Feb. 5, 1835, and educated
at Giggleswick Grammar School and
University College, London. He
studied medicine at University Col-
lege, and graduated M.D. at the Uni-
versity of London in 1857. Dr.
Maudsley was Physician to the Man-
chester Royal Lunatic Hospital
1859-62; was made Fellow of the
Royal College of Physicians in 1869;
and was appointed Gulstonian Lec-
turer to the College in 1870. He is a
Fellow of University College, London,
Professor of Medical Jurisprudence
in University College, and Consulting
Physician to the West London Hos-
pital; and an honorary member of
various learned societies in Paris,
Vienna, Italy, and America. He has
been President of the Medico-Psycho-
logical Association of Great Britain and
Ireland, and is editor of the Journal
of Mental Science. Dr. Maudsley, who
practises as a Consulting Physician in
Lunacy, is the author of "The Phy-
siology and Pathology of Mind,"
Body and Mind," and "Responsi-
bility in Mental Disease."
MAURITIUS, BISHOP OF. (See
ROYSTON, DR.)
44
697
MAY, SIR THOMAS ERSKINE,
K.C.B., D.C.L., born in 1815, and
educated at Bedford School, under
Dr. Brereton, entered the public ser-
vice as Assistant Librarian of the
House of Commons in 1831, was called
to the bar at the Middle Temple in
1838, was appointed Examiner of
Petitions for Private Bills in 1846,
Taxing-Master of the House of Com-
mons in 1847, to the Table of the
House, as Clerk-Assistant, in 1856,
and Clerk of the House of Commons
in 1871. His public services were
rewarded by the Companionship of
the Bath in 1860, and he was pro-
moted Knight Commander in July,
1866. Sir T. E. May has written “A
Treatise on the Law, Privileges, Pro-
ceedings, and Usage of Parliament,"
published in 1844, which being ac-
knowledged as the Parliamentary
text-book, has passed through six
MAXWELL, JAMES CLERK, M.A.,
LL.D., F.R.S., was born June 13,
1831, at Edinburgh. He was educated
at Edinburgh and Trinity College,
Cambridge (B.A. 1854); and was ap-
pointed Professor of Natural Philo-editions, and has been translated into
sophy in Marischal College, Aberdeen, German and Hungarian; a pamphlet,
in 1856; Professor of Natural Philo- entitled "Remarks and Suggestions
sophy and Astronomy in King's Col- with a view to Facilitate the Dispatch
lege, London, in 1860; and Professor of of Public Business in Parliament,"
Experimental Physics, at Cambridge, published in 1849; another pam-
in 1871. In 1878 he delivered the phlet, "On the Consolidation of the
Rede Lecture at Cambridge, the sub- Election Laws," in 1850; and "Con-
ject being "The Telephone." He is stitutional History of England since
the author of "Theory of Heat," 4th the Accession of George III., 1760-
edit., 1875; and "Treatise on Elec- 1860," in 1861-3, which, commencing
tricity and Magnetism," 1873.
where the great work of Hallam con-
•
J
698
MAYER-MAYHEW.

cluded, continues the history of our
laws and liberties to the present time.
The latter work has been reprinted in
the United States and translated into
French and German; and a third
edition with a new supplementary
chapter, was published in London in
3 vols., 1871. Sir T. E. May's most
recent work is "Democracy in
Europe; a History," 2 vols., 1877.
In 1854 he collected and reduced to
writing, for the first time, the "Rules,
Orders, and Forms of Proceeding of
the House of Commons," which were
adopted and printed by command of
the House. He contributed to the
Penny Cyclopædia numerous articles,
relating chiefly to political economy
and historical biography; and has
written for the Edinburgh Review,
the Law Magazine, and other
reviews.
The number of scientific works for
which the world is indebted to Mr.
Mayer's generous aid is considerable;
the "Inventorium Sepulchrale," the
"Anglo-Saxon Vocabularies," and the
"Diplomatarium Anglicum Ævi
Saxonici," being the most important.
When the art of electro-plating was
discovered by Mr. Thomas Spencer,
to this liberal patron of all science
did the inventor apply. Under Mr.
Mayer's auspices, the first article
ever subjected to this process was
successfully plated-a spoon, which
now lies in the Mayer Collection
in the Liverpool Museum. In 1860
he raised two companies of volun-
teers, called the Liverpool Borough
Guard, and subsequently raised and
clothed at his own expense a third
company, in the neighbourhood of
Bebbington, his residence. In 1865 he
made a donation to this Cheshire.
village of a free library, containing
20,000 volumes, with a handsome
edifice, standing in the public walks,
which are also a gift of Mr. Mayer.
They occupy nearly six acres, and are
planted with every variety of flower-
hising shrub that will bear the Cheshire
climate. Mr. Mayer is an enthusiastic
student of floriculture in its higher
forms. In 1870, under the superin-
tendence of Henry Boyle, Esq., M.A.,
the Victoria Regia was brought to
flower beneath the open sky, in his
hot-water tanks at Bebbington,-an
achievement never before made, and
believed to be possible by very few.
In 1869 his grateful townsmen of
Liverpool erected a colossal statue of
Mr. Mayer in St. George's Hall. It is
of Carrara marble, and the work of
Signor Giovanni Fontana.
MAYER, JOSEPH, F.S.A., born at
Newcastle-under-Lyme, Feb. 23,
1803, settled as a jeweller at Liver-
pool in 1822, and devoted his labour
and fortune to the formation of
the Museum of Art recently pre-
sented by him to that town. His
earliest study was Greek coins,
collection of which was sold to the
French Government in 1844. Antique
gems next attracted his chief atten-
tion, and his skill and liberality ren-
dered him famous in Europe. His
favourite design was to collect in
Liverpool a museum of treasures of
artistic excellence, in order to edu-
cate students in the true principles of
beauty. In this he has succeeded, and
his Egyptian, Abyssinian, and Etrus-
can collections, chosen with a due
regard to art, are justly famed; and
he is equally celebrated for his collec-
tion of ivories, of Greek, Roman, and
Mediæval gems, and of Wedgwood
and of English pottery. With the
view of writing "A History of the
"A History of the
Rise and Progress of Art in England
from 1550 to the Present Time," he
has collected between four and five
thousand original drawings, between
fifteen and twenty thousand early
engravings, and above fifty thousand
autograph letters of English artists.
MAYHEW, HENRY, born in 1812,
was for a short time at Westminster
School, which he left to go a voyage
to Calcutta, and on his return was
articled to his father, a solicitor, for
three years. He commenced his lite-
rary career in London, bringing out, in
conjunction with the late Mr. Gilbert
à Beckett, the farce of the "Wander-
ing Minstrel " at the Queen's Theatre,
and in 1841 was one of the promoters
MAYOR-MEASON.
""
of Punch, from which he afterwards, 1870, 3 parts; 2nd edition, in 1 vol.,
withdrew. He has written numerous 1871; "Exercises of Latin Syntax,
tales and articles in magazines, and 3 parts, 1871; "Latin Exercises,"
is best known by "London Labour 3rd series, in 3 parts, 1872; "Life of
and the London Poor," a cyclopædia Ambrose Bonwicke," 1870; "Life of
of information on the condition of the Bishop Bedell by his son," 1871;
working classes. Among his other "Homer's Odyssey," IX.-XII., with
works are "The Mormons, or Latter- notes, part I., 1872; "Quintilian,"
Day Saints," published in 1852, and book X., with notes, part I., 1872;
"The Wonders of Science," in 1855.
In conjunction with his brothers
Horace and Augustus, he published a
variety of fairy tales and farces, and
the following works of humorous fic-
tion :-"The Greatest Plague of Life,"
'Whom to Marry, and How to Get
Married," "The Magic of Kindness,"
"Peasant-boy Philosopher," and
"Tricks of Trade."
">
Fragments of two Essays in Eng-
lish Philology by Archdeacon Hare,'
1873; Report of the Congress of
Constance, and translations of various
speeches and tracts by Bishop Rein-
kens, Prof. Messmer, &c., 1873-4;
"Memoir of Margaret, Countess of
Richmond and Derby," by the late
Charles Henry Cooper, F.S.A., 1874.
Mr. Mayor was one of the editors of
the Journal of Classical and Sacred
Philology and of the Journal of Philo-
logy.
MAYOR, THE REV. JOHN EYTON
BICKERSTETH, M.A., born at Badda-
gamme, in Ceylon, Jan. 25, 1825, was
educated at Shrewsbury School and
St. John's College, Cambridge, and
ordained deacon in 1855, priest in
1857, by the Bishop of Ely. He was
elected Fellow of St. John's College
in 1849; was Assistant - Master at
Marlborough College 1849-53; Col-
lege Lecturer in 1853; Librarian
of the University of Cambridge
1863-7, and was appointed Professor
of Latin in that University in 1872.
Mr. Mayor is the editor of "Thirteen
Satires of Juvenal," 1853, 2nd edi-
tion, part I., 1869, part II., 1872,
new edit, 1878; "Two Lives of
Nicholas Ferrar," 1855; "Autobio-
graphy of Matt. Robinson," 1856;
"Early Statutes of St. John's Col-
lege, Cambridge," 1859; "Cicero's
Second Philippic," with notes, 1861;
2nd edition, 1865; 3rd edition, 1867;
4th edition, 1872; "Roger Ascham's
Schoolmaster," with notes, 1863;
"Ricardi de Cirencestria Speculum
Historiale de Gestis Regum Angliæ,"
2 vols., 1863-9; "Letters of Arch-
bishop Williams," 1866; "Catalogue
of the Baker MSS.," Cambridge,
1867;
"First Greek Reader," 1868;
2nd edition, 1870; 3rd edition, 1873;
Tho. Baker's "History of St. John's
College, Cambridge," 2 vols., 1869;
"Exercises on Latin Accidence,'
""
699
MEASON, MALCOLM RONALD
LAING, son of the late Gilbert Laing
Meason, Esq., of Lindertis, Forfar-
shire, was born at Edinburgh, in
1824, and educated in France, and
at St. Gregory's College, Down-
side, near Bath. He entered the
army in 1839, as ensign of the 40th
Regiment, and served through the
second Affghan and the Gwalior cam-
paigns in India, was very severely
wounded, and received two medals.
He joined the 10th Hussars in 1846,
and sold out in 1851. From the latter
year to 1854 he was editor of the
Bombay Telegraph and Courier. In
1855, he was sent to Paris by the Daily
News in conjunction with Mr. Blan-
chard Jerrold, as one of the special
correspondents for the Paris Exhibi-
tion of that year. From 1855 to
1860 he was a frequent contributor
to the Daily News, and in the latter
year wrote some interesting letters
to that paper from Mount Lebanon,
concerning the massacre of the Chris-
tians in Syria, of which he was in
many instances a witness. From
1856 to 1870, he was a constant con-
tributor to Household Words, and
afterwards to All the Year Round.
From 1866 to 1870 he was editor of
The Weekly Register. In 1870 he
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→
700
MEATH-MECHI,
went abroad as special correspondent
of the New York Herald with the
French army, and went through the
whole campaign with MacMahon's
corps d'armée.
He was the only
newspaper correspondent present at
the famous battle of Wörth, which
he witnessed from the top of the
village church steeple. After Sedan
he accepted an offer from the Daily
Telegraph, and remained in France
as special correspondent of that paper
until the end of the war, and after-
wards, for two years, as correspondent
for the same journal at Paris and
Versailles. He joined the staff of The
Hour in 1873. He went to Ver-
sailles for the trial of Marshal Ba-
zaine for The Hour, and afterwards,
in the employment of the Echo, as
special correspondent with the Prince
of Wales. In 1865 he published
"The Bubbles of Finance," and in
1866 "The Profits of Panics," being
both descriptions from life of the
joint stock swindles of the day. In
1868 he published a small volume on
"Turf Frauds." He has contributed
to the Month, the Dublin Review, Bel-
gravia, Fraser, Macmillan, the White-
hall Review, and other periodicals.
MEATH, BISHOP OF. (See PLUN-
KET.)
MECHI, JOHN JOSEPH, son of
Giacomo Mechi, a citizen of Bologna,
who early in life settled in England,
and having been naturalised, obtained
a post in the household of George III.,
born in London, May 22, 1802, was,
at the age of 16, placed as a clerk in
a mercantile house in the Newfound-
land trade, where he remained eleven
years. In this capacity he contrived
to turn the usual hour allowed for
dinner to a profitable account by
selling, among his friends and ac-
quaintances in the City, a small and
inexpensive article of which he had
bought the patent. The consequence
was that, mainly by his own exertions,
he was enabled, about 1827, to set up
on his own account, as a cutler, in a
very small shop in Leadenhall Street;
and between 1830 and 1840 he re-
alised a handsome fortune by the
<<
Magic Razor Strop
" which bears
his name. In 1840, having atten-
tively studied English farming, he
resolved to attempt some improve-
ments in agriculture, and accordingly
bought a small farm of about 130
acres, at Tiptree Heath, one of the
least productive districts in Essex.
Here he resolved to try what he
could effect by the system of deep
drainage, and by the application of
steam power. The Essex farmers
laughed at him as an enthusiast; the
country gentlemen held aloof from
him; but he persevered till he
brought his small farm into such a
state of productiveness that has made
it realise annually an average hand-
some profit; while the press has ac-
knowledged the services which he
has rendered to agricultural science
by the exhibition of modern processes
upon his model farm. He was ap-
pointed to the Shrievalty of London
in July, 1856, and elected an Alder-
man in the following year. About
the same time he was presented with
a handsome testimonial of the value
of £500, subscribed by noblemen and
gentlemen interested in science and
agriculture at home and abroad.
Mr. Mechi has been for some years a
member of the Council of the Society
of Arts, and was a Juror in the De-
partment of Art and Science at the
Great Exhibition of 1851, and at the
Industrial Exhibition at Paris in
1855, to which he was specially sent
by Her Majesty's Government. He
has written "Letters on Agricultural
Improvements," published in 1845;
66
Experience in Drainage," in 1847;
and "How to Farm Profitably," in
1860. The latter is a new and en-
larged edition of an account of his
improved agricultural system, which,
in a cheap and popular form, has
reached a sale of 10,000 copies.
After eight years' service as Alder-
man of London he resigned his gown,
very much against the wishes of his
constituents. He retains the office
of Magistrate for Middlesex, and one
of the Deputy-Lieutenants for the
City of London.
MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN-MELBOURNE.
MECKLENBURG
(GRAND DUKE OF), FREDERICK
FRANCIS II., Son of the late Grand
Duke Paul Frederick, and of the
Princess Alexandrina of Prussia, born
Feb. 28, 1823, studied at the Univer-
sity of Bonn, and succeeded his
father, March 7, 1842. The revolu-
tion of 1848 obliged him to make
some liberal modifications in his in-
ternal policy, but the old régime was
restored in 1851. He married, Nov. 3,
1849, Augusta Matilda Wilhelmina,
daughter of Henry, prince of Reuss-
Schleiss, by whom he has a large
family, of which the eldest son,
Francis Paul, was born March 19,
1851. The Grand Duchess died
March 3, 1862, and he married Anna
Maria Wilhelmina Elizabeth Matilda,
daughter of Prince Charles William
Louis of Hesse, May 12, 1864. She
died April 16, 1865.
|
-
SCHWERIN became Professor in the College of
Tessé, at Le Mans. After occupying
this post for three years, he went to
Paris, and was appointed successively
Director of Studies in the Seminary
of Notre Dame des Champs, almoner
at the house of the Legion of Honour
at St. Denis, curate of the parishes of
St. Joseph and St. Andrew, and chief
curate of St. Clotilde, where he re-
mained from 1857 to 1862. He also
became Professor of Holy Scripture
at the Sorbonne; Vicar-General of
the diocese of Paris in 1863; and
Bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne, in 1864.
His principal works are, " Prophéties
Messianiques," vol. i., 1858; "M.
Renan réfuté par les Rationalistes
Allemands," 1863; "Les Évangiles
et la Critique au XIXe Siècle," 1864;
"La Crise Protestante en Angleterre
et en France," 1864; and "Le Monde
et l'Homme Primitif selon la Bible,"
1869.
MECKLENBURG-STRELITZ
(GRAND DUKE OF), FREDERICK
WILLIAM CHARLES GEORGE ERNEST
ADOLPHUS GUSTAVUS, a Lieut.-Gen.
in the Prussian army, born Oct. 17,
1819; married June 28, 1843, the
Princess Augusta Caroline Charlotte
Elizabeth Maria Sophia Louisa of
Cambridge, daughter of the late
Duke of Cambridge. He succeeded
his father, Sept. 6, 1860, and has
one son, George Adolphus Frederick
Augustus Victor Ernest Gustavus
William Wellington, born July 22,
1848.
701
MEISSONIER, JEAN LOUIS
ERNEST, painter, born at Lyons,
about 1812, went, while young, to
Paris, and for some time attended
the studio of M. Léon Cogniet. He
displayed remarkable ingenuity in
microscopic painting, which no one
in France had attempted before him,
and his "Little Messenger," exhibited
in 1836, attracted the attention of
critics, who were astonished that so
much precision could be allied to
such delicacy of finish. Since then
he has frequently exhibited, and
always with great success. In the
Salon of 1857 he had nine subjects,
all distinguished by an exquisite
touch, and manifesting great care
and patience. He obtained a medal
of the third class in 1840, one of the
second class in 1841, and two of the
first class in 1855. He was decorated
with the Legion of Honour in 1846,
was made Grand Officer in June,
1856, Commander in June, 1867, and
member of the Academy of Beaux
Arts in 1861.
MELANESIA, BISHOP OF. (See
SELWYN.)
MELBOURNE, BISHOP OF. (See
MEDLEY, THE RIGHT REV. JOHN,
D.D., Bishop of Frederickton, born in
1804, was educated at Wadham Col-
lege, Oxford, where he graduated
B.A. in honours in 1826, and M.A. in
1830. He was for several years vicar
of St. Thomas's, Exeter, and preben-
dary of that Cathedral, and in 1845
was consecrated first Bishop of Fre-
derickton. His diocese includes the
entire province of New Brunswick.
|
MEIGNAN, GUILLAUME RENÉ, a
French prelate, born at Renazé
(Mayenne), April 1, 1817, studied at
Angers and at Château-Gontier,
where he greatly distinguished him-
self, and after being ordained priest | MOORHOUse, Dr.).
702
MELIKOFF-MENABREA.
became the wife of the late Mr. Alfred
Mellon, the popular composer and
conductor, for some time the leader
of the orchestra at the Adelphi
Theatre, who died in June, 1867.
|
MELIKOFF, LORIS, a Russian |
general, of Armenian descent, son of
a merchant at Moscow, was born in
1824, and received his education at
the Lazareff Institute in that city.
He speaks the Russian, Armenian,
Tartar, Persian, and French lan-
guages. At an early age he com-
menced his military career, joining
the Hussars at St. Petersburg. At
the time of the Crimean war he had
attained to the rank of colonel, and
he commanded a light cavalry regi-
ment. He was present at the cap-
ture of Kars, and was appointed
commandant of that town with the
rank of general. He also took part
in the military operations in the
Caucasus, and after the peace he was
sent, as governor, to Vladi-Kavkas,
in Circassia, in 1860. Some years
afterwards he obtained an unlimited
leave of absence on account of the
state of his health. He visited
France, resided for some time at
Paris, went next to Germany, and
was staying at Wiesbaden when the
declaration of war by Russia against
Turkey recalled him to active service.
He was appointed Adjutant-General
to the Grand-Duke Michael, the Im-
perial Lieutenant Commanding-in-
Chief the army of the Caucasus. It
was in fact General Loris Melikoff
who directed all the military opera-
tions in a country with which no one
was more intimately acquainted than
himself. To him in particular is due
the capture of Ardahan by the Rus-
sian troops, May 17, 1877, and the
subsequent capture of Kars.
MELLOR, THE HON. SIR JOHN,
son of the late John Mellor, Esq., of
Leicester, born at Hollingwood, near
Oldham, in 1809, was called to the
bar at the Inner Temple in 1833, and
went the Midland circuit. In 1851
he was appointed Q.C., and elected a
Bencher of the Inner Temple, was
for some years Recorder of Warwick,
resigned in 1852, and was appointed
in Feb., 1855, to the Recordership of
Leicester. He was an unsuccessful
candidate, in the Liberal interest, for
the borough of Warwick in July,
1852, was elected one of the mem-
bers for Great Yarmouth in Aug.,
1857, and was returned for Notting-
ham, as an advanced Liberal, at the
general election, in April, 1859. He
was elevated to the Bench on the
retirement of Sir Hugh Hill, in 1861,
and received the honour of knight-
hood.
MELLON, MRS. ALFRED, known
under her maiden name, Miss Sarah
Jane Woolgar, born July 8, 1824, made
her first appearance in London at the
Adelphi Theatre, in Sept., 1843, in a
farce called "Antony and Cleopatra,"
when her merits were recognised, and
she found herself high in favour with
the London public. Her name has
been identified with all the Adelphi
triumphs since the date of her first
appearance; indeed, except for very
brief engagements, she has appeared
at no other London theatre. She
MENABREA (COUNT), LOUIS
FREDERICK, an Italian general and
statesman, born at Chambéry (Savoy),
Sept. 4, 1809, studied with distinction
at the University of Turin, and entered
the corps of Engineers as lieutenant.
At an early age he became favourably
known by his scientific attainments,
which led to his appointment as Pro-
fessor of Mechanics in the Military
Academy, in the School of Artillery,
and in the University of Turin, and
to his election, in 1839, as a member
of the Academy of Sciences in that
city. He attained the rank of captain
in 1848. Sent by King Charles Albert
on a mission into the Italian duchies,
he exerted himself to procure a vote
in favour of union with the Subalpine
kingdom, He was next elected to the
Chamber of Deputies, and attached as
chief officer first to the Ministry of
War, and next to that of Foreign
Affairs. These functions he resigned
on the accession to power of Gioberti,
but he resumed them after the defeat
at Novara. In the war of Italian
MENZEL-MERCIER.
independence Count Menabrea, who
had been advanced to the rank of
major-general, and placed at the head
of the engineering department of the
army, executed several important
works, including the investment of
Peschiera, and was present at the
battles of Palestro and Solferino. On
the cession of his native province to
France, he determined to retain his
Italian nationality. Soon afterwards
he was nominated a Senator by King
Victor Emanuel. He was also made
lieutenant-general, and conducted the
military operations at Ancona, Capua,
and Gaeta. In 1861 he became
Minister of Marine in the administra-
tion of Baron Ricasoli, and in 1866 he
was sent to Germany, where, as ple-
nipotentiary of Italy, he signed the
Treaty of Prague. In 1867 he was
intrusted by the king, whose first aide-
de-camp he had been for some time
previously, with the formation of a
cabinet in which he held the portfolio
of Foreign Affairs, besides being Pre-
sident of the Council; and notwith-
standing numerous financial difficul-
ties, and the complications of the
Roman question, he remained in power
till Nov., 1869, when a new cabinet
was formed by Signor Lanza. Gen.
Menabrea was sent as ambassador to
Vienna in Nov., 1870, but was recalled
in the following year. He was ap-
pointed Ambassador at the Court of
St. James's in May, 1876.
MENZEL, WOLFGANG, critic and
author, born at Waldenberg, in
Silesia, June 21, 1798, commenced
his studies at Breslau, and entered
the army as a volunteer in 1815.
After the peace he continued his
studies at Jena, which for political
reasons he quitted in 1820, and took
refuge in Switzerland, where he ob-
tained a professorship in the muni-
cipal school of Aarau. He returned
to Germany in 1824, and for some
years took an active part in politics
in the States of Würtemberg, ad-
vocating a moderate constitutional
government. As a critic, he first
made his appearance in 1853, with a
work entitled "Streckverse," marked
703
by new and ingenious views of art
and literature, and at the same time
was one of the founders of a literary
and critical journal, which violently
attacked the old German school, the
disciples of Goethe, and even Goethe
himself. This book, like his " History
of the Germans," published in 1824-5,
conceived in a satirical point of view,
created many enemies. "German
Literature," a very remarkable work,
which provoked much controversy,
and has been twice translated into
English, appeared in 1828. After the
Revolution of 1830, he directed his
attacks against French influence,
which then began to make its way
into Germany. In 1848 he gave up
the editorship of the Literaturblatt,
to sit as a deputy in the States of
Würtemberg. In addition to the
above-mentioned works, Menzel, who
has distinguished himself as a poet
and historian, has written " The Spirit
of History," published in 1835; "My-
thological Inquiries," in 1842; "The
History of Europe, from 1798 to
1815," in 1853; "Furore," an his-
torical romance, presenting an ani-
mated picture of the period of the
Thirty Years' War; "History of Na-
ture in a Christian Point of View,"
in 1856, and other works. In 1869
he published an interesting work on
the most important events which oc-
curred between the conclusion of the
Italian war in 1860 and the outbreak
of the war in Germany in 1866.
MERCIER, CHARLES, was born at
Clapham, Surrey, June 9, 1834. He
is a descendant of Philip Mercier,
the distinguished Huguenot portrait
painter, and is himself an artist. He
has, since 1862, served in the 6th
Royal Lancashire Militia, in which
regiment he is captain. He has
painted numberless public portraits
of distinguished and representative
men; amongst others, Thomas Wright,
the Prison Philanthropist, for sub-
scribers, who presented the picture
with great ceremony to the City of
London; the late Prince Royal of
Belgium, painted by command of
their Majesties the King and Queen
704
MEREDITH.
|
sons, on retiring from the head of the
Hospital Saturday_Fund, which was
founded by him. He originated and
was the Honorary Secretary of the
Committee for the national reception
of the King and Queen of the Bel-
gians and the Anglo-Belgian Prize
Fund Association, of which the Prince
of Wales was President. Captain
Mercier is Treasurer of St. John's
Hospital for Diseases of the Skin, and
since 1871 has been President of the
Chelsea Club, the pattern workmen's
club of the Metropolis. He has taken
a prominent part in the political
questions of the day, and has been
announced as a Conservative candi-
date for the borough of Chelsea. He
has identified himself with the cause
of Technical Education; and at the
request of the Council for Technical
Education, he delivered a lecture in
the Chelsea Vestry Hall on "Art
Applied to Industry." This lecture
has been published by the Society
of Arts.
|
of the Belgians, who received the pic-
ture in state; Lord Napier of Mag-
dala, and the late Lords Derby and
Mayo, for the Junior Carlton Club;
the National Thanksgiving at St.
Paul's Cathedral; the late Right Hon.
George Ward Hunt, M.P., First Lord
of the Admiralty, which was hung in
the House of Commons; General Sir
James Lindsay, and other men of
note, for the borough of Wigan; Mr.
Massey, M.P., for the boroughs of
Salford and Tiverton; Mr. James
Crossley, F.R.S. (the Lancashire
Bibliopolist), for the Manchester Free
Library; Mr. Charles Reade, D.C.L.;
the late Mr. Evan Leigh, which hangs
in the South Kensington Museum; and
the Lord Mayor of London entertain-
ing the Mayors of England. Captain
Mercier's most important work is one
in which the members of the Disraeli
Ministry are represented assembled
in Cabinet Council in Downing Street.
As the Council Chamber was placed
at Captain Mercier's disposal, and the
ministers afforded him special facili-
ties, this picture will always have a
high historic value. So highly are
his pictures thought of in Lancashire,
that an exhibition of them has been
held at the request of the Mayor and
leading inhabitants, in the Wigan
Free Library. Captain Mercier has
been honoured by special marks of
royal favour, and was publicly pre-
sented with an illuminated address, a
service of silver, and a purse of 100
sovereigns, on April 13, 1870, at the
Mansion House, London, by the Lord
Mayor, in the name of 100 mayors of
the United Kingdom, and other sub-
scribers. He has received testi-
monials from members of the Auxiliary
Forces expressive of admiration for
the manner in which he conducted
the Volunteer visits to Belgium, and
the first Volunteer visit to France;
from working men of Southwark;
and on Nov. 23, 1877, a purse of sove-
reigns, a clock, and an illuminated
address from a number of subscribers,
including Lord Napier of Magdala,
the Earl of Aberdeen, Mr. T. Fowell
Buxton, and other distinguished per-
MEREDITH, GEORGE, novelist,
born in Hampshire, about 1828, and
educated partly in Germany, was
brought up to the law, which he
quitted for literature. He has writ-
ten "Poems," published in 1851 ;"The
Shaving of Shagpat, an Arabian En-
tertainment," a burlesque prose poem,
in 1855; "Farina, a Legend of
Cologne," in 1857; "The Ordeal of
Richard Feveril," a philosophical
novel, bearing upon the more serious
questions of moral education, in 1859 ;
"Mary Bertrand," in 1860; "Evan
Harrington," a serial tale of modern
life, first printed in Once a Week,
and republished in a separate form
in 1861; "Modern Love Poems and
Ballads," in 1862; "Emilia in Eng-
land," in 1864; "Rhoda Fleming,'
in 1865; "Vittoria," in 1866; and
"The Adventures of Harry Rich-
mond," in 1871.
""
MEREDITH, MRS. LOUISA, whose
maiden name was Miss Louisa Twam-
ley, was born at Birmingham in 1812,
where she was brought up carefully
by her mother. At first she deter-
mined to devote herself to artistic
MERIVALE-METEYARD.
705
¡
|
of Cambridge in 1838-40, one of the
Preachers at Whitehall in 1839-41,
Hulsean Lecturer at Cambridge iu
1861, and Boyle Lecturer in 1864 and
1865. He was rector of Lawford,
Essex, 1848-70; Chaplain to the
Speaker of the House of Commons
from 1863 to 1869 and was in-
stalled Dean of Ely, Dec. 29, 1869.
He is the author of a History
of the Romans under the Empire,
published in 1850-62; "Boyle Lec-
tures," 1864, 1865; "Translation of
Homer's Iliad," in English rhymed
verse, 2 vols., 1869; "General His-
tory of Rome from the Foundation of
the City to the Fall of Augustulus,
B.C. 753-A.D. 476," 8vo, London, 1875.
66
studies; but published, at the age of
twenty, a volume of "Poems," illus-
trated by herself. Encouraged by its
success, she wrote her "Romance of
Nature, or the Flower Seasons Illus-
trated," a poetical work, illustrated
with plates engraved and coloured
after her own designs. In 1836 she
In 1836 she
contributed some illustrated poems
to a volume of coloured groups of
flowers, entitled "Flora's Gems,"
and wrote the first half of a narra-
tive of a tour in South Wales, under
the title of "Roscoe's Wanderings in
South Wales and along the River
Wye." Her "Autumn Rambles on
Autumn Rambles on
the Wye," with illustrations by David
Cox, and "Our Wild Flowers De-
scribed," appeared in 1839, in which
year she was married to her cousin,
Mr. C. Meredith, whom she accom-
panied to Sydney. After residing
there for a year they removed to
Tasmania, where she wrote "Notes
and Sketches of New South Wales,"
a narrative of her voyage out, and of
her first impressions of the colony,
which appeared in "Murray's Home
and Colonial Library." "My Home
in Tasmania,” illustrated by sketches
from her own pencil, and that of the
bishop (Dr. Nixon), appeared in
1852-3; Some of my Bush Friends
in Tasmania," in 1859; an account
of a visit paid to Victoria and Mel-
bourne in 1856, under the title of
"Over the Straits, a Visit to Vic-
toria; " and "Loved and Lost," told
in gossip verse, and illustrated by
her own pencil, in 1860. Her hus-
band has been a member for the
county of Glamorgan in the local
House of Assembly, and was for some
time Colonial Treasurer of Tasmania.
MERIVALE, THE VERY REV.
CHARLES, D.D., son of the late John
H. Merivale, Esq., of Barton Place,
Devon, and brother of the late Mr.
Herman Merivale, born in 1808, was
educated at Harrow, Haileybury, and
St. John's College, Cambridge, of
which he was successively scholar,
fellow, and tutor. He took his B.A.
degree in high honours in 1830, was a
select Preacher before the University
MERRIMAN, THE RIGHT REV.
NATHANIEL JAMES, D.D., Bishop of
Grahamstown, formerly Archdeacon
of Grahamstown and Canon of the
Cathedral, was, upon the translation
of Bishop Cotterill to Edinburgh,
duly elected, in Nov., 1871, his suc-
cessor in the see. The diocese em-
braces the Eastern Province of Cape
Colony,
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•
METEYARD, ELIZA, better known
by her nom de plume of "Silverpen,'
the only daughter of a surgeon, was
born early in the present century.
Her first work, "Struggles for Fame,"
published in 1845, was followed by
the prize essay on "Juvenile Depra-
vity," incorporated with the essay of
the Rev. Henry Worsley, in 1849 ;
"The Doctor's Little Daughter," in
1850; "Lilian's Golden Hours," in
1856; "Dr. Oliver's Maid," in 1857;
"Maidstone's Housekeeper," in 1860;
"Give Bread-Gain Love," and "The
Hallowed Spots of Ancient London,"
in 1861; "Lady Herbert's Gentle-
woman, in 1862; and "The Little
Museum-Keepers, in 1863. Miss
Meteyard, who has been connected
with the metropolitan newspaper
press, in relation to which arose her
nom de plume of "Silverpen," ap-
pended by Douglas Jerrold himself
to a leading article in the first num-
ber of his newspaper, has contributed
to periodicals, has written much on
antiquarian subjects, on topics con-
""
Z Z
706
METTERNICH-MIALL.
nected with the extramural burial
and sanitary movements, and on art
applied to design, especially pottery.
The first volume of her "Life of
Josiah Wedgwood" appeared in 1865,
and the second in 1866. Her work,
entitled "A Group of Englishmen
(1795 to 1815): being Records of
the Younger Wedgwoods and their
Friends; embracing the History of
the Discovery of Photography, and a
Fac-Simile of the First Photograph,"
appeared in 1871; and was followed
by "Industrial and Household Tales,"
1872.
METTERNICH (PRINCE DE),
RICHARD CLEMENT JOSEPH LO-
THAIRE HERMANN, diplomatist, son
of the famous statesman Prince Met-
ternich, born at Vienna, Jan 7, 1829,
was educated as a diplomatist, be-
came attached to the Austrian em-
bassy at Paris in 1852, and was made
Secretary of Legation there in Dec.,
1854. In the complications which
arose in 1859, before the Italian war
broke out, Prince Metternich was
entrusted by the Austrian govern-
ment with a special mission to Paris,
and at the close of the war he be-
came Ambassador of Austria at the
French court, which position he re-
tained till Dec., 1871. He was named
Hereditary Councillor of the Austrian
Empire, April 18, 1861, and Coun-
cillor in Nov., 1864.
MEYRICK, THE REV. FREDERICK,
M.A., born in 1826, was educated at
Trinity College, Oxford, of which he
was successively scholar, fellow, and
tutor; graduated B.A. in honours in
1847, and has since held the univer-
sity offices of Select Preacher and
Public Examiner. He was appointed
one of Her Majesty's Whitehall
Preachers in 1856, Inspector of
Schools in 1859, and became Rector
of Blickling with Erpingham, in
Norfolk, in 1869. He was the chief
agent in establishing the Anglo-Con-
tinental Society, for making known
in foreign countries the principles of
the English Church, and with that
object in view has edited many dog-
matic and controversial treatises in
Latin, Italian, Spanish, &c. He has
written "Practical Working of the
Church in Spain," published in 1851 ;
"The Moral Theology of the Church
of Rome," in 1857 "The Outcast
and Poor of London," in 1858; "The
Wisdom of Piety," in 1859;
"But
isn't Kingsley right after all?"
"On Dr. Newman's Rejection of
Liguori's Doctrine of Equivocation,"
in 1864; and has contributed to Dr.
Smith's Dictionary of the Bible, and
to the Commentary on the Bible
edited by Canon Cook.
·
""
MIALL, EDWARD, one of the
leaders of the Anti-State-Church
party, born at Portsmouth in 1809,
and intended for the ministry, was
educated at the Protestant Dissen-
ters' College at Wymondley, Herts,
officiated for three years as an In-
dependent minister at Ware, and
afterwards at Leicester. He left the
last-mentioned town for London in
1841, for the purpose of establishing
the Nonconformist, of which he has
been from the first both proprietor
and editor, and was an unsuccessful
candidate for Southwark in Sept.,
1845, and for Halifax in Aug., 1847.
He was returned for Rochdale in
July, 1852, was defeated in March,
1857, as he was at Tavistock in Aug.,
1857, but he was returned for Brad-
ford in 1869, and continued to repre-
sent that borough till 1874. Mr.
Miall, who is an advocate of man-
hood suffrage, and is opposed to
ecclesiastical endowments of every
kind, has written, "Views of the
Voluntary Principle," published in
1845; "The Nonconformist's Sketch-
Book,' and "Ethics of Noncon-
formity," in 1848; "The British
Churches in relation to the British
People," in 1849; "Bases of Belief,"
in 1853; "Title-Deeds of the Church
of England to her Parochial Endow-
ments," in 1861; "Politics of Chris-
tianity," in 1863; and "An Editor
off the Line; or, Wayside Musings
and Reminiscences," in 1865.
number of his political admirers en-
tertained Mr. Miall at luncheon at
the Crystal Palace, July 18, 1873, and
A
-
MICHAEL-MIDHAT PASHA.
presented him with the sum of ten
thousand guineas as a token of their
appreciation of his labours as editor
of the Nonconformist, and as the
representative in Parliament of the
principle of religious equality.
|
MICHAEL (GRAND DUKE), NICO-
LAIEVITCH, brother of Alexander II.,
Emperor of Russia, and fourth son of
the late Czar Nicholas I., was born
Oct. 13 (25), 1832. He is a General
and Grand Master of Artillery,
General Aide-de-Camp to the Czar,
Governor-General of the Caucasus,
and head of several regiments of
artillery, cavalry, and infantry. In
the recent war between Russia and
Turkey the Grand Duke Michael had
the chief command of the army of the
Caucasus. He married, in Aug., 1857,
Olga-Féodorovna (formerly Cecilia
Augusta), daughter of the late
pold, Grand Duke of Baden. The
eldest of his children is the Grand
Duke Nicholas, who was born in
1859.
707
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>>
MICHEL, FRANCISQUE XAVIER,
a French antiquary, born at Lyons,
Feb. 18. 1809, commenced his studies
in his native city, and completed them
at Paris, in the College Charlemagne.
After having composed a couple of
historical romances, he devoted him-
self exclusively to antiquarian re-
searches, and between the years 1830
and 1833 edited several works written
in France in medieval times, such
"La Chronique de Duguesclin,
"Les Chansons de Coucy,'
"Ma-
homet," and "Le Lai d'Havelok le
Danois." In 1835 M. Guizot, then
Minister of Public Instruction, com-
missioned M. Michel to make re-
searches respecting French history
and literature in the libraries of
England. He was decorated with
the Legion of Honour in 1838, and
appointed Professor of Foreign Lite-
rature at Bordeaux in 1839. M.
Michel has edited from the original
MSS. a large number of chronicles,
poems, and other works, written in
French, Anglo-Saxon, or English,
between the eleventh and fourteenth
centuries; has translated into French
the works of Sterne and Goldsmith,
and a selection from the writings of
Shakespeare; and has displayed his
vast erudition in a number of origi-
nal works. Among the latter are,
"Histoire des Races Maudites de la
France et de l'Espagne," 2 vols.,
1847; "Le Livre d'Or des Métiers,
2 vols., 1851-4; History of Hotels,
Taverns, and Cafés, written in colla-
boration with M. Edouard Fournier ;
"Histoire des Tissus de Soie au
""
Moyen Âge," 2 vols., 1852-4; “Les
Écossais en France et les Français en
Écosse," 2 vols., 1862; and “Histoire
du Commerce et de la Navigation
à Bordeaux, principalement sous
l'Administration Anglaise," 2 vols.,
1867-71.
MIDHAT PASHA, a Turkish
statesman, the son of a Cadi (civil
Leo-judge), was born at Constantinople in
1822, and educated there. When he
was 23 years old he acted as secretary
to two commissions appointed in the
reign of Sultan Abdul Medjid for the
amelioration of the provinces and the
introduction of reforms. In this
capacity he visited first Konieh and
then Castamouni. Next he was ap-
pointed Chief of the Bureau of Confi-
dential Reports, and soon afterwards
employed in a mission to Syria to in-
quire into the finances of the country
and their application. On his return
to Constantinople he was made second
secretary to the Grand Council of
State, but he held that office only for
a short time. He was next employed
to put down brigandage in Roumelia.
In the words of Captain Gambier,
**
the steps taken by Midhat were
prompt and effective. In a short time
the roads became again safe. The
detached bands of brigands were
hunted down and shot; the bodies of
the underhand and sneaking agents
of secret societies swung warningly
from hundreds of gibbets; whilst by
every possible outlet fled in precipi-
tate haste the vermin of foreign in-
trigue." On his return to Constanti-
nople he became a member of the
Grand Council at the age of 35, and
soon afterwards he was appointed to
ZZ 2
708
MIDHAT PASHA.
the temporary governorship of Bul-
garia, where he adopted violent
measures for the repression of inci-
pient rebellion. Subsequently he
paid a short visit to Europe, where
he studied the different Constitutions
that presented themselves to him.
He next became secretary of the
Grand Council; and in 1860 Governor
of the province of Nish, and the pro-
vinces of Uscup and Prisrend, being
created Pasha at the same time.haviour.
There he introduced various reforms
with such success that the Govern
ment resolved to extend them through-
out all the provinces of the Ottoman
Empire. Midhat was recalled to the
capital, where the Sultan received
him with marked honours, and re-
quested him to associate himself with
Fuad and Aali Pashas to draw up
laws on the basis of his system of ad-
ministration. The result of the
labours of these three Commissioners
is known as the Law of the Vilayets,
which, if properly executed, is ade-
quate to ensure prosperity, and to
protect the lives and property of all
nationalities and creeds in the Turkish
Empire. It provides in substance
for the separation of the executive
and judicial powers, the organisation
of civil and criminal tribunals, of ad-
ministrative councils and general
councils, and the admission of Chris-
tians to those councils as well as to
the tribunals. Midhat Pasha was
then nominated Governor-General of
the Vilayet of the Danube (geogra-
phical Bulgaria), which numbers up-
wards of 3,000,000 of inhabitants,
and he was entrusted with the task
of applying the new law to that pro-
vince (1864). The work of the Otto-
man reformer was carried on in the
midst of obstacles of every kind, and
struggles caused by the spirit of reac-
tion and of routine. Midhat ruled
well and wisely for three years, during
which time he constructed more than
2,000 miles of road, built 1,400 or
1,500 bridges, with schools, hospitals,
and other public institutions, in-
cluding three great schools of arts
and manufactures at Rustchuk, Nish,
and Sofia. In 1866 he was recalled to
Constantinople to preside over the
Council of State, which, under his
direction, rapidly assumed an import-
ance capable, in certain cases, of
holding in check the Ministry and
even the Palace. In that hetero-
geneous assembly, where men of all
sects, creeds, and nationalities in the
Empire met, he was able to preserve
harmony and to enforce proper be-
While he was in the midst
of these peaceful labours a fresh
revolt broke out in Bulgaria, to
which province Midhat was again
sent to restore order. This he did
most promptly and effectively. He
was next appointed Governor of the
province of Bagdad, which was in a
most turbulent state, and which he
succeeded in pacifying. Returning
to the capital he boldly warned the
Sultan Abdul Aziz of the danger of
an attempt to change the succession
| to the throne, and denounced
Mahmoud Nedhim, the Grand Vizier,
and his colleagues as traitors and in-
triguers whose conduct would bring
the Crown itself into disrepute and
odium. The upshot was that Midhat
was made Grand Vizier, and
Mahmoud Nedhim dismissed. His
fall was, however, almost as sudden
as his rise, owing to the intrigues of
the Palace party. After a short time
he was made Minister of Justice, but
being baulked in every attempt at
the introduction of reform in this de-
partment he handed in his resigna-
tion, and was soon afterwards sent
as Governor to Salonica, but he soon
returned to Constantinople, where he
lived quietly and unemployed till
1875, when he again accepted the
Ministry of Justice, though only
again to hold it for a very brief
period. Midhat Pasha and Hussein
Avni, who by this time had become
Grand Vizier, after vainly urging on
the Sultan the absolute necessity of
reform, determined to depose him.
This was accordingly done May 31,
1876, and Abdul Aziz was conveyed
across the Golden Horn to the Old
Seraglio, where he committed suicide
|
MIGNET-MILAN OBRENOVITCH.
|
or was murdered shortly afterwards.
Murad V. ascended the throne, but he
also was soon deposed on the alleged
ground of insanity. When the
present Sultan Abdul-Hamid II.
came to the throne, Midhat Pasha was
for the second time appointed Grand
Vizier, Dec. 19, 1876, and the new
Constitution establishing an Imperial
Ottoman Parliament was immediately
promulgated. His enemies soon tri-
umphed over Midhat, and by their
intrigues induced the Sultan to dis-
miss and banish him Feb. 5, 1877,
"in accordance with article 113 of
the new Constitution." Edhem Pasha
succeeded him as Grand Vizier.
Vizier.
Midhat Pasha now visited France,
England, and other countries of
Europe. In Sept., 1878, he obtained
permission to reside in Crete, and in
Nov. the same year he was appointed
Governor-General of Syria for a term
of five years, replacing Djevet Pasha,
who had made himself obnoxious to
the population.
|
MIGNET, FRANÇOIS AUGUSTE
MARIE, historian, born at Aix
(Bouches-du-Rhône), May 8, 1796,
was educated at Avignon, and having
finished his university course, studied
law at his native town, where he had
M. Thiers for his fellow-student. He
won the prize offered by the Academy
of Aix for an éloge on Charles VII.,
and soon after took up his residence
in Paris, where he lodged with M.
Thiers. His dissertation on Feudal-
ism, and the Institutions and Legis-
lations of St. Louis, written for a
prize proposed by the Académie des
Inscriptions, was published in 1822;
his "Histoire de la Révolution Fran-
çaise de 1789 à 1814,” in 1824; "His-
toire de Marie Stuart," in 1851;
Charles Quint,' in 1854; and
"Eloges Historiques," in 1864. Trans-
lations of some of these works have
been published in England. He be-
came one of the contributors to the
Courrier Français, while his friend
M. Thiers was writing in the Consti-
tutionnel; and both remained until
1830 faithful to these journals, then
the organs of the most advanced oppo-
709
sition. As M. Mignet, by signing the
protest of the press against the de-
crees of July, had risked his person
and liberty, the new government
recompensed him by appointing him
Director of the Archives of the Forcigu
Ministry. Shortly afterwards he was
nominated an Extraordinary Council-
lor of State, and commissioned to sup-
port the budget through the discus-
sions in the Chamber in the sessions
of 1832 and 1835. He became a
member of the Institute, in the sec-
tion of Moral and Political Science,
in 1832, and on the death of Charles
Comte was appointed its Perpetual
Secretary.
Secretary. In the discharge of these
functions he has had occasion to pre-
sent to the Academy sketches of the
lives and works of deceased members,
a number of which have been col-
lected and published under the title of
"Notices et Mémoires Historiques ;
and in 1837 the Academy elected him
one of its members, in the place of
M. Raynouard. After the breaking
out of the revolution of Feb., 1848,
M. de Lamartine, on taking possession
of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
removed M. Mignet from the office of
Director of Archives, suspecting his
anti-republican opinions.
He was
promoted Commander of the Legion
of Honour, May 5, 1840. His latest
work is, "Rivalité de François Ier.
et de Charles Quint," vols. i and ii,
1875.
"
MILAN OBRENOVITCH,
FOURTH PRINCE OF SERVIA, grand-
son of Ephraim Obrenovitch, brother
of Milos, and consequently second
cousin of Prince Michael, who is
noticed in previous editions of this
work, was born Aug. 10, 1854, at
Jassy, of a Moldavian mother, who
had married the only son of Prince
Ephraim. He was adopted by Prince
Michael, who had no children by his
marriage with Julia Hunyadi, and
was sent by him, in 1864, to Paris to
be educated at the Lycée Louis-le-
Grand. The youth's studies were
interrupted by the events of 1868.
and the assassination of Michael
Obrenovitch. Hastening to Servia,
710
MILLAIS.
which followed, his Highness ap-
peared disposed to disclaim any ac-
tive share in the performance. War
broke out again, and the Servian
army, though largely reinforced by
Russian volunteers-men as well as
officers-was ignominiously beaten.
On Oct. 31, the Turks captured the
town of Alexinatz, and on the fol-
lowing day Deligrad was captured,
thus leaving the road to Belgrade
completely open. A peace was now
concluded between Turkey and Servia.
on favourable terms to the latter.
When, however, Russia made war
upon Turkey, Prince Milan saw an
opportunity of gaining complete in-
dependence, and a proclamation of
the Servian Government, dated Dec.
14, 1877, made known that the Ser-
vian army was immediately to cross
the Turkish frontier, which they did
on the following day, under the com--
mand of Generals Lesjanin and Be-
nitzki. After the close of the war the
independence of Servia was recog-
nized, and its boundaries defined by
the Treaty of Berlin (July 13, 1878).
Prince Milan married, Oct. 17, 1875,
Miss Natali, daughter of the late
Russian Colonel Keschko.
--
he was proclaimed Prince in July of
that year, the government of the
country being intrusted, during his
minority, to a Council of Regency,
consisting of Messrs. Blaznavatz,
Ristics, and Garrilovics, three able
and patriotic men, who continued the
liberal and reforming policy com-
menced by Michael III. Their re-
gency terminated with the corona-
tion of Prince Milan IV.; but M.
Ristics continued to possess the con-
fidence of the Prince, who was only
eighteen years of age when he was
crowned in Belgrade cathedral, Aug.
22, 1872. On June 12, 1876, Prince
Milan issued a proclamation stating
that "the insurrection in the Turkish
provinces has found its way to the
frontiers of Servia, enclosing the
whole Principality by an iron band,"
which had compelled him "to place
his people under arms." Shortly
afterwards (June 22), he sent what
may be called a threatening letter to
the Grand Vizier, and then he for-
mally proclaimed (June 30) that he
intended to join his arms to those of
Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to
secure the liberation of the Sclavonic
Christians from the yoke of the
Porte. On July 2, a joint declaration
of war was sent by the Prince of
Servia and the Hospodar of Monte-
negro to the Turkish Government,
their troops crossing the frontier at
the same time. The Prince departed
from Belgrade (July 24), to assume
the command of the Servian troops
in the field, but he soon returned to
his capital (Aug. 12), and appointed
the Russian general, Tchernayeff, to
the command of the Servian forces.
On Sept. 1, an important battle under
the walls of Alexinatz, resulted in
the complete defeat of the Servian
army. The great Powers now inter-
posed, but the negociations for the
suspension of hostilities were delayed
by an ill-advised step which Prince
Milan, at the instigation of General
Tchernayeff, was induced to take.
On Sept. 16 he was proclaimed King
of Servia at Deligrad, although upon
the general expression of disapproval
|
|
*
MILLAIS, JOHN EVERETT, R.A.,
son of John William Millais, Esq.,
by Mary, daughter of Richard
Evermy, Esq., and widow of Enoch
Hodgkinson, Esq., was born at South-
ampton in 1829. The family of Mil-
lais has held for centuries a place
among the lesser landholders of the
island of Jersey, where the name
doubtless existed long prior to the
Norman conquest of England. At
the early age of nine he began his
art education in Mr. Sass's Academy,
and two years later he became a
student at the Royal Academy, where
he gained the principal prizes for
drawing. He gained his first medal
at the Society of Arts when only
nine. "Pizarro seizing the Inca of
Peru," his first exhibited picture, was
at the Academy in 1846, followed by
"Dunstan's Emissaries seizing Queen
Elgiva," and a colossal cartoon at the
Westminster Hall competition, "The
|
""
MILLER.
|
66
""
Sermon," and "Charlie is my Dar-
ling," in 1864 ; "Joan of Arc," and
"The Romans leaving Britain," in
1865; and "Sleeping,' Waking,"
and " Jephthah," in 1867 ;
"Sisters,
"Rosalind and Celia," ** Stella,"
"Pilgrims to St. Paul's," and "Sou-
venir of Velasquez" (his diploma
work), in 1868‍; "The Gambler's
Wife," "Vanessa," "The End of the
Chapter," and "A Dream at Dawn,"
in 1869; "A Flood," "The Knight
Errant," "The Boyhood of Raleigh,"
and "A Widow's Mite, in 1870;
"Chill October," "Joshua fighting
with Amalek," "A Somnambulist,
and "Yes or No?" in 1871;"Flowing
to the River," and "Flowing to the
Sea," in 1872; "Early Days,'
"New
Laid Eggs," and "Lalla Rookh,"
in 1873; Scotch Firs," "Winter
Fuel,' " The Picture of Health,'
North West Passage," "Still for a Mo-
ment," and "A Day-Dream," in 1874;
"The Fringe of the Moor," "The
Crown of Love," and "No!" in
1875;" Forbidden Fruit,'
"Over the
Hills and Far Away," and " Getting
Better," in 1876; "A Yeoman of the
Guard," "The Sound of Many Waters,"
and "Yes!" in 1877; "The Princes
in the Tower," and "St. Martin's
Summer," in 1878. In 1878, Mr.
Millais also exhibited "A Good Re-
solve" in the Grosvenor Gallery; and
"The Bride of Lammermoor ,, in
King Street, St. James's. For colour
this artist has shown a faculty which
is the most striking characteristic of
the English school. He was deco-
rated with the Legion of Honour in
1878. Mr. Millais is married to Eu-
phemia-Chalmers, daughter of George
Gray, Esq., of Bowerswell, Perth, N.B.
|
Widow's Mite," in 1847, and the
picture of "The Tribe of Benjamin
seizing the Daughters of Shiloh," at
the British Institution in 1848.
Keats's "Isabella" was the subject
of his pencil in 1849. While a stu-
dent in the Academy's schools, his
taste had tacitly rebelled against the
routine conventions of academic
teaching, and, strengthened in that
feeling by such specimens of early
Italian art as fell in their way, he
and his friends William Holman
Hunt and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, re-
solved to study nature as it appeared
to them, not as it appeared in "the
antique." These views were after-
wards adopted by Charles Collins and
other younger painters, who were
termed, half in jest and half in car-
nest, the "Pre-Raphaelite School."
For a short time the artists tried to
enforce their views by the pen as well
as the brush, in a short-lived periodi-
cal, The Germ, or Art and Poetry,
which appeared in 1850. The prin-
cipal works executed by Mr. Millais
under the influence of his new con-
victions are a mystical picture of
"Our Saviour," and "Ferdinand lured
by Ariel," in 1850; "Mariana in the
Moated Grange," and the "Wood-
man's Daughter," in 1851; and "The
Huguenot" and "Ophelia," in 1852.
Mr. Ruskin came, in 1851, to the
support of the new school with enthu
siastic approval, freely expressed in
letters to the Times, in 1852, as well
as in a pamphlet on Pre-Raphaelitism,
and in his "Lectures on Architecture
and Painting," in 1853. Mr. Millais
was elected an Associate of the
Royal Academy in 1853, and became
R.A. in Dec. 1863. He exhibited "The
Order of Release and "The Pro-
scribed Royalist" in 1853; "The
Rescue " in 1855; "Peace Concluded,"
"Autumn Leaves," and "L'Enfant
du Régiment," in 1856; " A Dream of
the Past-Sir Isumbrus at the Ford,"
in 1857; "The Heretic," in 1858;
"Vale of Rest,' and ،،
Spring
Flowers," in 1860; The Black
Brunswicker," in 1861; My First
Sermon," in 1863; "My Second
My Second
|
"}
MILLER, JOAQUIN, an American
poet, whose real name is Cincinnatus
Heine Miller, born in Indiana, Nov.
10, 1841. When he was about eleven
years old his father emigrated to
Lane county, Oregon, whence the
boy went three years later to try his
fortune in California. He wrote
verses even then, although he knew
nothing of the laws of versification,
nor of the rules of grammar. After
66
J
711
??
12
""The
712
MILLER.
a wandering life of seven years, he
returned home in 1860, and entered a
lawyer's office at Eugene, Oregon.
The next year he was an express
messenger in the gold-mining dis-
tricts of Idaho, which he left to take
charge of the Democratic Register, a
weekly newspaper at Eugene. This
was suppressed for its political sen-
timents during the war, and in 1863
he opened a law office in Cañon
City, Oregon. From 1866 to 1870,
he served as county judge of Grant
county, and during this time began
to write his poems. He published
first a collection in paper covers
called (6
Specimens," and next a
volume with the title "Joaquin et
al.," from which he derived his pseu-
donym. In 1870 his wife, whom he
had married in 1863, obtained a
divorce, and he went to London,
where he published, in the following
year, his "Songs of the Sierras" and
"Pacific Poems." In 1873 appeared
Songs of the Sun Lands" and a
prose volume entitled "Life among
the Madocs: Unwritten History.
His later works are "The Ship in the
Desert," a poem, London and Boston,
1875; "First Fam'lies in the Sierras,"
a tale, Lond. 1875, Chicago, 1876;
"The One Fair Woman," a novel,
3 vols., Lond., 1876; "Songs of Far
Away Lands," 1878. His wife, Min-
nie Theresa (Dyer) Miller, has also
published verses under the pseudonym
of "Minnie Myrtle.'
MILLER, THE REV. JOHN CALE,
D.D., son of John Miller, Esq., who
held an appointment connected with
the American embassy in this country,
born at Margate in 1814, was educated
at Brompton Grammar School, pro-
ceeded thence to St. John's College,
Oxford, gained a scholarship at Lin-
coln College, and in 1835 graduated
B.A. as a first class in classical
honours. In 1837 he was ordained to
the curacy of Bexley, Kent; in 1839
was appointed assistant minister of
Park Chapel, Chelsea, to the incum-
bency of which he succeeded in 1846;
became rector of Birmingham, and in
1852 Honorary Canon of Worcester
""
Cathedral. Dr. Miller, who has pub-
lished two volumes of sermons and
many controversial and religious
works, is well known as an able and
eloquent lecturer. The Working Men's
Association in his parish in Birming-
ham was one of the very earliest of
those institutions. In his church there
the first special services for the work-
ing classes were held; and he first, in
the public worship in his church,
divided the various services (Morning
Prayers, Litany, and Communion).
In Feb. 1866, he was appointed Vicar
of Greenwich, and in Nov. of the same
year, Select Preacher to the Univer
sity of Oxford. He was returned to
the London School Board as one of
the members for Greenwich in 1870 ;
and was appointed Canon of Wor-
cester by the Crown in 1871. The
latter appointment he resigned in
1872, when he became a Canon of
Rochester. He was appointed one
of the Examining Chaplains to the
Bishop of Rochester in May, 1877.
MILLER, WILLIAM HALLOWES,
LL.D., D.C.L., M.A., F.R.S., crystal-
lographer and mineralogist, son of
the late Captain Francis Miller, was
born in 1801 at Velindre, near Llan-
dovery, Carmarthenshire. He gradu-
ated at St. John's College, Cambridge,
in 1826, and became Fellow and
Tutor of that society. In 1832 he
succeeded the late Dr. Whewell as
Professor of Mineralogy; in 1838 was
elected Fellow of the Royal Society,
and in 1856 its Foreign Secretary ;
was for many years Secretary, and
has been President of the Cambridge
Philosophical Society; is a Corre-
sponding Member of the Institute,
and the Academies of St. Peters-
burgh, Berlin, Turin, and Munich,
and Foreign Member of the Royal
Society of Göttingen, Home Member
of the American Academy of Arts
and Sciences, Honorary Fellow of
the N. S. of Edinburgh. In 1843 Pro-
fessor Miller served on a Government
Committee to superintend the con-
struction of the Parliamentary stand-
ards of length and weight, and un-
dertook the standard of weight, the
originals having been destroyed by
the fire in the Houses of Parliament,
and in March, 1854, the work was
brought to a close. In 1865 he re-
ceived the hon. degree of LL.D.
from the University of Dublin. In
1867 he was placed on a Royal Com-
mission to inquire into the condition
of the Exchequer Standards, and in
1870 on the Commission Interna-
tionale du Mètre. The success which
attended the
the proceedings of the
Standards Commission was in great
measure due to Professor Miller's
extensive knowledge, long experience,
and habits of accuracy. Among his
numerous scientific productions are
papers "On Spurious Rainbows,"
"On the Crystals of Boracic Acid,"
"On the Construction of the Impe-
rial Standard Pound," "A Treatise
on Crystallography, A Tract on
Crystallography," Papers on Theo-
retical Crystallography and the forms
of various Crystals," in the Philo-
sophical Magazine and the Proceed
ings of the Royal Society, and, in con-
junction with Mr. H. J. Brooke, the
most philosophical treatise on Mine-
ralogy in the language-a new edi-
tion of Mr. William Phillips's "Ele-
mentary Introduction" to that sci-
ence. One of the Royal Medals for
1870 was awarded to him by the
Council of the Royal Society for his
researches and writings on mineralogy
and crystallography and for his sci-
entific labours in the restoration of
the national standard of weight. In
1873 he retired from the post of
Foreign Secretary to the Royal So-
ciety, which he had occupied for
seventeen years. In 1876 he received
the honorary degree of D.C.L. from
the University of Oxford.
66
MILNE-MINGHETTI.
"}
MILNE, SIR ALEXANDER, Bart.,
G.C.B., is the second and youngest
son of the late Admiral Sir David
Milne, G.C.B. (who died in May,
1845), by his marriage with Grace,
daughter of the late Sir Alexander
Purves, of Marchmont, Berwickshire.
He was born in 1806, and educated
at the Royal Naval College. The
early part of his naval career was a
713
distinguished one, and as Lieutenant
and as Captain he saw active service
on the North and South American,
Brazilian, West Indian, and Home
Stations, and was Flag-Captain to
his father at Devonport, and to Sir
Charles Ogle at Portsmouth. In 1847
he was appointed one of the Junior
Lords of the Admiralty, and he held
a seat on that Board from that date
down to 1859, and again from 1866
to 1868 and from 1872 to 1876,
when he was created a baronet. He
attained flag-rank in 1858, and be-
came a full Admiral in 1870. He was
nominated a Knight Commander of
the Order of the Bath in 1858, and
promoted to the dignity of Grand
Cross in 1871. He held the com-
mand in chief of the North American
and West Indian station in 1860-64,
and on the Mediterranean station in
1869-70, and in the latter year he
was elected an Elder Brother of the
Trinity House. Sir Alexander Milne
is a magistrate for Berwickshire.
He married, in 1850, Euphemia,
daughter of the late Mr. Archibald
Cochrane.
MINGHETTI, MARCO, an Italian
statesman and diplomatist, born at
Bologna, Sept. 8, 1818, of a family
which had accumulated wealth by
commercial pursuits.
When very
young he had the misfortune to lose
his father, but his mother gave him
a good education, which was supple-
mented by a tour through Italy,
France, Germany, and England. He
became an earnest advocate of eco-
nomic reforms, and at the commence-
ment of the pontificate of Pius IX.,
when liberty was announced to Italy,
he founded at Bologna, in conjunction
with some friends. a journal called Il
Felsinco; and being summoned to
Rome at the close of the year 1847 as
a member of the Council of Finance,
he entered the lay ministry of March
10. 1848, as Minister of Public Works.
When the hopes of the Liberals were
crushed by the Encyclical of the 29th
of April, Signor Minghetti entered
the military service of Charles Albert,
King of Sardinia, made the campaign
T
C
714
MIOLAN-CARVALHO.
|
19, 1876, when it was replaced by a
Ministry of the Left under Signor
Depretis. Signor Minghetti's minor
writings have been collected and
published in one volume in Florence,
with the title of "Opusculi Letterari
ed Economici di Marco Minghetti,"
1872.
•
a
|
">
of 1848, and for his services at Goito
and Custozza received the rank of
major, and was decorated with the
order of San Maurizio; but after the
peace of Milan he quitted the army,
and, retiring to his native city, applied
himself to study, the result being the
publication in 1859 of his treatise
"Della Economia Pubblica e delle sue
attenenze con la Morale e con Dirit-
to." About this time Count Cavour,
whose intimate friend he had been
for some years, appointed him secre-
tary to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
which post he retained till the peace
of Villafranca. Being elected
member and president of the As-
sembly of the Romagna, he superin-
tended, with General Fanti, the
military organisation of the province
of Æmilia, and gave a great impulse
to the annexation movement. When
the annexation was accomplished he
was returned by the electors of his
native city as deputy to the Italian
Parliament. He was appointed
Minister of the Interior in Cavour's
last cabinet in Oct., 1860, and re-
tained his portfolio in the administra-
tion of Ricasoli; but on his scheme
for the internal organisation of the
new kingdom on the basis of pro-
vincial liberties being rejected by the
Chambers, he resigned his office, and
was elected Vice-President of the
Parliament for the session of 1861.
After the fall of the Rattazzi ministry,
however, he again accepted office in
March, 1863, as President of the
Council, with the portfolio of Fi-
On quitting the cabinet, he
was nominated, in July, 1868, am-
bassador at the court of St. James's.
Subsequently he was for a short time
Minister of Agriculture under Signor
Menabrea, and more recently he was
ambassador at Vienna, but was re-
called, at his own request, in Nov.,
1870, being replaced by General
Menabrea. On July 10, 1873, a new
Italian ministry under the presidency
of Signor Minghetti was sworn in at
Rome. He was at first Minister of
Finance and afterwards of Foreign
Affairs. His ministry resigned March
MIOLAN-CARVALHO, MADAME
MARIE CAROLINE, vocalist, born at
Marseilles, Dec. 31, 1827, was educated
at a school in the neighbourhood, and
shortly afterwards entered the Con-
servatoire of Paris, where she re-
mained for two years, under Duprez.
Having carried off the first prize at
the Conservatoire, she made a tour
through the principal cities of France,
in which she sang in concerts in com-
pany with her master, and on her
return to Paris made her début at the
Grand Opéra with brilliant success,
in "Lucia di Lammermoor," and the
second act of "La Juive."
She was
immediately afterwards engaged at
the Opéra Comique, where she ap-
peared in Auber's "Ambassadrice,
and, later, in "Le Caïd" and "Gir-
alda," the latter having been com-
posed expressly for her by Adolphe
Adam. She sang in "Actéon," "Les
Mystères d'Udolpho," "La Cour de
Célimène," "Les Noces de Jeanette,”
and "Le Nabab," all written for her.
In 1853 Mdlle. Miolan was married to
M. Léon Carvaille, called Carvalho,
director of the Théâtre Lyrique, of
which establishment she at once be-
came the prima donna, singing in
Fanchonette," ((
Margot,'
"La
Reine Topaze," "La Marguérite,"
"Les Noces de Figaro," and other
new operas. On the death of Madame
Bosio, in 1859, Mr. Gye was recom-
mended by M. Meyerbeer to supply
her place with Madame Miolan-Car-
valho, who appeared, July 26, in the
character of Dinorah, and at once
became a favourite.
During her
second season in London, she was
completely established as one of the
first operatic singers of the day. She
""
nance.
|
was
the original Marguérite in
Gounod's opera of "Faust," and ap-
peared at the Royal Italian Opera of
-
-
MITCHELL.
London in that character with great
success in 1863.
MITCHELL,
DONALD GRANT,
born at Norwich, Connecticut, in
April, 1822. He graduated at Yale
College in 1841, studied law, tra-
velled in Europe, and, in 1847, pub-
lished "Fresh Gleanings, or a New
Sheaf from the Old Fields of Conti-
nental Europe," under the pseudonym
of "Ik Marvel." In 1848 he was
again in Europe, and wrote under his
former pseudonym, "The Battle Sum-
mer," 1849. Returning to New York,
he published, anonymously, "The
Lorgnette,' a series of satirical
sketches of society (1850). In the
same year appeared "The Reveries
of a Bachelor," followed in 1851 by
"Dream Life." In 1853 he was ap-
pointed United States Consul at
Venice, where he remained two years,
and made collections for a "History
of the Venetian Republic." Return-
ing to America in 1855, he purchased
a fine farm at Edgewood, near New
Haven, Connecticut, where he now
resides. He has written much for
periodicals, and has published, "The
Judge's Doings" (1854); "My Farm
at Edgewood" (1863); Wet Days
at Edgewood" (1864); "Seven Sto-
ries, with Basement and Attic
(1864); "Dr. John's" (1866); "Ru-
ral Studies" (1867); Pictures of
Edgewood" (1869); and "About
Old Story Tellers" (1878).
"
715
from the King of Denmark. She
calculated the elements of this comet,
and communicated them to the
Smithsonian Institution; and was
subsequently employed in observa-
tions connected with the Coast Sur-
vey and in the compilation of the
American Nautical Almanac. She
visited Europe and the principal ob-
servatories of Great Britain and the
Continent in 1857, and on her return
was presented with a well-appointed
observatory, which her friends had
erected for her during her absence.
Here she devoted herself to astrono-
mical observations until 1865, when
she was appointed Professor of Astro-
nomy in the Vassar College, a new
collegiate institution for women at
Poughkeepsie, New York. She is a
member of the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences, of the National
Academy of Science, of the American
Association for the Advancement of
Science, and of several European
scientific societies.
|
MITCHELL, THE HON. PETER,
born Jan. 4, 1824, at Newcastle,
Miramichi, province of New Bruns-
wick, and educated at the same
place, was in 1856 elected a repre-
sentative for his native county to
serve in the Provincial Parliament,
and was subsequently re-elected.
After serving as representative for
five years, he was appointed Life
Member of the Legislative Council,
and was a member of the Executive
Government of New Brunswick from
1858 till 1865, when his government
was defeated on the question of the
confederation of the British American
provinces. He was three times ap-
pointed delegate to Canada and
England, with the view of obtaining
the construction of the Intercolonial
Railway from Halifax to Quebec, and
the confederation of the provinces.
In 1865 he was called upon, in con-
nection with the Hon. R. D. Wilmot,
to form an administration to test
the province on confederation, and
was appointed President of the Exe-
|
MITCHELL, MARIA, born at Nan-
tucket, Massachusetts, Aug. 1, 1818.
At the age of eleven she had already
made such progress in her mathe-
matical and astronomical studies as
to be an assistant teacher in these
studies. For astronomy and its
cognate branches of science she had
a strong predilection, and soon be-
came an active assistant of her father,
who was himself an astronomer of
some note, and carried on a series of
independent observations. On the
1st of October, 1847, she discovered a
telescopic comet, subsequently dis-
covered by Father da Vico at Rome,
and by other astronomers. For this cutive Committee. Having dissolved,
discovery she received a gold medal they were sustained by a majority of
716
MIVART-MOBERLY.
|
33 to 8, and confederation was carried.
Mr. Mitchell, who was an ardent ad-
vocate of union, did much by his
writings and speeches in and out of
parliament to promote British con-
nection. On the organization of the
Dominion government in July, 1867,
Mr. Mitchell was called to the cabinet
as Minister of Marine and Fisheries.
|
MIVART, ST. GEORGE, F.R.S.,
was born at 39, Brook St., Grosvenor
Square, London, Nov. 30, 1827, and
educated at Clapham Grammar
School, Harrow School, King's Col-
lege, London, and finally at St. Mary's
College, Oscott, being prevented from
going to Oxford (as intended) through
having joined the Roman Catholic
Church in 1844. He was called to
the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1851;
appointed Lecturer of St. Mary's
Hospital Medical School in 1862;
elected a Fellow of the Royal Society
in 1867; Vice-President of the Geo-
logical Society in 1869; Secretary
of the Linnæan Society in 1874;
and Professor of Biology at Univer-
sity College, Kensington, in 1874;
created a Ph.D. (Rome) in 1876. Mr.
St. George Mivart is the author of
various papers in the publications of
the Royal, the Linnæan, and the Zoolo-
gical Societies, from 1864 to 1878,
"On the Zoology, Anatomy, and Clas-
sification of Apes and Lemurs, espe-
cially on the Osteology of the Limbs
compared with the Limbs of Man
(Phil. Trans.); "The Myology of the
Echidna, Agouti, Hyrax, Iguana,
and certain Tailed-Batrachians;
"The Osteology of Birds; "The
Sciatic Plexus of Reptiles;" "The
Structure of the Fins of Fishes, and
the Nature and Genesis of the Limbs
and Limb-Girdles of Vertebrate Ani-
""
**
;"
"Genesis of Species," 1871 (two edi
tions); "Lessons in Elementary
Anatomy," 1872; "Man and Apes,"
1873; Lessons from Nature," 1876;
""
""
Contemporary Evolution,' 1876.
Mr. St. George Mivart also wrote the
article "Apes," in the new edition of
the "Encyclopædia Britannica;
"Defence of Freedom and Liberty of
Conscience" in the Dublin Review,
1876; and Examination of Mr.
Herbert Spencer's Psychology," in
the Dublin Review. He has de-
livered lectures at the Zoological
Gardens, Regent's Park; at the Lon-
don Institution; at Leeds, Birming-
ham, Bradford, Halifax, Leicester, and
elsewhere. He is known through the
"Genesis of Species
as Mr. Darwin's
principal opponent-an opponent who,
while fully asserting evolution gene-
rally, denies that it is applicable to
the human intellect, as also that
"natural selection" is in any instance
its cause. He represents the forma-
tion of new species as due to one
mode of action of that plastic innate
power manifest on all hands in
organic nature, as evidenced by the
many instances cited. The author
brings strongly forward the indepen-
dent origin of similar structures, insist-
ence upon which is perhaps his prin-
cipal contribution to physical philo-
sophy. In his "Lessons from Nature"
the author has pointed out the funda-
mental distinction between men and
animals, distinctly defining wherein
the human intellect differs from the
highest psychical actions of brutes.
To this exposition no reply has as yet
been made.
MOBERLY, THE RIGHT REV.
GEORGE, D.C.L., Bishop of Salisbury,
son of Edward Moberly, Esq., mer-
chant of St. Petersburg, by Sarah,
daughter of John Cayley, Esq., Consul-
General in Russia, was born at St.
Petersburg in 1803. He was educated
at Winchester School, whence he went
to Balliol College, Oxford, where he
graduated B.A. in 1825, obtaining
first class honours in literis humani-
oribus. In the following year he
gained the Chancellor's prize for the
""
mals generally ; "A Memoir on the
Insectivora," published in the Cam-
bridge Journal of Anatomy and Phy-
siology, and translated in the Annales
des Sciences Naturelles; sundry
papers in the Popular Science Review,
and articles in the Quarterly, Fort-
nightly, Dublin, and Contemporary
Reviews from 1870. He has also
published the following books :—
|
:>
MOFFAT.
717
|
1874; and a great number of single
sermons and charges to the clergy.
Dr. Moberly was one of the "five
clergymen " who published revised
versions of the Epistle to the Romans
(1858), Epistle to the Galatians,
Epistle of St. James (1870), the Gospel
according to St. John (1857), the
Epistle to the Corinthians, and other
books of the New Testament.
|
English essay, the subject being,
"Whether a Rude or a Refined Age
is the more favourable to the Pro-
duction of Works of Fiction?" He
graduated M.A. in 1828 and D.C.L.
in 1836. In 1830, and again in 1833,
he acted as one of the public exami-
ners in the Classical Schools; and,
during some years, he was Tutor as
well as Fellow of Balliol College.
In 1835 he was appointed to the
head-mastership of Winchester School,
from which he retired in 1866, when
the Bishop of Winchester conferred
on him the Rectory of Brighstone or
Brixton, in the Isle of Wight. The
Bishop of Chester gave him a canonry
in his cathedral in 1868. Dr. Moberly
was also on several occasions one of
the Select Preachers at Oxford. In
Sept., 1869, he was nominated by the
Crown to the Bishopric of Salisbury
on the decease of Dr. Hamilton. He
is the author of "A Few Remarks on
the Proposed Admission of Dissenters
into the University of Oxford," 1834;
"Practical Sermons," 1838 ; "A
Manual of Prayers for the Use of the
Scholars of Winchester College,"
1840, with a memoir of Bishop Ken;
The Sayings of the Great Forty
Days between the Resurrection and
Ascension, regarded as the Outlines
of the Kingdom of God; in five Dis-
courses: with an Examination of
Mr. Newman's Theory of Develop-
ments," 3rd edit., 1846; 5th edit.,
1875. (The "Examination" is not
contained in the 1st edit., published
in 1844).
"Sermons Preached at
Winchester College, 1844; second
series, with a preface on Fagging,"
1848; "Sermons on the Beatitudes,"
1860, to the second edition of which
was added a preface relating to the
recent volume of "Essays and Re-
views; " "Five Short Letters to Sir
W. Heathcote on the Studies and
Discipline of Public Schools," 1861;
"The Administration of the Holy
Spirit in the Body of Christ," 1868,
being the Bampton Lectures for
1868; "Brighstone Sermons," 1869;
2nd edit., 1870 ; "Plain Sermons
preached at Brighstone," new edit.,
|
MOFFAT, ROBERT, born at Inver-
keithing, N.B., towards the close of
the last century, was a missionary
in South Africa, first at Erromanga,
then in Ramaqua land, and lastly in the
Bechuana country, under the auspices
of the London Missionary Society,
from the year 1816. He returned to
this country in 1870. Dr. Moffat's
daughter, married to Dr. Livingstone,
with whom she underwent so many
dangers, died April 27, 1862. His
"History of Missionary Labours in
South Africa" appeared in 1842;
"Farewell Services," edited by Dr.
Campbell, in 1843; and he is the
author of translations of the Psalms
and the New Testament in the Bechu-
ana language. In 1873 his friends
presented him with a sum of £5,800
in recognition of his services in South
Africa. On Nov. 30, 1875, at the in-
vitation of the Dean of Westminster,
(Dr. Stanley) he lectured in the nave
of Westminster Abbey on African
Missions, when he observed that he
had been accustomed for more than
fifty years to speak the Bechuana
tongue. He described the condi-
tion of the Bechuanas when he
first went among them, and the re-
markable changes wrought among
this people by the introduction of
Christianity. Among these changes
were the development of agriculture,
the increase of trade, the making of
roads, and the general substitution of
the arts of peace for those of war.
Dr. Moffat reduced the language, pre-
viously only oral, into written char-
acters, and accomplished the trans-
lation into it of the Holy Scriptures.
He was presented with the freedom
and livery of the Turners' Company
of London, Dec. 20, 1877.
(6
718
MOLESWORTH-MOLTKE.
99.66
|
MOLESWORTH, GUILFORD
LINDSAY, civil engineer, son of
the Rev. John Edward
John Edward Nassau
Molesworth, D.D., vicar of Roch-
dale, was born at Millbrook, Hants,
in 1828; educated at the College
of Civil Engineers, Putney, after-
wards served an apprenticeship to
civil engineering under Mr. Dockray
on the London and North-Western
Railway, and also in mechanical
engineering under Sir William Fair-
bairn at Manchester. Subsequently
he was employed in various railway
and other engineering works in con-
nection with iron-works in South
Wales. In 1852 he was chief assistant-
engineer on the London, Brighton, and
South Coast Railway, which he left in
order to superintend the construction
of buildings and machinery in the
Royal Arsenal at Woolwich during
the Crimean war. Afterwards he
practised as a Consulting Engineer in
London for some years. In 1858 the
Institution of Civil Engineers
awarded to him the "Watt" Medal
and the "Manby" premium, for a
paper read before the Institution on
the subject of "Conversion of Wood
by Machinery." In 1859 he went out
to the Ceylon railway as mechanical
and locomotive engineer, and he was
appointed Chief Engineer of the
Ceylon Government railway in 1862;
Director-General of the railway in
1865; Director of Public Works in
1867; and Consulting Engineer to
the Government of India in 1871.
His "Pocket-book of Engineering
Formula" passed through six edi-
tions in the first year, and is now a
standard work in the profession.
Clement Spotland, Rochdale, in 1844.
Mr. Molesworth's works are :-" An
Essay on the Religious Importance
of Secular Instruction," 1857; “ Plain
Lectures on Astronomy ; England
and France," 1860, being a prize essay
on the importance of a close alliance
between the two countries; of which
Lords Brougham, Clarendon, and
Shaftesbury were the adjudicators.
"A History of the Reform Bill of
1832," 1864, 2nd edition 1865; “A
New System of Moral Philosophy,"
1867; "Prize Essay on Education,'
1867; and "The History of England
from the year 1830," 3 vols. 1871-73.
An abridged edition, in one volume,
was published in 1877. Mr. Molesworth
has taken a warm and active in-
terest in many social questions, and
especially in the co-operative move-
ment, which he supported at a time
when it was very unpopular, and
with which he has been connected
almost from its commencement. He
is a strong and decided supporter of
the liberal party.
|
MOLTKE, HELLMUTH, COUNT
VON, Chief Marshal of the German
Empire, Chief of the General Staff,
is descended from a well-known
Mecklenburg family, and was born
at Parchim, Oct. 26, 1800, in the
neighbourhood of which place his
father, a former officer of the Mol-
lendorf regiment, possessed the es-
tate of Gnewitz. Soon after Hell-
muth's birth his parents settled
down in Holstein; and thus the boy,
in his twelfth year, went to Copen-
hageu, in order to devote himself, in
the barracks there, to the military
profession. In 1822 he entered the
Prussian service, as a lieutenant in
the 8th infantry regiment, and
studied in the Military Academy.
The war had nearly ruined his
parents, and the young officer was
thrown entirely on his own resources.
After having spent some time in the
School of Division of Frankfort-on-
the-Oder, Moltke was entered into the
General Staff. In 1835 he undertook
a tour in Turkey, which brought him
under the notice of the Sultan Mah-
Co
MOLESWORTH, THE REV. WIL-
LIAM NASSAU, M.A., son of the Rev.
John Edward Nassau Molesworth,
D.D., was born at Millbrook, near
Southampton, Nov. 8, 1816, and edu-
cated at the King's School, Canterbury,
and at St. John's and Pembroke Col-
leges, Cambridge, graduating, as a
member of the latter, B.A. in 1839,
and M.A. in 1842. Taking orders, he
became incumbent of St. Andrew's,
Manchester, in 1841, and vicar of St.
|
??
MOMMSEN-MONCK.
|
|
moud, who advised with the young | German Empire (Sept., 1871), and
Prussian officer on the reorganization | again received a national dotation.
of the Turkish Army. Moltke re- The illustrious Marshal, who is gene-
mained several years in Turkey, and rally regarded as the first strategist
in 1839 took part in the campaign of of the day, received from the Czar the
the Turks in Syria against the Viceroy Order of St. George, the highest mili-
Mehmed Ali of Egypt and his adopted tary decoration of Russia, in Oct.,
son Ibrahim Pasha. In 1845, having 1870; and from his own sovereign
returned to Prussia, and published an the Grand Cross of the Order of the
account of his Turkish experiences, Iron Cross, March 22, 1871. An
he became adjutant to Prince Henry English translation of his "Observa-
of Prussia, then resident in Rome, and tions on the Influence that Arms of
after his death, in 1847, was engaged Precision have on Modern Tactics,"
in connection with the general com- was published at London in 1871.
mand on the Rhine, becoming, in 1848,
a member of the Grand General Staff,
and, in 1849, Chief of the Staff of the
4th Army Corps, in Magdeberg. In
1858 he was advanced to the rank of
Chief of the Grand General Staff of the
Prussian Army, and in 1859 became
a lieutenant-general. In the Austro-
Italian war Moltke was present in the
Austrian head-quarters. After the
conclusion of peace, he spared no
pains that he might fully develop the
capacities of the Prussian General
Staff and the Prussian Army. When
the war of 1864 against Denmark
broke out Moltke sketched the plan of
the campaign, and assisted in its exe-
cution, acting similarly in the case of
the war of 1866. The whole plan of
the Bohemian campaign was due to
the Lieutenant-General, who was per-
sonally present in the battle of König-
grätz, which he led, and in like man-
ner arranged the bold advance of the
Prussian columns against Olmutz and
Vienna, and negotiated the armistice
and the preliminaries of peace. For
these services he received the Order of
the Black Eagle, and a national dota-
tion. To "Father Moltke" (Vater
Moltke), as he is familiarly termed in
the German army, and his brilliant
strategy are ascribed the splendid
victories of the German arms in the
Franco-German war. He was the
Commander-in-Chief. The whole
plan of the campaign was due to him.
În recognition of his unrivalled ser-
vices, Moltke, who was already a
baron, was created a count (Oct. 28,
1870), made the Chief Marshal of the
MOMMSEN, THEODOR, born at
Garding, in Schleswig, Nov. 30, 1817,
studied at the universities of Altona
and Kiel, and travelled from 1844
till 1847. On his return, he wrote
numerous articles for the Journal du
Schleswig-Holstein, which he con-
ducted, and was made Professor of
Law at Leipsic. Having been dis-
missed on account of the part he
took in political affairs, he was made
Titular Professor of Law at Zurich
in 1852, at Breslau in 1854, and at
Berlin in 1858. In 1875 he was ap-
pointed Professor of Jurisprudence
in the University of Leipsic. He has
written numerous learned works, has
edited a magnificent work on Latin
inscriptions, published by the Prussian
Academy of Sciences, and a work on
Roman Coins, and is best known in
England by his " Earliest Inhabitants
of Italy," of which a translation by
Robertson appeared in London in
1858, and "History of Rome, trans-
lated by W. P. Dickson, and published
in London in 1862-3. In 1878 the
King of Italy conferred on him the
Grand Cross of the Order of SS.
Maurice and Lazarus.
|
719
MONCK (VISCOUNT), THE RIGHT
HON. CHARLES STANLEY MONCK,
born at Templemore, co. Tipperary,
Oct. 10, 1819, was educated at Trinity
College, Dublin, and called to the bar
in Ireland in 1841. He was returned
one of the members for Portsmouth,
in the Liberal interest, in July, 1852,
was re-elected in March, 1855, was
defeated at the general election in
March, 1857, and was an unsuccessful
MONCREIFF-MONTAGU.
|
candidate for Dudley in April, 1861.
He was a Lord of the Treasury from
1855 till 1858; was appointed a Com-
missioner of Charitable Donations
and Bequests in Ireland in 1851, and
Captain-General and Governor-in-❘
Chief of Canada, and Governor-
General of British America, Oct. 28,
1861. His lordship was formally re-
appointed, under a fresh Act of Par-
liament, Governor of the United Pro-
vinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and
New Brunswick in June, 1867, but
resigned in Nov., 1868. In 1871 he
was appointed a Commissioner of
National Education in Ireland. On
the disestablishment of the Irish
Church in 1871 he was appointed a
Commissioner to carry into effect the
provisions of the Act; the other
Commissioners being Mr. Justice
Lawson and the late Mr. G. A.
Hamilton. He succeeded his father
as fourth viscount in the peerage of
Ireland, April 20, 1849, and was made
a peer of the United Kingdom July
12, 1866.
|
returned to parliament as representa-
tive for the Universities of Glasgow
and Aberdeen. He became Lord Ad-
vocate a second time in Dec., 1852,
and occupied that position till March,
1858; a third time from June, 1859,
till July, 1866; and a fourth time
from Dec., 1868, till Nov., 1869, when
he was appointed Lord Justice Clerk
and President of the Second Division
of the Court of Session in Scotland.
On this occasion he was sworn of the
Privy Council, and took the courtesy
title of Lord Moncreiff. It may be
mentioned that in 1852 he brought in
a Bill to abolish religious tests in the
Scotch Universities, which was lost
on the second reading. In 1853, how-
ever, he successfully introduced and
carried the Bill, and among other
measures of which he was the pro-
moter may be enumerated the
"Valuation of Lands (Scotland) Act,"
passed in 1854, and the "Bankruptcy
(Scotland) Act," in 1856. Previous
to his elevation to the judicial bench,
Lord Moncreiff was a deputy-lieu-
tenant and justice of the peace for
the county of Edinburgh, Dean of the
Faculty of Scotch Advocates, and
Lieut.-Colonel of the Edinburgh Rifle
Volunteers. He was elected Lord
Rector of the University of Edin-
burgh in the early part of the year
1869; was created a baronet May 17,
1871; and was raised to the peerage
of the United Kingdom as Baron
Moncreiff of Tulliebole, Kinross-shire,
Jan. 1, 1874. A novel published in
1871, under the title of "A Visit to
my Discontented Cousin," is said to
have been written by Lord Moncreiff.
In Aug., 1878, he was appointed one
of the Royal Commissioners under
"The Endowed Institutions (Scot-
land) Act, 1878." His lordship mar-
ried, in 1834, Isabella, only daughter
of Mr. Robert Bell, sheriff of Ber-
wickshire.
720
MONCREIFF (LORD), THE RIGHT
HON. JAMES MONCREIFF, second son
of the late Sir James Wellwood Mon-
creiff, ninth baronet, of Tulliebole,
Kinross-shire (a Lord of Session in
Scotland, by the title of Lord Mon-
creiff) by Ann, daughter of Captain
George Robertson, R.N., was born at
Edinburgh, Nov. 29, 1811. He was
educated at the high school and at
the University of Edinburgh, and
was admitted an advocate at the
Scotch bar in 1833. He was Solici-
tor-General for Scotland from Feb.,
1850, till April, 1851, when, on the
elevation of Lord Rutherfurd to the
bench he was appointed the Lord Ad-
vocate, and continued to hold that
office until the change of ministry in
March, 1852. Soon after being ap-
pointed Lord Advocate he was re-
turned to parliament as member for
the Leith district, as a Liberal, and
in favour of free trade. He retained
his seat for the Leith district till
April, 1859, when he was elected for
Edinburgh, which city he continued
to represent till 1868, when he was
MONTAGU, THE RIGHT HON.
LORD ROBERT, M.P., second son of
the sixth duke of Manchester, born
Jan. 24, 1825, and educated at Trinity
College, Cambridge, where he gra-
duated M.A. in 1848, was returned,
MONTEFIORE-MONTI.
in April, 1859, one of the members,
in the Conservative interest, for Hun-
tingdonshire, which county he repre-
sented till Feb., 1874, when he was
returned for the county of West-
meath, as a "Conservative, but in
favour of Home Rule." He was ap-
pointed Vice-President of the Com-
mittee of Council on Education,
sworn a Privy Councillor and nomi-
nated Fourth Charity Commissioner
in March, 1867, and held these offices
till Dec., 1868. He joined the Ca-
tholic Church in 1870. Lord Robert
Montagu has written "Naval Archi-
tecture and Treatise on Shipbuilding,"
1852; “Mirror in America," 1861;
"Words on Garibaldi," 1861; "Four
Experiments in Church and State,
and the Conflict of Churches," 1864;
"Arbitration instead of War, and a
Defence of the Commune," 1872;
"Register, Register, Register," in
1873; "Some Popular Errors con-
cerning Politics and Religion," 1874,
forming vol. i. of " St. Joseph's Theo-
logical Library; Expostulation in
Extremis; Remarks on Mr. Glad-
stone's Political Expostulation on the
Vatican Decrees in their Bearing on
Civil Allegiance," 1874; Foreign
Policy England and the Eastern
Question," 1877.
11 (4
((
MONTEFIORE, SIR MOSES, Bart.,
son of the late Joseph Montefiore,
Esq., born Oct. 24, 1784, served the
office of Sheriff of London in 1837,
and was knighted on the visit of Her
Majesty to the Guildhall, Nov. 9. He
has been High Sheriff of Kent, in
which county he resides, and was
raised to a baronetcy in 1846, in re-
cognition of his high character and
public services. He went, about 1840,
on a mission to the East, in order to
secure certain rights for his Jewish
brethren at Damascus; and, after his
return, having accomplished his ob-
ject, was presented by the Jews of
the metropolis with a handsome piece
of plate as a token of their regard.
In 1864 he received the thanks of the
Court of Common Council for the
signal services he had rendered by
missions to various countries for the
721
relief of persons oppressed for their
religious convictions, and more espe-
cially by a journey to Morocco, under-
taken to solicit the emperor to relieve
his Jewish and Christian subjects from
all civil and religious disabilities. In
1867 he was successful in a mission to
Roumelia in favour of his oppressed
brethren in that country. Sir Moses
founded, in 1867, a Jewish college at
Ramsgate, in memory of his wife,
Judith, Lady Montefiore.
MONTGOMERY, SIR ROBERT,
K.C.B., G.C.S.I., LL.D., son of the
late Rev. S. Montgomery, born in
Londonderry in 1809, and educated
at Foyle College, in that city, was ap-
pointed to the Bengal Presidency, and
entered the service of the East-India
Company in 1828. Having served in
various posts, in 1849 he was selected
by the late Lord Dalhousie as one of
the commissioners for the newly an-
nexed province of the Punjaub, and
on the dissolution of the Board in
1853, was appointed Judicial Com-
missioner, Superintendent of Prisons,
and Director-General of Police for the
whole province. During the mutiny
in May, 1857, he adopted measures
for disarming the large native force
stationed at Lahore, was appointed
Chief Commissioner of Oude in 1858,
and for his services in aiding the
armies under Lord Clyde and restor-
ing tranquillity to the province, re-
ceived the thanks of both Houses of
Parliament, and was created a Knight
Commander of the Bath. In 1859 he
was appointed Lieutenant-Governor
of the Punjaub, from which he retired
in 1865, after service in India of
upwards of thirty-six years. He is
LL.D. of Trinity College, Dublin, and
received the Grand Cross of the Star
of India, Feb. 20, 1866. He was ap-
pointed a Member of the Council of
India in 1868.
MONTI, RAFFAELLE, sculptor,
born in 1818, at Milan, studied under
his father, Gaetano Monti, of Ra-
venna, a celebrated sculptor, in the
Imperial Academy at Milan, where
he obtained the gold medal for his
group of "Alexander taming Buce-
3 A
722
MONTPENSIER.
""
phalus. In 1838, having exhibited
his group, "Ajax defending the body
of Patroclus, " he was invited to
Vienna, where he received extensive
patronage, and on his return to his
native city, in 1842, he enriched it
by various successful works. In 1847
he repaired to England, and exhibited,
in addition to other works, his veiled
statue executed for the Duke of
Devonshire, which attracted much
attention. On his return to Milan he
joined the popular party, and in 1848,
as one of the Chiefs of the National
Guard, was sent on a mission to the
camp of Charles Albert. After the
war he fled to England, where the
originality of his subjects and con-
ceptions, united to great executive
skill, secured him great popularity
and extensive patronage. Among
his works executed here are the
group of the "Sister Anglers," "The
Veiled Vestal," and "Eve after the
Fall." At the Crystal Palace are to
be seen models of his "Italy,"
"Truth," and "Eve," two fountains
enriched with emblematical figures,
and six of the colossal symbolic
national figures on the upper garden
terrace.
MONTPENSIER (DUC DE),
ANTOINE-MARIE - PHILIPPE - LOUIS-
D'ORLÉANS, born at Neuilly, July 31,
1824, fifth son of the late King Louis-
Philippe and Queen Marie Amélie,
was educated at the Collége Henri
IV., and, after a special examination,
was appointed Lieutenant of Artillery
in 1842. He was sent to Africa in
1844, where he took part in the ex-
pedition against Biskara, and was
wounded in the face during the cam-
paign of Ziban. His services were
rewarded with the Cross of the Le-
gion of Honour and promotion to the
rank of Major. Having accompanied
his father on his visit to the Queen
of England in 1845, he rejoined the
army in Africa, and distinguished
himself against the Kabyles, after
which he made a tour in Egypt, Syria,
Constantinople, and Greece. On his
return he married, at Madrid, Oct. 10,
1846, the Infanta Marie Louise Fer-
dinande de Bourbon, sister of Queen
Isabella II. of Spain. This marriage
was regarded as a master-stroke of
policy by Louis-Philippe, and will
long be remembered for the excite-
ment and the irritation it caused,
which nearly led to a rupture be-
tween France and England. After
the revolution of Feb., 1848, the Duc
de Montpensier, with the rest of his
family, took refuge in England, and
having remained a short time in this
country, went to Holland, where he
embarked for Spain, and afterwards
resided at Seville, occasionally making
excursions abroad, or visiting his re-
latives at Claremont. H.R.H.received
the title of Infante of Spain, and was
made Captain-General of the Spanish
army, Oct. 10, 1859. During the po-
litical events which preceded the
flight of Queen Isabella, the Duke left
Spain at the request of the minister
Gonzalez Bravo, and before doing so
renounced his rank in the army, his
title of Infante, and sent back to the
Queen the decorations he had received
from her. After the triumph of the
revolution of Sept., he recognised the
provisional Government, obtained
permission to return to Seville, and
became a candidate for the vacant
throne. All chance, however, of his
being elected King of Spain was
destroyed by his fatal duel with his
cousin, the Infante Don Enrique de
Bourbon. The ill-blood between the
combatants was of long-standing, and
had been added to not a little by Don
Enrique's letter to the Regent, dated
Jan. 14, soliciting restoration to his
naval rank and pay, of which the
Government of Narvaez had despoiled
him years previously, for his avowal
of liberal sentiments. In that letter
he remarked :-" If Alfonso comes to
the throne, I will neither be his enemy
nor his courtier. Retired from all
politics, I will end my days on a
foreign soil. If Espartero should be
brought to Madrid upon the shoulders
of the nation, which does not wear the
livery of Montpensier, I will salute
him, for I love what is noble and
honourable. When suborned villains
MOODY-MOORE.
are ready to proclaim Montpensier, |
my liberal and Spanish heart will
cry out, 'Espartero!' If the Duke of
Montpensier should carry out his
menace to be king or regent by
secret conspiracy, I will join those
who combat him, and shed my last
drop of blood against such treason."
To this strong language Enrique
added an offensive letter, addressed
"to the Montpensierists." The Duke
de Montpensier, galled beyond mea-
sure, sent a challenge to his cousin,
and a hostile meeting took place on
March 12, 1870, at the artillery
ground near Carabanchel, about three
miles from Madrid. The combatants
stood at ten paces from each other.
Enrique fired his first shot in the air;
Montpensier imitated the example.
Somewhat wildly Enrique fired his
second shot, which went past Mont-
pensier's head by the right side, so
close that he distinctly heard the
whizz of the ball. Montpensier's
second shot struck the butt-end of
Enrique's pistol and split it in two,
one portion striking the collar of Don
Enrique's coat, and the other his left
shoulder, but without piercing the
cloth. Enrique fired a third time,
but failed to strike his adversary,
who, with deliberate coolness, took
deadly aim at his cousin. The ball
entered his head, and in three minutes
Don Enrique expired. The Duke was
greatly agitated, and, after being re-
moved from the scene by his friends,
was obliged instantly to take to his
bed, where he remained for some days
in a high state of fever from over-
excitement. On the 12th of April he
was tried by a court martial, which
sentenced him to one month's banish-
ment from the capital, and to pay
6,000 dollars by way of indemnifica-
tion to the family of the deceased.
By his marriage with the Infanta
Marie Louise Ferdinande de Bourbon,
he has had three sons and four
daughters. His eldest daughter, the
Princess Marie Isabelle Françoise
d'Assise Antonia Louisa Fernanda,
born at Seville, Sept. 21, 1848, was
married to the Comte de Paris, May
723
30, 1864; and his third daughter, the
Princess Maria de las Mercedes, born
at Madrid, June 24, 1860, was married
to her cousin, Alfonso XII., King of
Spain, Jan. 23, 1878. (She died
June 26, 1878.)
MOODY, DWIGHT LYMAN, born
at Northfield, Massachusetts, Feb. 5,
1837. He worked on a farm until
the age of seventeen, when he be-
came a clerk in a shoe-store in Boston.
In 1856 he went to Chicago, and
while engaged in active business
there entered zealously into mission-
ary work among the poorer classes.
During the Civil War he was in the
service of the Christian Commission,
and afterwards became a lay-mis-
sionary of the Young Men's Christian
Association of Chicago. A church
was soon built for him, although he
was never formally ordained by any
religious denomination. This church
and his own dwelling were burnt in
the fire of 1871. In 1873, accom-
panied by Mr. Sankey, an effective
singer, he went to England, and the
two instituted a series of week-day
religious services, which attracted
large and enthusiastic audiences.
They returned to America in 1875;
since which time they, sometimes in
conjunction with others, have held
similar services in the principal
towns and cities of the Union.
MOORE, THOMAS, F.L. S., botanist
and horticulturist, born at Stoke-
next-Guildford, May 29, 1821, was
appointed, in 1848, curator of the
ancient Botanic Garden of the Society
of Apothecaries at Chelsea, which
office he still holds. He was Secre-
tary to the Floral Committee of the
Royal Horticultural Society from its
establishment in 1859 till 1865, when
he was named Floral Director of the
Gardens of the same Society at Chis-
wick. He was the principal acting
Secretary of the Great International
Horticultural Exhibition held in
London in 1866; and was Examiner
in Floriculture to the Society of Arts
and the Royal Horticultural Society,
while those bodies continued to hold
examinations. He is author of "Cul-
3AR
724
MOORHOUSE-MORIN.
tivation of the Cucumber and Melon,"
published in 1844; "Handbook of
British Ferns," in 1848 (3rd edit. in
1857); "Ferns and Allied Plants," in
1851; "Ferns of Great Britain and
Ireland-Nature-printed," in 1856;
"Illustrations of Orchidaceous
Plants," and "Index Filicum," in
1857;"Nature-printed Ferns," 2 vols.,
in 1859-60; the "Field Botanist's
Companion: British Isles," in 1862;
and Elements of Botany," in 1865.
He was, in 1850-52, joint editor
of the Gardener's Magazine of Bo-
tany, in 1861 editor of the Floral
Magazine, and in 1866 of the
Treasury of Botany, of which latter
a new edition was brought out by
him in 1874; contributed many of
the botanical and horticultural ar-
ticles to the new edition of Brande's
Dictionary of Science in 1865-66; is
co-editor of the Gardeners' Chronicle,
and editor of the Florist and Pomo-
logist; and edited the new edition
of Thompson's Gardeners' Assistant,
1877. His specialty as a botanist is
pteridology, or the study of ferns.
MOORHOUSE, THE RIGHT REV.
JAMES, D.D., Bishop of Melbourne,
in Australia, son of Mr. James Moor-
house, a merchant of Sheffield, was
born in that town in 1826. He re-
ceived his education at St. John's
College, Cambridge (B.A., 1853; M.A.,
1860; D.D., jure dignitatis, 1876).
He became Vicar of St. John's, Fitz-
roy Square, in 1862; Hulsean Lec-
turer at Cambridge in 1865; Vicar of
Paddington and rural dean in 1868;
Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen in
1874; Prebendary of St. Paul's and
Warburtonian Lecturer in 1875. In
May, 1876, he was appointed Bishop
of Melbourne, in succession to Dr.
Perry, resigned. He is the author of
"Nature and Revelation," four ser-
mons preached before the University
of Cambridge, 1861; "Our Lord
Jesus Christ the Subject of Growth
in Wisdom," being the Hulsean Lec-
tures for 1865; "Jacob," three ser-
mons before the University of Cam-
bridge; and various single sermons.
MORAN, THE RIGHT REV. PAT-
RICK FRANCIS, D.D., Bishop of Os--
sory, born at Leighlinbridge, co.
Carlow, Ireland, Sept. 16, 1830, was
educated at the Irish College of St.
Agatha, Rome. He was appointed
Vice-president of the College in 1856,
and Professor of Hebrew in the Col-
lege of Propaganda, Rome. Return-
ing to Ireland in 1866, he was pri-
vate secretary to his Eminence Car-
dinal Cullen, Archbishop of Dublin;
was consecrated Coadjutor Bishop of
Ossory on March 5, 1872, and suc-
ceeded, a few months later, to that
see. Dr. Moran has laboured a great
deal to promote the study of Irish
history and antiquities. Among other
works he has published :—“ Memoir
of the Most Rev. Oliver Plunkett,'
1861;" Essays on the Origin, &c., of
the Early Irish Church," 1864; "His-
tory of the Catholic Archbishops of
Dublin," 1864; "Historical Sketch
of the Persecutions, &c., under Crom-
well and the Puritans," 1865; "Acta
S. Brendani," 1872; "Monasticon
Hibernicum, 1873; Spicilegium
Ossoriense, being a Collection of
Documents to illustrate the History
of the Irish Church from the Refor-
mation to the year 1800," 1874.
MORAY, ROSS, AND CAITH-
NESS, BISHOP OF. (See EDEN.)
""
(.
3
MP
MORIN, ARTHUR JULES, general
and mathematician, member of the
Institute, born Oct. 17, 1795, was a
pupil at the École Polytechnique, and
the Ecole d'Application at Metz, from
1813 till 1819, entered the Foot Artil-
lery, becoming General of Division
in that corps, April 7, 1855, and was
afterwards Director of the Conserva-
toire des Arts et Métiers. Well known
by a large number of works connected
with experimental mechanics, he in
conjunction with Gen. Poncelet, con-
tributed more to the rapid progress of
that science than any of his country-
men. He was admitted a member of
the Academy of Sciences in 1843; was
promoted to the rank of Commander
of the Legion of Honour in Aug.,
1854, and to that of Grand Officer
March 14, 1858. Gen. Morin, who
was President of the Imperial Com-
K
-
MORLEY-MORRIS.
; ܙ
in 1870. He was English Lecturer
at King's College from 1857 till 1865,
with duty confined to direction of the
English department in the evening
classes. Since 1865 he has been Pro-
fessor of English Language and Lite-
rature at University College, and in
1870 was appointed Examiner in
English Language, Literature, and
History to the University of London.
|
""
.mission for the Exposition Universelle
of 1855, was appointed President of
the Society of Civil Engineers of
France, in Dec. 1862. Amongst his
numerous and important works may
be mentioned "Mémoire sur la Péné-
tration des Projectiles et sur la Rup-
ture des Corps Solides par le Choc,'
1835;
"Mémoire sur les Pendules
Balistiques," 1839 ; "Mémoire sur les
Roues Hydrauliques," 1835-9; "Mé-
moire sur divers Appareils Chrono-
métriques et Dynamométriques,"
which obtained the Montyon prize in
1837; " 'Leçons de Mécanique Pra-graduated B.A. in 1859. He was for
tique;" "L'Aide-Mémoire de Méca-
some years editor of the Literary
nique Pratique," of which a second Gazette, the title of which was subse-
edition appeared in 1858; and "Salu- quently altered to the Parthenon.
brité des Habitations,” 1869.
Mr. Morley, who has been editor of
the Fortnightly Review since 1867, un-
successfully contested the borough of
Blackburn in 1869, in the Liberal
interest. His works are—“ Edmund
Burke, a Historical Study," 1867;
"Critical Miscellanies," 1871, 2nd
series, 1877; "Voltaire," 1872;
"On
Compromise," 1874; "Diderot and
the Encyclopædists," 2 vols., 1878.´
MORLEY, JOHN, born at Black-
burn, Lancashire, in 1838, was edu-
cated at Cheltenham College and at
Lincoln College, Oxford, where he
|
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MORLEY, HENRY, son of Henry
Morley, Esq., of Midhurst, Sussex,
born in Landon in 1822, and educated
at the Moravian School, Neuwied-on-
the-Rhine, and at King's College,
London; practised medicine at Made-
ley, Shropshire, from 1844 till 1848;
tried successfully, during two years,
at Liscard, Liverpool, the method of
school-keeping described by him in
No. 200 of Household Words, and gave
up the project somewhat unwillingly
in 1851, offers having been made that
led him to settle in London as a
journalist, in association with IIouse-
hold Words and the Examiner, of
which paper he afterwards was editor.
He has written "How to Make Home
Unhealthy," published in 1850; "A
Defence of Ignorance," in 1851;
"Life of Palissy, the Potter," in 1852
"Life of Jerome Carden," in 1854;
"Life of Cornelius Agrippa," in 1856;
"Life of Clement Marot," in 1870;
essays in Household Words, re-
printed as Gossip," and "Memoirs
of Bartholomew Fair," in 1857; two
volumes of " Fairy Tales," in 1859
and 1860 "English Writers before
Chaucer," vol. i. in 1864, vol. ii. part 1,
from Chaucer to Dunbar, in 1867;
and "Journal of a London Playgoer
from 1857 to 1866," in 1866. He
edited, with notes, Steele and Addi-
son's "Spectator" in 1868, and pub-
lished "Tables of English Literature "
MORRIS, THE REV. FRANCIS
ORPEN, B.A., eldest son of the late
Rear-Admiral Henry Gage Morris, of
Beverley, Yorkshire, and grandson of
Lieutenant-Colonel Roger Morris, of
York, was born March 25, 1810, and
educated at Bromgrove School and
Worcester College, Oxford, where he
graduated a second class in classics
in 1833. He holds the living of
Nunburnholme, Yorkshire; was chap-
lain to the late Duke of Cleveland;
and has written "A History of
British Birds," published in 1851-7
A Bible Natural History,
Book of Natural History," in 1852 ;
"A Natural History of the Nests and
Eggs of British Birds," and "A Natu-
ral History of British Butterflies," in
1853; "Anecdotes in Natural His-
tory, "Natural History of British
Moths," in 1859-71; "Records of
Animal Sagacity and Character,” in
1861; "The Country Seats of the
Noblemen and Gentlemen of Great
Britain and Ireland: "The Hu-
manity Series of School Books;"
""
**
((
""
725
"
:: A
726
MORRIS.
"Plain Sermons for Plain People
(200); "A Guide to an Arrange-
ment of Birds; " ((
An Essay on
Scientific Nomenclature; ""An Essay
on the Eternal Duration of the Earth;"
"Difficulties of Darwinism," in 1870;
Dogs and their Doings," in 1871;
"All the Articles of the Darwin
Faith," in 1877; and several smaller
works on religious and social ques-
tions. Mr. Morris is a justice of the
peace for the East Riding of York-
shire.
Dublin, where he graduated in 1847,
and was First Senior Moderator and
gold medallist. He was called to the
bar in Ireland in June, 1849, and
made a Queen's Counsel in 1863. Mr.
Morris, who was High Sheriff in
1849-50, held the office of Recorder
of Galway from 1857 till 1865. The
representative of one of the old fami-
lies known as the "Tribes of Galway,"
he was first elected as one of the
members in Parliament of the borough
of Galway, on Independent princi-
ples, in July, 1865, having polled 90
per cent. of the electors; was subse-
quently twice re-elected without
opposition, on his appointment as
Solicitor-General for Ireland (July,
1866), and as Attorney-General (Nov.,
1866), in Lord Derby's Government;.
and retained the seat until he was
raised to the bench, as one of the
judges of the Common Pleas in Ire-
land, in March, 1867, when he was
succeeded in the representation of
Galway by his brother. He served
as a member of the Royal Commis-
sion to inquire into Primary Educa-
tion in Ireland in 1868, 1869, and
1870; and became a Commissioner
of National Education in 1868.
|
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MORRIS, THE REV. JOHN, was
born in India, at Ootacamund, in the
Madras Presidency, July 4, 1826.
While pursuing his studies at Trinity
College, Cambridge, he became a
Catholic, and repairing to Rome
entered the English College. After
receiving orders he spent three years
in the diocese of Northampton and
was made Canon. He then returned
to Rome, and for three years held
the office of Vice-Rector of the Eng-
lish College; at the expiration of this
period he entered the arch-diocese of
Westminster, was made Canon Peni-
tentiary of the Metropolitan Chapter,
and acted as Secretary to Cardinal
Wiseman, and his successor, Cardinal
Manning. He left the arch-diocese
in 1867 to join the Society of Jesus.
He has spent a year in Malta as
Rector of a College of the Society
newly established there, and he has
been for some years Professor of
Canon Law and Church History at
St. Beuno's College, near St. Asaph.
Father Morris has published a "Life
of St. Thomas of Canterbury
"Cardinal Wiseman's Last Illness;
"Condition of Catholics under James
I.; " "The Troubles of our Catholic
Forefathers," three series; and "The
Letter-Books of Sir Amias Poulet,
Keeper of Mary Queen of Scots."
|
|
??
""
MORRIS, THE RIGHT HON. MI-
CHAEL, eldest son of Martin Morris,
Esq., of Spiddle, co. Galway, by
Julia, daughter of Dr. Charles Blake,
of Galway, was born at the latter
place in 1827. He received his edu-
cation at Erasmus Smith's College,
Galway, and at Trinity College,
|
MORRIS, PHILIP RICHARD,
A.R.A., a distinguished painter, was
born at Devonport, Dec. 4, 1838. The
son of an engineer and ironfounder,
he pursued his early artistic studies
in the hours won with some difficulty
from the working day. He owed his
first regular training to Mr. Holman
Hunt, and by the advice of that emi-
nent artist studied the Elgin Marbles
at the British Museum. He next
entered the schools of the Royal
Academy, where his first success was
made by gaining the silver medal for
the best drawing from the life. In
the following year he achieved double
honours by obtaining the silver medal
for the best painting from the nude
figure, and a second similar prize for
the best painting from the dressed
figure. In 1858 he won the gold
medal for the best historical picture,
the subject being "The Good Sama-
ritan," and subsequently competed
MORRIS-MOULE.
|
successfully for the Travelling Stu-
dentship. While he was yet a student
in the schools of the Royal Academy
his first publicly exhibited picture
appeared on its walls under the title
of "Peaceful Days," since when Mr.
Morris's work has become celebrated
for a certain tender and poetic ren-
dering of scenes of humble life, and
a peculiarly delicate management of
colour. Among his best known pic-
tures are "The Shadow of the Cross,"
"Prison Fare,” and the large picture
of a "Procession at Dieppe," exhi-
bited last summer. Mr. Morris was
elected an Associate of the Royal
Academy, June 18, 1877.
MORRIS, THE REV. RICHARD,
M.A., LL.D., was born Sept. 8, 1833, at
Bermondsey, Southwark, and edu-
cated at St. John's College, Batter-
sea. He was appointed lecturer on
the English language and literature
in King's College School (Modern
Department) in April, 1869; or-
dained by the Bishop of Winchester,
and licensed as curate of Christ
Church, Camberwell, on Trinity
Sunday, 1871. He was created
Doctor of Laws in 1870 by the Arch-
bishop of Canterbury. Dr. Morris is
a Member of the Council of the
Philological and Early English Text
Societies. He was elected President
of the Philological Society in 1874,
and in the same year received the
honorary degree of M.A. from the
University of Oxford. In July, 1875,
he was elected head master of the
Royal Masonic Institution for Boys.
His works are:-"The Etymology
of Local Names," 1857; Specimens
of Early English," 1867; and "Histo-
rical Outlines of English Accidence,"
1872; "Elementary Lessons in His-
torical English Grammar," 1874;
and "Primer of English Grammar,"
1875. He is also the editor of "Liber
Cure Cocorum," 1862; "Hampole's
Pricke of Conscience," 1863; "Early
English Alliterative Poems," 1864;
"Sir Gawayne and the Green
Knight," 1864 ;
"The
Story of
Genesis and Exodus," 1865; "The
Ayenbite of Inwyt," 1866; "Old
"Chau-
English Homilies," 1867-68;
cer's Boethius," 1868; "Legends of
the Holy Rood," 1871;
"An Old
English Miscellany," 1872; “Old
English Homilies (second series),
1873; "Cursor Mundi," 1874-75;
"Chaucer's Poetical Works," 1866;
Spenser's Works," 1869; and Se-
lections from Chaucer's Canterbury
Tales," 1867.
66
727
""
|
MORRIS, WILLIAM, was born near
London in 1834. He is the eldest
son of a merchant, who died in 1844,
leaving a large estate. He was edu-
cated at Forest School, Walthamstow,
at Marlborough, and at Exeter
College, Oxford. He studied painting,
but did not succeed in that profes-
sion. In 1858 he published a small
volume entitled "The Defence of
Guenevere," and other Poems. In
1863, with several partners, he started
in London an establishment for the
artistic designing and manufacture
of various articles, especially wall
paper, stained glass, tiles, and house-
hold decorations. At this business
Mr. Morris has ever since wrought as
a designer, devoting his leisure to
the composition of poetry. He pub-
lished The Life and Death of
Jason," a narrative poem, in 1867,
and "The Earthly Paradise" (4 parts),
3 vols., 1868-70. The latter poem is
made np of twenty-four legendary
and romantic tales in verse, recited
by a company of travellers who had
sailed westward from Norway to find
the earthly paradise. He has also
published a poem entitled "Love is
Enough, or the Freeing of Phara-
mond: a morality
a morality" (1873). His
later publications are, "The Aeneids
of Virgil, done into English verse
(1876), and "The Story of Sigurd
the Volsung, and the Fall of the
Niblungs," a poem (1877). In colla-
boration with Mr. Eirikr Magnusson,
he has translated the following works
from the Icelandic :-"The Story of
Grettir the Strong" (1869); "The
Story of the Volsungs and the Nib-
lungs" (1870); and "Three Northern
Love Stories" (1875).
MOULE, THE REV. HENRY, M.A.,
""
728
MOULTON-MOWBRAY.
|
""
was born Jan. 27, 1801, at Melk-
sham, Wilts, being the son of a
banker in that town. He was edu-
cated at Marlborough Grammar
School; and afterwards became
Scholar of St. John's College,
bridge, where he took the degrees of
B.A. in 1821, and M.A. in 1826.
He was appointed Curate of Gilling-
ham, Dorset, in 1825, and Vicar of
Fordington, Dorset, in 1829; was for
some years Chaplain to the troops in
Dorchester Barracks, for whose use, as
well as for that of a detached district
of his parish, he built a church in 1846,
partly from the proceeds of the sale of
his "Barrack Sermons." Mr. Moule,
known to a large circle as an earnest
clergyman and philanthropist, is
more widely known as the discoverer
(about 1858) of the principles on
which is based the great sanitary
improvement called the "Dry Earth
System. Some minor discoveries
have followed, the most recent being
a plan for extracting gas from Kim-
meridge shale (see Times, of Feb. 24,
and of April 2, 1874). But the Dry
Earth principle alone is completely
developed, and is incalculably the
most important of Mr. Moule's dis-
coveries. It resulted from observa-
tions and experiments made in the
intervals of professional labours.
Among his works bearing on this
subject should be specially men-
tioned :-" The Advantages of the
Dry Earth System," 1868; "Town
Refuse the Remedy for Local Taxa-
tion," 1872 and "Manure for the
Million," eleventh thousand, 1870.
He is also the author of several
theological and religious works,
among which "Barrack Sermons"
and "Scriptural Church Teaching
are the best known; of "Eight
Letters to Prince Albert," 1854,
prompted by the condition of Ford-
ington parish, as included in the
estate of the Duchy of Cornwall;
of "Land for the Million to Rent,
addressed to the Working Classes,"
1870 ; and of (6
Self-Supporting
Schools for the Children of the
Working Classes," third edition, 1869.
MOULTON, THE REV. WIL-
LIAM FIDDIAN, M.A. (Lond.), D.D.
(Edin.), born at Leek, Staffordshire,
March 14, 1835, was educated at
Woodhouse Grove School, and gra-
Cam-duated at the London University in
1856, and gained the Gold Medal in
Mathematics. He was Prizeman in the
Scriptural Examinations, and Biblical
Criticism. Mr.Moulton having entered
the Wesleyan ministry, was appointed
Classical Tutor in the Wesleyan Theo-
logical College, Richmond, in 1858.
After having laboured there for six-
teen years, he was designated Head
Master of the New Wesleyan School at
Cambridge, in 1874. Previously, in
1872, he had been elected a member
of the Legal Hundred at the earliest
election at which the laws of the
Wesleyan connection admitted into
that body. He received the honorary
degree of D.D. from Edinburgh
University in 1874; and the hon.
degree of M.A. from the University
of Cambridge, April 19, 1877. Mr.
Moulton is a member of the New
Testament Revision Company; trans-
lator and editor of Winer's "Gram-
mar of New Testament Greek ;" and
a contributor to Professor Plumptre's
"Bible Educator."
""
•
MOWBRAY, THE RIGHT HON.
JOHN ROBERT, M.P., son of R. S.
Cornish, Esq., born at Exeter in
1815; was educated at Westminster
and Christ Church, Oxford, where
he graduated B.A. and M.A., and
received the honorary degree of
D.C.L. at Oxford, Nov. 30, 1869 ;
was called to the bar at the Inner
Temple, and went the Western cir-
cuit. He was elected, in 1853, one
of the members, in the Conservative
interest, for the city of Durham, which
he continued to represent until 1868,
when he was returned for the Uni-
versity of Oxford. He was appointed
Judge Advocate General in Lord
Derby's second administration in
1858, when he was sworn a Privy
Councillor, and again in Lord Derby's
third administration in July, 1866.
He was Second Church Estates Com-
missioner from Aug., 1866, to Dec.,
-
MOZLEY-MUIR.
1868. He is an honorary Fellow of
Hertford College, Oxford; and in
1877 he was elected an honorary
Fellow of Christ Church. He mar-
ried, in 1847, Elizabeth Gray, only
child of George Isaac Mowbray, Esq.,
of Bishopwearmouth, co. Durham,
and Mortimer, Berks., on which
occasion he assumed the name of
Mowbray in lieu of his patronymic.
MOZLEY, THE REV. THOMAS,
M.A., brother of the late Rev. James
Bowling Mozley, D.D., born in Lin-
colnshire, in 1806, was educated at
the Charterhouse and Oriel College,
Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in
1828; was elected, in 1829, to a
Fellowship at Oriel College, which
he held till his appointment, in
1836, to the rectory of Cholderton,
Wilts. From 1838 till 1842 he wrote
for the British Critic, and in 1843 be-
came a contributor of leading articles
to the Times, and is understood to be
still a member of the staff. In 1848
he resigned his living to reside in
London, and some years after, re-
moved to Finchampstead, Berks. In
1868 he was presented by Oriel Col-
lege to the rectory of Plymtree,
Devon, where he now resides. From
the opening of the Ecumenical Coun-
cil of the Vatican, in 1869, to its
third public session at Easter, 1870,
he wrote the letters in the Times
"from our Special Correspondent"
at Rome.
MUELLER, BARON FERDINAND
VON, M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., born in
Bostock, 1825, was educated, after the
early death of his parents, in Schles-
wig, studied also in Kiel, examined
extensively the vegetation of Schles-
wig and Holstein from 1840 to 1847,
when, on account of hereditary in-
clination to phthisis, he emigrated to
Australia. He travelled through the
extensive territory of South Australia
mainly for researches on plants from
1848 till 1852, at his private expense.
In 1852 he accepted the newly-
created office of Government Bo-
tanist for Victoria; explored there till
1855, examining also the whole
mountain vegetation of Australia, pre-
729
viously utterly unknown, ascended
and named Mount Hotham, the
Barkly Ranges, and many other
mountains; joined, as Phytographic
Naturalist, the expedition, sent out
under Augustus Gregory, by the
Duke of Newcastle, to explore the
River Victoria, and other portions of
the north parts of the Australian
continent; was one of the four who
reached Termination Lake in 1856;
went throughout the whole other
parts of the same expedition, con-
ducted overland by Gregory to More-
ton Bay; accepted the Directorship
of the Botanical Garden of Mel-
bourne in 1857, which office he held
till 1873, raising that institution to
high fame, and establishing scientific
relations with all parts of the globe,
in order to introduce useful plants
into the colony, and to make known
Australian plants abroad. He was
one of the Commissioners for the
Industrial Exhibitions in Melbourne
in 1854, 1862, and 1867; has issued
eight volumes of his "Fragmenta
Phytographiæ Australia;" two vo-
lumes, largely illustrated, on the
"Plants of Victoria," irrespective of
several other publications; contri-
buted to the "Flora Australiensis."
of which six volumes have appeared.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal
Society of London in 1861; was in-
cluded in the first nominations for
the Order of SS. Michael and George;
nominated a Commander of the
Order of St. Iago of Portugal, and of
Isabella of Spain; and created a
hereditary Baron by the King of
Würtemberg, in 1871. Many moun-
tains, rivers, and lakes are named
in Australia in honour of Baron
von Mueller, also a glacier and
river in New Zealand, and a moun-
tain in Spitzbergen. The Baron
still continues his researches in
Melbourne.
MUIR, JOHN, born at Glasgow in
1810, was educated at Glasgow Uni-
versity and at the East-India College
at Haileybury, was appointed a writer
in the East-India Company's Bengal
Civil Service, proceeded to Bengal in
730
MUKHTAR-PASHA.
-
1828, and retired from the service in,
1853. During his period of service he
filled various offices in the Revenue
and Judicial departments. While in
India he wrote and published several
tracts on religious subjects in Sanskrit
verse. He is the author of "Original
Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and
History of the People of India, their
Religion and Institutions, collected,
translated, and illustrated, in five
vols." Vol. i., 1858, "Mythical and
Legendary Accounts of Caste," 2nd
ed., 1868; vol. ii., "Trans-Hima-
layan Origin of the Hindus," 1st
ed., 1860, 2nd ed. in the press;
vol. iii., "The Vedas: Opinions of
Indian Authors on their Origin, in-
spiration, and Authority," 1861, 2nd
ed., 1868; vol. iv., Comparison
of the Vedic with the later Repre-
sentations of the principal Indian
Deities," 1863; vol. v., "Contribu-
tions to a knowledge of the Cos-
mogony, Mythology, &c., of the
Indians in the Vedic Age," 1870. In
addition to other efforts of the same
kind before and since, Mr. Muir, some
years ago, offered to the University of
Cambridge the sum of £500 as a prize
for a treatise pointing out the errors
of the different systems of Indian
philosophy and expounding the prin-
ciples of Christianity in a form suitable
for the perusal of learned Hindus.
The composition of this work was,
after a preliminary competition, in-
trusted by the University to the late
Rev. Dr. Rowland Williams, who pub-
lished “A Dialogue of the Knowledge
of the Supreme Lord." In 1862 Mr.
Muir assigned to the University of
Edinburgh a sum of £4,000 (which
he some years afterwards raised to
£5,000) for the foundation of a
Professorship of Sanskrit and Com-
parative Philology, on condition that
this endowment should be met by
an annual Parliamentary grant of
£200. Mr. Muir is an honorary
D.C.L. of Oxford, an honorary LL.D.
of Edinburgh, and an honorary
Doctor of Philosophy of the Univer-
sity of Bonn. He is also a Corre-
sponding Member of the Royal Prus-tary
66
sian Academy of Sciences, and a
Foreign Member of the Leyden
Society for the Cultivation of Dutch
Literature.
MÜLLER, BARON FERDINAND
VON. (See MUELLER.)
|
MUKHTAR-PASHA, GHAZI
AHMED, springs direct from a family
engaged in trade, and some members
of it still continue in the paternal
employment. His grandfather was
Hadji Ibrahim Agha, head of the
guild of silk merchants of Broussa,
of Asia Minor. His father, Hadji
Halil Agha, died young, and Ahmed
Mukhtar, who was born in 1837, was
brought up by his grandfather, who
sent him in 1849 to the preparatory
military school of his native city.
Young Katyrdschy Oghlu-for such
is the family name, which, in accord-
ance with Eastern custom, is seldom
if ever used-manifested a remark-
able aptitude for military studies,
and at the expiration of five years he
passed from the school first of his
class. Entering the Military Aca-
demy at Constantinople, he remained
four years as pupil, when, in conse-
quence of his progress, he was pro-
moted, while still pursuing his studies,
to the grade of lieutenant. When he
left, as a further reward of merit, he
was made captain on the staff, and in
that capacity he, in 1860, joined the
head-quarters of the Serdar Ekrem
Omer Pacha, in Montenegro. Nor
was he long here before he found
occasion to distinguish himself. To-
wards the close of the campaign he
found himself one day with some
cavalry near the defile of Ustruck,
then in the possession of a consider-
able force of the enemy. Seeing an
opportunity, he went at the Monte-
negrins, drove them out of the defile,
and although twice wounded managed
to hold it for some hours until rein-
forcements arrived. For this feat
Omer Pacha conferred on him the
Fifth Class of the Medjidie and the
rank of coulasse, or adjutant-major.
After peace was temporarily made
Ahmed Mukhtar returned to the Mili-
Academy, where he was ap-
MUKHTAR-PASHA.
pointed to the post of Professor of
Astronomy, Military Architecture, and
Fortification. In this somewhat
mixed capacity he remained until
1863, when he was sent as binbashi |
or major and chief of the staff of the
division of Islaheye-a division of
organisation—at Alexandretta, under
the command of Dervish Pacha, now
Mushir at Batoum. At the end of
1864 the young soldier was appointed
caimakam, or lieutenant-colonel, and
tutor to Prince Youssouf Issedin, the
eldest son of Sultan Abdul Aziz, who
was believed to be anxious that his
son should succeed to the throne in-
stead of the eldest male of the family,
as the Ottoman rule is. In order to
qualify this rather wilful young Prince
-whom some flatterers called "the
Prince Imperial"-for this position
it was resolved that he should make
the grand tour, and under the charge
of Lieut.-Colonel Ahmed Mukhtar the
youth visited England, France, Ger-
many, and Austria. During this trip
European Sovereigns showered ho-
nours on the "Governor" of Yous-
souf Issedin. He received the Legion
of Honour, the Red Eagle, and the
Crown of Iron among other decora-
tions, and in 1867 returned to Con-
stantinople. At that time Prince
Youssouf became colonel of the Im-
perial Guard, and was emancipated
from the trammels of pupilage. Ah-
med Mukhtar was appointed one of
the Commissioners for regulating the
frontier of Montenegro, in which
capacity he served until 1869, by his
policy saving to Turkey the strate-
gical point of Veli Malou Berdu,
between Spitz and Podgoritza, while
as the ex-professor of fortifications
he made the tête du pont of Vezir
Keupri. So enraged were the Mon-
tenegrins at this last movement that
a party of them fired on the young
colonel—for now he had the full rank
-killing another officer of the same
grade at his side. For these services
he was promoted to the Third Class
of the Medjidie, and returning to
Stamboul was made a member of the
Council of War: Three months later
731
he was nominated general of brigade,
under Redif Pacha, then command-
ing the Yemen expedition against
the Arabs. Soon after Mukhtar's
arrival Redif fell ill, and the com-
mand fell into the hands of the
young liwa, or major-general. He
took the city of Yedy, and was pro-
moted for that achievement to the
grade of ferik, or general of division,
and chief of all the corps in Yemen,
Redif becoming Governor, until he
was superseded, on the ground of ill-
ness, by Essad Pacha. When Ali
Pacha, the Minister of War, died,
Essad Pacha became Seraskier, and
Mukhtar was promoted to mushir (or
full general) and the Governorship of
Yemen, in 1871, at the age of 33. As
if honours could not be heaped upon
him fast enough, he also received the
| Osmanli of the First Class in bril-
liants. After the taking of Sana he
|
was further decorated with the First
Class of the Medjidie. In 1873 he
returned to Stamboul, where he was
appointed Minister of Public Works,
but he did not take up the post, as a
few days afterwards he was named
Governor of Crete. He was not des-
tined, however, to rule the people
whom St. Paul describes as "always
liars," for the command of the Shumla
army corps fell vacant, and it was
conferred on the young mushir. He
remained at Shumla for 134 months,
during which time he constructed the
existing fortifications. Next, ap-
pointed Governor and Military Com-
mandant at Erzeroum, he served in
the Armenian capital for another 13½
months, when, for yet a third period
of 13 months, he took the command
of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Mon-
tenegro, where his friends claimed
for him that he gained twenty battles
and only lost one. Now named Go-
vernor of Candia, he was at the end
of ten days about to leave Constanti-
nople when the Government detained
him to have his advice on the ques-
tions affecting Montenegro, giving
him the nominal command of the
4th or Erzeroum army corps.
On
the 25th March, 1877, while in his
--
732
MULLER.
bureau at Stamboul, he learnt that
for the first time the prospects of
peace were judged hopeless by Turk-
ish statesmen, and making an imme-
diate application for a ship he left in
a man-of-war on the 26th for Trebi-
zonde, where he arrived on the 30th,
proceeding, after three days' hard
work in the organisation of land
transport, &c., to Erzeroum and Kars.
He had only three weeks to provide
for the defence of Armenia when the
war broke out, and in less than a
week from his arrival in Kars that
fortress was invested, and Mukhtar
retired on the Soghanly Dagh. His
gallant conduct has become a matter
of history. On the evening of the
1st of October, 1877, he received the
news that the Sultan had conferred
on him the title of Ghazi, one of the
greatest honours that can be given to
an Ottoman. The word originally
means fanatic, but in its modern ac-
ceptation it is both Defender of the
Faith and Conqueror. Besides this
title, the First Class of the Medjidie
in diamonds, two fine Arab horses,
and a sword in brilliants, marked his
Ottoman Majesty's sense of Ahmed
Mukhtar's services. In April, 1878,
he was appointed Grand Master of
Artillery, and in November the same
year, Commandant of Janina. His
Excellency is the author of an astro-
nomical work called "Fenni Bassite,
ou La Science du Quadrant Solaire
pour le Temps Turque," the hours in
Turkey depending upon the moment
of sunset, and consequently varying
from day to day.
MULLER, FREDERICK MAX, son
of Wilhelm Müller, the German poet,
was born at Dessau, Dec. 6, 1823,
studied at the University of Leipsic,
and took his degree in 1843. He
afterwards studied Sanskrit and com-
parative philology, under Professor
Brockhaus, at Leipsic, where he pub-
lished, in 1844, his first work, a trans-
lation of "The Hitopadesa," a collec-
tion of Sanskrit fables; proceeded
to Berlin to attend the lectures of
Bopp and Schelling, and to examine
the collection of Sanskrit MSS. there.
""
In 1845 he went to Paris to continue
his studies under Eugène Burnouf,
at whose suggestion he began to
collect materials for an edition of
the "Rig-Veda," the Sacred Hymns
of the Brahmans, and the Com-
mentary of Sâyanâchârya.
After
copying and collating the MSS.
in the Royal Library at Paris, he
repaired to England in June, 1846,
in order to collate the MSS. at the
East-India House and the Bodleian
Library. As he was on the point of
returning to Germany, he made the
acquaintance of the late Baron Bun-
sen, then Prussian ambassador in
London, who persuaded him to stay
in England, and on his and the late
Prof. Wilson's recommendation the
East-India Company engaged him to
publish his edition of the "Rig-Veda
at their expense. In 1848 he settled
at Oxford, where his work was to be
printed, and the first volume, of 1,000
pages quarto, appeared in 1849. He
was invited by the University to give
some courses of lectures on Compara-
tive Philology, as Deputy Taylorian
Professor, in 1850; was made Hono-
rary M.A. and member of Christ
Church in 1851; was elected Tay
lorian Professor, and received the full
degree of M.A. by decree of Convo-
cation in 1854; was made a Curator
of the Bodleian Library in 1856; and
elected a Fellow of All Souls College
in 1858. He was in 1860 an unsuc-
cessful candidate for the professorship
of Sanskrit at Oxford, being opposed
by a coalition of theological parties.
For a time he was Oriental Librarian
at the Bodleian Library. In 1868 the
University founded a new Professor-
ship of Comparative Philology, and
the statute of foundation named him
as the first professor. In 1872 he
was invited to lecture in the newly
founded University of Strasburg as
Professor of Sanskrit. He declined
the appointment, but gave some
courses of lectures there in 1872. As
he refused to accept any salary, the
University founded a triennial prize
for Sanskrit scholarship in memory
of his services. On the 3rd of Dec.,
MULLER.
733
guage," two series, delivered at the
Royal Institution; and "Sanskrit
Grammar for beginners," (2nd ed.
1870). In 1868 he delivered the Rede
Lecture at Cambridge, "On the Stra-
tification of Languages,” and in 1870,
a course of lectures "On the Science
of Religion," at the Royal Institu-
tion, published in 1873, under the
title of "Introduction to the Science
of Religion, with Two Essays on False
Analogies and the Philosophy of
Mythology." In 1873 he gave another
course of lectures at the Royal In-
stitution on Mr. Darwin's Philosophy
of Language, published in Fraser's
Magazine. Most of his essays have
been collected in "Chips from a
German Workshop," 4 vols. 1868-75 :
|
1873, at the invitation of the Dean
of Westminster, he delivered in West-
minster Abbey a lecture on the "Reli-
gions of the World." In 1875 he re-
signed his professorship at Oxford, in-
tending to return to Germany, but the
University requested him to remain
in Oxford, and entrusted him with
the edition of a series of translations
of the "Sacred Books of the East,"
appointing at the same time a Deputy-
Professor, Mr. Sayce. In 1878, Pro-
fessor Max Müller delivered in the
Chapter House of Westminster a
course of lectures on "The Origin
and Growth of Religion, as illustrated
by the Religions of India." These
lectures were delivered in conse-
quence of a bequest made by the late
Mr. Hibbert, a Unitarian. They
were printed afterwards in the Con-
temporary Review. In addition to
the "
Hitopadesa," he published at
Königsberg, in 1847, "Meghadûta,
an India Elegy," translated from the
Sanskrit, with notes, in German; in
the Transactions of the British Asso-
ciation, in 1847, "An Essay on Ben-
gali, and its Relation to the Aryan
Languages;" in 1853, " An Essay on
Indian Logic, in 'Thompson's Laws
of Thought; in 1854, "Proposals
for a Uniform Missionary Alphabet,"
and "Suggestions on the Learning
and Languages of the seat of War in
the East, with Linguistic Map;
republished in 1855 under the title
of "A Survey of Languages." In
1854 appeared his "Letter to Cheva-
lier Bunsen on the Classification of
the Turanian Languages in Bunsen's
Christianity and Mankind ;' in
1857, at Leipsic, "The Hymns of
the Rig-Veda, together with text
and translation of the Prâtisâkhya,
an ancient work on Sanskrit Grammar
and Pronunciation," in German; and
“Buddhism and Buddhist Pilgrims;
in 1858, "The German Classics from
the Fourth to the Nineteenth Cen-
tury," and "Essay on Comparative
Mythology," in the Oxford Essays;
in 1859, "History of Ancient Sanskrit
Literature, 2nd ed. 1860), and
"Lectures on the Science of Lan-
535
vol. i., Essays on the Science of
Religion; vol. ii., Essays on Mytho-
logy, Tradition, and Customs; vol.
iii., Essays on Literature, Biography,
and Antiquities; vol. iv., Essays on
the Science of Language. In 1869 he
published the first volume of his
translation of the Rig-Veda "Hymns
to the Maruts, or the Storm-Gods." In
1873 appeared his edition of the two
texts of the Rig-Veda (2nd ed.,
1877), and in 1874 the sixth and con-
cluding volume of his large edition
of the Rig-Veda with Sâyana's Com-
mentary. Mr. Max Müller, who has
contributed numerous articles to the
Edinburgh and Quarterly Reviews,
the Times, and various literary jour-
nals of England, Germany, and
France, is one of the eight foreign
members of the Institute of France,
one of the Knights of the Ordre
pour le Mérite, and has received the
honorary degree of Doctor of Laws
at Cambridge and Edinburgh.
""
"""
"
MÜLLER, GEORGE, founder of the
Orphanage at Bristol, was, according
to his own" Narrative" of the "Lord's
Dealings" with himself, born at Krop-
penstaedt, near Halberstadt, Prussia,
Sept. 27, 1805. In 1810, his parents
removed to Heimersleben, where his
father was appointed collector in the
Excise. Between the ages of ten and
eleven he was sent to Halberstadt, to
the Cathedral Classical School, there
">
734
MULLER.
|
to be prepared for the university, his
father's desire being that he should
become a clergyman, although he con-
fesses to many youthful delinquencies
indicative of unfitness at that time for
a sacred calling. At the age of four-
teen he lost his mother, and at fif-
teen left school and lived with his
father, reading the classics with Dr.
Nagel. At the close of 1821 and the
beginning of 1822 he was in custody
several days for living at hotels with-
out the means of paying for his board
and lodging. He afterwards spent
two years and a half at the gymnasium
of Nordhausen. He became a member
of the University of Halle, with
honourable testimonials, and thus ob-
tained permission to preach in the
Lutheran establishment. In 1825, with
others, he travelled forty-three days
in Switzerland, on foot. Attendance
at a devotional meeting at a private
house produced a change in his
thoughts and life. In 1826, he was
fired with a missionary zeal, first
damped by a courtship and then
fanned by conversation with mission-
aries. He began preaching in August,
1826, and lived for two months in free
lodgings provided for poor students
of divinity. Then he joined another
divinity student. He wrote to a
titled lady of Frankfort, of reputed
liberality, for a small temporary loan;
no answer came, as expected; but
still he did receive the amount from
some one who had heard of his appli-
cation; and the money which was
sent in silver by parcel, was accom-
panied by an anonymous letter
written in a very religious tone.
This incident is mentioned because
Mr. Müller's lifework is therein fore-
shadowed and epitomised; he has
received and applied the spontaneous
gifts of unsolicited donors for a
period so protracted and on a scale
so stupendous that the Home at
Bristol, carried on without the usual
organization and advertisement, is
one of the marvels of a country and
an age distinguished by the inscrip-
tion "Supported by voluntary con-
tributions." In June, 1828, the Lon-
don Society for Promoting Christi-
anity among the Jews invited him
to London on a six months' probation;
but the Prussian law required from
him three years' military service. He
failed to obtain exemption; but an
illness came on and left him in a con-
dition unfit for military service; and
in March, 1829, he reached London.
He studied Hebrew and Chaldee ; but
he fell ill again, and by medical ad-
vice, went to Teignmouth, where he
formed the acquaintance of his "be-
loved brother, friend, and fellow-
labourer, Henry Craik." He could not
conform to the disciplinary conditions
of the Jews' Society, and he ceased to
be one of its missionary students in
Jan., 1830. Ultimately he consented
to settle down at Teignmouth, as the
minister at Ebenezer Chapel; he also
laboured in Bristol. In 1830, he
married Mary Groves; and the same
year gave up pew rents and threw
himself on voluntary gifts, for which
a box was set up in the chapel. He
was often reduced to a few shillings,
but he made known his wants "to the
Lord only," and they were usually
supplied. In 1834 he and his co-
labourers established" The Scriptural
Knowledge Institution for Home and
Abroad," to assist day schools, Sunday
schools, and adult schools, to supply
cheap Bibles, and aid missionary
societies; and it was not to ask for
worldly patronage, nor to contract
debt. In Dec. 1835, after a visit to
the Continent, and after much con-
sideration, he printed a proposal for
the establishment of an Orphan House
for destitute children bereaved of
both parents. A second statement is
dated Jan. 16, 1836. That said, “It
is intended to receive the children from
the seventh to the twelfth year, and
to let them stay in the house till they
are able to go to service." The work
progressed through spontaneous offers
of money and service; and a third
statement announcing the opening of
the Home is dated May 18, 1836.
Admission had then been accorded to
the youngest children who were
orphans. By May, 1837, there were
MULOCK-MUNK.
|
|
sixty-four children in two houses;
and at the end of that year Mr.
Müller wrote and published the first
part of his "Narrative." He con-
tinued it in 1841, 1844, and 1856.
At the end of 1838 there were 86
orphans in three houses. At the end
of 1856 the orphans numbered 297;
and Mr. Müller wrote, "Without any
one having been personally applied
to for anything by me, the sum of
£84,441 6s. 34d. has been given to me
for the orphans, as the result of
prayer to God.” He states how this
has been expended, and he also ac-
knowledges separately gifts sent to
him for his own personal use. Expan-
sion, the addition of house to house,
increase in the number of orphans,
have been the history of this under-
taking, until, in 1875, 2,000 children
were lodged, fed, and educated, with-
out a shilling of endowment, without
a committee, without organization,
by funds drawn from all parts of the
world. Besides all this, through the
agency of the Institution named, Mr.
Müller supports numerous foreign
and home missionaries and schools,
and provides for the circulation of
vast numbers of the Scriptures and
religious tracts, and he refuses to issue
any appeals or to hold any meetings,
relying, as he says, on the efficacy of
faith and prayer. He will not allow
any advertisements or handbills of
any of his services to be issued; his
distinctive belief being that he is an
instrument in God's hand working
by faith and prayer. The town of
Orphan Houses on Ashley Downs,
with their well cultivated kitchen
gardens, is in many senses the
grandest institution which Bristol
boasts. Their founder has courted
no publicity he could avoid, and
many who have gazed upon the
results of his work have failed to get
a glimpse of the man, and have dis-
covered that even a photographic
portrait of him was not to be had.
But his "Narrative" and other books
or pamphlets, published under his
auspices, find a large sale, and are
among the means by which the Home
|
is brought to the knowledge of un-
solicited donors.
735
MULOCK, MISS DINAH MARIA,
born at Stoke-upon-Trent, Stafford-
shire, in 1826, published her first
novel, "The Ogilvies," in 1849, fol-
lowed by "Olive," a novel, which
supported the promise of its prede-
cessor, in 1850; "The Head of the
Family," a story of Scottish Life in
the middle classes, and a fairy tale
called "Alice Learmont," in 1851;
"Agatha's Husband,” in 1852; “John
Halifax, Gentleman," in 1857; “A
Life for a Life," "Christian's Mis-
take," "Two Marriages," and "A
Noble Life," in 1866.
Noble Life," in 1866. She has also
published collections of fugitive
papers, entitled "Romantic Tales,"
"Domestic Tales," "Nothing New,"
"Studies from Life," "A Woman's
Thoughts about Women," and a
volume of Poems; the following
books for young people: "How to
Win Love, or Rhoda's Lesson;"
"Cola Monti, or The Story of a Ge-
nius;" "A Hero: Philip's Book;
Little Lychetts; "Our Year;
and "Bread upon the Waters;" "The
Unkind Word and other Stories,"
1869; "Fair France: Impressions
of a Traveller," 1870, but incorrectly
dated 1871; "Little Sunshine's Holi-
day; a picture from Life," 1871;
"Hannah," 2 vols., 1871;
" Adven-
tures of a Brownie," 1872;
Mother and I," 1874; and "The Little
Lame Prince and his Travelling
Cloak," 1874. Her latest works are :
"Sermons out of Church," 1875; and
"A Legacy being the Life and Re-
mains of John Martin, Schoolmaster
and Poet," 2 vols., 1878. In 1864 she
obtained a literary pension of £60 a
year, and in 1865 was married to Mr.
George Lillie Craik.
19
(6
MÜNK, WILLIAM, M.D., F.S.A.,
born Sept. 24, 1816, was educated at
University College, London, and the
University of Leyden, where he gra-
duated Doctor of Medicine, June
23, 1837. He was admitted a mem-
ber of the Royal College of Phy-
sicians in 1844, and a Fellow in
1854; elected Harveian Librarian of
"
"
";
My
736
MUNRO-MURRAY.
the College in 1857; was formerly
connected with the Medical School
of St. Thomas's Hospital as demon-
strator of morbid anatomy, and for
many years was physician to the
Royal Hospital for Asthma, Con-
sumption, and Diseases of the Chest.
He now holds the office of physician
to the Small-pox and Vaccination
Hospital, and of consulting physician
to the Royal Hospital for Incurables.
In addition to numerous contribu-
tions to the medical journals relating
chiefly to diseases of the lungs and
heart, he is the author of a "Memoir
of the Life and Writings of J. A.
Paris, M.D.," 1857; and of a valuable
biographical work, entitled "The Roll
of the Royal College of Physicians of
London, compiled from the Annals
and from other Authentic Sources,"
2 vols., 1861. Dr. Munk was elected a
Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries
in 1863.
MUNRO, HUGH ANDREW JOHN-
STONE, M.A., born at Elgin, Scot-
land, Oct. 14, 1819, was educated at
Shrewsbury School and Trinity Col-
lege, Cambridge, of which he was
elected a Fellow in 1843. In June,
1869, he was elected Professor of
Latin in the University of Cambridge,
being the first occupant of that chair.
He resigned the professorship in 1872.
The honorary degree of D.C.L. was
conferred upon him by the University
of Oxford, June 18, 1873. Mr. Munro
has published editions of Lucretius
in 1860, 1864, and 1866; and a new
edition, with a literal translation, and
notes critical and explanatory, in 2
vols., 1870. He also edited in 1867
the poem of "Etna," and in 1869
the works of Horace. His "Criti-
cisms and Elucidations of Catullus"
appeared in 1878.
General for Scotland in 1858, Lord
Advocate in April, 1859, and was
raised to the Scotch Bench in Jan.,
1865. He represented Buteshire, in
the Conservative interest, from April,
1859, till he was made a judge; is a
Deputy Lieut. for Buteshire, and was
Sheriff of Perthshire in 1853-8.
MURRAY, THE RIGHT HON. SIR
CHARLES AUGUSTUS, K.C.B., second
son of the fifth earl of Dunmore,
born Nov. 22, 1806, was educated
at Eton and Oriel College, Oxford,
where he graduated B.A. in 1827,
and was elected to a Fellowship at
All Souls College. He was appointed
June 6, 1838, Master of the Royal
Household, and Dec. 31, 1844, extra
Groom in Waiting on the Queen. In
1844 he was appointed Secretary of
Legation at Naples; in 1846 British
Agent and Consul-General in Egypt,
where he remained some years; in
1853 British Minister in Switzerland;
was sent in 1854 as Envoy to Tehe-
ran; in 1859 was appointed British
Minister in Saxony; in 1866 was
sent as Envoy to Denmark; and in
1867 to Portugal. He was in attend-
ance upon the Viceroy of Egypt on
his visit to England in June and
July, 1862; was made a C.B. April
27, 1848, and a K.C.B. in June, 1866.
He has written the popular Indian
story, "The Prairie Bird," published
in 1844 ; "Travels in North America,"
in 1854; and "Hassan; or, The
Child of the Pyramids," in 1857. He
was sworn of the Privy Council, May
13, 1875.
MURRAY, JOHN, head of the well-
known publishing house in Albemarle
Street which bears his name, son of
the late Mr. John Murray-the "My
Murray" of Byron-was born April
16, 1808. He received his early edu-
cation at the Charterhouse, under the
late Dr. Russell; on leaving school
went to Edinburgh to complete his
education, and in 1828 began to
assist his father, at whose death he
inherited the business which he had
conducted for so many years with
such success. During his father's
in 1831, he was appointed Solicitor-life, his fondness for foreign travel
MURE, DAVID, called by courtesy
Lord Mure, a Scotch Judge of Ses-
sion, third son of the late Col. Mure,
of Caldwell, and brother of the emi-
nent historian of Greece, born in
1810, was educated at Westminster
and the University of Edinburgh.
Having been called to the Scotch bar
MUSGRAVE-MUSURUS PASHA.
caused him to devote his summer
holidays, from 1829 till 1842, to visit-
ing the Continent, which he traversed
from Hamburg to the Iron Gate, and
from Prague to Bayonne and St.
Sebastian. The result of this journey
is the "Handbook for Travellers,'
and he is the author of the Hand-
books for Germany, France, and
Switzerland.
""
""
MUSGRAVE, THE REV. GEORGE,
M.A., eldest son of the late G. Mus-
grave, Esq., of Shillington Manor,
Beds, and Borden Hall, Kent, was
born in Marylebone in 1798, and
graduated in high honours, from
Brasenose College, Oxford. On his
return from extensive European
extensive European
travel he became the first curate of
All Souls, Marylebone, and subse-
quently of the mother church in that
parish; and in 1838 was inducted
into his patrimonial benefice of St.
Peter and St. Paul, Borden, which,
after fourteen years' residence, he
vacated in favour of his son-in-law.
Mr. Musgrave was the first scholar
who rendered the Hebrew Psalter
into English blank verse, published
in 1833, and subsequently wrote
several works adapted to the capacity
of farm labourers' children, one of
them entitled "The Bird-Scarer."
His "Interpreter of the Four Gos-
pels," and a companion volume writ-
ten exclusively for the enlighten-
ment of agricultural populations,
were widely circulated but he is
more generally known as the author
of some twelve or thirteen volumes
of travels in France. Among these
are "The Parson, Pen, and Pencil"
(he is his own illustrator), 3 vols.,
1847 ; (6
A Ramble in Normandy,"
1855; "A Pilgrimage into Dauphiné,"
1857; By-roads and Battle-fields in
Picardy," 1861; "Ten Days in a
French Parsonage," 1863; "Nooks
and Corners in Old France," 1867;
"A Ramble into Brittany," 1870; and
a little brochure (anonymous), en-
titled "Viator Verax," exposing the
impositions and indecencies of Con-
tinental travelling. In 1865 Mr.
Musgrave produced a translation in
(C
737
blank verse of Homer's "Odyssey,'
which became a pendant in that
metre to the Earl of Derby's " Iliad,"
and enrolled the name of the author
in the Institute of France. Resuming
residence in London, Mr. Musgrave
devoted his energies to ecclesiastical
and literary subjects; became a Fel-
low of the Royal Institution and of
the Archæological Society, and Pre-
sident at two or three Institutes,
where he was a frequent lecturer.
MUSSET, PAUL EDME DE, author,
elder brother of the celebrated poet,
the late Alfred de Musset, born at
Paris, Nov. 7, 1804, is chiefly known
by his novels, which are written with
great elegance and purity of style.
Among the principal may be men-
tioned, "La Tête et le Coeur," pub-
lished in 1834; "Anne de Boleyn,'
in 1836; and "Jean le Trouveur,'
in 1849. He paid a visit to Venice,
and on his return published a trans-
lation of the eccentric memoirs of
Gozzi, in the National, in 1846, a
journal for which he wrote dramatic
criticism. Paul de Musset has
written for the stage two pieces,
neither of which was very successful
-"La Revanche de Lauzun,” and
“Christine, Roi de Suède," in 1857.
He wrote "Femmes de la Régence,"
published in 1841, and has contri-
buted to the Revue des Deux Mondes.
He published a biography of his
brother, Alfred de Musset, in 1877.
MUSURUS PASHA, CONSTAN-
TINE, diplomatist, was born at Con-
stantinople, Feb. 18, 1807, his father,
Paul Musurus, having been a native
of Retimo, in Crete, and a descendant
of an ancient patrician family. He
received, at Constantinople, a very
careful education, comprising the
classical literature of Greece and
Rome, the sciences, and several Euro-
pean languages.
In 1832 he was ap-
pointed Secretary to the prince of
Samos (Stephen Vogorides), and in
1833 accompanied the commissioners
of France, England, and Russia, sent
to exhort the Samians to make their
submission to the Porte. The com-
missioners having failed, M. Musurus,
""
3 B
738
MYLNE-NAPIER.
in 1834, undertook the pacification of
Samos, which he accomplished with-
out using coercion; and having or-
ganized the internal administration
upon a liberal constitutional basis, he
governed the island for four years to
the satisfaction of the people. On
his return to Constantinople, in 1839,
he married the Princess Anne, second
daughter of Prince Vogorides, born in
1819. She was seized with an attack
of disease of the heart, at the ball
given to the Sultan at the Foreign
Office, London, July 19, 1867, and
died the same night. In 1840 he was
sent to Athens as Envoy Extraor-
dinary and Minister Plenipotentiary,
a difficult mission for an Ottoman
diplomatist. It was signalized by a
rupture of diplomatic relations be-
tween the two courts, by the triumph
of Ottoman policy, and by an at-
tempted assassination of M. Musurus.
At the end of 1848 he was recalled
from Athens to represent Turkey at
the Austrian court, where his able
management of the delicate matters
connected with the demand for the
surrender of the Hungarian refugees
increased his well-earned reputation.
He was rewarded for the ability
displayed by him in these delicate
negotiations by being appointed, in
April, 1851, Envoy Extraordinary and
Minister Plenipotentiary at London ;
received the rank of Ambassador,
Jan. 30, 1856, and the rank of Muchir,
with the title of Pasha, on the Sul-
tan's visit to London, in July, 1867.
He is decorated with the Order of the
Osmanié of the first class, and the
Order of the Medjidie of the first
class, besides many other foreign
Orders.
MYLNE, THE RIGHT REV. LOUIS
GEORGE, D.D., son of Major Charles
David Mylne, H.E.I.C.S., was born
at Paris in 1843, and educated at
Merchiston Castle School, Edinburgh,
at the University of St. Andrews, and
at Corpus Christi College, Oxford
(B.A. Îst class in classics, 1866;
M.A., 1870; D.D., 1876). He was
curate of North Moreton, Berkshire,
from 1866 to 1870, and senior tutor
of Keble College from 1870 to 1876.
He was appointed Bishop of Bombay
in succession to the late Dr. Douglas,
and was consecrated in St. Paul's
Cathedral, London, by the Arch-
bishop of Canterbury, May 1, 1876.
N.
NANTIER-DIDIÉE, MADAME,
operatic singer, native of the French
island of Bourbon, born in 1832, en-
tered the Conservatoire of Paris in
1847, and joined the class of M. Du-
prez, who recognized her vocal capa-
bilities. In the autumn of 1849 she
went to Italy, and after pursuing her
education for the stage for the greater
part of a year, made her début at
Turin, in Mercadante's opera of "La
Vestale," and was favourably re-
ceived, though she achieved a more
decided success as Pippo, in Ros-
sini's "Gazza Ladra." "În 1851 she
In
sang both in Paris and other cities of
France, and afterwards obtained an
engagement at the Théâtre Italien,
where her representation of the part
of the Duchess, in Verdi's opera of
"Luise Miller," attracted considerable
attention. Madame Didiée, chosen
expressly to supply the place of the
highly-gifted Madame Alboni, made
her debut in London at the Royal
Italian Opera in 1853,
Italian Opera in 1853, in the part of
Gondi, in "Maria di Rohan. She
was most successful, and her reputa-
tion both as a singer and actress has
been well sustained by impersonations
of leading parts in other operas, in-
cluding "Rigoletto," "Les Hugue-
nots," "Benvenuto Cellini," "Gazza
Ladra," and "Martha." Madame
Didiée, who has frequently had the
honour of appearing at her Majesty's
private concerts, made a professional
tour in the United States in 1856,
and has since played at St. Peters-
burg.
my
NAPIER, THE RIGHT HON. SIR
JOSEPH, Bart., a descendant of the
Merchiston branch of the noble house
of Napier, was born at Belfast, Dec.
26, 1804. Having been educated at
NAPIER.
member.
the Academical Institution of Belfast, | School Board, of which he is a
he graduated at Trinity College,
Dublin, where he distinguished him-
self in classics and science. Making
the law his profession, he was called
to the Irish bar in 1831; attained the
rank of Q.C. in Ireland in 1844; and
was sworn a Privy Councillor on being
appointed Attorney-General for Ire-
land under Lord Derby's first ad-
ministration, in March, 1852. He
held the office of Lord Chancellor of
Ireland under Lord Derby's second
administration, in 1858-9; was re-
turned one of the members, in the
Conservative interest, for the Univer-
sity of Dublin, in Feb., 1848, and
retained his seat till he was raised to
the Chancellorship. He was created
a baronet in April, 1867.
NAPIER AND ETTRICK
(BARON), THE RIGHT HON. FRANCIS
NAPIER, K.T., eldest son of the 8th
baron, born Sept. 15, 1819, succeeded
his father Oct. 11, 1834. He was
made Attaché to the Embassy at
Vienna in 1840, and held diplomatic
posts at Teheran and Constantinople,
to which place he returned as Secre-
tary of Embassy in 1854, after
having been Secretary of Legation
at Naples and St. Petersburg. In
1857 he was appointed British Minis-
ter at Washington, whence he was
removed, Dec. 13, 1858, to the Hague;
going Dec. 11, 1860, to St. Petersburg;
and Sept. 15, 1864, to Berlin. He
was Governor of Madras from Jan.
31, 1866, till Jan., 1872, and was
then acting Viceroy of India, pro
tempore, after the assassination of
Lord Mayo. Having returned to
Having returned to
England he acted as President of the
Social Science Association at the
meeting held at Plymouth in the
autumn of 1872. He also presided
over the education section of the
same Association at the meeting held
at Glasgow in Oct., 1874. Since his
return to this country Lord Napier
and Ettrick has taken an active part
towards bringing about a reform in
the municipal government of the
metropolis, and he has become an
energetic worker in the London
•
739
NAPIER OF MAGDALA (BARON),
THE RIGHT HON. SIR ROBERT COR-
NELIS NAPIER, son of Major C. F.
Napier, Royal Artillery, by Catherine,
daughter of Codrington Carrington,
Esq., of Blackmans, Barbados, was
born in Ceylon in 1810. He received
his education at the Military College,
Addiscombe, entered the corps of
Bengal Engineers in 1828, and served
with distinction in the Sutlej cam-
paign, at the conclusion of which,
having attained the rank of Major, he
was selected by the late Sir Henry
Lawrence for the responsible post of
Engineer to the Durbar of Lahore.
He was by this position enabled to
acquire that special knowledge of
the Punjaub and its resources so es-
sential to a judicious development of
the latter, should the tide of events
necessitate the undertaking of such a
task by the Indian Government. He
was constantly referred to when
Moolraj rebelled, on all questions
connected with the reduction of
Mooltan, at the siege of which he
was present as senior Engineer; and
at its fall accompanied Gen. Wish's
force to the fords of the Chenaub,
where, after the junction with the
main army under Lord Gough, he
served as one of Sir John Cheape's
"right-hand men at the battle of
Goojerat. He was promoted to the
rank of Colonel, and named Chief
Engineer under the new Punjaub ad-
ministration, when he was enabled
to carry out his long-cherished plans
for covering that almost trackless
country with arteries of military
and commercial highways, after con-
structing magnificent canals destined
to fertilize the arid Dooab, and
eventually to cause the construction
of numerous public buildings, bar-
racks, &c., requisite to the efficient
administration of the province. He
was engaged in the discharge of
these onerous duties for some years,
until summoned to Calcutta to assume
the post of Chief Engineer of Bengal.
During the mutiny of 1857 he served
""
3 B 2
740
NAPLES-NAPOLEON.
in the capacity of Chief Engineer with |
the army of Sir Colin Campbell, and
the part he played in the suppression
of the rebellion greatly enhanced his
previous high reputation. It was he
who at the siege of Lucknow planned
that bridging of the Goomtee river
which exercised so great an influence
on the operations for the overthrow
of the enemy, and he was afterwards
appointed to the command of the
force employed to destroy the rebels
reunited under Tantia Topee; but on
Sir Hugh Rose claiming the execution
of this task, Coi. Napier acted as his
second in command. His services
in China as second in command under
Sir Hope Grant are well known, and
he was rewarded by being made
Major-Gen., a K.C.B., and successor
to the late Sir J. Outram, as a Mili-
tary Member of the Council of India.
This post he resigned in Jan., 1865,
when he was nominated to succeed
Sir W. Mansfield as Commander-in-
Chief at Bombay, with the local rank
of Lieut.-Gen.; and in 1867 he re-
ceived the appointment to command
the expedition intended to rescue the
Abyssinian captives, and was made a
Knight Grand Commander of the Star
of India. He achieved a brilliant suc-
cess. King Theodore was thoroughly
defeated in an engagement on the
heights of Islamgie, April 10, 1868,
and soon afterwards released his
prisoners. The English commander
followed up this victory by the
storming of Magdala on the 13th,
when Theodore, in despair, com-
mitted suicide. On Sir Robert Na-
pier's return to England in July, he
received the thanks of Parliament;
the sum of £2,000 per annum was
settled on him and his next heir, in
consideration of his services; he was
elevated to the peerage by the title
of Baron Napier of Magdala (July
14); was presented with the freedom
of the City of London and a sword
of the value of 200 guineas (July 21);
and received other marks of honour.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal
Society, Dec. 16, 1869. In Jan., 1870
he was appointed to succeed Sir Wm.
Mansfield as Commander-in-Chief of
the forces in India, with the local
rank of General; and in May fol-
lowing he was nominated fifth ordi-
nary member of the Council of the
Governor-General of India. He was
appointed Governor of Gibraltar in
June, 1876. In Feb., 1878, he was.
selected by the Government to be the
Commander-in-Chief of the English
expeditionary force in the event of
this country declaring war against
Russia-a contingency which was
averted by the Treaty of Berlin.
NAPLES, EX-KING OF. (See
FRANCIS II.)
NAPOLEÓN (PRINCE IMPERIAL.
OF FRANCE), EUGÈNE LOUIS JEAN
JOSEPH, son of the late Emperor
Napoleon III. and the Empress.
Eugénie, was born March 16, 1856.
For some time great fears were en-
tertained, on account of the delicacy
of his health, which improved con-
siderably in the summer of 1867. In
1870, he accompanied his father to
the seat of war, and was present, on
Aug. 2, at the capture of Saarbrück,
when the emperor telegraphed to the
empress at Paris this memorable
dispatch: "Louis has just received
his baptism of fire. He showed ad-
mirable coolness, and was not at all
affected. A division of General Fros-
sard has captured the heights which
overlook the left bank at Saarbrück.
The Prussians made but a short re-
sistance. We were in the front rank,
but the bullets and cannon-balls fell
at our feet. Louis has kept a bullet
which fell quite close to him. Some:
of the soldiers wept at seeing him so
calm. We have only lost one officer
and ten men killed." After the dis--
astrous defeat at Sédan, the young
prince made his escape to Belgium,
and crossing from Ostend to Dover
on Sept. 6, proceeded to Hastings,
where he was joined by the empress
three days later. He subsequently
resided with his illustrious parents-
at Chiselhurst. His Imperial High-
ness joined the Royal Military Aca-
demy, Woolwich, as a gentleman
cadet, and pursued his studies there,
··
NAPOLEON.
without intermission, except for a
short period, when, in consequence
of the death of his father, he was
munable to be present at the periodical
examination, in Feb., 1873. He then
joined the first class of students pre-
paring for the examination for com-
missions in the Royal Engineers and
Royal Artillery, with which class he
was associated during his subsequent
career at the Academy. At the final
examination in Feb., 1875, he stood
seventh in a class of thirty-four, a
position which, if he had wished to
enter the British army, would have
entitled him to elect service in the
Artillery or Engineers.
741
|
NAPOLEON, PRINCE NAPOLEON-
JOSEPH-CHARLES-PAUL-BONA-
PARTE, cousin to the emperor Napo-
leon III, the second son of Jerome
Bonaparte, by his second marriage
with the Princess Frederika of Wür-
temburg, was born at Trieste, Sept.
9, 1822. His youth was passed at
Vienna and Trieste, Florence and
Rome, occasionally in Switzerland,
England, Spain, and in 1845 he ob-
tained permission to visit Paris under
the name of the Comte de Montfort,
but was soon afterwards compelled
to leave on account of his intrigues
with the extreme democrats. After
the revolution of Feb., 1848, Prince
Napoleon returned, and the Corsicans
elected him a member of the Consti-
tuent Assembly, in which he became
leader of the extreme republican
party known as the Mountain. His
views, however, underwent a change,
and in 1849 he was appointed Minis-
ter Plenipotentiary at Madrid, but
was shortly recalled for having
quitted his post without authority.
He was made a French prince, with
a seat in the Senate and Council of
State, Dec. 23, 1853, and at the same
time received the Grand Cross of the
Legion of Honour and the rank of
General of Division. In 1854 he was
appointed to a command in the ex-
pedition to the Crimea, and com-
manded an infantry division of
reserve at the battles of Alma and
Inkermann. On account of his sudden
retirement from this post, ill-health
being the excuse, the sobriquet of
Plon-plon was given him by his
countrymen. Prince Napoleon is said
to have furnished information for a
pamphlet reflecting on the conduct of
the war,
the war, and commenting somewhat
too freely on the deliberations of the
council of war which decided upon the
Crimean expedition. Though it was
immediately suppressed by order of
the French government, it was pub-
lished at Brussels, and was forthwith
translated into English. In 1855 he
was named President of the Imperial
Commission of the Universal Exhibi-
tion, and proved himself a zealous
and efficient member. In June, 1858,
he was placed at the head of the new
ministry for Algiers and the colonies,
but speedily resigned his appointment.
He married the Princess Clotilde,
daughter of Victor Emmanuel, late
king of Italy, Jan. 30, 1859, by whom
he has two sons, Napoleon Victor
Jerome Frederick. born July 18, 1862,
and Napoleon Louis Joseph Jerome,
born July 16, 1864, and one daughter,
Marie Létitia Eugénie Catharine Ade-
laide, born Dec. 20, 1866. In the
Italian campaign of 1859 he com-
manded the French army of reserve
in the south of Italy, but was not
engaged in any of the great battles.
In the Senate in 1861 he made an
attack upon the Orleans family, which
was answered with spirit by the Duc
d'Aumale. Prince Napoleon, to the
disgust of a great portion of the French
army, declined to accept the challenge
sent him by the duke on that occasion.
He was president of the French Com-
mission to represent France in the
Great Exhibition at Kensington, in
1862. In 1865 Prince Napoleon was
appointed President of the Commis-
sioners for the Universal Exhibition
at Paris of 1867, but resigned the post
in consequence of a reprimand which
he received from the emperor for a
speech delivered in Corsica at the in-
auguration of a statue of the emperor
Napoleon I., May 27, 1865. At the
same time he gave up his appoint-
ments as member and vice-president
|
742
+
NARES.
|
of the Privy Council. This disgrace, stated on the authority of a justifica-
however, was only of temporary du- tory pamphlet published by Prince
ration, the prince being soon admitted Napoleon in 1871, under the title of
again into the councils of the emperor
"La Vérité." After the fall of the
and intrusted with important and empire he spent some months in
delicate missions. It is well known Brussels and in other continental
that the prince urged the emperor to cities, but ultimately he fixed his
inaugurate a liberal policy, and it is residence in England.
In Sept.,
understood that, after the message of 1872 he ventured to France on a visit
1869, announcing the Senatus-Con- to M. Richard, an ex-Minister of the
sultum which revived ministerial re- Empire, but on the 12th of that
sponsibility and the system of parlia-month he was banished from France.
mentary government, he recom- Recently Prince Napoleon has claimed
mended that the members of the to be the chief representative of his
cabinet should be replaced by new family, and has endeavoured, though
men, who would thoroughly carry without success, to organize a party
out the new policy. Prince Napoleon of his own in opposition to the ad-
has travelled much, and made many herents of the Empress Eugénie and
voyages in his steam yacht the Jerome the Prince Imperial. The Volonté
Napoleon to distant parts of the Nationale, the organ of Prince Na-
world. He has often visited Eng- poleon, published the following ex-
land, Corsica, Algeria, and Italy; traordinary declaration, May 13,
and in 1861 he went to America 1875" If the son of Napoleon III.
while the civil war was raging, and were to die, Prince Napoleon would
formed the acquaintance of President never seek to restore the Empire for
Lincoln, of Mr. Seward, and of several his own benefit. * A third Em-
of the Federal and Confederate gene- pire, which might aim at the restora-
rals. In June, 1863, he visited Egypt, tion of Prince Napoleon, or his
in order to ascertain from personal nephew, would probably end in the
observation the progress that was St. Martin's Canal. It would be the
being made with the canal across the end of the country. Moreover, we
Isthmus of Suez, and in the following have never doubted that France, even
year he delivered a speech in which if directly consulted, would ener-
he spoke in most hopeful and flatter- getically pronounce in favour of the
ing terms of M. de Lesseps' celebrated Republican form, the most compati-
scheme, and of the company that had ble with the very principle of Uni-
been formed for carrying it out. In versal Suffrage."
1868 he visited, it is believed with a
political object, Southern Germany,
Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, the Danu-
bian Principalities, and Turkey in
Europe. On war being declared with
Prussia, in July, 1870, Prince Napo-
leon implored his cousin to appoint
him to a military command. The
emperor, however, declined to do so,
on the plea that he might render
more efficient service to France by
accepting a confidential mission to
Italy, where he could bring his per-
sonal influence to bear on his father-
in-law, King Victor Emmanuel. Ac-
cordingly he proceeded to Florence,
but failed to obtain the co-operation
of Italy.
These latter facts are
|
C
NARES, SIR GEORGE, K.C.B.,
F.R.S., is a son of the late Captain
William Henry Nares, R.N., of
Danestown, Aberdeen, by his mar-
riage with a daughter of Mr. E. G.
Dodd, and a great grandson of Sir
George Nares, formerly one of the
Justices of the Court of Common
Pleas. He was born in 1831, and
was educated at the Royal Naval
College, New Cross, where he gained
the naval cadetship which is given
annually to the most promising pupil
by the Lords of the Admiralty. He
saw some service in H.M.S. Ca-
nopus, forming part of the Channel
squadron, and afterwards in H.M.S.
Havannah, on the Australian station.
K
NARES.
743
He was a mate on board the Resolute | ters for the winter, while the Alert con-
665
On
in the Arctic Expedition of 1852-54,
when he took an active share in the
winter amusements, and did his part
manfully as a sledge-traveller. He
acted in the theatricals, and gave a
series of lectures to the men on winds
and on the laws of mechanics. In
the travelling he was away 25 days
in the autumn of 1852, and travelled
over 184 miles. In the spring of
1853 he was auxiliary to Lieut.
Mecham, and travelled over
miles in 69 days. In 1854 he started
in the intense cold of March, and
went over 586 miles in 56 days. On
the return of this Arctic Expedition
he served in H.M.S. Glatton during
the last year of the Crimean war;
afterwards in H.M.S. Conqueror on
the Mediterranean station. On the
commencement of the present system
of training for naval cadets, he served
as Lieutenant in charge of cadets
under the late Captain Robert Harris,
in H.M. ships Illustrious and Bri-
tannia. In 1854 he was promoted
to the rank of Commander, being
being
attached also to the training ship
Boscawen. In 1866-67 we find
him employed at the Antipodes in
command of the Salamander in sur-
veying the eastern and north-eastern
coasts of Australia and Torres Straits.
In 1869 he was sent in H.M. S.
Shearwater to survey and report
upon the Gulf of Suez. From 1872
down to the end of 1874 Captain
Nares was in command of H.M.S.
Challenger, employed in making ex-
tensive soundings on the coast of
China, in the Eastern and South
Pacific Oceans, and in other parts of
the world. He was then ordered
home, and appointed to the command
of the Arctic Expedition. The two
ships composing the expedition,
H.M.S. Alert and H.M.S. Discovery,
commanded respectively by Captains
Nares and Stephenson, left England
in May, 1875, with the hope of reach-
ing the North Pole. The expedition
reached the mouth of Lady Franklin
Bay on Aug. 27. Here Captain Nares
left the Discovery to take up her quar-
tinued her course along the western
shore of Robeson Channel. This
course she held until, on Sept. 1, the
Alert herself attained the highest
latitude, and was made fast to some
grounded bergs of ice, within 100
yards of a tolerably level beach, in
lat. 82° 27′ and long. 61° 22′. Lieut.
Rawson, of the Discovery, with his
sledge-crew of eight men, had accom-
panied the advance ship with the
object of returning to the Discovery
during the autumn with news of the
Alert's progress. This journey,
how-
ever, he was never able to accom-
plish, the snow being too deep, and
the ice too treacherous and too fre-
quently in motion to render sledge-
travelling possible for a distance of
70 or 80 miles at so late a period of
the year. The Discovery therefore
knew nothing of her consort's posi-
tion until the ensuing spring.
Oct. 12 the sun finally disappeared,
leaving the Alert in total or partial
darkness for 142 days, and the Dis-
covery for almost the same period.
After the return of daylight sledge
expeditions were arranged. A party,
numbering in the aggregate 53 per-
sons, led by Commander Markham
and Lieut. Parr, made a most gallant
attempt to reach the Pole. They
were absent 72 days from the ship,
and on May 12 succeeded in plant-
ing the British flag in lat. 83° 10′ 26″ N.
From this position there was no
appearance of land to the northward,
but, curiously enough, the depth of
water was found to be only 72
fathoms. The men suffered intensely
from the extreme cold, many were
attacked by scurvy, and it was with
great difficulty that the sledging
party made their way back to the
ship. Captain Nares now resolved to
return home, as, with the whole re-
sources of the expedition, he could
not hope to advance more than about
50 miles beyond the positions already
attained. The expedition arrived at
Valentia Oct. 27, 1876. In reward
for his services Captain Nares was
appointed a K.C.B. (Dec.. 1). He
|
|
744
NASH-NASMYTH.
was afterwards again placed in com-
mand of the Alert, which sailed from
Portsmouth Sept. 24, 1878, for a two
years' survey of the South Pacific.
He is the author of "The Naval
Cadet's Guide, or Seaman's Com-
panion; containing Complete Illustra-
tions of all the Standing Riggings,
the Knots in Use," &c., 1860, after-
wards published under the title of
"Seamanship," 2nd edit., 1862; 3rd
edit., 1865; 4th edit., 1868
"Re-
ports on Ocean Soundings and Tem-
perature "[in the Challenger] printed
by direction of the Lords of the
Admiralty, 6 parts, 1874-5; "The
Official Report of the Arctic Expedi-
tion," 1876; and "Narrative of a
Voyage to the Polar Sea during
1875-6 in H.M. ships Alert and Dis-
covery," 2 vols., 1878. He married
in 1858Mary, daughter of the late Mr.
W. G. Grant, of Portsmouth.
NASH, JOSEPH, painter in water-
colours, popularly known as a pictu-
resque delineator of architectural sub-
jects, born about 1812, commenced
exhibiting, at the Old Society of
Water-Colour Artists, drawings of
French cathedrals and antiquities,
about 1835. Careful transcripts of
old English domestic architecture
followed. Throughout his career he
has occasionally painted historical
scenes from Shakspere and Scott;
but the pictures on which his fame
rests are his illustrations of the sister
art, and the publications lithographed
from them. "Architecture of the
Middle Ages" was published in 1838;
and his still better-known "Mansions
of England in the Olden Time," in
four series between 1839 and 1849.
The picturesque effect of these old
English interiors is considerably en-
hanced by the happy introduction of
figures in the costume of bygone
times. Among Mr. Nash's more
elaborate water-colour drawings are
"The Queen's Visit to Lincoln's Inn
Hall," " exhibited in 1846; "Interior
Views of the Great Exhibition," in
1851; "Rochester,' "The Hall at
Speke," and "West View of Rouen
Cathedral," in the South Kensington
Museum; "Queen Catherine, Cam-
peius, and Ladies," "Charles V. visit-
ing Francis I. during his Confine-
ment," exhibited at the Water-Colour
Society in 1865; "The Chapel of
Edward the Confessor in Westmin-
ster Abbey," in 1866; and "Louis
Philippe's Bedroom at Claremont,"
in 1867. In 1878 he received a Civil
List pension of £100 in consideration
of his services to art.
In
NASH, THOMAS, born at Landau,
in Bavaria, Sept. 29, 1840. In 1846
his parents emigrated to America,
and when very young he found em-
ployment in the office of Frank
Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper. With-
out having received any regular in-
struction in drawing, he soon began
to furnish acceptable sketches and
drawings for the engravers.
1860-61 he was in Europe, employed
as a travelling artist for British and
American illustrated periodicals. Re-
turning to America, he formed a con-
nection with Harper's Weekly, which
has continued to the present time.
As a political caricaturist, or rather,
satirist, he has no equal in America,
and few in Europe, and his produc-
tions have been of great service to the
Republican party. Although a clever
painter in oil and water-colours, he
confines himself mainly to drawing
upon the wood. His quickness of
conception and facility of execution
are remarkable; and few artists have
executed so many pieces in his special
sphere.
the
NASMYTH, JAMES, engineer, born
at Edinburgh, Aug. 19, 1808, son of
Alexander Nasmyth, a well-known
landscape painter. He was
youngest of a family of five, the eldest
being Patrick, also a well-known
artist. James gave very early evi-
dence of a decided taste for me-
chanical pursuits. His education was
importantly stimulated by the advan-
tage of listening to the conversation
of many of the most intelligent men
of science and artists who, in his early
days, were constant visitors at his
father's house. From his earliest
years his love of mechanism led to
NASSAU.
|
his Steam Hammer, and now almost
universally adopted for screw steam-
ships; and a Spherical Seated Safety
Valve which is absolutely perfect in
its action. Having realised an ample
fortune, he retired in 1857 from the
firm, which he had founded, of
Nasmyth, Gaskell, and Co., and he
has since resided at Penshurst, in
Kent. There he finds occupation in
the use of powerful telescopes of his
own making, chiefly in investigations
into the structure and surface of the
sun and moon. He is the author of
"Remarks on Tools and Machinery,"
in T. Baker's" Elements of Mecha-
nism," 1858; and "The Moon con-
sidered as a Planet, a World, and a
Satellite" (in conjunction with James
Carpenter).
NASSAU, BISHOP OF. (See
ROBERTS.)
his acquiring the art of handling tools
and performing all the processes in
practical mechanics with such ef-
fectiveness as to enable him to pay
the fees for his attendance at the
chemistry, mathematical, and natural
philosophy classes at the Edinburgh
University from the proceeds of the
sale of steam-engine and other models
which he constructed in a small work-
room in his father's house. In 1829
he went to London to offer his ser-
vices to Henry Maudslay, the founder
of the celebrated engineer firm in
London. The evidences of his effi-
ciency as a workman were so satis-
factory to Mr. Maudslay that he ap-
pointed him his assistant in his beau-
tiful private workshop.
Here he re-
mained till Mr. Maudslay's death in
1831, after which he returned to
Edinburgh for the purpose of con-
structing a set of engineering tools,
wherewith he commenced business in
Manchester in 1834. The extent of
work that came to him soon outgrew
the capacity of the premises. He then
removed to a twelve-acre plot of land
which he secured at Patricroft, four
miles west of Manchester. This site
was soon covered by an extensive
series of workshops, and the establish-
ment was named the Bridgewater |
Foundry, from the circumstance that
the land in question was bounded by
the Bridgewater Canal. Here many
mechanical tools were invented and
manufactured which are now doing
good service in the workshops of the
world. Conspicuous among them is
the Steam Hammer, which, since its
invention in 1839, has had no small
influence in advancing the progress
of the mechanical arts. Among other
inventions of his which have been ex-
tensively adopted owing to their high
practical utility may be named his
Safety Foundry Ladle, by which the
most ponderous castings can be poured
with perfect security to the workmen;
a Suction Fan for effecting the perfect
ventilation of mines; a Reversible
Rolling Mill in which all need of a
fly-wheel is dispensed with; a form
of Steam Engine derived from that of
|
NASSAU (DUKE OF), ADOLPH
WILLIAM CHARLES AUGUSTUS FRE-
DERICK, born July 24, 1817, assumed
the sovereignty Aug. 20, 1839. The
Duke married in 1844 the Princess
Elizabeth, daughter of the Grand
Duke Michael of Russia, who died
Jan. 28, 1845; and took, as a second
wife, April 23, 1851, Adelaide Marie,
daughter of Prince Frederick, of An-
halt-Dessau, by whom he has two
children.
A constitutional govern-
ment had existed for many years
before his accession to the throne,
the nation being represented not in
Chambers elected by popular suffrage,
but by the States of the dukedom.
In 1848, a new constitution, upon a
more liberal basis, was proclaimed ;
the Duke declared his intention of
governing in a constitutional manner,
and for a time the experiment pro-
mised to succeed. The Duke was one
of the sovereigns who joined the
union of German States under the
presidency of the king of Prussia,
formed after the failure of the Frank-
fort constitution. This union was
soon dissolved, and the Duke joined
the Austrian party in 1850, and voted
with it in the Diet. The constitution
was annulled in Nov., 1851. This
state was joined to Prussia by decree,
¡
!
745
+
746
NASSER-ED-DEEN-NEMOURS.
Sept. 20, 1866, and the Prussians took
possession Oct. 8.
NASSER-E D-DEEN, Shah of
Persia, son of the late Mehemet Shah,
by Queen Velliat, of the Kadjar tribe,
and grandson of Abbaz Mirza, born in
1829, was called to the throne in 1848.
The Shah is well versed in Persian
and Turkish, is acquainted with his
tory, and has a correct idea of the
relations in which he stands to each
of the European powers. Although
endowed with considerable energy of
character, he is mild and gentle in
manners, and simple in the habits of
his private life. At the beginning of
the war between Russia and Turkey
he declared his neutrality, but shortly
before its close, entered into a treaty
with Russia. In the following year,
in consequence of the occupation of
Herat by Persian troops, the Govern-
ment of India declared war against
him (Nov. 1, 1856). After a few
months of hostilities, during which
General Outram captured Kurrach,
Bushire, and other places, a treaty of
peace was signed at Paris by Lord
Cowley and the Persian ambassador,
in which ample satisfaction was given
to England. Subsequently the Shah
had wars with several neighbouring
States, and was successful in an expe-
dition against the Turcomans. Of
late years he has acted in the most
friendly manner towards England,
and in 1866 a treaty for establishing
telegraphic communication between
Europe and India through Persia was
signed at Teheran. The Shah's visit
to Europe in 1873 is a strong argu-
ment as to the moderation and popu-
larity of his rule, for although he was
absent from his kingdom from May
12 till Sept. 6, not one breath of
sedition disturbed the political calm
that reigned there. In four months
the Shah crossed the Caspian to
Astrakhan, ascended the Volga,
visited Moscow and St. Petersburg,
crossed by rail to Berlin and Cologne,
ascended by rail to Wiesbaden and
Frankfort, Heidelberg, Carlsruhe and
Baden, turned northward to Biberich,
descended the Rhine to Bonn, took
•
-
the rail to Spa, went on to Brussels,
crossed from Ostend to Dover, visited
London, Portsmouth, Liverpool,
Trentham, Manchester, Windsor,
Woolwich, and Richmond; crossed to
Cherbourg, visited Paris, Geneva,
Turin, Milan and Verona; crossed
the Brenner to Salzburg and Vienna,
returned to Italy, crossed from Brin-
disi to Constantinople, and from
Constantinople to Poti, took rail to
Teflis and carriage to Bákú, and
thence returned by steamer to Enzeli,
the Persian port at which His Majesty
had first embarked in May. During
this journey the Shah kept a diary,
which, on his return, was published in
the original Persian. A verbatim
English translation, by Mr. J. W.
Redhouse, appeared at London in
1874. The Shah has since paid a
visit to Russia, entering the capital
of that country in state May 23,
1878.
OF. (See
NATAL, BISHOP
COLENSO.)
NELSON, BISHOP OF. (See
SUTER.)
NEMOURS, LOUIS CHARLES PHI-
LIPPE RAPHAEL D'ORLÉANS, Duc
DE, one of the Orleans princes, is the
second son of King Louis Philippe,
and was born at Paris, Oct. 25, 1814.
He received his education in the
Collége Heuri IV., and was still a
child when Charles X., in accordance
with ancient custom, appointed him
colonel of the first regiment of Chas-
seurs de Cheval, at the head of which
he made his entry into Paris, Aug. 3,
1830. In Feb., 1831, he was elected
King of the Belgians, but his royal
father declined, on his behalf, this
offer of the National Congress, as he
did also at a later period a similar
offer of the throne of Greece. Sub-
sequently the Duc de Nemours served
with distinction in the two Belgian
campaigns, and in Algeria, being in
1837 promoted to the rank of Lieu-
tenant-General. The premature de-
cease of his elder brother, the Duc
d'Orléans (July 13, 1842), placed the
Duc de Nemours in a position of great
importance. Contrary to the tradi-
NEVILL-NEWCOMB.
|
tions of the old monarchy, which
were in favour of the mother of the
heir presumptive being declared
Regent, a bill was introduced, confer-
ring the regency on the Duc de Ne-
mours, and carried in the Chamber of
Deputies by a majority of 216 votes,
and afterwards in the Peers by 163 to
14 votes. Public opinion, however,
did not appear to ratify this law,
which the general apprehension of
danger caused to be abandoned in
1848. After the revolution of Feb..
the Duc de Nemours quitted France,
and joined the other members of the
exiled family at Claremont; and he
did not return to his native country
until after the downfall of the empire
in 1870. He married, April 27, 1840,
Victoire-Auguste-Antoinette, Duchess
of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (born Feb. 14,
1822; died Nov. 10, 1857), by whom
he has issue two sons, Prince Louis
Philippe Marie Ferdinand Gaston
d'Orléans, comte d'Eu (q.v.); and
Prince Ferdinand Philippe Marie
d'Orléans, duc d'Alençon, born July
12, 1844; and two daughters, the
eldest of whom, the Princess Mar-
guerite Adelaide Marie d'Orléans,
born Feb. 16, 1846, was married at
Chantilly to Prince Ladislas Czar-
toryski, Jan. 15, 1872.
NETHERLANDS, KING OF THE.
(See WILLIAM III.)
|
NEVILL, THE RIGHT REV.
SAMUEL TARRATT, D.D., Bishop of
Dunedin, was educated at Magdalen
College, Cambridge, where he gradu-
ated B.A. in 1866, obtaining a second
class in the Natural Sciences Tripos,
aud M.A. in 1869. After taking orders
he was collated to the rectory of Shel-
ton, Staffordshire, which he held till
his election by the diocesan synod, in
1871, to the see of Dunedin. He was
consecrated in St. Paul's Church,
Otago, July 10, 1871. The degree of
D.D. was conferred on him by the
University of Cambridge, jure digni-
tatis, Oct. 26, 1871. His episcopal
jurisdiction embraces the provinces of
Otago and Dunedin, with the isles
adjacent.
NEVILLE, HENRY, born at Man-
717
chester, June 20, 1837, became an
actor at an early age, and performed.
in the provinces for five years before
coming to London, where he appeared
as Percy Ardent in Boucicault's "Irish
Heiress" at the Lyceum Theatre in
Oct., 1860. Afterwards he played
for a short season at the Operetta
House in Edinburgh, and he next
accepted an engagement at the
Olympic, where he attracted atten-
tion by his impersonations of the hero
in "Jack of all Trades," and " Camil-
la's Husband." He achieved a still
greater success as Brierly in "The
Ticket of Leave Man," which was
produced in May, 1863, and played
for 409 nights without intermission..
After his engagement at the Olympic
had expired, Mr. Neville again re-
turned to the Adelphi, where he once
more made a decided hit in Mr.
Charles Reade's "Dora." Subse-
quently he went back to the Olympic
Theatre, not alone as actor, but also
as lessee and manager. At an early
age he used to write pieces for his
father's theatres, but his only dramas
produced in London were
"The
Yellow Passport" and the "Violin
Maker of Cremona." Mr. Neville has
also published a work entitled "The
Stage, its past and present, in relation
to Fine Art.'
C
NEWCOMB, SIMON, LL.D., born
at Wallace, Nova Scotia, March 12,
1835. While a youth he went to the
United States, and was for several
years engaged as a teacher. In 1857
he was employed on the computa-
tions for the "National Almanac."
In 1858 he began his original in-
`
vestigations in Astronomy, and in
1861 was appointed Professor of
Mathematics in the Naval Observa-
tory. He negotiated the contract
for the great telescope ordered by
Congress, supervised its construc-
tion, and planned the structure in
which it is placed. He was made
Secretary of the Commission created
by Congress in 1871, to observe the
transit of Venus (Dec. 9, 1874) and
the labour of selecting the members
and appointing their stations de-
748
NEWMAN.
|
volved mainly upon him. In 1872 he
was elected an associate of the Royal
Astronomical Society, and in 1874
received its gold medal for his tables
of Neptune and Uranus. In the same
year he was chosen a corresponding
member of the Institute of France;
and in 1875 he received the honorary
degree of Doctor of Mathematics and
Physics from the University of Ley-
den. In 1878 the Haarlem Society of
Sciences awarded its biennial medal
to Professor Newcomb. Besides
scientific papers in periodicals, he has
published: "On the Secular Varia-
tions, etc., of the Asteroids" (1860);
"Our Financial Policy during the
Southern Rebellion" (1865);
"In-
vestigation of the Solar Parallax
(1867); "On the Action of the
Planets on the Moon" (1871);
|
Tables of the Planet Neptune
(1865); "Tables of Uranus " (1873);
The A. B. C. of Finance" (1877);
and "Popular Astronomy (1878).
NEWFOUNDLAND, BISHOP OF.
(See JONES, DR.)
NEWMAN, FRANCIS WILLIAM,
son of John Newman, a member of
the banking firm of Ramsbottom,
Newman, & Co., and younger brother
of the Rev. J. H. Newman, D.D., born
in London in 1805, was educated at
a private school at Ealing, and in
1822 was admitted a commoner of
Worcester College, Oxford. In 1826
he took his B.A. degree as a double
first-class, was Fellow of Balliol from
1826 till 1830, when he resigned, be-
cause he was unable conscientiously
to subscribe the Thirty-nine Articles
for the Master's degree. He left
England the same year, and resided
abroad, visiting the chief countries
of the East, and having in 1834 re-
turned, he became Classical Tutor at
Bristol College, and held a similar
post in 1840 at Manchester New Col-
lege. In 1846 he was appointed
Latin Professor in University College,
London, but resigned in 1863. He
has written "Lectures on Logic,"
1838; "Difficulties of Elementary
Geometry," 1841 ; ((
History of
Hebrew Monarchy," 1847; "The
*>
""
(4
Soul: its Sorrows and Aspirations,"
1849; "Phases of Faith: Passages
from my own Creed," 1850; “Col-
lection of Poetry, for Elocution,"
1850; "Lectures on Ancient and
Modern History," 1851; "Lectures
on Political Economy," 1851; Intro-
duction to Roman History," 1852 ;
"Crimes of the House of Hapsburg,
1853 ; "Catholic Union,' 1854 ;
Essay towards a Church of the
Future," 1854; "Theism, Doctrinal
and Practical," 1858 ; "Homeric
Translation in Theory and Practice,'
1861; "Text of the Iguvine In-
scriptions," 1864; "English Institu-
tions and their Reforms," 1865;
"Handbook of Modern Arabic,"
1866; "Miscellanies, Academical and
Historical," 1869; "The Cure of the
Great Social Evil, with special refer-
ence to recent laws, delusively called
Contagious Diseases Acts;
"Or-
thoëpy, or a simple Mode of Accent-
ing English, for the advantage of
Foreigners and of all Learners,"
1869; and Europe of the near
Future; with three Letters on the
Franco-German War," 1871. He
has contributed to several reviews,
especially to the Westminster, Eclectic,
and Fraser's Magazine, on classical
and political subjects. He has
written a mathematical paper on the
third Elliptic Integral. We under-
stand that he has in hand, already
far advanced, an English-Arabic
Dictionary, in European type, on an
entirely new plan. The books pub-
lished by him have a miscellaneous
aspect, which is explained by the
violent interruption in his original
career, as detailed in his "Phases of
Faith."
|
“
??
""
""
NEWMAN, THE REV. JOHN
HENRY, D.D., elder brother of Francis
William Newman, born in London
in 1801, was educated at Ealing
School, whence he proceeded to
Trinity College, Oxford, where he
graduated B.A. in 1820, taking clas-
sical honours, and was elected Fellow
of Oriel College. In 1825 he became
Vice-Principal of St. Alban's Hall,
then under the late Dr. (afterwards
NEWTON.
Archbishop) Whately, and in 1826
Tutor of his College, which post he
held until about 1831. In 1828 he
accepted the incumbency of St.
Mary's, Oxford, with the outlying
chaplaincy of Littlemore; and in
1842 he quitted Oxford, and estab-
lished at Littlemore an ascetic com-
munity on a mediæval model, over
which he presided for three years.
He held St. Mary's from 1828 till
1843, where, by his preaching, he
gained such influence over the
younger members of the university,
that he became, in conjunction with
Dr. Pusey, the recognised leader of
the High Church party. He took a
leading part in the publication of the
"Tracts for the Times," to which he
contributed the final tract, No. 90,
which was severely censured by the
university authorities as practically
annulling the broad lines of demarca-
tion between the English and Roman
Catholic Churches. In Oct., 1845, he
seceded from the Established Church,
was received into the Roman com-
munion, and was, after being or-
dained priest, appointed head of
the Oratory of St. Philip Neri, at
Birmingham. In 1854 he was ap-
pointed Rector of the newly-founded
Catholic University in Dublin, but
resigned that post in 1858, and has
established a school for the sons of
Roman Catholic gentry at Edgbaston,
near Birmingham. Dr. Newman was
elected an honorary Fellow of Trinity
College, Oxford, Dec. 28, 1877. It
has been frequently asserted that Dr.
Newman did not believe in the doc-
trine of the Infallibility of the Roman
Pontiff when speaking ex cathedrâ to
the Universal Church on questions of
faith or morals. In reply to a criti-
cism to this effect made by a Mr.
Capes, Dr. Newman wrote as follows
(Sept. 13, 1872): "He assumes that
I did not hold or profess the
doctrine of the Pope's Infallibility
till the time of the Vatican Council,
whereas I have committed myself to
it in print again and again from 1845
to 1867. And on the other hand, as
it so happens-though I held it, as I
749
ever have done-I have had no occa-
sion to profess it, whether in print or
otherwise, since that date. Any one
who knows my writings will recollect
that in so saying I state a simple
fact." Dr. Newman has written
"Lectures on Romanism and Popu-
lar Protestantism," 1837; "Letter to
J. Faussett on certain Points of
Faith," 1838; " Parochial Sermons,"
8 vols., 1838-44; "Lectures on Justi-
fication," 1840; "Church of the
Fathers,' 1840 ; "Essay on the
Miracles of the Middle Ages," 1843;
"Annotated Translation of St. Atha-
nasius," 1842-44; "Sermons on the
Subjects of the Day," 1844; "Ser-
mons on Theory of Religious Be-
lief," 1844; "Development of Chris-
tian Doctrine," 1846 ; "Discourses
addressed to Mixed Congregations,"
1850; "Life of Apollonius Tyanæus,"
1824; "Loss and Gain, or the Story
of a Convert," 1848; "Lectures on
the History of the Turks as to Chris-
tianity," 1854; "Arians of the
Fourth Century," 1833; "Callista,
a Sketch of the Third Century,"
"Discourses on the Nature of Univer-
sities," and essays on the "Office and
Work of Universities," in 1854-56;
"Sermons preached on Various Occa-
sions," 1857; "Lectures and Essays
on University Subjects," 1859; and
"Letter to Dr. Pusey on his recent
Eirenicon," 1866. He published
an autobiographical record of his
life, entitled " Apologia pro Vitâ Suâ,"
in 1864; a "Collection of Poems,'
in 1868; an Essay on Assent," in
1870; and "A Letter addressed to
His Grace the Duke of Norfolk, on
occasion of Mr. Gladstone's recent
Expostulation," 1875.
17
(C
NEWPORT AND MENEVIA,
BISHOP OF. (See BROWN, T. J.)
NEWTON, CHARLES THOMAS,
C. B., D.C.L., son of the Rev. N. D. H.
Newton, Vicar of Bredwardine, Here-
fordshire, born in 1816, was educated
at Shrewsbury School and Christ
Church, Oxford, of which he was a
faculty student, and where he gra-
duated B.A. in 1837, taking second-
class honours. In May, 1840, he
sta
750
NICHOL-NICHOLAS.
was appointed one of the assistants
in the department of Antiquities at
the British Museum, which post he
held until 1852, when, being anxious
to rescue from oblivion some of the
ancient sculptures on the coasts of
Asia Minor and in the islands of the
Egean, he obtained the appoint-
ment of Vice-Consul at Mitylene.
After having spent several years in
exploring the Archipelago, he dis-
covered at Budrum (the ancient Hali-
carnassus) the site of the Mausoleum
erected by Artemisia, and carried on
extensive excavations at Cnidus and
at Branchidæ, between Oct., 1856,
and April, 1859. The results of his
discoveries consist of a fine collection
of sculptures from the Mausoleum
and other places, deposited in the
British Museum, which is indebted to
Mr. Newton for a most interesting
collection of Greek inscriptions, vases,
coins, and other antiquities, acquired
in Asia Minor and the Archipelago,
by purchase or in the course of excava-
tion. In May, 1860, he was appointed
British Consul at Rome, and in 1861
Keeper of the Greek and Roman An-
tiquities in the British Museum. He
is a corresponding member of the
French Institute. Mr. Newton was
created a Companion of the Bath in
1875. His wife, a daughter of Mr.
Joseph Severn, was a celebrated artist.
She died Jan. 2, 1866. Mr. Newton was
elected an honorary fellow of Wor-
cester College, Oxford, Nov. 28, 1874.
| 25, 1873. In 1861 he was appointed,
by the Crown, Professor of English
Literature in the University of Glas-
gow, and he still occupies that Chair.
In addition to teaching his classes,
Dr. Nichol has "coached" some 150
candidates for honours at Oxford,
and delivered Over 200 popular
lectures, especially to ladies' classes,
in various parts of Scotland and
England. He exposed himself to
much hostility in Scotland as an ad-
vocate of the North in the American
civil war, of secular education, and of
Broad Church theology. Dr. Nichol
is the author of a volume of essays
entitled "Fragments of Criticism,'
1860; and of the first part of “ Han-
nibal," a classical drama, 1872. He
has also written numerous essays for
the Westminster, North British, and
other reviews; articles in the Ency-
clopædia Britannica; and several
pamphlets on educational and other
questions.
NICHOL, JOHN, LL.D., only son
of Mr. J. P. Nichol, late Professor of
Astronomy, was born at Montrose,
Forfarshire, Sept. 8, 1833, and edu-
cated in the University of Glasgow
(1848-55), and at Balliol College,
Oxford (1855-59). He graduated
B.A. at Oxford, with first class in
classics and philosophy (and honours
in mathematics) in 1869, but he did
not proceed to the degree of M.A.
until 1874, as he always refused to
sign any religious test whatever, and
was therefore debarred from taking
it until quite recently. The degree
of LL.D. was conferred upon him by
the University of St .Andrew's, Feb.
NICHOLAS (GRAND DUKE)
NICOLAIEVITCH, third son of the
late Czar Nicholas I., and brother of
Alexander II., the present Emperor of
Russia, was born July 27 (Aug. 8),
1831. Being destined for a military
career he received a suitable educa-
tion, and entered into active service
at the age of sixteen. The Grand
Duke spent a few days in Sebastopol,
when that fortress was besieged in
1855; he was attached for a period
of two years to the general staff of
the army of the Caucasus, and in that
capacity he was present at several
skirmishes with the Tcherkesses.
Nominated a General and Inspector-
General of Engineers he commanded-
in-chief all the army, having General
Todleben as his assistant. He was
also appointed Commander of the
Royal Body Guard, and President of
the chief commission for the organi-
sation and instruction of the troops.
In the recent war against Turkey he
received the command-in-chief of the
army of the Danube, which after a
council of war held some days previ-
ously at Kicheneff, invaded Roumania
April 24, 1877. The Grand Duke
NICHOLAS-NICHOLSON.
himself arrived at Bucharest on the
25th of May, and was received at the
railway station, with great ceremony,
by the reigning Prince Charles I., and
the Metropolitan. In April, 1878, he
resigned the command-in-chief of the
Russian army before Constantinople,
and was succeeded by General Tod-
leben. He married Feb. 6, 1856, the
Princess Alexandra, daughter of
Prince Peter of Oldenburg (she was
born June 2, 1838), and has two sons.
751
"L
""
cation for Wales," 1863-the publica-
tion of which first brought before the
legislature and the public a syste-
matic view of the educational re-
quirements of the Principality, and
gave the impulse which led to the
establishment of the University
College of Wales; "The Pedigree
of the English People"-a work on
British ethnology, tracing the origin
and growth of the nation, and especi-
ally the incorporation, as one of its
main constituents, of the ancient
British population, 1868, 5th Edition,
1878; "Annals and Antiquities of
the Counties and Families of Wales,"
2 vols., 1872, 2nd edition, 1875;
"History and Antiquities of the
County of Glamorgan and its
Families," 1874. Dr. Nicholas has
paid much attention to the history
and relations of Races, and the science
of Comparative Philology, and in his
Pedigree of the English People
assumes an earlier connection be-
tween the Teutonic and Celtic races
than that which occurred on their
meeting in Britain. This work shows
the untenableness of the popular
theory that the English are the
proper descendants of the Saxon and
Anglian conquerors of Britain, and
contends that the effect of the amal-
gamation of the various incursive
tribes and the natives was the
formation of a new race in which the
blood of the Celt is probably as
abundant as that of the Teuton-a
question which former historians had
too much overlooked. Dr. Nicholas
is understood to have been for some
time engaged upon a History of
Wales, under three periods, the Early,
the Middle-Age, and the Modern,
and upon a Compendious History of
the Nationalities, Ancient and
Modern, of the British Isles.
NICHOLSON, HENRY ALLEYNE,
M.D., F.G.S., was born at Penrith,
Cumberland, Sept. 11. 1844, and
educated at the Universities of
Göttingen and Edinburgh. He was
Baxter Scholar in Natural Science
(1866),
|
Ettles Scholar in Medi-
cine, and Gold Medallist of the
NICHOLÁS, THE REV. THOMAS,
Ph.D., M.A., F.G.S., born in Pem-
brokeshire in 1820, was educated,
first at the Liverpool Grammar School,
then at the Lancashire College,
Manchester, affiliated to the London
University, and afterwards pursued
his studies in Germany. In 1856
he was appointed Professor of Bib-
lical Literature and Mental and
Moral Science at the College, Carmar-
then. Having, during his seven years'
residence there, had opportunities of
observing the great want of higher
Middle Class Education in the Prin-
cipality, he projected, and after several
years of effort founded, the University
College of Wales, an institution in-
tended for superior education on un-
sectarian principles. A large sum of
money was collected through his
advocacy. In 1867 he negotiated the
purchase of the costly college build-
ings at Aberystwyth, where the In-
stitution is now in operation, and
drew out the scheme of study there
pursued. He continues to act as one
of the Governors of the College.
With the educational institutions of
France and Germany he has made
himself familiar by personal inspec-
tion. Of late years he has devoted
much of his time to science and
literature, and has published (be
sides a variety of contributions,
original, and translated from the
German, to periodical literature),
"Books and Reading, or What to
Read and How to Read," 1858;
“Dr. Davidson and the Professorship
of Biblical Literature at the Lanca-
shire College," 1860; "Middle and
High Schools, and University Edu-
|
752
NICOL-NIEPCE DE SAINT VICTOR.
11
University of Edinburgh (1867). He
was appointed Lecturer on Natural
History in the Medical School of
Edinburgh in 1869; Professor of
Natural History and Botany in the
University of Toronto in 1871;
Professor of Biology and Physiology
in the University of Durham (Col-
lege of Physical Science, Newcastle)
in 1874; Professor of Natural His-
tory in the University of St. Andrew's
in 1875; and Swiney Lecturer on
Geology to the British Museum in 1877.
He is the author of original scientific
works, principally geological and
paleontological, comprising "Essay
on the Geology of Cumberland and
Westmoreland," 1866; "Monograph
of the British Graptolitidæ," 1872;
"Reports on the Paleontology of
the Province of Ontario," 1874-75;
"Report on the Fossil Corals of the
State of Ohio," 1875; and numerous
memoirs in various scientific publica-
tions. He is also the author of various
educational works, such as "Manual
of Zoology; "Manual of Palæont-❘
ology; "Introduction to the Study of
Biology; " and " Ancient Life-History
of the Earth."
NICOL, ERSKINE, A.R.A.. was
born at Leith, Scotland, in 1825, and
received his art-education in the
Trustees' Academy, Edinburgh, under
Sir William Allan and Mr. Thomas
Duncan. In 1846 he went to reside
in Ireland, where he remained three
or four years. It was this residence
in the sister isle which decided the
painter's choice of his peculiar field
of representation, for most of his
subsequent pictures have been Irish
in subject. From Ireland he re-
turned to Edinburgh, and after ex-
hibiting for some time. he was
ultimately elected a member of the
Royal Scottish Academy. In 1862
he settled in London, and since that
date he has contributed regularly to
the exhibitions of the Royal Academy,
of which body he was elected an
Associate in June, 1866. His principal
pictures are "Notice to Quit," 1862;
"Renewal of the Lease Refused,"
1863; ((
Among the Old Masters,"
1
and "Waiting for the Train," 1864 ;
"A Deputation," 1865; "Both
Puzzled," "Paying the Rent," and
"Missed It," 1866; "A Country
Booking-Office," and "Treason,
1867; "A China Merchant," and
Waiting at the Cross-roads," 1868;
"A Disputed Boundary," 1869
"How it was she was delayed,'
"On the Look Out," "The Fisher's
Knot," and "The Children's Fair-
ing," 1871; "His Bá-bees,'
"The
(6
Play Hour," and "Bothered," 1872;
"Pro Bono Publico," "Steady,
Johnnie," and "Past Work," 1873;
"A Dander after the Rain," and
"When there's nothing else to do,"
1874; "The New Vintage,"
""Always
Tell the Truth," and "The Sabbath
Day," 1875; "A Storm at Sea," and
Looking out for a Safe Investment,"
1876; "His Legal Adviser," and
Unwillingly to School," 1877; "A
Colorado Beetle," "The Lonely
Tenant of the Glen,"
"Under a
Cloud," and "The Missing Boat,"
1878.
|
""
NIEPCE DE SAINT VICTOR,
CLAUDE MARIE FRANÇOIs, chemist
and photographer, born at Saint Cyr,
July 26, 1805; left at the age of
twenty-two the military school of
Saumur, and the spilling of some
vinegar upon his uniform, in 1842,
while a lieutenant of dragoons, led
him to make researches to discover
the means of restoring colours. His
first experiments resulted in a pro-
posal to the Minister of War, who was
about to change the colour of a part
of the uniform of thirteen cavalry
regiments, and the adoption of which
actually effected a saving of four
thousand pounds, for which the dis-
coverer received a gratuity of twenty
pounds! Afterwards he obtained a
military appointment, which left
him leisure for pursuing scientific
inquiries, and he was advanced to
the grade of Major in 1854. He ob-
tained the decoration of the Legion
of Honour in Dec., 1849, and the
same year the prize of £80 from the
Society for the Encouragement of the
Arts. He pursued his investigations
|
NIGHTINGALE.
""
in heliography, and was the first, in
1847, to attempt photography on
glass. He has addressed to the
Academy of Science a series of
papers, most of them inserted in M.
Chevreul's Considerations Ο11
Colour;
"Ou the Action of
Vapours," in 1847 and 1853; "On
Photography on Glass," in 1847-8;
"On the Colorization of Likenesses,
or Heliochromy," in 1851-2; "On
Heliographic Engraving on Steel and
Glass," in 1853-5; and his principal
works were collected under the title
Recherches Photographiques," in
1855. To his uncle, M. Nicéphore
Niepce, and to M. Daguerre, the
public are indebted for obtaining
pictorial representations by means of
solar light. M. Niepce-de-Saint-
Victor, obtained the Trémont prize
from the Académie des Sciences in
1861, 1862, and 1863.
long before an opportunity presented
itself for applying the practical lessons
she there learned, for having heard
that the Governesses' Sanatorium, in
Harley-street, languished for the
want of supervision and pecuniary
support, she generously devoted both
her personal energies and private
means to its restoration and its
thorough organization. This work
had scarcely been accomplished,
when, before Miss Nightingale had
time to recover her over-taxed
strength, new demands were made
upon her spirit of self-sacrifice. The
inefficiency and mismanagement of
our military hospitals in the Crimea
led to such severe condemnation, that
various plans were suggested for
their reform, the most popular of
which was the formation of a select
band of lady-superintendents and of
nurses to direct and minister in the
|
753
NIGHTINGALE, FLORENCE,
lady whose name has been rendered
illustrious by her philanthropic efforts
to alleviate the sufferings of our
wounded soldiers in the Crimean War,
is younger daughter and co-heiress
of Mr. William E. Nightingale, of
Embley Park, Hampshire, and Lea
Hurst, Derbyshire, and was born at
Florence in May, 1820. She enjoyed
all the advantages which fall to the
lot of the children of the affluent and
refined, and attained remarkable
efficiency in some branches of female
education. It was not long before
her philanthropic instincts, previously
restricted in their exercise to casual
ministrations among the poorer neigh-
bours of her English home, led her to
the systematic study of the ameliora-
tive treatment of physical and moral
<listress. Not satisfied with the in-
vestigation of the actual working of
English schools, hospitals, and re-
formatory institutions, she conducted
on the Continent inquiries in the
same spirit, and in 1851 took up her
abode in an institution of Protestant
Sisters of Mercy established at Kai-
serswerth, on the Rhine. Nor was it
NIGER TERRITORY, BISHOP OF. hospital wards. At the request of
(See CROWTHER, DR.)
the late Lord Herbert, then Secretary
at War, Miss Nightingale undertook
the organization and conduct of this
body. No eulogy can do justice to
the talent, energy, and devotion she
constantly displayed in her self-im-
pose:l task. Suffice it to say that, by
instituting order where confusion had
before reigned, and by affording care
and consolation, she alleviated the
sufferings of all, saved the lives of
many, and earned the blessings of the
sick and wounded, as well as the
gratitude of her country. A testi-
monial fund amounting to fifty thou-
sand pounds, subscribed by the public
in recognition of her noble services,
was at her special request devoted to
the formation and maintenance of an
institution for the training and em-
ployment of nurses. Though de-
barred by impaired health from
active participation in charitable en-
terprises, Miss Nightingale assists the
cause by her writings, intended to dis-
seminate practical knowledge on the
subjects in which she is so well versed.
"Notes on Hospitals," a valuable work
which had a very large circulation,
appeared in 1859; "Notes on Nurs-
ing," of which nearly a hundred thou-
a
3 C
754
NILSSON-NINA.
sand copies have been sold, in 1860;
and "Observations on the Sanitary
State of the Army in India," in 1863.
It is understood that, at the request
of the War Office, she drew up a very
voluminous confidential report on the
working of the army medical depart-
ment in the Crimea, and this benevo-
lent lady has a further claim on the
gratitude of her countrymen for the
active interest she has displayed in
the Volunteer movement. Her latest
publications are "Notes on Lying-In
Institutions, together with a Proposal
for Organizing an Institution for
Training Midwives and Midwifery
Nurses," 1871; "Life or Death in
India: a paper read at the Meeting
of the National Association for the
Promotion of Social Science, Norwich,
1873. With an Appendix on Life or
Death by Irrigation," 1874.
NILSSON, CHRISTINA, daughter of
a labouring man, born at Wederslöf,
near Wexiö, in Sweden, Aug. 3, 1843,
at an early age evinced great taste
for music. She became quite pro-
ficient on the violin, learned the flute,
and attended fairs and other places of
public resort, at which she sang, ac-
companying herself on the violin.
While performing in this manner at
a fair at Ljungby, in June, 1857, her
extraordinary powers attracted the
attention of Mr. F. G. Tornérhjelm, a
gentleman of influence, who rescued
her from her vagrant life, and placed
her at school first at Halmstad, and
afterwards at Stockholm, where she
was instructed by M. Franz Berwald.
She made her first appearance at
Stockholm in 1860, went to Paris, con-
tinued her musical education under
Masset and Wurtel, and came out at
the Théâtre Lyrique, Oct. 27, as
Violetta in the "Traviata," with such
success that she was engaged for
three years.
She made her first ap-
pearance in London at Her Majesty's
Theatre in 1867, proved the great
operatic attraction at that establish-
ment during the season, and has since
performed here with constantly in-
creasing success. More recently she
paid a visit to the United States
|
(1870), where, within less than a year,
she is said to have cleared £30,000.
After a Transatlantic trip of two
years she reappeared at Drury Lane
Theatre, May 28, 1872, in "La Tra-
viata." She was married at West-
minster Abbey, Aug. 27, 1872, to M.
Auguste Rouzoud, the son of an
eminent French merchant.
NINA, HIS EMINENCE LORENZO,
Cardinal Deacon of the Holy Roman
Church, was born at Recanati, near
Ancona, May 12, 1812. He was a
member of a middle-class family,
his father being a notary. From his
earliest years he manifested decided
ability. He commeuced his studies
in literature and philosophy in the
seminary of his native town, and
afterwards took his Doctor's decree
in thcology and law in the University
of Rome. In 1835 he was ordained,
and from that time followed the
regular course of the Curial Pre-
lature, rising steadily and rapidly,
confining himself chiefly to the study
of the canon law. Monsignor, after-
wards Cardinal, di Pietro, who was
then Auditor of the Rota, chose him
for his Secretary. The Cardinal Pre-
fect of the Congregation of the
Council also appointed him his Audi-
tor, and he distinguished himself so
notably in that capacity that he was
shortly afterwards made Under-Secre-
tary of that Congregation. About
the same time he also became Audi-
tor to Cardinal Amat, Vice-Chancellor
of the Holy Roman Church. Later
he was made a member of the Con-
gregation of the Advocates of St. Ivo,
and inscribed among the Prelates of
the Parco Maggiore, one of the princi-
pal colleges into which the Vatican
Prelature is divided. He received a
Canon's stall in the Basilica of St.
Peter's, and was employed by Pius
IX. in many delicate matters requir-
ing ability and judgment. In these
he acquitted himself so much to the
late Pope's satisfaction that his Holi-
ness named him Assessor of the Holy
Office. In 1869 he was appointed
member of the preparatory commis-
sion for the ecclesiastical discipline of
NISARD-NOEL.
755
NISARD, MARIE EDOUARD
CHARLES, brother of M. Jean Marie
Napoléon Désiré Nisard, born at Châ-
tillon-sur-Seine, Jan. 10, 1808, was
brought up to commercial pursuits,
which he relinquished for a literary
career. His i Epître aux Antiro-
mantiques," appeared in 1829, and
from 1831 till 1848 he was attached
to the family of Louis Philippe, and
assisted in the direction of several
journals devoted to the support of
the cause of the revolution of July,
1830. Amongst his numerous works
are "Camera Lucida," published in
1845; "Le Triumvirat Littéraire au
XVIe Siècle," in 1852;
"Les En-
nemis de Voltaire," and "Les Mé-
moires de Huet," in 1853;
"Histoire
des Livres Populaires depuis le XVe
Siècle jusqu'en 1852," in 1854; “Les
Gladiateurs de la République des Let-
tres au XVe, XVIe, et XVIIe Siècles,"
in 1860; and "Curiosités de l'Ety-
hemologie Française," in 1863. He was
elected a member of the Académie
des Sciences in 1867.
NOAILLES, PAUL, DUC DE, a
French historian, born Jan. 4, 1802,
inherited the title of Peer of France
from a great-uncle, who died in 1823.
He did not take his seat at the Palace
of the Luxembourg till 1827, and
after the revolution of July he re-
mained at his post and delivered many
speeches, which have been published
in a collected form. In 1848 he re-
tired into private life, and has since
devoted himself to literary research.
In March, 1871, he was offered by
M. Thiers the post of French Am-
bassador to the court of St. Peters-
burg, but he declined the appoint-
ment, on the ground of ill-health.
The Duke, who was elected a member
of the French Academy in 1849, is
the author of an essay on Saint-Cyr,
under the title of "Histoire de la
Maison Royale de Saint-Louis," pub-
lished in 1843, and republished with
additions in 1856; and of" Histoire de
Madame de Maintenon," 2 vols., 1848.
NOEL, THE RIGHT HON. GERARD
JAMES, M.P., second son of the first
Earl of Gainsborough, was born in
the Vatican Council, Referendary of
the Segnatura, and Apostolic Proto-
notary and Consul of the Holy Con-
gregation of Rites. He was numbered
among the domestic Prelates of Pius
IX., and finally was elected Prefect
of the Pontifical Lyceum of Santa
Appollinare. At the Consistory, held
on March 12, 1877, Pius IX. created
him Cardinal, conferring upon him
the title of St. Angelo in Pescheria.
In Aug. 1878, Pope Leo XIII. ap-
pointed him Pontifical Secretary of
State. His Eminence also became
Prefect of the Sacred Apostolic
Palaces and Administrator of the Pro-
perty of the Holy See.
|
NÍSARD, JEAN MARIE NAPOLÉON
DÉSIRÉ, journalist, born at Châtillon-
sur-Seine, March 20, 1806, was edu-
cated at Sainte Barbe, joined the staff
of the Journal des Débats in 1826,
and afterwards became connected with
the National. He was appointed to a
post in the École Normale, which
filled till 1844, and held other impor-
tant posts, succeeded M. Villemain
in the chair of French eloquence, and
was made director of the Ecole Nor-
male Supérieure in 1857. This latter
position he retained till 1867, when
he was raised to the dignity of a
Senator. He has written, amongst
other works, "Les Poëtes Latins de
la Décadence," published in 1834;
"Histoire et Description de la Ville
de Nîmes," in 1835; "Mélanges," in
1838;
"Précis de l'Histoire de la
Littérature Française depuis ses Pre-
miers Monuments jusqu'à nos Jours,"
in 1840; "Histoire de la Littérature
Française," in 1844-63; he contri-
buted articles to the Revue de Paris,
the Revue des Deux Mondes, the Revue
Contemporaine, and the Revue Euro-
péenne has translated some of the
plays of Shakspere, and written some
novels. He was made a member of
the Académie Française in 1850;
Officer of the Legion of Honour in
1845, and Commander, June 16, 1856.
He superintended the publication of
a collection of Latin Classics, with a
translation in French, commenced in
1839, and completed in 27 volumes.
|
-
3 c 2
756
NORFOLK-NORTHBROOK.
grave, he was member for Scar-
borough in the Liberal interest from
1847 till 1851, and from 1852 till
1857. He was sworn a Privy Coun-
cillor in 1851, and succeeded to his
father's title July 28, 1863, when
he resigned his foreign appointment
and returned to England. He was
appointed Captain of the corps of
Gentlemen-at-Arms, Dec. 17, 1869,
and held that office till April 8, 1871,
when he was nominated Governor of
Queensland. He succeeded Sir James
Fergusson as Governor of New Zea-
land in 1874. In Dec. 1878 he suc-
ceeded Sir G. F. Bowen as Governor
of Victoria.
|
1823. He entered the army as a
cornet in the 11th Hussars in 1842;
became a Captain in 1847, and re-
tired in 1851. He was elected M.P.
for Rutlandshire in the Conservative
interest in 1847, and still is one of
the representatives of that county.
He was a Lord of the Treasury from
July, 1866, to Oct. 1868, and Parlia-
mentary Secretary to the Treasury
from the last date to December fol-
lowing. In Aug. 1876, he was ap-
pointed Chief Commissioner of Works
and Public Buildings in succession to
Lord Henry Lennox.
|
NORFOLK (DUKE OF), HIS GRACE,
HENRY FITZALAN HOWARD, Earl of
Arundel, Surrey, and Norfolk, and
Baron Fitzalan, Clun, Oswaldestre,
and Maltravers, Premier Duke and
Earl, Hereditary Earl-Marshal, and
Chief Butler of England, is the eldest
son of the seventeenth duke by his
wife Augusta Mary Minna Catharine,
second daughter of Edmund, first
Lord Lyons. He was born in Carl-
ton Terrace, London, Dec. 27, 1847,
and succeeded to the peerage on the
death of his father, Nov. 25, 1860.
His Grace, who is a zealous Roman
Catholic, takes great interest in all
matters relating to his Church, and
frequently presides over public meet-
ings of his co-religionists. He is
President of the Catholic Uuion of
Great Britain. It was to the Duke of
Norfolk that Dr. Newman addressed,
in 1875, his reply to Mr. Gladstone's
"Political Expostulation." He mar-
ried at the Oratory, Brompton, on
Nov. 21, 1877, Lady Flora Hastings,
eldest daughter of Charles Frederick
Abney Hastings, Esq., of Donington
Park, Leicestershire, and the late
Countess of Loudon.
NORTHBROOK (EARL OF), THE
RIGHT HON. THOMAS GEORGE BAR-
ING, eldest son of the first baron,
who was long known as Sir Francis
Baring, was born in 1826, and re-
ceived his education at Christ Church,
Oxford, where he graduated (second-
class in classics) in 1846. He was
successively Private Secretary to Mr.
Labouchere at the Board of Trade, to
Sir George Grey at the Home Office,
to Sir Charles Wood at the India
Board, and at the Admiralty till
1857, when he was returned to the
House of Commons for Penryn and
Falmouth, which constituency he con-
tinued to represent in the Liberal
interest till he became a peer on the
death of his father in 1866. He was
a Lord of the Admiralty from May,
1857, to Feb., 1858; Under-Secretary
of State for India from June, 1859, to
Jan., 1861; Under-Secretary for War
from the latter date till June, 1866.
On the accession of Mr. Gladstone to
power in Dec., 1868, Lord Northbrook
was again appointed Under-Secretary
for War; and after the assassination
of the Earl of Mayo he was appointed
to succeed that nobleman as Viceroy
and Governor-General of India, in
Feb., 1872. He resigned in Feb.,
1876, and was succeeded by Lord
Lytton.
Lytton. In recognition of his dis-
tinguished services he was created
Viscount Baring of Lee in the county
of Kent, and Earl of Northbrook in
the county of Southampton.
NORMANBY (THE MARQUIS OF),
THE MOST NOBLE GEORGE AUGUS-
TUS CONSTANTINE PHIPPS, only son
of the first Marquis, born July 23,
1819, entered the Scots Fusilier
Guards in 1838, and was Controller
and subsequently Treasurer of the
Queen's Household from 1853 till
1858, when he was appointed Gover-
nor of Nova Scotia. As Lord Mul-
NORTHCOTE-NORTHUMBERLAND.
|
|
NORTHCOTE, THE RIGHT HON.
SIR STAFFORD HENRY, BART., M.P.,
F.R.S., eldest son of the late Henry
Stafford Northcote, Esq., by his first
wife, Agnes, only daughter of Thomas
Cockburn, Esq., of Portland Place,
London, was born in London Oct.
27, 1818. He was educated at Eton
and at Balliol College, Oxford (B.A.,
first-class in classics, and third in
mathematics, 1839; M.A., 1842 ; Hon.
D.C.L. 1863). He was Private Secre-
tary to Mr. Gladstone while that
statesman was President of the Board
of Trade (1843-45), and on being
called to the Bar at the Inner Temple
in 1847 he became Legal Secretary
to the Board of Trade. On the death
of his grandfather, Sir Stafford Henry
Northcote, the seventh baronet, in
1851, he succeeded to the family title
and estates. In acknowledgment of
his services as one of the Secretaries
to the Great Exhibition he was created
a (Civil) Companion of the Bath.
For several years he was engaged
with Sir C. E. Trevelyan in inquiring
into the condition of the civil estab-
lishments of the Crown, and they
eventually drew up a report, pre-
sented in 1854, which led to the Civil
Service being thrown open to public
competition. He represented Dudley
in the Conservative interest from
March, 1855, till April, 1857; and
sat for Stamford from July, 1858, till
May, 1866, when he was first elected
for North Devon, which constituency,
though it had rejected him a few
years previously (in 1857) has since
returned him at every succeeding
general election. He was Financial
Secretary to the Treasury during the
first half of the year 1859, and he
was appointed President of the Board
of Trade in Lord Derby's third ad-
ministration, in June, 1866, when he
was sworn of the Privy Council. From
March, 1867, till Dec., 1868, he was
Secretary of State for India. More
recently he was a member of the
Joint High Commission, whose labours
resulted in the Treaty of Washington
in 1871. When Mr. Disraeli formed
his Cabinet in Feb., 1874, Sir Stafford
757
Northcote was nominated Chancellor
of the Exchequer, and he became also
the leader of the Lower House, after
the elevation of the Premier to the
peerage as Lord Beaconsfield. It may
be added that Sir Stafford Northcote
was elected Governor of the Hudson's
Bay Company, Jan. 12. 1869; pre-
sided over the Congress of the Social
Science Association held at Bristol
the same year; was appointed a Com-
missioner to inquire into the law
relating to Friendly Societies, Nov.
2, 1870; and was elected a Fellow of
the Royal Society in April, 1875. He
is the author of "The Case of Sir
Eardley Wilmot, considered in a
letter to a friend," 1847, being a
vindication of Mr. Gladstone, who
had been charged with re-calling Sir
Eardley Wilmot, Lieutenant-Gover-
nor of Van Diemen's Land, on account
of rumours which had reached him
with respect to that gentleman's pri-
vate character; "A Statement of
Facts connected with the Election
of the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone
as Member for the University of
Oxford in 1847, and on his re-election
in 1852 and 1853," Svo, Lond., 1853;
**
Twenty Years of Financial Policy:
A Summary of the chief financial
measures passed between 1842 and
1861, with a table of Budgets," 1862;
Speech in the House of Commons
on moving the Vote for the Purchase
of the Khedive's Shares in the Suez
Canal, Feb. 14, 1876. With a note
on the Financial Condition of the
Country." Sir S. Northcote, who is
a Magistrate and Deputy-Lieutenant
for Devonshire, and an Elder Brother
of the Trinity House, married in 1843
Cecilia, daughter of Thomas Farrer,
Esq., of Lincoln's Inn.
NORTHUMBERLAND (DUKE
OF), THE MOST NOBLE ALGERNON
GEORGE PERCY, is the eldest surviv-
ing son of George, late Duke, by his
marriage with Louisa Harcourt, third
daughter of the late Hon. James
Stuart-Wortley-Mackenzie, and sister
of the first Lord Wharncliffe. He
was born in 1810, and was educated
at Eton and at St. John's College,
758
NORTON-NOVELLO.
|
Cambridge, of which University he
was created a Doctor of Laws in 1842.
He served for some years in the Gre-
nadier Guards, from which he retired
with the rank of Captain. He first
entered Parliament as M.P. for the
borough of Beeralston (disfranchised
under the first Reform Act), and re-
presented the northern division of
Northumberland in the Conservative
interest from 1852 down to 1865. He
held office in 1858-9, first as a Lord
of the Admiralty, and afterwards as
Vice-President of the Board of Trade.
He was appointed Lord Privy Seal,
on the Earl of Beaconsfield resigning|
that office, in Feb., 1878. In Aug. of
that year he was appointed to preside
over the Royal Commission, which
had been charged with conducting an
inquiry into the parochial charities of
the City of London. His grace is
President of the Royal Institution,
and Hon. Colonel of the Northumber-
land Militia; and he was created an
honorary D.C.L. of Oxford in 1870.
His Grace married in 1845 Louisa,
eldest daughter of the late Mr. Henry
Drummond, M.P., of Albury-park,
Surrey.
|
NORTON (LORD), THE RIGHT
HON. SIR CHARLES BOWYER AD-
DERLEY, K.C.M.G., eldest son of the
late Charles Clement Adderley, Esq.,
of Hams Hall, Warwickshire, and
Norton, Staffordshire, by Anna Maria,
daughter of the late Sir Edmund Cra-
dock-Hartopp, was born in Aug., 1814,
and educated at Christ Chuch, Ox-
ford, of which he was a gentleman
commoner, and where he graduated
B.A. in 1838. He was elected in the
Conservative interest in 1841, to re-
present the Northern division of Staf-
fordshire. Mr. Adderley was President
of the Board of Health and Vice-
President of the Committee of the
Privy Council on Education under
Lord Derby's second administration
of 1858-9, and Under-Secretary for
the Colonies under Lord Derby's
third administration (July 1866 to
Dec. 1868). He is a Trustee of
Rugby School and Chairman of the
Royal Sanitary Commission. In 1869
he was made a Knight Commander
of the Order of St. Michael and St.
George. On the return of the Con-
servatives to power in Feb., 1874, he
was appointed President of the Board
of Trade. Sir Charles Adderley took
an active part in the establishment
of colonial self-government and in
the introduction of reformatory in-
stitutions, and is the author of
pamphlets on education and penal
discipline, and of works on other
subjects connected with colonial in-
terests. He resigned the office of
President of the Board of Trade in
April, 1878, when he was raised to
the peerage of the United Kingdom
by the title of Baron Norton, of Nor-
ton-on-the-Moors, in the county of
Stafford. His lordship presided at
the meeting of the Social Science As-
sociation held at Cheltenham in Oct.,
1878. He married, in 1842, Julia
Anne Eliza Leigh, eldest daughter of
Chandos, first Lord Leigh.
NORWICH, BISHOP OF. (See
PELHAM, DR.)
NOTTINGHAM, BISHOP OF. (See
BAGSHAWE; TROLLOPE.)
NOVA SCOTIA, BISHOP OF. (See
BINNEY, DR.)
NOVELLÓ, CLARA ANASTASIA
(COUNTESS GIGLIUCCI), fourth daugh-
ter of Mr. Vincent Novello, musical
composer, born in London, June 10,
1818, at an early age displayed so
much musical talent as to induce her
father to give her a thoroughly pro-
fessional education.
Her progress
repaid the care bestowed upon her,
for at the early age of eleven years
she won, by competition, her admis-
sion as a pupil into the Conservatoire
de Musique Sacrée at Paris, where,
for two years, she studied assiduously,
and at one of the public examinations
of the pupils was complimented by
Charles X. and his court. On the
closing of the institution, in the re-
volution of 1830, she returned home
fitted to take a prominent part among
the singers of the day, at the concerts
of the Philharmonic Society and other
leading musical entertainments.
When only seventeen years of age
NOVELLO-OAKELEY.
she was elected an associate of that
society; and soon afterwards accepted
an invitation from Mendelssohn to
take part in the Leipsic Gewand-Haus
Concerts. In Berlin and Vienna she
was equally well received; and so
great was her success at the first-men-
tioned place, that the late king pre-
sented her with introductions to his
sister, the Empress of Russia, and to
the court of Vienna. Before this time
Malibran and Rubini advised her to
go to Italy, and study for the stage.
Her success at Vienna induced her to
take part in the musical festivals in
Lombardy, and she felt disposed to
follow their advice, but, owing to en-
gagements at St. Petersburg and in
Germany, could not carry out this
plan until 1839-40. She appeared at
Padua in 1841 in the character of
Semiramide with such success, that
engagements at Bologna, Modena,
and Genoa followed, and in 1842 both
Rome and Genoa endeavoured to
secure her for the fêtes of the carnival.
In 1843 she returned to England, and
sang in London and Manchester; and
having contracted a matrimonial
alliance with Count Gigliucci, she
withdrew from the stage in 1844.
Circumstances, however, induced her
return in 1850, to the arena of her
earlier triumphs; and she constantly
appeared in concerts, oratorios, and
operas, on the Continent and in
London, until 1860, when she finally
retired.
|
NOVELLO, JOSEPH ALFRED, son
of Vincent Novello, organist and com-
poser, was born in 1810. He followed
his father's footsteps in devoting him-
self to the propagation of good music
in England, and at the early age of
nineteen established himself in Lon-
don as a musical publisher. Some
years after he devised a system of
printing cheap music, and succeeded
în introducing this beneficial novelty,
notwithstanding the general opposi
tion of fellow music-sellers. To his
efforts is due the abolition of a vexa-
tious printers' guild law, which had
hampered the trade since 1811. A
friend and admirer of Felix Mendels-
759
sohn, Mr. Alfred Novello cagerly in-
troduced to English auditors the
works of that great master, and aided
him in translating "St. Paul," "Lob-
gesang," and other compositions. In
1849 he associated himself with the
energetic men who relieved England
from "taxation on knowledge," and
for years was the active treasurer of
their society, the object of which
was the repeal of the advertisement
duty (accomplished in 1853), the
repeal of the newspaper stamp (ac-
complished in 1855), the repeal of
the duties on paper and foreign
books, and the repeal of the security
system. Ever ardent in promoting
the progress of art, science, and social
advancement, he materially assisted
the inventive genius of his friend,
Mr. Bessemer, in his scientific dis-
coveries in glass, &c., and especially
that of producing the metal now
known as Bessemer steel. In 1856 he
retired from business and established
himself in Italy, the birthplace of his
paternal ancestors.
NOVELLO, SABILLA, youngest
daughter of Vincent Novello, organist
and composer, for some years suc-
cessfully followed the career of singer
and musical teacher in London. The
fatigues of the profession proving too
arduous for her delicate throat, she
retired to Italy and devoted her ener-
gies to the literary branches of the
musical art. Her best known works
"Vocal School,' "Voice and
Vocal Art," "Mozart's Thorough-bass
School," "Albrechtsberger's ditto,"
"Nägel and Pfeiffer's Choral School,"
Paganini's Violin-playing," "Eng-
lish Version of Mendelssohn's Vocal
Compositions."
""
are:
(C
0.
OAKELEY, THE VERY REV. FRE-
DERICK, a Roman Catholic divine,
the youngest son of Sir Charles Oake-
ley, Bart., formerly Governor of
Madras, was born at Shrewsbury,
Sept. 5, 1802. Before going to the
760
OAKELEY.
University he was a pupil of the late
Bishop Sumner, then Curate of High-
clere, Hampshire, in whose house he
resided from 1817 till 1820. In the
recently published Life of Bishop
Sumner, by his son, Mr. Oakeley,
who is described as a favourite pupil
of the Bishop's, has contributed a
letter of some length, in which he
embodies his pleasant and grateful
recollections of the three years spent
at Highclere. On proceeding to Ox-
ford he became a member of Christ
Church, but he was elected a Fellow
of Balliol College in 1827. His
academical career was a brilliant
one. He graduated B.A. (second
class in classics) in 1824; gained the
Chancellor's prizes for a Latin essay
in 1825, and for an English essay in
1827; and carried off the Ellerton
Theological prize in the same year.
He was appointed a Prebendary of
Lichfield by Bishop Ryder in 1832,
and in the same year was nominated
a select preacher in the University.
He also filled the office of Public
Examiner at Oxford at a somewhat
later period. In 1837 he received
the appointment of Whitehall
Preacher for Oxford from Bishop
Blomfield, who in that year amalga-
mated into a single preachership for
each of the two Universities the
twelve which had previously existed,
and selected Mr. Oakeley as the
Preacher for Oxford, and the present
Bishop of Worcester for Cambridge.
In 1839 Mr. Oakeley became Minis-
ter of Margaret Chapel, Margaret
Street, London, where he introduced
that more reverent form of external
worship which now
which now goes by the
name ot Ritualism. Mr. Gladstone,
who was one of his congregation,
thus speaks of him in the Contem-
porary Review for Oct., 1874 :—“The
Papal Church now enjoys the ad-
vantage of the labours of Mr. Oake-
ley, who united to a fine musical
taste a much finer and much rarer
gift in discerning and expressing
the harmony between the inward
purposes of Christian worship and
its outward investiture, and who
then had gathered around him a
congregation the most devout and
hearty that I, for one, have ever seeir
in any community of the Christian
world." Mr. Oakeley resigned all
his preferments on entering the
Roman Catholic Church in 1845.
After being ordained a priest, he was
appointed Missionary Rector of St.
John the Evangelist, Islington-
He was nominated a Canon of the
diocese of Westminster in 1852;
and elected a member of the Ro-
man Academy of Letters in 1868.
Canon Oakeley is the author of
"Whitehall Sermons," 1839; "The
Order and Ceremonial of the Most
Holy and Adorable Sacrifice of the
Mass, explained in a Dialogue be-
tween a Priest and a Catechumen,"
1848, 2nd edit. 1859, a work which
has been translated into Italian ;
"Practical Sermons," 1848; "The
Youthful Martyrs of Rome, a Chris-
tian Drama, adapted from Cardinal
Wiseman's 'Fabiola,' 1856; "The
Church of the Bible; or, Scripture
Testimonies to Catholic Doctrines
and Catholic Principles, considered
and collected in a Series of Popular
Discourses," 1857; Historical Notes
on the Tractarian Movement, A.D..
1833-45," Lond. 1865, reprinted from
the Dublin Review; "Letter on Dr.
Pusey's Eirenicon," " 1866; "Lyra
Liturgica," a volume of sacred poems,
1867; "The Priest on the Mission:
a course of lectures on missionary
and parochial duties," 1871;
"Ca-
tholic Worship: a Manual of Popular
Instruction on the Ceremonies and
Devotions of the Church," 2nd edit.
1872; and "The Voice of Creation
as a Witness to the Mind of its
Divine Author," in 1875.
OAKELEY, SIR HERBERT
STANLEY, Mus. D., second son of the
late Sir Herbert, and brother of the
present Sir Charles Oakeley, Bart.,
was born at Ealing, Middlesex, in
July, 1830. His mother, Atholl
Murray, the third Lady Oakeley,
was daughter of Lord Charles Mur-
ray, youngest son of John, third Duke
of Athole. He was educated at
???
-
Rugby School, and at Christ Church,
Oxford (B.A. 1853, M.A. 1856). After
having graduated he went abroad to
complete his studies in music, for
which, from earliest childhood, he
had shown a marked predilection.
At Leipsic he studied pianoforte-
playing under Professor Moscheles,
and at Bonn organ-playing under Dr.
Breidenstein, professor of music in
that University, and later under the
great organist, Dr. Johann Schneider
of Dresden. While resident in Lon-
don he acted for some years as
musical critic and correspondent to
a well-known weekly periodical, for
which and for other journals he still
contributes notices of musical festi-
vals at home and abroad. In 1865,
on the death of Professor Donaldson,
he was elected Professor of Music in
the University of Edinburgh. In
1871 he received ex officio the degree
of Doctor of Music. The honour of
knighthood was conferred on him in
Aug. 1876. Sir Herbert Oakeley
has published compositions for the
Church, for chorus, orchestra, organ,
pianoforte, vocal quartetts, duets,
solos, &c.
•
?
""
OAKES-OFFENBACH.
""
J
>>
OAKES, JOHN WRIGHT, A.R.A.,
born in 1822 at Sproston House, near
Middlewich, Cheshire, was educated
at a private school in Liverpool. He
has exhibited at the Royal Academy,
with one exception, since 1848. A
few of his later pictures are:-"The
Warren;" "Maldreath Sands;
Aberfraw Bay; "The Common ;
"A Solitary Pool;" A Carnarvon
shire Glen;""Early Spring," 1869,
purchased for the Public Gallery,
Glasgow; “Autumn,” 1870, purchased
for the Public Gallery, Liverpool;
"Bay of Lucerne ;" "Linn of
Muick;" ""Glen Derry
""A Sandy
Bit of the Road; The Fallow
Field;" "Sheltered; Fordling a
Creek "The Border Countrie,"
1877; "Dirty Weather on the East
Coast;
"The Dee Sands; and
"In the Meadows," 1878. Mr. Oakes
was elected an Associate of the Royal
Academy in April, 1876.
OFFENBACH, JACQUES, a French
musician and composer, born at Co-
logne, June 21, 1819. After com-
pleting his musical studies at the
Paris Conservatoire, he was engaged as
leader of the orchestra at the Théâtre
Français (1847), and became known
by setting to music several of La Fon-
taine's fables. He also obtained a
reputation as a violoncellist. In 1855
he obtained the licence of the new
theatre" Les Bouffes Parisiens," where
he formed a company whose perform-
ances have since been witnessed in
this country and in Germany. M.
Offenbach was decorated with the
Legion of Honour in 1861. Among
his very numerous bouffonneries musi-
cales the best known are "La Belle
Hélène," 1864; “Orphée aux Enfers;"
"La Barbe Bleue," 1866; "La Grande
Duchesse," 1867 ; "La Périchole,"
""
"" (:
**
|
ODLING, WILLIAM, M.B., F.R.S.,
""
761
"}
born Sept. 5, 1829, in Southwark;
was educated at private schools; and
for the medical profession at Guy's
Hospital. He graduated M.B. of the
University of London in 1851; was
elected a Fellow of the Royal Society,
and a Fellow of the Royal College of
Physicians in 1859; and President of
the Chemical Society in 1873. He
was appointed Demonstrator of Che-
mistry at Guy's Hospital in 1850;
Lecturer on Chemistry at St. Bar-
tholomew's Hospital in 1863; Ful-
lerian Professor of Chemistry at the
Royal Institution, in 1868; Waynflete
Professor of Chemistry in the Uni-
versity of Oxford, June 17, 1872;
and elected a Fellow of Worcester
College on the following day. Mr.
Odling, who is highly distinguished
as a scientific chemist, is the author
of a "Manual of Chemistry," 1861;
"Lectures on Animal Chemistry,
1866; "Course of Practical Chemis-
try," 1876; and of various scientific
memoirs, especially on chemical
theory. The University of Leyden
conferred on him the honorary degree
of Doctor of Mathematics and Phy-
sics in Feb., 1875. He was British
Judge of Awards for Chemical Manu-
factures at the Philadelphia Inter-
national Exhibition of 1876.
""
Me
alert
.762
O'FLANAGAN-OLDENBURG.
23
1868 ; (C
Les Brigands," 1869; and
"Roi Carotte," 1872. His more recent
productions are "Le Corsaire Noir,"
a three-act opera produced at Vienna,
Sept. 21, 1872; "La Jolie Par-
fumeuse, another three-act opera,
brought out at the Renaissance, at
Paris, in Dec., 1873; and a one-act
opera, " Bagatelle," produced at the
Bouffes Parisiens in May, 1874; "Un
Voyage dans la Lune," consisting of 4
acts and 23 tableaux, produced at the
Gaîté, 1875; "Le Docteur Ox," a
fairy opera in three acts, produced at
the Variétés, in 1877.
O'HAGAN (BARON), THE RIGHT
HON. THOMAS O'HAGAN, born at
Dublin, in 1810, was educated at the
Institution, Belfast, and was called
to the Irish bar in 1836. He held
for several years the post of as-
sistant barrister for the county of
Longford, was appointed Solicitor-
General for Ireland under Lord Pal-
merston's second administration in
1860, and to the (Irish) Attorney-
Generalship in 1861, and was sworn
a member of the Privy Council in
Jan., 1865, when he was appointed
a Justice of the Court of Common
Pleas in Ireland. He was member
for Tralee from May, 1863, till his
elevation to the Bench, and sup-
ported the Liberal party. On Mr.
Gladstone taking the reins of power,
in Dec., 1868, Mr. Justice O'Hagan
was made Lord High Chancellor
of Ireland, being the first Roman
Catholic elevated to that dignity in
modern times; and in June, 1870,
he was raised to the peerage by the
title of Baron O'Hagan. He re-
O'FLANAGAN, JAMES RODERICK,
M.R.I.A., was born Sept. 1, 1814, in
Fermoy barracks, co. Cork, and is
the eldest son of Captain O'Flanagan
and Eliza, daughter of W. Glisson, of
Mount Glisson, in that county. He
received his education at Fermoy
School, was called to the bar of Ire-
land in 1838, and went the Munster
circuit. In 1846 Mr. O'Flanagan was
appointed a Crown Prosecutor for the
city of Cork. After travelling on the
Continent, Mr. O'Flanagan's "Im-mained in office until the resignation
pressions at Home and Abroad" was of Mr. Gladstone's cabinet in Feb.,
published at London in 2 vols., 1837. 1874. In Oct., 1878, he was nomi-
He joined the British Association for nated one of the Commissioners who
the Advancement of Science in 1843, were intrusted with the duty of giving
and read an essay, which expanded effect to the Act relating to Interme-
into the "Historical and Picturesque diate Education in Ireland.
Guide to the Blackwater in Munster,"
London, 1844. He contributed to
the series of "Irish Rivers," in
the Dublin University Magazine, from
1845 till 1852, conducted the Irish
National Magazine, and was the
principal contributor to the Dublin
Saturday Magazine. In 1853 he was
elected a member of the Royal Irish
Academy, and his essay on "The
Life and Writings of the Irish His-
torian John D'Alton" is published
in the Proceedings of that body. In
conjunction with Mr. D'Alton, he
published "The History of Dundalk,"
Dublin, 1861. In 1866 appeared his
"Bar Life of O'Connell," and "Bryan
O'Ryan," a sporting novel, which
was followed by his chief work,
"The Lives of the Lord Chancellors
of Ireland," 2 vols., London, 1870.
OLDENBURG (GRAND DUKE OF),
NICHOLAS FREDERICK PETER, son
of the Grand Duke Paul Frederick
Augustus and the Princess Ida of
Anhalt-Bernberg, born July 8, 1827,
succeeded his father Feb. 27, 1853.
The population of the duchy over
which he reigns is about 300,000.
He promulgated a liberal consti-
tution in Feb., 1849, modified it in
1852, and during the war between
Russia, Turkey, and the Allied Powers
he adhered to the policy of Prussia.
After the conquest of Schleswig-
Holstein by Prussia and Austria,
the Grand Duke claimed a portion
of these duchies, which claim he
endeavoured to support by some
"Memoirs" addressed to the diplo-
matists of Europe. He married,
Feb. 10, 1852, Elizabeth, daughter
OLIPHANTOLLIVANT.
of Prince Joseph of Saxe-Altenburg,
by whom he has two sons.
763
Liverpool about 1818. The first of
her numerous works of fiction, which
abound in skilful delineations of
Scotch life and character, appeared
in 1849, under the title of "Passages
in the Life of Mrs. Margaret Mait-
land of Sunnyside." Its success was
such as to incite its author to fresh
efforts, and she produced a long series
of works of fiction, which secured
for her a wide-spread reputation not
only in this country, but also in the
United States, where most of her
novels have been republished. Their
titles are: — Merkland," 1851;
"Adam Graeme of Mossgray," 1852;
66
Harry Muir," 1853; Magdalen
Hepburn," 1854; "Lilliesleaf," 1855;
"Zaidee;" "Katie Stewart," and
"The Quiet Heart; ""Chronicles of
Carlingford ; "Salem Chapel ;"
"(
OLIPHANT, LAWRENCE, son of the
late Sir Anthony ¡Oliphant, C.B., for
many years Chief Justice of Ceylon,
born in 1829, was intended for the law,
but visited India whilst very young,
and accompanied Jung Bahadoor to
the Nepaulese court. An account of
this visit he published, under the title
of "A Journey to Katmandhu." Re-
turning to England, he was admitted
a member of the Scottish bar, and
was afterwards called to the English
bar at Lincoln's Inn. In 1852 he tra-
velled through a great part of Russia,
as far as the Crimea, an account of
which tour he published in 1853, under
the title of "The Russian Shores of
the Black Sea." He became private
secretary to the late Earl of Elgin,
then Governor-General of Canada,
and in 1855 published, under the title
of "Minnesota and the Far West," a
narrative of his wanderings in Canada
and the United States. "The Coming
Campaign," a work on the war with
Russia, appeared soon after; and
having accompanied Omer Pasha in
some of his expeditions, he published,
in 1856, "The Transcaucasian Cam-
paign under Omer Pasha," a personal
narrative. He accompanied the late
Lord Elgin as private secretary and
historiographer on his special embassy
to China in 1857, and in 1860 pub-
lished "A Narrative of the Earl of
Elgin's Mission to China and Japan,
in 1857-59;" and "Patriots and Fili-
busters: Incidents of Travel." He
has been a frequent contributor to
periodical literature. In 1861, while
acting as Chargé d'Affaires in Japan,
he was attacked and severely wounded
by assassins, and resigned the diplo-
matic service in the following year.
In 1865 he was returned to Parlia-
ment for the Stirling burghs, and
resigned his seat in 1868. In 1870 he
published "Piccadilly: a Fragment
of Contemporaneous Biography."
|
Agnes," 1866; "The Minister's
Wife," 1869; "John: a Love Story,"
1870; "Three Brothers," 1870
Squire Arden," 1871; "Ombra,'
1871; "At his Gates," 1872;
"In-
nocent: a Tale of Modern Life,"
1873; " A Rose in June," 1874: "For
Love and Life," 1874; “Mrs. Ar-
thur," 1877; "Young Musgrave,"
1877; "The Primrose Path," 1878 ;
and "Within the Precincts" in the
Cornhill Magazine for 1878. Her
biographical works are, "Life of
Edward Irving,” 1862 ; "St. Francis
of Assisi," 1870; a "Memoir of the
Comte de Montalembert," 1872; and
"The Makers of Florence: Dante,
Giotto, Savanarola; and their City,'
1876.
OLIPHANT, MRS. MARGARET,
a novelist and biographer, whose
maiden name was Wilson, is of
Scotch parentage, but was born at
"(
""
??
""
OLIPHANT, THOMAS LAWRENCE
KINGTON, born August 16, 1831, at
Henleaze, near Bristol, was educated
at Cheam, Surrey, then at Eton, next
at Balliol College, Oxford, and after-
wards at the Inner Temple.
He was
served heir to the estate of Gask, in
Perthshire in 1867. Mr. Oliphant
has published the "Life of the Em-
peror Frederick the Second," 1862;
"Jacobite Lairds of Gask, 1870 :
"Sources of Standard English,” 1873;
and "Life of the Duc de Luynes,"
with other essays, 1875.
OLLIVANT, THE RIGHT REV.
764
OLLIVANT-OLLIVIER.
(C
ALFRED, D.D., Bishop of Llandaff,
son of the late William Ollivant,
Esq., of Manchester, where he was
born in 1798, was educated at St.
Paul's School, London, and at Trinity
College, Cambridge; graduated in
1821, as sixth Wrangler and Senior
Chancellor's Medallist, and became
Fellow of his college. In 1820 he
was elected Craven University
Scholar, and in 1822 Tyrwhitt's
Hebrew Scholar. In 1822 and 1823
he gained the Middle Bachelors and
Senior Bachelors members' prizes for
Latin prose. He was Vice-Principal
of St. David's College, Lampeter,
from 1827 till 1843, from which year
he held the Regius Professorship of
Divinity at Cambridge, till 1849,
when he was consecrated Bishop of
Llandaff on the death of Dr. Cople-
stone. He is now the oldest bishop
on the bench. He has published "An
Analysis of the Text of the History of
Joseph," 1828; Sermons preached
in the chapel of St. David's College,
Lampeter," 1831; "The Moral and
Spiritual Condition of the Welsh
Families resident in London, with
suggestions as to the possible causes
and remedy of the evil. A Sermon
preached at the re-opening of the
church of St. Fagan's, Aberdare,
Aug. 26, 1856," 8vo., Lond., 1856;
"Some Account of the Condition of
the Fabric of Llandaff Cathedral,
from 1575 to its re-opening in 1837,"
8vo., Lond. 1857, second edit. 1860;
"Reasons for withdrawing from the
Dissenting Ministry and seeking or-
dination in the Church. With a few
particulars respecting the character
and ministry of C. J. S. Russell,"
1862; two "Letters" addressed to
the Clergy of the diocese of Llandaff,
in reference to the critical examina-
tion of the Pentateuch by the Bishop
of Natal," 1863; "The Want of
Unity in the Church, and the Church's
teaching as to Confession; originally
delivered as an Address to the Arch-
deacons and Rural Deans of the dio-
cese of Llandaff," 1873; and many
charges and sermons.
OLLIVIER, OLIVIER ÉMILE, a
|
|
French statesman, born at Marseilles,
July 2, 1825; became a member of
the Paris bar in 1847; and in 1848
was Commissary-General of the Re-
public at Marseilles ; was Préfet
at Langres; and returned to the
bar in 1849. Elected as Opposition
candidate for the third circonscrip-
tion of the Seine in 1857, he took
part in several important discussions;
amongst which may be mentioned
those relating to the laws respecting
public safety, the expedition to Italy,
and the regulation of the press.
During the session of 1860 he was one
of the most distinguished members of
a small group of Opposition deputies.
known by the name of "The Five."
In the mean time he undertook the
defence of M. Vacherot, indicted for
his work entitled "La Démocratie,"
and in consequence of the style he
adopted in pleading, was suspended
for three months, an appeal against
this judgment failing. In 1863 he
was re-elected for Paris, and in the
first session was distinguished by his
report on the law relating to coalitions,
and then showed such moderation in
his relations with the Government as
to cause a coldness between himself
and his old political friends, a feeling
which was increased during the ses-
sion of 1865, in which year he was
elected a member of the Council-
General of the Var. In July of the same
year he received the appointment of
Judicial Counsel and Commissary-
General of the Viceroy of Egypt in
Paris, and retired from the Paris bar.
M. Emile Ollivier was chosen by the
Emperor as arbitrator of the difficul-
ties which arose relative to the Isthmus
of Suez, and it was upon his report
that the final decision was founded.
The session of 1866-67 witnessed the
complete separation of M. Ollivier
from his former political associates of
the Left. The liberal promises con-
tained in the famous Imperial letter
of Jan. 19 induced him to side with the
Government, and it was fully expected
that he would be received into the
ministry in the combinations which
were successively announced and con-
OLLIVIER-OLMSTED.
tradicted. Just before the general
elections of 1869 the rumours on this
point assumed fresh consistency, and
M. Ollivier seized this opportunity to
direct public attention to the origin
and history of his relations with the
Emperor by publishing a pamphlet
entitled "Le 19 Janvier." He was
returned by an enormous majority for
the first circonscription of the Var,
but was defeated in the third circon-
scription of the Seine, for which he
was also a candidate. On Dec. 27,
M. Ollivier, who had been for some
time the centre of the movements for
uniting the fractions of the late ma-
jority with the new Liberal Tiers Parti,
received from the Emperor a letter
inviting him to form a ministry which
should enjoy the confidence of the
Legislative body, and which could
carry out the Senatus-Consultum in
letter and spirit. This onerous task
he undertook, and the names of the
new ministers were published in the
Journal Officiel on Jan 3, 1870. M.
Ollivier himself took the portfolio
of Justice, the other ministers being
Count Daru (Foreign Affairs), M.
Chevandier de Valdrôme (Interior),
M. Buffet (Finance), General Leboeuf
(War), Admiral Rigault de Genouilly
(Marine), M. Ségris (Public Instruc-
tion), M. Talhouët (Public Works),
M. Louvet (Commerce), Marshal
Vaillant (Imperial Household), and
M. Richard (Fine Arts). Among the
first-fruits of the new administration
was the granting of an amnesty in
favour of M. Ledru-Rollin, the con-
vocation of the High Court of Justice
at Tours to try Prince Pierre Bona-
parte, the maintenance of order
without effusion of blood during the
popular excitement caused by the
assassination of Victor Noir, the pro-
secution of Henri Rochefort, and the
dismissal of M. Haussmann. Several
administrative reforms were also in-
troduced, and it was thought by many
that an era of constitutional liberty
had commenced for France. These
hopes were soon rudely dispelled. The
declaration of war against Germany,
and its disastrous results, led to the
|
765
overthrow of the Ollivier Govern-
ment on Aug. 9, 1870, when General
Count de Palikao was charged with
the formation of a war ministry.
M. Ollivier, who, it should be men-
tioned, had been elected a member
of the French Academy in April,
1870, deemed it prudent after the
fall of the empire to retire to Biella,
in Piedmont, where he resided for a
considerable time with his wife and
child, devoting his time to literary
pursuits. He returned to his house
at Passy at the close of the year 1872,
and his reception at the French
Academy took place Feb. 25, 1874.
M. Émile Ollivier has published
numerous juridical works, which have
appeared in the Revue de Droit
Pratique, which he founded in 1856,
in conjunction with MM. Mourlon,
Demangeat, and Ballot. He is the
author, with M. Mourlon, of "Com-
mentaire sur les Saisies Immobilières
et Ordres," published in 1859 ; and of
"Commissaire de la Loi du 25 Mars,
1864, sur les Coalitions," in 1864 ;
"Une Visite à la Chapelle des Mé-
dicis: Dialogue entre Michel Ange
et Raphaël," in 1872, and of other
works. He is an accomplished mu-
sician, and besides playing the violin,
has written several concertos for that
instrument. M. Ollivier's first wife,
who died at Saint Tropez, in 1862,
was a daughter of Liszt, the famous
pianist and composer; he married,
secondly, in Sept., 1869, Malle.
Gravier, the daughter of a merchant
of Marseilles.
OLMSTED, FREDERICK LAW,
born in Hartford, Connecticut, Nov.
10, 1822. He studied at Yale Col-
lege, devoting special attention to
engineering and the sciences con-
nected with agriculture. In 1848 he
purchased a fruit-farm on Staten
Island, near New York, and while
successfully managing it, studied
landscape gardening. In 1850 he
made a pedestrian tour through
England and portions of the Con-
tinent, an account of which was given
in his "Walks and Talks of an Ameri-
can Farmer in England" (1852). In
766
OMMANEY-O'NEIL.
|
""
1852-53, as correspendent of the New
York Times, he travelled through the
Southern States with the special pur-
pose of studying the effects of slavery
upon agriculture. The results of this
journey, and of a subsequent one,
were afterwards published in sepa-
rate works: "A Journey in the Sea-
board Slave States (1856); “A
Journey Through Texas (1857)
"A Journey in the Black Country
(1860); and "The Cotton Kingdom
(1861). In the meanwhile, in 1855,
he made a tour through France, Italy,
and Germany for the purpose of ob-
serving parks and rural grounds. In
1856 prizes were offered for the best
plans for laying out the New Central
Park in New York. That offered by
Mr. Olmsted, prepared in conjunction
with Mr. Calvert Vaux, was adopted,
and Olmsted was appointed architect
and chief engineer. The work was
pressed forward rapidly under his
charge until 1861, when the civil war
having broken out, he was urged to
become Secretary and Executive Offi-
cer of the Sanitary Commission. He
accepted the duty, resigning charge
of the Park, and until the close of
the war filled that position. After-
wards he resumed his profession as a
landscape gardener, especially in con-
nection with the New York Central
Park, of which he was soon appointed
Architect-in-Chief, having in charge
not only the architectual work, but
also the entire laying out of the
grounds. During these years he also
largely assisted in the laying out other
public parks in various cities, especi-
ally the Prospect Park in Brooklyn.
In 1878 a new Board of Park Com-
missioners came into office, who, from
alleged motives of economy, abolished
the office of Architect-in-Chief, al-
though the salary was only $4,500.
They, however, proposed to retain the
services of Mr. Olmsted as Consulting
Architect, without any stipulated
salary. This action of the Com-
missioners was made the subject of
severe criticism.
""
""
son of the late Sir Francis Molyneaux
Ommaney, the well-known Navy
Agent, and sometime M.P. for Barn-
staple, and nephew of the late Ad-
miral Sir John A. Ommaney, K.C.B.
He was born in London in 1814, and
entered the navy in 1826, passing his
examination in 1833 and obtaining
his first commission in 1835. Having
been midshipman in the Pique under
the late Captain (afterwards Admiral)
H. J. Rous, attached to the force off
Lisbon, and subsequently Flag-Lieu-
tenant to his uncle, Sir John Omma-
ney, he was advanced to the rank of
Commander in 1840, and from 1841
till the close of 1844 was employed
on board the Vesuvius steamship. He
became Captain in 1846, attained flag
rank in 1864, and was promoted to
Vice-Admiral in 1871. He was nomi-
nated a Companion of the Bath
(Military Division) in 1867, and is a
Fellow of the Royal Society. He
was knighted in 1877.
|
•
""
"1
O'NEIL, HENRY, A.R.A., historical
and genre painter, born in 1817, has
for many years contributed some ex-
cellent works to the exhibitions of
the Royal Academy. His principal
pictures are— "Martha and Mary
informing Christ of the death of
Lazarus ; "By the Rivers of
Babylon;" "Catharine of Arragon
appealing to Henry VIII.;
"Mo-
zart's Last Moments;
""Esther in
Royal Robes ; "Ahasuerus and the
:"
Scribes ;" "Catharine's Dream;"
"Scene from Faust;""Scene from
Hamlet;" "The Return of the Wan-
"Rosalind
derer ;
and Celia;
"A Pic-nic;" "Eastward Ho!-
August, 1857;" "Home Again !—
1858 " (these two works have ac-
quired great popularity from__the
published engravings); "The Part-
ing Cheer; ""The Letter-Writer;
"Mary Stuart's Farewell to France;
"The Power of Music;
,, "The
Landing of the Princess Alexandra
at Gravesend "The Death of
Raffaelle," 1866; and "An Incident
in Luther's Monastic Life at Er-
furt"-at the Royal Academy Exhi-
bition in 1867. Mr. O'Neil, who
""
""
OMMANEY, VICE-ADMIRAL SIR
ERASMUS, C.B., F.R.S., is the seventh
•
19
S
""
""
""
ONTARIO-ORMSBY.
has been elected an Associate of the
Royal Academy, has painted some
very striking portraits. He is the
author of a pamphlet, entitled
"Modern Art in England and
France," 1869 ; "The Age of Stucco:
a Satire in three cantos," 1871; and
various lectures on art.
ONTARIO, BISHOP OF. (See
LEWIS, DR.)
ORCHARDSON, WILLIAM QUIL-
LER, R.A., was born at Edinburgh
in 1835, and entered at the age of
fifteen the Trustees' Academy of his
native city. The first pictures he
submitted to public inspection were
shown in the exhibitions of the Royal
Scottish Academy. Encouraged by
their reception, Mr. Orchardson came
to London in 1863, and the same year
exhibited in Trafalgar-square for the
first time. His contributions were
entitled "An Old English Song," and
"Portraits," the latter a life-size full-
length portrait composition of three
young ladies.
In 1864 he exhibited,
under the title of "Flowers o' the
Forest," a picture of a group of young
lassies tripping over a heathery moor.
The following year appeared at the
Royal Academy "Hamlet and Ophe-
lia," and in the winter exhibition at
the French gallery, Pall Mall, "The
Challenge," which won a prize given
by Mr. Wallis. In 1866 came "The
Story of a Life" at the Academy
an aged nun relating her life ex-
perience to a group of novices; and
Christopher Sly," in Mr. Wallis's
winter exhibition at the Suffolk-street
galleries. In 1867 the Academy pic-
tures were "Talbot and the Countess
of Auvergne," and "Miss Pettie," and
another was shown at the French
gallery winter exhibition, entitled
Choosing a Weapon." In 1870
three pictures by him were exhibited
at the Royal Academy. viz., "Day
Dreams," ""The Market-Girl from the
Lido," and "Toilers of the Sea." Mr.
Orchardson achieved a great success
at the Paris Universal Exhibition,
where his "Challenge" and "Chris-
topher Sly" were greatly admired
by French critics, and won for the
44
767.
painter one of the very few medals
awarded to English artists. His more
recent pictures are, "A Hundred Years
Ago," "On the Grand Canal, Venice,"
and "In St. Mark's, Venice," exhi-
bited at the Academy in 1871;
"Casus Belli" and "The Forest Pet,"
in 1872; "The Protector," "Oscar
and Brin," and "Cinderella," in 1873;
"Hamlet and the King," "Ophelia,"
"A Venetian Fruit-seller," and "Es-
caped," in 1874; "Too Good to be
True," and 'Moonlight on the
Lagoons," in 1875; Flotsam and
Jetsam, "The Bill of Sale," and
"The Old Soldier," in 1876; "The
Queen of the Swords," and "Jessica
(Merchant of Venice), in 1877;"Con-
ditional Neutrality,' "A Social Eddy
(4
left by the Tide," and "Autumn," in
1878. Mr. Orchardson was elected
an Associate of the Royal Academy
in 1868, and an Academician, Dec.
| 13, 1877.
O'REILLY, THE RIGHT REV.
BERNARD, D.D., a Roman Catholic
prelate, born at Ballybeg, co. Meath,
Jan. 10, 1824, received his education
at St. Cuthbert's College, Ushaw,
near Durham, and was ordained a
priest. He became a canon of Liver-
pool, and for twenty years was at-
tached to the church of St. Vincent
de Paul in that town. On the death
of Dr. Goss, Father O'Reilly was ap-
pointed his successor as Bishop of
Liverpool, and he was consecrated
by Archbishop Manning, March 19,
1873.
•
""
77
ORMSBY, THE RIGHT HON.
HENRY, son of the Rev. Henry Orms-
by, Rector of Kilskier, co. Meath, was
born in that parish in Feb., 1812, and
educated at Trinity College, Dublin,
where he graduated in 1834, having
obtained several honours in his career:
these were in Logics, Mathematics,
and Greek Composition.
He was
called to the bar in 1835, and made a
Q.C. in 1858. Shortly before the
resignation of the Conservative minis-
try in 1868 he was nominated Solici-
tor-General for Ireland. Upon the
return of Mr. Disraeli to power in
1874 he was re-appointed Solicitor-
768
OSBORNE OSCAR.
General. In Jan., 1875, he was
appointed Attorney-General for Ire-
land, and sworn of the Privy Council;
and in Nov. the same year he was
appointed a Judge of the Landed
Estates Court in Ireland.
|
OSBORNE, RALPH BERNAL, son of
the late Ralph Bernal, Esq., many
years member for Rochester, and the
owner of the celebrated collection of
articles of vertu, which was disposed
of by auction after his death, born in
1814, was educated at the Charter-
house School, and assumed the name
of Osborne by Royal licence in 1844,
through his marriage with the only
child and heir of Sir Thomas Os-
borne, Bart. He was in the army,
was secretary to the Admiralty from
Dec., 1852, till March, 1858, and is a
magistrate and deputy-lieutenant for
co. Waterford. He was elected one
of the members in the advanced
Liberal interest for Wycombe in July,
1841, for Middlesex in Aug., 1847, for
Dover in March, 1857; was defeated
at Dover at the general election in
April, 1859; was returned for Lis-
keard in Aug., 1859, resigned his seat
in June, 1865, sat as one of the mem-
bers for Nottingham from May, 1866,
to 1868, and was returned for the
borough of Waterford in 1870, but
he was at the bottom of the poll at
the general election of Feb., 1874.
Mr. Bernal Osborne was well known
in Parliament by his frequent cri-
ticisms on public men and measures,
characterized as much by lively sal-
lies of wit as by a keen spirit of
sarcasm.
OSBORNE, THE REV. LORD SYD-
NEY GODOLPHIN, third son of the
first Lord Godolphin, born in 1808,
graduated B.A. at Brasenose College,
Oxford in 1830, and having been for
some years Rector of Stoke Pogis,
near Eton, was appointed Rector
of Durweston, Dortsetshire, by Lord
Portman, in 1841. He resigned the
latter incumbency in Sept., 1875. On
the accession of his brother, Lord
Godolphin, to the dukedom of Leeds,
he obtained the rank of a duke's son.
Lord S. G. Osborne has long been
|
Categ
known for his letters on social and
philanthropic subjects, published
under the signature of “S. G. O.," in
the Times. His lordship has written
"Gleanings in the West of Ireland
(which country he visited for benevo-
lent purposes during the famine of
1847, and also in the year in which
the cholera prevailed), published in
1850; "Lady Eva: Her Last Days,
a Tale," in 1851; "Scutari and its Hos-
pitals," with illustrations (he visited
the hospitals at Scutari during the
Crimean war, received the thanks of
the Government for the services he
rendered, and was honourably men-
tioned in the Report of the Parlia-
mentary Committee as having as-
sisted to alleviate the sufferings, raise
the spirits, and save the lives of the
wounded and sick soldiers) in 1855;
"Hints to the Charitable," and
"Hints for the Amelioration of the
Moral Condition of a Village," in
1856; "Letters on the Education of
Young Children," in 1866; and many
pamphlets, urging on the public the
improvement of the dwellings of the
labouring classes.
OSCAR II., KING OF SWEDEN
AND NORWAY, was born Jan. 21,
1829, and before he ascended the
throne held the rank of Lieutenant-
General in the army. He married,
in June, 1857, the Princess Sophia of
Nassau, daughter of the late Duke
Wilhelm of Nassau, who was born in
July, 1836. From this union there
are four sons—namely, Gustaf, Duke
of Wermland, born in June, 1858,
now heir-apparent to the throne;
Oscar, Duke of Götland, born in
Nov., 1859; Carl, Duke of Wester-
götland, born in Feb., 1861; and
Eugene, Duke of Nerike, born in
Aug., 1865. On the death of his
brother, Charles XV., in 1872, he
succeeded to the throne. The coro-
nation of King Oscar and Queen
Sophia took place July 18, 1873, at
the cathedral of Drontheim in Nor-
way. In 1878 the Frankfort Academy
of Sciences elected the King of
Sweden a corresponding member in
recognition of his poetical translation
>>
O'SHEA-OSMAN PASHA.
769'
of Goethe's "Faust" into Swedish. | the Princess Louise. Mr. O'Shea is
The king has a civil list of about
£78,700 as King of Sweden, and
about £32,000 more as King of Nor-
way; besides which the Royal family
enjoys an annuity of 300,000 riksder,
or £16,666, voted to King Carl XIV.
and his successors on the throne of
Sweden.
O'SHEA, JOHN AUGUSTUS, special
correspondent, born in 1840, is a
son of Mr. John O'Shea, of Nenagh,
county Tipperary, author of many
volumes of ballad poetry and tales.
He was educated in the Catholic
University, Dublin, and his first
practical experience of war was at
the siege of Ancona in 1860, when
it was defended by the Papal troops.
He went through the Austro-Prussian
war as correspondent of a New York
paper, and joined, in 1869, the staff
of the London Standard, with which
he has been since connected. While
acting as representative of the
Standard during the Franco-Prussian
war with the army of Marshal Mac-
Mahon advancing to the relief of
Metz he was sentenced to death at
Rheims on suspicion of having been
in communication with the enemy,
and it was only on a personal appeal
to the Emperor by a press colleague
that his release was ordered. After
that he was one of the last to re-enter
Paris before it was invested by the
German forces, and while contribu-
ting continuous letters by balloon-
post suffered all the privations of
the siege in the beleaguered city. He
has since been through a couple of
campaigns with the Carlists in
Biscaya, was present at the capture
of Carthagena, described the corona-
tion of the King of Norway, detailed
the exhibits at the Vienna Exposition,
chronicled the episodes of the famine
in Bengal, and in addition to home
work has been actively engaged
more recently in Turkey and the East.
His latest trips were to Malta and
Cyprus, and a week after returning
from the latter island he started for
Canada, to give a narrative of the re-
ception of the Marquis of Lorne and
|
the author of one or two serial novels,
and several comediettas, besides
many shorter sketches and stories
which have appeared in different
magazines.
OSMAN PASHA (GHAZI), a
Turkish general, born at Tokat, in
Asia Minor, in 1832. He began his
education in the preparatory school
in Constantinople, under the super-
vision of his brother, Hussein Effendi,
who, at the time, was professor of
Arabic at the institution. From the
preparatory school Osman passed in
due course into the military school,
and quitting the latter in 1853 with
very high certificates, at once entered
the army as a lieutenant; being ap-
pointed to the general staff in Shumla
shortly after the outbreak of the
Crimean war. His gallantry in
action, and general soldier-like quali-
ties, led to his rapid advancement,
and at the termination of the cam-
paign he was appointed a captain in
the Imperial Guard at Constanti-
nople. Before long he was promoted
to the rank of major, and, as such,
took part in the fighting in Crete,
from 1866 to 1869. Returning to
Constantinople after the suppression
of the insurrection in the island, he
was promoted to the rank of colonel;
and on attaining the rank of brigadier-
general he was appointed to the com-
mand of a division in the 5th Army
Corps. In the Turko-Servian war
Osman Pasha commanded the division
of the Turkish army assembled at
Widdin, and for his conduct in the
campaign he was promoted, by an
Imperial irade, to the rank of Mus-
chir, or Field-Marshal. When the
war between Russia and Turkey
broke out he still remained at Wid-
din, but his command was increased
to sixty-eight battalions, sixteen
squadrons, and 174 guns; and it was
with the greater part of this force
that he appeared at Plevna in July,
1877, and turned the tide of war in
favour of the Turks. He defended
that place with such gallantry, that in
October he received from the Sultan
3 D
770
OULESS OWEN.
the title of "Ghazi," or "Victorious," |
and the decoration of the Osmanié in
brilliants. At last Plevna surrendered
(Dec. 10, 1877), after Osman had
made a desperate attempt to break
through the Russian lines. Osman
Osman
Ghazi Victorious surrendered uncon-
ditionally the gallant army with
which he had held this famous strong-
hold for so long, with which he upset
the whole Russian plan of campaign,
and with which he defeated, in three
pitched battles, Russia's finest armies.
For some time Osman was a prisoner
of war, but shortly after the conclu-
sion of peace in March, 1878, he re-
turned to Constantinople, and was
appointed Commander-in-Chief of
the Imperial Guard. On June 10 he
was appointed Marshal of the Palace,
at the same time retaining his com-
mand of the army for the defence of
Constantinople. He was next ap-
pointed Governor-General of the
island of Crete. Ghazi Osman Pasha
was appointed Minister of War in the
administration formed in Dec. 1878,
and he elaborated a plan for the
radical reorganisation of the army.
OSSORY, BISHOP OF. (See MORAN,
DR.; WALSH, DR.)
OULESS, WALTER WILLIAM,
A.R.A., was born Sept. 21, 1848, at
St. Helier's, Jersey, and educated at
Victoria College, Jersey. He adopted
art as a profession, and obtained a
high reputation as a portrait painter.
Hewas elected an Associate of the
Royal Academy, Jan. 25, 1877.
Among the portraits painted and
exhibited by Mr. Ouless, may be
mentioned those of Lord Selborne,
Mr. Charles Darwin, F.R.S.; the
Bishop of London; Admiral Sir
Alexander Milne, G.C.B. ; Miss
Ruth Bouverie (1877); the late
Mr. Russell Gurney, M.P., Recorder
of London (1877); Lieut.-Col. Lloyd
Lindsay (1878).
OUSELE Y, SIR FREDERICK
ARTHUR GORE, Bart., son of the late
Right Hon. Sir Gore Ouseley, Bart.,
sometime ambassador at the Court of
Persia, born in London, Aug. 12,
1825, was educated at Christ Church,
Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in
1846, M.A. in 1849, Mus. Bac. in
1850, and Mus. Doc. in 1854. Having
taken orders, he served a London
curacy from 1849 till 1851, was ap-
pointed Precentor of Hereford Cathe-
dral in 1855, and Incumbent of St.
Michael's, Tenbury, in 1856. He has
since taken an active part in the
establishment of St. Michael's Col-
lege, Tenbury, over which he pre-
sides as Warden, for the education of
boys in classics and choral singing.
He was appointed Professor of Music
by the University of Oxford in 1855,
on the death of Sir Henry R. Bishop.
Sir F. Ouseley is the author of several
excellent anthems, of which the best
known is "How goodly are thy tents,
O Israel; and he has published
sundry collections of ancient and
modern cathedral music; besides a
"Treatise on Harmony," 1869; and
""
તે
"Treatise on Counterpoint and
Fugue," 1869. In conjunction with
Dr. Monk he edited "Anglican Psalter
Chants," published in 1872.
OVERSTONE (BARON), SAMUEL
JONES LOYD, the only son of the late
Lewis Loyd, Esq., of Overstone
Park, Northamptonshire, born Sept.
25, 1796, was educated at Eton and
Trinity College, Cambridge. He
served as High Sheriff of Warwick-
shire in 1838, sat as member for
Hythe in the Liberal interest from
1819 till 1826, and contested Man-
chester unsuccessfully in Dec. 1832.
His lordship is a great patron of art,
and is best known as an authority on
monetary and financial matters, and
as such has taken an active part in
the discussion on the decimal coinage
question. He is the author of several
important publications on fiscal ques-
tions, was long the head of the late
banking firm of Messrs. Jones Loyd
& Co., of Lothbury, London, and was
raised to the peerage, March 5, 1850.
OWEN, SIR FRANCIS PHILIP CUN-
LIFFE, K.C.M.G., C.B., is the youngest
son of Captain Charles Cunliffe Owen,
of the Royal Navy, by Mary, only
daughter of the late Sir Henry Blos-
sett, sometime Chief Justice of Ben-
OWEN.
|
gal. He was brought up for the
navy, and entered the service at the
age of twelve, but after being five
years employed on the Mediterranean
and other stations, was compelled
to retire on account of ill-health.
ill-health.
Shortly afterwards he obtained an
appointment in the Science and Art
Department, then established at
Marlborough-house, where his ability,
quickness, and readiness of resource
attracted the notice of his superiors,
and recommended him to Sir Henry
Cole. In 1855 he was appointed one
of the superintendents of the Paris
Exhibition. His energy there dis-
played led to his appointment two
years later as Deputy-General Super-
intendent of the Museum at South
Kensington, where he was promoted,
in 1860, to the post of Assistant-
Director. In 1862 he was appointed
Director of the Foreign Sections of
the second International Exhibition
at Kensington, where he was con-
tinuously employed down to 1867,
when he was again sent to Paris as
Assistant Executive Commissioner,
at the Exhibition of that year. In
1873 was nominated Secretary of the
Royal British Commission at the
great Exhibition at Vienna, under the
immediate command of the Prince of
Wales as president. At the close of
this exhibition Mr. Cunliffe Owen had
conferred on him the Companionship
of the Order of the Bath, and shortly
afterwards he succeeded Sir Henry
Cole in the directorship of the South
Kensington Museum. He is a mem-
ber of the Committee of Council
on. Education in the Science and
Art Department. In 1875 he went
to America as Executive Commis-
sioner to the Centennial Exhibition
held at Philadelphia, where he
organized the British section. In
discharging the duties of the post
which he held as the representative
of this country at the Paris Exhibi-
tion of 1878 he won golden opinions;
and in acknowledgment of his ser-
vices he was created a Knight Com-
mander of the Order of St. Michael
and St. George, Oct. 30, 1878. He
▸
771
was knighted by the Queen at
Windsor, Nov. 27, 1878.
OWEN, RICHARD, C.B,, M.D.,
D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., the celebrated
comparative anatomist, is the young-
est son of Richard Owen, Esq., of
Fulmer Place, Bucks, and was born
at Lancaster, July 20, 1804. He
studied in the grammar school of his
native town, where he was contem-
porary with the late Dr. Whewell. In
1824 he matriculated at the Univer-
sity of Edinburgh, where he attended
the anatomical lectures of Dr. Bar-
clay. He also attended for a con-
siderable time the schools of medi-
cine in Paris. He became a member
of the Royal College of Surgeons of
London in 1826, and commenced life
as a general practitioner in Serle-
street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, but his
subsequent appointment, on Dr.
Abernethy's recommendation, to the
post of Assistant Curator of the Hun-
terian Museum, led him to devote his
attention exclusively to the study of
comparative anatomy. In 1834 he
was appointed to the Chair of Com-
parative Anatomy at St. Bartholo-
mew's Hospital, and soon afterwards
he married the only daughter of his
colleague Mr. William Clift, Curator
of the Hunterian Museum. In 1836
he succeeded Sir Charles Bell as Pro-
fessor of Anatomy and Physiology in
the College of Surgeons, being ap-
pointed by the College in the same
year as the first Hunterian Pro-
fessor. He was an active member of
the Commission of Inquiry into the
Health of Towns, as well as of the
Metropolis, which resulted in the
appointment of a Sanitary Commis-
sion, and of the Commission of Inquiry
into Smithfield Market; and it is to
his persevering endeavours in making
known the evils of the latter that the
public are mainly indebted for the
abolition of the nuisance. Professor
Owen also took part in the organiza-
tion of the Great Exhibition of 1851,
served as president of one of the
juries, at the request of the Govern-
ment went to Paris, and was presi-
dent of the jury of the same class of
3 D 2
772
OWEN.
Nature of Limbs" his researches on
the unity of plan of animal organiza-
tion, the author is led to regard
species as due to secondary cause or
law, continuously operating and pro-
ducing them successively, but in a
way unknown to him. Professor
Owen has written, amongst other
|
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objects in the "Universal Exhibi- |
tion" of 1855, and received the Cross
of the Legion of Honour. Professor
Owen's connexion with the College
of Surgeons ceased in 1856, on his
being appointed Superintendent of
the Natural History Departments
(Zoology, Geology, Mineralogy) in
the British Museum. He has advo-works, "Memoir on the Pearly Nau-
cated the provision of adequate gal- tilus," 1832; "Odontography," 1840;
leries for the exposition of these col-
"Memoir on a Gigantic Extinct
lections in his "Discourse on the Ex- Sloth," 1842; "Lectures on the Com-
tent and Aims of a National Museum parative Anatomy of the Invertebrate
of Natural History." For some years Animals," 1843; "Lectures on the
he was Lecturer on Palæontology in Comparative Anatomy of the Verte-
the Government School of Mines, brate Animals," 1846 ; "History of
Jermyn-street, and Fullerian_ Pro- British Fossils, Mammals, and Birds,"
fessor of Physiology in the Royal 1846; "On the Archetype and Homo-
Institution of Great Britain, but was logies of the Vertebrate Skeleton,
compelled, on account of failing 1848; "On the Nature of Limbs,'
health, to resign these offices. He 1849; "On Parthenogenesis, or the
has been honoured, by command of Successive Production of Procreative
Her Majesty, to deliver courses of Individuals from a single Ovum,'
lectures to the Royal Family at Buck- 1849;
1849; "History of British Fossil
ingham Palace and Windsor Castle, Reptiles," 1849-51; “Principles of
and a residence in Richmond Park Comparative Osteology," published in
has been assigned to him. Among French at Paris in 1855; " On Palæ-
the first great works which he under- ontology," and "On the Megathe-
took were the "Descriptive and Il- rium,"
1860 ; "On the Aye-aye
lustrated Catalogue of the Specimens (Chiromys), 1863; “On the Gorilla,”
of Physiology and Comparative Ana-
1865; "On the Dodo," and "On the
tomy;" the "Catalogue of the Natural Anatomy of Vertebrates," 1866; and
History," that of the "Osteology, the articles on Zoology, Compara-
and that of the "Fossil Organic Re- tive Anatomy, and Physiology, in
mains," preserved in the Museum of "Brande's Dictionary of Science,"
the Royal College of Surgeons. Dis- in which the article "Species con-
cerning in a fragment of fossil bone tains the Professor's views of their
from New Zealand, submitted to him nature and origin. His later re-
in 1839, evidence of a bird more gi- searches have been on the extinct
gantic than the ostrich, Professor animals of our principal Colonies.
Owen published an account of it; In 1876 his work on "The Fossil
transmitted copies to New Zealand, Reptilia of South Africa," with 70
and obtained evidence in confirma- plates, was published by the trustees.
tion and extension of his idea, which of the British Museum. In 1877
occupies many successive parts of the Professor Owen brought out, at his
Transactions" of the Zoological own cost, a work "On the Fossil
Society. In that for 1855 he pro- Mammals of Australia and on the
pounds his theory of the extinction extinct Marsupials of England," 2
of species on the principle of the vols. 4to, with 132 plates and many
contest of existence" through the woodcuts. An enlarged work “On
operation of extraneous influences. the extinct Wingless Birds of New
The genera of birds thus lost by Zealand" is in the press (1878).
"natural rejection are Dinornis, Professor Owen has communicated
Aptornis, Notornis, Chemiornis, &c.
numerous papers to the "Transac-
Concluding in the work "On the tions" of the Royal, Linnæan, Geo-
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17
15
15
C
(C
OXENDEN-PAGET.
|
logical, Zoological, Cambridge Philo- | after serving for some time in the
sophical, Medico-Chirurgical, and General Post Office and the Audit
Microscopical Societies, and has con- Office, was appointed to a clerkship
tributed some elaborate Reports, pub- in the Foreign Office in 1841. He
lished in the "Transactions" of the became précis writer to the late Earl
British Association. He was one of of Aberdeen in Feb., 1846; attaché to
the founders, and first President, of the embassy at Paris in June the
the Microscopical Society; is a Fellow same year; and Secretary of Lega-
or Associate of most of the learned tion at Athens in Feb., 1852. After
societies or scientific academies at filling diplomatic offices in Egypt,
home and abroad; is a Chevalier of Holland, and other countries, he was
the Order of Merit of Prussia, and one on several occasions Chargé d'Affaires
of the eight Foreign Associates of the at Lisbon; was nominated Envoy
French Institute. He was created Extraordinary and Minister Pleni-
a Companion of the Bath, June 3, potentiary to Saxony in Dec., 1858 ;
1873.
to Sweden and Norway in June,
1859; to Denmark in July, 1859; to
Portugal in 1866; and to Italy in
July, 1867. He was created a civil
Knight Commander of the Bath in
1863. In March, 1876, he was nomi-
nated Ambassador to Italy, and
shortly afterwards he was sworn of
the Privy Council (July 21).
OXENDEN, THE RIGHT REV.
ASHTON, D.D., Bishop of Montreal,
Primate and Metropolitan of Canada,
was born at Broome Park, near
Canterbury, in 1808, graduated B.A.
at University College, Oxford, in
1831, and was ordained priest in 1834.
From 1848 to 1869 he was rector of
Pluckley-with-Pevington, in Kent.
In 1864 he became an Honorary
Canon of Canterbury Cathedral. In
1869, having been elected by the
synod, he was consecrated to the
Metropolitical See of Montreal, in
virtue of which he became Primate of
all Canada. He resigned his bishop-
ric in April, 1878, feeling himself no
longer equal to the fatigues of his
diocese. Dr. Oxenden has written
"Decision;" 'Prayers for Private
Use; "Sermons on the Christian
Life;" "God's Message to the Poor;
"Baptism
Simply Explained
"The Lord's Supper Simply Ex-
plained; "Fervent Prayer;" "A
Plain History of the Christian one of the members in the Liberal
PAGET, THE RIGHT HON. LORD
CLARENCE EDWARD, C.B., son of the
first Marquis of Anglesey, K.G., by
his second marriage, born June 17,
1811, entered the navy at an early
age, and saw some active service in
the Baltic during the Crimean war.
He was for some time secretary to his
father when Master-General of the
Ordnance, was appointed Secretary to
the Admiralty in Lord Palmerston's
second administration in 1859, and
retired in May, 1866, in order to take
the command of the Mediterranean
squadron. He attained flag-rank in
1858, and was made Vice-Admiral
April 24, 1865. He was returned as
""
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Church;" "The Pastoral Office;
"The Pathway of Safety; "Lec-
tures on the Gospel; ""The Barham
Tracts;" and many other works.
OXFORD, BISHOP OF. (See
MACKARNESS.)
interest for Sandwich in Aug., 1847,
did not present himself for re-election
in July, 1852, was re-elected for that
borough in March, 1857, and resigned
his seat on taking the command of
the Mediterranean squadron in May,
1866. He retired from the command
of the Mediterranean fleet in May,
1869.
P.
"
•
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773
PAGET, THE RIGHT HON. SIR
AUGUSTUS BERKELEY, K.C.B., fourth
son of the late Right Hon. Sir Arthur
Paget, G.C.B., was born in 1823, and,
|
PAGET, GEORGE EDWARD, M.D.,
F.R.S., born Dec. 22, 1809, at Yar-
mouth, Norfolk, was educated at the
Charterhouse, and at Caius College,
771
PAGET-PALEY.
Cambridge, where he graduated with |
high mathematical honours. He was
elected a Fellow of Caius in 1832,
and took his M.D. degree in 1838.
He became a Fellow of the Royal
College of Physicians, London, in
1839; President of the British Medi-
cal Association in 1864; Harveian
Orator at the Royal College of Phy-
sicians in 1866; Hon. M.D. of Dub-
lin in 1867; President of the General
Council of Medical Education of the
United Kingdom in 1869; LL.D. of
Durham in 1870; LL.D. of Edin-
burgh in 1871; D.C.L. Oxon in
1872; Regius Professor of Physic in
the University of Cambridge, 1872;
and a Fellow of the Royal Society in
1873. Dr. Paget is the author of
numerous addresses, papers, &c., on
medical subjects.
PAGET, SIR JAMES, Bart., F.R.S.,
D.C.L. Oxon., an eminent surgeon, son
of a merchant, was born at Great Yar-
mouth, in 1814, became a member of
the Royal College of Surgeons in 1836,
and an honorary Fellow in 1843. He
is Sergeant-Surgeon Extraordinary to
the Queen, Surgeon to the Prince of
Wales, and Consulting-Surgeon to St.
Bartholomew's Hospital. Sir James
Paget, who is a member of the Senate
of the University of London, and of
the Council of the College of Surgeons,
is the author of the "Pathological
Catalogue of the Museum of the Col-
lege of Surgeons; Report on the
Results of the Use of the Microscope,"
published in 1842; and "Lectures on
Surgical Pathology," in 1853, 1863,
and 1868; and has been an extensive
contributor to the "Transactions" of
the Royal and other learned societies.
He was created a baronet in Aug.,
1871, and in the same month the
honorary degree of LL.D. was con-
ferred on him by the University of
Edinburgh. He has been President
of the College of Surgeons since July,
1875.
"" (C
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1
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PALEY, FREDERICK APTHORP,
M.A., eldest son of the late Rev. Ed-
mund Paley, and grandson of the
author of "The Evidences of Chris-
tianity," born at Easingwold, near
((
York, in 1816, was educated at
Shrewsbury and St. John's College,.
Cambridge, where he graduated B.A.
in 1838, and M.A. in 1842, and con-
tinued to reside till 1846, when he
left the university, owing to his con-
version to the Roman Catholic faith.
He returned, however, in consequence
of the partial removal of religious
disabilities, and resided at Cambridge
from 1860 to 1874, when he accepted
the appointment of Professor of Clas-
sical Literature in the Catholic Uni-
versity College at Kensington, and
shortly afterwards that of Classical
Examiner to the University of Lon-
don. He edited at intervals the
plays of Eschylus, with Latin notes
and emendations, of which several
were reprinted, and were afterwards
revised and published in one volume,
with English notes (now in its third
edition), for the "Bibliotheca Clas-
sica." He also edited (in part for
the same series) Euripides, Ovid's
Fasti, Propertius, Theocritus, all of
which have been reprinted, Homer's
Iliad, Hesiod, the Peace," the
"Acharnians," and the "Frogs" of
Aristophanes, Select Private Orations
of Demosthenes, Select Epigrams of
Martial, several of the plays of
Euripides in the series "Cambridge
Texts with Notes," and an English
translation of Schömann's work on
the Assemblies of the Athenians. He
also published a translation, in Eng-
lish prose, of the plays of Eschylus
(2nd edit. 1871), and of the odes of
Pindar (1868), besides a verse trans-
lation of the fifth book of Propertius
and in Greek philosophy, transla-
tions, with notes and introductions,
of the Philebus and the Theateṭus of
Plato, and of the fifth and tenth
books of Aristotle's Ethics. Among
his minor works are a pamphlet on
"Religious Tests and National Uni-
versities," another on "The Proposed
Changes in the Classical Tripos," a
translation of Milton's Lycidas into
Latin hexameter verse, several con-
tributions to the "Transactions" of
the Cambridge Philosophical Society,
and the Journal of Philology, many
M
""
PALFREY-PALGRAVE.
5
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articles and classical reviews in
various quarterly and other periodi-
cals, a Latin pamphlet, "Homerus
Homerus
Periclis ætate quinam habitus sit,
quæritur," and an essay (privately
printed) on "Quintus Smyrnaeus and
the Homer' of the Tragic Poets,"
the object of the two last being to
call in question the alleged antiquity
of our existing Homeric texts. He
also published, for the Cambridge
Philological Society, a collation of a
MS. of the 14th century, with the
"De Falsa Legatione of Demos-
thenes. Mr. Paley has twice held
the office of Classical Examiner in
the University of London, and has
acted several times in that capacity
for the Civil Service Commission.
He was one of the original and most
energetic members of the Cambridge
Camden Society, and as its secretary
for several years, took an active part
in the general movement then com-
mencing for the restoration of parish
churches, and the improvement of
church architecture. In furtherance
of these views, he wrote, in addition
to many contributions to the Eccle-
siologist and other serials, an Intro-
duction to "Illustrations of Baptismal
Fonts, "The Church Restorers, a
Tale,' "Ecclesiologists' Guide to
Churches near Cambridge," pub-
lished in 1844; "Manual of Gothic
Architecture," in 1846; "Manual of
Gothic Mouldings," in 1847 (fourth
edit. 1877); "Remarks on the Archi-
tecture of Peterborough Cathedral ”
(2nd edit. 1856); "Architectural
Notes on Cartmel Priory Church
(2nd edit. 1872); and "Notes on
Twenty Parish Churches round Peter-
borough," in 1860. He made some
contributions to botany in "A Few
Words on Wheat-ears, "The Flora
of Dover," and "The Flora of Peter-
borough," with introductions.
Standard Greek Text" (1828);
"Twenty-four Sermons on Duties
belonging to some of the Conditions
and Relations of Private Life"
(1834); "Elements of Chaldee,
Syriac, Samaritan, and Rabbinical
Grammar " (1835); "Academical
Lectures on the Jewish Scriptures
and Antiquities" (4 vols., 1838-52);
"Lowell Lectures on the Evidences
of Christianity (1843); "Semi-
Centennial Discourse before the Mas-
sachusetts Historical Society " (1844);
"Papers on the Slave Power" (1846) :
"The Relation between Judaism and
Christianity" (1854); "A History of
New England during the Stuart
Dynasty " (3 vols., 1859-65); and an
abridgment of the preceding, en-
titled, "A History of New England
from the Discovery by Europeans to
the Revolution of the Seventeenth
Century," 1866.
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775
PALFREY, JOHN GORHAM, D.D.,
LL.D., born at Boston, Massachusetts,
May 2, 1796. He graduated at
Harvard College in 1815, studied
theology, and in 1818 became pastor
of a Unitarian church at Bostoù. In
In
1831 he was elected Professor of
Sacred Literature in the Harvard
Divinity School, but resigned in 1839,
and devoted himself to literature, but
held several political situations,
among them that of Postmaster of
Boston. From 1835 to 1842 he was
the editor of the North American
Review. He has published : "The
New Testament in the common ver-
sion, conformed to Griesbach's
PALGRAVE, FRANCIS TURNER,
eldest son of the late Sir Francis
Palgrave, born Sept. 28, 1824, was
educated at the Charterhouse and at
Balliol College, Oxford, of which he
was scholar, and where he took his
degree of M.A., and was elected to a
Fellowship at Exeter College. He
was for five years Vice-Principal of
the Training College for School-
masters at Kneller Hall, was after-
wards appointed to a post in the
educational department of the Privy
Council, and for some years was
private secretary to Earl Granville.
He has published "Idylls and Songs,"
1854; The Golden Treasury of
English Songs," 1861; "Art Cata-
logue of the Great Exhibition of
1862 ; "Essays on Art," 1866;
and a life of Sir Walter Scott, pre-
fixed to the Globe edition of his
""
776
PALGRAVE.
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|
poems, 1867. His more recent works
are "Hymns," 1867, 2nd edit., en-
larged, 1868; "The Five Days' En-
tertainments at Wentworth Grange,"
1868; the text illustrative of " Gems
of English Art in this Country: |
Twenty-four Pictures from National
Collections, printed in colours by
Leighton Brothers," 1869; and
"Lyrical Poems," 1871. He also
edited (6
Chrysomela: a selection
from the Lyrical Poems of Robert
Herrick," 1877. Mr. Palgrave was
created an honorary LL.D. of Edin-
burgh in 1878.
PALGRAVE, WILLIAM GIFFORD,
son of the late Sir Francis Palgrave,
was born in Westminster Jan. 24,
1826, and received his education at
the Charterhouse. He was Captain
and Gold Medallist of his year, and
obtained a scholarship at Trinity Col-
lege, Oxford, where he graduated
B.A. in 1846, taking a first class in
classics, and a second class in mathe-
matics. The following year he was
appointed a second lieutenant in the
8th Bombay Native Infantry. After
a short period of service, he became
connected with the Order of the
Jesuits, and in due course he was
admitted to the priesthood. During
his engagement with the French and
Italian branches of the Society of
Jesus he resided in Southern India
till 1853; at Rome till the autumn
of 1855; and subsequently in Syria
and Palestine, where he was actively
employed in the interests of the
Order till 1860, by which time he had
acquired a complete mastery of the
Arabic language, both literary and
vernacular. In his "Lectures on the
Massacres of the Christians in Syria,
delivered in Ireland in 1861, he des-
cribes himself as " a poor missionary
for fifteen years," and he remarks,
"I have myself been a witness of
horrors and desolations that chill
the very blood to read of; I saw them
with my own eyes, heard them with
my own ears, and only escaped
through the Providence of God from
being among the number of the
victims." Mr. Palgrave was sum-
""
-
moned to France in the summer of
1860 by Napoleon III., to give an
account of the Syrian disturbances
and massacres, and he returned to
Syria in 1861, charged with the task
of exploring Central and Eastern
Arabia in the service of the Emperor.
This he accomplished in the years
1862 and 1863, traversing the entire
Wahabee kingdom, and subsequently
the provinces adjacent to the Persian
Gulf and Indian Ocean. During his
prolonged and varied residence and
journeys in Syria, Mesopotamia, Ara-
bia, Egypt, and other regions of the
Ottoman East, he acquired such a
familiarity with Arabic and the
Arabs, that he was looked on by the
latter as one of their own leaders and
Sheykhs; and on several occasions
""
"Imam
acted as
and "Khatub
in their mosques. Mr. Palgrave,
having obtained the permission of
the French Emperor, published
a work of great merit, entitled
"Narrative of a Year's Journey
through Central and Eastern Arabia
(1862-63)," 2 vols., London, 1865,
which has been translated into
French by M. E. Jonveaux. In the
preface the author thus describes the
object of his journey :-
"The hope
of doing something towards the per-
manent social good of those wide
regions; the desire of bringing the
stagnant waters of Eastern life into
contact with the quickening stream
of European progress; perhaps a
natural curiosity to know the yet
unknown, and the restlessness of
enterprise not rare in Englishmen :
these were the principal motives.
The author may add that at the time
of the undertaking, he was in con-
nection with the Order of the Jesuits,
an Order well-known in the annals
of philanthropic daring; he has also
gratefully to acknowledge that the
necessary funds were furnished by
the liberality of the present Emperor
of the French.' The reserve neces-
sarily maintained by the author re-
specting the precise object of his
wanderings tended to increase the
interest of the public in this remark-
""
PALLES-PALLISER.
able publication. Having at last
returned to England, Mr. Palgrave
was, after
some further stay in
France and Germany, sent out
by the English Government on
special service for the release
of Consul Cameron and the other
prisoners in Abyssinia, in July, 1865,
and remained in Egypt, by order, till
June, 1866, when he returned to
England. He was appointed Consul
at Soukhoum-Kalé July 23, 1866, at
Trebizond May 20, 1867, at the
Island of St. Thomas, Feb. 19, 1873,
and at Manila (Philippine Islands,)
April 3, 1876; and Consul-General |
in the Principality of Bulgaria, Sept.
23, 1878.
His more recent works
are:- "Essays on Eastern Ques-
tions," 1872; :
"Hermann Agha an
Eastern Narrative," a novel in 2
vols., 1872, and "Dutch Guiana," an
account of a fortnight's stay there,
1876. Mr. Palgrave is a Fellow of
the Royal Geographical and the
Royal Asiatic Societies, and an hono-
rary member of several foreign scien-
tific institutions.
|
PALLES, THE RIGHT HON. CHRIS-
TOPHER, LL.D., a member of an old
Roman Catholic family, which has
been settled in Ireland since the fif-
teenth century, is the second son of Mr.
Andrew Christopher Palles, of Mount
Palles, co. Cavan, by Eleanor, eldest
daughter of Mr. Matthew James
Plunkett, of St. Margaret's, co.
Dublin, and was born in 1831. He
was educated at Trinity College, Dub-|
lin, where he took his Bachelor's
degree in 1852, and was called to the
Irish bar in the following year. He
attained a very high position at the
Irish Chancery bar, at an age almost
entirely unprecedented. Almost with-
out an interval after his call he sprang
into eminence as a Chancery advo-
cate. As a junior he enjoyed a very
extensive common law practice, but
on obtaining a silk gown (which fell
to his lot in 1865), he devoted himself
almost entirely to practice in the
Equity courts, going into the common
law courts only on special occasions.
Perhaps the most brilliant specimen
777
of his advocacy was his argument in
the cause célèbre of “Croker v. Croker,"
before the Court of Chancery Appeal.
He took the degree of LL.D. at Dub-
lin in 1865. Dr. Palles was appointed
Solicitor-General for Ireland under
Mr. Gladstone's administration on
the promotion of Mr. Dowse to the
Attorney-Generalship for Ireland. On
Mr. Dowse being elevated to the ju-
dicial bench in Nov., 1872, Dr. Palles
succeeded to the latter office, which he
held until the defeat of the Liberal
party at the last general election.
Just before Mr. Gladstone's resigna-
tion, Dr. Palles was appointed Chief
Baron of the Court of Exchequer in
Ireland, Feb. 16, 1874.
PALLISER, JOHN, eldest son of
the late Lieut.-Col. Wray Palliser,
of Comragh, Waterford, born in
1817, has taken an active interest
in the progress of geographical
science and exploration.
He ex-
plored a large portion of the "Far
West" region of America to the
shores of the Pacific, and under a
commission from the Government, in
1857-60, topographically determined
the British North American interna-
tional boundary-line from Lake Supe-
rior in Canada, across the main chain
of the Rocky Mountains, and thence
to the sea-coast or Cascade Range.
Parliamentary papers reporting the
progress of the explorations were
published in 1859, and the detailed
journal of the British North American
Exploring Expedition, containing re-
ports upon the geography, agricultu-
ral resources, and commercial capa-
bilities of Western America, was
presented by him to her Majesty's
Government, and appeared in 1861.
Mr. Palliser in early life passed much
time and acquired some experience
among the Indians of the northern
woods and western prairies, and some
of the results of his American expe-
riences are recorded in "The Solitary
Hunter, or Sporting Adventures in
the Prairies," published in 1853. The
authorities at the Colonial Office were
induced, on account of Mr. Palliser's
previous experience of Indian life and
1
778
PALLISER-PALMER.
character, to place the expedition of
1856-7, which he had formed for the
purpose required, under his command.
Mr. Palliser is a magistrate, and has
served as High Sheriff for the county
of Waterford.
verted gun is little more than one-third
of the cost of a new gun,—that is to
say, the saving on each 64-pounder
and 80-pounder is respectively about
£140 and £210; and as no alteration
is made in its external shape, the con-
verted gun is replaced upon the
carriage and platform to which it
previously belonged. The converted
guns are used in wooden frigates and
corvettes, upon the land-fronts of
Dub-fortifications, and for the defence
of harbours. Sir William Palliser
retired from the service by the sale
of his commission in Dec., 1871.
The Queen conferred on him the
honour of knighthood, Jan. 21, 1873;
and the king of Italy sent him the
Cross of Commander of the Crown of
Italy, in March, 1875.
PALMER, THE REV. CHARLES
FERRERS (RAYMUND), second son of
Shirley Palmer, M.D. (well known as
a medical writer), was born at Tam-
worth, Staffordshire, in 1819, and
educated at the Free Grammar
School of that town, and at the
Queen's College of Medicine, Bir-
mingham. He practised as a surgeon
in his native town for some years,
and in 1853 joining the Dominican
order, took orders in 1859 in the
Roman Catholic Church, which he
had entered in 1842. Father Ray-
mund Palmer is employed in anti-
quarian researches, chiefly relating to
the history of his order in England,
now being published in antiquarian
journals. He has published "The
History of the Town and Castle of
Tamworth, in the Counties of Stafford
and Warwick," in 1845; "Life of
Beato Angelico da Fiesole, of the
Order of Friar Preachers," a trans-
lation from the French of E. Cartier,
with notes, in 1865; "The Domini-
can Tertiary's Guide," to which Fr.
R. Rodolph Suffield also attached his
name, 1866 (2nd edit., 1868); "The
Life of Philip Thomas Howard, O.P.,
Cardinal of Norfolk, Grand Almoner
to Catherine of Braganza, Queen-
Consort of King Charles II., &c.,
with a Sketch of the Rise, Mission,
and Influence of the Dominican
|
PALLISER, MAJOR SIR WILLIAM,
C.B., fifth son of Lieut.-Colonel Wray
Palliser, Waterford Militia, of Com-
ragh, co. Waterford, was born June
18, 1830, in Dublin, educated at
Rugby School, Trinity College,
lin, and Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and
passed through the Staff College,
Sandhurst. He entered the army as
ensign in the Rifle Brigade in April,
1855, and was tranferred to the 18th
Hussars in 1858. Sir William Palliser
has introduced the following inven-
tions into the services :-1st. The pro-
jectiles known as "Palliser Projec-
tiles," which are used in the navy and
in coast fortifications for piercing ar-
mour-plated ships. These projectiles
have been proved to be far more effi-
cient than any steel shot and shell
that can be made. They cost less
than £20 per ton, while the only
steel projectiles which at all ap-
proached them in efficiency cost about
£100 per ton. 2nd. Improvements
in the construction and rifling of
the heavy wrought-iron rifled can-
non used in iron-clad ships, and on
the sea-fronts of fortifications. 3rd.
The screw-bolts used for attaching
the armour to the iron-plated defences
of harbours and dockyards,-such as
the forts at the mouth of the Thames,
Portsmouth, Plymouth, &c., and of
sea fortresses, such as Malta, Gib-
raltar, Bermuda. 4th. The system
upon which the old smooth-bore cast-
iron guns, which had become useless
and obsolete, are being converted into
the rifled compound guns known as
"Palliser Guns." The plan consists
in the insertion into the cast-iron gun,
which is bored out to receive it, of a
wrought-iron rifled barrel composed
of two tubes of "coiled iron,' one
inside the other. The wrought-iron
barrel is "set out" by firing a proof-
charge, and is thus tightened inside the
cast-iron casing. The cost of the con-
PALMER.
Order, and of its Early History in
England," in 1867; The History
and Antiquities of the Collegiate
Church of Tamworth, in the County
of Stafford," in 1871; "The History
of the Baronial Family of Marmion,'
in 1875; and anonymous contribu-
tions to various periodicals, chiefly on
antiquarian and historical subjects.
His manuscript collection of docu-
ments concerning Tamworth, in 4
vols., is now in the British Museum.
::
779+
|
with the collaboration of Mr. Eirik"
Magnússon, the lyrical poems of
Runeberg, the great Swedish poet.
The last-mentioned work is dedicated
by special permission to his Majesty
the King of Sweden, who expressed
great interest in the translation. Mr.
Palmer has also published "Report on
the Nomenclature of Sinai;" "Report
on the Bedawin of Sinai, and their
Traditions; "The Negeh, or South
Country of Scripture, and the Desert
of Et Tíh," 1871; "The Desert of
the Exodus: Journeys on Foot in the
Wilderness of the Forty Years' Wan-
derings," 1871; "A Persian-English
and English-Persian Dictionary,"
1875; "The Song of the Reed,"
translated mainly from the Persian
and Arabic, 1877; besides other
minor works and essays, poems, and
letters in Urdu and Persian, published
in various Indian native papers.
PALMER, EDWARD HENRY, M.A.,
an Oriental scholar, was born at
Cambridge, Aug. 7, 1840, and, after
a preliminary training in private
schools, entered St. John's College,
and proceeded to the degree of B.A.
in 1867. The same year he was
elected a Fellow of his college, and in
1870 he took the degree of M.A. He
was called to the bar in 1874, and
practises on the Norfolk circuit. From
early youth Mr. Palmer was a dili-
gent student of the principal Oriental
languages, in which he attained ex-
traordinary proficiency. He accom-
panied the Sinai Survey Expedition to
Sinai in 1868-9 in order to investigate
the nomenclature, traditions, and anti-
quities of Arabia Petræa, and in 1869-
70 he explored the desert of Et
Tíh, the south country of the Scrip-
ture, and Moab, in company with
Mr. C. F. Tyrwhitt Drake. In order❘
to assist him in these explorations,
the University of Cambridge made
grants from the Worts Travelling
Bachelors' Fund. In November, 1871,
he was appointed the Lord Almoner's
Professor of Arabic in the University
of Cambridge. Mr. Palmer is the
author of a translation into Arabic
verse of Moore's "Paradise and the
Peri," published in the "Birgis Barís,"
1865; several catalogues of Oriental
manuscripts in the libraries of Cam-
bridge an edition and translation
into English verse of the Arab lyrical
poet, Beha ed din Zohair, 1876-77.
He has also published a volume of
Gipsy-English poems in conjunction
with Mr. Charles G. Leland (Hans
Breitmann) and Miss Janet Tuckey;
and has translated into English verse,
:
|
PALMER, THE VEN. EDWIN,
D.D., is the fourth and youngest son
of the late Rev. William Jocelyn
Palmer, vicar of Mixbury, Oxford-
shire, where he was born, July 18,
1824; and brother of Lord Selborne.
From the Charterhouse he proceeded
to the University of Oxford, was
elected to a scholarship at Balliol
College in 1841, and obtained the
Hertford and Ireland University
Scholarships and the Chancellor's
Prize for Latin verse. He held a
Fellowship at Balliol College from
Nov. 29, 1845, till Sept. 19, 1867,
acted as classical lecturer in the
College for ten years, and as tutor
for four. He was appointed Corpus
Professor of the Latin Language and
Literature in the University of Ox-
ford, Feb. 26, 1870, in the room of
the late Professor Conington. In
Jan., 1878, he was appointed to the
Archdeaconry of Oxford, rendered
vacant by the death of the Ven.
Charles Clerke; and in the same
year (May 7) he was created D.D.
In the same year he retired from the
Corpus professorship of Latin.
|
|
PALMER, WILLIAM, M.A., brother
of Lord Selborne, born at Mixbury,
Oxon, July 12, 1811, was educated at
780
PANIZZI.
|
Rugby and Magdalen College, Ox-
ford, where he graduated B.A. in
1830, obtaining first-class honours in
classics, and became Fellow and Tutor
of his college and Public Examiner.
He obtained the Chancellor's prizes
for Latin verse and Latin prose.
Having taken orders, he travelled ex-
tensively in the East, where he sought
to draw together the bonds of union
between the English and Oriental
churches, but with little practical
effect. He has written "Harmony
of Anglican Doctrine with that of the
Churches of the East," published in
1844; and some pamphlets on points
of religious controversy. About 1856
he became a member of the Roman
Catholic Church. His latest publica-
tions are "The Patriarch and the Tsar.
Replies of the Humble Nicon, by the
Mercy of God Patriarch, against the
Questions of the Boyar Simeon
Streshneff, and the Answers of the
Metropolitan of Gaza, Paisius Ligar-
ides," translated from the Russian,
6 vols., 1871-76; and "Commentatio
in Librum Danielis Prophetæ, sive de
Temporibus Gentium, cum Appen-
dice," printed by the Propaganda
Press in Rome, 1874.
PANIZZI, SIR ANTHONY, K.C.B.,
late principal librarian of the British
Museum, born at Brescello, in the
duchy of Modena, Sept. 16, 1797,
began his studies in the public school
of Reggio, and proceeded thence to
the University of Parma, where, in
1818, he received his degree as Doctor
in Law, and devoted himself to the
bar. The deep interest he felt in the
fate of his country led him to take
part in the Piedmontese revolution of
1821, and having been denounced by
a friend who had been taken prisoner,
he was arrested at Cremona. He
succeeded in making his escape, but
was condemned to death in default,
and all his property was confiscated.
He took refuge first in Lugano, then
at Geneva, whence he was expelled
with other Italian fugitives, at the
instance of the Austrian and Sardi-
nian governments, and reached Eng-
land by way of Germany. From
London he went to Liverpool, where
he was introduced, by Ugo Foscolo,
to the historian Roscoe, who received
him with great hospitality, and he re-
sided at Liverpool, as a teacher, until
1828, when he was appointed to the
professorship of Italian in University
College, London. This appointment
he held for three years, when,
through the instrumentality of Lord
Brougham, he was nominated, in
1831, to an Assistant Librarianship
in the British Museum, a post well
adapted to his literary and biblio-
graphical qualifications, and on the
resignation, in 1837, by the Rev.
Mr. Baber, of the Keepership of the
Printed Books, Mr. Panizzi received
the appointment. Some complaints
were expressed at the time that a
foreigner should have been preferred
to an Englishman; but the acquire-
ments and administrative talents of
Mr. Panizzi justified the choice. From
this period may be dated the rapid
rise of the Book Department of the
British Museum to its pre-eminence
among European libraries. There is
not a more complete library in the
world, while the facilities for study
have been advanced in a degree
which can be appreciated only by
those who have a practical know-
ledge of the past and present of the
British Museum. He was the means
of obtaining a large increase in the
Parliamentary grant, and between
1837 and 1856 the number of printed
volumes rose from 225,000 to 527,134.
To Mr. Panizzi's activity and persc-
verance the public are in a great
measure indebted for a catalogue of
the printed books in the library of
the Museum, which has borne the
test of severe criticism, and a reading-
room unsurpassed in convenience.
In June, 1866, Mr. Panizzi resigned
the post of principal librarian, and
the Government, in order to mark
their sense of his eminent services,
awarded him the full amount of his
salary and emoluments as his retiring
pension. In 1869 her Majesty ap-
pointed him K.C.B. He published in
1830-4 the "Orlando Innamorato " of
PARIS-PARISH.
Bojardo, and the "Orlando Furioso
of Ariosto, the former poem being
restored to the purity of the original
text, and accompanied with a remark-
able preface in English, in which the
Celtic origin of the Italian poets is
ably maintained; at London, in
1835, the "Sonetti e Canzone" of
Bojardo and at the same place in
1858 a magnificent collation of the
first four editions of Dante's "Divina
Commedia," printed at the expense
of Lord Vernon. He is the author of
a pamphlet, "Chi era Francesco da
Bologna?" published in 1858, assert-
ing the identity of the celebrated
typefounder with the still more cele-
brated painter, Francesco Francia.
PARIS (COMTE DE), LOUIS
LOUIS
ALBERT PHILIPPE D'ORLEANS, son
of the late Duc d'Orleans, and grand-
son of the late Louis-Philippe, King
of the French, born at Paris, Aug.
24, 1838, was only ten years of age
when the revolution of Feb., 1848,
broke out, and, accompanied by his
heroic mother, the late Duchess of
Orleans, he witnessed the stormy
scene in the French Chambers which
followed that event. He was edu-
cated at Claremont, in this country,
by his mother, who died there, May
18, 1858. In the autumn of 1861 the
young Comte de Paris and his brother,
the Duc de Chartres, accompanied by
their uncle, the Prince de Joinville,
proceeded to the United States, and
on arriving at Washington were cor-
dially welcomed by the Federal Go-
vernment, and by Gen. McClellan,
who proposed that the young princes
should serve on his staff. The two
brothers entered the service with the
rank of Captains of Volunteers, stipu-
lating that they were to receive no
pay, and that they should be free to
resign their appointments whenever
they might wish to do so. They
served on Gen. McClellan's staff till
the conclusion of the campaign in Vir-
ginia, and the consequent retreat of
the army of the Potomac, in June,
1862, when they returned to Europe.
The Comte de Paris married his cousin,
the Princess Marie-Isabelle-Françoise
19
781
d'Assise Antonia Louisa Fernanda,
eldest daughter of the Duc de Mont-
pensier, May 30, 1864, and has three
children, one son, Prince Louis
Philippe Robert (born Feb. 6, 1869),
and two daughters. At the close of
the year 1871 the Comte de Paris
was, after some delay, admitted a
member of the National Assembly, at
Versailles, under M. Thiers, President
of the French Republic; and on
Dec. 21, 1872, the Assembly voted
the restitution of the property of the
Orleans family. On Aug. 5, 1873, the
Comte de Paris had the celebrated
interview at Frohsdorf with the
Comte de Chambord, whom he ac-
knowledged as the head of the Royal
House of France. A remarkable
article, entitled "L'Allemagne et ses
Tendances Nouvelles," which ap-
peared in the Revue des Deux Mondes,
in Aug., 1867, and attracted consider-
able attention, is said to have been
written by the Comte de Paris. He
is also the author of " Les Associations
Ouvrières en Angleterre,” Paris, 1869,
an English translation of which, by
N. J. Senior, M.A., was published the
same year at London, under the title
of "The Trades Unions of England;
and of "Histoire de la Guerre Civile
en Amerique,” vols. i. and ii., Paris,
1874.
|
;"
|
PARISH, SIR WOODBINE, K. C.H..
F.R.S., son of the late chairman of the
Board of Excise in Scotland, was edu-
cated at Eton, and was for some time
employed in the Foreign Office under
Lord Castlereagh, whom he accom-
panied on his special embassies to
Paris in 1815, to Aix-la-Chapelle in
1818, and to Hanover in 1821, when
in attendance on his Majesty George
IV. He was also some time in Albania,
on a commission sent to treat with
Ali Pacha of Yanina. In 1823 Mr.
Canning appointed him Commis-
sioner and Consul-General to the
provinces of La Plata, with which
he concluded the first treaty whereby
the political independence of the
new States of South America became
formally recognized. He was made
Chargé d'Affaires at Buenos Ayres in
782
PARK-PARKES.
He
1825, returned to England in 1832,
and was sent in 1839 on a special
commission to Naples to obtain a
settlement of the British claims
arising out of the sulphur question,
and remained there as joint Plenipo-
tentiary for a commercial treaty,
with Sir Wm. Temple, till 1845.
became a Fellow of the Royal Society
in 1824, and was made a K.C.H.
for his services in South America.
Sir W. Parish has made some valu-
able contributions to science, having
brought to this country the remains
of the gigantic Megatherium, Glypto-
don, and other fossil monsters of the
Pampas. He is the author of a
work praised by Humboldt, entitled
"Buenos Ayres and Rio de la Plata.'
He has been a Vice-President of the
Geographical and Geological Socie-
ties, and is
a member of several
foreign scientific societies.
|
PARK, EDWARDS A., D.D., born
at Providence, Rhode Island, Dec. 29,
1808. He graduated at Brown
University in 1826, and at Andover
Theological Seminary in 1831, and
was pastor of a Congregational
church at Braintree, Massachusetts,
until 1834, when he became Professor
of Mental and Moral Philosophy at
Amherst College. In 1836 he became
one of the Professors in the Andover
Theological Seminary, and has for
many years been regarded as a repre-
sentative of what is styled New
England Theology." Formerly he
Formerly he
was one of the editors of the Biblio-
theca Sacra and of the American
Biblical Repository. He has edited
"Selections from German Litera-
ture," 1839; has contributed much
to current theological literature; and
has published, "The Rise of the Ed-
wardean Theory of the Atonement,"
1859; "Theology of the Intellect and
the Feelings," 1851.
(C
PARKER, JOHN HENRY, C.B.,
F.S.A., keeper of the Ashmolean Mu-
seum, Hon. M.A., Oxford, son of Mr.
John Parker, merchant, of London,
born in 1806, was educated at Dr.
Horne's school, at the Manor House,
Chiswick, entered business as a book-
seller in 1821, and succeeded his uncle,
Mr. Joseph Parker, at Oxford, in 1832.
He has compiled "Glossary of Archi-
tecture," published in 1836 ; “ Intro-
duction to the Study of Gothic Archi-
tecture," originally a series of elemen-
tary lectures delivered to the junior
members of the Oxford Architectural
Society, in 1849, on the recommenda-
tion of the committee of that body,
published in 1849; "Domestic Archi-
tecture of the Middle Ages," of which
the second volume, relating to the
fourteenth century, appeared in 1853,
and the third volume, relating to the
fifteenth century, in two parts, in
1859; and edited the fifth edition of
Rickman's
Rickman's "Gothic Architecture," in
1848. He is also the author of "The
Archæology of Rome," 9 vols., 1874-7,
and of several papers on mediæval
architecture in the Archæologia,
Archæological Journal, and Gentle-
man's Magazine. In a convocation
of the University of Oxford, Nov. 25,
1869, a grant of £200 was passed, to
assist Mr. Parker in the excavations
which are being made at Rome under
his directions, and a statute was pro-
mulgated accepting a proposal made
by the same gentleman for endowing
the Keepership of the Ashmolean
Museum with the annual sum of
£250 in addition to the present
stipend, Mr. Parker himself being ap-
pointed the First Keeper, under the
new arrangement. He was nominated
a Companion of the Bath (civil divi-
sion) in Oct. 1871. He is Vice-Pre-
sident of the Oxford Architectural
Society, a member of the Society of
Antiquaries of Normandy, and of La
Société Française pour la Conserva-
tion des Monuments, and Vice-Presi-
dent of the British and American
Archæologieal Society of Rome.
PARKES, SIR HARRY SMITH,
K.C.B., is son of Harry Parkes, Esq.,
of Birchill's Hall, Staffordshire, where
he was born in 1828. He was educated
at the City of London school. He en-
tered the civil service of the Crown
in 1852, being attached to the suite
of Sir Henry Pottinger in China; and
he served in various consulates until
PARKES.
1854, when he was nominated Consul
at Amoy. He accompanied Sir John
Bowring to Siam as Secretary, and
came to England with the Siamese
Treaty in 1855, returning with ratifi-
cations the following year. From
1856 to 1858 he acted as Consul at
Canton, and he was commissioner at
Canton during the allied occupation,
1858-61, being created a Companion
of the Bath (1859) in recognition of
his services. He served as joint
Chinese Secretary to the Earl of
Elgin in the expedition of 1860, and
while engaged in negotiations under
a flag of truce he was imprisoned and
inhumanly treated by the Chinese.
In 1862 he was appointed Consul at
Shanghae, and promoted to the rank
of K.C.B. In 1865 he was nominated
Envoy- Extraordinary and Minister-
Plenipotentiary and Consul-General
in Japan. In 1872 he came to England,
but at the commencement of the fol-
lowing year he returned to Japan,
being engaged to do his best to allay
the difficulties which beset missionary
work in that country, and being also
charged with the negotiation of
treaties between Japan and no fewer
than thirteen European nations.
PARKES, THE HON. SIR HENRY,
K.C.M.G., is the son of Thomas
Parkes, a Warwickshire farmer, and
was born at Stoneleigh, in that
county, in 1815. He spent some
years of his early life in South Wales,
and was afterwards apprenticed to a
mechanical trade in Birmingham,
where he married. In 1839 he emi-
grated to Sydney, in Australia, and
appears to have engaged in the ordi-
nary pursuits of labour in that co-
lony. We find him in 1848 taking an
active part in the election of Mr.
Robert Lowe, the late Chancellor of
the Exchequer (who was then in the
colony) as member of the local Legis-
lature for the city of Sydney, and
soon afterwards he established the
Empire, a daily newspaper, which he
conducted for seven years. In 1854
Mr. Parkes was elected to the Legis-
lative Council for Sydney, and he
still sits for the metropolis in the
1
783
Parliament of New South Wales. He
accepted from the Government in
1861 the appointment of Commis-
sioner for Emigration in England,
and was in this country till the end
of 1862. In January, 1866, he took
office as Colonial Secretary, and was
the minister who passed the present
Public Schools Act of the colony,
which has been often spoken of as an
admirable measure of popular educa-
tion. Mr. Parkes was President of
the Council of Education from Janu-
ary, 1867, until October, 1870. In
May, 1872, he was entrusted by
the Governor with the formation
of a ministry, and he continued to
hold office as Premier until February,
1875. Mr. Parkes received, in 1874,
the gold medal of the Cobden Club
for his services in Australia to the
cause of free trade. In March, 1877,
he was commissioned by the Go-
vernor of New South Wales to form
an administration, and became Pre-
mier for the second time. Being de-
feated in the Legislative Assembly in
August, he advised his Excellency to
dissolve Parliament. His advice was
accepted on the condition that sup-
ply should be granted to cover the
period of the general election.
ministry declined being parties to
any condition whatever, and retired
from office. Their successors ob-
tained a dissolution and were de-
feated on the meeting of the new
Parliament. On their defeat Mr.
Parkes was again (in December, 1877)
requested to form a government. On
this occasion, however, he returned
his commission after a few days,
finding that he could not construct a
ministry which, in his judgment,
would have sufficient strength to
conduct affairs efficiently and satis-
factorily. In June, 1877, her Ma-
jesty conferred upon him the rank
of Knight Commander of SS. Michael
and George. A volume of "Speeches
on various Occasions connected with
the Public Affairs of New South Wales,
1848-74, by Henry Parkes, with an
Introduction by David Blair," was
published at Melbourne in 1876.
The
PARKINSON-PARKMAN.
|
PARKINSON, JOSEPH CHARLES, | Epping Forest cases from their com-
born in London in 1833, commenced mencement to their happy termina-
active life in Somerset House (In- tion. In addition to his regular work
land Revenue Department), in 1855, on the Daily News, as leader-writer
after the Civil Service Commis- and special commissioner, Mr. Park-
sion had been established by order inson contributed largely and effec-
in Council. He published in 1859, tively to periodicals, weekly and
"Under Government," the first monthly, including Household Words
complete guide to the various de- and All the Year Round. In 1869 he
partments of the Civil Service. visited Egypt as the guest of the
This work, which ran through many Viceroy, and described the opening
editions, was followed in 1860 by a of the Suez Canal for the Daily News.
handbook of "Government Exami- He next went to India on a special
nations." In 1864 Mr. Parkinson's mission for the Telegraphic authori-
abilities as a journalist were recog- ties and returned in the Great Eastern
nized by the Daily News, which in 1870 with the Telegraphic expedi-
employed him to report on the tion, an account of which he has
demeanour of the mob assembled to given in a volume entitled "The
witness the execution of the five Ocean Telegraph to India." A col-
pirates of the Flowery Land (Feb. 23, lection of his fugitive papers," Places
1864). His description produced an and People," appeared about the
effect similar to that of Charles same time. Mr. Parkinson has since
Dickens's in the Times on the execu- withdrawn from literature as a pro-
tion of the Mannings, and was read fession, and is now largely interested
to the House of Commons on the day in the mineral wealth both of this
of its publication. Mr. Parkinson country and of Nova Scotia. He is
for the next ten years was one of the an active member of the Council of
steadiest and most esteemed contri- the Coal owners of South Wales.
butors to the Daily News, mainly on Though he has been invited to repre-
the abolition of public executions, sent constituencies in parliament he
poor-law reform,,and the preservation has hitherto declined. He retains an
of commons. In conjunction with active interest in our municipal in-
the Duke of Westminster, the Arch- stitutions, and revived in the City
bishop of York, the late Dr. Anstie the Needlemakers' Company, of which
and others, Mr. Parkinson worked by he is a past Master. He holds high
pen and speech to promote that office in Freemasonry, in connection
reform in workhouse infirmaries with which he has published a volume,
which culminated in Mr. Gathorne entitled "Shakspere a Freemason."
Hardy's measure, and when Mr. C. P. In 1875 Mr. Parkinson was appointed
Villiers's Houseless Poor Act was in a Justice of the Peace for the county
danger of being rendered inoperative of Monmouth.
by the policy of Boards of Guardians,
Mr. Parkinson devoted days and
nights to examining individual cases
of pauperism, and used the informa-
tion thus acquired to expose and
finally to abolish the abuses which
formerly characterized the metropo-
litan poor-law. On these and kindred
subjects Mr. Parkinson contributed
to the Fortnightly Review under Mr.
G. H. Lewes editorship. With equal
energy and success he laboured to pre-
serve the commons to the people and
followed the Wimbledon Common and
784
ܕ
PARKMAN, FRANCIS, was born at
Boston, Massachusetts, Sept. 16, 1823.
He graduated at Harvard College in
1844, and after passing a year in
Europe, made in 1846 a journey to
the Rocky Mountains, an account of
which was published in 1849 under
the title of 'The California and
Oregon Mail." He devoted himself
to the study of early American his-
tory, and although labouring under
great physical infirmity, has pro-
duced several historical works of a
high order. Among these are: "His-
PARRY.
tory of the Conspiracy of Pontiac
(1851); "Vassal Moreton," a novel,
(1856);
"France and England in
America" (2 vols., 1865-67); "The
Discovery of the Great West" (1869);
"The Old Régime in Canada" (1874);
and "Frontenac " (1878).
PARMA, EX-DUKE OF. (See
ROBERT I.)
|
PARRY, THE RIGHT REV. ED-
WARD, D.D., Suffragan Bishop of
Dover, is the only surviving son of
the late Rear-Admiral Sir Edward
Parry, K.C.B., the well-known navi-
gator and explorer of the Arctic
regions. He was born at Govern-
ment House, Sydney, New South
Wales, in 1830, and, after a prelimi-
nary training at Rugby School,
entered Balliol College, Oxford, in
1849, graduating B.A. (first-class in
classics) in 1852, and M.A. in 1855.
From 1853 to 1856 he was tutor of
Durham University. He was ordained
deacon in 1854, priest in 1855, and in
1856 he held the curacy of Sonning,
Berkshire, under the Rev. Hugh
Pearson. On the elevation of Dr.
Tait to the see of London, at the
close of that year, Mr. Parry became
his domestic chaplain, residing and
working with his lordship for nearly
three years. In the ten years which
followed, from 1859 to 1869, he held
the rectory of Acton, Middlesex, and
took an active part in all London
diocesan matters. He was also rural
dean of Ealing from 1863 to 1869,
when he was appointed Archdeacon
and Canon of Canterbury. In 1870
he was appointed Bishop Suffragan of
Dover, for the province of Canterbury,
being consecrated in the chapel of
Lambeth Palace on March 25, under
letters patent from the Queen and a
commission from the Primate. It is
worthy of note that he was the first
Suffragan Bishop consecrated in the
Anglican Church for 300 years.
Bishop Parry has written memoirs of
his father, a work which has passed
through several editions; and "Me-
morials of (his brother) Commander
Charles Parry, R.N.," 1870.
PARRY, JOHN, a popular comic
""
|
singer and pianist, son of a musician
of some repute, born in London in
1810, made his first appearance as a
baritone singer at
singer at concerts about
1833, and was received with consider-
able favour. It was not until some
years later that his special talents as
a buffo singer were thoroughly deve-
loped, and he originated a kind of
musical entertainment in which in-
strument and voice were felicitously
combined in the rendering of comic
songs and recitations, the words of
which were written for the occasion,
in most cases by the late Mr. Albert
Smith. For many seasons, dating
from 1840, John Parry's songs-
"Wanted a Governess (the words
of which were written by Mr. G.
Dubourg), "Wanted a Wife,"
""
|
Country Commissions," "Blue
Beard," "Fair Rosamond," &c., were
so greatly in vogue that no concert
seemed complete that did not contain
the name of this pre-eminent comic
singer in the programme. In 1849
he gave up singing at concerts, and
produced an entertainment written
for him by the late Mr. Albert Smith.
Its success was very great, and it was
followed by similar entertainments
in 1850 and 1852. The wear and
tear was too much for Mr. Parry's
strength, and in 1853 he was com-
pelled to give up his public per-
formances, in order to recruit himself.
During his retirement he demon-
strated his possession of a new talent,
by the publication of a whimsical
book of caricatures. For some time
he officiated as organist in the church
of St. Jude, Southsea, where he gave
finishing lessons in singing. On the
re-establishment of his health he re-
appeared in public, after an absence
of seven years, in June, 1860, as a
partner in the entertainment which
Mr. and Mrs. German Reed had made
popular. He was heartily welcomed
back, and maintained his position
as one of the most genial and divert-
ing of public entertainers. Mr. Parry
retired into private life in 1869;
and took his final farewell of the
stage at a benefit performance
|
|
785
66
3 E
PARRY-PASSAGLIA.
given at the Gaiety Theatre, Feb. 7, | borgian Church, of whose doctrines
1877.
several of his works are in defence.
786
PARRY, JOHN HUMFFREYS, Ser-
jeant-at-Law, is the son of John
Humffreys Parry, barrister, and an
eminent Welsh scholar, editor of the
Cambro-Briton, and author of the
"Cambrian Plutarch and other
works connected with Welsh litera-
ture. He was born in London, Jan.
24, 1816, and educated at the Philo-
logical School, Marylebone. In early
life he was for a few years in a
merchant's counting-house; after-
wards held an appointment in the
Printed Book Department of the
British Museum; was called to the
bar June 9, 1843; received the coif
June 9, 1856, and a patent of prece-
dence in 1864; is now one of the
leaders of the Home circuit; con-
tested Norwich in the Radical in-
terest against the Marquis of Douro
in 1847; and was one of four Radical
candidates for Finsbury in 1857. On
both occasions his candidature was
unsuccessful. He was elected
bencher of the Middle Temple, Nov.
15, 1878.
a
">
PARSONS, THEOPHILUS, LL.D.,
born at Newburyport, Massachusetts,
May 17, 1797. He graduated at Har-
vard College in 1816, and after travel-
ling in Europe, studied law and prac
tised in Boston until 1848, when he
became Professor of Law in Harvard
College. He has published several
legal works of high character. Among
these are "Treatise on the Law of Astor"
|
Contracts" (1853; 5th ed. 1864);
"Elements of Mercantile Law"
(1856); "The Laws of Business
(1857); "Treatise on Maritime Law"
(1859); "Memoir of Chief Justice
Parsons," his father (1859); "Trea-
tise on the Law of Promissory Notes"
(1863); "Laws of Partnership
(1867); "Deus Homo (1869);
"Treatise on Marine Insurance
(1868); "Legal Text-book for Busi-
ness Men" (1869); The Infinite
and the Finite" (1872); and "The
Rights of a Citizen of the United
States" (1875). He is a member of
the "New Jerusalem," or Sweden-
""
""
PARSONS, THOMAS WILLIAM,
M.D., was born at Boston, Mass.,
Aug. 18, 1819. He was educated at
the Boston grammar school, and in
1836-37 travelled in Europe, remain-
ing for some time in Italy. Returning
to America he established himself as
a dentist in Boston, where he has
since practised his profession, devot-
ing his leisure to literature. In 1843
he published a translation of the
first ten cantos of Dante's "Inferno,"
and in 1854 a volume containing
"Ghetto di Roma," and other poems,
mainly suggested by a new visit to
Italy. In 1867 he put forth a trans-
lation of the whole of the "Inferno,"
and in the same year a volume of
poems under the title "Magnolia."
PARTON, JAMES, born at Canter-
bury, England, Feb. 9, 1822, was
taken to America when a child.
He received an ordinary education,
and at the age of nineteen was
teacher in an academy. He after-
wards became a journalist and maga-
zine writer, and has written many
books, mostly of a historical charac-
ter. Of these the principal are:
"Humorous Poetry of the English
Language" (1856); "Life and Times
of Aaron Burr" (1858); "Life of
Andrew Jackson" (1860); "General
Butler in New Orleans" (1863);
"Life and Times of Benjamin Frank-
lin (1864); "Life of John Jacob
(1865); "Famous Ame-
ricans" (1867); "The People's Book
of Biography (1868); "Life of
Thomas Jefferson " (1874); and
"Caricature in all Times and Lands"
(1878).
""
|
PASSAGLIA, THE ABBÉ CARLO,
D.D., was born in Italy early in the
century, received his education at
Rome, took orders, joined the Society
of Jesus, and became Professor of
Theology in the Roman University.
He is the author of several learned
treatises on Biblical Interpretation,
including "A Commentary on the
Prerogatives of St. Peter, the Chief of
the Apostles," published at Ratisbon
PASTEUR-PATON.
787
""
of Future Punishment; another in
defence of “The Immaculate Concep-
tion of the Blessed Virgin; " and has
edited, with additional notes, the
great work of Petavius on Dogmatic
Theology. In 1861 he published a
remarkable pamphlet in Latin, in
which he counselled the Pope to
abandon his temporal state and
power, in obedience to the voice of
united Italy. It was placed upon the
Index Expurgatorius by the ecclesi-
astical authorities, and its author
soon afterwards left Rome. He was
appointed, at the instance of King
Victor Emmanuel, a Theological Pro-
fessor in the University of Turin,
was elected member of the Italian
Parliament in Jan., 1863, and has
taken an active part in promoting
the formation of an independent
Liberal Catholic party in Italy. He
was made Grand Officer of the
Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
in Jan., 1863.
în 1850; a treatise "On the Eternity | bers of the Royal Society of London.
M. Pasteur has written numerous
works relating to chemistry, which
have been favourably received, and
for which, in 1861, he obtained the
Jecker prize. His contributions have
appeared in the "Recueil des Savants
Etrangers," and the "Annales de
Chimie et de Physique,” and he pub-
lished, in 1863, in a separate form, a
work entitled "Nouvel Exemple de
Fermentation déterminé par des
Animalcules Infusoires pouvant vivre
sans Oxygène Libre. In 1874 the
National Assembly accorded to M.
Pasteur, as a reward, chiefly, for his
investigations on fermentation, a life
annuity of 12,000 francs. He was
raised to the rank of Grand Officer
of the Legion of Honour, Oct. 24,
1878.
|
PASTEUR, LOUIS, chemist, born
at Dôle, Jura, Dec. 27, 1822, entered
the University in 1840, became a
supernumerary Master of Studies at
the College of Besançon, was received
as a pupil in the École Normale in
1843, took the degree of Doctor in
1847, and was appointed Professor of
Physic at the Faculty of Sciences,
Strasburg, in 1848. At the end of
1854 he was intrusted as Dean with
the organization of the newly created
Faculty of Sciences at Lille, and in
1857 returned to Paris, and under-
took the "scientific direction" of the
Ecole Normale. In Dec., 1863, he
was appointed Professor of Geology,
Physics, and Chemistry at the Ecole
des Beaux-Arts, and was elected a
member of the Institute. The Royal
Society of London, in 1856, awarded
M. Pasteur the Rumford medal for
his researches relative to the polari-
zation of light, &c. He was deco-
rated with the Legion of Honour Aug.
12, 1853, was promoted to be an
officer of that Order in 1863, and a
commander in 1868. In 1869 he was
elected one of the fifty foreign mem-
PATMORE, COVENTRY KEARSEY
DIGHTON, born at Woodford, Essex,
July 2, 1823, is the son of the late
P. G. Patmore, author of "Literary
Reminiscences." In 1846 he was
appointed one of the Assistant Libra-
rians of the British Museum, but he
ceased to be connected with that in-
stitution about 1868. Mr. Patmore,
who made his first appearance as an
author with a volume of Poems in
1844, has written "Tamerton Church
Tower, and other Poems," published
in 1853; an elaborate domestic poem,
"The Angel in the House," in four
parts,-the Betrothal. the Espousal,
Faithful for Ever, and the Victories
of Love, in 1854-62; and a selection
entitled "A Garland of Poems for
Children," in 1862; "The Unknown
Eros," 1877, a memoir of Barry
Cornwall; and " Amelia, &c.," 1878.
He has contributed to the Edinburgh
and North British Reviews, and to
the Pall Mall Gazette.
PATON, SIR JOSEPH NOEL,
R.S.A., LL.D., born at Dunferm-
line, Fifeshire, in 1821, was admittedl
a student of the Royal Academy of
London in 1843, and first became
known to the public by his outline
etchings illustrative of Shakspere
and Shelley. His fresco of the
"Spirit of Religion" gained one of
3 E 2
788
PATTERSON.
the three premiums awarded at the
Westminster Hall competition of
1845, and his oil-pictures of "Christ
Bearing the Cross," and "Reconcilia-
tion of Oberon and Titania"-the
former of colossal size, the latter
small-jointly gained a prize, in the
second class, of £300, in 1847. The
latter picture, prior to its exhibition
in London, was bought by the Royal
Scottish Academy for the Scottish
National Gallery, and "The Quarrel
of Oberon and Titania," painted in
1849, and purchased for £700, also
for the Scottish National Gallery, by PATTERSON, THE RIGHT REV.
the Association for the Promotion of MONSIGNOR JAMES LAIRD, was born
the Fine Arts in Scotland, was ex- in London, Nov. 16, 1822.
He was
hibited in the Paris Exhibition of educated at home and in Germany,
1855, where it received honourable and at Trinity College, Oxford,
mention. Amongst his numerous (S.C.L., 1844; B.A., 1846; M.A.,
pictures and sketches from the works 1847). From 1845 to 1849 he was
of the poets, may be mentioned Curate of St. Thomas's, Oxford. He
"Dante meditating the Episode of was also Treasurer of the Oxford
Francesca," in 1852; and "The Architectural Society and Secretary
Dead Lady," in 1854. His large of the Oxford Union Society. He
allegory, since engraved, "The travelled in the East in 1849-50, and
Pursuit of Pleasure," was exhibited became a Catholic at Jerusalem in
in 1855; “Home," which has been 1850. After studying at Rome from
engraved, and of which a replica was 1850 to 1854, he was ordained priest
executed by command of her there by Cardinal Wiseman in March
Majesty, at the Royal Academy Ex- 1854; was attached to the mission of
hibition in 1856; "In Memoriam,' St. Mary, Moorfields, London, from
which has been engraved, and of 1855 to 1867; to St. James's, Spanish
which a photograph was executed for Place, from 1867 to 1870; named
the Queen, in 1858; and "Dawn: Honorary Chamberlain to the Pope in
Luther at Erfurt," considered by 1865, Private Chamberlain in 1867;
many his finest work, in 1861. Mr. and Domestic Prelate in 1872. He
Noel Paton executed, in the spring was appointed President of St. Ed-
of 1860, a series of six pictures illus- mund's College, Ware, in 1870, and
trative of the old border ballad, was an official of the Ecumenical
"The Dowie Dens of Yarrow,' Council of the Vatican. He is con-
painted for the Association for the ventual chaplain of the Sacred Mili-
Promotion of the Fine Arts in Scot-tary Order of St. John of Jerusalem,
Innd. It was engraved by that body and domestic chaplain to the Earl of
for their subscribers. In 1863 he Gainsborough. Monsignor Patterson
executed illustrations of "The is well known as an eloquent and
Ancient Mariner," for the Art Union polished preacher, and there are few
of London; and in 1866 painted priests more respected among the
Catholic body in this country.
During the years that Mgr. Patter-
son has been President of S. Ed-
mund's, the most ancient of the
Catholic Colleges, that institution has
flourished in an unprecedented
manner. It was at S. Edmund's
|
Mors Janua Vitæ," (engraved).
He was appointed the Queen's Limner
for Scotland in 1865 and reccived the
honour of knighthood April 12, 1867.
In the latter year appeared "A
Fairy Raid," and in 1868" Caliban
listening to the Music." Of his sub-
sequent pictures the more important
are, "Faith and Reason," 1871 (en-
graved); "Christ and Mary at the
Sepulchre," and "Oskold and the
Elle-Maids," 1873; "Satan watching
the Sleep of Christ," 1874; "The
Man of Sorrows," 1875; "The Spirit
of Twilight," and "Christ the Great
Shepherd," 1876; and "The Man
with the Muck-rake," 1877. He is
the author of two volumes of poems,
and in 1876 received from the Uni-
versity of Edinburgh the honorary
degree of LL.D.
""
-4
PATTERSON-PATTI.
that the 4th Provincial Synod of the
Catholic Hierarchy was held in July,
1873. He published an account of
his tour in the East in 1851; and in
1878 a new edition of the late Mr.
John Francis Maguire's work on
"Pius the Ninth," revised and
brought down to the accession of
Pope Leo XIII.
PATTERSON, ROBERT HOGARTH,
was born at Edinburgh in 1821, where
he was educated with the view of
becoming a civil engineer, but an
accident threw him into literature as
a profession. He has been a contri-
butor of articles on a variety of sub-
jects to the Quarterly, North British,
National, British Quarterly, and
Fortnightly Reviews, Blackwood's,
Bentley's, and the Dublin University
Magazines, and the Quarterly Jour-
nal of Agriculture. He published, in
1860, "The New Revolution, or the
Napoleonic Policy in Europe," a re-
markable work, which attracted much
attention soon after its publication,
owing to the singular fulfilment of
several predictions which it con-
tained; in 1861, "Essays in History
and. Art;" in 1864, "The Economy
of Capital; in 1867, "The Science
of Finance; and in 1870, "The
State, the Poor, and the Country."
He is a member of the Council of the
Statistical Society, and in 1865 was
invited to give evidence before the
French Government Inquiry into
Banking and Currency. He has been
editor of the Press, the Globe, and
other leading Conservative news-
papers, and has published a number
of pamphlets on various subjects in
politics and science.
""
11
PATTI, ADELINA MARIA CLO-
RINDA, a popular operatic singer,
dlaughter of Salvatori Patti, is of
Italian extraction, and was born at
Madrid, April 9, 1843. After a course
of professional training under her
brother-in-law, Maurice Strakosch,
she appeared at New York, Nov. 24,
1859, and reports of her fame reached
these shores, where a much more
brilliant success awaited her. She
made her first appearance in London
789
|
at the Italian Opera House, Covent
Garden, in the part of Amina, in “La
Sonnambula," May 14, 1861, and so
favourable was the impression created,
that she became at once the prime
favourite of the day. Whatever
diversity of opinion may exist among
critics as to the quality and manage-
ment of her high soprano voice, the
music-loving public were spell-bound
by her combined attractions of person,
manner, and artistic skill. Her ver-
satility, too, was such that she was
acknowledged to possess equal facility
in the illustration of impassioned ten-
derness, and in the assumption of the
sprightly graces of comedy. To Amina
succeeded her equally successful per-
formance of Lucia, in Donizetti's
opera, but she gave still greater
reason for approbation by her repre-
sentation of Violetta in the rather
questionable opera of "La Traviata,"
to which she imparted a purity with
which it had never before been in-
vested. Her Zerlina was also much
admired, while in Martha-insignifi-
cant as the opera is—she displayed so
original a vein of arch-comedy as to
give an unwonted interest to the per-
formance. It was, however,ˆ as
Rosina, in "Il Barbiere di Siviglia,"
that her comic powers first shone
forth in full splendour. Mdlle. Patti,
with laudable ambition, attempted.
in the summer of 1863, the difficult
part of Ninetta, in "La Gazza Ladra,”
and her spirited rendering of the
character fully sustained her high
reputation, which was increased by
her admirable performance, both as
Norina, in "Don Pasquale," and as
Adina, in "L'Elisire d'Amore." Un-
daunted by the success of rival cele-
brities who had preceded her, she, in
1864, took the part of Margherita, in
Gounod's "Faust," and her perform-
ance was pronounced by some critics
to be superior to that of every other
representative of the character. She
achieved a fresh success in the part
of Juliet, in Gounod's "Romeo and
Juliet," which proved the great at-
traction of the operatic season of
1867. Malle. Patti has been equally
790
PATTI-PAULI.
successful on the Continent of Eu-
rope. In May, 1868, she was mar-
ried, at the Roman Catholic Church,
Clapham, to M. Louis Sébastien
Henri de Roger de Cahuzac, Marquissance."
de Caux, from whom she was recently
divorced. In the early part of 1870
she visited Russia, where she met
with a most enthusiastic welcome,
receiving from the Emperor Alexan-
der the Order of Merit, and the ap-
pointment of First Singer at the
Imperial Court.
-
PATTI, CARLOTTA, sister of Ade-
lina Patti, was for some time the
leading vocalist in the United States.
Her voice is described as "the highest
soprano ever known," reaching to G
sharp in alt.; her powers of execution
are considered extraordinary, and her
style is essentially Italian. Owing to
a physical disability, she has re-
frained from exhibiting her powers
on the stage, but has achieved great
success at concerts. In 1871 she
gave a series of concerts at Lima, in
Peru.
PATTISON, THE REV. MARK,
B.D., was born at Hornby, York-
shire, in 1813, and educated at Oriel
College, Oxford. He was elected a
Fellow of Lincoln College in that
University in 1840; became Rector
of his College in 1861; and is a
Trustee of the Crewe Charities. Mr.
Mark Pattison is the author of "Ten-
dencies of Religious Thought in Eng-
land, 1688-1750" in "Essays and
Reviews," 1860; Report on Ele-
mentary Education in Protestant
Germany," 1860; 2nd edit, 1871;
Suggestions on Academical Organi-
sation," with especial reference to
Oxford," 1868 ; Pope's Essay on
Man," with notes, 1869. 5th edit.,
1876; and Pope's Satires and
Epistles," with notes, 1872; 2nd edit,
1874; "Isaac Casaubon, 1559-1614,'
a biography, 1875; and "Review of
the Situation in "Essays on the
Endowment of Research," 1876. He
married, in 1862, Emilia Francis,
younger daughter of the late Colonel
Strong, of the Madras Army. Mrs.
Pattison, who was for some time the
(6
""
""
(6
fine art critic of the Academy, pub-
lished in 1878 an important work,
in two volumes, illustrated by her-
self, entitled "The French Renais-
a
|
PAULI, GEORG REINHOLD,
German historian, born at Berlin,
May 25, 1823, received his education
at the university of his native city,
where he attended the lectures of
Professor von Ranke, and at the Uni-
versity of Bonn.
versity of Bonn. In 1847 he came to
prosecute his studies in the public
libraries of England and Scotland ;
and for three years acted as private
secretary to the Chevalier Bunsen,
then Prussian ambassador at the
Court of St. James's. On his return
to Germany, towards the close of the
year 1855, he was elected to a fellow-
ship in the University of Bonn. Two
years later he was nominated Pro-
fessor of History at Rostock, and in
1859 he removed to Tübingen, where
he occupied in succession the chairs
of Political Science and of History;
but he was eventually compelled to
leave Würtemberg in consequence of
certain opinions he had expressed in
one of his works respecting the policy
of that country. In Prussia, however,
he met with a cordial reception, being
appointed Professor of History at
Marburg in 1867, which university he
represented in the Upper House of
the North German Parliament. In
1869 Dr. Pauli received a unanimous
call to the Chair of History at Göttin-
gen. The most important of his
works relate to English history. Of
his "Life of Alfred the Great two
English translations appeared, one in
1847 and the other in 1852, the latter
being revised by the author and
edited by Mr. T. Wright. A transla-
tion, by E. C. Otté, of his "Pictures
of Old England," was published in
1861. Dr. Pauli has also written a
continuation of Lappenberg's "His-
tory of England; "History of
England since the Treaties of 1814
and 1815; ""Simon de Montfort, or
the Origin of the House of Commons,"
1867; and "Essays on English His-
tory," 1869. He is Ph.D. of Berlin;
""
PEACOCK-PEARS.
D.C.L. of Oxfor;d and received the |
honorary degree of LL.D. from the
University of Edinburgh, April 22,
1874.
•
791
|
PEACOCK, THE RIGHT HON. SIR
BARNES, born in 1810, was called to
the bar at the Inner Temple, and
practised on the Home Circuit. He
was created a Queen's Counsel in
1850, and was appointed legal mem-
ber of the Supreme Council at Cal-
cutta in 1852, taking his seat on the
2nd of June of that year. In 1859, on
the retirement of Sir James W. Col-
ville, Mr. Peacock was appointed to
succeed him as Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court of Calcutta, and at
the same time was nominated Vice-
President of the Legislative Council
of India, and received the honour of
knighthood; he received a fresh ap-
pointment in 1862, under the Act
passed in that year, as Chief Justice
of the High Court of Judicature of
Bengal. He finally resigned his seat
on the Calcutta Bench in 1870, and
was sworn a Privy Councillor on his
return to England in that year. In
June, 1872, he was appointed a mem-
ber of the Judicial Committee of the
Privy Council, under the provisions of
a statute passed in the previous year,
entitled "An Act to make further
provision for the despatch of business
by the Judicial Committee of Privy
Council." His salary as a Judge of
the Judicial Committee is £5,000 a
year, inclusive of his Indian pension.
Sir Barnes Peacock married, in 1835,
Elizabeth, daughter of Mr. William
Fanning, and by this lady, who died
in 1865, he has a son, Mr. Frederick
Barnes Peacock, of the Bengal Civil
Service, who was born in 1836, and,
after filling for several years the office
of Registrar of the High Court of
Bengal, was, in 1871, nominated one
of the civilian Judges of that tribunal.
PEACOCK, EDWARD, F.S.A., of
Bottesford Manor, Lincolnshire, born
at Hemsworth, Yorkshire, Dec. 22,
1831, was educated by private tutors.
He was elected a Fellow of the Society
of Antiquaries in 1857, and appointed
a Justice of Peace for the Parts of
PEARS, ÉDWIN, was born in 1835,
at York. He graduated in the Uni-
versity of London, being first in
honours, Roman Law, and Jurispru-
dence, and was called to the bar at
the Middle Temple in 1870. He was
general secretary of the Social Science
Association from 1868 to 1873, and
secretary to the International Prison
Congress of 1872. In the Trans-
actions of the former society he pub-
lished" Prisons and Reformatories at
home and abroad." Mr. Pears is now
the most prominent practitioner at the
English bar in Constantinople, whence,
as correspondent of the Daily
News, he sent the letters which first
called the attention of Europe to the
Moslem atrocities committed in Bul-
garia in May, 1876. The two first of
these letters, having attracted atten-
tion in parliament, and their state-
ments being disputed by Mr. Disraeli,
were published in the first important
blue-book on the Eastern Question
issued since the commencement of
the present troubles. Mr. Pears is
the first newspaper correspondent
who took up the ground that the
interest of England in the Ottoman
empire will be best forwarded by
helping the Christian races as repre-
seuting the progressive element of
the empire, rather than the Turks,
whom he regards as doomed, from
natural causes, to disappear as a
|
-
Lindsey, in the county of Lincoln, in
1869. Mr. Peacock is the author of
"Ralf Skirlaugh," 3 vols., 1870;
"Mabel Heron," 3 vols., 1872; "John
Markenfield," 3 vols., 1874; editor of
Army Lists of Roundheads and
Cavaliers," 1863; second edition, en-
larged, 1874; "English Church Fur-
niture at the period of the Reforma-
tion; a list of goods destroyed in
Lincolnshire Churches," 1866; "In-
structions for Parish Priests, by John
Myrc" (Early Eng. Text Soc.), 1868;
"A List of the Roman Catholics in
the County of York, in 1604,” 1872 ;
and "A Glossary of Words used in
the Wapentakes of Manley and Cor-
ringham, Lincolnshire (English
Dialect Soc.), 1877.
792
PEARSON-PEDRO II.
ruling race, and as being able to
contribute nothing of value towards
European civilization. Mr. Pears
always worked loyally with the late
Mr. MacGahan, who was the first
correspondent to confirm the pictures
of atrocities originally sent home by
Mr. Pears, and in spite of the tone of
his letters is much respected by all
races in Constantinople, the govern-
ing Turks included, as he has, unlike
some other correspondents, dealt with
facts, and he acknowledges the simple
honesty of the Turkish people when
untainted by office.
PEARSON, CHARLES HENRY, M.A.,
was born Sept. 7, 1830, at Islington,
and educated at Rugby and King's
College, London, and at Oriel and
Exeter Colleges, Oxford. He was
elected a Fellow of Oriel in 1854, and
appointed Professor of Modern His-
tory in King's College, London, in
1855, but resigned the chair in 1865.
From 1869 to 1871 he lectured on
Modern History at Trinity College,
Cambridge. Mr. Pearson is the
author of "A History of England
during the Early and Middle Ages,"
vol. i., 1861, and vol. ii., 1868; also of
"Historical Maps of England during
the First Christian Centuries, with
Explanatory Essays and Indices,"
1869. He edited the National Review
in 1862-63.
PEDRO II., DE ALCANTARA, Em-
peror of Brazil, born Dec. 2, 1825, the
son of Dom Pedro I., of Braganza
and Bourbon, and of Leopoldina, arch-
duchess of Austria, is the legitimate
descendant of the three great royal
houses in Europe-Braganza, Bour-
bon, and Hapsburg-and was pro-
claimed upon the abdication of his
father, in April, 1831, at the age of
five years and some months. The
government was at first administered
by a Council of Regency, and after-
wards by one regent; and so truly
had statesmen of every political
shade the good of their country and
the rights of the prince at heart,
that during the critical period, from
1831 to 1835, Brazil preserved its
constitution. The young emperor was
educated with great care; his two
sisters-Donna Januaria, married to
the Count of Aquila, brother of the
King of Naples; and Donna Fran-
cisca, married to the Prince de Join-
ville-shared with equal ardour their
brother's varied studies. In July,
1840, Dom Pedro II.--although he
had not attained his majority-was
declared of age by the Chambers, and
assumed the sovereign power when
not quite fifteen. In 1843 his impe-
rial majesty was married to the
Princess Theresa Christina Maria,
sister of Francis I., late King of Na-
ples; from which union were born
two princes, who died young, and
two princesses. Dom Pedro is an
expert horseman, and delights in
athletic exercises. When at Rio he
is constantly in public, receives twice
a week his subjects and foreigners,
is very courteous in his manners,
and writes and speaks fluently Eng-
lish, French, German, Spanish and
Italian. He is strongly attached to
literature, and liberally patronises
industrial enterprises by encourag-
ing public works and perfecting the
navigation of rivers. The crowning
point of his policy has been his bold
attack on the national prejudice of
the necessity of employing black
slaves, which he has entirely over-
come. The policy of the emperor
and of the Brazilian Chambers was not
only to decree the suppression of the
traffic, but to open up to agricul-
turists new ways and means by
which they might dispense with
black labourers. This was done by
attracting European colonists to
Brazil, by encouraging the settle-
ment of small colonies; and the
planters and landed proprietors
throughout the empire now prefer
free to slave labour. The aid which
he afforded to General Urquiza con-
tributed greatly to the overthrow of
Rosas, and the fruits of this interven-
tion were an aggrandisement of ter-
ritory, and the free navigation of the
Plate River, which have contributed
greatly to the prosperity of the
Brazils. The firm and judicious
|
|
PEEL.
|
attitude he assumed in 1862, in the
quarrel which broke out between his
Goverment and that of Great Britain,
which was settled in his favour by
the arbitration of the King of the
Belgians, tended greatly to consoli-
date his power. In 1865, Dom Pedro
entered into an alliance with Uru-
guay and the Argentine Republic
against the Paraguayans under Lo-
pez. The war began in 1866, and
raged with varying fortunes down
to March 1, 1870, when it was
brought to a close by the death of
Lopez, who was slain at Aquibudon,
at the head of a small body of troops,
who manifested attachment to their
leader to the last. In 1871 Dom
Pedro made the tour of Europe,
visiting London, Paris, Florence,
Rome, Brussels, and other capitals.
He has also visited the United States.
The most important event of his
reign was the issuing of an imperial
decree, in 1871, for the gradual but
total abolition of slavery in Brazil.
He was elected a corresponding
member of the section of Naviga-
tion and Geography by the Académie
des Sciences at Paris in Feb. 1875.
793
cretary to the Treasury from 1860
till 1865. He is a Deputy-Lieutenant
for Warwickshire; was sworn a Privy
Councillor in 1857; and nominated a
Knight-Commander of the Order of
SS. Michael and George in 1869. He
was appointed President of the Rail-
way Commission in 1873.
PEEL, THE RIGHT HON. JONA-
THAN, M.P., fifth son of the first Sir
Robert Peel, born Oct. 12, 1799, was
educated at Rugby, entered the army,
and became a Lieut.-Gen. in 1859.
He was returned for Norwich in
1826, and was one of the members
for Huntingdon, in the Conservative
interest, from 1831 till Dec. 1868,
when he retired into private life.
Gen. Peel, who took an active part in
all Parliamentary debates on mili-
tary questions, was Surveyor-General
of the Ordnance from Sept. 1841, till
July, 1846; Secretary of State for
War in Lord Derby's second adminis-
tration, in 1858-9, and was appointed
to the same post in Lord Derby's
third administration, in July, 1866,
but retired, on account of a differ-
ence in opinion respecting the Re-
form Bill, in March, 1867.
PEEL, THE RIGHT HON. SIR
FREDERICK, K.C.M.G., second son of
the late Sir Robert Peel, born Oct. 26,
1823, and educated at Harrow and
Trinity College, Cambridge, where
he was first class in classics: was
called to the bar at the Inner Temple
in 1849, and returned as one of the
members in the Liberal interest for
Leominster in Feb. 1849; was elected
for Bury in July, 1852, and having
been defeated at the general election
in March, 1857, was again returned
by this constituency at the general
election in April, 1859, but was again
defeated at the general election in
July, 1865. He was Under-Secretary
of State for the Colonies from Nov.,
1851, till March, 1852, in Lord Rus-pany; and in 1866 elected Treasurer
sell's first administration; held the of the Middle Temple. In Oct., 1871,
same post in the Coalition administra- he was appointed one of the paid
tion under Lord Aberdeen; was Un- members of the Judicial Committee of
der Secretary for War in Lord Pal- the Privy Council.
merston's first administration in 1855,
and resigned in 1857; and was Se-
PEEL, THE RIGHT HON. SIR
LAURENCE, cousin of the late Sir
Robert Peel, born in 1799, was edu-
cated at St. John's College, Cam-
bridge, where he graduated B.A. in
1821, and M.A. in 1824.
He was
called to the bar at the Middle Tem-
ple in the latter year, and went the
Northern circuit. After filling the
post of Advocate-General at Calcutta,
he was raised to the Bench as Chief
Justice of the Supreme Court there in
1842, when he received the honour of
knighthood, and retired in 1855, in
which year he was Vice-President of
the Legislative Council at Madras.
In 1857 he was nominated one of the
directors of the late East India Com-
BAR
PEEL, THE RIGHT HON. SIR
ROBERT, Bart., G.C.B., M.P., eldest
794
PELHAM-PENCO.
son of the late Sir Robert Peel, second | Outram in 1851; was in the Civil
bart., born May 4, 1822, was educated
at Harrow and at Christ Church,
Oxford, and entered the diplomatic
service. He was Attaché to the British
embassy at Madrid from June, 1844,
till May, 1846, when he was appointed
Secretary to the British Legation
in Switzerland; became Chargé
d'Affaires in Nov., 1846, and retired
in Dec., 1850. He was a Lord of the
Admiralty from Feb., 1855, till May,
1857, and was Chief Secretary for
Ireland from July, 1861, till Dec.,
1865. He acted as Secretary to the
Special Mission to Russia, at the
coronation of Alexander II., in 1865.
Sir R. Peel was returned one of the
members, in the Liberal interest, for
Tamworth, soon after the death of
his father, whom he succeeded in the
baronetcy, July 2, 1850, and has re-
tained the seat. He was sworn a
Privy Councillor, and made a G.C.B.,
Jan. 5, 1866. Of late years he has
taken a prominent part in the debates,
especially on Irish questions, and
subjects affecting the foreign policy
of the country. Sir Robert Peel
married a daughter of the Marquis of
Tweeddale, and sister of the Duchess
of Wellington.
-
Service of Sinde from 1852 to 1855,
and was personal assistant to the
Commissioner in 1856. He was Aide-
de-Camp to General John Jacob, who
commanded the cavalry in the Persian
Expedition in 1857. He served as po-
litical secretary to Sir James Outram
during the same Expedition. He was
Major ofBrigade of the Sinde Frontier
Force in 1858, Secretary of Legation at
the Court of Persia in 1859, and Chargé
d'Affaires at the same Court in 1860.
He served on a special mission
through Persia, Herat, Afghanistan,
and Beloochistan, in 1860 and 1861;
was on special duty at Calcutta withi
Lord Canning in 1861; went on a
mission to the Comoro Islands in
1861; became Political Agent at Zan-
zibar in 1861 and 1862, and Political
Resident in the Persian Gulf in 1862;
and was employed on a mission to
the capital of the Wahabees, Central
Arabia, in 1865. He paid several
visits to the Chaab Arabs and Arab
tribes of the littoral of the Gulfs of
Persia and Oman from 1865 to 1871;
and negotiated conventions with the
littoral Arab chiefs and with theSultan
of Muscat for anti-slavery and tele-
graphic purposes. After confirming
previous Treaties with the Seyyid of
Zanzibar in 1861, he was associated
with Sir Bartle Frere on an anti-
Slavery Mission to the East Coast
of Africa and Arabia in 1872 and
1873. He was appointed agent
to the Governor-General and Chief
Commissioner for the States of Raj-
pootana in 1873, and having been
sent as Special Commissioner to Ba-
roda, arrested the Guicowar, and took
charge of the State in 1874. He was
on special duty with the Government
of India in 1876, and finally Envoy
Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
for Afghan Affairs. In Aug. 1877 he
was created a Knight Commander of
the Order of the Bath.
PENCO, MADAME ROSINA, a popu-
lar Italian operatic singer, was born
at Naples in 1830, and her education
was early directed to the mastery of
the musical art. She made her first
PELHAM, THE RIGHT REV. AND
HON. JOHN THOMAS, D.D., Bishop of
Norwich, brother of the third Earl of
Chichester, born June 21, 1811, was
educated at Westminster and Christ
Church, Oxford, became Rector of
Burgh Apton, afterwards Incumbent
of Christ Church, Hampstead, and in
1855 Rector of Marylebone. Having
held that living for two years, he was
selected to fill the place of Dr. Hinds,
who resigned the bishopric of Norwich
in 1857. The diocese includes the
counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, and
the annual income is £4500, with the
patronage of eighty-four livings.
PELLY, SIR LEWIS, K.C.S.I.,
K.C.B., has had a long and distin-
guished career, especially in India.
He served as Assistant-Resident at
the Court of the Guicowar, prose-
cuted the Khutput inquiries before
the Commission under Sir James
PENGELLY-PENZANCE.
|
-a
jesty's Inspectors of Fisheries in 1866.
In Jan., 1865, he was selected by the
English Government, at the request
of the Khédive of Egypt, to assist as
"Chief of the Department of Internal
Commerce" in the reforms contem-
plated by that Sovereign. Mr. Pen-
hell made his first mark in litera-
ture in "Puck on Pegasus," 1861-
book which attracted considerable
notice, and has since gone through
many editions. His other poetical
works are "Crescent," 1866, "Modern
Babylon," 1873, and "The Muses of
Mayfair," 1874. During 1864-65 he
edited the Fisherman's Magazine and
Review, and has since contributed
to the literature and practice of
angling several successful books, of
which the most important are
.The
Angler - Naturalist, 1864 ;
"The
Book of the Pike," 1866; "Fishing
Gossip," 1867; and the "Modern
Practical Angler," 1873. Mr. Pennell
is also the author of several works on
subjects of more general literary in-
terest, and was at one time an occa-
sional contributor to Punch, and more
recently to Temple Bar, and other
periodicals.
|
""
public appearance as Lucia, in Doni-
zetti's opera, at Copenhagen, in 1847,
and before a London audience at
Covent Garden Theatre, in 1859, and
was uniformly successful. Many
original parts have been composed
for her; of which Leonora, in Verdi's
"Trovatore," is perhaps the best
known. She was the original repre-
sentative of Ellena di Tolosa and
Marco Visconti, by Petrella; of As-
sidio di Firenze, by Bottesina, and
the Comte Leicester, by Badia.
London Madame Penco achieved the
greatest success by her impersonation
of the part of Violetta in the "Tra-
viata," and that of Zerlina in "Don
Giovanni." She has since reappeared
in Italy and in various capitals of
Europe; notably at St. Petersburg
in 1874.
In
PENGELLY, WILLIAM, F.R.S.,
F.G.S., was born at East Looe, in
Cornwall, Jan. 12, 1812. He is the
author of several memoirs and papers
on Rainfall, the Devonian and Triassic
rocks of Devonshire, the ossiferous
caverns and the submerged forests
of the same county, and (conjointly
with the Rev. Dr. Herr, of Zürich) of
a monograph on The Lignite For-
mation of Bovey Tracey, Devonshire,"
published in 1863. He collected and
arranged the Devonian Fossils, which,
under the name of the "Pengelly Col-
lection," were lodged in the Oxford
University Museum by the Baro-
ness Burdett-Coutts, in connection
with the Burdett-Coutts Geological
Scholarships. In 1837 Mr. Pengelly
re-established the Torquay Mechanics
Institute; in 1844 he originated the
Torquay Natural History Society, and
in 1862 the Devonshire Association for
the Advancement of Science, Litera-
ture, and Art.
He has always taken
an active part in the management of
these institutions.
|
PENNELL, HENRY CHOLMON-
DELY, eldest son of Sir Charles
Henry Pennell, was born in 1836.
He entered the public service about
1853, and after serving in various
departments of the Admiralty, White-
hall, was appointed one of Her Ma-
795
PENZANCE (BARON), THE RIGHT
HON. JAMES PLAISTED WILDE,
fourth son of Edward Archer Wilde,
Esq. (brother of the late Lord Chan-
cellor Truro), born in London, in
1816, was educated at Winchester
School and Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, where he graduated B.A. in
1838, and M.A. in 1842. In 1839 he
was called to the bar at the Inner
Temple, and for some years went the
Northern circuit. He was appointed
Junior Counsel to the Excise and
Customs in 1840, Queen's Counsel in
1855, Counsel to the Duchy of Lan-
caster in 1859, and a Baron of the
Exchequer in April, 1860, when he
received the honour of knighthood.
In 1863, on the death of Sir Cress-
well Cresswell, Sir James Wilde was
appointed Judge of the Court of
Probate and Divorce, the duties of
which post he discharged with
eminent ability till 1872, when he
resigned and was succeeded by Mr.
-
-796
PERCY-PERRY.
|
Justice Hannen. He was sworn a
Privy Councillor in 1864, and was
created a peer by the title of Baron
Penzance, of Penzance, co. Cornwall,
April 6, 1869. In June, 1875, he was
appointed Judge of the Public Wor-
ship Regulation Court (Dean of the
Arches), and Judge of the Provincial
Courts of Canterbury and York. Lord
Penzance married, in 1860, the Lady
Mary Pleydell-Bouverie, daughter of
the third Earl of Radnor.
PERCY, JOHN, M.D., F.R.S., son
of the late Mr. Henry Percy, born at
Nottingham, in 1817, was educated in
Paris and in Edinburgh, where he
was a pupil of Sir C. Bell, and
where he graduated M.D. For some
years he was in medical practice at
Birmingham. Dr. Percy, who has
held since 1851 the office of Lecturer
on Metallurgy in the Government
(new Royal) School of Mines, is the
author of an important work on
"Metallurgy, or the Art of Extracting
Metals from their Ores, and adapting
them to the various Purposes of Ma-
nufacture," with illustrations, pub-
lished in 1861; "The Metallurgy of
Gold, Silver, and Lead," 1869; and
“The Metallurgy of Lead, including
Desilverisation and Cupellation,
1871. The Iron and Steel Institute,
on 25 Jan., 1877, awarded their Bes-
semer medal to Dr. Percy for his
works on metallurgy, especially those
on iron and steel.
|
""
PEROWNE, THE VERY REV. JOHN
JAMES STEWART, D.D., was born
March 13, 1823, at Burdwan, Bengal,
of a family of French (Huguenot)
extraction, that came over to this
country at the revocation of the
Edict of Nantes. He was educated
at Norwich Grammar School, and at
Corpus Christi College, Cambridge;
was appointed Bell's University
Scholar in 1842, Crosse (Theologi-
cal) Scholar in 1845, Tyrrwhitt's
(Hebrew) Scholar in 1848, and
Member's Prizeman (Latin Essay),
in 1844, 1846, and 1847. Dr. Perowne
took his B.A. degree in 1845, and that
of M.A. in 1848, and was elected a
Fellow of his College in 1849. He
was Select Preacher at the University
Church in 1853, 1861, and 1873, Hul-
sean Lecturer in 1868, and Lady
Margaret's Preacher in 1874. For
several years he held a Lectureship
and Professorship in King's College,
London, and was Assistant-Preacher
at Lincoln's Inn, and Examining
Chaplain to the Bishop of Norwich.
From 1862 to 1872 he was Vice-Prin-
cipal of St. David's College, Lampeter.
He was in 1872 appointed Prælector
in Theology, and in 1873 elected a Fel-
low of Trinity College; from 1874 to
1876 he was Cambridge Preacher at
the Chapel Royal, Whitehall. He is a
Canon Residentiary of Llandaff, and
Hulsean Professor of Divinity at
Cambridge, having been elected to
this office, June 17, 1875; he is also
Examiner in the Text of Scripture,
&c., in the University of London.
He was appointed an honorary chap-
lain to the Queen, May 13, 1875,
In
Aug., 1878, he was nominated by the
Crown, on the recommendation of
Lord Beaconsfield, to the deanery of
Peterborough, vacated by the death
of Dr. Saunders. Dr. Perowne is the
author of "The Book of Psalms, a
New Translation, with Notes, Critical
and Exegetical," 2 vols, 4th edit.
131
Hulsean Lectures on "Immortality;
a volume of sermons; occasional ser-
mons; articles in Dr. Smith's "Dic-
tionary of the Bible," Contemporary
Review, Good Words, &c., and an
Essay on Welsh Cathedrals. He is
also the editor of Al Adjrumiich, an
Arabic Grammar, and of " Rogers
on the Thirty-Nine Articles." Dr.
Perowne is a member of the Com-
pany engaged on the revision of the
Old Testament. He married, in 1862,
Anna Maria, third daughter of the
late Humphry William Woolrych,
Esq., Serjeant-at-Law, of Croxley,
Hertfordshire.
|
PERRY, THE RIGHT REV.
CHARLES, D.D., formerly Bishop of
Melbourne, youngest son of the late
John Perry, Esq., of Moor Hall, Es-
sex, was born in 1807, and educated
at Trinity College, Cambridge, where
he graduated B.A. in 1828, as Senior
PERRY-PETO.
Wrangler and Smith's Prizeman, and
first class in classics, and was after-
wards elected a Fellow of his College.
Having held a parochial cure in
Cambridge for several years, he was
consecrated, in 1847, to the see of
Melbourne, on the subdivision of the
diocese of Australia. He resigned his
see in 1876. Dr. Perry was appointed
Prelate of the Order of SS. Michael
and George, May 25, 1878. In Nov.
the same year he was appointed a
Canon of Llandaff Cathedral.
PERRY, THE REV. STEPHEN
JOSEPH, F.R.S., born Aug. 26, 1833,
in London, received his classical
education in the English College at
Douay, and then followed a course of
Mental Philosophy at Rome. He
entered the Society of Jesus in Nov.,
1853, and afterwards studied higher
mathematics at Stonyhurst, London,
and Paris. He was appointed in
Sept., 1860, director of the Meteoro-
logical and Astronomical Observatory
of Stonyhurst College. A four years'
course of theology in preparation
for ordination has been the chief
interruption in his discharge of the
duties of this office. He was elected
a Fellow of the Royal Society in
June, 1874, and has served for several
years on the Councils of the Astro-
nomical and Meteorological Societies.
He is an honorary member of the
Société Scientifique de Bruxelles, and
corresponding member of the Société
Geographique d'Anvers. In 1868 he
undertook a magnetic survey of the
West of France, in which he was
assisted by the Rev. W. Sidgreaves,
S.J., and in the following year the
same work was done for the East of
France. These two surveys formed
the subject of two papers in the
"Philosophical Transactions." He was
chosen as head of the Government
Expedition sent to Cadiz to observe
the total eclipse of the sun in Dec.,
1870. In 1871 a magnetic survey of
Belgium, similar to those undertaken
in France, was made during the
summer months. The results of this
survey, and several other papers by
|
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797
netism, were published in the "Philo-
sophical Transactions," and in the
Proceedings" of the Royal Society.
In 1874 he received his appointment
from the Admiralty as chief of the
Expedition sent by the Government to
Kerguelin Island in the South Indian
Ocean to observe the Transit of Venus.
The Rev. W. Sidgreaves again accom-
panied him on this expedition, and,
in addition to the astronomical work,
a long series of magnetic observations
were made on the island, and at
numerous stations during the journey.
These observations appeared in the
"Proceedings" of the Royal Society.
"Notes" of his "Voyage to Ker-
guelin appeared in the Month,
1875-76.
""
PERRY, SIR THOMAS ERSKINE,
son of the late Thomas Perry, Esq.,
proprietor of the Morning Chronicle,
born in 1806, was educated at the
Charterhouse and at Trinity College,
Cambridge, where he graduated B.A.
in 1829. He was called to the bar at
the Inner Temple, and in 1847 was
appointed Chief Justice at Bombay,
which post he resigned in 1852, and
returned to England. He was elected
one of the members in the Liberal
interest, for Devonport, in May, 1854,
and at the general election in March,
1857, and in April, 1859; in Aug. of
which year he accepted the Chiltern
Hundreds on becoming a member of
Her Majesty's Indian Council.
PERSIA, SHAH OF. (See NASSER-
ED-DEEN.)
PETERBOROUGH, BISHOP OF,
(See MAGEE, DR.)
PETO, SIR SAMUEL MORTON,
Bart., born at Woking, Surrey, Aug.
4, 1809, served an apprenticeship of
seven years with his uncle, Mr.
Henry Peto, an extensive builder,
and at his death in 1830 succeeded
to a moiety of the business, his
partner being Mr. Thomas Grissell,
another nephew of the deceased.
The partnership was dissolved by
mutual consent in 1845, Mr. Gris-
sell continuing on his own account
the erection of the Houses of Parlia-
the same author on Terrestrial Mag-ment, the greatest of the many
798
PETTIE.
public buildings undertaken by the
firm. Among these structures are
Hungerford Market and the Reform
and Oxford and Cambridge Club-
houses. Sir Samuel M. Peto con-
structed a large portion of the
leading railway-works in England,
and
was engaged in the forma-
tion of a large railway in Canada.
Among his most important works are
the Norwegian Grand Trunk line
and the Royal Danish line in 1854.
Upon the opening of the latter, he
received from the King of Denmark
the Order of the Dannebrog. To-
wards the close of 1854 he undertook,
without prospect of profit, the con-
struction of a railway from Bala-
klava, in the Crimea, originated by
the late Duke of Newcastle, then
Minister-at-War, and in appreciation
of these patriotic services received a
patent of baronetcy, Feb. 22, 1855.
Bloomsbury Chapel was built for the
Baptists at his expense; and the
Diorama premises in the Regent's
Park were purchased by him and
converted into a chapel for the same
denomination. He was returned as
one of the members in the advanced
Liberal interest for Norwich in Aug.,
1847, and again at the general elec-
tion, in July, 1852, and retired in
Dec., 1854. He was elected one of
the members for Finsbury in April.
1859, and at the general election in
July, 1865, exchanged this seat for
Bristol, but retired from Parliament
in April, 1868, in consequence of
the bankruptcy of the firm of Peto,
Betts, and Crampton, with liabilities
of above £7,000,000. He is the author
of "Taxation, its Levy and Expen-
diture," 1863; and "Resources and
Prospects of America," 1866.
PETTIE, JOHN, R.A., was born at
Edinburgh in 1839, and studied art
in the famous Academy of the
northern capital,
capital, under Messrs.
Robert Scott Lander and John' Bal-
lantyne, of that Academy, from 1855
till 1862, at which date he came
to reside in London. His earliest
works were contributed to the exhi-
bitions of the Royal Scottish Academy.
|
He first began to exhibit at the Royal
Academy of London in 1859, when
he sent a picture called "The Ar-
mourers." Among his subsequent con-
tributions to the annual exhibitions
in Trafalgar Square were a quaint
picture of a London apprentice of the
fifteenth century crying his wares,
entitled "What d'ye lack, Madam ?
What d'ye lack?" 1861; another
droll picture of a party of itinerant
musicians of the same period, called
"The Trio," 1863; "The Tonsure," a
humorous picture; and in the same
exhibition, the most important pic-
ture the artist had yet produced,
(6
""
George Fox refusing to take the
Oath at Houlker Hall, A.D. 1663"
(1864). Soon afterwards he exhibited
at the British Institution "The Time
and Place," a cavalier waiting for an
expected antagonist at the rendezvous
for a duel; and "Out of an Engage-
ment." These two works were en-
graved, as was also his picture of
The Bible and the Monk-an In-
quisitorial Visit." Mr. Pettie's Aca-
demy picture of 1865 was " A Drum-
head Court Martial; and he sent
"An Arrest for Witchcraft" in 1866,
in which year he was elected an
Associate. Among the later works
exhibited by him at the Academy
are "The Doctor," and "Treason," in
1867; "Pax Vobiscum," "Tussle with
a Highland Smuggler," and "Weary
with present cares and memory
sad," in 1868; "The Disgrace of
Cardinal Wolsey,'
Cardinal Wolsey," and "The Gam-
bler's Victim," in 1869; "A Sally,"
"'Tis blythe Mayday," and "Touch-
stone and Audrey," in 1870: "The
Pedlar," "The Love Song," and
"Scene in the Temple Garden," in
1871;"The Gipsy's Oak." "Terms
to the Besieged," and Silvius and
Phoebe," in 1872; Sanctuary,"
Midnight Watch," and "The Flag
of Truce," in 1873; "Juliet and
Friar Lawrence," "A State Secret,"
and "Ho! Ho! Ho!" in 1874;
"Scene in Hal of the Wynd's
Smithy" and "Jacobites, 1745,” in
1875; a portrait of Dr. Ullathorne,
Catholic Bishop of Birmingham, "The
CC
(C
PETTIGREW.
799
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Threat," and "The Step," in 1876;
Hunted Down," "A Knight of the
Seventeenth Century," and "A Sword
and Dagger Fight," in 1877; "The
Hour,"
," "Rob Roy," and "The Laird,"
in 1878. Mr. Pettie was elected a
Royal Academician Dec. 22, 1873, in
place of the late Sir Edwin Landseer.
PETTIGREW, JAMES BELL, M.D.,
F.R.S., was born at Roxhill, Calder-
bank, Lanarkshire, on May 26, 1834.
He is related on the mother's side
(Mary Bell) to the famous Henry
Bell, the father of steam navigation
in Britain. He was educated at the
Universities of Edinburgh (Medicine)
and Glasgow (Arts). He obtained
the following honours at the Univer-
sity of Edinburgh :-The gold medal
for Forensic Medicine awarded by Pro-
fessor Fraill; the senior anatomy gold
medal, awarded by Professor Good-
sir; a graduation gold medal (the
highest medical honour the Univer-
sity confers) awarded by the Senatus
Academicus. Since graduation he
has been presented with the Godard
Prize of the French Academy of
Sciences (M.D. Edin., 1861); F.R.S.,
1868 ; F.R.S.E., 1872 ; F.R.Č.P., 1873;
Laureate of the Institute of France,
1874; Professor of Medicine and
Anatomy and Dean of the Medical
Faculty of the University of St.
Andrews, 1875; Representative of
the Universities of Glasgow and St.
Andrews at the General Council of
Medical Education and Registration
of the United Kingdom, 1877; Extra-
ordinary Member and late President
of the Royal Medical Society of Edin-
burgh; Fellow of the Botanical, Har-
veian, Medico-Chirurgical, and other
learned societies. He was formerly
Croonian Lecturer to the Royal So-
ciety; Resident Surgeon to the clini-
cal surgical wards of the Royal
Infirmary of Edinburgh; Pathologist
to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh;
Lecturer on Physiology and Curator
of the Museum of the Royal College of
Surgeons of Edinburgh; Examiner in
Physiology to the Royal College of
Physicians of Edinburgh, and Sub-
Curator of the Hunterian Museum
of the Royal College of Surgeons
of England. In Dec., 1877, he
was elected by the Universities of
Glasgow and St. Andrews as their
representative at the General Council
of Medical Education of the United
Kingdom. Distinguished as an
anatomist and physiologist, he was
the first successfully to unravel the
very intricate nerves, valves, and
muscles of the heart, and the muscles
of the stomach, bladder, and uterus
(the so-called Gordian knots of
anatomy). He is the discoverer of
the figure of 8 movements made in
walking, swimming, and flying, and
the author of the now celebrated
"Figure of 8 and Wave Theories of
Flight.” His contributions to science
are numerous and varied, and are
remarkable for their originality and
ingenuity. His dissections, if
equalled, have probably never been
surpassed. They are to be found to
the extent of at least one thousand
in the museums of the University
of Edinburgh and of the Royal
Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh
and London. The following me-
moirs and papers are from his
pen :- "On the Arrangement of
the Muscular Fibres in the Ven-
tricles of the Vertebrate Heart,
with Pathological Remarks," Phil.
Trans., 1864; "On the Relation,
Structure, and Function of the Valves
of the Vascular System in Verte-
brata," Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1864;
"On the Ganglia and Nerves of the
Heart, and their Connection with the
Cerebro-Spinal and Sympathetic
Systems in Mammalia," Proc. Roy.
Soc. Edin., 1865; "On the Presump-
tion of Survivorship," Brit. and For.
Med. Chir. Rev., 1865; "On the
Muscular Arrangements of the Blad-
der and Prostate, and the manner in
which the Ureters and Urethra are
Closed," Phil. Trans., 1867 ; “ On the
Muscular Tunics of the Stomach in
Man and other Mammalia," Proc.
Roy. Soc., 1867; "On the Va-
rious Modes of Flight in Relation
to Aëronautics," Proc. Roy. Inst. Gt.
Britain, 1867; "On the Mechanical
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800
PEYTON.
·
Applications by which Flight is At-
tained in the Animal Kingdom,"
Trans. Linn. Soc., 1868; "On the
Physiology of Wings, being an
Analysis of the Movements by which
Flight is Attained in the Insect, Bat,
and Bird," Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin.,
1871;"Lectures on the Physiology
of the Circulation in Plants, in the
Lower Animals, and in Man," Edin.
Med. Journ., 1872; "Animal Loco-
motion; or Walking, Swimming, and
Flying; with a Dissertation
Aeronautics," Anglo-American Sci.
Series, 1873; "On the Relation of
Plants and Animals to Inorganic
Matter, and on the Interaction of the
Vital and Physical Forces," Lancet,
1873; "Man in his Anatomical, Phy-
sical, and Physiological Aspects,"
Ibid., 1876.
on
|
year he was appointed by General
Pierce, President of the United
States, Federal District Attorney
for the Territory of Utah-an office
which he declined. In 1861 he
devoted his property unsparingly to
the Southern cause, and engaged in
raising and equipping a regiment for
the Provisional army. Unable, from
a severe injury, to take command, he
accepted the position of Agent for
North Carolina in Europe. Visiting
the Gulf States, in 1861, he was ad-
mitted to the secret councils of the
Confederacy. He inspected Forts
Moultrie and Sumter, Charleston, and
reconnoitred the enemy under fire of
the blockading fleet. In Oct., 1861,
he embarked with his family on the
Nashville, and broke the blockade
two days after Mason and Slidell
sailed, and arrived in Bermuda. He
sailed thence in Nov., and when 300
miles N.E. of the Azores, captured
and burnt the American packet ship
Harvey Birch. On Nov. 21, he arrived
at Southampton, when Capt. Nelson
of the Harvey Birch, and eighty
prisoners were discharged. In 1866
he made an extensive tour in the
north of Europe. From that date
he resided principally in Guernsey.
After an absence of fifteen years in
Europe, Col. Peyton, seeing a pros-
pect of a return to power of the Con-
servative party in America, sailed
from Liverpool for Boston in the
summer of 1876; and shortly after
his arrival resumed his residence in
Augusta county, Virginia, where he
is now engaged in literary and scien-
tific pursuits. He is a corresponding
member of the Virginia Historical
Society, of the Wisconsin Historical
Society, and other learned institutions.
He has written "A Statistical View of
the State of Illinois," Chicago, 1854;
PEYTON, JOHN LEWIS, LL.B.,
F.R.G.S., born Sept. 15, 1824, in
Virginia, is a son of John Howe Pey-
ton, an eminent lawyer and states-
man, and descended from the English
Peytons of Isleham. At the age of
fifteen he was sent to the Virginia
Military Academy. In 1845 he took
the degree of LL.B. in the University
of Virginia. In 1848 he travelled
through Canada, the Maritime Pro-
vinces, and in the N.W. States and
territories. In 1851 he was sent by
the U.S. Government on special ser-
vice to the Courts of England, France,
and Austria. He returned to the
United States in 1853, and rendered
valuable service to the State of Illinois
in organizing and training her volun-
teers. He was commissioned, in 1854,
Major of 1st Regiment I.M., and in
1855 Major, with rank of Lieu-
Col., of 18th Battalion. In 1855 he
married a daughter of Col. J. C.
Washington, a kinsman of the illus-
trious "Father of his Country." In
1856 he retired to his Virginian
estate, "Shirley," and was appointed
by the Governer of Virginia a Justice
of the Peace, and Director in the State
College in Augusta co., and also a
Director in the Bank of the Valley in
Virginia. He was Chief of the Staff
of Gen. Layne in 1854. In the same
|
Railway Communication with the
Pacific, and the Trade of China and
the Indian Islands," Chicago, 1854;
"The American Crisis: or, Pages
from the Note-Book of a State Agent
during the Civil War in the U.S.,"
2 vols., London, 1866; "The Adven-
tures of my Grandfather," London,
PHILIPPOTEAUX-PHILLIMORE.
801
""
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•
bello," "L'Empereur embrassant le
général Forey à la gare de Voghera,
Religieuses à la Chapelle, ""Combat
de Montebello," "Combat de Diern-
stein," belonging to the Duke of
Richmond (1863); "La Fiancée du
Timbalier " (1864); "Le Siége de
Puebla," "Le général Forey à la tête
de l'armée française," in the Mexican
war (1863); “Chefs Arabes se rendant
"Eclair-
au-devant de l'Empereur,'
eurs Arabes" (1866); “Défense de
Paris (1870-71) contre les Armées
Allemandes ", for the Panorama in
the Champs-Elysées, (1872); “Scène
du Bombardement de Paris par les
Armées Allemandes, au mois de
jauvier, 1871,", for the Diorama of
the Champs-Élysées ; "Rencontre
d'Henri IV. et de Sully le lendemain
de la bataille d'Ivry, mars, 1590
(1875). He also painted some genre
pictures, such as:" La Pervenche,"
"La Déception," "Le Brin d'Herbe,'
and "Le Retour du Cabaret." At
Versailles are the following pictures
by M. Philippoteaux :-"Le Combat
du Raab," "Le Passage du Taglia-
mento," and "Le Siége d'Anvers en
1832." He has sent to the exhibitions
of the Royal Academy of London the
following pictures :-"La Charge des
Cuirassiers Français à Waterloo
(1875); "Charge of the English
Heavy Cavalry at the Battle of
Balaclava, Oct. 25, 1854" (1876);
and "The Battle of the Alma, Sept.
20, 1854" (1877). M. Philippoteaux
obtained a second medal in 1837, a
first medal in 1840, and the decora-
tion of the Legion of Honour in July,
1846.
>>
"1
1867; "Over the Alleghanies and
across the Prairies: Personal Recol-
lections of the Far West one-and-
twenty Years Ago," London, 1869;
"Memoir of William Madison Peyton,
of Roanoke," London, 1870; and a
biographical sketch of Anne Mont-
gomery Peyton, 8vo, Guernsey, 1876.
PHILIPPOTEAUX, FÉLIX EM-
MANUEL HENRI, a French historical
painter, born at Paris, April 3, 1815,
entered at an early age the studio of
M. Léon Cogniet, in conjunction with
whom, at a later period, he painted
several battle-pieces for the gallery
at Versailles. His first exhibited
picture appeared at the Salon of 1833;
many of the works which he after-
wards exhibited now adorn the walls
of the principal modern museums in
France, including those of the Lux-
embourg, Versailles, Rouen, Strasburg,
and Marseilles. The principal are:-
"Le Rocher de Glace," an episode of
the American War (1833); "La Re-
traite de Moscou" (1835); "La Prise
d'Ypres (1837); "La Mort de
Turenne," "Le Siége d'Anvers en
1792," Le Combat de Stockach "
(1838-39); "Bayard au pont du
Garigliano," "Louis XV. visitant le
champ de bataille de Fontenoy," at the
Luxembourg (1840); "L'Entrée du
L'Entrée du
col de la Mouzaia, "La Défense de
Mazagran," "L'Attaque de Médéah,'
"Le Combat de l'Oued-Jer," "Une
Razzia "
(1842-44); most of these
being pictures for which the artist
received commissions after his return
from a journey to Algeria; "La
Bataille de Mouthabor," jointly with
M. Léon Cogniet, now at Versailles
(1843); "La Bataille de Rivoli "
(1845); "Femmes Mauresques,""Une
Rue d'Alger" (1846); "Le général
Gourgaud sauvant la vie à Napoléon"
(1848); "Le Dernier Banquet des
Girondins," now at Marseilles, with
"La Mort de Turenne" (1850); "Le
général Bonaparte en Italie" (1853);
Défaite des Cimbres " (1855);
Charge des chasseurs d'Afrique à
Balaklava" (1859); "Le général
Forey acclamé par les troupes de sa
division après le combat de Monte-
66
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"
PHILLIMORE, THE RIGHT HON.
SIR ROBERT JOSEPH, D. C.I.., is the
second son of Joseph Phillimore,
Esq., D.C.L., a celebrated ecclesias-
tical lawyer, formerly Regius Pro-
fessor of Civil Law at Oxford, by
Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev.
Walter Bagot, of Blithfield, Stafford-
shire, who was brother of the first
Baron Bagot. He was born in
London, November 5, 1810, and edu-
cated at Westminster School, whence
he was elected to Christ Church,
3 F
802
PHILLIPS.
Oxford. He gained the College |
prizes for Latin verse and prose, and
graduated B.A. in 1831, being placed
in the second class in classics. For
three years after this he was a clerk
in the Board of Control. Subse-
quently he was created a D.C.L. of
Oxford, was admitted an Advocate at
Doctors' Commons, was called to the
Bar at the Middle Temple, and in
due course was made a Queen's
Counsel. As a civilian he gained an
extensive practice, and early in his
career he obtained various lucrative
posts. He was appointed Official to
the Archdeaconries of Middlesex and
London by Archdeacons Cambridge
and Pott, in 1840; Chancellor of
the diocese of Chichester by Bishop
Gilbert, in 1844; and Chancellor of
Salisbury by his brother-in-law,
Bishop Denison, in 1845. From 1853
to 1857 he sat in the House of Com-
mons as member for Tavistock in the
Liberal-Conservative interest. While
in Parliament he delivered some re-
markable speeches on Church-rates,
Tithe Commutation, and similar
questions; and he introduced the
measure known popularly as "Dr.
Phillimore's Act," which empowered
the Ecclesiastical Courts to take
evidence vivâ voce. He was ap-
pointed Judge of the Cinque Ports in
1855; Her Majesty's Advocate-Gene-
ral (in Admiralty) in 1862, when he
received the honour of knighthood;
and Judge of the High Court of Ad-
miralty, and of the Arches Court of
Canterbury in 1867, on which occa-
sion he was sworn of the Privy Coun-
cil. From 1871 to 1873 he held the
office of Judge Advocate-General,
and he was appointed Master of the
Faculties in 1873. In 1875 he re-
signed his other offices on being
nominated Judge of the Admiralty,
Probate, &c., Division of the High
Court of Justice. Sir Robert Philli-
more has published many legal works,
the best known being his "Commen-
taries upon International Law," 4
vols., 1854-61, which, on reaching a
second edition in 1874, obtained the
Swiney Prize of the Society of Arts.
|
While Judge of the Arches Court,
which was the chief ecclesiastical
tribunal in the kingdom, he de-
livered many important decisions,
and several of his judgments have
been published in book form. Among
his other works are: "Memoirs and
Correspondence of George Lord
Lyttleton, from 1734 to 1773,” 2
vols., 1845; "Russia and Turkey.
Armed Intervention on the ground of
religion considered as a question of
International Law," 2nd ed., 1853 ;
Speeches in the House of Commons
on Church Rates (1853), Tithe
Commutation (1856); "Clergy Dis-
cipline," a Letter to the Archbishop
of Canterbury, 1872; "The Ecclesi-
astical Law of the Church of Eng-
land," 2 vols., 1873; and "Lessing's
Laocoon, translated, with preface and
notes," 1874. He married, in 1844,
Charlotte, daughter of John Denison,
Esq., of Ossington Hall, Newark, and
sister of the late Viscount Ossington,
of the late Sir William Denison,
K. C.B., and of the late Bishop of Salis-
bury.
PHILLIPS, SIR BENJAMIN
SAMUEL, born in London, Jan. 4,
1811, engaged in commercial pur-
suits, was chosen an Alderman of the
City in 1857, and after filling the
office of Sheriff in 1859-60, was
elected Lord Mayor in 1865. During
his mayoralty he had the honour of
entertaining at a grand banquet his
majesty the King of the Belgians,
from whom he received the order of
Leopold. In conjunction with others,
he took an active part in devising
means for the relief of the distress
caused by the visitation of the cholera
in 1866, and by the famine in India,
and received the honour of knight-
hood, Dec. 28, 1866. Sir Benjamin,
who is a member of the Jewish com-
munity, is a magistrate and Deputy-
Lieutenant for Middlesex, and a
magistrate for the county of Kent.
PHILLIPS, LAURENCE BARNETT,
author and mechanician, son of Bar-
nett Phillips, Esq., of Bloomsbury-
square, was born in London, Jan. 29,
1842, and educated at Dr. Pinches's
PHILLIPS—PICCOLOMINI.
school, which he left at the age
of fourteen, to commence his me-
chanical studies, his general educa-
tion being continued at his father's
residence under private tutors. In
1861 he started in business as a chro-
nometer manufacturer, since which
time he has constructed some of the
most complicated and finest finished
specimens of the higher horological
art, and by the invention of various
forms of mechanism has done much
towards the introduction of keyless
watches. In Nov., 1865, he was
elected a Fellow of the Royal Astro-
nomical Society. In 1866 was pub-
lished his first work, "The Auto-
graphic Album," which was followed,
in 1871, by "Horological_Rating
Tables," and in 1873 by his "Diction-
ary of Biographical Reference," con-
taining upwards of one hundred
thousand names, and over a quarter
of a million references. Since the
publication of this latter work he has
Occupied himself with success as an
etcher, having produced many charm-
ing river and continental scenes, and
he has been a constant exhibitor at
the Royal Academy.
PHILLIPS, WENDELL, born at
Boston, Massachusetts, Nov. 29, 1811.
He graduated at Harvard College in
1831, at Cambridge Law School in
1833, and was admitted to the bar in
the following year. In 1837 he
identified himself with the Anti-
Slavery, Temperance, and Woman's
Rights reforms, and has ever since
been one of the most popular orators
in America. During the civil war he
advocated a vigorous policy, espe-
cially urging the emancipation of the
slaves. After the close of the war he
opposed the dissolution of the Ameri-
can Anti-Slavery Society, and, suc-
ceeding William Lloyd Garrison, was
its President, until its final disband-
ment in 1870. An edition of his
'Speeches, Lectures, and Letters "
was published in 1863. Since that
time he has put forth no separate
book, but has devoted himself to
platform speeches, mainly upon
Social and political subjects. He is
-6
803
especially noted for his vehement
opposition to the policy pursued
towards the South by Presidents
Grant and Hayes.
PHILPOTT, THE RIGHT REV.
HENRY, D.D., Bishop of Worcester,
younger son of the late Mr. Richard
Philpott, of Chichester, born Nov. 17,
1807, was educated at the Cathedral
Grammar School, Chichester, and at
St. Catherine's College, Cambridge,
graduated B.A., as Senior Wrangler
and a first class in the Classical Tripos
in 1829. He was elected Fellow of
his college, and held the office of
Assistant Tutor and Tutor till his
election to the Mastership of the
College in 1845. He served the
office of Moderator in the University
in 1833, 1834, and 1836, that of
Examiner for Mathematical Honours
in 1837 and 1838, and that of Proctor
in 1834-5. The late Bishop of London
(Dr. Blomfield) appointed him, in
1837, Preacher in Whitehall Chapel,
London, which office he held for two
years and a half; he was twice
nominated a Select Preacher before
the University; and was appointed
Examining Chaplain by the late
Dr. Turton, Bishop of Ely, on his
elevation to the episcopate in 1844.
After his election to the Mastership of
his college, in 1845, he took an active
part in the business of the University,
and served as Vice-Chancellor in 1846,
1856, and 1857. At the end of his
last year of that office, several mem-
bers of the Senate presented his por-
trait, painted by Sir J. W. Gordon,
to the University, as a memorial of
the services he had rendered during
the sitting of the Commission, and
it is in the Fitzwilliam Museum. He
was appointed by the late Prince
Consort one of his four Chaplains in
1847, and retained that office till his
elevation to the see of Worcester in
1860. He was appointed Clerk of
the Closet to the Queen in 1865.
,
PICCOLOMINI, MARIA, operatic
singer, member of an ancient and
noble family in Tuscany, was born at
Sienna, in 1835. In childhood she
gave very great promise of vocal
3 F 2
PICKERSGILL-PIERREPONT.
|
powers, and her parents confided her
musical education to Romani, one of
the first teachers in Italy, under
whose instructions she made her first
appearance at Florence, in 1852, in
the character of Lucrezia Borgia,
being little more than sixteen. This
character she performed for twenty
nights, with immense success. She
spent four years in a professional
tour through Italy, and attracted
crowds of admirers at Florence,
Rome, Palermo, and Verona, and at
Turin she appeared for the first time
in the "Traviata," in which opera
she came before an English audience
in 1856, and met with a most enthu-
siastic reception. Her success in
Paris was not quite so great, though
in that city she was much admired,
and drew crowded houses. During
During
her stay in England she sang in the
most important cities of the United
Kingdom. In addition to the above-
mentioned operas, she performed in
"Figaro," "The Huguenots," "La
Serva Padrona," "Lucia di Lammer-
‚” “The Bohemian Girl,” “Luisa
Miller,'
""La Figlia del Reggimento,"
and as Zerlina, in Mozart's "Don
Giovanni." In 1861 she married, and
retired from professional life.
moor,
804
WARDS, is descended from a Norman-
English family. He was born at
North Haven, Connecticut, in 1817,
and graduated at Yale College in
1837 with very high honours. Having
studied for the Bar at the Newhaven
Law School, he was admitted in 1840.
He practised his profession in the city
of New York, and in 1857 was elected
Judge of the Superior Court of New
York, in place of Chief Justice Oak-
ley, deceased. In 1860 he resigned
his seat upon the Bench, and resumed
practice at the Bar. In 1862 he was
appointed by the President of the
United States, with Major-General
Dix, to try the prisoners of State who
were confined in the various forts and
prisons upon charges growing out of
the Rebellion. In 1867 he was elected
a member of the Convention for
forming a new Constitution for the
State of New York, and he was one
of the Judiciary Committee. In the
spring of 1867 he was employed by
the Secretary of State to conduct the
prosecution, on the part of the
Government, against John H. Sur-
ratt, indicted for aiding in the murder
of President Lincoln. This celebrated
trial commenced before the United
States Court at Washington on the
1st of June and lasted until the 10th
of August. Mr. Pierrepont received
the honorary degree of LL.D. in
June, 1871, from Columbia College,
and also from Yale College in 1873.
President Grant appointed him At-
torney-General of the United States
for New York. He was one of the
most active of the "Committee of
Security
Security" in opposing the "Ring
Frauds" of New York (1870). He
was engaged as counsel in many
celebrated trlals; was the counsel of
many railroad corporations and a
Director in several of them. In May,
1873, he was appointed Envoy Ex-
traordinary to the Russian Court, but
he declined the honour. In April,
1875, he was appointed Attorney-
General of the United States.
May, 1876, while a member of the
Cabinet of President Grant, he re-
ED-ceived the appointment of Envoy-
G
In
PICKERSGILL, FREDERICK
RICHARD, R.A., nephew of the late
Henry William Pickersgill, R.A.,
born in London, in 1820, studied at
the Royal Academy. His first pro-
duction, "The Combat between Her-
cules and Achelous," an oil-painting,
exhibited in 1840, was followed by
a prize cartoon of "The Death of
King Lear," exhibited in Westmin-
ster Hall in 1843; and "The Burial
of Harold," a magnificent picture,
for which he received a first-class
prize, in 1847, and which was imme-
diately purchased for the new Houses
of Parliament. Mr. Pickersgill is a
regular exhibitor, and his pictures
generally command many admirers
and fetch high prices. In 1847 he
was elected A.R.A., and in 1857 was
promoted to the rank of Acade-
mician.
PIERREPONT, THE HON.
-
PIM-PINE.
tentiary to the Court of St. James.
This office he resigned in Dec., 1877.
PIETER-MARITZBURG, BISHOP
OF. (See MACRORY, DR.)
Extraordinary and Minister-Plenipo- | prevention of any further filibuster-
ing attempts against Nicaragua on
the part of General Walker. In
Nov., 1860, Commander Pim sailed
in the Gorgon for the Cape of Good
Hope and coast of Africa station,
but in the June following, having
exchanged into, and brought home
H.M.S. Fury, he paid that ship off at
Portsmouth, and has since continued
on half-pay. He was advanced to
the rank of Captain, April 16, 1868,
and was compulsorily retired in
April, 1870, when he at once began
to qualify himself for a new pro-
fession, and was called to the bar at
the Inner Temple, Jan. 27, 1873.
Captain Bedford Pim unsuccessfully
contested Totnes in July, 1865, and
Gravesend in Dec., 1868, but he was
returned for the latter borough, in
the Conservative interest, at the
general election of Feb., 1874. Since
1862 he has been engaged in opening,
by his own private efforts, railway
transit from the Atlantic to the
Pacific across Nicaragua. Captain
Bedford Pim is the author of "The
Gate of the Pacific," 1863; " Dot-
tings on the Roadside in Panama,
Nicaragua, and Mosquito" (in con-
junction with the late Dr. Berthold
Seemann), 1869 ; an" Essay on Feudal
Tenures "The War Chronicle,"
1873, being a history of the Franco-
Prussian war; and various pamphlets
and articles, mostly geographical.
He is a magistrate for the county of
Middlesex, a member of several
scientific societies, and proprietor of
The Navy, a newspaper devoted ex-
clusively to the maritime interests of
the country.
|
PIM, CAPTAIN BEDFORD CLAP-
PERTON TREVELYAN, M.P., is the
only son of Captain Edward Bedford
Pim, of Weirhead, Exeter (who died
in command of H.M.S. Black Joke,
on the coast of Africa), by Sophia
Soltau, eldest daughter of T. F.
Harrison, Esq., of Totnes. He was
born at Bideford, Devon, June 12,
1826, and educated at the Royal
Naval School. He went to India in
the merchant service, and on his
return was appointed a volunteer
(1st class) in the Royal Navy in 1842.
Having been employed for some years
in the Surveying service, he made the
voyage round the world in H.M.S.
Herald, in 1845-51, and was engaged
from first to last in the search for Sir
John Franklin, both through Behring's
Straits and Baffin's Bay. He was the
officer who reached the Investigator,
and saved the crew of that ship, besides
being the first man who made his way
from a ship on the eastern, to a ship
on the western side of the North-
West Passage. He saw active service,
in command, in the Russian war, for
which he has a medal, and in China,
where he was desperately wounded in
no fewer than six places. He was
made a Commander, April 19, 1858.
After visiting the Isthmus of Suez,
Commander Pim returned to England
in 1859, and read before the Royal
Geographical Society a highly in-
teresting paper on the Suez Canal.
Soon afterwards, the Board of Ad-
miralty appointed him to the com-
mand of the Gorgon, and dispatched
that vessel to the river Tyne, with a
view of popularising the navy, and
encouraging the entry of seamen.
His next service was the settling a
delicate question with the French
respecting the fisheries. This busi-
ness having been satisfactorily con-
cluded, the Gorgon was dispatched
to the West Indies, and employed on
the coast of Central America for the
|
A
805
""
PINE, SIR BENJAMIN CHILLEY
CAMPBELL, K.C.M.G., member of a
Devonshire family, born in 1813,
graduated at Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, and was called to the bar in
1841. He was appointed Queen's
Advocate at Sierra Leone in 1842,
and acting Governor there in 1848;
was Lieut.-Governor of Natal in
1849, and Governor and Commander-
in-Chief of the Gold Coast settle-
ments in 1856, when he was created
806
PIRIE-PITRA.
a Knight Bachelor; was appointed | which he has devoted his entire at-
tention since 1843, in which year the
Phonetic Society was formed. His
system of "Phonography, or Writing
of Sound," appeared in 1840; and
his "Phonographic Reporter's Com-
panion " in 1853. The "Phonetic
Institute," at Bath, is really a pho-
netic printing-office. Mr. Pitman edits.
and prints the Phonetic Journal
weekly, and lithographs the short-
hand Supplement which accompanies
it. This journal is printed in phonetic
type, except a small portion, in ordi-
nary type, which records the progress.
of the "Writing and Spelling Re-
form." Besides printing his own in-
struction-books for teaching phonetic
shorthand, Mr. Pitman has issued a
little library of books printed entirely
in shorthand, ranging from the Bible
to "Rasselas."
|
Lieut.-Governor of St. Christopher's
in 1859; Governor of Western Aus-
tralia in Sept., 1868; Governor of
the Virgin Islands in April, 1869,
and under the new Act was named
Governor of the Leeward Islands in
Dec., 1871, but resigned in 1873, and
was appointed Governor of Natal.
He returned to England in 1875. He
was created a K.C.M.G. in 1871. He
has published some articles on the
African colonies in the "Encyclo-
pædia Britannica."
1
|
PIRIE, WILLIAM ROBINSON, D.D.,
son of the Rev. George Pirie, D.D.,
minister of Slains, Aberdeenshire, was
born in that village July 26, 1804, and
educated at the University of Aber-
deen. He was appointed minister of
Dyce in 1830; Professor of Divinity
in the University of Marischal Col-
lege, Aberdeen, in Dec., 1843 ; and
minister of Greyfriars, Aberdeen, in
Sept., 1846. On the union of the
Universities of Marischal and King's
Colleges, Aberdeen, he was declared
Professor of Divinity and Church
History in the united University
(1860). In May, 1877, he was nomi-
nated by the Crown Principal of that
University, of which he is also Vice-
Chancellor. Dr. Pirie has been con-
nected with every important political
measure which has been agitated in
Scotland during the last 40 years.
In some of them he took a very
active share, especially in those of an
ecclesiastical or academical character.
PITMAN, ISAAC, born at Trow-unpublished, in elucidation of Church
bridge, Wilts, Jan. 4, 1813, and edu- history. To obtain the materials for
cated at the Grammar-school in that this superb work, Dom Pitra visited
town, after having been clerk for nearly all the great libraries in Europe.
some time, was trained in the Normal Summoned to Rome by Pope Pius IX.
College of the British and Foreign in 1858, he was directed to study the
School Society in London, and was ancient and modern canons of the
appointed Master of the British Oriental Churches, and the results of
School, Barton-on-Humber, in 1832. his labours are embodied in a work
He established the British School at entitled "Juris Ecclesiastici Græ-
Wootton-under-Edge in 1836, and re- corum Historia et Monumenta," the
moved to Bath in 1839. His first first volume of which, printed by the
treatise on shorthand, entitled "Ste- Sacred Congregation of the Propa-
nographic Sound-hand," appeared in ganda, appeared in 1864. Dom Pitra
1837, and he became the inventor of was appointed a member of that Con-
the system of phonetic writing, to gregation for the religious affairs of
PITRA, HIS EMINENCE JOHN
BAPTIST, a French Cardinal, born at
Champforgueil, near Autun, Aug. 31,
1812, embraced the ecclesiastical
profession at an early age, and after
being for some time teacher of rhe-
toric in the seminary of his native
town, became a Benedictine monk
in the abbey of Solesme. Following
the example of so many members of
that learned order, he devoted him-
self to the study of ecclesiastical anti-
quities, and composed an admirable
"Histoire de Saint-Léger," which was
followed by his "Spicilegium Soles-
mense," 5 vols., Paris, 1852-60, a
collection of documents, previously
K
PLANCHÉ-PLANTIER.
807
the East in 1862, and created a
Cardinal Priest of the Holy Roman
Church, of the title of S. Tommaso in
Parione, March 16, 1863. His Emi-
nence holds the office of "Librarian
of the Holy Roman Church."
agement of Madame Vestris, and he
has written a variety of songs, essays,
&c., in various periodicals. He wrote,
after travelling through a part of the
North of Europe, "Lays and Legends
of the Rhine," 1826; "Descent of
the Danube," 1827, since reprinted as
a
""
((
guide-book; "The History of
British Costume," for the "Library
of Entertaining Knowledge," 1834;
"Costume," for Knight's Pictorial
Shakspeare ; "Costume and Furni-
ture," in the chapters on Manners
and Customs in the " Pictorial History
of England Regal Records:
Coronations of Queens," at the coro-
nation of Queen Victoria, 1838;
"The Pursuivant at Arms," a treatise
on heraldry, 1852; King Nut-
Cracker, a Fairy Tale," 1853 ; “ Popu-
lar Fairy Tales Illustrated," 1857 ;
"A Corner of Kent, the parish of
Ash-next-Sandwich,' 1864; and
articles on dramatic biography in the
Penny Cyclopædia; "The Recollec-
tions and Reflections of J. R. Planché :
a Professional Autobiography," 2
vols., 1872; "The Conqueror and
his Companions," 2 vols., 1874.
(C
""
|
PLANCHE, JAMES ROBINSON,
Somerset Herald, descended from a
French family which sought refuge
in England on the revocation of the
Edict of Nantes, was born in Old
Burlington Street, London, Feb. 27,
1796. The bent of his mind early
displayed itself in a burlesque, en-
titled "Amorosa, King of Little
Britain," written for private perform-
ance, but afterwards accepted by the
management of Drury Lane Theatre,
and played with applause in May,
1818. This success led Mr. Planché
to write other pieces for various
theatres, which were well received.
Among these were the operas of
"Maid Marian," to which Mr. Bishop
furnished the music; and of
"Oberon," written expressly for
Weber's music. He prepared adapta-
tions of some of the plays of our
older dramatists; among them, " The
Woman never Vexed," "The Mer- PLANCY, DE. (See COLLIN,
chant's Wedding," &c. Mr. Planché
has paid considerable attention to the
subject of archæology and costume,
and was commissioned by the pro-
prietors of Covent Garden Theatre to
attend the coronation of Charles X.,
in order to make drawings for the
purpose of reproducing the pageant
on the English stage. At the desire
of Mr. Charles Kemble, he designed
the costumes for the plays of "King
John," "Henry IV.,'
Henry IV.," "As You Like
It," Othello," and "Cymbeline."
In 1828 he produced at Drury Lane
Theatre his popular drama of
"Charles XII.," and in 1830 was
elected a Fellow of the Society of
Antiquaries, from which he retired
in 1852. Mr. Planché was created
Rouge Croix Pursuivant of Arms in
1854, and Somerset Herald, June 8,
1866. He has prepared for the stage
nearly two hundred pieces, some of
the more remarkable being the ex-
travaganzas produced under the man-
|
|
J. A. S. C. D.)
|
PLANTIER, THE RIGHT REV,
CLAUDE HENRI AUGUSTIN, Bishop
of Nîmes, was born at Ceyzerieux
(Ain), March 2, 1813, and after hold-
ing some minor ecclesiastical pre-
ferments, was appointed Vicar-Gene-
ral of the diocese of Lyons. He was
consecrated Bishop of Nîmes in 1865.
Monseigneur Plantier has acquired a
high reputation as a preacher, and is
an ardent supporter of the extreme
Catholic party.
Catholic party. At the Vatican
Council of 1869-70, he opposed the
claims of the Gallican Church, and
was one of the most zealous up-
holders of the doctrine of Infallibility
of the Roman Pontiff. Among his
numerous works may be mentioned ;
"Etudes Littéraires sur la Poésie
Biblique," 1842; 2nd edit., 2 vols.,
1865; "Conférences données à Notre
Dame de Paris," 2 series, 1849 and
1854 ; "L'Encyclique et les Apprécia-
tions Hostiles dont elle a été l'objet,"
PLAYFAIR.
1860; several Pastoral Letters in | Companion of the Bath, and received
confutation of M. Renan's "Life of
Jesus;" and others in defence of the
Holy See, and the teaching of the
Catholic Church.
an appointment in the late Prince
Consort's household. At the Great
Exhibition of 1862, he again had
charge of the department of Juries,
and was intrusted with the appoint-
ment of the jurors, who numbered
upwards of 600 persons, consisting of
the most eminent men in rank,
science, and industry, of all countries
of Europe. On the establishment of
the department of Science and Art,
in 1853, he was appointed Joint
Secretary with Mr. Henry Cole; but
in 1856, when Mr. Cole assumed
the office of Secretary, he became
Inspector-General of Government
Museums and Schools of Science. In
1857 Professor Playfair was elected
President of the Chemical Society of
London, and in 1858 was appointed
Professor of Chemistry in the Uni-
versity of Edinburgh, where he had
the honour to number among his
pupils the Prince of Wales and Prince
Alfred. Professor Playfair has been
much employed by various govern-
ments to report on subjects of public
interest. In conjunction with Sir
Henry De La Beche, he examined, at
the desire of the Admiralty, into the
suitableness of the coals of the United
Kingdom for the purposes of the
navy; and into the causes of acci-
dents in mines. He was one of the
Royal Commissioners appointed on
the appearance of the cattle plague
in this country, and was chairman of
the Royal Commission on the Fisheries
of the Scottish coasts. This commis-
sion, on which Professor Huxley also
acted, laid the basis for the with-
drawal of legislative restrictions on
sea fisheries. He was President of
the Civil Service Enquiry Com-
mission of 1874, which produced
an elaborate scheme for the reor-
ganisation of the Civil Service.
Dr. Lyon Playfair was elected as
member of Parliament for the Uni-
versities of Edinburgh and St.
Andrews in the general election of
1868, and is a Liberal in Politics.
He held office in the Ministry of
1873-4, as Postmaster-General, and
808
PLAYFAIR, THE RIGHT HON.
LYON, C.B., M.P., LL.D., son of Mr.
George Playfair, Chief Inspector-
General of Hospitals of Bengal, and
nephew of the late Col. Sir Hugh L.
Playfair, born at Meerut, Bengal,
May 21, 1819, was educated at St.
Andrews, N.B., and at a very early
age took especial interest in chemistry.
In 1834 he studied chemistry under
Professor Thomas Graham, at the
Andersonian University, Glasgow;
but his health failing in 1837, he re-
visited India, and upon his recovery
returned to England, and rejoined
his friend Graham, then Professor to
the London University. In 1838 he
went to Giessen, to study organic
chemistry under Liebig, translated
some of his works into English, and
on his return to Scotland undertook
the management of the large calico
print-works of Messrs. Thompson, of
Clitheroe; whence he removed, in
1843, to Manchester, and was ap-
pointed Professor of Chemistry in the
Royal Institution. In 1844, at the
recommendation of the late Sir Robert
Peel, he was appointed on the
commission constituted to examine
into the sanitary condition of our
large towns and populous districts,
and his reports were characterised
by great ability. At the close of
the commission, Professor Playfair
was appointed by the late Sir R. Peel,
Chemist to the Museum of Practical
Geology. In the Great Exhibition of
1851 he visited the manufacturing
districts, and by drawing up an ela-
borate classification of objects of in-
dustry, and by personal communica-
tion with the manufacturers, exer-
cised an important influence on the
completeness of that great under-
taking. He was appointed Special
Commissioner in charge of the de-
partment of Juries; and at the close
of the Exhibition, in recognition of
his scientific services, he was made a
PLUMPTRE-PLUNKET.
809
|
was then made Privy Councillor. He
holds honorary appointments as one
of H.M.'s Commissioners in the Board
of Manufactures, and in the Board of
Fisheries for Scotland; is one of the
Royal Commissioners for the Exhibi-
tion of 1851, and in addition to being
member of many learned societies, is
Officer of the Legion of Honour;
Commander of the Austrian Order of
Francis Joseph; Knight of the Por-
tuguese Order of the Conception;
Knight of the Swedish Order of the
Northern Star; and Knight of Wür-
temberg. He was created LL.D. of
the University of Edinburgh, April
12, 1869. Dr. Playfair edited, con-
jointly with W. Gregory, Baron Lie-
big's "Chemistry in its Applications
to Agriculture and Physiology." He
is the author of: "Science in its Rela-
tions to Labour," being a speech de-
livered at the anniversary of the
People's College, Sheffield, Oct. 25,
1853; "On the Food of Man in rela-
tion to his Useful Work," a lecture,
1865; "On Primary and Technical
Education," two lectures, 1870; "On
Teaching Universities and Examining
Boards," being an address to the
Philosophical Institution of Edin-
burgh, 1872; "Universities in their
Relation to Professional Education,"
being an address to the St. Andrew's
Graduates' Association, 1873; and
"The Progress of Sanitary Reform,"
an address delivered at the annual
meeting of the Social Science Associ-
ation at Glasgow, 1874.
of Canterbury to the rectory of
Pluckley, in Kent, and in 1873 he
became, by exchange with the Rev.
E. J. Selwyn, vicar of Bickley, in
that county. Mr. Plumptre was for
four years one of the Old Testament
Company of the Committee of Re-
visers of the Authorised Version of
the Bible appointed by Convocation.
In 1875 he received the honorary de-
gree of D.D. from the University of
Glasgow. He has written "Sermons
at King's College, London," pub-
lished in 1859; "Lazarus, and other
Poems," in 1864; "Master and Scho-
lar, &c., Poems," and "Sermons on
Theology and Life," in 1866;
"Christ
and Christendom, the Boyle Lectures
for 1866," in 1867; "Translations of
Sophocles," in 1866; "Eschylus," in
1870; "Biblical Studies," in 1870,
2nd edit. 1873; Notes on the Book of
Proverbs, in the "Speaker's Com-
mentary" papers in the Bible Edu-
cator, of which he was editor; and
notes on the first three Gospels, in
Bishop Ellicott's "New Testament
Commentary for English readers."
He has also contributed articles to
Dr. Smith's Dictionary of the Bible,
the Quarterly, Edinburgh, and Con-
temporary Reviens, the Expositor,
Good Words, and the Sunday Maga-
zine.
|
PLUMPTRE, THE REV. EDWARD
HAYES, D.D., born Aug. 6, 1821, was
scholar of University College, Ox-
ford, and became Fellow of Brase-
nose in 1844. He was appointed
Chaplain at King's College, London,
in 1847, Professor of Pastoral Theo-
logy there in 1853, Prebendary of St.
Paul's in 1863, and Professor of Exe-
gesis of the New Testament in 1864.
He was assistant Preacher at Lin-
coln's Inn from 1851 till 1858, Select
Preacher at Oxford from 1851 till
1853, and from 1864 till 1866, and
Boyle Lecturer in 1866-7. In 1869
he was presented by the Archbishop
PLUNKET, THE HON. DAVID
ROBERT, M.P., Q.C., LL.D., is the
fourth son of the third Lord Plunket,
and consequently a grandson of the
first Lord Plunket, the great orator
and lawyer, who held the Great Seal
in Ireland from 1830 to 1834 and
again from 1835 to 1841.
He was
born Dec. 3, 1838, and was educated
at Trinity College, Dublin, where he
took his Bachelor's degree in 1859.
He was called to the Irish bar in
1862, and in 1868 was appointed
"Law Adviser to the Castle at Dub-
lin." He was nominated a Q.C. in
1868. He was elected M.P. for the
University of Dublin in the Conser-
vative interest in 1870, when he suc-
ceeded to the vacancy caused by the
retirement of Mr. Anthony Lefroy.
Mr. Plunket was Solicitor-General for
|
810
PLUNKET-POLE.
Ireland from Dec., 1874, to March,
1877.
PLUNKET (LORD). THE MOST
REV. WILLIAM CONYNGHAM PLUN-
KET, Bishop of Meath, second son of
the third Lord Plunket, by Charlotte,
daughter of the late Right Hon.
Charles Kendal Bushe, was born in
1828, and succeeded to the title on the
death of his father in 1871. He was
formerly Treasurer of St. Patrick's
Cathedral, and for many years he was
chaplain to his uncle, the Bishop of
Tuam. He was elected Bishop of
Meath in Oct. 1876, in succession to
the late Dr. Butcher.
PLYMOUTH, BISHOP OF. (See
VAUGHAN.)
POCHIN, HENRY DAVIS, born at
Wigston, Leicestershire, 1824, is the
eldest son of William Pochin, Esq.
He was educated at the Proprietary
School, Leicester, and studied che-
mistry at the Pharmaceutical Society,
London. Subsequently he commenced
business in Manchester, as a manu-
facturing chemist, and soon after-
wards discovered the means of com-
pletely decomposing China clay (sili-
cate of alumina) by sulphuric acid,
which produced a rich salt of sul
phate of alumina. That process he
patented in 1855, and shortly after-
wards introduced the material into
commerce, by the term "Aluminas
Cake." It is now used by almost all
paper-makers in the world for sizing
paper. Another invention that Mr.
Pochin patented in connection with
Mr. Edward Hunt, was the purifica-
tion of rosin, by means of distillation;
prior to this invention, rosin was
always believed to be incapable of
distillation without decomposition.
Mr. Hunt and Mr. Pochin, however,
discovered that if rosin is heated to
400 degrees Fahrenheit, and steam
in considerable quantities passed
(blown) through, it distils undecom-
posed, and free from colour; rosin
refined by this process is now very
largely used in the manufacture of
the pale yellow soaps of commerce,
being the foundation of almost all
fancy soaps. Mr. Pochin has for
many years taken an active part in
connection with popular education
both in Manchester and in Salford,
of which latter place he was elected
an Alderman in 1861, and again in
1865. In 1866 he was elected Mayor
of that Borough, and a second time in
1867. His name was also added to
the Commission of the Peace for the
county of Lancaster, and the city of
Manchester: also in 1876 for the
county of Denbigh. At the general
election of 1865, he unsuccessfully
contested Stafford, in the Liberal in-
terest, but at the general election of
Dec., 1868, he was returned at the
head of the poll, though on petition
he was unseated. Mr. Pochin pub-
lished a pamphlet on Parliamentary
Reform in 1866.
POLE, WILLIAM, F.R.S., F.R.S.E.,
civil engineer, was born in 1814.
After following the profession for
some years he was, in 1844, appointed
by the East India Company Professor
of Civil Engineering in Elphinstone
College, Bombay. In 1847 he re-
turned to London, devoting his chief
attention to the mechanical branch
of his profession. He took an active
part in the provision of the materials
and stock for the great railway under-
takings in India, and from 1871 to
the present time he has been consul-
ting engineer in England for the Im-
perial Railways of Japan. Since 1873
he has served on the council of the
Institution of Civil Engineers. His
chief repute in the profession has
been on scientific grounds. Between
1859 and 1867 he was Professor of
Civil Engineering at University Col-
lege, London, and Lecturer at the
Royal Engineer Establishment, Chat-
ham. He served the Government
from 1861 to 1864 as a member of
the Iron Armour Committee; from
1863 to 1865 as a member of the
Whitworth and Armstrong Gun Com-
mittee; from 1865 to 1867 as Secre-
tary (appointed by her Majesty) to
the Royal Commission on Railways;
and from 1867 to 1869 as Secretary
to that on water supply, afterwards
undertaking important official inves-

POLLOCK-POOLE.
tigations in regard to the supply of
London. In 1870 he was appointed
by the Board of Trade one of the
Metropolitan Gas Referees, which ap-
pointment he still holds. In June,
1861, he was elected a Fellow of the
Royal Society of London; he has
served twice on the council, and was
Vice-President in 1876. He was
elected into the Royal Society of
Edinburgh in 1877, and into the
Athenæum Club without ballot (as a
scientific distinction) in 1864. He
published in 1844 a quarto Treatise
on the Steam Engine; in 1848 a
translation of a German work on the
same subject; in 1864 and 1870
"Scientific Chapters in the Lives of
Robert Stephenson and I. K. Brunel;"
in 1872 a treatise on Iron; and in
1877 "The Life of Sir William Fair-
bairn, Bart." He is also the author
of a well-known scientific work on
the game of Whist; has written a
great number of papers for scientific
journals and periodicals, and is a
contributor to the Quarterly Review.
He has also studied music, and has
been a public organ player. He took,
in 1860, the Oxford degree of Bache-
lor, and in 1867 that of Doctor of
Music, and remains a member of St.
John's College in that University.
He is now bringing out an important
work on Musical Philosophy.
POLLOCK, THE HON. SIR
CHARLES EDWARD, was born Oct.
21, 1823, and received his education
at St. Paul's School. When his father,
the late Sir Frederick Pollock, was
Attorney-General in 1843-4, Mr. Pol-
lock acted as his secretary, and on the
elevation of his father to the position
of Lord Chief Baron of the Exche-
quer in 1844, Mr. Pollock became a
pupil of the late Mr. Justice Willes, in
whose chambers he remained for
nearly three years. Mr. Pollock was
called to the bar in 1847, and was
created a Queen's Counsel in 1866.
He was appointed a Baron of the
Exchequer in succession to Mr. Baron
Channell, resigned, in Jan. 1873, and
soon afterwards received the honour
of knighthood. Before his elevation
CHIGAN
University
GENERAL LIB.
to the Bench, he published several
legal text-books, including a
"Trea-
tise on the Law of Merchant Ship-
ping," and another on the "Law and
Practice of the County Courts."
PONSONBY, LIEUT.-GEN. HENRY
FREDERICK, C.B., son of Major-Ge-
neral the Hon. Sir F. Ponsonby, was
born at Corfu, in 1825, and after
receiving a professional education
at the Royal Military College, Sand-
hurst, was appointed Ensign in the
49th Regiment in 1842. After being
transferred to the Grenadier Guards,
he was appointed Aide-de-Camp to
the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and
in 1849 was made Private Seeretary
to the Earl of Clarendon, an office
which he held under Lords St. Ger-
mans and Carlisle while Viceroys of
Ireland. In 1855 he joined the
Grenadier Guards in the Crimea, and
served at the siege of Sebastopol. On
the conclusion of the war he was
appointed Equerry to the Prince
Consort, and after his Royal High-
ness's death, proceeded to Canada,
where he commanded a battalion of
the Grenadier Guards. On April 8,
1870, he was appointed Private Secre-
tary to Her Majesty the Queen. On
the death of Sir Thomas Biddulph he
was appointed Keeper of Her Ma-
jesty's Privy Purse in Oct., 1878. He
is a Knight of the Third Class of the
Order of Medjidie, was created a
Companion of the Bath, Aug. 26,
1872, and was one of the Royal Com-
missioners for the Exhibition of 1851.
Lient.-Gen. Ponsonby married, in
1861, the Hon. Mary Bulteel.
POOLE, PAUL FALCONER, R.A.,
painter, born at Bristol in 1810, first
exhibited at the Academy in 1830,
"The Well, a Scene at Naples," and
did not exhibit again till 1837. His
pictures have generally been the fruit
of much thought and conscientious
labour, being as original in conception
and treatment as they often are in
subject. Amongst his earlier works
are "The Farewell," in 1837; "The
Emigrant's Departure," in 1838;
"Hermann and Dorothea at the Foùn-
tain," in 1840; "By the Waters of
ܚ
མཁྱེན་ བསྟན་ཏེ། ། དམ་ ཞེན
PORTER.
|
Babylon we sat down and wept," and
Margaret at her Spinning-wheel,"
from "Faust," in 1842. His reputa-
tion was enhanced by his picture
illustrative of the Plague in London
:812
beauty of colour. In May, 1878, he
was elected a member of the Insti-
tute of Painters in Water Colours.
"Solomon Eagle exhorting the
People to Repentance," in 1843; and
he produced" The Beleaguered Moors"
in 1844, and "The Visitation of Sion
Monastery " in 1846. He was elected
Associate of the Academy in 1846,
an Academician in 1861, and he
entered the lists as a competitor at
the exhibition of oil-pictures at West-
minster Hall in 1847, with his large
painting of "Edward III.'s Gene-
rosity to the People of Calais," which
gained a prize in the second class of
£300. His best known works pro-
duced since that time are "Arlète
first discovered by Robert le Diable,"
in 1848; "Job and his Friends re-
ceiving the Tidings of his Calami-
ties," in 1850; and "The Goths in
Italy," in 1852. Mr. Poole's later pic-
tures are "The Song of the Trouba-
dour," and "Philomena's song by the
Beautiful Lake," from the "Deca-
meron," "The Escape of Glaucus
and Ione," "The Parting Moment,"
"The Ordeal by Water," "The Last
Scene in Lear," "A Suburb of Pom-
peii," "A Midsummer Night," "Meet-
ing of Oberon and Titania by
Moonlight," "Entrance to the Cave
of Mammon," "Ezekiel's Vision,"
"Lighting the Beacon on the Coast
of Cornwall at the Appearance of
the Spanish Armada," exhibited insisted in the operations for opening
1864,"Imogen before the Cave of indirect routes to the Gulf. In the
Belarius," "The Phantom Hunter," summer of 1863, during the second
"The Banishment of Constance," siege of Vicksburg, he bombarded the
"The Lion in the Path," a grand and works, and rendered material assist-
romantic landscape, and the banquet ance to General Grant, who com-
scene from "The Tempest." Some manded the besieging army, until
of his most successful early pictures the occupation of that stronghold,
are rustic and domestic subjects, such July 4. Admiral Porter was employed
"The Market Girl," "The Ale- in several important expeditions, es-
house Door," &c., and numerous pecially in the two combined attacks
others have never been publicly exhi- on Fort Fisher, which commands the
bited. Later studies of a similar approaches__to Wilmington, North
class, "The Mountaineers,' "The Carolina. The first of these, at the
Blackberry-Gatherers,' &c., deserve close of 1864, miscarried. The se-
notice for their depth of feeling, cond, in Jan., 1865, was completely
grandeur of manner, and signal successful. Admiral Porter was ad-
PORTER, ADMIRAL DAVID D.,
born in Pennsylvania, about 1812.
He is the youngest son of Commo-
dore David Porter, who commanded
the Essex frigate in the war with
Great Britain in 1812-14. He entered
the service as a midshipman, in Feb.,
1829, and served in the Mediterra-
nean until 1835, when he was em-
ployed for several years in the coast
survey and river explorations, and
became a Lieutenant in 1841. At
the close of 1845 he was placed on
special duty at the Observatory at
Washington, which position he re-
signed in 1846, in order to take part
in the Mexican war. At the outbreak
of the civil war, in 1861, he was pro-
moted to the rank of Commander,
and at the beginning of 1862 the
mortar fleet for the reduction of the
forts below New Orleans was placed
under his orders, the entire naval
force being commanded by Commo-
dore Farragut. After the capture of
New Orleans he proceeded up the
river with his fleet, and was engaged
in the unsuccessful siege of Vicks-
burg, which was raised July 22, 1862.
He was appointed in October of that
year to the command of the Upper
Mississippi squadron, with the newly-
created rank of Rear-Admiral, and
after superintending its construction,
he sailed down the river, and as-
|
as
""
""
.66
S
B
POTTER-POUYER-QUERTIER.
vanced to the rank of Vice-Admiral
July 25, 1866, and after the death of
Admiral Farragut was promoted, in
Aug., 1870, to the rank of Admiral,
which carries with it the command
of the entire navy of the United
States, subject only to the President.
He is now on special duty, his resi-
dence being at Washington.
|
PORTUGAL, KING OF. (See
a very prominent part in the Reform
movement of 1867, during which time
he was President of the London Work-
ing Men's Association, and he got up
and superintended the great Trades'
Reform Demonstration on Dec. 3,
1866, when 80,000 of the London
artisans walked through the streets
with bands and banners. Mr. Potter
has taken part in all the social and
political movements of the working
classes during the last twenty years,
and his services were recognized by
the working-men of London and the
country in 1866, when they presented
him with an address and a purse con-
obtaining £300. He is a member of the
London School Board for the city of
Westminster, having been elected in
Nov., 1873, second on the poll by 8,120
votes, and he was re-elected in 1876.
At the general election, 1874, he was a
candidate for a seat in Parliament at
Peterborough, but was unsuccessful,
owing to seven candidates going to
the poll; he was, however, the third
highest Liberal candidate on the poll.
He is the author of articles on Ca-
813
LOUIS.)
|
POTTER, GEORGE, was born at
Kenilworth in 1832. He was appren-
ticed to a carpenter and joiner at
Coventry, where he worked several
years after he had learned his trade.
He came to London in 1853, and
tained employment as a journeyman
joiner in the large firm of Myers &
Son, after which he worked at several
large firms, and, as an experienced
mechanic, always obtaining the high-
est wages.
In 1857 the workmen
in the building trades commenced an
agitation for a reduction in their
hours of labour, and Mr. Potter was
sent as a delegate to represent the
carpenters and joiners, when he soon
attracted attention by his argumen-pital
tative and practical speeches, and
subsequently he was elected Secretary.
The great lock-out in the building
trades of Aug., 1859, occurred, and
he was called from his trade to con-
duct the movement on behalf of the
workmen. During the contest, which
lasted twenty-seven weeks, Mr. Potter
gave great satisfaction to the men by
the tact and judgment which he dis-
played, and the manner in which he
brought about the withdrawal of the
"odious document" by the employ-
ers. After this Mr. Potter established
the Beehive, an organ of labour on
behalf of working-men. The paper
has lately changed its name to the
Industrial Review, and is ably con-
ducted by him. In the columns of
this paper, and at meetings held in
every large town in the country, he
has advocated and defended trade
unions, and has been one of the prin-
cipal persons to attain for these or-
ganizations their present position of
power and influence. Mr. Potter took
and Labour, and Trades' Unions
and Co-operation; and is now pub-
lishing a series of social and political
"Tracts for the People," which are
being largely circulated.
POUYER-QUERTIER, AUGUSTIN
THOMAS, a French statesman, born
Sept. 3, 1820, at Étoutteville-en-Caux
(Seine-Inférieure). A large manufac-
turer, he became, in 1854, Maire of
Fleury-sur-Andelle, which he also
represented in the Conseil Général.
Subsequently he became a member of
the Chamber of Commerce at Rouen;
administrator of the Bank of France
(branch of the Seine-Inférieure); and
President of the committee formed for
the relief of the workmen engaged in
the manufacture of cotton. In 1857
and 1863 he was elected a Deputy in
the Corps Législatif in the govern-
ment interest for the first circon-
scription of the department of the
Seine-Inférieure. M. Pouyer-Quertier
rendered himself very conspicuous by
the pertinacity with which he op-
posed the doctrines of Free Trade,
814
POYNTER-PRATI.
especially as applied to the Treaty of
Commerce with England, and by his
unsparing exposure of the abuses of
the great financial and railway com-
panies in France. In consequence he
lost the support of the government,
and at the general election of May,
1869, failed to secure his re-election.
After the fall of the empire, M. Pou-
yer-Quertier was returned to the
National Assembly, and was intrusted
by M. Thiers with the conduct of the
negociations with Germany respect-
ing the Alsace-Lorraine treaties,
which, in Oct., 1871, he brought to a
successful issue. He was promoted to
be a Grand Officer of the Legion of
Honour, Oct. 20, 1871. He was elected
a Senator in Jan., 1876; his term of
office will expire in 1882.
POYNTER, EDWARD JOHN, R.A.,
was born at Paris, March 20, 1836,
being son of Mr. Ambrose Poynter,
architect. He was educated at
minster School, and at Ipswich Gram-
mar School; afterwards he studied
art in English schools from 1854
to 1856, and under Gleyre in Paris
from 1856 to 1859. He was made an
Associate of the Royal Academy in
Jan., 1869; a member of the Belgian
Water-Colour Society, in 1871; and
was appointed Slade Professor of Art
at University College, Gower Street,
London, in May, 1871, the appoint-
ment being renewed in 1873 for four
years. He was elected a Royal Aca-
demician, June 29, 1876. Mr. Poynter
exhibited at the Royal Academy,
"Israel in Egypt," 1867; "The Cata-
pult," 1868;
Perseus and Andro-
meda," 1872; "More of More Hall
and the Dragon," 1873; "Rhodope,"
1874; "The Festival," and "The
Golden Age," 1875; "Atalanta's
Race," 1876; "The Fortune-Teller,"
his diploma picture, 1877; and "Zeno-
bia captive," 1878. He also painted
cartoons for the mosaic of St. George
in the Westminster Palace, 1869;
designed the architectural and tile
decorations for the grill-room at
South Kensington, 1868-70; painted
a fresco in St. Stephen's church, Dul-
wich, 1872-3; and has exhibited many
64
|
other smaller works in the Academy
and Dudley Water-Colour Exhibition.
PRATI, GIOVANNI, one of the
most popular of living Italian poets,
was born Jan. 27, 1815, at Dascindo,
on the southern slope of the Tyrolese
Alps, and studied law in the University
of Padua. His first
of Padua. His first poem, a melan-
choly love-story, entitled "Edmene-
garda," appeared at Milan in 1841,
and met with a success so decided that
its author resolved to quit Padua and
to abandon the legal profession, in
order to devote himself exclusively to
literature. His "Canti Lirici,"
""Canti
per il Popolo," and "Ballate," were
quite as popular as his first work.
They were followed in rapid succession
by "Nuovi Canti," "Memorie e La-
crime,' ""Lettere a Maria," and "Pas-
segiate Solitarie." His "Canti Poli-
tici," published in 1849, and some other
works of his composed about this
West-period, gave animated expression to
the aspirations of Italian liberalism,
but in his later works Signor Prati,
tired with the ever-changing influ-
ences of passing events, has sought
to develop a philosophical idea in
each of his poems Rodolfo," "La
Battaglia d'Imera," "Satania e le
Grazie," published in 1855, and “Il
Conte Riga," published in 1856, form-
ing a series of episodes and pictures,
which, in the mind of the author, are
connected with a vast epic on human
destiny and the eternal strife between
good and evil, God and Satan. Among
his more recent works are "Ariberto,'
1860; a poem dedicated to France
(1870), which speaks, though not
prophetically, of the defeat of Prussia,
and which is written throughout in
triple rhyme; "Vannus Iacchi," in
Latin hexameters, 1871; and an "Ode
to Amadeus of Savoy, King of Spain,"
1871. On his appointment by the
late King Charles Albert as Poet-
Laureate (Poeto Cesareo) to the Royal
House of Savoy, in 1849, Signor Prati
took up his residence at Turin. He
was elected a deputy in the Italian
Parliament in Dec., 1862. In 1876
he was createl a Senator of the king-
dom of Italy.
PRENDERGAST-PRESTWICH.
815
PRENDERGAST, JOHN PATRICK, | 1865 ; "Jesus Christ: His Times,
Life, and Work, translated by Annie
Harwood," Svo, London, 1866, 2nd
edit. 1868, 3rd edit. 1869; "The
Redeemer: Discourses," Svo, Edin-
burgh, 1864, 8vo, Boston (U.S.),
1867; "The Mystery of Suffering,
and Discourses, translated by Annie
Harwood," 8vo, London, 1868; "The
Church and the French Revolution,
a History of the Relations of Church
and State, from 1789 to 1802, trans-
lated by T. Stroyau." Svo, London,
1869; "The Early Years of Chris-
tianity, translated by A. Harwood,"
8vo, London, 1869.
was born at Dublin March 7, 1807,
and educated under the Rev. Dr.
Richard Valpy at Reading Royal
Grammar School prior to graduating
at Trinity College, Dublin. He was
called to the Irish bar in 1830; was
appointed Commissioner in 1865
jointly with the Very Rev. Dr. Russell,
President of Maynooth, by Lord
Romilly, Master of the Rolls, to
select State Papers regarding Ireland
from the Carte Collection of Papers
in the Bodleian Library, Oxford; and
in 1870, with the Very Rev. Dr. Russell,
to calendar the State Papers (Ireland)
of James I. Mr. Prendergast is
author of "The Cromwellian Settle-
ment of Ireland," 1865; 2nd edit.
1870. He has contributed papers to
the Journal of the Historical and
Archæological Association of Ireland,
and the Royal Historical Society of
Great Britain. He is an honorary
member of the latter Society and of
the New England Historic-Genealogi-
cal Society. Mr. Prendergast is at
present engaged in editing a work by
the late Charles Haliday, of Monks-
town Park, co. Dublin, entitled "The
Scandinavians, and Scandinavian
Antiquities of Dublin."
PRESSENSÉ, EDMOND DE, D.D., a
Protestant minister, born at Paris, Jan.
27, 1824, pursued his studies in that
city, at Lausanne, under Professor
Vinet, and at the Universities of Halle
and Berlin. On his return to Paris
he was appointed pastor of the Tait-
bout Chapel, where he soon gained a
high reputation as a preacher. He
received the degree of D.D. from the
University of Breslau in 1863. He
sat in the National Assembly as a
deputy for the department of the
Seine from July, 1871, till the close
of the year 1875. Of his numerous
works the following have been trans-
lated into English:
:-"The Religions
before Christ, being an Introduction
to the History of the First Three Cen-
turies of the Church, translated by L.
Corkran," 8vo, Edinburgh, 1862;
The Land of the Gospel; notes of a
Journey in the East," Svo, London,
Svo, London,
46
PRESTWICH,JOSEPH,M.A.,F.R.S.,
the descendant of an old Lancashire
family, was born at Pensbury, Clap-
ham, near London, March 12, 1812.
He was educated at preparatory Eng-
lish schools; then at M. Colin's, Paris;
Dr. Valpy's, Reading; and finally at
University
University College, London. His
tastes would have led him to choose
a profession, but circumstances
obliged him to engage in active
business in the City. Mr. Prest-
wich's first works were papers on
the Gamrie Ichthvolites, and Shells
in the Till of Banffshire, and on the
Geology of Coalbrook Dale, published
in the Transactions of the Geological
Society, 1835; this was followed by a
series of papers on Tertiary Geology,
published in the Journal of the Geo-
logical Society, and by two papers on
the Quaternary beds of the valley
of the Somme,
of the Somme, published in the
Philosophical Transactions, in which
he was the first to show on sufficient
geological evidence the validity of
the fact, so often and so unsuccess-
fully brought forward by many ob-
servers on the Continent and in this
country, of the contemporaneity of
man with the extinct mammalia.
He was also the author of a little
work on the geology of the neigh-
bourhood of London, entitled "The
Ground beneath us," as well as of a
more elaborate work, "The Water-
bearing Strata of the Country around
London."
London." In 1849 the Geological
Society awarded him the Wollaston
816
PRICE-PRIESTLEY.
Medal for his researches on the coal-, honours in mathematics.
field of Coalbrook Dale, and those
on the tertiary districts of London
and Hampshire. In 1865 the Royal
Society awarded him a Royal Medal
for his contributions to geological
science, and more especially for his
paper in the Philosophical Transac-
tions "On the Occurrence of Flint
Implements associated with the re-
mains of animals of extinct species in
beds of a late geological period in
France and in England:" and that
"On the Theoretical Considerations
on the Conditions under which the
Drift deposits containing the remains
of extinct Mammalia and Flint Imple-
ments were accumulated, and on
their geological age." He served on
the Royal Coal Commission of 1866,
for which he drew up two of the
separate reports: and on the Royal
Commission on Water Supply of
1867.
He was President of the
Geological Society 1870-72; Vice-
President of the Royal Society 1870-
71. In 1872 he retired from busi-
ness. In 1874 the Institution of
Civil Engineers awarded him a Tel-
ford Medal and premium for his
paper on the "Geological Condi-
tions affecting the Construction of
a Tunnel between England and
France." He was appointed Pro-
fessor of Geology at Oxford, June 29,
1874, in succession to the late Pro-
fessor Phillips, and his inaugural
lecture was published under the title
of (6 The Past and Future of Geo-
logy," 1875. In 1876, in investigating
the conditions for a better water-zines.
supply, he pointed out that there was
under Oxford an abundant source of
mineral water, allied to, but stronger
than those of Cheltenham and Leam-
ington.
PRETORIA, BISHOP OF. See
BOUSFIELD.
PRICE, THE REV. BARTHOLOMEW,
M.A., F.R.S., son of the late Rev.
William Price, rector of Coln St.
Dennis, Gloucestershire, where he
was born in 1818, was educated at
Pembroke College, Oxford, and gra-
duated B.A. in 1840, taking first-class
He was
elected Fellow of his college, and was
afterwards appointed Tutor, and has
several times been one of the Public
Examiners in Mathematical and Phy-
sical Science. He was appointed Sed-
leian Professor of Natural Philosophy
at Oxford in 1853, and is a member
of the Hebdomadal Council, a Curator
of the Bodleian Library, an honorary
Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford, a
member of the Governing Body of
Winchester College, and a visitor of
Greenwich Observatory. He is the
author of a work on the Infinitesimal
Calculus, including separate treatises
on Differential Calculus, Integral
Calculus, Statics, and Dynamics,
published at the Clarendon Press in
1854-65.
|
|
PRICE, BONAMY, M.A., born in
Guernsey, May 22, 1807, was educated
under private tutors, and at Worcester
College, Oxford, where he obtained a
double first-class in classics and
mathematics in Dec., 1829, and pro-
ceeded to the degree of M.A. He was
appointed Assistant-Master in Rugby
School in Feb., 1830, and Professor
of Political Economy in the Univer-
sity of Oxford in Feb., 1868. Pro-
fessor Price is the author of "The
Anglo-Catholic Theory," reprinted
from the Edinburgh Review of Oct.,
1851; "The Principles of Currency,
Lectures delivered before the Univer-
sity of Oxford," 1869; "Of Currency
and Banking,"
1876 ; "Practical
Political Economy,"
1878 ;
and
many articles in reviews and maga-
-
PRIESTLEY, WILLIAM OVEREND,
M.D., born near Leeds, Yorkshire,
June 24, 1829, is the son of Joseph
Priestley, Esq., grand-nephew of the
celebrated chemist Joseph Priestley,
LL.D. He was educated at the Uni-
versity of Edinburgh, and took the
degree of M.D. in 1853. Besides other
academic distinctions, he was Senate
Gold Medallist at his graduation, this
being the highest honour of the Uni-
versity, and awarded only for original
researches. Settling in London as a
physician in 1856, he became one of
PRINSEP-PROCTOR.
|
the lecturers at the Grosvenor Place
School of Medicine. Somewhat later
he was appointed Lecturer on Mid-
wifery at the Middlesex Hospital, and
in 1862 Professor of Obstetric Medi-
cine in King's College, London, and
Physician to King's College Hospital.
He is now Consulting Physician to
King's College Hospital. Dr. Priest-
ley is a member of, and one of the
Examiners in, the Royal College of
Surgeons of England; a Fellow of
the Royal College of Physicians both
in London and Edinburgh, and mem-
ber of various learned societies. He
has held the office of Examiner for
the prescribed term of years both in
the University of London and the
Royal College of Physicians.
1875 and 1876 he was President of
the Obstetrical Society of London.
Dr. Priestley is the author of a work
"On the Development of the Gravid
Uterus," and joint editor of Sir J. Y.
Simpson's "Obstetric Works
"Öbstetric Works ;" and
has written various papers on Natural
History and Medicine. He was one of
the Physicians-Accoucheur to H.R.H.
the late Princess Louis of Hesse
(Alice of Great Britain), having been
commissioned by the Queen to attend
her daughter at Darmstadt. He is also
one of the Physicians-Accoucheur to
H.R.H. the Princess Christian of
Schleswig-Holstein.
In
PRINSEP, VALENTINE C., painter,
was born in India, Feb. 14, 1836, and
educated at Haileybury College. He
was originally intended for the Indian
Civil Service, but he preferred the
profession of artist. His paintings,
which occupy a prominent place in
the annual Exhibition of the Royal
Academy, are of a high order, and re-
markable for a power and vigour of
design, and beauty of colouring very
rare in modern days. He is now
(Dec. 1878,) writing a book entitled
Imperial India," containing an ac-
count of his travels in Hindostan,
and of the Rajahs whose portraits he
painted for his forthcoming picture
of the Durbar at Delhi. Mr. Prinsep
is Captain of the Middlesex Volun-
teers, well known as the Artists' Corps.
**
817
PRIOR, RICHARD CHANDLER
ALEXANDER, M.D., F.L.S., born at
Corsham, Wilts, in 1809, and educated
at Charterhouse and at Wadham
College, Oxford. He is a Fellow of
the Royal College of Physicians of
London and of several learned socie-
ties. Dr. Prior is the translator of
"Ancient Danish Ballads," and the
author of " Popular Names of British
Plants.
33
PRITCHARD, THE REV. CHARLES,
F.R.S., F.G.S., born about 1808, gra-
duated B.A., in 1830 as fourth
Wrangler at St. John's College, Cam-
bridge, of which society he was
elected a Fellow. He is well known
in the scientific world, and has
written various treatises, some of
which are published in the Transac-
tions of the Royal Astronomical
Society. Amongst these may be
mentioned, "A Treatise on Statical
Couples," "On the Figure of the
Earth," "On the Conjunctions of
Jupiter and Saturn," and a " Paper on
an Improved Method of using Mer-
cury for Astronomical Purposes." He
wrote the article, "The Star of the
Magi," in the Biblical Dictionary, and
several sermons; more particularly
one preached before the British
Association at Nottingham in 1866.
He was elected President of the
Royal Astronomical Society in Jan..
1866; Hulsean Lecturer at Cambridge
in Feb., 1867; and Savilian Professor
of Astronomy at Oxford, Feb. 10, 1870.
At his urgency the University of Ox-
ford have recently erected an Obser-
vatory, provided with lecture-rooms
and all necessary appliances for the
instruction of the students, and for
original researches.
PROCTOR, RICHARD ANTHONY,
B.A., was born at Chelsea, March 23,
1837, and in boyhood was educated
chiefly at home, having had bad
health for several years; subsequently
he pursued his studies at King's Col-
lege, London, and St. John's College,
Cambridge. He graduated as 23rd
Wrangler in 1860. He was appointed
an honorary Fellow of King's College,
London, in 1873, and Fellow of the
3 G
818
PULLING.
|
Royal Astronomical Society, in 1866.
He was appointed Honorary Secretary
of that society, and editor of its Pro-
ceedings, in Feb., 1872, but resigned
these offices in Nov., 1873. He has
at no time been a candidate for any
appointment or salaried office of any
kind, and he has not proceeded to his
M.A. degree, for the reason that it is
not, like the B.A. degree (at least at
Cambridge), a title representing work
done, but money paid. Having ana-
lysed results collected by the Her-
schels, Struve, and others, and carried
out a series of original researches, in-
cluding the construction of a chart
of 324,000 stars, Mr. Proctor was led
to a new theory of the structure of
the Stellar Universe; investigated
the conditions of the Transits of
Venus in 1874 and 1882, and pub-
lished many illustrative charts. He
maintained, on theoretical grounds,
in 1869, the since established theory
of the solar corona, and also that of
the inner complex solar atmosphere
afterwards discovered by Young of
America. Mr. Proctor lectured on
astronomy in America in 1873-74.
He again visited the United States in
1875, and after an absence of seven
months, during which period he
delivered 142 lectures, he returned to
England in May, 1876. In Nov. 1875,
Mr. Proctor announced, in a letter to
the New York Tribune, that he had
severed his connection with the
Roman Catholic Church, to which he
had been a convert of some years'
standing. The theologians of the
Church, he intimated, had convinced
him that the holding of certain
scientific views was incompatible
with loyalty to the faith. As how-
ever he was convinced that those
scientific views were in the main
correct, he, acting on his private and
individual judgment, thought he had
no alternative but to abandon the
Church. His works are: "Saturn
and its System," 1865; "Handbook
of Stars,' and "Gnomonic Star
Atlas," 1866; "Constellation Seasons,
Sun Views of the Earth," 1867;
Half-hours with the Telescope," |
F
99 66
""
1868; "Half-hours with Stars," 1869
"Other Worlds than Ours; the
Plurality of Worlds studied under
the light of recent Scientific Re-
searches," with large Star Atlas, 1870,
4th edit., 1878; "The Sun,' Light
Science for Leisure Hours, and
"Elementary Astronomy, 1871;
"Orbs around Us," "Elementary
Geography,"
""School Atlas of Astro-
nomy," and "Essays on Astronomy,"
1872; "The Moon,'
""Borderland of
Science,' Expanse of Heaven," and
2nd series of "Light Science," 1873;
"Universe and Coming Transits,'
and "Transits of Venus," 1874, 3rd
edit., 1878; and "A Treatise on the
Cycloid and all Forms of Cycloidal
Curves, and on the Use of Cycloidal
Curves in dealing with the Motions
of Planets, Comets, &c., and of Matter
projected from the Sun," 1878.
*: 66
|
PRUSSIA, KIng of. (See WIL-
LIAM.)
PULLING, ALEXANDER, Serjeant-
at-Law, son of the late Capt. G. C.
Pulling, R.N., born at St. Arvan's,
Monmouthshire, in 1815, was educated
at a private school, and afterwards
at Merchant Taylors' School. Mr.
Pulling was called to the bar at the
Inner Temple in 1843; was made a
Serjeant-at-Law, 1863; and is one of
the leaders of the South Wales circuit.
He was appointed a revising barrister
in 1857, a magistrate for Gloucester-
shire in 1867, and has frequently acted
as Deputy-Judge of County Courts,
and Judge under the Welsh Circuit
Commissions. He effectually aided
the Commissioners of Inquiry into
the Corporation of London, 1853, as
fully appears by their report; and
many of his suggestions as to the local
government of London, private bill
legislation, and electioneering bri-
bery, have been quoted with appro-
bation in Parliament. Mr. Serjeant
Pulling originated the useful reform
in our law reporting system, which
is now carried out by the Council of
Law Reporting. He is a working
member of that body, one of the
senior members of the Law Amend-
ment Society, and of the jurispru-
""
PUNSHON-PURCELL.
|
dence department of the National As-
sociation for promoting Social Science.
Since 1863 he has been one of the
managing trustees of the Stamford
Mercury. He was in 1855 appointed
to act as senior commissioner in
carrying into effect the Metropolis
Management Act; and in 1866 was
an unsuccessful candidate for the re-
presentation of Boston. He is the
author of a (4
Treatise on the Laws,
Customs, and Franchises of the City
of London," 1842; "The Law of Mer-
cantile Accounts," 1846; "Law and
Practice of Attorneys and Solicitors,'
1854; pamphlets on the subject of
local government, private bill legis-
lation, corrupt practices at elections,
trial by jury, reform of the law re-
ports, dealing with crime and
criminals, institution of a public
prosecutor; and articles in the Edin-
burgh Review and Law Review and
Magazine.
::
PUNSHON, THE REV. W. MORLEY,
LL.D., Wesleyan minister, born in
1824, at Doncaster, where his father
was a draper, entered in 1838 the
office of his grandfather, a timber
merchant of Hull, where he obtained
a position beyond his years, and soon
became possessed with a strong desire
to study for the ministry. He accord-
ingly zealously strove to qualify
himself to fulfil this self-imposed task,
and commenced his career at Sunder-
land in 1840, by undertaking the
duties of a (C
local preacher," a pre-
paratory ministerial office peculiar to
the Wesleyan Methodists. Four years
later, after passing a short term as a
probationer at the Wesleyan College,
Richmond, he accepted his first pas
toral charge in the ministry at Mar-
den, in Kent. The report of his suc-
cess here was not long in reaching the
leaders of the Wesleyan connection.
At the "Conference" of 1845 he was
appointed to the ministry of White-
haven, in Cumberland, and, although
only twenty-one years of age, his re-
putation was such that people flocked
to hear him from all parts. He minis-
tered in various parts of the country,
besides visiting the metropolis, where
819
his addresses both from the pulpit
and the platform attracted consider-
able attention. In 1868 he left this
country for Canada, and married his
deceased wife's sister.
The lady
with whom Dr. Punshon formed this
connection died in Oct. 1871. During
his residence in the Dominion he was
five times President of the Canadian
Conference. He returned to England
in 1873, and in July, 1874, he was
elected President of the Wesleyan
Conference for the ensuing year.
Many of his sermons and lectures,
published since his removal to London
in 1858, are very popular, especially
the lectures on "John Bunyan" and
the "Huguenots." Dr. Punshon has
also published a small volume of
poems.
PURCELL, THE MOST REV. JOHN
BAPTIST, D.D., Archbishop of the
arch-diocese of Cincinnati, a prelate
of the Roman Church, born at Mal-
low, co. Cork, Ireland, Feb. 26, 1800,
received his early academical educa-
tion in that country, but emigrating
to the United Sates, continued his
studies in moral philosophy and the-
ology at Mount St. Mary's College,
Frederick co., Maryland, and com-
pleted his preliminary course at St.
Sulpice, Paris. He was ordained priest
in Notre Dame, Paris, in 1826, and
returning to the United States, was
appointed Professor at Mount St.
Mary's College, and pastor of the an-
nexed congregation, which offices he
filled till 1833, being also President
of the College from 1829 to 1833. By
Pontifical bulls, dated May 19, 1833,
he was appointed Bishop of Cincin-
nati, being consecrated in Baltimore
cathedral Oct. 13, 1833, and installed
as bishop in the cathedral, then the
only Catholic church in Cincinnati,
Nov. 14 following. The see of Cin-
cinnati then extended over the whole
state of Ohio, and the bishop's labours
were very severe. The see was not
divided until 1847, when the diocese
of Cleveland was set off, and in 1868
the see of Columbus was also erected.
In his proper episcopal work, the
building and founding of churches,
3 G 2
PUSEY-PUVIS DE CHAVANNES.
both in Cincinnati and its vicinity, | Church, Oxford, where he graduated
and in every considerable town in
the State, as well as in the establish-
ment of ecclesiastical seminaries,
orphan asylums, protectorates, col-
leges, gymnasiums, convents, houses
of education, and religious houses,
hospitals, and free schools, and the
introduction of religious orders, Dr.
Purcell showed a diligence and an
activity which have been surpassed
by those of no American prelate.
There are now in Cincinnati and its
immediate suburbs thirty Roman
Catholic churches, whereas there was
but one in 1833. In 1839 Bishop
Purcell was made Assistant-Prelate
at the Pontifical throne, and in 1850
Archbishop of the Cincinnati pro-
vince. He assisted at the Vatican
Council in 1869-70. In 1837 the
Bishop (who is a very able debater
as well as an effective speaker) had a
public discussion for seven days with
Alexander Campbell, the founder of
the sect of " Disciples," and widely
known as an acute dialectician. This
discussion was published in a large
octavo volume, and widely circulated.
Its effect on the promotion of Ca-
tholicism in the West was very de-
cided. In 1870 he held a discussion
with an infidel orator named Vickers,
which was also published. He also
published a volume of "Lectures and
Pastoral Letters," which does honour
to his literary ability; an introduc-
tion to the American edition of Ken-
elm Digby's "Ages of Faith;
"Diocesan Statutes, Acts and De-
crees of Three Provincial Councils
held in Cincinnati ;" and a series of
school books, which were adopted by
the diocese, but have now given place
to others. In the late civil war Arch-
bishop Purcell threw all his great in-
fluence on the side of the United
States Government, and was con-
spicuous for his loyalty.
PUSEY, THE REV. EDWARD BOU-
VERIE, D.D., son of the late Hon.
Philip Bouverie (half-brother of the
first Earl of Radnor), who assumed
the name of Pusey by royal licence,
born in 1800, was educated at Christ
820
**
B.A. in high honours, and was elected
to a Fellowship at Oriel College, and
took his degree of M.A. In 1828 he
was appointed Regius Professor of
Hebrew in the University of Oxford,
a post to which is attached a Canonry
at Christ Church. Dr. Pusey was one
of the earliest and most constant
contributors to the "Tracts for the
Times," and has defended the main
doctrines which they were intended
to enforce in a variety of letters,
pamphlets, &c., on which ground his
name has been popularly used to
designate the High Church party. In
1843 he was suspended from the
office of preaching before the Uni-
versity on account of a sermon on
the Holy Eucharist. Dr. Pusey's
published works include, besides a
variety of sermons, many adapta-
tions of Roman Catholic books of
devotion for the use of the English
Church, elaborate treatises on Bap-
tism, the Eucharist, the Royal Eccle-
siastical Supremacy, and marriage
with a deceased wife's sister.
Amongst them may be mentioned :
"Remarks on Cathedral Institu-
tions," 1845; "Royal Supremacy,
Ancient Precedents," 1850;
"Doc-
trine of the Real Presence Vindi-
cated,” 1855 Real Presence of the
Body and Blood of Christ," 1857;
"History of the Councils of the
Church, A.D. 51-381," 1857; "Nine
Sermons preached in the University
of Oxford, 1843-55,” 1859;
"Minor
Prophets, with Commentary," 1862 ;
"Daniel the Prophet: Nine Lec-
tures," 1864; "Everlasting Punish-
ment: a Sermon," 1864; and " Church
of England a Portion of Christ's
one Holy Catholic Church :
Eirenicon," 1865.
an
PUVIS DE CHAVANNES, PIERRE,
a French painter, is a native of Lyons.
He became a pupil of Henri Scheffer
and Couture, and devoted himself spe-
cially to mural and decorative paint-
ing. His first considerable work was
a series of five compositions intended
for the dining-room of his brother.
One of these, "Un Retour de Chasse,"
PYAT-PYNE.
|
was exhibited at the Salon of 1859.
In 1861 he exhibited "La Paix" and
"La Guerre." These two subjects
won for him his first public success.
They were destined for the Museum
at Amiens; and two others of the
same series, "Le Travail" and "Le
Repos," appeared at the Salon of 1863.
These decorations were completed by
twelve colossal figures, and an alle-
gorical representation of the Depart-
ment of the Somme "Ave Picardia
Nutrix " (1865). He has also ex-
hibited "L'Automne " (1864); "La
Nuit," which attracted great atten-
tion;
"La Vigilance and "La
Fantaisie" (1866); "Le Jeu" (1868);
"Massilia" (1869). "Massilia " was
one of a series of decorations executed
for the Museum of Marseilles, and
shortly after this date M. de Chavan-
nes began to treat a different order of
subjects, but his "St. John" and his
"Ville de Paris pendant le Siège,"
showed that the path of mystical
allegory was foreign to the character
of his talent, and in the "Scenes from
the Life of St. Geneviève," which have
occupied him for the last four years
at the Panthéon, he has returned to
the style and nature of his earlier
compositions.
PỶAT, FÉLIX, political writer and
dramatist, born at Vierzon, Oct. 4,
1810, received an excellent education,
studied law at Paris, and was admitted
an advocate in 1831. Contrary to the
wishes of his friends, he devoted him-
self to literature, and after writing
for the Figaro and the Charivari, was
attached to the Siècle. As an author
he is best known by his dramas, such
as "Mathilde," "Diogène," and "Le
Chiffonnier de Paris," which acquired
considerable popularity on account of
the political allusions they contain.
At the outbreak of the revolution of
1848, he abandoned literature for
politics, joining the ranks of Ledru
Rollin, with whom he went into exile.
His political views are developed in
his work, "Le Droit du Travail," pub-
lished in 1848, and he addressed "The
Letter of the Jersey Exiles to the
Queen of England," after the return
"after the return
|
""
821
of Her Majesty from her visit to
France in 1855. He was tried for
some political offence before the Cor-
rectional Police in Paris, and was
sentenced par contumace to a fine and
imprisonment in 1861. Soon after
the establishment of the Republic in
1870, he returned to Paris, and be-
came one of the leaders of the Com-
munists, and the editor of several
revolutionary journals, such as the
Combat and the Vengeur. In March,
1873, he was condemned to death,
par contumace, having been indicted
for incitement to civil war, partisan-
ship in the insurrection of the Com-
mune, and complicity in the massacre
of the hostages.
PYCROFT, THE REV. JAMES, born
in 1813, took his B.A. degree at
Trinity College, Oxford, in 1836, and
was incumbent of St. Mary's, Barn-
staple, from 1845 till 1856. He is
principally known as having written
"Twenty Years in the Church," 1859,
and "Elkerton Rectory," 1860, which
have been widely circulated among
churchmen of every party. His
"Agony Point," in 1861, and "Dra-
gon's Teeth," in 1863, have both had
a large circulation; the former con-
taining a warning against living at
are
Agony Point," as to debts and
other difficulties; the latter showing
the crop of pernicious habits which
spring from a defective system in
modern education. His other works
"Remarks on School Education,"
and "Student's Guide to University
Honours," in 1842; "Greek Gram-
mar Practice," and "Latin Grammar
Practice," in 1844; Collegian's
Guide ; "Recollections of College
Life," in 1845; and "Ways and
Works of Men of Letters,” in 1860.
((
19
PYNE, LOUISA, a popular English
singer, daughter of a well-known
singer, Mr. G. Pyne, and niece of the
late Mr. James Pyne, born in 1832,
was at a very early age the pupil of
Sir George Smart, and made her first
appearance about 1842. She sang in
Paris with great success in 1847, ap-
peared in opera in 1849, performed at
the Royal Italian Opera in 1851, and
(6
822
QUATREFAGES DE BRÉAU-RALEIGH.
visited the United States, where she
was enthusiastically received in 1854.
After an absence of three years she
returned to her native land, and was,
in conjunction with Mr. Harrison,
joint lessee for a short season of the
Lyceum and Drury Lane, and from
1858 till 1862 of Covent Garden
Theatre. The enterprise having
failed, Miss Louisa Pyne transferred
her services to Her Majesty's Theatre,
and has frequently performed at Her
Majesty's Concerts at Windsor Castle
and Buckingham Palace. She is mar-
ried to Mr. Frank Bodda, but retains
her maiden name on the stage.
Q.
QUATREFAGES
DE BREAU,
JEAN LOUIS ARMAND DE, born at
Vallerauge (Gard), France, Feb. 10,
1810, of a Protestant family, com-
pleted his education at Strasburg,
where he took the degree of M.D.,
and began to write on subjects of
natural philosophy as early as 1829.
In 1839 he was called to the chair of
Zoology at Toulouse, but soon resigned
that appointment and went to Paris.
In 1842, and after having travelled
round the coasts of Italy and Sicily,
he contributed some papers on natu-
ral history to the Revue des Deux
Mondes, republished in 1854 under
the title of "Souvenirs d'un Natura-
liste." He was nominated Professor
of Natural History in the Lycée Na-
poléon in 1850, was elected a member
of the Academy of Sciences April 26,
1852, was nominated a Chevalier of
the Legion of Honour April 25, 1845,
was called to the chair of Anatomy
and Ethnology in the Museum of
Natural History at Paris in 1855, and
was promoted Grand Officer of the
Legion of Honour Aug. 14, 1863.
One of his latest works has been
translated into English by Isabella
Innes, under the title of "The Prus-
sian Race Ethnologically Considered,"
to which is appended, "Some Account
of the Bombardment of the Museum
of Natural History by the Prussians
J
|
in Jan., 1871," London, 1872. He
has since published "L'Espèce Hu-
maine," 1877.
QUEBEC, BISHOP OF. (See WIL-
LIAMS, DR.)
QUESTEL, CHARLES AUGUSTE,
architect, born at Paris, Sept. 18,
1807, studied in the École des
Beaux Arts from 1823 to 1828, and
ten years later, after a competition
which had been commenced in 1835,
his plans for the new cathedral at
Nîmes were adopted, and then carried
out under his superintendence. He
also designed the great fountains on
the Esplanade in the same city. As
architect to the Commission on His-
torical Monuments, he brought to
light and sketched the Amphitheatre
of Arles, with a plan for its restora-
tion; and also, in conjunction with
M. Laisné, the Pont du Gard. All
these designs were exhibited at the
Paris Universal Exposition of 1855.
Having been appointed architect of
the châteaux of Versailles and Tri-
anon, M. Questel made arrangements
for the fêtes in Aug., 1855, on the oc-
casion of the visit of the Queen, Prince
Albert, the Prince of Wales, and the
Princess Royal. He afterwards served
on the Council on Public Buildings,
and became Professor in the École
des Beaux Arts, and Director of the
Studio which was formerly M. Gil-
bert's. M. Questel, who had been
created, in 1863, an Officer of the
Legion of Honour, was elected a
titulary Member of the Section of
Architecture in the Académie des
Beaux Arts, Dec. 9, 1871.
R.
RALEIGH, THE REV. ALEXANDER,
D.D., born Jan. 3, 1817, at the Flock,
a farm near Castle Douglas, Gallo-
way, was educated at Castle Douglas
parish or National school as a boy,
and at the Lancashire Independent
College, Manchester.
He was ap-
pointed minister of the Independent
Church, at Greenock, in 1845, of Mas-
bro' Chapel, Rotherham, in 1850; as
|
RALSTON-RAMAGE.
823
successor to Dr. Wardlaw in Glasgow,
1855;
minister of Hare Court Cha-
pel, Canonbury, London, in 1859;
minister at Kensington, 1876. The
degree of D.D. was conferred on him
by the University of Glasgow. Dr.
Raleigh is the author of "Quiet Rest-
ing Places," a volume of sermons,
8th edit., 1874; "The Story of Jo-
nah," and "The Little Sanctuary."
RALSTON, WILLIAM RALSTON
SHEDDEN, M.A., was born in 1829,
and studied at Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, from 1846 to 1850, and ob-
tained the degree of M.A. From
1853 to 1875 he served in the British
Museum as an Assistant Librarian.
He visited Russia for the first time in
1868, and remained there six weeks,
going as far as Voronese; revisited
it for the second time in 1870, and
remained six weeks in the country,
passing ten days of the time with
Ivan Turgenev, the great Russian
novelist, at his house near Mtsensk,
Government of Orel. In 1875 he
again passed three weeks in Russia,
a fortnight being spent at Yaroslaf
with Professor Kapoustine, Director
of the Demidoff Lyceum there. The
last time Mr. Ralston was in Russia,
in 1876, he remained at St. Peters-
burg only for a fortnight, a serious
indisposition obliging him to return
to England. Mr. Ralston published
“Kriloff and his Fables," 1869; 3rd
edition, 1871; "Liza," a translation
of Turgenev's celebrated novel, "A
Nest of Gentlemen, 1869 ; "The
Songs of the Russian People, as illus-
trative of Slavonic Mythology and
Russian Social Life," 1872; " Russian
Folk Tales," 1873; Early History
of Russia," 1874. Mr. Ralston has
also contributed a great number of
valuable articles to English periodi-
cals. Among these may be mentioned:
three articles on Kriloff, and three
others on Russian Law Courts, Vil-
lage Life, &c., in Good Words, 1868;
an article on Turgenev, in the
North British Quarterly for March,
1869; on "Russian Legends," in the
Fortnightly Review, April 1, 1869;
"Princess Tarakanoff" (an illegiti-edit., 1869; 3rd edit., 1877 ; “ Beau-
RAMAGE, CRAUFORD TAIT,
LL.D., born at Annefield, near New-
haven, Sept. 10, 1803, was educated at
the High School and the University of
Edinburgh, where he took the degree
of M.A. in 1825. Having travelled
three years in Italy, on his return he
contributed to the Quarterly Journal
of Education, the Penny Cyclopædia,
and the seventh edition of the Ency-
clopædia Britannica; was appointed
Rector of the Endowed School of Wal-
lace Hall, in Dumfriesshire, in 1841,
Justice of the Peace for Dumfriesshire
in 1848, and the degree of LL.D. was
conferred upon him by the University
of Glasgow in 1852. An attempt
having been made to disconnect the
parish schools of Scotland from the
Established Church, he wrote several
pamphlets in defence of the system :
amongst others one entitled " Defence
of the Parochial Schools of Scotland,
in a series of Letters to Viscount
Drumlanrig, M.P., the Landowners,
the Tenantry, and the Free Church
Clergy of Scotland; " and has com-
piled "Beautiful Thoughts from Greek
Authors, with Translations," 1864,
2nd edit., 1873; "Beautiful Thoughts
from Latin Authors," 1864, 2nd
66
|
mate daughter of the Empress Eliza-
beth of Russia), in Macmillan's
Magazine, Aug. 1869; two of Tur-
genev's Tales, in Temple Bar, March
and May, 1870; an article on Os-
trovsky, the Russian dramatist, in the
Edinburgh Review, July, 1868; “ Rus-
sian Proverbs," in the Quarterly
Review, Oct., 1875; “Russian Idylls,"
in the Contemporary Review, April,
1873, and April, 1876. Mr. Ralston
has delivered lectures, at various
times, chiefly on Russian subjects, at
St. George's Hall, at the London In-
stitution, at Oxford, and in several
English and Scotch cities. He is a
Corresponding Member of the Im-
perial Russian Geographical and His-
torical Societies, an honorary Member
of the Moscow Society of Amateurs
of Russian History and Literature,
and of the Nijni Novgorod Statistical
Committee.
•
-
824
RAMSAY-RANKE.
Truro Grammar-school, and at Exeter
College, Oxford, where he graduated
B.A. in 1855, and M. A. in 1858.
Having held a curacy in Oxford
(Holywell), he was appointed in 1859
to the Perpetual Curacy of Hampton
Gay, near Oxford, and in 1860 to the
Rectory of Ringmore, Devon. He is
the author of "Specimens of Ancient
Cornish Crosses, Fonts, &c.," with
etchings, published in 1850; Four
Years of a Country Friendly So-
ciety," in 1870; edited "The Poems
of Francis Hingeston," in 1857;
"The Chronicle of England, by John
Capgrave" (for the Lords of H.M.
Treasury, under the direction of the
Master of the Rolls); "Johannis
Capgravii, Liber de Illustribus
Henricis " (for the Lords of H.M.
Treasury, &c.); "The Book of the
Illustrious Henries" (translated from
the Latin of Capgrave), in 1858;
and "A Collection of Royal and His-
|
RANGOON, BISHOP OF. (See
TITCOMB.)
RAMSAY, ANDREW CROMBIE,
LL.D., F.R.Ś., born in 1814, and edu-
cated at Glasgow, was appointed to
the Geological Survey of Great Britain
in 1841, and became Director of the
same in 1845. He was nominated
Professor of Geology at University
College in 1848, Lecturer on Geology
at the Royal School of Mines in 1851,
and was President of the Geological
Society in 1862 and 1863. He became
F.R.S. in 1849, Knight of the Order
of St. Maurice and St. Lazarus in
1862, LL.D. in Edinburgh, Neill Goldtorical Letters during the Reign of
Medallist, Royal Society, Edinburgh, Henry IV." (for the Master of the
in 1866, and Wollaston Gold Medal- Rolls), in 1860.
list, Geological Society of London,
1871. In 1872 he was appointed
Director-General of the Geological
Survey of the United Kingdom, and
of the Museum of Practical Geology.
He is an Associate of many foreign
societies, including the Academy of
Sciences of Brussels, the American
Philosophical Society, Philadelphia,
the Royal Academy of Sciences,
Turin, the Natural History Society of
Switzerland, the Natural History
Society of Neuchatel, the American
Society of Sciences, Boston, and of
many British Provincial societies.
He has written "The Geology of
Arran,"
""Geology of North Wales,"
published in 1858; “Old Glaciers of
"Old Glaciers of
North Wales and Switzerland," in
1860 ; (C
Physical Geology and Geo-
graphy of Great Britain," 1878; and
many miscellaneous memoirs, chiefly
on theoretical questions in geology,
some of which have been translated
into German and Italian.
RANKÉ, LEOPOLD VON, professor
of history, born at Wiche, in Thu-
ringia, Dec. 21, 1795, embraced the
profession of teacher, and in 1818 be-
came head master of the Gymnasium
at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, devoting
his leisure to historical studies. "The
History of the Roman and Germanic
Peoples, from 1494 to 1535," and
"A Critique upon the Later His-
torians," published in 1824, at-
tracted so much attention that he
was invited to Berlin in 1825, as Pro-
fessor Extraordinary of History in the
University, and was sent, in 1827, by
the Prussian Government to Vienna,
Rome, and more particularly to
Venice, to examine the historical
materials there deposited. The first-
fruits of these investigations were
"The Princes and People of Southern
Europe in the 17th and 18th Centu-
ries," published in 1827; and "The
Conspiracy against Venice in 1688,"
in 1831; followed by the "Popes of
Rome their Church and their State
RANDOLPH, THE REV. FRANCIS
CHARLES HINGESTON, M.A., born
March 31, 1833, was educated at the
**
|
tiful Thoughts from French and
Italian Authors," 1866; 2nd edit.,
1875; "Beautiful Thoughts from Ger-
man and Spanish Authors, 1868;
"Nooks and Byways of Italy: Wan-
derings in Search of its Ancient
Remains and Modern Superstitions,"
1868; and "Drumlanrig Castle and
the Douglases, with the Early His-
tory and Ancient Remains of Duris-
deer, Closeburn and Morton," 1876.
،،
RASSAM.
825
|
in the 16th and 17th Centuries," in
1834-39. The work in which Ranke
displays the most laborious investi-
gation, and the greatest completeness
of form, is his "German History in
the Times of the Reformation," pub-
lished in 1839-47. His works have
been translated and published in this
country by Mrs. Austin and Mr.
Scott. In addition to the above-
mentioned works, Ranke edited, in
1832, the Historical and Political
Gazette, which he was compelled to
discontinue on account of its liberal
tone. Between 1837 and 1840 he
published three volumes of "Annals
of the German Monarchy under the
House of Saxony," followed by "Nine
Books of Prussian History," in 1847-8;
"Civil Wars and Monarchy in the
16th and 17th Centuries: a History
of France, principally during that
period," in 1852-3; and "Ferdi-
nand I. and Maximilian II. of Aus-
tria: an Essay on the Political and
Religious State of Germany imme-
diately after the Reformation." In
1841 he was appointed Historio-
grapher of Prussia, and in 1848 was
elected a member of the National
Assembly at Frankfort. He was en-
nobled in 1866. Among his more
Among his more
recent publications are-a "History
of Wallenstein," 1869; "The German
Powers and the League of Princes;
being a History of Germany from
1780 to 1790" ("Die deutschen
Mächte und der Fürstenbund:
deutsche Geschichte von 1780 bis
1790"), vol. i., 1871; "A History of
England, principally in the 17th
Century," an English translation of
which was issued from the Clarendon
Press at Oxford, in 6 vols., 1875;
and "Friedrich der Grosse; Friedrich
Wilhelm der Vierte," two biographies,
Arabic scholar, the Rev. George Percy
Badger. In 1845 Mr. Layard visited
Mossul, to prosecute his researches
amongst the ruins of Nineveh, and
invited Hormuzd to live with him as
his friend and guest. When Mr.
Layard returned to England in 1847,
young Rassam came with him, to
complete his studies at Oxford, but
just as he was about to be matricu-
lated, Mr. Layard, who had again
been requested by the trustees of the
British Museum to resume his re-
searches in Nineveh, applied for his
services, and at the end of 1849 he
was appointed to go out and assist
him in his second undertaking. At
the end of 1851 they returned to
England, having made wonderful
discoveries both in Nineveh and
Babylon. As the trustees of the
British Museum determined to carry
on the excavations still further, and
as Mr. Layard declined to go out
again, they commissioned Mr. Ras-
sam to superintend the works in his
place. It was through his exertions
that the beautiful sculptures repre-
senting the lion-hunt, now in the
British Museum, and many other
remarkable documents, were dis-
covered. Mr. Rassam again returned
to England in 1854. In the same
year he was attached as interpreter
to the staff of the Political Resident
at Aden, Sir William Coghlan, who
subsequently procured his appoint-
ment as Assistant Political Resident.
When the news reached the Foreign
Office, in 1864, that Consul Cameron
had been imprisoned by Theodore,
King of Abyssinia, Mr. Rassam was
despatched on a mission to that
sovereign, carrying with him a mes-
sage from Queen Victoria. Accord-
ingly he went to Massowah, where
he waited more than a year without
being able to proceed to Abyssinia.
What followed is now matter of his-
tory. Mr. Rassam, hopeful as he was
at first of procuring the liberation of
Consul Cameron and the other cap-
tives, was placed under close arrest
by King Theodore, and kept in fetters
from July, 1866, to March, 1868. The
|
1878.
RASSAM, HORMUZD, was born at
Mossul, in Mesopotamia, on the
banks of the Tigris, opposite ancient
Nineveh, of a family which claims
descent from the old Chaldeans and
early Christians. He learned the
English language from his brother's
wife, a sister of the well-known
$26
RAWES-RAWLE.
English expedition, under Sir R. |
Napier, defeated Theodore, and set at
liberty Mr. Rassam and his fellow-
prisoners in April, 1868. Mr. Rassam,
who was elected a F.R.G. S. in 1868,
published a very interesting "Nar-
rative of the British Mission to
Theodore, King of Abyssinia; with
Notices of the Country traversed
from Massowah, through the Soodân,
the Amhâra, and back to Annesley
Bay, from Mágdala," 2 vols., Lond.,
1869. In 1876 upon the death of Mr.
George Smith, he was selected by the
Trustees of the British Museum to
carry out the Assyrian explorations
under a firman granted by the
Turkish government. His intimate
connection with Sir A. H. Layard,
and his vast linguistic knowledge
enabled him to obtain a most free
and extensive firman, containing
concessions hitherto not granted to
explorers. His expedition extended
over part of the two years, and pro-
duced a valuable collection of objects
obtained from the two great As-
syrian cities, Ninevah and Kalakli.
Near the latter of these cities, the site
of which is marked by the mounds of
Nimroud, Mr. Rassam discovered the
remains of a small suburban palace
and temple.
From these ruins he
brought a magnificent pair of bronze
gates twenty-two feet high, forming
the memorials of the wars of Shal-
manesar III., B.C. 850. The rich
carved bronzes were by him carefully
brought to England, and are now to
be seen in the British Museum. Con-
sidering the short period which Mr.
Rassam was able to devote to explo-
rations in this expedition, being for
several months employed by Sir. A.
H. Layard upon political missions in
Armenia and Kurdistan, the results
were more brilliant than those of any
expedition since the first discovery of
the ruins of Nineveh, by his prede-
cessor Sir A. H. Layard. Mr. Rassam
left England in Oct., 1878, upon a new
and more extended exploring expe-
dition, under a firman extending
over Northern Syria, Assyria, and
Babylonia, and armed with fuller
powers than those possessed by
former travellers. His apprentice-
ship to Sir A. H. Layard and his
great linguistic powers, as speaking
all the polyglot dialects of Mesopo-
tamia, render him a most excellent
agent for the Trustees of the British
Museum in the works to be carried
on under the firmans granted by the
Turkish Government.
RAWES, THE REV. HENRY AU-
GUSTUS, D.D., was born at Easington,
near Durham, in Dec., 1826, was
educated at Houghton-le-Spring, in
Durham, and at Trinity College,
Cambridge, where he took his B.A.
degree in 1849, and proceeded M.A.
in 1852. He became curate of St.
Botolph, Aldgate, in June, 1851;
curate of St. Bartholomew, Moor
Lane, in June, 1853; Warden of the
House of Charity, Soho, in May,
1854; was received into the Catholic
Church in March, 1856; ordained
priest in Nov., 1857; and took charge
of the district of Notting Hill. He
was created D.D. by order of Pope
Pius IX. in Sept., 1875. Mr. Rawes
is the author of " Homeward ;”“ Nine
Visits to the Blessed Sacrament;
"Twelve Visits to our Lady and the
City of God; "Devotions for the
Souls in Purgatory;" Septem, or
Seven Ways of Hearing Mass," 7th
edit.; "Great Truths in Little Words;"
and "Sursum."
""
(6
""
RAWLE, THE RIGHT REV.
RICHARD, Bishop of Trinidad, was
born about 1814, and educated at
Trinity College, Cambridge, of which
he became Fellow in 1836, and after-
wards Tutor. He graduated B.A.
(third wrangler and fourth in the
first class of the classical tripos) in
1835, and M.A. in 1838. He became
Rector of Cheadle, Staffordshire, in
1839; Principal of Codrington Col-
lege, Barbadoes, in 1847; Vicar of
Felmersham, near Bedford, in 1867 ;
Vicar of Tamworth in 1869; and in
1872, on the election of the clergy
and laity, the first Bishop of Trini-
dad, which had, until then, consti-
tuted a part of the diocese of Barba-
does. The ceremony of consecration
RAWLINSON.
took place in Lichfield Cathedral, | Genuineness and Authenticity of the
June 29, 1872.
Pentateuch," to Aids to Faith,'
edited by Dr. Thomson, in reply to
Essays and Reviews;" and was a
contributor to Dr. Smith's "Diction-
ary of the Bible," and to various re-
views and magazines. He held the
office of Classical Examiner under
the Council of Military Education
from 1859 to 1870.
""
827
|
RAWLINSON, THE REV. GEORGE,
M.A., fourth son of A. T. Rawlinson,
Esq., of Chadlington, Oxon, born
about 1815, was educated at Swansea
and at Ealing School, entered Trinity
College, Oxford, in 1835; took a first
class in classics in 1838 ; and was
elected a Fellow of Exeter College in
1840. He obtained the Denyer Prize
for a Theological Essay in 1842, and
again in 1843, and having held for
some years a Tutorship in his college,
was appointed Moderator in 1852;
became Public Examiner in 1854,
again in 1856 and 1868 ; and preached
the Bampton Lecture in 1859. He
was elected without a contest to the
Camden Professorship of Ancient
History in the University in 1861,
and took an active part in the agita-
tion which preceded the passing of
the Oxford University Act, in favour
of the changes then effected. In
Sept., 1872, he was appointed a Canon
of Canterbury. He has written (in
conjunction with Sir H. Rawlinson,
and Sir G. Wilkinson) "The History
of Herodotus," a new English version,
with copious notes, published in
1858-60; "The Historical Evidences
of the Truth of the Scripture Records,
in Eight Lectures delivered in the
Oxford University Pulpit, at the
Bampton Lecture for 1859," in 1860;
"The Contrasts of Christianity with
Heathen and Jewish Systems; in
nine sermons preached before the
University of Oxford on various
occasions, in 1861; "The Five
Great Monarchies of the Ancient
Eastern World," of which vol. i. ap-
peared in 1862, vol. ii. in 1864, and
vol. iii. in 1865; "A Manual of Ancient
History," published at the Clarendon
Press in 1869; "The Seventh Great
Oriental Monarchy; or, the Geo-
graphy, History, and Antiquities of
the Sassanian or New Persian Em-
pire, collected and illustrated from
Ancient and Modern sources," in
1876; and other smaller works. Pro-
fessor Rawlinson contributed
Essay, the subject being, "The
RAWLINSON, SIR HENRY CRES-
WICKE, K.C.B., F.R.S., brother of the
Rev. George Rawlinson, born at Chad-
lington, Oxfordshire, in 1810, was
educated at Ealing School, served in
the Bombay army from 1827 till
1833, was sent to Persia in Nov., 1833,
and between that time and Dec., 1839,
was actively employed in various
parts of that country. He held high
commands, and did good service in
reorganizing a body of Persian troops.
When the rupture with Persia com-
pelled our officers to withdraw from
that country, he proceeded through
Scinde to Affghanistan, and in June,
1840, was appointed political agent
at Kandahar, having been previously
under orders for Khiva to meet Perof-
sky's expedition then on the march.
Throughout the troubles that ensued
he held the southern capital of the
Affghans safe from all intrigues within
and attacks without, and was repeat-
edly mentioned by Gen. Nott for his
services in the field. He returned with
the avenging army through Cabul and
the Punjaub to India, to reappear, in
1843, on the ground he had before
occupied, but as political agent in
Turkish Arabia. In March, 1844, he
was appointed Consul for Bagdad; in
1850 was promoted to the rank of
Lieut.-Col.`in Turkey; in 1851 was
made Consul-General, resigning his
post in Feb., 1855, and was made a
Director of the East-India Company,
and K.C.B. in 1856, and a Member of
the Council of India from Sept., 1858,
to the following April, when he was
sent as Envoy to the court of Teheran,
with the local rank of Major-General.
Sir Henry, who is a F.R.S., Honorary
D.C.L. of Oxford, and LL.D. of Cam-
bridge, a Chevalier of the "Order of
an
(C
828
RAWLINSON.
Merit "in Prussia, and Corresponding | the advice of his medical man, to
visit a warmer climate, he, Mr. Elmes,
left his friend, Mr. Rawlinson, in
charge of St. George's Hall. Mr.
Elmes died, Nov. 26, 1847, at Kings-
ton, Jamaica. Mr. Rawlinson then
designed and executed the great
hollow-brick arched ceiling, as also
the main floor, at St. George's Hall
Member of the French Institute, is
the author of various papers on the
antiquities of the East, and on the in-
terpretation of the cuneiform inscrip-
tions of Persia, Assyria, and Baby-
lonia, in the Journals of the Geo-
graphical and Asiatic Societies; also
of "England and Russia in the East:
a series of papers on the Political and
Geographical Condition of Central
Asia," 1875. He was member for
Reigate, in the Liberal interest, from
Feb. to Sept., 1858, and was returned
for Frome at the general election in
July, 1865. Having represented this
borough for three years, he withdrew
at the general election in 1868, and
was reappointed a Member of the
Council of India. He was appointed
a Trustee of the British Museum, in
the place of the late Sir David
Dundas. in March, 1878.
this work being new, difficult, and
special, to suit Dr. Reid's mode of
ventilation; subsequently the works
were handed over to the late Mr.
Cockerell, who completed the build-
ing. In the autumn of 1848 Mr.
Rawlinson was appointed by the
government of the day one of the
first superintendent inspectors under
the then newly-passed Public Health
Act, and in this capacity he visited,
inspected, and reported upon most
of the principal towns in England.
In the spring of 1855 he was nomi-
C.B.,nated and sent as Engineering Sani-
tary Commissioner to the British
Army in the East (Dr. John Suther-
land and Dr. Hector Gavin being
the medical members). The commis-
sioners landed at Constantinople,
March 6, 1855, and at the harbour of
Balaclava on April 3. Works were
commenced immediately both at the
great hospitals situate on the Bos-
phorus, and at the camp in the Cri-
mea, such as cleansing, ventilating,
and furnishing a purer water. The
returns from the four great hospitals
on the Bosphorus, containing up-
wards of 4,000 sick British soldiers,
showed, March 17, 1855, an average
rate of mortality, equal to 9.61 per
cent. per month of the sick, which
mortality was reduced by June 30
of the same year to 101 per cent.
per month. In the Crimea, during
the winter (1854-55), previous to the
advent of the Sanitary Commission,
the losses in some regiments at the
front had ranged for three months,
as high as seventy per cent., a
mortality unexampled even in the
worst of any former wars; by the
end of this summer (1855) the entire
British army in the Crimea was
placed in a better state of health,
RAWLINSON, ROBERT,
civil engineer, born in Bristol, Feb.
28, 1810, son of Thomas Rawlinson,
of Chorley, Lancashire, and Grace
Ellice, of Exeter, Devonshire. Mr.
Rawlinson's father being a mason
and builder at Chorley, the son
learned the practical part of the
business there, and in 1831 Mr. Raw-
linson entered under Jesse Hartley,
C.E., the Liverpool Dock Engineer's
office, and in 1836 passed on to
the Blisworth Contract (London
and Birmingham Railway), under
Robert Stephenson, C.E. On the
completion of this line of railway
Mr. Rawlinson returned to Liverpool,
and became assistant-surveyor to the
corporation, remaining up to the end
of 1844; then for three years he was
engineer to the Bridgwater Canal.
In 1847 he devised a scheme to sup-
ply Liverpool with sixty million gal-
lons of pure water per day, to be
brought by an aqueduct from Bala
Lake and the district in North
Wales, which project was, however,
considered at the time too grand for
the town. The late H. L. Elmes,
architect of St. George's Hall, Liver-
pool, consulted Mr. Rawlinson as to
that building, and having (1847), by
READ.
829
than it had ever experienced in
barracks at home; and this im-
provement continued to the end of
the war; the mortality in the French
army knowing no such diminution,
but on the contrary, increasing
15,000 men perishing in their hos-
pitals the last three months of the
war. Under the supervision of sani-
tary committees, established upon
this Crimean pattern, the average
mortality in the British army has,
since 1858, been reduced about one-
half, that is, from 17.5 per 1,000 to
below 8.0 per 1,000 per annum.
Water works, on the English plan,
have been executed, under Mr.
Rawlinson's directions, for Hong
Kong and Singapore. A great
social question was entrusted to
Mr. Rawlinson during the Cotton
Famine, caused by the American war.
In the spring of 1863 he was sent
to Lancashire by Lord Palmers-
ton's Government, as Engineer Com-
missioner to organize, under Mr.
Villiers, M.P., President of the Poor
Law Board, "Work for Wages
amongst the distressed cotton opera-
tives, the members of the cabinet
being satisfied that, as in the Irish
famine, and on all similar occasions
of money advances for relief of dis-
tress, most of it would be lost.
Sanitary works were, however, de-
vised and commenced, and were
carried out simultaneously in ninety-
three towns and places within the dis-
tressed cotton district, Government
advancing by instalments in the
whole upwards of £1,750,000 at 3
per cent., the entire of this sum
having been expended, under the
supervision of Mr. Rawlinson, at a
cost to the Government of less than
three shillings and sixpence per cent.
The loan is at this time being regu-
larly repaid back, with the stipu-
lated interest, and will be wholly
repaid within the prescribed term of
thirty years. Mr. Rawlinson having
practically proved, on a large scale,
that Government could not only
and had a lower rate of mortality | 3½ per cent. for towns improvements
and sanitary works generally,
strongly advocated the extension of
the practice to all cases, and conse-
quently an Act is now in force under
the powers of which the Exchequer
Loan Commissioners can advance
money to any Urban or Rural Sani-
tary Authority for terms extending
to 60 years-30 years at 33 per cent.,
40 years at 3 per cent., and 50
years and upwards, at 4 per cent.
Mr. Rawlinson has served on several
other royal commissions and special
Government inquiries, and is a mem-
ber of the Army Sanitary Committee,
which considers all questions con-
nected with barracks, hospitals, and
stations for the army, both at home,
in India, and wherever British sol-
diers are stationed throughout the
world. He was decorated with the
civil companionship of the Bath
(1865), and is at present Chief Engi-
neering Inspector under the Local
Government Board, and Commis-
sioner to grant Certificates under the
Rivers' Pollution Prevention Act.
";
-
READ, GENERAL JOHN MERE-
DITH, F.S.A., M.R.I.A., is the repre-
sentative of a family holding high
position in the United States, and
intimately associated with American
history, that sprang from a younger
son of the very ancient Berkshire,
Hertfordshire, and Oxfordshire house,
seated, says Sir Walter Scott, a
thousand years ago in Northumbria,
to which belonged the Reads (now
extinct), baronets of Brocket Hall,
and from which descend the baronets
of Shipton, and the Reades of Ips-
den House. The first American
ancestor, whose father, a staunch Ca-
valier, took an active part for King
Charles I. in the Civil Wars, pur-
chased a manorial grant in the
province of Maryland from Lord
Baltimore. It is a remarkable
fact, that this family contributed
three signers of the Declaration
of Independence, and four framers
and signers of the Constitution of
the United States. General Read's
safely, but profitably, lend money at | great-grandfather, the Hon. George
830
READ.
Read, of Delaware, one of the fathers
and founders of the American Re-
public, originally held office under
the Crown as Attorney-General, and
afterwards was one of the six signers
of the Declaration of Independence,
who were also framers and signers of
the Constitution of the United States.
His grandfather, the Hon. John
Read, was a Senator of Pennsylvania,
the American diplomatic agent under
the Treaty of Amity with Great Britain
in 1794, and the author of "British
Debts."
His father, the Hon. John
Meredith Read, LL.D., Chief Justice
of Pennsylvania, was one of the
most distinguished jurists that
America has produced, and at one
time was prominently named as a
candidate for the Presidency of the
United States. General Meredith
Read is the only son of Chief Justice
Read. He was born at Philadelphia,
Feb. 21, 1837, and received his edu-
cation in a military school. He
commanded a corps of National
Cadets, which furnished 127 officers
to the United States army during
the civil war; was aide-de-camp to
the governor of Rhode Island; won
the rank of colonel in 1855; gradu-
ated M.A. at Brown University in
1858, and LL.B. at the Albany Law
School in 1859; and studied civil
and international law in Europe.
He was engaged actively in the
Presidential campaign of
1856;
organised important political move-
ments in the Presidential campaign
of 1860; accepted in November
of that year the office of Adjutant-
General of the state of New York
and won the rank of Brigadier-General
at the age of 23. He was chairman
of the Government Commission which
welcomed President Lincoln at Buf-
falo, and escorted him to the capital
(Feb., 1861); chairman, two months
later, of the committee of three to
draft a bill appropriating 3,000,000
dols. for the purchase of arms and
equipments; and received the official
thanks of the War Department of
the United States for his energy,
ability, and zeal in the organisation
and equipment of troops during the
war. He took a leading part in the
Presidential campaign of 1868, which
resulted in the election of General
Grant, who appointed him Consul-
General of the United States for
France and Algeria, to reside at
Paris. General Read likewise acted
as Consul-General of Germany during
the Franco-German war, and after-
wards, for nearly two years, direct-
ing all the consular affairs of that
empire, including the protection of
German subjects and interests during
the first and second sicges of Paris
(1870-71). Both sides acknowledged
that General Read's consenting to
continue to act as Consul-General,
with the thirty-five Consuls and Con-
sular agents under him, prevented the
possibility of a renewal of the conflict
between the two countries by render-
ing unnecessary the presence in France
of German consular officials, at a time
when the mind of the French people
was highly excited against all Ger-
mans. At this period the German
ambassador, in a letter to General
Read, said: "I cannot omit to ex-
press to you once more, the senti-
ments of gratitude with which I
am inspired by the persevering solici-
tude which you have never ceased
to manifest in procuring for my
compatriots the protection of the
laws." For this service he re-
ceived the commendation of the
President of the United States in his
annual message to Congress, the re-
peated thanks of the German Go-
vernment, and the official and
personal thanks and compliments of
Prince Bismarck. In 1872 he was
invited by General de Cissey, French
Minister of War, to form and preside
over a commission to examine into
the expediency of extending the
study of the English langage in the
French army, and for his successful
labours in this direction he received
the thanks of the French Govern-
ment. In recognition of his various
distinguished services he was pro-
moted, in November 1873, to be the
United States Minister resident in
READE-RECLUS.
.831
""
|
Greece. Since then he has received | born in 1814, was educated at Mag-
the thanks of his Government for his dalen College, Oxford, of which he
ability and energy in securing the was successively a Demy and a
release of the American ship "Arme- Fellow. He graduated B.A. in 1835,
nia," and for his successful efforts in was called to the bar at Lincoln's
obtaining from the Greek Govern- Inn in 1843, and became known to
ment a revocation of the order pro- the reading public as the author of
hibiting the sale and circulation of "Peg Woffington," published in 1852;
the Bible in Greece; he also received and of "Christie Johnstone," in 1853.
the thanks of the Board of Foreign These were followed by "It is Never
Missions of the Southern Presby- Too Late to Mend," and a short tale,
terian Church, and of the British entitled, "The Course of True Love,
and American Foreign Bible So- in 1857; "Jack of All Trades," in
cieties, for the
the latter important 1858; "Love Me Little, Love Me
service. General Read revisited his Long," in 1859; "White Lies ;" and
native country in 1874, and was "Cloister and the Hearth," in 1861;
received with the warmest demon- "Hard Cash: a Matter-of-Fact Ro-
strations of welcome by all po- mance," in 1863; "Griffith Gaunt
litical parties, banquets being given or, Jealousy," in 1866; "Put Your-
in his honour at New York, Al- self in His Place," in 1870; and
bany, Philadelphia, and Washing- "A Terrible Temptation," in 1871.
ton. For his literary and scien- He has also written several plays.
tific services he has received the
thanks of the State Department of
the United States, of the National
Academy of Design, of the English
East India Company, of the Russia
Company, of the Society of Anti-
quaries of London, of the Archæo-
logical Society of Greece, and of the
French Academy. In 1867 he was
named Founder of the Royal Society
of Northern Antiquaries by the Prince
Royal of Denmark. He took a deep in-
terest in the foundation of the French
Association for the Advancement of
Science. He was President of the
American Social Science Congress at
Albany in 1868, and a Vice-President
of the British Social Science Congress
at Plymouth in 1872. He is an
honorary Fellow or member of a
eat number of learned bodies in
rope and America, and the author
everal learned works which have
ved a high reputation, and of
public addresses and official
orts. General Read received the
anks of his Government for his
rompt and efficient protection of
American persons and interests in
the dangerous crisis in Greece in
February, 1878.
READE, CHARLES, D.C.L., young-
est son of the late John Reade, Esq.,
-
RECLUS, JEAN JACQUES ELISÉE,
a French geographical writer, the son
of a Protestant minister, was born
at Sainte-Foy-la-Grande (Gironde),
March 15, 1830, and educated in
Rhenish Prussia. He studied at the
Protestant College at Montauban,
and then at the University of Berlin,
where he was a pupil of K. Ritter's.
Holding extreme democratic opinions
he left France after the coup d'état of
Dec. 2, 1851, and travelled from 1852
to 1857 in England, Ireland, the
United States, Central America, and
New Granada, where he stayed
several years. On his return to Paris
he communicated to the Revue des
Deux Mondes, the Tour du Monde,
and other periodicals, the results of
his voyages and geographical re-
searches. M. Reclus is the author of
"Guide à Londres," 1860; "Voyage
à la Sierra Nevada de Saint-Marthe,"
1861; "Les Villes d'Hiver de la Mé-
diterranée et les Alpes-Maritimes,"
1864; a very valuable introduction to
the "Dictionnaire des Communes de la
France," 1864, 2nd edit,, 1869; and
above all, "La Terre," a magnificent
work on physical geography, the
English edition of which, entitled
"The Earth," has passed through
two editions. Unfortunately M. Re-

832
REDESDALE.
clus did not confine himself to scien-
tific studies, but wrote also in various
socialist organs. When the insurrec-
tion of March 18, 1871, broke out, M.
Reclus, after publishing an eloquent
appeal to his countrymen in favour of
conciliation, flung in his lot with the
Commune, and was taken prisoner
by the Versailles troops as early as
April 5, while making a reconnais-
sance near Châtillon. At his trial
evidence was given in his favour by
M. E. Charton, a deputy in the
National Assembly, and the editor
of several works on geography. M.
Nadar, the well-known aëronaut,
under whom the prisoner had served
during the siege of Paris, also spoke
to his high character and great
scientific attainments. But M. Reclus
was nevertheless sentenced to trans-
portation for life (Nov., 1871). His
sentence was, however, commuted
into one of banishment in Feb., 1872.
He has since resided at Lugano, in
Switzerland. The third volume of his
Géographie Universelle" was pub-
lished in 1877.
((
REDESDALE (EARL OF), THE
RIGHT HON. JOHN THOMAS FREE-
MAN MITFORD, son of John Mitford,
first Lord Redesdale, by Lady
Frances Percival, sixth daughter of
John, second Earl of Egmont, was
born in Ireland, Sept. 9, 1805. His
father was a distinguished lawyer,
who, after having filled the offices of
Solicitor and Attorney-General, and
Speaker of the House of Commons in
England, was, in 1802, appointed
Lord High Chancellor of Ireland, and
raised to the peerage of the United
Kingdom by the title of Baron
Redesdale, of Redesdale in North-
umberland. The first peer, who
was younger brother to William Mit-
ford, the historian of Greece, as-
sumed the surname and arms of
Freeman in 1809. His son, the
present Earl of Redesdale, received
his education at Eton and at New
College, Oxford (B.A., 1825; M.A.,
1828; hon. D.C.L., 1853). On the
death of his father, Jan. 16, 1830, he
succeeded him as Baron Redesdale.
At the commencement of the session
of 1851 he was elected Chairman of
Committees and Deputy Speaker of
the House of Lords in the room of
the late Earl of Shaftesbury, who had
a short time previously resigned.
Since that period he has exercised
great influence over the Private Bill
Legislation of the Upper House. One
of his duties is to preside at the
sittings of the Peers when Bills are
passing through Committee of the
whole House, and since 1851 he has
rarely been absent from his place at
the table. He was advanced to an
earldom in Dec., 1876. His lordship
has always taken a deep interest in
religious questions. As a member of
the Royal Commission on the Law of
Divorce, he found himself unable to
sign the report, having come to the
conclusion that divorces à vinculo
matrimonii are not allowed by the
Divine Law under any circumstances.
This view of the subject he vindicated
in a pamphlet entitled "The Law of
Scripture against Divorce," 1856.
Previously to this he had published
"Reflections on the Doctrine of Re-
generation, and its connection with
both Sacraments," 2nd edit. 1849;
and " Observations on the judgment
in the Gorham Case and the Way to
Unity,” 1850. In 1874 he published
"Reasonings on some disputed points
of Doctrine," and in 1875 he entered
into a controversy with Cardinal
Manning, in the columns of a daily
newspaper, on Communion in both
kinds. His lordship strenuously op-
posed the disestablishment and disen-
dowment of the Protestant Episcopa
Church in Ireland, mainly on
ground that the consent of the Qu
could not be given to such a meas
inasmuch as she had taken at
coronation an oath "to maintain
preserve inviolably the settlemen
the United Church of England a
Ireland, and the doctrine, disciplin
and government thereof, as by lau
established, within England and
"də
land, and the territories thereunto
belonging." With reference to this
subject his lordship published a

833
Haunt," in 1848; "The Solitary Pool,"
in 1849;
in 1849; "The Evelyn Woods," in
1850; "The Poet's Study," in 1851;
"The Woodland Mirror," in 1852;
"The Forest Portal," in 1853; (* An
Old-English Homestead," in 1854;
and "The Midwood Shade." Mean-
time he tried his hand on several
figure-pieces of higher pretensions,
such as "The Attiring of Griselda,'
in 1850; "The Flight into Egypt,'
in 1851; in which year Mr. Redgrave
was clected R.A. During the latter
years of the Government School of
Design, Mr. Redgrave was its head-
master, and on the formation of the
Department of Practical Art, subse-
quently enlarged into that of Science
and Art, he prepared a system and
course of instruction, which, under his
supervision as Inspector-General of
Art Schools, is being gradually ex-
tended throughout the United King-
dom. In conjunction with Mr. H.
Cole, he formed the Museum of Orna-
mental Art at Marlborough House,
increased under their joint charge
into the Museum of Art at South Ken-
Mr. Redgrave was selected
to be the medium through whom Mr.
Sheepshanks presented his unequalled
collection of British pictures to the
nation, stipulating that they should
be placed at Kensington, and thus
insuring the success of the young in-
institution. In 1851 Mr. Redgrave was
named one of the jurors on the section
of Fine Arts, and wrote a report on
the general state of Design as applied
to manufactures in the Great Exhibi-
tion. The arrangements for repre-
senting British Art in the Paris
Universal Exhibition of 1855 were
intrusted to him, and he drew up a
similar report, when the Cross of the
Legion of Honour was bestowed upon
him. In 1858 Her Majesty appointed
him surveyor of Crown pictures, and
he has since been engaged in pre-
paring a complete catalogue of all such
works of art belonging to the Crown.
At the International Exhibition of
1862 the task of selecting and arrang-
ing specimens of British painting for
the last hundred years was confided
REDGRAVE.
pamphlet entitled "Lord Macaulay
on the Coronation Oath," 1869. Lord
Redesdale took a prominent part in
the debates on the Alabama Claims.
He published in 1859 "Thoughts on
English Prosody and Translations
from Horace," and "Further Thoughts
on English Prosody.'
**
(6
REDGRAVE, RICHARD, R.A., son
of a manufacturer, in whose counting-
house he passed his earlier years,
chiefly employed in making designs
and working-drawings, besides occa-
sionally sketching from nature, was
born in Pimlico, April 30, 1804. He
began to study from the marbles in
the British Museum in 1822, was ad-
mitted a student in the Royal Aca-
demy in 1826, and about this time
was forced to eke out his resources
by teaching landscape drawing. He
twice competed, but without success,
for the Academy's gold medal, having
been defeated on the second occasion
by Maclise. A picture exhibited at
the British Institution, "Gulliver on
the Farmer's Table," bought for the
purpose of engraving, was his first
success. His next effort, "Ellensington.
Orford," from Crabbe, rejected at
the Institution, was hung on the
line" at the Academy in 1838, and at
once purchased. It was followed by
"Quintin Matsys," "Olivia's Return
to her Parents," in 1839; and "The
Reduced Gentleman's Daughter,"
1840, which commanded immediate
purchasers and fresh commissions,
thus enabling the painter to relinquish
the drudgery of teaching, and to de-
vote himself entirely to his art. In
1840 he was elected an Associate, and
amongst other works produced "The
Castle-builder," in 1841; "The Poor
Teacher," in 1843; "The Sempstress."
and "The Wedding Morning-the De-
parture," in 1844; "The Governess,"
in 1845; "Sunday Morning," in 1846;
and "Fashion's Slaves," and "Coun-
try Cousins," painted for Mr. Vernon
in 1848. In 1842, and in 1846, he
exhibited landscapes at the Academy.
His best known works are "Happy
Sheep," "The Moor-hen's Haunt," in
1847; Spring-the Trout's Dark
??
""
3 H
834
REED.
to him, and the works of native
British artists, from Hogarth to the
present day, were honourably con-
trasted with those of the painters of
other countries. These labours led to
the preparation, in conjunction with
his brother, Mr. S. Redgrave, of a
history of British art, from the time
of Hogarth to that first international
gathering under the title of "A
Century of Painters," published in the
spring of 1866. He was afterwards
enabled, by gifts to, and purchases
on the part of, the nation, to form
an historical collection of water-
colour paintings at the Kensington
Museum. He retired from his duties
there in 1875. His more recent pic-
tures, exhibited at the Academy, are:
"Sermons in Stones," "Startled
Foresters," and "Tranquil Waters,"
1874; Starting for a Holiday,'
"The Wreck of the Forest," and
"The Mill Pool," 1875; "Calling the
Sheep to Fold," "To Market below
the Hill," and "The Oak of the Mill
Head," 1876; "Deserted," "Help at
Hand," and "A Well-spring in the
Forest," 1877; "The Heir come of
Age," and "Friday Street, Wotton,"
1878.
"
REED, SIR CHARLES, F.S.A.,
second son of the Rev. Andrew Reed,
D.D., founder of the London Orphan
Asylum, the Infant Orphan Asylum,
and the Earlswood Asylum for Idiots,
was born at Sonning, near Reading,
Berkshire, June 20, 1819. He was
educated at Hackney Grammar School
and at University College, London.
Sir Charles is the head of the "Fann
Street Letter Foundry," London, and
he is actively concerned in the chari-
table institutions founded by his
father. He represented the borough
of Hackney in the Liberal interest
from Dec., 1868, till April, 1874,
when he retired from the House of
Commons. In the latter year he was
elected Chairman of the London
School Board (of which he had pre-
viously been Vice-Chairman), and
received the honour of knighthood. He
was one of the English Commissioners
for the Paris Exhibition of 1878,
""
|
and for his services was nominated
an Officer of the Legion of Honour.
He became a Fellow of the Society
of Antiquaries (1852); Conservator
of the River Thames (1860); Justice
of the Peace for Middlesex and West-
minster (1872); Trustee of "George
Peabody's Donation Funds (1873);
Special English Commissioner to the
Philadelphia Exhibition, and Chair-
man of Judges of Award on Educa-
tion (1875); Doctor of Laws, Yale
University, United States (1876);
and President of the "Sunday School
Union of England and Wales " (1877).
He is the author of "A Plea for a
Free Library for the City of London"
1855;
"Life and Philanthropic
Labours of Andrew Reed, D.D.,"
1868; "Our Educational Experi-
ment," an address delivered before
the Social Science Congress at
Brighton, 1876; Report on the Edu-
cational Department of the Phila-
delphia Exhibition, 1876; Annual
Addresses to the School Board for
London, 1871 to 1877; and other
educational treatises and pamphlets.
He married, in 1845, Margaret,
daughter of the late Edward Baynes,
Esq., M.P.
REED, EDWARD JAMES, C.B.,
M.P., born at Sheerness, Sept. 20,
1830, was educated at the School of
Mathematics and Naval Construction,
Portsmouth, served in a subordinate
capacity in Sheerness dockyard, and
was afterwards editor of the Me-
chanics' Magazine. He paid great
attention to naval architecture, on
which he became an anthority, and
was induced to accept the Secretary-
ship of the Institution of Naval Ar-
chitects. He submitted to the Admi-
ralty proposals to reduce the dimen-
sions, cost, and time required for
building our iron-clads, and was soon
after appointed Chief Constructor of
the Navy. In about three years he
designed iron-clad ships for the Bri-
tish navy, amounting to an aggregate
of 35,000 tons; a large iron-clad fri-
gate for the Turkish government; a
fleet of steam-transports for the ser-
vice of our Indian government, con-
·
REEVE-REEVES.
835
vious year he published a collection
of Historical and Biographical Essays,
under the title of "Royal and Re-
publican France." He was elected
in 1865 a corresponding member of
the Institute of France by the Aca-
démie des Sciences Morales et Poli-
tiques. Mr. Reeve is a Companion
of the Order of the Bath, and a
Commander of the Royal Military
Order of Christ in Portugal. The
University of Oxford conferred on
him, in 1869, the honorary degree of
D.C.L.
|
sisting of five ships of 4,000 tons
each, a paddle despatch-steamer of
war, and numerous tugs, life-boats,
and other smaller vessels. After four
years of further service as Chief Con-
structor, Mr. Reed, whose objections
to rigged sea-going turret ships were
well known, found these vessels so
much in favour, that he resigned his
office in July, 1870. His resignation
was made remarkable by the cap-
sizing of the turret ship Captain a
few weeks afterwards. Mr. Reed has
since been engaged in private pur-
suits, visiting occasionally the foreign
dockyards of Europe. He was re-
turned to Parliament in the Liberal
interest as member for the Pembroke
boroughs at the general election of
Feb., 1874. He has received the
Companionship of the Bath from the
Queen of England; the Star of the
Imperial Order of St. Stanislas (1st
class) from the Emperor of Russia;
the Star and Ribbon of the Medjidie
(2nd class) from the Sultan of Tur-
key, and the Knight Commandership
of the Imperial Order of Joseph from
the Emperor of Austria. He is the
author of works on Practical Ship-
building, Iron-cased Ships, Coast De-
fence, &c. In Oct., 1878, he started
on a visit to Japan, at the invitation
of the Imperial government.
REEVES, SIMS, tenor singer, born
at Woolwich in 1821, was first in-
structed by his father. At an early
age he held the appointment of or-
ganist and director of the choir at
the church of North Cray, and after
taking lessons on the pianoforte from
J. B. Cramer, he was placed under
the care of T. Cooke, Hobbs, and
other distinguished professors of
singing. In 1839 he made his first
appearance on the stage at New-
castle, at which time he was singing
baritone parts; he next visited the
principal provincial towns, and went
to Paris to study his profession. Not
long afterwards he made his first ap-
pearance in Italian Opera at Milan,
in the tenor part of Edgardo in
"Lucia di Lammermoor," and came
out in the same character at Drury
Lane Theatre, Dec. 6, 1847, then
under the management of the late M.
Jullien. His first original character
was in Balfe's opera of the "Maid of
Honour," and he appeared at Her
Majesty's Theatre, as Carlo, in
"Linda di Chamouni," in 1848, and
was engaged at the Royal Italian
Opera at Covent Garden in 1849.
Since that time Mr. Reeves has held
the rank of first English tenor, and
has appeared with extraordinary
success at all the great performances
of oratorios at Exeter Hall, the pro-
REEVE, HENRY, C.B., born in Nor-
folk in 1813; educated at Geneva and
Munich; appointed to the office of
Registrar of the Privy Council in
1837, which he still holds; and suc-
ceeded the late Sir G. C. Lewis as
editor of the Edinburgh Review in
1855. He published a translation of
De Tocqueville's well-known work on
"Democracy in America," and of
"France before the Revolution of
1789," and of M. Guizot's "Washing-
ton.'
In 1855 he brought out a new
and revised edition of "Whitelocke's
Journal of the Swedish Embassy in
1653-54." In 1874, Mr. Reeve pub-vincial festivals, and the Crystal
lished a "Journal of the Reigns of King
George IV. and King William IV., by
Charles C. F. Greville, Esq., which
had been placed in his hands for this
purpose by the author. In the pre-
Palace. One of his best original
parts was in Mr. Macfarren's opera
of Robin Hood," produced at the
performances of English opera at
Her Majesty's Theatre in 1860. He
3 H 2
836
REID-REINKENS.
۱۲
| 1851; "The Boy Hunters," in 1852 ;
"The Young Voyageurs," in 1853;
"The Forest Exiles," in 1854 ;
"The
Bush Boys; or, Adventures in South
Africa," and "The White Chief," a
novel, in 1855; "The Young Yagers,
and "Quadroon," a novel, in 1856;
"The Plant Hunters; or, The Hima-
layan Mountains," in 1857; "Oceola,"
a novel, in 1859; "The Wood
Rangers," a novel, "The Hunters'
Feast," a novel, "The Tiger Hunters,"
and "Bruin; or, the Grand Bear
Hunt," in 1860; "Ran Away to Sea,"
"War Trail; or, Hunt of the Wild
Horse,'
Horse," and "Wild Huntress," in
1861; "The Maroon," a novel, in
1862; " Croquet," in 1863;
"Cliff
Climbers; or, the Lone Home,'
"Ocean Waifs," and "White Gaunt-
let: a Romance," in 1864; "The
Headless Horseman," in 1865;
"Afloat in the Forest," in 1866;
REID, CAPTAIN MAYNE, novelist,
a native of the North of Ireland,
paternally descended from one of the
pioneers of the "Ulster Plantations,"
was born in 1818, and educated for
the Established Church. A taste for
travel and adventure induced him, in
1838, to set out for Mexico, without
any very definite aim. On arriving
at New Orleans, he went on two ex-
cursions up the Red River, trading
and hunting in company with the
Indians, and afterwards made other
excursions up the Missouri and on
the prairies, where he remained for
nearly five years. He afterwards
travelled through almost every State
in the Union, and in these journeys,
with his previous experience in the
backwoods, acquired that knowledge
of character and incident displayed
in his writings. In 1845, when war
was declared between the United
States and Mexico, Mayne Reid, who
had devoted himself to literature,
obtained a commission in the United
States' army. He was present at the
siege and capture of Vera Cruz, and
took an active part in various en-
counters, led the last charge of in-
fantry at Churubusco, and the forlorn
hope at the assault of Chapultepec,
where he was shot down and reported
to be killed. For his gallantry at
Chapultepec, Capt. Reid was honour-
|
r
"The Giraffe Hunters," "The
Guerilla Chief," and "Quadrupeds:
What They Are, and Where They
Are Found; a Book of Zoology for
Boys," in 1867; "The Child Wife:
a Tale of the Two Worlds," in 1868 ;
"The Castaways: a Story of Adven-
ture in the Wilds of Borneo," "The
Fatal Cord: a Tale of Backwood Re-
tribution," "The White Squaw," and
"The Yellow Chief: a Romance of
the Rocky Mountains," in 1870 ;
"The Finger of Fate," in 1872; "The
Death Shot," in 1873; "The Moun-
1876; and "Gwen Wynn, a Ro-
mance of the Wye," 1877.
""
ably mentioned in the dispatches. Attain Marriage, or the Bandolero,” in
the close of the Mexican war he re-
signed his commission, and in 1849
organized a body of men in New York
to proceed to Hungary, to aid in the
struggle of that country for inde-
pendence. On reaching Paris he
received the news of the total failure
of the Hungarian insurrection. Capt.
Reid repaired to London, where he
once more devoted himself to litera-
ture, and amongst other works has
written "The Rifle Rangers," pub-
lished in 1849; "The Scalp Hunters,"
in 1850, in both of which the author
details his experience of prairie lifc
and warlike adventure; "Desert
Home; or, Family Robinson," in
REINKENS, JOSEPH HUBERT,
D.D., one of the leaders of the "Old
Catholic movement in Germany,
was born at Burtscheid, Aix-la-Cha-
pelle, March 1, 1821, studied theology
in the University of Bonn, entered the
seminary at Cologne in 1847, and
was ordained priest in the following
year by the late Cardinal von Geissel.
Afterwards he returned to Bonn to
continue his studies; graduated as
D.D. at Munich in 1849; settled as
private tutor at Breslau in 1850; was
appointed in 1852 preacher on fes-
tivals and penitentiary at the cathe-
achieved great success in the part of
"Faust," at the same theatre.
·
""
RENAN.
837
dral and incumbent of the Electoral |
Chapel; in 1853 Extraordinary Pro-
fessor of Church History; and was
rector of Breslau University, 1865-66.
He was one of the fourteen professors
who, at Nuremberg, protested against
the Vatican decrees in Aug., 1870.
For this he was suspended from his
professorship; and in 1872 he was
excommunicated by Bishop Förster
of Breslau. Dr. Reinkens became a
prominent leader of the self-styled
*Old Catholics," and was elected
Bishop of the new sect, June 4, 1873,
at Cologne, in an assembly consisting
of twenty-one priests and fifty-six
laymen. The consecration ceremony
was performed (Aug. 11) by the
Dutch Jansenist Bishop Heycamp of
Deventer. Dr. Reinkens has pub-endeavoured to conceal the signifi-
lished numerous works in German on cance of this dismissal by giving him
the theological controversies of the an office in the Bibliothèque Impé-
day.
riale; he, however, strongly protested
against the appointment, which was
revoked June 11, 1864. At the elec-
tions to the Corps Législatif in May,
1869, he was an unsuccessful candi-
date in the second circonscription of
the department of Seine-et-Marne.
M. Renan was elected a member of
the French Academy June 13, 1878,
in the room of M. Claude Bernard:
he defeated M. Wallon by 19 votes
to 15. He attended the Congress of
Orientalists held at Florence in Sept.
1878. M. Renan has, in addition to
the works already mentioned, pub-
tionale, and in 1856 was elected a
member of the Académie des Inscrip-
tions in place of M. Augustin Thierry.
At the end of 1860 he was sent on a
mission to Syria. In 1862 he was
appointed Professor of Hebrew, but
did not permanently occupy the
chair for fear of a renewal of the
manifestations which occurred at his
opening lecture in February. In
1863 he published his well-known
"Vie de Jésus," which he wrote after
his voyage to Syria, and of which
numerous editions have been issued.
This work was vehemently attacked
by the bishops and clergy, the result
being that the author was dismissed
from his professorship. M. Duruy,
the Minister of Public Instruction,
RENAN, JOSEPH ERNEST, philo-
logist, member of the Institute, born
at Tréguier, Côtes-du-Nord, Feb. 27,
1823, was destined for the ecclesi-
astical profession, and went to Paris
at an early age in order to study.
His abilities having attracted atten-
tion, he was chosen at the termina-
tion of his classical studies to follow
the course of theology at the semi-
nary of Saint-Sulpice, when he showed
a taste for the study of languages and
philosophy, and commenced learning
Hebrew, Arabic, and Syriac. But his
independence of thought did not ac-lished numerous mémoires on com-
cord with the necessary qualifications parative philology, and articles in
for the priesthood, and he quitted the the Liberté de Penser, the Revue des
seminary in order to be better able to Deux Mondes, the Journal de l'In-
pursue his own course. In 1848 he struction Publique, the Débats, &c.
gained the Volney prize for a mémoire Some of these were published in a
upon the Semitic languages, which collected form, under the title of
has been published under the title of "Études d'Histoire Religieuse," in
"Histoire Générale et Systèmes Com- 1857. He published a translation of
parés des Langues Sémitiques." His "Le Livre de Job," 1859, and of the
work, entitled "Étude de la Langue "Cantique des Cantiques," 1860;
Grecque au Moyen Age," published in "Lettre à mes Collègues," 1862;
1845, was crowned by the Institute. "Mission de Phénicie," 1864; "Trois
In 1849. he was sent to Italy on a Inscriptions Phéniciennes,'
1864;
literary mission by the Académie des 'Les Apôtres," 1866; "Nouvelles Ob-
Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, in 1851, servations d'Epigraphie Hébraïque,'
was attached to the department of 1867; "Sur les Inscriptions Hé-
""
Manuscripts in the Bibliothèque Na-braïques des Synagogues de Kefr-
838
RENOUF-REUTER.
Bereim, en Galilée," 1867; "Rapport
sur les Progrès de la Littérature
Orientale et sur les Ouvrages relatifs
à l'Orient," 1867; "Saint-Paul," 1869;
“La Mission en Phénicie,” 1874, con-
taining an account of the scientific
researches in Syria during the sojourn
of the French army in 1860-61;
"Dialogues et Fragments Philoso-
phiques," 1876; "Spinoza," a lecture,
1877; "Les Evangiles," 1877. In 1878
he published in the Temps, under the
title "Caliban," a satirical continua-
tion of Shakspere's "Tempest," in
which all Shakspere's characters are
introduced, but under greatly altered
circumstances. The hero becomes a
demagogue, supplants the Duke of
Milan, and acts the tyrant, until he
is himself overthrown. M. Renan
married a daughter of Henri Scheffer,
the painter, and was decorated with
the Legion of Honour in Dec. 1860.
RENOUF, PETER LE PAGE, ori-
ental scholar, was born in the isle of
Guernsey in 1824, received his early
education in Elizabeth College there,
and afterwards became a scholar
of Pembroke College, Oxford. At
Easter, 1842, he became a member of
the Roman Catholic Church. On the
opening of the Catholic University of
Ireland in 1855, he was appointed by
Dr. Newman, Professor in that insti-
tution, where he filled the chairs of
Ancient History and Eastern Lan-
guages. In 1864 he became one of
Her Majesty's Inspectors of Schools,
and he has since continued to hold
that appointment. Through his
marriage in 1857 with Ludowika, the
eldest daughter of Christian Brentano,
Mr. Renouf was closely allied to many
persons whose names are illustrious
in the literature of Germany. Whilst
at the Catholic University he was one
of the editors of the Atlantis and
of the Home and Foreign Review; and
he has since contributed to various
other periodicals, particularly to the
Chronicle, the North British Review,
and the Academy in this country;
and to the Zeitschrift für Egyptische
Sprache und Ablerthumskunde, con-
ducted by Dr. Lepsius at Berlin.
Some papers by Mr. Renouf are pub-
lished in the "Transactions of the
Society of Biblical Archæology." A
list of his writings, as far as they are
separately published, is subjoined :—
"The Doctrine of the Catholic Church
in England on the Holy Eucharist,"
1841; "The Greek and Anglican
Communions," 1847 ; "Traduction
d'un Chapitre du Rituel funéraire des
Anciens Egyptiens. Lettre adressée;
à M. le Professeur Merkel, Bibliothé-
caire Royal à Aschaffenbourg," 1860;
"Note on some Negative Particles of
the Egyptian Language," 1862; “A
Prayer from the Egyptian Ritual,
translated from the Hieroglyphic
Text," 1862; Sir G. C. Lewis on
the Decipherment and Interpretation
of Dead Languages," 1863, being a
reply to the late Sir G. C. Lewis's
attacks on Champollion and other
decipherers of ancient inscriptions;
"A few words on the supposed Latin
Origin of the Arabic Version of the
Gospels," 1863; "University Educa-
tion for English Catholics. A Letter
to the Very Rev. Dr. Newman, by a
Catholic Layman," 1864 ;
"Miscel-
laneous Notes on Egyptian Philo-
logy," 1866; "The Condemnation of
Pope Honorius," 1868, a work furi-
ously attacked by the Roman Catholic
press and placed on the Index; "The
Case of Pope Honorius reconsidered,
with reference to recent Apologies,
1869;." Note on Egyptian Preposi-
tions," 1874; and "An Elementary
Manual of the Egyptian Language,
1875. In Aug., 1878, he was ap-
pointed by the trustees to deliver the
next course of Hibbert Lectures.
The subject will be "The Ancient
Religions of Europe."
REUTER, BARON PAUL JULIUS,
was born at Cassel, in 1818. He
was connected with the Electric
Telegraph system from its earliest
establishment. The practical work-
ing of the telegraph, in 1849,
between Aix-la-Chapelle and Ber-
lin-the first section opened to the
public-convinced him that a new
era in correspondence had arisen,
and in the former town he established
17
""
REYNOLDS.
the first centre of an organisation
for collecting and transmitting tele-
graphic news. As the various tele-
graph lines were opened in succes-
sion, they were made subservient to
his system; and when the cable be-
tween Calais and Dover was laid in
1851, Mr. Reuter, who had become a
naturalised British subject, trans-
ferred his chief office to London.
Previously to the opening of his
office, the leading London papers had
furnished the public with scanty and
incomplete intelligence, which was
reproduced by the rest of the Press,
and Mr. Reuter, to remedy this
defect, established agencies in all
parts of the world, to supply him with
news, since which time the British
Press has contained a daily record of
the latest important events connected
with politics, commerce, and science.
The system he adopted of supplying
all the papers indiscriminately with
the same intelligence has greatly
contributed to the important develop-
ment of the penny press. A similar
organisation has been inaugurated by
Mr. Reuter in America, India, China,
Australia, and all the Continental
States. It was only by the united
contributions of the several branches
that the extensive staff of correspon-
dents and the great expenses neces-
sarily incidental to the work could be
supported, the richest Press of any
single country being insufficient to
render such an undertaking possible.
During the Franco-Austrian war, and
during the civil war in America, Mr.
Reuter was fortunate in being the
first to publish the most important
news, thereby gaining the confidence
of the nation and the press-a con-
fidence which he has maintained by
his constant activity. In 1865, Mr.
Reuter transferred his business to a
Limited Liability Company, of which
he is the manager, and in the same
year he obtained from the Hanoverian
Government a concession for the
construction of a submarine telegraph
line between England and Germany,
which enabled a through telegraphic
communication to be made direct
839
between London and the principal
towns of Germany. Mr. Reuter also
obtained a concession from the French
Government for the construction and
laying of a cable between France and
the United States, which was laid in
1869, and which is worked in con-
junction with the Anglo-American
Telegraph Company. In 1871, the
Duke of Coburg Gotha, in recognition
of his public services, conferred on
him the title of Baron. Baron Reuter
has greatly attracted the attention of
the political world, through a con-
cession granted to him, in 1872, by
the Shah of Persia. In virtue of this
concession, Baron Reuter has the ex-
clusive privilege of constructing rail-
ways, working mines and forests, and
making use of all the other natural
resources of that country, besides
farming the customs. This immense
monopoly which Baron Reuter en-
deavoured to render subservient to
British interests-without, however,
excluding other nations, met with
difficulties through certain intrigues;
these, however, he expects to remove,
as Her Majesty's Government has in-
terposed in his favour.
•
REYNOLDS, THE REV. HENRY
ROBERT, D.D., son of the Rev. John
Reynolds, of Romsey, and grandson of
Dr. Henry Revell Reynolds, physician
in ordinary to George III., was born
at Romsey, Hampshire, Feb. 26, 1825,
and educated at Coward College and
at University College, London. He
graduated B.A. in 1844, obtained the
University Scholarship in Mathe-
matics; was elected a Fellow of
University College in 1848, and re-
ceived the degree of D.D. from the
University of Edinburgh in 1869.
He was appointed Minister of the
Congregational Church at Halstead, in
Essex, in 1846; removed to Leeds and
became Minister of the East Parade
Congregational Church in that town
in 1849; was appointed President of
the Countess of Huntingdon's College
at Cheshunt in 1860, and also Pro-
fessor of Theology and Exegesis.
Dr. Reynolds was one of the editors
of the British Quarterly Review from
RHYS-RICHARDS.
840
">
1866 to 1874. He was the editor of and
contributor to two series of essays on
Church problems, entitled "Ecclesia"
in 1869 and 1870; is author of "Be-
ginnings of the Divine Life," and
"Notes of the Christian Life; " joint
author of "Yes and No; or, Glimpses
of the Great Conflict; and joint
editor of "Psalms and Hymns for
Christian Worship." In 1874 he
published, as the second of the new
series of "Congregational Union
Lectures," a work entitled "John
the Baptist a contribution to Chris-
tian Evidences."
|
forschung, the Revue Celtique, and
the Archæologia Cambrensis. Mr.
Rhys was elected a perpetual member
of the Société de Linguistique de
Paris in 1873; made a corresponding
member of the Dorpat Gelehrten
Esthnischen Gesellschaft in 1877 ;
and elected an Honorary Fellow of
Jesus College, Oxford, Oct. 30, 1877.
RICASOLI (BARON), BETTINO,
statesman, born March 9, 1809, in
Tuscany, was educated at Florence,
early devoted his attention to politics,
and always advocated moderation.
He took no part in public affairs dur-
ing the events of 1848, but shortly
afterwards rendered assistance to his
country by supporting the grand-duke
and by recommending fair liberal con-
cessions. When the latter abdicated
and threw himself into the hands
of the Austrians, Ricasoli protested,
for some months took little part
in the government, and was instru-
mental in overthrowing the system
which Guerrazzi and Montanelli, on
their advent to power, strove to
establish, because it appeared to him
more hateful than the tyranny of the
Austrians. The battle of Novara,
and the return of the grand-duke,
induced him to retire into private
life, from which he did not emerge
until 1856, and he took an active
part in the liberation of Tuscany
after the campaign against Austria
in 1859. An unsuccessful attempt
was made to assassinate him in
1860, and in March he filled an
important post in the administration.
After the death of Count Cavour, in
1861, he became Prime Minister of
the new kingdom of Italy, in which
situation he endeavoured to follow
the policy of his predecessor, but,
unable to secure the confidence of
Parliament, resigned the Premiership
March 2, 1862, and was succeeded by
Signor Rattazzi. He again acceded
to power as Prime Minister, June 20,
1866, and retired in April, 1867, when
he was succeeded by Signor Rattazzi.
RHYS, JOHN, M.A., born June 21,
1840, at Abercaero, near Ponterwyd,
Cardiganshire, was educated at
village schools near home; served a
pupil teacher's apprenticeship at
Penllwyn
British School near
Aberystwyth from August, 1855,
to the end of 1859; was trained at
Bangor Normal College to be a
public elementary schoolmaster in
1860; and had charge of one in
Anglesey till the end of 1865. He
matriculated as a commoner of Jesus
College, Oxford, at Michaelmas, 1865,
and commenced residence in 1866;
read for the classical school and was
placed in the second class in Modera-
tions. Subsequently he was placed
in the first class in finals at the end
of 1869, and was the same week
elected a Fellow of Merton College,
Oxford. He also attended lectures
at intervals from 1868 to 1870 at the
Sorbonne, the Collège de France, and
the University of Heidelberg. In
1870 he matriculated at Leipsic, and
read under Professors Curtius, Ritschl,
Leskien, and Brockhaus. In 1871 he
matriculated at Göttingen, but soon
afterwards returned, having been
appointed Her Majesty's Inspector
of Schools for the counties of Flint
and Denbigh in May, 1871. He was
appointed Professor of Celtic in the
University of Oxford in Feb., 1877.
In that year he published his "Lec-
tures on Welsh Philology." He had
previously been known as a Celtic
scholar by his articles in Kuhn's
RICHARDS, BRINLEY, pianist and
composer, son of Mr. H. Richards,
Beiträge zur vergleichenden Sprach-organist of St. Peter's, Carmarthen,
串
​RICHARDS-RICHARDSON.
was born in 1819, and, being intended
for the medical profession, was placed
with a surgeon at Carmarthen, but
abandoned it for one more congenial
to his taste. With the assistance of
the then Duke of Newcastle, he en-
tered the Royal Academy of Music,
where he gained the King's Scholar-
ship in 1835 and 1837. Mr. Richards's
name is identified with Welsh National
Music, and with an ardent love of the
Principality. This spirit has had a
great influence on his musical career,
has given an impulse to his genius,
and contributed to his success. His
effusions in honour of Wales have
assumed a patriotic importance, and
his "Cambrian War-Song," "The
Cambrian Plume," and "The Harp of
Wales "
are destined to share in the
popularity of his song "God Bless the
Prince of Wales." Some of his orches-
tral works have been frequently
played in London and Paris; and
while visiting the latter place, he
attracted the notice of Chopin, and
formed an intimacy which lasted till
the death of that illustrious composer.
As a pianist, Mr. Richards holds a
very prominent rank, not only as
a brilliant solo player, but more
especially for his performance of the
works of Beethoven, Mendelssohn, &c.
Among his principal compositions
may be mentioned his sacred songs-
"In the Hour of My Distress," "The
Pilgrim's Path," "As o'er the Past,"
and "Through the Day;" part-songs
"Up, Quit Thy Bower, "What
Bells are those? "Sweet Day so
Cool," and "Ye Little Birds" (madri-
gal);-for the pianoforte-" Overture
in F minor," for full orchestra; a
volume of "Octave Studies," "Caprice
in F sharp," "Andante con Moto,"
"The Angel's Song, “The Vision,”
"In Memoriam," Recollections of
Wales," "The Carmarthen March,"
for military band (composed by re-
quest of the Earl of Cawdor, for the
county of Carmarthen), and numerous
pianoforte solos, most of which have
been republished in Milan, Leipzig,
and Paris. He was presented to the
Prince of Wales on St. David's Day,
"}
""
|
""
:
I
841
1867, as the composer of "God Bless
the Prince of Wales."
RICHARDS, VICE-ADMIRAL SIR
GEORGE HENRY, C.B., F.R.S., son of
Capt. George Spencer Richards, R.N.,
was born Jan. 13, 1820, at Anthony,
Cornwall. After receiving a suitable
education at a private school, he
was appointed to the naval service
in 1833, made a Lieutenant in
1842, a Commander in 1846, a
Captain in 1854, Rear-Admiral in
1870, and Vice-Admiral in 1877.
While a captain he served as Naval
Aide-de-Camp to the Queen, was
present during the Chinese war of
1841-2, at the action and storming of
the forts at Obligado in the Parana
River, 1845, and was Commander
of H.M.S. Assistance, in search of
Franklin in the Arctic Regions during
1852-3-4. He received the Com-
panionship of the Bath in 1871; is a
Fellow of the Royal Society, of the
Royal Geographical Societies of Lon-
don, Berlin, and Turin, and a Member
of the Academy of Sciences of Paris.
Admiral Richards has been engaged
in and conducted many nautical
surveys of foreign countries-China,
the Falkland Isles, Rio de la Plata,
New Zealand, Australia, Vancouver
Island, British Columbia, &c. ; was a
Queen's Commissioner for settling the
Oregon boundary from 1856 to
1862; and Hydrographer of the
Admiralty from 1863 to 1874. He
was knighted in 1877.
|
RICHARDSON, BENJAMIN WARD,
M.D., F.R.S., born Oct. 31, 1828, at
Somerby, in the county of Leicester,
was educated at the school of the
Rev. W. Y. Nutt, at Burrow on the
Hill, Leicestershire, and at An-
derson's University, Glasgow. He
graduated in medicine at the Univer-
sity of St. Andrews in 1854, and
received the honorary degree of M.A.
from the same university in 1859.
He gained the Fothergilian Gold
Medal in 1854, for an essay on the
diseases of the child before birth;
and the Astley Cooper prize of £300
in 1856, for an essay on the coagula-
tion of the blood. Dr. Richardson
842
RICHMOND AND GORDON.
|
became a member of the Royal Col-
lege of Physicians by examination in
1856, and was elected a Fellow of
the College in 1861; he was elected
a Fellow of the Royal Society
in 1867, and Croonian Lecturer
in 1873; honorary member of the
Philosophical Society of America
in 1863; of the Imperial Leopold
Carolina Academy of Sciences in
1867; and of the Physiological and
Statistical Academy of Milan in 1870.
In 1865 he conducted an experimental
research on the nature of the poisons
of the spreading or contagious diseases,
which ended in the detection of a
special poisonous product, common
in these poisons, to which he gave
the name of septine. In 1866 he dis-
covered the application of ether spray
for the local abolition of pain in
surgical operations. He introduced
methylene bi-chloride as a general
anæsthetic, and discovered the con-
trolling influence of nitrite of amyl
over tetanus and other spasmodic
affections. He originated, and for
some years edited, the Journal of
Public Health, and afterwards the
Social Science Review. Dr. Richard-
son's principal contributions to medi-
cal and scientific literature have been
directed to the advancement of me-
dical practice by the experimental
method. The study of disease by
synthesis; the restoration of life after
various forms of apparent death; the
investigation of the theory of a
nervous atmosphere or ether; the
effects of electricity on animal life;
methods of killing animals intended
for food without the infliction of
pain; numerous original papers on
new medicines and new modes of
treatment of diseases; and a series of
researches on alcohol in relation to
its action on man, the results of
which were delivered before the
Society of Arts in the Canton Course
of Lectures for 1874-5. Dr. Richard-
son has been president of the Medical
Society of London and four times
president of the St. Andrews Medical
Graduates' Association. In 1869 he
succeeded Lord Jerviswoode as asses-
sor for the General Council in the
University Court of St. Andrews.
He is Honorary Physician to the
Royal Literary Fund, the Newspaper
Press Fund, and the National Society
of Schoolmasters. In 1868, "in recog-
nition of his various contributions to
science and medicine," he was pre-
sented by six hundred of his medical
brethren and fellows in science with
a
testimonial consisting of a micro-
scope by Ross, and one thousand
guineas. At the Social Science Con-
gress held at Brighton in Oct., 1875,
he read a paper which excited interest
and gave rise to much subsequent
discussion.
discussion. In it he gave a sketch
of an
of an imaginary "model City of
Health" to be called Hygeia. Dr.
Richardson's most recent researches
have been directed to the study of
the diseases incident to modern civili-
sation-diseases of modern life. The
University of St. Andrews conferred
on him the honorary degree of LL.D.,
Feb. 15, 1877.
RICHMOND AND GORDON
(DUKE OF), HIS GRACE CHARLES
HENRY GORDON-LENNOX, K.G.,
eldest son of the fifth Duke of
Richmond, was born at Richmond
House, Whitehall, Feb. 27, 1818, and
educated at Westminster School and
Christ Church, Oxford, where he
graduated B.A. in 1839; became a
captain in the army in 1844; was
aide-de-camp to the Duke of Welling-
ton from 1842 till 1852, and to
Viscount Hardinge from 1852 till
1854. In 1860 he succeeded his
father as Duke of Richmond, to
which dukedom was added in 1876
that of Gordon. His Grace was
appointed President of the Poor Law
Board, and sworn a Privy Councillor,
in March, 1859, and resigned in June,
on the retirement of Lord Derby and
his party; was made a Knight of the
Garter, Feb. 6, and was President of
the Board of Trade from March 8,
1867, till Dec. 1868. He represented
West Sussex in the Conservative
interest from July, 1841, till he suc-
ceeded his father as sixth Duke of
Richmond, Oct. 21, 1860. Since Feb.
RICHMOND-RICORD.
26, 1870, his Grace has been the ac- | grandson of a distinguished physician
knowledged leader of the Conserva- of Marseilles, and brother of M. J. B.
tive party in the House of Peers. Ricord, the author of several works
When that party returned to office in upon medicine and natural history,
Feb., 1874, he was made Lord Presi- was born at Baltimore, U.S., Dec. 10,
dent of the Council. He introduced 1800; and went to Paris in 1820.
the Bill by which Church Patronage He was almost immediately admitted
was abolished in Scotland, and also as an interne, and was attached suc-
the Agricultural Holdings Bill of cessively to the Hôtel Dieu, under
1875.
Dupuytren, and to La Pitié, under
Lisfranc. In March, 1826, he took
the degree of Doctor, and practised
at Olivet, near Orleans, and Crouy-
sur-Ourcq, after which he returned to
Paris, delivered a course of lectures.
on surgical operations, and was ap-
pointed in 1831 Surgeon-in-Chief to
the Hôpital des Vénériens of the
South, which position he held till Oct.,
1860, when he retired. This appoint-
ment secured for Dr. Ricord the
special reputation which he enjoys
for his knowledge and treatment of
that class of diseases to which it
relates. Dr. Ricord discovered a cure
for varicocele, &c., for which he re-
ceived, in 1842, the Monthyon prize.
He has been a member of the Im-
perial Academy (section of surgical
pathology), since 1850, and is attached
as Consulting Surgeon to the Dispen-
sary of Public Health. By decree,
July 28, 1862, he was appointed Phy-
sician in Ordinary to Prince Napo-
leon; and on Oct. 26, 1869, he was
nominated Consulting Surgeon to the
Emperor, whom he had assiduously
attended during his recent illness,
and who, in recognition of the ser-
vices thus rendered, presented him
with a snuff-box with 20,000 francs.
He was promoted to the rank of Com-
mander of the Legion of Honour,
Aug. 12, 1860, and has been deco-
rated with numerous foreign orders.
Amongst his various works may be
named "De l'Emploi du Speculum,"
published in 1833; "De la Blennor-
"Em-
rhagie de la Femme," in 1834;
ploi de l'Onguent Mercuriel dans le
Traitement de l'Érésipèle," in 1836
Monographie du Chancre," in 1837
"Traité des Maladies Vénériennes,'
in 1838; "De l'Ophthalmie Blennor-
rhagique," in 1842; Clinique Ico-
(C
RICHMOND, GEORGE, R.A., son of
an artist, born in 1809, was early in
troduced to the study of art, and in
1824 became a student at the Royal
Academy, about which time he was
introduced to William Blake, "sweet
visionary Blake," as Hayley calls
him, to whom he looked for direction
and guidance in art till, in 1827, he
followed him to the grave. In 1837
he left England for Italy, and spent
two years in the study of the great
works in Venice, Florence, and Rome.
In 1840, he returned to the practice
of water-colour portraits, which he
had suspended for two years, adding
largely to it life-size studies in chalk,
as a preparation for future practice
in oil. In 1854, he exhibited a whole-
length portrait of Sir Robert Harry
Inglis, painted for the Bodleian Gal-
lery, at Oxford; and a half-length
of the Bishop of New Zealand (Dr.
Selwyn), for St. John's College, Cam-
bridge; and from this time he has
been almost exclusively employed in
oil painting. In 1860, he was em-
ployed to execute, for St. Paul's
Cathedral, a monument of the late
Bishop Blomfield, which he finished
and erected in 1865. In 1847, he
was appointed by Mr. Gladstone a
member of the council of the Govern-
ment Schools of Design; and in 1856,
by Sir G. Cornewall Lewis, one of the
Royal Commissioners for determin-
ing the National Gallery site, &c.
In 1867, the University of Oxford
conferred upon him the honorary
degree of D.C.L. The portraits exe-
cuted by him number between 3,000
and 4,000, hundreds of which have
been engraved.
-
RICORD, PHILIPPE, physician,
member of the Académie de Médecine,
843
64
844
RIDDELL-RIPON.
nographique de l'Hôpital des Véné-
riens," 1842-1851; and “De la Syphi-
lisation et de la Contagion des
Accidents Secondaires," in 1853; in
addition to a large number of mé-
moires, researches, communications,
&c., inserted for the most part in the
Mémoires et Bulletins de l' Académie
de Médecine.
RIDDELL, MRS. CHARLOTTE
ELIZA LAWSON, is the youngest child
of James Cowan, of Carrickfergus,
co. Antrim. She is married to J. H.
Riddell, Esq., a civil engineer, by
whose initials she is generally known.
Mrs. Riddell is the author of many
popular novels, including "Too
Much Alone," "
"City and Suburbs,"
"George Geith," "A Life's Assize,"
"Mortomley's Estate," 1874; "Above
Suspicion." 1875; and "Her Mother's
Darling," 1877.
RIPLEY, GEORGE, LL.D., born at
Greenfield, Massachusetts, Oct. 3,
1802. He graduated at Harvard Col-
lege in 1823, and at the Cambridge
Divinity School in 1826.
He was
pastor of a Unitarian Church in Bos-
ton for some years; but about 1831
visited Europe and spent some time
on the continent in the study of
French and German literature. On
his return, he devoted himself to lite-
rary pursuits. He was the principal
founder of the Brook Farm Com-
munity at Roxbury, near Boston, in
which he invested, and in after years
lost, his whole moderate fortune, and
during that period was engaged in
editorial and other literary labour.
From 1838 to 1842 he edited "Speci-
mens of Foreign Standard Litera-
ture," in 14 vols. In 1840-41, he was
associated with R. W. Emerson, and
Margaret Fuller, as one of the editors
of The Dial, a "transcendental "
magazine; from 1844 to 1848 with
C. A. Dana, Parke Godwin, and J. S.
Dwight, as one of the editors of The
Harbinger, a weekly journal of kin-
dred aims, but more popular in cha-
acter. In 1849 he removed to New
York, and became literary editor of
the New York Tribune, a position
which he has retained to the present
|
time. For many years he was also
the principal literary adviser of the
publishing house of Harper and
Brothers, and edited the literary
department of Harper's Magazine.
In conjunction with Charles A. Dana,
he projected Appleton's "New Ameri-
can Cyclopædia," of which they were
joint-editors (16 vols., 1857-63). A
new and thoroughly revised edition
of this work was begun in 1873, and
completed in 1876, also under the
direct supervision of the same editors.
For nearly a quarter of a century Mr.
Ripley has devoted himself strictly to
editorial labour; but previous to that
time he had published "Discourses
on the Philosophy of Religion
(1839); "Letters to Andrews Norton
on the Latest Form of Infidelity
(1840); in conjunction with Bayard
Taylor, "Hand-book of Literature
and the Fine Arts," 1854.
RIPON, BISHOP OF. (See BICKER-
STETH.)
RIPON (MARQUIS OF), THE RIGHT
HON. GEORGE FREDERICK SAMUEL
ROBINSON, K.G., long known as Earl
De Grey and Ripon, is the only son
of Frederick John, first Earl of Ripon,
better known by his original title of
Viscount Goderich, which he bore
when he held the post of Premier for
a few months in 1827, by Lady Sarah
Albina Louisa Hobart, only child of
Robert, fourth Earl of Buckingham-
shire. He was born in London, Oct.
24, 1827, and succeeded to his father's
titles, Jan. 28, 1859, and to those of
his uncle, as third Earl De Grey, Nov.
14, in the same year. He began his
political life as attaché to a special
mission to Brussels in 1849. At the
general election in 1852 he was re-
turned to the House of Commons by
his courtesy title of Viscount Gode-
rich as member for Hull, and con-
tinued to sit for that borough until
1853, when he vacated his seat to
oppose Mr. Starkey, at Huddersfield,
where he succeeded in winning the
seat for the Liberals by a majority
of eighty. At the general election in
1857 he was returned for the West
Riding of Yorkshire without opposi-
:>
**
RISTICH.
|
tion. In June, 1859, the year in
which he succeeded to the Upper
House, Lord Herbert selected him
for the post of Under-Secretary for
War, and in Feb., 1861, upon the
accession of Sir George C. Lewis, he
was made Under-Secretary for India.
Upon the death of Sir G. C. Lewis, in
April, 1863, his lordship, who had
shown great efficiency in his subor-
dinate office, took the place of his
chief as Secretary for War, together
with a seat in the Cabinet. He
remained at the War Office nearly
three years, and in Feb., 1866, when
Sir Charles Wood, now Viscount
Halifax, withdrew from the Ministry,
was appointed Secretary of State for
India. On Mr. Gladstone's accession
to office in Dec., 1868, he was ap-
pointed Lord President of the Coun-
cil, but he resigned that office in
Aug., 1873. He was created a Knight
of the Garter in 1869. In 1871 he
acted as Chairman of the High Joint
Commission which arranged the
Treaty of Washington; and in re-
cognition of the services he rendered
in that capacity he was, soon after
his return from the United States,
created Marquis of Ripon. His lord-
ship, who is a Magistrate and Deputy-
Lieutenant for the North and West
Ridings of Yorkshire, and for the
county of Lincoln, was created an
honorary D.C.L. of Oxford in 1870,
and on April 23 in that year was
installed as Grand Master of the
Freemasons of England, in succession
to Lord Zetland. In the autumn of
1874 the Grand Lodge received a
communication to the effect that the
Marquis of Ripon had resigned the
post of Grand Master, and their sur-
prise was heightened to dismay by
the circumstance that he did so with-
out assigning any reason for the
step. A few days afterwards, how
ever, it transpired that his lordship
had joined the Roman Catholic
Church, which, as is well known, has
condemned Freemasonry and all
other oath-bound societies. The re-
ception of the Marquis into the
Catholic Church took place at the
845
Oratory, Brompton, Sept. 4, 1874,
and his conversion gave rise to much
comment in the public journals, both
here and on the continent. He mar-
ried, in April, 1851, Henrietta Anne
Theodosia, eldest daughter of the late
Mr. Henry Vyner, who has been a
Lady of the Bedchamber to the
Princess of Wales, and by whom he
has surviving issue, Frederick Oliver,
born Jan. 29, 1852, now Earl De
Grey, heir to the marquisate.
RISTICH, JOHN, a Servian states-
man, boru at Kragujevatz in 1831,
began his studies in Germany and
continued them at Paris. Under the.
government of Prince Karageorge-
vitch he was appointed Secretary
and afterwards head of a department
in the office of the Minister of the
Interior. Milosch Obrenovitch III.
on his return in 1858, appointed
M. Ristich secretary to a deputation
which he sent to Constantinople ;
and at a later period the same Prince
accredited him as the representative
of Servia at the Sublime Porte.
Scarcely had he been installed in this
post, however, when the crisis com-
menced which culminated in the
bombardment of Belgrade (1862).
M. Ristich extricated himself with
such ability from the difficulties
which ensued, that five years later
(1867) he succeeded in obtaining the
evacuation of all the Servian for-
tresses occupied up to that time by
the Turkish troops. This service
gained for him the portfolio of
Foreign Affairs, but he soon resigned
it in consequence of his inability to
agree with the Prince Michael on
certain questions of detail. He was
present as the representative of
Prince Michael at the baptism of
Prince Nicholas of Montenegro.
While on his way back from Cettinge
he learned the news that Prince
Michael had been assassinated (July
10, 1868), and had been succeeded by
his grand-nephew, Prince Milan.
The young Prince was then pursuing
his studies at Paris, and the provi-
sional government which had been
established sent M. Ristich to that
846
RISTORI-RIVIERE.
capital to escort him to Servia.
On the Prince's arrival at Belgrade
the Grand National Skupschkina was
convoked, and nominated a Council
of Regency, composed of three mem-
bers, to govern the country during
the Prince's minority. M. Blasna-
vatz, M. Ristich, and M. Gavrilovitch,
formed this Council, which discharged
its functions till 1872, when the
Prince attained his majority. This
Council then became a Ministry in
which M. Ristich held the portfolio
for Foreign Affairs, and on the de-
cease of his colleague, Col. Blasnavatz,
he became President of the Council.
He afterwards withdrew from public
life for two years until the insurrec-
tion occurred in Herzegovina, when
he became Minister for Foreign Af-
fairs. In May, 1876, he and his
friends returned to office which they
had been obliged to resign eight
months previously in consequence of
the diplomatic pressure of the Cabi-
nets of Vienna, Berlin, and St.
Petersburg. He held the office of
Foreign Minister during the dis-
astrous war with Turkey (1877), in
which the Servians were thoroughly
defeated.
/i
RISTORI, ADELAIDE, tragic ac-
tress, born at Cividale, in Friuli, in
1821, being the child of a poor actor,
was trained at a very early age for
the stage. She appears to have risen
through a long series of struggles to
the eminence she ultimately attained.
Having accepted in 1855 an engage-
ment in Paris, she sought the favour
of a French audience as an interpreter
of the tragic muse at the very time
that Rachel was in the zenith of her
fame. Her appearance at such a
period was regarded by the French
as an open challenge to contest the
supremacy of their tragic queen, and
they assembled much more disposed
to criticise than to applaud. The
genius of Ristori, however, triumphed,
and from that moment her position
has been unassailed. Her reception
in England was equally enthusiastic,
and she appeared in Spain in 1857,
in Holland in 1860, in Russia in 1861,
at Constantinople in 1864, in the
United States, and other parts of the
world, with success. William I. of
Prussia gave her the medal in sciences
and in arts in 1862. Amongst her
most famous characters are those of
Medea, Lady Macbeth, Fazio, Phædra,
Deborah, Judith, Francesca da Ri-
viera, and Camilla. After an absence
of fifteen years, Madame Ristori
again appeared in London, June 11,
1873, and on Nov. 8 in that year she
took her farewell of the English stage
at the Queen's Theatre, Manchester.
She is married to the Marquis del
Grillo.
RIVIERE, BRITON, A.R.A., a dis-
tinguished animal painter, was born
in London, Aug. 14, 1840, being the
son of Mr. W. Riviere, who was head
of the drawing school at Cheltenham
College, and afterwards a teacher of
drawing at Oxford. He found in his
father an experienced and able
master, under whom he studied during
the nine years he was at Cheltenham
and subsequently at Oxford. While
studying art in the latter place the
influences, other than artistic, by
which he was always surrounded,
prevailed to turn his attention to
classical and other scholarly matters;
he entered the University, took his
B.A. degree in 1867, and that of M.A.
in 1873. The first pictures he ex-
hibited were home rural scenes, as
"Rest from Labour," and "Sheep on
the Cotswolds," in the Academy Gal-
lery in 1858, and, in the next year,
"On the Road to Gloucester Fair."
From this date till 1864 he was ab-
sent from the Academy as an ex-
hibitor, but in the last-mentioned
year he sent "Iron Bars and
"Romeo and Juliet." Among his
subsequent works are: "The
Poacher's Nurse," "Strayed from
the Flock," a dead lamb lying in the
snow, and "The Long Sleep," 1866;
"Fox and Geese " (exhibited in the
exhibition of water-colour painters
at the Dudley Gallery in 1868, and
now in the collection at South Ken-
sington); "The Prisoners," 1869;
"A Midsummer Night's Dream and
""
""
ROBERT I-ROBIN.
،،
(
"1
|
Charity," 1870; "Come Back!" M.A. in 1838; and was Vicar of
and "Circe transforming the Friends Bekesbourne, near Canterbury, from
of Ulysses into Pigs," 1871; "Daniel" | 1846 till 1859, when he was appointed
in the lion's den, 1872; Argus
and "All that was left of the Home-
ward Bound," 1873; " Apollo," and
"Genius Loci," 1874; "War Time,"
and "The Last of the Garrison,"
1875; "A Stern Chase is always a
Long Chase," and "Pallas Athene
and the Swineherd's Dogs," 1876;
"A Legend of St. Patrick," and
"Lazarus," 1877; and "An Anxious
Moment," a flock of geese frightened
at the sight of a hat on the ground,
1878. Mr. Riviere was elected A.R.A.
Jan. 16, 1878.
Canon of Canterbury. From 1864 to
1874 he was Professor of Ecclesias-
tical History in King's College,
London. He has written, "How
shall we Conform to the Liturgy of
the Church of England?" published
in 1843; third edition, 1869;
"Sketches of Church History," part
I., 1855 (frequently re-printed); part
II., 1878; "A Biography of Thomas
Becket," in 1859; "A History of
the Christian Church to the Reforma-
tion," 4 vols., 8vo, 1853-73; 8 vols.,
12mo, 1873-75; "Lectures on the
Growth of the Papacy," 1876. He
edited for the Ecclesiastical History
Society, Heylyn's "History of the
Reformation; for the Camden
Society, in 1866, Bargrave's "Alex-
ander VII. and his Cardinals;" for
the Master of the Rolls, "Materials
for the History of Thomas Becket,"
in "Chronicles and Memorials of
Great Britain," vols i. to iii., 1875-77;
and has been a contributor to the Quar-
terly Review and other periodicals.
""
ROBERT I. (ROBERT-CHARLES-
LOUIS MARIE DE BOURBON) ex-Duke
of Parma, Infant of Spain, born July
9, 1848, succeeded his father, Duke
Ferdinand Charles III. March 27,
1854, as Robert I., under the regency
of his mother, the dowager-Duchess
Louise-Marie-Thérèse de Bourbon,
daughter of the Duke de Berry. Her
rule came to an end in 1859, in con-
sequence of the revolution, and, with
her son, she sought refuge in the
Helvetic States. The ex-Duke
Robert married, at Rome, April 5,
1869, the Duchess Maria Pia, daughter
of the late Ferdinand II., King of
Naples.
|
ROBIN, CHARLES PHILIPPE, a
French physician and naturalist,
born at Jasseron (Ain), June 4, 1821,
studied medicine at Paris, and was
admitted "interne des hôpitaux" in
1843. He gained, at the competition
of 1844, the prize given by the École
Pratique de Médecine; was sent in
1845, with M. Lebert, by Orfila, to
the coasts of Normandy and Jersey,
in order to collect objects of natural
history and comparative anatomy,
for the museum which he had founded
at the École, and received in 1847 the
degree of Doctor. A close examiner
of objects, he has greatly promoted
the use of the microscope in anatomy
and pathology; and, in addition to
his microscopical labours, has studied
the natural sciences. He was elected
a member of the Academy of Medi-
cine in 1858, and appointed Professor
of Histology in that institution, April
19, 1862. In 1871 he founded,” in
conjunction with M. Littré, a Socio-
logical Society. He was elected a
ROBERTS, THE RIGHT REV.
FRANCIS ALEXANDER RANDAL
CRAMER, D.D., Bishop of Nassau,
was educated at Trinity College,
Cambridge, (B.A. 1862; M.A. 1868).
He was curate of Frant, near Ton-
bridge-Wells, 1864-68, and of Hawley,
Hampshire, 1868-70; rector of Llan-
dinabo, 1870-72; again curate of
Hawley, 1872-73; and vicar of
Blindley-heath, Surrey, 1873-78.
Having been nominated as successor
to Bishop Venables, in the see of
Nassau, he was consecrated in St.
Paul's Cathedral, June 24, 1878.
ROBERTSON, THE REV. JAMES
CRAIGIE, born in 1813, at Aberdeen,
where his father was a merchant, re-
ceived his early education at Maris-
chal College, graduated B.A.
Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1834,
at
847
ROBINSON-ROBY.
|
Senator by the department of the
Ain in 1876; his term of office will
expire in 1885. M. Robin is con-
nected with numerous French and
foreign scientific societies, and is
decorated with the Legion of Honour.
In addition to a large number of
works relating to microscopical in-
vestigation he has published "Ta-
bleaux d'Anatomie, contenant l'Ex-
posé de toutes les Parties à Etudier
dans l'Organisme de l'Homme, et
dans celui des Animaux," 1851;
"Traité de Chimie Anatomique et
Physiologique," 1852; "Histoire
Naturelle de Végétaux Parasites qui
croissent sur l'Homme et les Animaux
Vivants," 3 vols., 1853 (in collabora-
tion with M. Verdeil); "Notice sur
l'Euvre et la Vie d'Auguste Comte,"
1864; Leçons sur les Substances
Amorphes et les Blastèmes," 1866;
"Leçons sur les Substances Orga-
nisées et leur Altérations," 1866;
Leçons sur les Humeurs Normales et
Morbides du Corps de l'Homme,'
1867; "Leçons sur les Vaisseaux
Capillaires et l'Inflammation," 1867;
"Anatomie Microscopique," 1868; and
"L'Instruction et l'Education," 1877;
besides numerous contributions to the
Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences,
and other scientific collections. In
collaboration with M. Littré he has
entirely re-cast and re-written Nys-
ten's "Dictionnaire de Médecine," the
13th edition of which was published
in 1872.
((
""
848
ROBINSON, SIR HERCULES
GEORGE ROBERT, G.C.M.G., second
son of Captain Hercules Robinson,
born in 1824, and educated at the
Royal Military College, Sandhurst,
held, for some years, a commission
in the 87th Foot, but retired from the
service in 1846, and was employed in
various capacities in the Civil Service
in Ireland until 1852. He was ap-
pointed President of Montserrat in
1854, Lieutenant-Governor of St.
Christopher's in 1855, succeeded Sir
John Bowring, as Governor of Hong-
kong in 1859, when he received the
honour of knighthood, was promoted
to the governorship of Ceylon in Jan.,
1865, and to the governorship of New
South Wales in March, 1872. In Aug.,
1874, he proceeded to the Fiji Islands
for the purpose of settling matters
between the British Government and
the native power. On Oct. 15, he
accepted the unconditional cession of
the islands, annexed them to the
British Empire, and hoisted the Bri-
tish flag. For some time he retained
in his own hands the general super-
vision of the Provisional Government
which he established. In Jan., 1875,
he was created a Grand Cross of the
Order of SS. Michael and George, in
recognition of his services in con-
nection with the cession of the Fiji
Islands. He was, in Dec. 1878, ap-
pointed Governor of New Zealand,
in succession to the Marquis of
Normanby.
ROBY, HENRY JOHN, M.A., son of
Henry Wood Roby, solicitor, was
born at Tamworth, Aug. 12, 1830.
From the Grammar School at Bridg-
north he proceeded to St. John's
College, Cambridge, where he gra-
duated in 1853, being first in the
first class of the Classical Tripos. The
next year he was elected a fellow of
his college. He was assistant tutor
of St. John's from 1855 to 1857, re-
signed that office in the latter year,
but was re-appointed in 1860. He
was Examiner in the University for
Law Degrees in 1859, for the Classical
Tripos in 1860, for the Moral Sciences
Tripos in 1861; and member of, and
secretary to, the Local Examination
Syndicate at its commencement,
viz., 1858-59. Mr. Roby took an
active part in promoting reform in
his college, and in the university
under the Cambridge University Act,
and published a pamphlet on the
subject-"Remarks on College Re-
form," 1858. He left Cambridge in
1861, in which year he married
Matilda,_elder daughter of P. A.
Ermen, Esq., of Dawlish. He was
Under Master of Dulwich College
Upper School, 1861-65, and Professor
of Jurisprudence at University Col-
lege, London, 1866-68, lecturing on
Roman Law. He was appointed by
ROCHEFORT.
the Crown Secretary to the Schools
Inquiry Commission, Dec. 28, 1861,
and Secretary to the Endowed Schools
Commission, Aug. 3, 1869; and one of
the Endowed School Commissioners,
March 25, 1872. The latter Com-
mission expired Dec. 31, 1874. Mr.
Roby has published an "Elementary
Latin Grammar," 1862; and a larger
book in 2 vols., entitled, "Grammar
of the Latin Language, from Plautus
to Suetonius," part i., 1871, 2nd edit.,
1872; part ii., 1874. He assisted the
Schools Inquiry Commissioners in
preparing their Report (issued in
March, 1868), and in compiling and
editing the twenty volumes appended
thereto.
ROCHEFORT (COMTE), VICTOR
HENRI DE ROCHEFORT-LUÇAY, com-
monly known as Henri Rochefort, is
a son of the Marquis Claude Louis
Marie de Rochefort-Luçay, and was
born in Paris, Jan. 30, 1830. Brought
up under the care of a Legitimist
father, and of a Republican mother,
he studied in the college of St. Louis,
where he evinced a decided taste for
poetry. After attempting to study
medicine, and to gain a livelihood by
teaching Latin, he was, on Jan. 1,
1851, appointed a copying-clerk in
the Hôtel de Ville. Paying more at-
tention to literature than to this
humble employment, he contributed
to the second edition of the Dic-
tionnaire de la Conversation," wrote
dramatic criticisms for the news-
papers, and became one of the editors
of the Charivari. His articles in the
latter journal led to his appointment
as sub-inspector of the Fine Arts at
Paris, which post he resigned in 1861.
He was successively connected with
various newspapers, and in 1868 be-
came one of the principal writers in
the Figaro, with a salary of about
12.000 francs. He also wrote, between
1856 and 1866, a large number of
vaudevilles, nearly all of them in
collaboration with other authors;
and, under the name of Eugène de
Mirecourt, an historical romance, en-
titled "La Marquise de Courcelles,"
1859. His satirical comments ou
849
passing events in the columns of the
Figaro, and his caustic criticisms of
the men and measures of the Second
Empire, made the name of Henri
Rochefort peculiarly obnoxious to
the authorities. The sale of the
paper in the public streets was pro-
hibited, and it was subjected to
several judicial condemnations. M.
Rochefort's articles were republished
in a collected form in three volumes,
entitled respectively "Les Français
de la Décadence," 1866; "La Grande
Bohème," 1867; and "Les Signes du
Temps," 1868. His services having
been dispensed with by the proprie-
tors of the Figaro, M. Rochefort
brought out a series of weekly pam-
phlets under the title of "La Lau-
terne," the first of which appeared at
Paris, June 1, 1868. In this publica-
tion he assailed the Imperial régime
with greater bitterness than ever.
The eleventh number was seized by
the police, its author being con-
demned to a year's imprisonment, to
pay a fine of 10,000 francs, and to be
deprived for twelve months of his
civil and political rights. From this
period "La Lanterne" appeared at
Brussels, and was only introduced
clandestinely into France. In the
midst of the excitement caused by
this publication, M. Rochefort and
his friends were smartly attacked in
some pamphlets bearing the signatures
of MM. Stamir and Marchal. The
satirist could not endure being beaten
with the weapons he had so ruth-
lessly employed against others, and
besides seeking redress in the law
courts, he sought satisfaction from
the publisher of the pamphlets, and
on its being refused, violently as-
saulted him. For this M. Rochefort
was sentenced to four months' addi-
tional imprisonment. To escape from
the consequences of these judicial pro-
ceedings, M. Rochefort fled to Bel-
gium, where, in Sept., he fought his
fourth journalistic duel with M. Er-
nest Boroche, whom he wounded.
He had previously been engaged in
affairs of honour with a Spanish
officer, with Prince Achille Murat,
3 I
850
ROCHEFOUCAULD-BISACCIA.
and with M. Paul de Cassagnac. At
the elections of 1869 the "irreconcil-
able" Democrats brought M. Roche-
fort forward as their candidate for
the seventh circonscription of Paris,
and on the second ballot he polled
14,780 votes, against 18,267 recorded
in favour of his adversary, M. Jules
Favre. In the following November
he was proposed as a candidate for
the first circonscription of Paris. On
this occasion he ventured into France,
and on crossing the Belgian frontier
he was arrested, but was set at liberty
a few hours afterwards, and received
from the Emperor a sauf-conduit to
be in force till after the elections.
M. Rochefort, now the idol of the
Parisian populace, declared that he
should merely take the oath of allegi-
ance to the Empire, in order to over-
throw it for a Republic. He was
elected Deputy by 17,978 votes,
against 13,445 given to his opponent,
M. Carnot. In the Chambers he took
his seat beside M. Raspail, and ren-
dered himself notorious by the coarse-
ness of his personal attacks on the
Emperor. In Dec., 1869, he started
the Marseillaise, a newspaper, the
character of which is sufficiently in-
dicated by its title. It was not, like
"La Lanterne," written entirely by
the editor, but was the work of seve-
ral hands. The attacks in this jour-
nal on Prince Pierre Bonaparte led
to the assassination by the latter of
Victor Noir, one of M. Rochefort's
subordinates. The paper was seized
Jan. 11, 1870. The Chambers au-
horized its prosecution, and on Jan.
22 M. Rochefort and two other
writers in the paper were sentenced
to six months' imprisonment with
fines. On Feb. 7, M. Rochefort was
arrested at a public meeting at La
Villette, on which occasion there was
immense excitement and much riot-
ing in Paris. He was confined in the
prison of Sainte-Pélagie. On the
proclamation of the Republic in
Sept., 1870, M. Rochefort was re-
leased, being conveyed on the
houlders of the mob from his
prison to the Louvre. He was placed
at the head of a department of State,
but quarrelled with everybody, and
soon resigned his appointment, after
which, it was reported, he served as
a simple gunner in the artillery
during the siege of Paris. Subse-
quently, during the brief triumph of
the Commune, he edited an infa-
mous journal, the Mot d'Ordre. On
May 19, 1871, while endeavouring to
escape in disguise from Paris, he was
arrested at Méaux and taken to Ver-
sailles. He was placed on his trial
before a court-martial, Sept. 20 and
21, 1871, charged with inciting to
civil war, with complicity in the
destruction, by the Commune, of
private property and public monu-
ments, and with the publication of
false news and attacks on the estab-
lished government in the Mot d'Ordre.
A verdict of guilty was returned, and
he was sentenced to imprisonment
for life. He was incarcerated first
in Fort Boyard, from whence he was
transferred (June, 1872) to the citadel
of Saint-Martin-de-Ré. The French
Government permitted M. Rochefort
to leave the fortress in which he was
immured, and to go to Versailles,
Nov. 6, 1872, for the special object of
marrying the mother of his illegiti-
mate children, and thus legitimising
them according to French law. Ma-
dame Rochefort, who was then ex-
tremely ill, died a few weeks after-
wards. Subsequently, M. Rochefort
was transported to the penal settle-
ment of New Caledonia. In 1874 he,.
with Grousset, Gourde, Ballière, and
two other Communist prisoners, suc-
ceeded in escaping from the island.
They left as stowaways on board a
vessel bound for Newcastle, New
South Wales, reached Sydney in
safety, and sailed soon afterwards.
for Europe. On June 16, 1874, M.
Rochefort arrived at Queenstown,
where, but for the intervention of
the Royal Irish Constabulary, he
would have met with rough treat-
ment at the hands of an excited mob.
He next came to London, and after-
wards proceeded to Switzerland.
ROCHEFOUCAULD - BISACCIA
-
ROEBUCK.
851
(DUC DE) MARIE C'HARLES GABRIEL ROEBUCK, THE RIGHT HON.
SOSTHENES, Comte de la Rochefou- JOHN ARTHUR, M.P., grandson of Dr.
cauld and Duc de Bisaccia, a French John Roebuck, of Sheffield, maternally
statesman and diplomatist, is the descended from the poet Tickell, was
second son of the Duc de la Roche-born at Madras in 1802, went to
foucauld-Doudeauville, and brother of Canada in boyhood, and left that
the present Duc de Doudeauville. He country in 1824 for the purpose of
was born Sept. 1, 1825. During the studying law in England. He was
existence of the Empire the Duke, admitted a barrister of the Inner
like almost all his compeers, held Temple in 1831, and chosen member
entirely aloof from public life. After for Bath at the first election after the
the war with Germany he was re- Reform Bill. The character of a
turned to the National Assembly at thorough Reformer, which he won in
Bordeaux as a representative of the this arena, led to his appointment, in
department of La Sarthe, Feb. 8, 1835, as agent for the House of As-
1871, when he polled 41,207 votes, sembly of Lower Canada during the
being the last on the list of nine suc- dispute pending between the Execu-
cessful candidates. He was chosen tive Government and the House of
leader of the Legitimist Right, Assembly. Mr. Roebuck commenced
though he was always a supporter of the publication of a series of political
the Fusion; and he was elected a
member of the Committee of Thirty.
In Dec., 1873, he accepted the post of
Ambassador from the French Re-
public to the Court of St. James's.
Thus, for the first time since the
Revolution of 1830, France was repre-
sented in London by an avowed Le-
gitimist and a personal adherent of
Henry V. The duke went to Paris in
order to be present at the sitting of
the Assembly on June 15, 1874, when
a resolution was proposed for the
definite organization of the French
Republic. It was carried by a very
narrow majority. When it had been
disposed of, the duke rose in his place
and made a motion of his own amid
a profound silence, followed by pro-
longed sensation. The Marshal-
President's Ambassador in London
actually proposed nothing less than
the immediate declaration of the Mo-
narchy under the Head of the House
of France, and the subsidence of the
existing Chief of the State, from whom
he held his credentials as Ambassador,
into the Monarch's Lieutenant-Gen-
eral. The motion was rejected by a
majority of sixty voices, and the duke,
as a matter of course, almost immedi-
ately afterwards withdrew from the
English Embassy.
ROCHESTER, BISHOP OF. (See
THOROLD, DR.)
Pamphlets for the People," in
which, having assailed the whole body
of political editors, reporters, and
contributors to the press, particularly
those of the Morning Chronicle, he
became involved in what is called an
affair of honour, and fought a very
harmless duel with the late Mr. Black,
the editor of that journal. In the
country he was a popular favourite,
though the plain speaking he had
practised towards the Whigs, whom
he regarded as false to the cause of
progress, lost him his seat at the
general election in Aug., 1837. He
regained it in June, 1841, but was
again defeated at the general election
in Aug., 1847, and from May, 1849,
till 1868, he represented Sheffield.
Mr. Roebuck is a bold and unsparing
orator, and has particularly distin-
guished himself in his replies to Mr.
Disraeli. In Jan., 1855, he brought
forward in the House of Commons a
motion for inquiry into the conduct
of the war, known to history as
Sebastopol Committee." The Aber-
deen Government resisting the in-
quiry, was beaten, on a division, by a
majority of 157, and compelled to
resign. Mr. Roebuck had no place
in the new Cabinet, but acted as
chairman of the committee appointed
through his exertions. In Dec., 1855,
he was an unsuccessful candidate for
(C the
3 1 2
852
ROGERS.
the Chairmanship of the Metropolitan
Board of Works at a salary of £1500,
standing third on the list at the close
of the poll. In 1856 he accepted the
Chairmanship of the Administrative
Reform Association, from which great
things were expected, though, after
publishing a luminous programme,
the society became extinct. Mr. Roe-
buck has written" Plan for Govern-
ment of our English Colonies," pub-
lished in 1849, and "History of the
Whig Ministry of 1830," in 1852, a
work of great ability. In 1868 he
lost his seat at Sheffield in conse-
quence of his denunciation of the
tyrannical proceedings of Trades
Unions, but he was returned at the
head of the poll at the general elec-
tion of Feb., 1874. He was sworn
of the Privy Council, Aug. 14, 1878.
""
(*
;
ROGERS, THE REV. CHARLES,
LL.D., was born April 18, 1825, at
Dunino, Fifeshire, of which parish
his father was minister. He studied
at the University of St. Andrews, and
became a probationer of the Esta-
blished Church in 1846. He was or-
dained Chaplain of Stirling Castle in
1855, which office he resigned in
1863. He has since resided in Lon-
don. Among his publications are
Scotland, Social and Domestic
"Monuments and Monumental In-
scriptions in Scotland," 2 vols.
"Boswelliana, with a Memoir of
James Boswell ;" "A Century of
Scottish Life;""Traits and Stories
of the Scottish People;” “Christian
Heroes in the Army and Navy;
and Our Eternal Destiny." Dr.
Rogers has edited "The Poetical
Remains of King James I. of Scot-
land," "Hay's Estimate of the Scot-
tish Nobility," "Poetical Remains of
the Earl of Glencairn, Henry Bal-
naves, and John Davidson," and
"The Poems of Sir Robert Aytown."
He has edited the "Register of the
Collegiate Church of Trail," and the
"Charters of St. Anthony's Chapel,"
Leith; and has, conjointly with
another, edited in two thick octavo
volumes the Diocesan Registers of
Glasgow." His "Lyra Britannica,"
""
of which an illustrated edition is now
in progress, contains memoirs of the
hymn-writers, while the hymns are
presented in the precise words of the
original writers. Dr. Rogers' best-
known work, "The Modern Scottish
Minstrel," originally appeared in six
volumes, Svo; it has been reprinted
in one volume, royal octavo, and in
this form has attained a circulation
of upwards of ten thousand copies.
In 1855 Dr. Rogers commenced a
series of improvements at Stirling,
which have resulted in the complete
restoration of that burgh, the ancient
favourite resort of the Scottish
Court. In 1856 he originated the
movement for rearing a national
monument to the patriot Wallace, on
the Abbey Craig, near Stirling, an
undertaking completed in 1869, at
the cost of £14,000. A movement
for commemorating King Robert the
Bruce, which he started in 1870, was
completed in Nov., 1877, by the
public inauguration of a monumental
statue by Currie, erected by permis-
sion of Government on the esplanade
of Stirling Castle. He is originator
and Secretary of the Grampian Club,
a successful organization for publish-
ing original or rare works on Scottish
antiquities, and he is Historiographer
to the Royal Historical Society, of
which he is the founder. In 1868 he
suggested a system of a card postage,
which was afterwards adopted by the
Government. Through his efforts a
monument was reared to James Hogg,
the Ettrick Shepherd, in the Vale of
Yarrow. Dr. Rogers has latterly en-
gaged in genealogical pursuits, his
best-known and most elaborate works
in this department being his " Memo-
rials of the Earl of Stirling and of
House
the
of Alexander, his
"Memoirs of the Families of Sir
Walter Scott and Robert Burns,” and
his "Memorials of the Families of
Christie, Strachan, and Wise." He
is F.S.A. Scot., Fellow of the Society
of Northern Antiquaries, Copenhagen,
Member of the Historical Societies of
Pennsylvania and Quebec, and Cor-
responding Member of the Historical
**
ROKITANSKYROON.
and Genealogical Society of New | 1870; and the "Harveian Oration,”
England.
1873.
ROKITANSKY, KARL, physician,
born at Königsgrätz, in Bohemia,
Feb. 20, 1804, studied medicine at
Prague and Vienna, and received his
degree of Doctor in 1828. He was
attached to the establishment of
Pathological Anatomy in Vienna, was
appointed Demonstrator in the Grand
Clinical School, Legal Anatomist, &c.,
and conducted in the course of a few
years more than 30,000 dissections
and post-mortem examinations. In
1848 he was named Honorary Rector
of the University of Prague, and
Member of the Academy of Sciences
of Vienna; in 1849, Dean of the
Professors of the School of Medicine,
and in 1850, Rector of the University
of Vienna. Though Rotitansky has
not written much, he is esteemed in
Germany as the chief of his school.
His principal work is a "Manual of
Pathological Anatomy," published at
Vienna in 1842-6. It was translated
into English by the Sydenham So-
ciety, and published in London in
1845-50. There was a grand celebra-
tion of Rokitansky's seventieth birth-
day in the hall of the Academy of
Sciences at Vienna, Feb. 20, 1874.
ROLLESTON, GEORGE, M.D.,
F.R.S., was born July 30, 1829, at
Maltby, Yorkshire. He was educated
at Gainsborough Grammar School,
Sheffield Collegiate School, and Pem-
broke College, Oxford, being elected
a Fellow of that Society in 1851.
After studying medicine at St. Bar-
tholomew's Hospital, London, he be-
came Assistant Physician, British
Civil Hospital, Smyrna, in the Crimean
war, 1855-56; Assistant-Physician to
the Children's Hospital, London, in
1857; Physician to the Radcliffe Infir-
mary, Oxford, in 1857; Lee's Reader
in Anatomy at Christ Church, Oxford,
in 1857; Linnæan Professor of An-
atomy and Physiology, Oxford, in
1860; Fellow of the Royal Society in
1862; and a Fellow of Merton Col-
lege, Oxford, in 1872. Dr. Rolleston
is the author of "Report on Smyrna,"
1856; "Forms of Animal Life,"
-
853
ROON, ALBRECHT COUNT VON,
Field Marshal of the German Empire
and Minister of War and Marine, was
born at Pleushagen, near Colberg,
April 30, 1803, and educated at the
Berlin Barracks, whence, on Jan. 9,
1819, he entered as Second Lieutenant
of the 14th Infantry, and from 1825
to 1827 he attended assiduously the
Military Academy. He had, in
January, 1826, however, been trans-
ferred to the 15th Infantry, and in
1828 was ordered for service to the
Corps of Cadets, being promoted for
that purpose in July, 1831. In the
winter of 1832 Von Roon was ordered
to the head-quarters of the Prussian
Corps of Observation on the Rhine,
under General von Müffling, when he
had the opportunity of studying actual
warfare, witnessing the siege of Ant-
werp. In 1833 and 1834 he was em-
ployed in the Topographical Bureau,
and in 1835 was relegated to the
Grand General Staff. In 1836 he
was made a Captain and Examiner
to the Higher Military Commission.
From 1838 to 1841 Von Roon was
Tutor in the General Military Aca-
demy; and in 1841 he was engaged
in a reconnoitring expedition through
Bohemia, Moravia, and Hungary, as
also in the expedition of the General
Staff to Silesia. In April, 1842, he
received his nomination as Major,
but in November of the same year
resumed his post as Tutor in the
General Military Academy. In 1843
he was transferred to the General
Staff, and was employed at the same
time as Military Tutor to Prince
Frederick Charles. On Feb. 3, 1846,
he was nominated Military Governor
to the Prince. Major von Roon also
published a work in three volumes,
entitled “Grundzüge der Erd-, Völ
ker-und Staatenkunde," Berlin, 1847-
55, which has passed into a third
edition. In August, 1848, he was
named Chief of the General Staff of
the Eighth Army Corps, in which
capacity he participated in the cam-
paign in Baden, and in the various
854
ROSCOE-ROSE.
|
fights before Rastatt, on the Murg,
&c. ; for his services he received the
Order of the Red Eagle of the Third
Class. On Sept. 26, 1850, he was
promoted to be First Lieutenant, and
three months later to the command
of the 33rd Infantry Regiment. On
Dec. 2, 1851, he was made a Colonel,
and received in June, 1856, the com-
mand of the 20th Infantry Brigade in
Posen, attaining on Oct. 15 of the
same year the rank of Major-General.
As such he undertook, in November,
1858, the command of the 14th Divi-
sion in Düsseldorf, and six months
later became Lieutenant - General.
The Prince Regent, whose especial
confidence Lieutenant-General von
Roon had won, offered him, on Dec.
5, 1859, the portfolio of Minister of
War. On April 16, 1861, he further
became Minister of Marine. The
ability with which he discharged
these responsible duties is manifest by
the successful arrangements made for
the campaigns of 1864 (Schleswig-
Holstein) and 1866. On June 8, 1866,
he was promoted to be a General of
Infantry, taking part in the Bohemian
campaign in the head-quarters of the
King, and in the battle of Königs-
grätz. In recognition of his multi-riage with Miss Elizabeth Fyfe, was
plied services in the organization of born in Aberdeenshire in 1820. He
the army he received the Order of the received his education at King's Col-
Black Eagle and a national dotation. lege, Aberdeen, after which he pro-
More recently he gained fresh laurels ceeded to Canada, and was called to
during the war between Germany and the bar there in 1840. He was made
France (1870-71). He was appointed a Queen's Counsel in 1849; Solicitor-
Minister of War in the Prussian General in 1859; represented Mon-
Cabinet, but resigned that post in treal in the Parliament of Canada
Dec., 1872.
from 1859 to 1869; and held succes-
sively the offices of Minister of Public
Works, Receiver-General, and Minis-
ter of Finance of Canada; was Com-
missioner for Great Britain under the
treaty for the settlement of claims
against the United States arising out
of the Oregon treaty; became a mem-
ber of the Queen's Privy Council for
Canada in 1867; and was nominated
a K.C.M.G. Jan. 18, 1870. He was
created a baronet in Aug., 1872; and
was nominated G.C.M.G. Oct. 29,
1878, in recognition of his services as
Executive Commissioner of Canada
researches, more especially for his
investigation of the chemical action
of light, and of the combinations of
Vanadium." Professor Roscoe has
published several series of investiga-
tions on the Measurement of the
Chemical Action of Light in conjunc-
tion with Professor Bunsen, of Hei-
delberg, and is author of many papers
in the Philosophical Transactions and
scientific journals on other subjects;
also of "Lessons in Elementary
Chemistry," since translated into
German, Russian, Hungarian, and
Italian, and republished in America;
"Lectures on Spectrum Analysis,
1869, 5th edit. 1878; and, conjointly
with Professor Schorlemmer, F.R.S.,
of a "Treatise on Chemistry," vol.
i., 1877, in which the facts and
principles of Science are more fully
expounded than in the smaller work.
The University of Dublin conferred
upon him the honorary degree of
LL.D. in 1878. He was joint editor
with Professors Huxley and Balfour
Stewart of Macmillan's Science Pri-
mer Series, and author of the "Che-
mistry Primer."
|
ROSE, SIR JOHN, Bart., G.C.M.G.,
son of Mr. William Rose by his mar-
ROSCOE, HENRY ENFIELD, F.R.S.,
born Jan. 7, 1833, in London, is
grandson of William Roscoe, Esq.,
of Liverpool, and sou of Henry
Roscoe, Esq., barrister-at-law. He
was educated at Liverpool High
School, University College, London,
and Heidelberg. (B.A., London,
1852); was appointed Professor of
Chemistry at Owens College, Man-
chester, in 1858; elected a Fellow of
the Royal Society in 1863; and
received the Royal Medal of that
Society, in 1873, "for his chemical
ROSEBERY-ROSS.
at the Paris Exposition, and Member
of the Finance Committee.
near Liverpool, Aug. 15, 1817, was
consecrated Roman Catholic Bishop
of Nottingham, Sept. 21, 1853. In
Sept., 1874, he sent in his resignation,
which was accepted by the Holy See.
ROSEBERY (EARL OF), THE
RIGHT HON. ARCHIBALD PHILIP
PRIMROSE, son of the late Archibald
Lord Dalmeny by Lady Catharine
Lucy Wilhelmina, only daughter of
the fourth Earl Stanhope, was born
in London in 1847, and received his
education at Eton, and at Christ
Church, Oxford. He succeeded to
the title on the death of his grand-
father, the fourth Earl of Rosebery,
in 1868. The first time he ever spoke
in public was in 1871, when, at the
opening of Parliament, he was selected
by the Prime Minister, Mr. Glad-
stone, to second the address in reply
to the speech from the throne. He
soon took a decided position on the
question of national education, and
when the Government Education Bill
for Scotland was before the House of
Peers he moved an amendment to it
by which he aimed at the exclusion
of catechisms from public schools.
He also spoke in the same session on
Lord Russell's motion regarding the
Alabama Treaty; and he was ap-
pointed Commissioner to inquire into
Endowments in Scotland. In the
session of 1873 Lord Rosebery was
much engaged in an endeavour to
obtain a Committee of Inquiry on
the supply of horses in this country.
He moved for, and obtained the
Committee, and was made the chair-
man of the same. It may be said
that to the labours of that Committee
the remission of the taxes on horses
is fairly due. During the session of
1874 Lord Rosebery moved for, and
was made the chairman of, a Com-
mittee on the Scotch and Irish Re-nadian Birds," "Remains of the Ele-
presentative Peerages. He was Pre- phas americanus and Mastodon gigan-
sident of the Social Science Congress teus" found in Canada, 1875; "Re-
which met at Glasgow Oct. 1, 1874. collections and Experiences of an Abo-
On Nov. 16, 1878, he was elected litionist from 1855 to 1865," Toronto,
Lord Rector of the University of 1875; and "Mammals and Fresh-
Aberdeen in succession to Mr. W. E. Water Fish of Canada," 1878. Dr.
Forster. His lordship married. March Ross has, in recognition of his achieve-
20, 1878, Hannah, daughter of Baron ments as a naturalist, been made a
Meyer de Rothschild.
Chevalier of the Order of St. Anne of
the Russian Empire; Chevalier of the
Legion of Honour of France; Cheva-
ROSS, ALEXANDER MILTON, M.D.
was born at Belleville, Ontario, Ca-
nada, Dec. 13, 1832. He was edu-
cated at Belleville, and became a
member of the College of Physicians
and Surgeons of Ontario. He was
appointed Surgeon, and served tem-
porarily in the American army dur-
ing the civil war. During the past
twenty-five years he has been en-
gaged in collecting and classifying
the Flora and Fauna of British North
America. He has collected and clas-
sified 570 species of birds that regu-
larly or occasionally visit the Cana-
dian provinces; 240 species of eggs
of birds that breed in Canada; 247
species of mammals, reptiles, and
fresh-water fish; 3,400 species of
insects belonging to the orders of
Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Neu-
roptera; and 2,200 species of Cana-
dian flora. Dr. Ross has, by his
labours, enriched the Natural History
Museums of Paris, St. Petersburg,
Milan, Rome, Athens, Lisbon, Con-
stantinople, Tiflis, Brussels, and Dres-
den with valuable contributions of
Canadian flora and fauna. Several of
his literary productions have been re-
published in France and Italy. His
chief publications are:-"Birds of Ca-
nada," 1872; "Butterflies and Moths
of Canada," 1873 ; "Flora of Canada,
1874; Forest Trees of Canada,"
1874; monographs on "Architecture
of Canadian Birds' Nests," "Food of
Canadian Birds," "Migrations of Ca-
|
|
855
ROSKELL, THE RIGHT REV.
RICHARD, D.D., born at Gateacre,
""
856
lier of the Order of the Crown of
Italy; Chevalier of the Order of the
Redeemer of the Kingdom of Greece;
Knight of the Military Order of the
Conception of the Kingdom of Por-
tugal; Knight of the Saxon Order of
Albert, of the Kingdom of Saxony.
ROSS-CHURCH, FLORENCE MAR-
RYAT, daughter of the late Capt.
Marryat, the well-known novelist,
was born at Brighton, July 9, 1837,
and educated at home. She was
appointed editor of London Society in
June 1872, and has been a large con-
stant contributor to magazines and
newspapers. Her works have been re-
published in America and Germany,
and translated into French, German,
Russian, and Swedish. Among them
are-" Love's Conflict," and "Too
Good for Him," 1865; "Woman
against Woman," and "For Ever and
Ever," 1866; "Confessions of Gerald
Estcourt," and "Nelly Brooke,"
1867 ; "Girls of Feversham," and
Verdique," 1868; "Petronel," 1869;
"Her Lord and Master." 1870
Prey of the Gods," 1871; "Life and
Letters of Capt. Marryat," 1872;
"Mad Dumaresq," and "No Valen-
tines," 1873; "A Little Stepson,"
1877;
"Her Word against a Lie,"
1878.
(
ROSS-CHURCH-ROSSETTI.
a
(C
C
|
ROSSETTI, CHRISTINA GEORGINA,
was born in London, Dec., 1830, and
educated at home. Miss Rossetti is
the author of "Goblin Market, and
other Poems," 1862; "The Prince's
Progress, and other Poems," 1866;
Commonplace and other Short
Stories, in Prose," 1870; "Sing Song,
Nursery Rhyme-book," 1872;
Speaking Likenesses," 1874; and
"Annus Domini: a Prayer for each
Day of the Year; founded on a Text
of Holy Scripture," 1874.
|
several of which became popular.
He was Chief of the Police of Pitesti
in 1842; became Procurator at the
Civil tribunal of Bucharest, which he
resigned in 1845, went to reside at
Paris, and married Mary Grant, an
Englishwoman. Though of aristo-
cratic descent, he was carly imbued
with democratic opinions, and, to the
surprise of the Boyards, opened a
bookseller's shop in 1846 at Bucha-
rest. The same year he was elected
a member of the Revolutionary Com-
mittee of Roumania; was arrested
by the police, June 9, rescued next
day by the people, and revenged him-
self on Prince Bibesco, by saving him
from the fury of the insurgents. This
generous action was greatly applauded
by the people, who bore Rossetti in
triumph.
triumph. He was made Chief of the
Police at Bucharest, and afterwards
Director of the Ministry of the Inte-
rior. It was at this time he founded
a democratic newspaper, styled the
Nurse of Roumania. In September
he was sent to the camp of Fuad
Effendi to protest against the esta-
blishment of the organic rule, was
arrested with his companions, and
transported to Orsova, and his wife,
by her heroic efforts, effected his de-
liverance. In 1850 he took refuge in
Paris, where he established various
newspapers, and published several
works supporting the cause of his
country. Rossetti returned to his na-
tive country, and was in 1861 Minister
of Public Instruction and of Worship
at Jassy.
ROSSETTI, CONSTANTINE, poet
and revolutionary writer, born at
Bucharest, about 1816, after serving
in the militia from 1836 till 1838,
devoted himself to letters. His first
attempts were translations from
Byron, Voltaire, and Lamartine, and
in 1840 he published a collection of
songs in the dialect of Roumania,
ROSSETTI, DANTE GABRIEL, son
of the well-known Gabriel Rossetti,
the commentator on Dante, and Pro-
fessor of Italian at King's College,
London, was born in London, in 1828,
and was named Dante in memory
of the literary labours to which his
father was chiefly devoted. As he
grew up to boyhood, he exhibited
great taste for art, which he even-
tually resolved to follow as a profes-
sion, and is known as a designer for
the better class of illustrated works.
His name is familiar to the public as
a fellow-worker with Madox Brown,.
ROSSETTI-ROSSI.
William Holman Hunt, Millais, and
others of the" Pre-Raphaelite" school,
although we believe he has not hitherto
sent a picture to the exhibitions of
the Academy. Mr. D. G. Rossetti, who
belongs to a gifted literary family,
published in 1861 a work entitled
The Early Italian Poets," and in
1870 a volume of "Poems."
ROSSETTI, WILLIAM MICHAEL,
brother of Dante Gabriel and Chris-
tina Georgina Rossetti, was born in
London, Sept. 25, 1829, and educated
at King's College School, London.
He was appointed in Feb., 1845, to|
an extra Clerkship in the Excise
Office, London (now the Inland
Revenue Office), and became in July,
1869, Assistant-Secretary in the same
office. In March, 1874, he married
Lucy, elder daughter of Ford Madox
Brown, the painter. She is an artist,
and has exhibited at the Royal Aca-
demy. Mr. Rossetti has been a critic
of fine art and literature since 1850.
He acted in that capacity (principally
as regards Fine Art) for the Critic,
Spectator, Reader, Saturday Review,
London Review, Chronicle (weekly),
Fraser's Magazine, and the Academy.
He was much mixed up (along with
his brother, Millais, Holman Hunt,
Woolner, and two others) in the
"Præ-Raphaelite" movement in fine
art, from its commencement in 1848 ;
edited and wrote in The Germ, the
magazine got up by the Pre-Raphael-
ites in 1850. He has published
"Dante's Comedy, the Hell," trans-
lated into blank verse, highly literal,
1865; "Fine Art, chiefly Contempo-
rary," 1867, a volume of republished
criticisms; an edition of Shelley,
1870, with a memoir, and a large body
of notes; this was in 2 vols., and
was re-issued in 3 vols., revised, in
1878; "Lives of Famous Poets,"
1878, being brief biographies of
23 British poets, from Chaucer to
Longfellow, some of them reproduced
from the series named "Moxon's
Popular Poets," and others added.
Mr. Rossetti edited this last-named
series, 1870 to 1875, including 2 vols.
of American poems and humorous
857
poems, selected. He also edited, with
a full memoir, the edition of Wm.
Blake's Poems, in the Aldine series
and issued a selection, in 1868, of the
Poems of Walt. Whitman; likewise
works of different kinds, published
by the Early English Text Society,.
and the Chaucer Society. Among
his other works are a poem of modern
life, in blank verse, entitled, "Mrs.
Holmes Grey," published in The
Broadway, about 1869; and a "Criti-
cism of Swinburne's Poems and Bal-
lads," 1866. Mr. Rossetti delivered in
1875 and 1876, at Birmingham and
Newcastle-on-Tyne, lectures on Shel-
ley's Life and Poems. Entertaining
and expressing independent opinions
on questions of art, literature, and
other matters, Mr. Rossetti has fre-
quently been in opposition to the
drift of feeling at the moment, and
has had the satisfaction of seeing,
after a while, that public opinion
came round much more nearly to
what he had himself expressed.
ROSSI, ERNESTO, an Italian actor,.
born at Leghorn, in 1829, received
his early education in his native
town, and afterwards studied law in
the University of Pisa. Having a
great liking for the stage, he used
often to take a part in amateur
theatricals, and also in the perform-
ances of a regular dramatic company
-that of Marchi. Subsequently he
entered the dramatic school which.
had just been founded by Gustavo
Modena. After having appeared at
Milan, Turin, and other Italian cities,
he went in 1853 with Malle. Ristori
to Paris, where, by his masterly act-
ing, he enabled the French public to
appreciate the works of several
Italian dramatists, and notably those
of Goldoni. Signor Rossi achieved a
like success at Vienna, and he then
returned to his native country, where
he established a dramatic company,
of which he himself took the manage-
ment. In 1866 he paid a second visit
to Paris, and appeared at the Théâtre
Français, on the occasion of the anni-
versary of Corneille, in an Italian
translation of "The Cid." After
858
ROST-ROUHER.
|
having visited Portugal and Spain,
interpreting with his company the
Shaksperian repertory, which be
has recently adopted, he returned to
Paris in 1875, and gave at the Salle
Ventadour, with remarkable suc-
cess, a series of Shaksperian repre-
sentations, in which he himself
played the leading parts. He next
visited London, where he met with
an equally enthusiastic reception.
M. Rossi, who has been styled the
"Italian Talma," is the author of
some dramatic pieces of no great
merit. He has been decorated with
the cross of SS. Maurice and Lazarus,
and with several foreign orders.
ROST, REINHOLD, Ph.D., was born
Feb. 2, 1822, at Eisenberg, in Saxe-
Altenburg, where his father was arch-
deacon, and educated at the Gymna-
sium at Altenburg and the University
of Jena, where he took his degree of
Ph.D. in 1847. Dr. Rost came to
London in the same year; was ap-
pointed Oriental Lecturer in St. Augus-
tine's College, Canterbury, in 1850;
Secretary to the Royal Asiatic So-
ciety in 1863; and Librarian to the
India Office in 1869. He has written
a descriptive catalogue of the palm-
leaf manuscripts belonging to the
Imperial Public Library of St. Peters-
burg, 1852; edited Prof. N. H. Wil-
son's "Essays on the Religion of the
Hindus, and on Sanskrit Literature,"
5 vols., London, 1861-65; and is now
engaged in making a catalogue rai-
sonné of the Sanskrit MSS. on palm-
leaves belonging to the India Office
Library. Dr. Rost attended the Con-
gress of Orientalists held at Florence
in Sept., 1878.
ROTHSCHILD, BARON LIONEL
NATHAN DE, son of the late Baron
Nathan Mere de Rothschild and
brother of Sir Anthony de Roths-
child, Bart., partner in the well-known
banking firm of Messrs. Rothschild
and Co., was born Nov. 22, 1808, and
succeeded to the title on the death of
his father, June 28, 1836. He was
first elected one of the members, in
the Liberal interest, for the City of
London, in Aug., 1847, and though
again returned in June, 1849, in July,
1852, and in March, 1857, was not,
owing to the exclusion of Jews from
the House of Commons, permitted to
take his seat and give his vote as a
member of the legislature until 1858,
when the standing orders were set
aside by a resolution in favour of
himself and his co-religionists. Baron
de Rothschild lost his seat as one of
the representatives of the City of
London at the general election of
Feb., 1874.
|
ROUHER, EUGÈNE, statesman,
born at Riom, Nov. 30, 1814, where
he studied jurisprudence, was ad-
mitted a member of the bar in 1838.
After the revolution of 1848, he was
returned to the Constituent Assembly
for the department of Puy-de-Dôme,
which he continued to represent in
the Legislative Assembly in 1849.
His career as a minister began with
his appointment as Minister of Jus-
tice by the President of the Republic,
Oct. 31, 1849, a post which he re-
signed July 18, 1851. He soon re-
sumed his connection with the minis-
try, and was re-appointed, Dec. 2, to
his former office, which he resigned
Jan. 22, 1852, and became Vice-
President of the Council of State.
He became Minister of Agriculture,
Commerce, and l'ublic Works, Feb.
3, 1855, and was nominated to the
Senate, June 18, 1856. It was in the
former capacity that he negotiated
with the late Mr. Cobden the treaty
of commerce and additional articles,
signed Jan. 22, 1860, by the plenipo-
tentiaries of the two powers, of whom
he was one. He succeeded M. Billault
as Minister of State, Oct. 18, 1863,
and became, ex officio, one of the
"speaking ministers," whose duty it
was "to explain and defend questions
placed before the Senate and the
Legislative Assembly." This arduous
duty he discharged with consummate
tact and ability during the next five
years against such formidable anta-
gonists as MM. Thiers, Berryer, and
Jules Favre. After the famous Im-
perial letter of Jan. 19, 1867, ad-
dressed to M. Rouher, with regard to
|
the Senatus-Consultum, he and his
colleagues resigned, but nearly all of
them were reinstated in office, in-
cluding M. Rouher, who was intrusted
provisionally with the portfolio of
Finance. The general election of
May, 1869, gave a majority to the
Government, but the interpellation of
the 116 was followed soon afterwards
by the prorogation of the Chamber
and the resignation of the ministry
(July 13). M. Rouher was not a mem-
ber of the remodelled cabinet, but by
an Imperial decree, dated the 20th of
July, he was nominated President of
the Senate. After the fall of the
Empire, M. Rouher followed his Im-
perial master to this country, where,
if common reports may be relied on,
he was mixed up with various in-
trigues for the restoration of the Na-
poleonic dynasty. He was returned
He was returned
to the National Assembly for Corsica
in Feb., 1872. At the general elec-
tion of Feb. 20, 1876, he presented
himself as a candidate in the three
arrondissements of Riom, Bastia, and
Ajaccio. He was elected by all three
constituencies, and having the sup-
port of the Prince Imperial, he
triumphed at Ajaccio over Prince
Napoleon, who had also come forward
as a candidate. M. Rouher elected
to sit for Riom, and his election was
annulled at Ajaccio, where he was
succeeded by Prince Napoleon on the
14th of May following. He was pro-
moted Grand Officer of the Legion of
Honour in 1856, Grand Cross, Jan.
25, 1860, and was named Grand Cor-
don of the Italian Order of SS. Mau-
rice and Lazarus in 1863.
(
ROUSSET-ROYSTON.
·
ROUSSET, CAMILLE FÉLIX
MICHEL, a French historian, born at
Paris, Feb. 15, 1821, became Professor
of History at Grenoble, next at the
Collége Bourbon (afterwards called
the Lycée Bonaparte), from 1845 to
1863, and in 1864 was appointed his-
toriographer and librarian to the Mi-
nistry of War. On Dec. 30, 1871, he
was elected a member of the French
Academy by 17 votes against 12 re-
corded for M. Vielcastel. M. Rousset
is the author of "Précis d'Histoire
859
de la Révolution Française," 1849;
"Histoire de Louvois et de son Ad-
ministration Politique et Militaire,"
4 vols., 1861-63, a work which in
three consecutive years gained the
first Gobert prize of the French
Academy; "Correspondance de Louis
XV. et du Maréchal de Noailles,"
2 vols., 1865; "Le Comte de Gisors,"
1868; and "Histoire de la Guerre de
Crimée," 2 vols., 1877.
1
++
ROWSELL, THE REV. THOMAS
JAMES, M.A., chaplain in ordinary to
the Queen, educated at Tonbridge
School, whence he took an exhibition,
and then at St. John's College, Cam-
bridge, was for seventeen years en-
gaged in the very laborious work of
St. Peter's district, Stepney, one of
the poor East-end parishes, and was
appointed, by the Bishop of London,
Rector of St. Margaret's, Lothbury, in
1860. He has been three times select
preacher before the University of
Cambridge, and on several occasions
preached at the special services in
St. Paul's and Westminster Abbey.
Having no parochial charge attached
to his benefice, Mr. Rowsell has been
actively employed on the Committee
of the Bishop of London's Fund, is
Honorary Secretary of the Metropo-
litan Visiting Association, and of
other societies in London. He was
appointed Honorary Chaplain to the
Queen in 1866, and one of her Ma-
jesty's Chaplains in Ordinary, Nov.
18, 1869. He resigned the rectory of
St. Margaret's, Lothbury, in June,
1872, when he became vicar of St.
Stephen's, Westbourne Park, Pad-
dington.
ROYSTON, THE RIGHT REV.
PETER SORENSON, D.D., son of Mr.
John Power Royston, late of Barns-
bury Park, London, was born in Lon-
don in 1830, and educated at St.
Paul's School and Trinity College,
Cambridge (B.A., 1853; M.A., 1861 ;
D.D., 1872). He was classical tutor
at the Church Missionary College,
1853-55; corresponding secretary to
the Church Missionary Society in
Madras, 1855-62, and 1864-66; was
appointed acting secretary to that
860
RUBINSTEIN-RUGE.
society in London in 1872, and in
December of the same year was con-
secrated Bishop of Mauritius, in suc-
cession to Dr. Huxtable.
stein has composed a large number
of "Studies" for the pianoforte, sona-
tas, romances, trios, overtures, and
symphonies.
RUFFINI, GIOVANNI DOMENICO,.
born at Genoa in Sept., 1807; studied
law in the University of Genoa, and
took his degree of advocate in 1830.
Three years later, in 1833, he emi-
grated, from political causes, taking
refuge in the south of France, and
subsequently in Switzerland. In 1836
he quitted Switzerland for England..
London, its climate excepted, im-.
pressed him very favourably, and he
applied himself vigorously to the
study of the English language. In
1842 his health obliged him to return
to the continent, and he settled in
Paris. On the promulgation of the
Statute in Piedmont, in 1848, he re-
turned to Italy, and was elected de-
puty to the Subalpine Parliament by
the little town of Taggia, near S..
Remo, where his family possessed.
some land. In the first months of
1849 he was appointed by King
Charles Albert Sardinian Minister in
Paris, but he quitted this post after.
the disastrous battle of Novara. In
1852, he published in London his first
English work,
English work, "Lorenzo Benoni,'
which was followed, at long intervals,
by "Dr. Antonio," "The Paragreens,"
Lavinia," " Vincenzo,' "A Quiet
Nook in the Jura," and "Carlino.'
The last-named story was published
in Good Words, and subsequently
printed, together with some smaller
sketches, by Baron Tauchnitz, of
Leipzig. Since April, 1875, Mr..
Ruffini has been settled at Taggia, a
picturesque little town on the Riviera,
where he spent part of his childhood,
and which he has described in two of
his novels.
ง
**
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RUBINSTEIN, ANTHONY, a Rus-
sian pianist and composer, born at
Wechwotynetz, on the frontier of
Roumania, Nov. 30, 1829, was taken
to Moscow while quite a child, and
studied the piano under Alexis Vil-
loing, after having received prelimi-
nary instruction from his mother.
He made his first appearance in pub-
lic when only eight years old, and at
the age of ten went with his teacher
to Paris, where he resided two years,
performing at several concerts with a
success which won for him the en-
couragement and the advice of Liszt.
Next he visited England, Sweden,
and Germany. At Berlin, where his
relatives had determined to settle for
some time, he studied composition
under Dehn. On the completion of
his course of instruction he devoted
himself for some time to teaching,
first at Berlin and afterwards at
Vienna. He then returned to his
native country, where he was ap-
pointed pianist to the Grand-Duchess
Helena, and subsequently director of
the concerts of the Russian Musical
Society. In the spring of 1868 he
again visited Paris, and he next came
to London, achieving, in both capi-
tals, a brilliant success as a pianist
and dramatic composer. Among his
operas are "Dimitri Donskoi," "Les
Chasseurs Sibériens," "La Ven-
geance, "Tom le Fou," "Les En-
fants des Bruyères," and "Lalla
Roukh," most of them represented in
St. Petersburg, Berlin, and Vienna,
and some of them in London; "Nero,'
represented at Covent Garden Theatre
in 1877. His oratorio, "Paradise
Lost," has been often performed with
great success: notably in the Salle de
la Noblesse at St. Petersburg, on Dec.
17, 1876. His sacred drama, "The
Maccabees," was produced at the
Imperial Opera House, Vienna, in
1878; and he is now engaged in the
composition of a new opera, entitled
|
"""
RUGE, ARNOLD, Ph.D., writer and
philosopher, frequently called the
father of the "German Revolution,'
born at Bergen, in the Prussian island
of Rügen, in 1802, studied at the uni--
versities of Halle, Jena, and Heidel-
berg, and as a member of the secret
political society of students,the Tugen-
"Ivan Kalashorikoff." M. Rubin-bund, was imprisoned for six years..
>>
";
""
an
1
861
""
'Whilst undergoing this sentence, he | effort in the cause of modern art,
and it was enlarged into a standard
work, entitled "Modern Painters,'
the first volume of which appeared
in 1843. The author's success as a
writer on art was decided by the
warm reception accorded to this
volume, of which several editions
have since been published. Mr. Rus-
kin's views, however, were combated
with bitter asperity by some of the
art critics of the day, who resented
with an affectation of contempt his
free expression of dissent from the
trammels of their school. In his
second volume of " Modern Painters,'
written after a residence in Italy, and
published in 1846, he took a much
wider survey of the subject originally
entered upon, including the works
of the great Italian painters, and dis-
cussed at length the merits of their
respective schools. This, his chief
work, has been completed by the pub-
lication of three additional volumes,
the last of which, published in 1860,
contains illustrations by himself. Mr.
Ruskin temporarily diverted his at-
intention from the study of painting to
that of architecture, and wrote "The
Seven Lamps of Architecture," pub-
lished in 1849, as a first result,
followed by the first volume of "The
Stones of Venice," in 1851; the se-
cond and third volumes of which
appeared in 1853. The illustrations
in the last-named productions, which
excited some of the same professional
sus-hostility that his first publication
evoked, displayed to much advantage
his artistic powers. Mr. Ruskin has
expounded his views both in lectures
and in newspapers and reviews,
having, as carly as 1847, contributed
articles to the Quarterly on Lord
Lindsay's "Christian Art. In 1851
he advocated Pre-Raphaelism, in
letters to the Times; and in 1853 he
lectured in Edinburgh on Gothic
Architecture. In addition to the
above-mentioned works, Mr. Ruskin
has written "Notes on the Construc-
tion of Sheepfolds," and "King of the
Golden River," illustrated by Doyle,
in 1851; "Two Paths," "Lectures on
RUSKIN.
translated the "Edipus in Kolonos
of Sophocles, and composed a patriotic
tragedy. After his liberation in 1830,
he became Professor at the University
of Halle, and commenced a successful
literary career by the publication of
several philosophical and critical
writings. With his friend Echter-
meyer, he, in 1838, established the
Annales de Halle, which opposed
Church and State. Its title was
changed to Annales Allemandes, and
it was replaced by the Nouvelliste in
1839. He emigrated to France, and
thence to Switzerland, and wrote his
"Zwei Jahre in Paris," published at
Leipsic in 1845, and an edition of
his collected works in ten volumes
appeared at Manheim in 1846. He
established a bookseller's business at
Leipsic in 1847, and after the revolu-
tion of 1848 published, first at Leipsic
and afterwards at Berlin, a Radical
journal called the Réforme. Elected
to the Frankfort Assembly, he was
one of the Extreme Left, and after-
wards went to Berlin and sat in the
Radical Congress. Having aided
some insurrectionary movements, he
was compelled to flee, and took refuge
in England, in July, 1850. He for
some time resided at Brighton, where
he contributed to German literature.
Great interest has been shown on his
behalf by his countrymen, many of
whom proposed to raise a fund by
subscription to indemnify him for
the pecuniary losses he has
tained on account of his political
opinions.
RUPERT'S LAND, BISHOP OF.
(See MACHRAy, DR.)
RUSKIN, JOHN, M.A., art critic,
son of a London merchant, born in
London in Feb., 1819, having been
educated at Christ Church, Oxford,
gained the Newdigate prize for poetry
in 1839, and devoted himself to the
cultivation of the pictorial art, which
he practised with success under
Copley Fielding and J. D. Harding.
A pamphlet in defence of Turner
and the modern English school of
landscape-painting was his first
"1
""
862
RUSSELL.
|
Architecture and Painting," in 1854;
"Notes to Pictures in the Royal Aca-
demy, Nos. 1 to 5," in 1854-9; "Giotto
and his Works in Padua," written for
the Arundel Society, of which he is
a member, in 1855; "Notes on the
Turner collection," in 1857; "Cam-
bridge School of Art," and "Lectures
on Art: Political Economy of Art,"
in 1858; "Elements of Perspective,"
and "Lectures on Art: Decoration
and Manufacture," in 1859; "Unto
this Last: Four Essays," republished
from the Cornhill Magazine, in 1862;
"Ethics of the Dust: Ten Lectures;
"Sesame and Lilies: Two Lectures;
and "Study of Architecture in our
Schools," in 1865; "Crown of Wild
Olive Three Lectures," in 1866; and
"The Queen of the Air: being a
Study of the Greek Myths of Cloud
and Storm." To the Art Journal he
contributed "The Cestus of Aglaia,"
and he has written for various periodi-
cals. Mr. Ruskin was appointed Rede
Lecturer, at Cambridge, in April,
1867, and the Senate conferred the
degree of LL.D. upon him, May
15. He was also elected Slade Pro-
fessor of Fine Art at Oxford, and in
1872 published "Aratra Pentilici:
Six Lectures on the Elements of
Sculpture, given before the Univer-
sity of Oxford in Michaelmas Term,
1870." In 1871 he proposed to devote
£5,000 for the purpose of an endow-
ment to pay a master of drawing in
the Taylor Galleries, Oxford, and this
handsome offer was, with some modi-
fications, accepted by the University
in Jan., 1872. He was re-elected to
the Slade Professorship of Fine Art,
March 1, 1876.
ment in Mauritius; was transferred
to the Grenadier Guards in 1847; pro-
ceeded with the Expeditionary Force
to Malta in Feb., 1854, and served
throughout the Crimean campaign.
He was present at the landing at Old
Fort, and at the battles of Alma, Ba-
laclava, Inkermann, and the siege of
Sebastopol; was appointed D.A.A.G.
and D.A.Q.G. after the battle of
Inkermann; was promoted Brevet-
Major for distinguished service in
the field; received the Victoria Cross
for his conduct at Inkermann, as
also the Crimean medal and four
clasps, the Turkish medal and order
of the Medjidie, and the order of
the Legion of Honour. He repre-
sented Berkshire in the Conservative
interest, in the Parliament of 1865-
68, and vacated his seat for that
county under the operation of the
minority vote. He was returned for
Westminster in 1874, which city he
still represents. He is Hon.-Col. of
the 46th Middlesex Volunteers. Sir
Charles is a Deputy Lieutenant and a
Justice of the Peace for Berkshire.
:
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RUSSELL, THE VERY REV.
CHARLES WILLIAM, D.D., born at
Killough, co. Down, Ireland, in 1812,
was educated at Drogheda School,
and St. Patrick's College, Maynooth ;
was appointed successively Professor
of Humanity and of Ecclesiastical
History in that College, and finally,
in 1857, its President. He was ap-
pointed a member of the Historical
Manuscripts Commission in 1869.
Dr. Russell has published translations
from the German of Canon von
Schmid's "Tales," 3 vols., 1846 (con-
jointly with the Rev. M. Kelly), and
of "Leibnitz's System of Theology,
with Introduction and Notes," 1850
a
"Life of Cardinal Mezzofanti,'
1858; and in conjunction with Mr.
J. Prendergast, a Report, presented
to Lord Romilly, Master of the Rolls,
"On the Carte MSS. in the Bodleian
Library," 8vo, Lond., 1871; and a
Calendar of State Papers, Ireland,
James I.," 4 vols., 1872-77. Dr.
Russell has also contributed to the
Dublin, Edinburgh, and
and North
""
""
RUSSELL, SIR CHARLES, Bart.,
M.P., eldest surviving son of the
late Sir Henry Russell, the second
baronet, by his second wife, Marie
Clotilde, daughter of Monsieur Mot-
tet de la Fontaine, was born at
Southern Hill, Reading, June 22,
1826. He was educated at Eton,
and succeeded his father as third
baronet, April 19, 1852. He was
appointed to the 35th regiment in
Aug., 1813; served with the regi-
|
RUSSELL.
863.
RUSSELL, THE REV. JOHN FUL-|
LER, F.S.A., graduated S.C.L. at St.
Peter's College, Cambridge, in 1837,
proceeded B.C.L. in 1838, and has
been Rector of Greenhithe, Kent,
since 1856, having previously been
Incumbent of St. James's, Enfield.
He has written a number of works
on the doctrine and discipline of the
Church of England; amongst them,
"The Exclusive Power of an Episco-
pally Ordained Clergy to Adminis-
ter the Sacraments," published in
1834; "Judgment of the Church on
the Sufficiency of Holy Scripture, and
the Value of Catholic Tradition," in
1837; Strict Observance of the Ru-
bric Recommended," in 1839; and
"Anglican Ordinations Valid, in
Reply to a Roman Catholic, Dr. Ken-
rick," in 1846. He wrote a "Letter
to the Right Hon. H. Goulburn on
the Religion and Morals of Cambridge
University," published in 1833;
"Life of Dr. Johnson," in 1847;
Sermons; several articles in the
Encyclopædia Metropolitana, and in
periodicals; was co-editor with Dr.
Hook of Selections from the Writing
ings of Anglican Divines," in 1840,
and with Dr. Irons of "Tracts of the
Anglican Fathers," in 1841; and
editor of "Hierurgia Anglicana; or,
Documents and Extracts Illustrative
of the Ritual of the Church of Eng-
land after the Reformation," in 1848.
He was examined, as an expert, by
the Royal Commissioners on Ritual
in 1867, and his oral and written evi-
dence is contained in their Second
Report. He is a member of the Coun-
cil of the Society of Antiquaries, of
the Central Committee of the Royal
Archæological Institute of Great
Britain and Ireland, and of the
Committee of the Ecclesiological
Society.
British Reviews, and other scientific | in the Vale of Clyde in 1808, received
and literary publications.
his education at the Universities of
Edinburgh, St. Andrews, and Glas-
gow, and graduated at the latter at
the age of sixteen. Evincing a very
early predilection for practical me-
chanics, his father permitted him to
be employed in the workshop as an
engineer, and afterwards assisted him
to prosecute his studies in cognate
sciences. In these he made such
advances, that on the death of Sir-
John Leslie, Professor of Natural
Philosophy in the University of
Edinburgh, in 1832, the young en-
gineer was selected to supply tem-
porarily the vacancy, and delivered a
complete course of lectures on natural
philosophy to the students. From
this time his career as a practical
engineer and shipbuilder became de-
cided, and whilst in Edinburgh he
built some small steamboats for canal
and river navigation, and constructed
steam-carriages for common roads,
which ran between Paisley and Glas-
gow for a considerable time. In a
few years he succeeded Mr. Caird, of
Greenock, as the manager of one of
the largest shipbuilding and engineer--
establishments in Scotland, where
he continued until his removal to
London in 1844, where he constructed
four large steamships, the Teviot, the
Tay, the Clyde, and the Tweed, for
the West India Royal Mail Company.
Meanwhile he had not neglected
science, but had applied its doctrines
to the mechanical arts.
As a ship-
builder, he was led to investigate the
laws by which water opposes resist-
ance to the motion of floating bodies,
and he established the existence of
the "wave of translation," on which
he founded his "Wave System" of
construction of ships, introduced into
practice in 1835. A paper bearing on
this subject was read before the Bri-
tish Association in 1835, and for some
years he continued his experiments,
which amounted to the almost in-
credible number of 20,000. It is only
fair to state, however, that his claim
to the originality of this discovery was
contested by the late Mr. Thomas
RUSSELL, JOHN SCOTT, M.A.,
F.R.S., Vice-President of the Institu-
tion of Civil Engineers and the Insti-
tution of Naval Architects, eldest son
of the Rev. David Russell, of the
family of Russell of Braidwood, born
|
'864
་
RUSSELL.
|
on his " wave principle was the
Wave, in 1835, which was followed by
the Scott Russell in 1836, and the
Flambeau and Fire King in 1839, all
of which proved successful. Mr. Scott
Russell's principle was adopted by
Mr. Brunel in designing the Great
Britain, and it has steadily made its
way both in this country and in the
United States, and was carried out in
the Great Eastern, the latest triumph
of Mr. Scott Russell's genius. A
memoir on the laws by which water
opposes resistance to the motion of
floating bodies was read by Mr. Scott
Russell before the Royal Society of
Edinburgh in 1837, and obtained for
him the large gold medal, and he was
elected a Fellow, and placed on the
Council of the Society. Ten years
later he was elected Fellow of the
Royal Society of London, and Member
of the Institution of Civil Engineers,
of which he is a Vice-President; has
long been an active member of the
British Association, is a member of
the Society of Arts, and was for some
time its Secretary. He was one of the
three original promoters of the Great
Exhibition of 1851, who, under the
direction of H.R. H. the late Prince
Consort, planned and organized the
preliminary arrangements, and, in
conjunction with Sir Stafford North-
cote, Bart., was Joint Secretary of the
Royal Commissioners for carrying out
the Exhibition. He was one of the
founders of the Institution of Naval
Architects, and is one of its Vice-
Presidents, and has contributed many
important papers to its Transactions.
He has compiled a large and costly
treatise, entitled "The Modern System
of Naval Architecture for Commerce
and War," which comprehends the
theory of naval design, the practice
of shipbuilding in iron and in wood,
the principles of steam navigation,
and is illustrated with 150 engravings,
containing the finest works of modern
shipbuilders and engineers. He is
also the author of a work entitled
"Systematic Technical Education for
A
|
Assheton Smith, the well-known fox-| the English People," 1869. In the
hunter. The first vessel constructed autumn of 1871, Mr. Russell came
prominently before the public as the
author of a scheme called "The New
Social Alliance." His object was to
effect a union between some of the
leading Conservative members of the
legislature and certain self-styled re-
presentatives of the working classes,
with a view to the amelioration,
through the intervention of the State,
of the condition of the working men.
It is hardly necessary to add that the
attempt proved abortive. His two
latest works have been the initiation
of railway transport across the sea,
by carrying railway trains on sea-
going ships; and the construction of
the largest vaulted dome in the world.
His plan of transporting railway
trains of goods or passengers over
seas on ships without disturbing the
passengers or displacing the goods,
was first carried out on the Boden
Sea, where the Swiss system of rail-
ways was parted from the German
system by a wide inland sea, with
sea-ports 12 to 20 miles asunder. At
these ports the passengers were turned
out and the goods transshipped out of
trains into ships on one side, and out
of ships into trains again on the other,
at great cost and with much delay;
whereas now, by the new system,
trains arrive on the
trains arrive on the seaside, their
own locomotive takes the entire train
of carriages and their contents on
board a steamer of spiral construction
for that service. The steamer crosses
over the sea about the same distance
as Calais from Dover, and on the
other side the German locomotive
draws the train on shore and carries
its contents undisturbed to Dresden
or Berlin. The system has now been
successfully in use some ten years
without the slightest accident. The
Great Dome at Vienna has been
equally successful, being the lightest,
strongest, and least costly building of
its size; its span is 360 feet diameter
clear, without column or support,
and it covers an area and encloses a
volume nearly as large as the whole
cathedral of St. Paul's.
The new
""
RUSSELL.
865
principle on which this building | Carew Russell, born at Littleton, co.
is constructed is called by its author Tipperary, in 1821, was educated at
"The Conic Form of Maximum Middleton School, co. Cork, and at
Strength."
Trinity College, Dublin. In 1847 he
proceeded to China as a missionary
in connexion with the Church Mis-
sionary Society, which appointment
he continued to hold till Dec., 1872,
when he was consecrated Bishop of
North China. He is the author of
twelve original treatises on Christi-
anity in the Chinese language, and
of translations of the Scriptures and
Prayer-book into Chinese.
RUSSELL, THE RIGHT HON. LORD
ODO WILLIAM LEOPOLD, was born
in 1829, being the youngest son of
the late Major-General Lord George
William Russell, G.C.B. He was ap-
pointed attaché to the embassy at
Vienna in 1849. Returning to Eng-
land in 1850, he spent nearly two
years at the Foreign Office, and in
1852 was attached in succession to
the embassies at Paris and Vienna.
He became second paid attaché at
Paris, in 1853, and first paid attaché
at Constantinople in the following
year. He was charged with the
affairs of the embassy during Lord
Stratford de Redcliffe's two visits to
the Crimea in 1855. Accompany-cated by the Rev. E. Geoghegan, a
ing Lord Napier to the United States mathematical and classical master of
in the spring of 1857, he was for a considerable reputation, who kept a
time paid attaché at Washington, school in Hume Street, Dublin, and
whence, in Nov., 1858, he was trans- at an early age he displayed a taste
ferred to Florence, with instructions, for literary pursuits, to which he was
however, to reside at Rome, with a in some measure led by the success of
commission as Secretary of Legation. his near relative, the Ven. John Rus-
He was temporarily attached in 1859 sell, Archdeacon of Clogher, whose
to Mr. (now Sir Henry George) Elliot's work," Wolfe's Remains," ran through
special mission to congratulate Fran- many editions. In 1838 he entered
cis II., King of the Two Sicilies, on Trinity College, Dublin, where he
his accession to the throne. In 1860 studied at intervals till 1842, but his
he was transferred to Naples, but intention to read for a Fellowship
continued to reside at Rome; and on was abandoned in consequence of the
the withdrawal of Her Majesty's more certain and immediate emolu-
mission from Naples in Nov., 1860, ment offered to him by the Times,
he continued to be "employed on
the editor of which was favourably
special service" at Rome till Aug. 9, impressed by the liveliness and
1870, when he was appointed Assis- humour of the descriptions of the
tant Under-Secretary of State for election scenes of 1841, which Mr.
Foreign Affairs. After a stay of Russell was asked to write by a
several months at the Emperor of gentleman of the same name, dis-
Germany's head-quarters at Ver-
Ver- tantly connected with him, who had
sailles, he returned to England, March been sent over by the leading journal
8, 1871, and in the following October to manage the Irish department dur-
he was appointed to succeed Lord ing that exciting period. In 1843 he
Augustus Loftus as Ambassador to was engaged as a member of the
Berlin. He was sworn of the Privy Parliamentary corps of the Times,
Council, Feb. 5, 1872. In the follow- and the year after his engagement
ing year he was raised, by royal war- he was selected to superintend the
rant, to the rank of a duke's son. business of the Railway Committees
and the large staff engaged in record-
ing their proceedings. But he was
RUSSELL. THE RIGHT REV. WIL-
LIAM ÁRMSTRONG son of Mr. Marcus
RUSSELL, WILLIAM HOWARD, de-
scended from an English family long
settled in the city of Limerick, was
born on March 28, 1821, at Lilyvale,
county of Dublin, the residence of
his maternal grandfather, Captain
Kelly, of Castle Kelly. He was edu-
3 K
866
RUSSELL.
chiefly employed in describing the
incidents of the repeal meetings and
similar demonstrations. For a short
period he ceased to write for the
Times, and received a special commis-
sion to visit the districts devastated by
the potato famine of 1846-7, of which
he gave a detailed and painful narra-
tive. In 1846 he entered the Middle
Temple, and married in the same year
Mary, the second daughter of Mr.
Peter Burrowes, of Warren Lodge,
co. Dublin. In 1850 he was called
to the bar, but his press engagements
prevented his close attention to the
Courts, and although he was employed
in several election petitions and
cases before Parliamentary Commit-
tees, he was not favoured by an ex-
cessive share of legal practice. In the
Danish war, and on occasions of un-
usual interest abroad, he was selected
for special service, and acquitted him-
self so entirely to the satisfaction of
his employers that on the outbreak
of the war of 1854 he was asked to
accompany the expeditionary force,
then represented by the Guards, to
Malta. After some hesitation, caused
by family considerations, and the
necessity of giving up his practice at
the bar, which was increasing, he
resolved to accept a position which
even at the outset was surrounded
with difficulty. The Government of
the day made no objections to the
mission. On the contrary they fa-
voured the novel idea. Lord Har-
dinge, the Commander-in-Chief, gave
Mr. Russell permission to go out with
the Guards from Southampton, and
he was actually on board the steamer,
and had his berth and place at mess
marked out, when, as they were
hauling out of dock, a telegram from
Lord Hardinge to Brigadier Bentinck,
indicating that the indecision which
so strongly characterised the conduct
of the Government was as fully de-
veloped at the Horse Guards, begged
Mr. Russell to give up the passage,
and he accordingly that night pro-
ceeded to Malta by Marseilles, and
arrived there in advance of the Guards.
In April he sailed with Sir George
Brown and the staff of the Light
Division to Gallipoli, and thus wit-
nessed the first occupation by British
troops of Turkish soil; but when he
presented himself at Lord Raglan's
head-quarters at Scutari, with a re-
quest for permission to draw rations
and camp with the Light Division or
Guards, he was refused, although the
Secretary of State for War had re-
presented that he was to receive
both. In fact, at the very first step
of the expedition, when the Rifle
Brigade landed at Gallipoli, Mr.
Russell had to call attention to neg-
lect and mismanagement, which were
made the subject of Parliamentary
inquiry and Ministerial denials, and
the senior officers in the East took
early umbrage at the freedom of
criticisms, which the results proved to
be but too well founded. However,
Mr. Russell sailed with the Light
Division to Varna, and some weeks
later was authorized by orders from
home to draw rations and forage.
When the expedition sailed from
Varna he embarked with Sir De Lacy
Evans and the head-quarter's staff of
the Second Division, and landed at
Old Fort on 14th Sept., 1854. He
was present at the battle of the Alma,
20th Sept.; at the battle of Bala-
clava, 25th Oct.; at the battle of
Inkermann, Nov. 5th; and shared
with the army the privations caused
by the storm of Nov. 14th and by the
trials of the winter siege, which re-
duced the British contingent to a
condition truly described by Lord
John Russell as "miserable, pitiable,
and heartrending." That condition
was mainly made known to the coun-
try by the letters of the Times' special
correspondent, and his efforts, which
were followed by much personal
hostility and ill-will in high quarters,
gave a mighty impetus to the im-
mense development of private enter-
prise and to the application of public
means, which saved the remnants of
the army. In June, 1855, after a life
of constant activity in the camp be-
fore Sebastopol, he sailed with the ex-
pedition to Kertch and Yeni-Kalé, and
|
RUSSELL.
867
returning thence, witnessed and de-
scribed the grand assaults on Sebas-
topol of 18th June and 8th Sept.,
1855. After a brief visit to England
in the winter of 1855, in which he
was received with many marks of
popular regard and offers of public
honour, he returned to the Crimea,
where he remained till the evacua-
tion of the Peninsula by the last of
the British forces. Scarcely was he
home ere he was asked to repair to
Moscow to describe the coronation of
the Emperor, and during his stay
there he received much attention
from Prince Gortschakoff, Prince
Esterhazy, and others. When the
Indian mutiny and revolt broke out
the year following he proceeded to
Calcutta as "Special Correspondent"
of the Times, and in several inter-
views with Lord Canning learned to
appreciate the wisdom, steadfastness,
and moderation of the Governor-
General, who was held up to obloquy
by a terrified press as "clemency
Canning," and "whose policy was
sustained in his letters home by Mr.
Russell, at the expense of his popu-
larity amongst the least enlightened,
who are the most numerous, of the
Anglo-Indians. However, Lord Clyde
took him into his complete confidence,
and Sir James Outram formed a
friendship with him which endured
to the death of the " Bayard of India."
He was with Lord Clyde during all
his operations, from the capture of
Lucknow till the suppression of the
mutiny, and served in Rohilcund,
Oude, &c., for which he received the
War Medal with Lucknow Clasp. In
1858 he returned to England, and
established the Army and Navy
Gazette, of which he is now editor
and principal proprietor, but his
health had suffered so severely from
sunstroke and bodily injury in India|pecting active operations against the
that he could not accept the proposals | Garibaldians in the valley. When
made to him to join the French army the war of 1870 burst on Europe the
in the war with Austria in 1859, and War Office at home refused to per-
he only visited Italy at the close of mit Capt. Hozier, who had acted as
the campaign as a visitor to officers special correspondent for the Times
whose acquaintance he made in the at the head-quarters of the King of
Crimea. In 1861, however, he was Prussia in 1866, to renew his con-
once more engaged as "War Cor-
respondent," and went to the United
States, where he was received with
much distinction by President Lin-
coln, Mr. Seward, and General Scott
in the North, and by Mr. Jefferson
Davis and the Confederate authori-
ties in the South; but having written
an account of the rout of the Federal
army at the first battle of Bull Run,
on 21st July, 1861, in which he was
unluckily involved, he became the
most unpopular person in the North-
ern States, and was assailed by con-
stant abuse and invective in the
press. On being refused leave by
Secretary Stanton to sail with Gen.
M'Clellan, who had invited him to
the head-quarters of the disastrous
expedition against Richmond, in the
year following, Mr. Russell resolved
to return to England, where he re-
mained in quiet for some years,
chronicling such events as the laying
of the Atlantic cable and the Royal
Wedding at Windsor, and engaged
in literary pursuits and in the con-
duct of his paper; but on the out-
break of the war between Prussia and
Austria, in 1866, he was requested to
proceed post haste to the Austrian
army, where the Times was repre-
sented by an officer whose early letters
gave no proof of the high excellence
to which he has since attained as a
military writer. Mr. Russell was just
able to reach Josefstadt, where the
Feldzeugmeister von Benedek had his
head-quarters three days before the
fatal battle of Koniggrätz, and suc-
ceeded with great difficulty in escap-
ing with the beaten army from the
terrible calamity of Sadowa. He re-
mained in Austria till peace was
concluded, and at the time of the
armistice being signed was with the
corps of Kuhn in the Trentino, ex-
3 K 2
868
RUTLAND.
??
nection with that journal, and Mr.
Russell, who was in expectation of
being permitted to join the French
army, went at very short notice to
Berlin, where he was received by the
King, the members of the Royal
Family, and Prince Bismarck just
before the army had concentrated on
the Rhine, and thence he set out to
join the head-quarters of the Crown
Prince, which he reached the very
day of the battle of Wörth. He was
attached as a guest to the staff of
His Royal Highness, and was pre-
sent at the battle of Sedan, and at
the siege and fall of Paris, which he
entered with the Prussian troops, and
remained in France till peace was
signed. More recently he has chroni-
cled for the Times the incidents of
the Prince of Wales's visit to India.
He was a juror at the International
Paris Exhibition of 1878, and for his
services was nominated an Officer
of the Legion of Honour. Mr. Rus-
sell has received, in addition to the
Indian War Medal and Clasp of
1857-8, the Iron Cross of Prussia, the
War Medal for 1870-1, the Turkish
War Medal for the Crimea, the Order
(4th class) of the Medjidie, the
Order (4th class) of the Osmanieh,
the Order of Franz Josef (Com-
mander) of Austria, and the Order of
St. Sauveur. On his return to Eng-
land from the Crimea he received
the degree of LL.D. from the
University of Dublin. Of the
first edition of his "Letters from
the Crimea," published in 1855-6,
upwards of 20,000 copies were
sold at once. An enlarged edi-
tion, published in 1857, and partly
rewritten, had also a very large sale.
His "Diary in India" went through
four editions very speedily; and
"My Diary North and South,” con-
taining his experiences of the United
States during the Civil War, was
equally successful. He has also
written a sequel to the latter;
"Canada: its Defences; a treatise
on "Rifle Clubs and Volunteer Corps,"
at the very outset of the movement
in which he insisted on the futility
of the former and the value of the
latter organizations; an account of
"The Great Eastern and the Atlantic
Cable"; a volume de luxe, entitled
the "Wedding at Windsor ; a novel
entitled "The Adventures of Dr.
Brady;" "My Diary in the East,”
giving an account of the voyage of
the Prince and Princess of Wales in
Egypt, their visit to Turkey, to the
Crimea, to Athens, and Corfu, in
which he accompanied their Royal
Highnesses; "My Diary in the Last
Great War," which contains the per-
sonal narrative of the writer's life
whilst he was attached to the Crown
Prince's staff
Prince's staff; and "The Prince of
Wales's Tour in India," 1877. He has
also contributed largely to periodical
literature, and to the columns of
the Times, as well as to those of his
own paper. Mr. Russell unsuccess-
fully contested Chelsea in the Con-
servative interest in 1869; and con-
ducted the preliminary negotiations,
and arranged for the founding, of the
Daily Express, the Dublin organ of
the Irish Conservatives.
|
❘
""
RUSSIAS, EMPEROR AND AUTO-
CRAT OF ALL THE. (See ALEXAN-
DER II.)
RUTLAND (DUKE OF), CHARLES
CECIL JOHN MANNERS, K.G., eldest
son of the late duke, born May 16,
1815, and educated at Eton and Trinity
College, Cambridge; is honorary
Colonel of the Leicestershire Militia,
and Lord-Lieutenant of that county.
As Marquis of Granby he was one
of the members in the Conservative
interest for Stamford from Aug., 1837,.
till July, 1852, when he was returned
for North Leicestershire, which he
continued to represent till he suc--
ceeded his father in the dukedom,
Jan. 20, 1857.
Jan. 20, 1857. He opposed the Free
Trade Measures of Sir Robert Peel in
1845-6, and it is understood that the
leadership of the Conservative party
in the Lower House was offered to
him on the death of Lord G. Bentinck.
His Grace, who was Lord of the Bed-
chamber to the late Prince Albert
from 1843 till 1846, was made a
Knight of the Garter, Feb. 15, 1867.
RYAN-SABINE.
RYAN, THE RIGHT REV. VINCENT
WILLIAM, D.D., son of the late Mr.
John Ryan, an officer of a regiment
of the line, was born about 1816, and
educated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford
(B.A. 1840, M.A. 1848). Having held
à small cure in one of the Channel
Islands, he became successively head
of the Liverpool Institution, Principal
of the Training College at Highbury,
and in 1854 Bishop of the newly-
founded see of Mauritius, which
includes that island and its depen-
dencies. He resigned his see in 1868,
and returning to England, held the
rectory of St. Nicholas, Guildford,
from Feb., 1869, to May, 1870, when
he was presented to the vicarage of
Bradford. Dr. Ryan was appointed
Archdeacon of Craven in April, 1875.
RYLE, THE REV. JOHN CHARLES,
B.A., eldest son of the late John Ryle,
Esq., M.P., born near Macclesfield, in
1816, educated at Eton and Christ
Church, Oxford, where he graduated
B.A. in 1836, was Craven University
Scholar, and took a first-class in clas-
sical honours. Having been admitted
into orders in 1841, he was curate at
Exbury, in the New Forest; was
appointed Rector of St. Thomas's,
Winchester, in 1843; Rector of Hel-
mingham, Suffolk, in 1844; Vicar of
Stradbroke, Suffolk, in 1861; Rural
Dean of Hoxne, in 1869; and an
honorary Canon of Norwich in 1871.
He is the author of "Expository
Thoughts on the Gospels," in 6 vols.,
published in 1856-9; of "Plain
Speaking, First and Second Series,"
of "Hymns for the Church on Earth,"
and (C
Spiritual Songs. First and
Second Series," in 1861; of "Chris-
tian Leaders a Hundred Years ago,"
"Coming Events and Present Duties,"
Bishops and Clergy of other Days,"
in 1869; of" Church Reform Papers,"
in 1870; and of above 200 tracts on
religious subjects, many of which
have been reprinted in French, Ger-
man, Dutch, Portuguese, and Italian.
(C
S.
869
SABINE, GEN. SIR EDWARD,
K.C.B., F.R.S., descended from an
ancient Italian family, born in Oct.
1788, became 2nd Lieut. R.A., in 1803,
Capt. in 1813, Lieut.-Col. in 1841, Col.
in 1851, and Major-Gen. in 1859. Dur-
ing the war with the United States,
he took part in the campaign of 1814,
on the Niagara frontier, when he
commanded the batteries at the siege
of Fort Erie. He first became known
to the public by the part which he
took in the explorations in the North-
ern regions, under Ross and Parry
in 1818-19. His magnetic observa-
tions in these voyages gave the first
great impulse to the systematic study
of the phenomena of terrestrial mag-
netism, while the papers which he
contributed to the Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society
demonstrated several new facts rela-
tive to the variations of the magnetic
needle. His mind was then gradually
drawn into a particular channel of
observation with respect to ysical
science; and in order to extend the
sphere of his knowledge, and to con-
firm by minute investigation the
truth of his theories, he commenced,
in 1821, a series of voyages, which
ranged from the Equator to the Arctic
Circle. He published the results of
these researches in 1825, under the
title of "The Pendulum and other
Experiments." In 1827 he was chosen
Secretary of the Royal Society, which
office he filled till 1830, when he was
ordered to Ireland on military service.
While employed there he occupied his
leisure in pursuing his researches in
physical science, the fruits of which
he almost invariably laid before the
British Association for the Advance-
ment of Science. In 1836, 1837, and
1838, he made some valuable reports
on magnetic forces, and he originated
the vast system of magnetic observa-
tories, which changed the aspect of
that branch of the science. The colo-
nial observatories were, for very many
years, under his skilful superintend-
ence. He has contributed to various
870
SAFVET PASHA.
scientific societies numerous papers,
which display great powers of re-
search. He edited Mrs. Sabine's
translation of Humboldt's "Cosmos,"
published in 1849-58; has long been
an active member of the British Asso-
ciation; for twenty-one years was one
of the general secretaries to that body,
and sole general secretary for eight
years; and filled the office of Presi-
dent in 1853. He became a Fellow of
the Royal Society in 1818, was chosen
Treasurer and Vice-President of that
institution in 1850, and was elected
President, in succession to the late
Sir B. Brodie, in 1861. His "Me-
Me-
moirs "
contributed to the Philoso-
phical Transactions amount to more
than forty. He was a member of the
Royal Commission appointed in 1868
to inquire into the standard weights
and measures. On July 27, 1869, he
was created a Knight Commander of
the Order of the Bath (civil division)
for his valuable discoveries in science,
especially in connection with mag-
netic forces. The French Academy
elected him a corresponding member
in its section of geography and navi-
gation in April, 1875.
|
|
the organization of the Danubian
Principalities, he received instruc-
tions to place all the information he
possessed at the disposal of the Com-
missioner of the Sublime Porte.
Safvet Pasha represented the Sultan
at Paris in 1865 and 1866. During
his public career he has been Under-
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs,
Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister
of Commerce and Public Works, and'
Minister of Public Instruction. This:
latter post he held for three years,
during which period he took the
initiative in the foundation of the
Lycée of Galata-Séraï, an institution
conducted by French professors. At
the same time he established at Con-
stantinople, and in all the provinces,
schools for the gratuitous instruction
of children of both sexes. He also
established the University and the
Museum of Antiquities. Under the
Grand-Vizieriat of Mahmoud Pasha
he was a member of the Council of
State, and at the same time President
of the Council of Reform. Next he
obtained the Portfolio of Justice, and
afterwards that of Public Instruction,
which he resigned in Feb., 1875, in
order to resume, at the Sultan's re-
quest, the office of Secretary of State
for Foreign Affairs, vacant by the
resignation of Aarifi Pasha. In this
capacity he presided over the Con-
ference of Constantinople (1876-77),
at which he represented his country
together with Edhem Pasha, the Am-
bassador of the Porte at Berlin. On
Aug. 28, 1877, he was appointed
Minister of Justice, in place of Assym
Pasha, who had been nominated
President of the Senate. He suc-
ceeded Roudchi Pasha as Grand-
Vizier, June 4, 1878, and held that
office till December in the same year,
when a new ministry was formed.
He was nominated an honorary Knight
Grand Commander of the Order of
the Star of India, Aug. 31, 1878.
SAFVET PASHA, a Turkish states-
man, born in 1815, entered at an
early age the Translation Office of
the Sublime Porte, and was eventu-
ally appointed First Dragoman to the
Divan. Shortly afterwards he was
appointed Secretary to the Sultan
Abdul Medjid. On quitting that
post he took an active share in those
councils of the Empire which were
instituted for the purpose of effecting
its regeneration—a work in which he
laboured with Reschid. A'ali, and
Fuad Pashas. In conformity with
the Treaty of Paris of 1856, a Com-
mission composed of delegates of the
signatory Powers was assembled at
Bucharest to revise the statutes of the
Moldo-Wallachian Principalities, and
to prepare the elements for the Con-
vention of 1858. Safvet Pasha was
the delegate of Turkey, and he pre-
sided over the Commission with great
ability. When Fuad Pasha went to
assist at the Conferences of Paris for
ST. ANDREWS, DUNKELD,.
AND DUNBLANE, BISHOP OF.
(See WORDSWORTH, DR.)
ST. ASAPH, BISHOP OF. (See
HUGHES, DR.)
ST. GERMANS-ST. JOHN.
ST. DAVID'S, BISHOP OF. (See
JONES, DR.)
ST. GERMANS (EARL OF), THE
RIGHT HON. WILLIAM GORDON
CORNWALLIS, is the eldest son of the
third Earl of St. Germans, by Jemima,
third daughter of the second Marquis
of Cornwallis. He was born at Port
Eliot, Cornwall, in 1829, and edu-
cated at Eton. In 1853 he was ap-
pointed second paid attaché to the
Embassy at Berlin, having previ-
ously served. the Foreign Office at
Madrid and at Lisbon. Subsequently
his lordship was attaché at St.
Petersburg. He has also been Se-
cretary of Legation at Rio Janeiro
and at Athens. In May, 1866, in
conjunction with Mr. Montagu
Chambers, he was returned for
Devonport as a Liberal. In Novem-
ber, 1868, however, Lord Eliot did
not offer himself for re-election,
being unable to support the Dises-
tablishment of the Irish Church. He
is a prominent member of the High
Church party. In Sept., 1870, he
was summoned to the House of Peers
by the title of Baron Eliot of St.
Germans, in the county of Cornwall;
and he succeeded to the earldom of
St. Germans on the death of his
father Oct. 7, 1877.
|
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ST. HELENA, BISHOP OF. (See
WELBY, DR.)
ST. JOHN, HORACE, son of the late
Mr. James Augustus St. John, born in
Normandy, July 6, 1832, was edu-
cated under his father's eye, like
most of the members of his family.
Following, as a student of Oriental
literature, the steps of his father, he
wrote "History of British Conquests
in India," 1852; "History and State
of the Indian Archipelago," 1853;
and a "Life of Christopher Colum-
bus." He has been connected with
the London press for many years,
both as a "leader " writer and a
special correspondent in many parts
of Europe. Mr. St. John is married
to the daughter of Mr. Thomas Ros-
coe, and grand-daughter of William
Roscoe, of Liverpool, the well-known
historian. Mrs. Horace St. John has
871
•
published a "Life of Audubon," a
Life of Masaniello," and an essay en-
titled " Englishwomen and the Age."
ST. JOHN, PERCY BOLINGBROKE,
born at Plymouth, March 4, 1821, is
the eldest son of the late Mr. James
Augustus St. John, whom he ac-
companied in his continental wan
derings, and chose at an early age
the profession of literature. After
writing one book and various maga-
zine articles, he started for America,
and after some travels by sea and
land he entered upon his career as a
writer, chiefly of Indian tales, for
Chambers's Journal, and as a lecturer
on Texas and Mexico. In 1847 he
became correspondent in Paris of the
North British Daily Mail, which
position he held until the election of
Louis Napoleon as president, when
his hostility to the future emperor
induced him to leave Paris. Before
the Crimean war he was active in the
cause of the Greeks, and with Mr.
Gladstone, Richard Cobden, and
Michel Chevalier, received a vote of
thanks from the Greek Houses of
Parliament. Since then he has
chiefly been a contributor of fiction
to various periodicals, but is best
known as the author of Indian tales,
and some thirty volumes of novels.
He is also a frequent lecturer on his
own personal adventures, French
politics, and literature. Among his
works may be mentioned conspicu-
ously "The Young Naturalist's Book
of Birds," "Trapper Bride," "Three
Days of February," "Paul Peabody,"
(6
""
Miranda,' ""Arctic Crusoe," "Quad-
roona,' "The Young Buccaneer,"
"The Snow Ship; or, the Canadian
Boy Emigrants.
ST. JOHN, SPENCER, third son of
the late Mr. James Augustus St. John,
born in London, Dec. 22, 1826, after
receiving a careful education, began
to turn his attention towards the
East, and having applied himself
diligently to the study of the Malay
language, was, in 1848, appointed
secretary to Sir James Brooke. He
resided in Borneo several years as
H.M. Consul-General, and received
872
SAINT-VALLIER-SAINTON-DOLBY.
in 1861 the appointment of Chargé
d'Affaires to the republic of Hayti.
On returning to this country in 1862,
he published an account of his
Eastern residence and travels, en-
titled "Life in the Forests of the
Far East." Early in 1863 he left
England for a consular appointment
in the West Indies.
SAINT-VALLIER, CHARLES
RAYMOND DE LA CROIX DE CHEV-
RIÈRES, COMTE DE, a French Senator
and diplomatist, descended from an
ancient Legitimist family, was born
at the château of Coucy-les-Eppes
(Aisne), Sept, 12, 1838. Having at
Having at
an early age entered the diplomatic
service he was attached to the Lega-
tion at Lisbon, next to that at Munich,
and afterwards to the Embassy at
Vienna. An admirer of Napoleon III.,
the Count remained in the diplomatic
service after the coup d'état, and
accompanied the Comte de Moustier
to Constantinople as secretary. The
opportunity given him at the Turkish
capital to display his talent as Chargé
d'Affaires procured him the Under-
Secretaryship of State on his return
to Paris. On the demise of Comte
de Moustier, who died when Minister
of Foreign Affairs, M. de St.-Vallier
gave up his Under-Secretaryship and
repaired to Stuttgart as Envoy (Feb.
1869). At this post he vigorously
asserted French interests in the preg-
nant year preceding the war of
1870. Having in vain cautioned
Napoleon touching Würtemberg's
policy in the war, M. de Saint-Vallier,
when his Government would not be
warned, had to leave Germany, and
was forthwith despatched to the then
important post at Copenhagen.
Upon the restoration of peace, being
conversant with the German tongue
and society, he was attached as
diplomatic agent to Field-Marshal
von Manteuffel, the Commander of
the German Army of Occupation.
Having come to the conclusion that
the Republican form of government
was, in the circumstances, the best
for France, he became a candidate at
the senatorial elections in the depart-
ment of the Aisne, in concert with
M. Waddington and M. Henri Martin,
and was elected Jan. 30, 1876. M.
de Saint-Vallier took his place among
the party of the Left Centre. He was
elected the first Secretary of the
Senate, and held that post till the
Marquis de Gontaut Biron, the
Legitimist ambassador of the Re-
public at Berlin, was recalled (Dec.
1877), when M. de Saint-Vallier was
appointed by Marshal MacMahon to
be his successor, on the recommenda-
tion of M. Waddington, who had
become Minister of Foreign Affairs.
The appointment was most acceptable
to the German Government, and
when presenting his credentials to
the Emperor William, M. de Saint-
Villier delivered a speech expressing
a wish for cordial relations in the
most flattering terms. As second
plenipotentiary of France he ren-
dered valuable assistance to M.
Waddington at the Congress of
Berlin (1878).
=
SAINTON-DOLBY, MADAME
CHARLOTTE H., an eminent contralto
singer, born in London in 1821, re-
ceived her professional education
principally at the Royal Academy of
Music, where her assiduity in the
study of her art, and the cultivation
of her natural gifts, rendered her one
of the most successful pupils of that
institution. Miss Dolby, in entering
on the public exercise of her profes-
sion, resolved to eschew the tempting
opportunities offered by the lyric
stage, that she might devote her
talents exclusively to the illustration
of our national music, and to the
interpretation of the oratorio works
of Handel and the other great
masters. In this branch Miss Dolby
was soon allowed to be without a
rival; while her great declamatory
power, and her conscientious desire
to give every note and every word
their exact due, were of infinite
value, and restored to the English
public a style of vocalization which
had become almost obsolete. Men-
delssohn, who took great interest in
this lady, after hearing her in his
SALA.
.66
oratorio of "St. Paul," dedicated to
her a set of six songs, and composed
other works expressly for her. Having
engaged her for the Gewandhaus
Concerts at Leipsic, in the winter of
1846-7, he wrote the contralto part in
Elijah" for her. In the zenith of
her fame, Miss Dolby became the
wife of M. Sainton, the violinist.
The preservation of the English
ballad, in its pathos and simplicity,
is mainly owing to the steady, well-
directed efforts of this popular singer,
which have had the advantage more-
over of fostering the composition of
these lyrics. Madame Sainton-Dolby
retired from the practice of her pro-
fession as a public singer in 1870;
but in the following year she opened
a Vocal Academy for the training of
lady vocalists who intend to adopt a
musical career.
873
In
War." He wrote in 1864 a series of
graphic letters for the Daily Tele-
graph, from Algeria, during the Em-
peror's visit to that colony, and re-
visited Algeria and Morocco in 1875.
In 1870 Mr. Sala was at Metz and
in Eastern France as war correspon-
dent for the Daily Telegraph. After
witnessing the fall of the Empire in
Paris on Sept. 4, he went to Rome to
record the entry of the Italian army
into the Eternal City. In Jan., 1875,
he again visited Spain on the occa-
sion of the entry of Alfonso XII.; on
his return in April was dispatched to
Venice to describe the fêtes conse-
quent on the interview of the Em-
peror Francis Joseph and King Victor
Emmanuel, and he afterwards pub-
lished his impressions under the title
of "Two Kings and a Kaiser."
Dec., 1876, he again visited Russia as
special correspondent for the Daily
Telegraph; and travelling from St.
Petersburg to Moscow, proceeded
thence to Warsaw, and subsequently
traversed the length of the Empire to
observe the mobilisation then in pro-
gress of the Russian army; ultimately
reaching Odessa and Constantinople
by the Black Sea in time for the
opening of the Conference on the
Eastern Question. His best known
works in addition to those already
mentioned, are, "How I Tamed Mrs.
Cruiser," published in 1858; "Twice
Round the Clock," and " Journey due
North: a Residence in Russia," in
1859; "The Baddington Peerage,"
"Make
"Looking at Life," and
your Game, a Narrative of the Rhine,'
in 1860; "Dutch Pictures, with some
Sketches in the Flemish Manner," in
1861;"Accepted Addresses," Ship
Chandler and other Tales," and "Two
Prima Donnas and the Dumb Poor
Porter," in 1862; "Breakfast in Bed,"
and "Strange Adventures of Captain
Dangerous," in 1863; "After Break-
fast: or, Pictures done with a Quill,"
and "Quite Alone," in 1864; "Trip
to Barbary by a Roundabout Route,
in 1865 ; "From Waterloo to the
Peninsula," in 1866; "Notes and
Sketches of the Paris Exhibition,"
(6
|
SALA, GEORGE AUGUSTUS HENRY,
journalist and author, son of an
Italian gentleman who married a
favourite English singer of West
Indian extraction, born in London in
1828, was brought up with a view to
following art as a profession, which
he quitted for literature, and became
a constant contributor to Household
Words, taking Mr. C. Dickens's style
as his model, and catching his spirit
without being a slavish imitator. He
was an extensive and regular contri-
butor to the Welcome Guest, the
founder and first editor of the Temple
Bar Magazine, for which he wrote
the stories of "The Seven Sons of
Mammon," and "Captain Danger-
ous," afterwards republished as sepa-
rate works; wrote for several years
in the Illustrated London News, the
Hogarth papers in the Cornhill Maga-
zine, and a story entitled "Quite
Alone," for All the Year Round, which
appeared in a separate form, in Nov.,
1864. He still writes "Echoes of the
Week" in the Illustrated London
News. He went as special corre-
spondent for the Daily Telegraph to
the United States, in 1863, and on his
return, at the close of 1864, published
the result of his observations under
the title of " America in the Midst of
|
""
874
SALAMAN-SALISBURY,
|
Salaman is yet actively engaged in
his profession as composer, musical
critic, and writer on musical subjects.
He assumed the additional name of
Kensington at the death of his father
in 1867.
SALFORD, BISHOP OF. (See
VAUGHAN HERBERT.)
SALISBURY, BISHOP OF. (See
MOBERLY, DR.)
SALAMAN, CHARLES KENSING-
TON, composer and professor of music,
born in London, March 3, 1814, was
educated by private tuition. He
commenced the study of music at a
very early age under Charles Neate
and Dr. Crotch, and entered the
musical profession in 1831. Mr.
Salaman has acquired considerable
reputation as a pianist in England,
Germany, and Italy, and was elected
an honorary member of the Academy
of St. Cecilia at Rome in 1847. He
has attained popularity as a lecturer
on various branches of musical his-
tory, and is much esteemed as a clas-
sical composer for the voice and
pianoforte. His first series of songs,
in which is included Shelley's cele-
brated serenade, "I Arise from
Dreams of Thee," was published in
1838. He has since contributed
largely to the repertory of English
and Italian vocal music, and to
chamber pianoforte music. Besides
about 100 musical settings of poems
by the most eminent lyric poets of
this country, Mr. Salaman has been
the first composer to wed music to
the odes of Horace and Anacreon in
the original texts. He has also
contributed two eight part anthems
to the service of the Protestant
Church, and nearly 100 numbers
of sacred part music, in the Hebrew
language, to the service of the Syna-
gogue. Mr. Salaman was one of the
founders of the Musical Society of
London, and performed for ten years
the arduous duties of honorary secre-
tary to that society. He was also
one of the founders, in 1874, of the
Musical Association for the "in-
vestigation and discussion of subjects
connected with the art and science of
music," and performed the duties of
honorary secretary until the end of
1877, when he retired as a Vice-versity of Oxford, in succession to the
President of the Association. Mr. late Earl of Derby. In 1871-72 he:
SALISBURY (MARQUIS OF), THE
RIGHT HON. ROBERT ARTHUR
TALBOT GASCOIGNE CECIL, K.G.,.
eldest surviving son of the second
Marquis of Salisbury, by his first
wife, the daughter and heir of Bamber
Gascoigne, Esq., born at Hatfield in
1830, was educated at Eton and at
Christ Church, Oxford, where he gra-
duated, and was elected a Fellow of
All Souls' College (1853). In 1853.
he was elected M.P. for Stamford,.
and he represented that borough in
the Conservative interest until his
succession to the marquisate on the
death of his father, April 12, 1868.
While in the Lower House, he was
known as Lord Robert Cecil, until
the decease of his elder brother, on
June 14, 1865, when he assumed the
courtesy title of Viscount Cranborne.
In 1857, he married Georgiana Caro-
line, daughter of Sir Edward Hall
Alderson, Baron of the Exchequer,
and niece of the celebrated Mrs.
Opie. His lordship took an active
part in all public measures which af-
fected the interests of the Established
Church, and in the leading Church of
England institutions; and he was a
frequent contributor to the Quarterly
Review and to other periodicals. In
Lord Derby's third administration he
was, in July, 1866, appointed Secre-
tary of State for India, which post he
resigned on account of a difference in
opinion respecting the Reform Bill,
March 2, 1867, when two other Cabi-
net ministers, viz., General Peel, War
Secretary, and Lord Carnarvon,
Colonial Secretary, also gave in their
resignations. On Nov. 12, 1869, he
was elected Chancellor of the Uni-
|
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1868; "Rome and Venice," in 1869;
and "Under the Sun: Essays mainly
written in Hot Countries," in 1872.
His burlesque of "Wat Tyler, M.P.,"
was brought out at the Gaiety
Theatre in Dec., 1869.
We
SALMON.
and Lord Cairns, as arbitrators,
conducted a long investigation into
the complicated affairs of the Lon-
don, Chatham, and Dover Railway
Company. His lordship was again
appointed Secretary of State for
India when Mr. Disraeli returned to
office in Feb. 1874. When at the
close of the war between Turkey and
Servia, differences arose between the
former Power and Russia, the Mar-
quis of Salisbury was sent as Special
Ambassador to the Sublime Porte,
and he and Sir Henry Elliot acted as
joint plenipotentiaries of Great
Britain at the Conference of Con-
stantinople. His lordship left Eng-
land, Nov. 20, 1876, and en route,
visited Paris, Berlin, Vienna, and
Rome. The progress towards agree-
ment made at the preliminary meet-
ings held at the Russian Embassy in
Constantinople were so satisfactory
that the formal Conference, at which
the joint proposals of the Powers
were pressed upon the Porte, was
opened on Dec. 23. At the same
time the new Constitution of the
Ottoman Empire was formally pro-
mulgated by its author, Midhat Pasha.
The Marquis of Salisbury really took
the place of leader at the Conference,
which held altogether seven plenary
meetings. On Sunday, Jan. 14, 1877,
he had an audience of the Sultan, at
which Sir Arnold Kemball acted as
interpreter, and pressed upon his
Majesty the two points on which the
Powers intended to insist, informing
him that if they were not accepted
the Ambassadors would immediately
leave Constantinople. These two
proposals were, that there should be
à mixed Turkish and International
Commission of Supervision, and that
the first appointment of the Governors
should be ratified by the Powers.
On Jan. 18, a special meeting of the
Ottoman Grand Council was held,
and about 140 Mussulmans, and about
sixty leading Christians were present.
The proceedings lasted two hours,
and were opened by Midhat Pasha.
With one dissentient voice the Coun-
cil were unanimous in insisting on
a
875
the rejection of the proposals of the
Powers. The Conference held its
last sitting on Jan. 20, and im-
mediately afterwards Lord Salisbury
left for England. On April 2, 1878,
he was appointed Secretary of State
for Foreign Affairs, in the room of
the Earl of Derby resigned, and he
at once wrote a memorable dispatch,
in which he clearly enunciated the
policy of the Government with regard
to the Eastern Question. He and the
Earl of Beaconsfield soon afterwards
were the representatives of Great
Britain at the Congress of Berlin,
and on their return to London
they met with a most enthusiastic
reception at Charing Cross (July
16, 1878). The Queen invested the
Marquis of Salisbury with the Order
of the Garter, July 30. On Aug. 3,
he and the Earl of Beaconsfield re-
ceived the freedom of the City of
London, and were afterwards enter-
tained at a grand banquet at the
Mansion House. The Marquis of
Salisbury is a member of the council
of King's College, London, Deputy-
Lieutenant of Middlesex, and hon.
col. of the Herts Militia. For many
years he was Chairman of the Mid-
dlesex Sessions.
SALMON, THE REV. GEORGE,
D.D., D.C.L. (Oxon), LL.D. (Cantab),
born in Dublin in 1819, was educated
at Cork and at Trinity College, Dublin,
where he graduated as Senior Mode-
rator in Mathematics in 1839. He
was successively Scholar and Fellow
of his College, and was elected Regius.
Professor of Divinity in the Uni-
versity of Dublin in 1866. Besides
various contributions to theological
and mathematical periodicals, he is
the author of treatises on
"Conic
Sections," on "The Higher Plane
Curves," on "The Geometry of Three
Dimensions," and on "The Modern
Higher Algebra," which have been
translated into the principal Euro-
pean languages, and which have been
honoured by the Royal Medal of the
Royal Society, and the Conyngham
Medal of the Royal Irish Academy.
He has also published two volumes.
876
SALVINI.
of sermons, besides many single ser-
mons. He has been elected a mem-
ber of the Royal Irish Academy, a
Fellow of the Royal Society, and a
corresponding member of the Royal
Academies of Science at Göttingen,
Berlin, and Copenhagen. He was
President of the Mathematical and
Physical Science Section of the Bri-
tish Association at the meeting held
in Dublin in Aug. 1878.
|
SALVINI, TOMMASO, an Italian
tragedian, born at Milan Jan. 1, 1830.
His father was an able actor, and his
mother a popular actress named
Guglielmina Zocchi. When quite a
boy he showed a rare talent for
acting, and performed in certain
plays given during the Easter holi-
days in the school where he was edu-
cated, with such rare ability that his
father determined to devote him to
the stage. For this purpose he placed
him under the tuition of the great
Gustavo Modena. Before he was
thirteen years old Salvini had already
won a kind of renown in juvenile
characters. At fifteen he lost both
his parents, and the bereavement so
preyed upon his spirits that he was
obliged to abandon his career for two
years, and returned once more under
the tuition of Modena. When he
again emerged from retirement he
joined the Ristori troupe, and shared
with that great actress many a
triumph. In 1849, Salvini entered
the army of Italian independence,
and fought valiantly for the defence
of his country, receiving in recogni-
tion of his services several medals of
honour. Peace being proclaimed, he
again appeared upon the stage in a
company directed by Signor Cesare
Dondini. He played in the Edipo
of Nicolini-a tragedy written ex-
pressly for him—and achieved a great
success. Next he appeared in Alfieri's
Saul," and then all Italy declared
that Modena's mantle had fallen on
worthy shoulders. His fame was now
prodigious, and wherever he went he
was received with boundless enthu-
siasm. He visited Paris, where he
played Orasmane, Orestes, Saul, and
|
|
C
46
Othello. On his return to Florence,
he was hospitably entertained by the
Marquis of Normanby, then English
ambassador to the Court of Tuscany.
In 1865 occurred the sixth centenary
of Dante's birthday, and the four
greatest Italian actors were invited
to perform in Silvio Pellico's tragedy
of "Francesca di Rimini," which is
founded on an episode in the "Divina
Commedia." The cast originally
stood on the play-bills thus: Fran-
cesca, Signora Ristori; Lancelotto,
Signor Rossi: Paulo, Signor Salvini ;
and Guido, Signor Majeroni. It hap-
pened however, that Rossi, who was
unaccustomed to play the part of
Lancelotto, felt timid at appearing
in a character so little suited to him.
Hearing this, Signor Salvini, with
exquisite politeness and goodnature,
volunteered to take the insignificant
part, relinquishing the grand rôle of
Paulo to his junior in the profession.
He created by the force of his genius.
an impression in the minor part which
is still vivid in the minds of all who
witnessed the performance.
government of Florence, grateful for
his urbanity, presented him with a
statuette of Dante, and King Victor
Emmanuel rewarded him with the
title of Knight of the Order of SS.
Maurice and Lazarus. Later he re-
ceived from the same monarch a
diamond ring, with the rank of officer
in the Order of the Crown of Italy.
In 1868, Signor Salvini visited Ma-
drid, where his acting of the death
of Conrad in "La Morte Civile "
produced such an impression that the
easily excited Madrilese rushed upon
the stage to ascertain whether the
death was actual or fictitious. The
queen, Isabella II., conferred upon
the great actor many marks of favour,
and so shortly afterwards did King
Luis of Portugal, who frequently
entertained him at the royal palace
of Lisbon. Signor Salvini visited
America, in 1874, and England in
1875, and his triumphs are still fresh
in the memory of the public. He
made his first appearance in Brussels,
as Othello, Dec. 25, 1877.
The
SANDEAU-SANDON.
""
""
SANDEAU, LEONARD SYLVAIN | in the Cornwall mines, in 1869. He
JULES, a French novelist, born at Au- is the author of various Reports on
busson, Feb. 19, 1811, became a law the above and other subjects in the
student at Paris, where he formed Reports of the Medical Officer of the
that acquaintance with the young Privy Council from 1860 to the pre-
Madame Dudevant (Georges Sand) sent time; papers on physiological
which led to his adopting literature and pathological subjects read before
as a profession. M. Sandeau was ap- the Royal Society; and "Handbook
pointed one of the keepers of the of the Sphygmograph -an instru-
Mazarin Library in 1853, and was ment which he was the first to intro-
elected a member of the French Aca- duce into this country.
demy in 1858. He is also an Officer
of the Legion of Honour. His princi-
pal novels are "Madame de Som-
merville," 1834; "Les Revenants,"
1836; "Marianna," 1839; "Le Doc-
teur Herbeau," 1841; "Vaillance et
Richard," 1843; Fernand," 1844;
"Catherine," 1845; Valcreuse,"
1846 ;
"Malle. de la Seiglière,'
1848; "Madeleine," 1848; "La
Chasse au Roman,' 1849 ;
"Un
Héritage," 1850; "Sacs et Parche-
mins," 1851; "Le Château de Mont-
sabrey," 1853; "Olivier," 1854; "La
Maison de Penarvan," 1858; and
"Un Début dans la Magistrature,'
1862. He has also written several
pieces for the stage. His latest publi-
cation is a book for children, entitled
"La Roche-aux-Mouettes," 1871.
""
877
""
SANDFORD, THE RIGHT REV.
CHARLES WALDEGR A V E, D.D.,
Bishop of Gibraltar, son of the late
Archdeacon Sandford, born in 1828,
received his academical education at
Oxford, was for several years Senior
Censor of Christ Church, became
Commissary of the Archbishop of Can-
terbury in 1869, and Rector of Bishops-
bourne, Kent, in 1870. On the re-
signation of Bishop Harris he was
nominated by the Secretary of State
for the Colonies to the See of Gibraltar,
and was consecrated at Oxford, Feb.
1, 1874.
|
SANDON (VISCOUNT) THE RIGHT
HON. DUDLEY FRANCIS STUART
RYDER, M.P., is the eldest son of the
Earl of Harrowby, K.G., by Lady
Frances Stuart, fourth daughter of
SANDERSON, JOHN SCOTT BUR- the late Marquis of Bute.
He was
DON, M.D., F.R.S., was born at New- born at Brighton, Jan. 16, 1831, and
castle-on-Tyne, in Dec., 1828, and received his education at Harrow,
educated at the University of Edin- and at Christ Church, Oxford, where
burgh. He was Medical Officer of he graduated B.A. in 1852. After
Health for Paddington, 1856-67; has leaving the University he accom-
been Physician to the Middlesex Hos-panied the present Earl of Carnarvon
pital and the Hospital for Consump- on a journey to the East. He served
tion, Brompton; Lecturer on Practical as Captain in the 2nd Staffordshire
Physiology in University College; and Militia when that regiment was called
was nominated Jodrell Professor of out for garrison duty at the time of
Physiology in the same College in 1874. the Crimean War and the Indian
He has been Professor Superintendent Mutiny. In 1856 he was elected
of the Brown Institution since 1871. M.P. for Lichfield, which city he
Dr. Sanderson was employed by the represented till 1859; and for some
Royal Commissioners to make investi- time he was Private Secretary to Mr.
gations respecting the Cattle Plague, Labouchere at the Colonial Office
1865-66; was sent by Her Majesty's (1856-8). He unsuccessfully con-
Government to North Germany in tested Stafford in 1860. Viscount
1865 to inquire into an Epidemic of Sandon was first elected for Liver-
Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis; and was pool in Jan., 1868, and at the last
occupied in an inquiry for a Royal general election, in Feb., 1874, his
Commission as to the influence of lordship was returned for that borough
extreme heat on the health of workers at the head of the poll, no fewer than
878
SANDYS-SANT.
20,206 votes having been recorded in
his favour—the largest number given
to any candidate in the United King-
dom. Formerly he ranked as a Li-
beral, but for many years past he has
been a steady supporter of the Con-
servative party. At one time he took
an active part in the private business
of the House, and served on several
select committees, including those on
the Euphrates Valley, Hudson's Bay,
and the Diplomatic and Consular
Services; and he was also a member
of the secret committee appointed to
inquire into the Westmeath Ribbon
outrages. His name was associated
with the Parochial Councils Bill,
which he brought forward in two
Sessions, with the object of giving to
the laity a larger share in the man-
agement of Church affairs. His lord-
ship had always evinced a great in-
terest in ecclesiastical matters, and
had taken a leading part, conjointly
with Mr. W. H. Smith, in founding
the "Bishop of London's Fund." To
the first London School Board he was
returned for Westminster (1873), and
he presided over the statistical com-
mittee appointed by that body to in-
vestigate the educational wants of
the Metropolis. In Feb., 1874, he
was appointed Vice-President of the
Council of Education, and for four
years he represented that Department
in the House of Commons. He
brought in the Education Act of
1876, and various Revised Codes. In
1878, when the office of Chief Secre-
tary for Ireland became vacant, the
Earl of Beaconsfield twice offered it
to Viscount Sandon, who, however,
refused it for family reasons; but
shortly afterwards his lordship ac-
cepted the post of President of the
Board of Trade, vacant by the resig-
nation of Mr. Adderley, who was
raised to the House of Peers (April,
1878). He married, in 1861, Lady
Mary Frances Cecil, eldest daughter
of the second Marquis of Exeter,
SANDWICH ISLANDS, KING OF
THE. (See Kalakana.)
SANDYS, JOHN EDWIN, M.A., son
of the late Rev. T. Sandys, who was
a missionary of the C.M.S. for nearly
forty years in Bengal, was born May
19, 1844. He was educated at Rep-
ton School, and entered St. John's
College as a minor scholar in 1863.
He was elected first Bell's Scholar in
1864, obtained the Gold Medal for a
Greek Ode on the "Art of Pheidias"
in 1865, the Porson Prize for Greek
Trochaics in 1865, and for Greek
Iambics in 1866, and was twice
awarded the Members' Prize for
Latin Prose Composition. (1) for a
Latin Oration on the death of Abra-
ham Lincoln; (2) for a Latin Essay
on the British Expeditions of Julius
Cæsar. In 1867 he graduated as
Senior Classic, and was elected Fel-
low and Lecturer of St. John's Col-
lege; and, on taking his M.A. degree
in 1870, was appointed Tutor of his
College, an office which he still holds.
He was an Examiner for the Classical
Tripos on five occasions between 1871
and 1876, and was principal Classical
Lecturer of Jesus College from 1867
to 1877. He resigned this last ap-
pointment after his election, Oct. 19,
1876, to the office of Public Orator of
the University of Cambridge. In 1868
he edited the "Ad Demonicum" and
Panegyricus" of Isocrates; and
afterwards (in conjunction with Mr.
Paley) prepared for the Syndics of
the University Press two volumes of
"Select Private Orations" of De-
mosthenes; the second volume, which
was mainly the work of Mr. Sandys,
appeared in 1875, and included the
six speeches, pro Phormione, contra
Stephanum I., II...contra Nicostra-
tum, Cononem, Calliclem. He has
also revised and edited a Commen-
tary on the Rhetoric of Aristotle,
which was left in a nearly completed
form by Mr. Cope, and was published
in three volumes by the University
Press in 1877.
SANT, JAMES. R.A., was born at
Croydon, April 23, 1820, and received
his first instruction in art from John
Varley, one of the fathers of the British
school of painting in water-colours.
It was not however till 1842 that he
devoted himself to painting as a pro-
SANTLEY-SARDOU.
""
fession by becoming a student of the at the French Gallery, Pall Mall, in
Royal Academy, where he studied for 1861. To enumerate all the fashion-
four years. Shortly after leaving he able and other notabilities whose por-
began to exhibit those "subject pic-traits have been painted by Mr. Sant
would far exceed our limits. He was
elected A.R.A. in 1861; R.A. in 1870 ;
and in Jan., 1871, was appointed
Principal Painter in Ordinary to the
Queen in succession to the late Sir
George Hayter, when he was com-
missioned to paint a large picture of
Her Majesty and her royal grand-
children, the three eldest children of
the Prince of Wales, and a State por-
trait of the Queen for the Turkish
Embassy. In June, 1877, Mr. Sant
was elected a corresponding member
of the Royal Accademia Raffaello in
Urbino.
|
""
tures or "fancy subjects" of single
figures generally, and these frequently
children, by which he is probably
most widely known, many of them
having been engraved. Of these
we may select as typical examples
the "Infant Samuel," the "Infant
Timothy," "Little Red Riding
Hood, and "Dick Whittington.'
Among Mr. Sant's numerous other
works of this description are the
"Light of the Cross," "Mother's
Hope, ""Morning" and "Evening,"
"She Never Told her Love," "Har-
mony," "
Young Minstrel," "Retro-
spection," "Saxon Women," "The
Boy Shakspere," "The Walk to Em-
maus,' ""The Miller's Daughter," and
"Young Steele." Works of this class
were the best possible preparation
for, or alternation from, the practice
of portraiture, to which the pressure
of fashionable favour has almost con-
fined Mr. Sant in later years. His
style of portrait painting is refined,
poetical, and graceful, and he fre-
quently throws in accessories con-
necting the sitter with some interest-
ing incident. His pictures of chil-
dren are especially pleasing, and in
this particular branch of his art he is
without a competitor. The largest
collection of Mr. Sant's works is at
Strawberry Hill. For Countess
Waldegrave the artist painted no
fewer than 22 members of her dis-
tinguished circle, including the
Duchess of Sutherland, the Marchio-
ness of Westminster when Lady Con-
stance Grosvenor, the Countess of
Shaftesbury, the Duke and Duchess
d'Aumale, the Duchess of Wellington
when Marchioness of Douro, the Earl
and Countess of Clarendon, Lord
Lyndhurst, the Marchioness of Clan-
ricarde, M. Van der Weyer, the Bel-
gian Minister, Viscount Stratford de
Redcliffe, Countess Morley, Earl Grey,
Bishop Wilberforce, and Countess
Waldegrave herself. This Strawberry
Hill gallery of pictures was exhibited
879
""
SANTLEY, CHARLES, barytone
singer, born at Liverpool, after re-
ceiving a good musical and general
education in his own country, pro-
ceeded to Italy to complete his pro-
fessional training. He made his first
appearance as an operatic singer in
this country at Covent Garden Opera,
during the Pyne-Harrison manage-
ment, and achieved his first great suc-
cess in the part of Rhineberg in Vin-
cent Wallace's opera of "Lurline," in
March, 1860. He created so favour-
able an impression in this character
that he took rank as one of the most
effective barytones of the day. His
career, especially since he attached
himself exclusively to the Italian
operatic stage, on the boards of which
he has distinguished himself in most
of the great capitals of Europe, has
been very successful. His voice is as
remarkable for its quality as for the
extent of its register, in the upper
part of which it partakes of a pure
tenore robusto, while in the lower por-
tion it displays the rich qualities of
the basso profondo. In Gounod's opera
of "Faust," Mr. Santley performed in
the same season the parts of Valentin
and Mephistopheles, with triumphant
success.
SARDOU, VICTORIEN, the cele-
brated French dramatist, is son of M.
Léandre Sardou, a professor at Paris,
and the compiler of several publica-
880
SARDOU.
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66
tions. He was born in Paris Sept. 7,
1831. At first he studied medicine,
but he was obliged, in consequence of
the embarrassments of his family, to
give private lessons in history, philo-
sophy, and mathematics. He also
made attempts in literature, writing
articles for several reviews, for the
minor journals, and for the "Dic-
tionnaire de la Conversation." His
first comedy, "La Taverne des
Etudiants," was brought out at the
Odéon April 1, 1854, and proved a
complete failure. In the year 1857
M. Šardou was in a state of abject
poverty and extreme distress. He was
living in a garret, and was prostrated
by an attack of typhoid fever; but a
neighbour, Mdlle. de Brécourt, nursed
him with tender care during his ill-
ness, from which he slowly recovered.
He married this young woman in the
following year, and by her he was in-
troduced to Mademoiselle Déjazet,
who had just established the theatre
which was named after her. M.
Sardou, undeterred by his former
failure, now turned his attention
again to dramatic composition, and
quickly built up for himself a brilliant
reputation. Nine years later he was
in possession of a handsome fortune
and a European renown, when a
gloom was temporarily cast over his
career by the death of his devoted
wife (1867). M. Sardou's earlier
pieces were performed at the Théâtre
Déjazet, Viz. "Les premières
Armes de Figaro" (Sept. 27, 1859);
"Monsieur Garat" (April 30, 1860); |
and "Les Prés-Saint-Gervais " (April
24, 1862). "Monsieur Garat was
one of the most prolonged successes
of the little theatre, and "Les Prés-
Saint-Gervais," transformed into an
opera-bouffe, was afterwards brought
out at the Théâtre des Variétés, and
also, in an English version, at the
Criterion Theatre, London. M. Sar-
dou has since produced a large
number of dramatic pieces in rapid
succession. Several of his contem-
poraries have not hesitated to accuse
him of plagiarism, and to assert that
he composes rapidly because he is not
at all scrupulous as to the sources
from which he borrows his ideas.
Subjoined is a list of his other works,
with the dates of their first represen-
tation :-"Les Gens nerveux "(Palais
Royal, Nov. 4, 1859); "Les Pattes de
Mouche" (Gymnase, May 15, 1860);
"Les Femmes Fortes" (Vaudeville,
Dec. 31, 1860); "L'Ecureuil," under
the pseudonym of Carle (Vaudeville,
Feb. 9, 1861); "Piccolino" (Gym-
nase, July 18, 1861); "Nos Intimes,'
one of his most brilliant successes
(Vaudeville, Nov. 16, 1861);
"La
Papillonne " (Théâtre-Français, April
11, 1862), a piece which was un-
favourably received; "La Perle
noire (Gymnase, April 12, 1862);
"Les Ganaches" (same theatre, Oct.
29, 1862); "Batailles d'Amour," a
comic opera in three acts, written in
conjunction with M. Daclin (Opéra-
Comique, April 13, 1863); Les
Diables noirs" (Vaudeville, 1863), a
drama in four acts, which, after being
interdicted by the censorship, was
severely criticized by the press; "Le
Dégel" (Déjazet, April 12, 1864);
"Don Quichotte," a fairy piece in
three acts (Gymnase, June 25, 1864) :
"Les Pommes du Voisin" (Palais
Royal, Oct. 25, 1864) ; Capitaine
Henriot" (Opéra-Comique, Dec. 26,
1864); "Les Vieux Garçons " (Gym-
nase, Jan. 21, 1865); "La Famille
Benoiton" (Vaudeville, Nov. 4, 1865);
"Nos bons Villageois (Gymnase,
Oct. 3, 1866); "Maison neuve
(Vaudeville, Dec. 4, 1866); “Séra-
phine," originally entitled "La Dé-
vote" (Gymnase, Dec. 21, 1868);
Patrie" (Porte-Saint-Martin, March
18, 1869)
18, 1869); "Fernande (Gymnase,
March 8, 1870); "Le Roi Carotte
(Gaîté, Jan. 15, 1872); "Rabagas
(Vaudeville, Jan., 1872), a piece
which was supposed to have reference
to M. Gambetta; "Les Merveil-
leuses" (Théâtre des Variétés, 1873);
"Andréa " (Gymnase, March 17,
1873); "L'Oncle Sam," a satire on
American society (Vaudeville, Nov.,
1873); "La Haine," a tragedy which
66
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was
not successful (Gaîté, Dec.,
1874); "Ferréol " (Gymnase, Nov.,
??
:)
"1
""
""
SARTORIUS.
1875); "Dora" a comedy in five acts
(Vaudeville, Jan., 1877); and "Les
Bourgeois de Pontarsy" (Vaudeville,
1878). M. Sardou has realised a
princely fortune by his writings, and
has built a splendid château at Marly-
le-Roy. He married, secondly, on
June 17, 1872, Mademoiselle Soulier,
daughter of the Conservateur of the
Museum of Versailles. He was deco-
rated with the Legion of Honour in
1863, and was elected a Member of
the French Academy in June, 1877,
in succession to M. Joseph Autran.
His reception into the French Aca-
demy took place May 23, 1878.
SARTORIS, MRS. (See KEMBLE,
ADELAIDE.)
SARTORIUS, SIR GEORGE ROSE,
K.C.B., Admiral of the Fleet, eldest
son of the late Colonel of Engineers,
J. C. Sartorius, of the E.I.C.'s service,
and of Annabella Rose, granddaughter
of Admiral Harvey, was born Aug. 9,
1790. At an early age he entered the
navy, was present at the battle of
Trafalgar, commanded a gunboat at
the siege of Cadiz, and was three
times mentioned in the Gazette for
boating services. When in command
of the Slaney, he was present at the
surrender of the Emperor Napoleon,
in 1815, to the squadron under the
orders of Captain Sir Frederick Mait-
land, of the Bellerophon. In 1830-31,
he was engaged by the Terceira Re-
gency, acting for the young Queen of
Portugal, to fit out and take the com-
mand of a squadron to act against the
usurper, Don Miguel. In this service
his efforts were much embarrassed by
a factious opposition; and owing to
this cause, and to the contradictory
orders issued from head-quarters, he
had a very critical duty to perform.
During the continuation of the contest
that ensued, a spirit of discontent
sprang up among the seamen, who
became mutinous in consequence of
their arrears of pay being withheld
from them. This vexatious state of
things was much aggravated by mis-
representations to the effect that it
was the intention of the admiral to
withdraw the ships, and to deprive
881
the seamen of their rights. Indeed,
so far did his opponents proceed, as
to attempt to seize him on board his
own ship. This opened the eyes of
the men, and, after much difficulty
and after making many sacrifices, the
admiral succeeded, by exercising great
firmness and forbearance, in restoring
order, and in recovering the good will
and devoted attachment of the re-
maining crews. During the preva-
lence of the mutinous spirit of the
seamen, many of them had deserted
to the Spanish shores, and great pri-
vation was caused by the failure of
provisions. This last evil was only
remedied by the admiral purchasing,
at his own cost, supplies of meat and
biscuit; but for this the squadron
must have been surrendered to the
Spanish Government.
Spanish Government. He had soon
after to menace with an attack a
Spanish squadron of a line-of-battle
ship, a frigate, and corvettes, sent to
drive him out of Spanish waters; and
with mutinous crews he managed to
fight two actions, eventually suc-
ceeding in driving the enemy's ships
into Lisbon, while the Tagus was
blockaded and Oporto kept free during
the time of his command. When con-
fidence was restored, and the crews,
who were all English, found how
groundless had been their alarms at
the motives and conduct of the ad-
miral, they manifested great zeal and
devotion; and on his ascertaining
that the time had come when he could
retire honourably, and with safety to
the cause in which he had embarked,
he signified his intention to give up
the command to his old friend Napier;
and this at a time when officers and
men declared their intention to serve
under no other commander until his
claims were satisfied. On the re-
establishment of the Queen's govern-
ment, the admiral successively re-
ceived the titles of Viscount de Pu-
dade, Count of Senhafirma, together
with the Grand Cross of the Tower
and Sword, for the services he had
rendered. As captain of the Malabar
he received the thanks of the Presi-
dent and Congress of the United
U
3 L
882
SAULCY-SAY.
States for his efforts to save the U.S.
frigate Missouri from destruction by
fire in Gibraltar Bay, in 1842. Shortly
after he was so fortunate as to receive
on board the Regent of Spain, Espar-
tero, and to afford him an asylum
when closely pursued by his enemies.
Sir George was the first to foresee, in
1855, the revolution about to take
place in naval warfare, by the revival
of the ancient mode of striking an
adversary with the prow; the intro-
duction of which principle, as the so-
called "ram," has since been adopted.
He became Admiral of the White in
the British navy in 1862; Vice-
Admiral of the United Kingdom in
1869; and Admiral of the Fleet the
same year.
SASKATCHEWAN, BISHOP OF,
(See MACLEAN, DR.)
|
SAULCY, LOUIS FÉLICIEN
JOSEPH CAIGNART DE, antiquary,
born at Lille, March 19, 1807, was
admitted into the Polytechnic School
in 1825, and became an officer of
artillery. He was stationed for some
time at Metz, and having devoted his
leisure to numismatics and archæo-
logy, acquired a high reputation as
an antiquary. In 1836 he obtained
the Numismatic prize of the French
Institute for an essay on the Classifi-
cation of the Byzantine Coins, and
was appointed, through the influence
of the late Duke of Orleans, Conserva-
tor of the Museum of Artillery in
Paris. In 1842, having been elected a
member of the Academy of Inscrip-
tions, he turned his attention to
Oriental numismatics and epigraphs,
and in 1850 made a voyage to Pales-
tine, explored the Dead Sea, and the
sites of the doomed cities, and on his
return, announced that he had found
the ruins of Sodom. His "Voyage
autour de la Mer Morte et dans les
Terres Bibliques," published in 1852-4,
and translated into English, is well
known. Owing to his researches in
the Holy Land, M. de Sauley, from
being a sceptic, became a believer in
revealed religion. His later works
"Histoire de l'Art Judaïque,
tirée des Textes Sacrés et Profanes,"
are:
1858; "Les Expéditions de César en
Grande-Bretagne," 1860; "Voyage
en Terre-Sainte," 2 vols., 1865; "Les
Derniers Jours de Jérusalem," 1866 ;
"Histoire d'Hérode, Roi des Juifs,'
1867; "Étude Chronologique des
Livres d'Esdras et de Néhémie," 1868;
and "Dictionnaire Topographique
abrégé de la Terre Sainte," 1877.
M. de Saulcy has been twice married.
His second wife, Mdlle. de Billing, a
daughter of the well-known diplo-
matist, was appointed lady of the
palace to the Empress. After the
capitulation of Sédan (1870), M. de
Sauley followed the Empress to
Chislehurst, but he has since returned
to France and resumed his labours
at the Academy of Inscriptions, where
he was nominated a member of the
permanent commission of the "Cor-
pus des Inscriptions Sémitiques."
He was made an Officer of the
Legion of Honour, April 25, 1847, a
Senator of France, having previously
retired from the Artillery with the
rank of Major, Nov. 14, 1859, and
Commander of the Legion of Honour,
Aug. 13, 1862.
SAWYER, WILLIAM, F.S.A., born
at Brighton, July 26, 1828, was early
connected with the periodical and
newspaper press, and has produced
several poetical works in addition to
fiction. He has published "Thought
and Reverie," 1849; "Ten Miles from
Town," 1867, which ran through two
editions; and "The Legend of
Phyllis," and "A Year of Song," in
1872. He has also produced two or
three dramatic works with success.
Mr. Sawyer is connected with the
London daily press, and edits several
weekly journals, besides contributing
largely to the magazines.
SAXE-COBURG AND GOTHA,
DUKE OF. (See ERNEST II.)
SAY, JEAN BAPTISTE LÉON, a
French statesman, born in 1826, is
son of Horace Emile Say, and grand-
son of Jean Baptiste Say, the cele-
brated political economist. Following
the traditions of his family, he devoted
himself to the study of political
economy, and for many years he was
SAYCE.
editor of the Journal des Débats. He
was an unsuccessful candidate for the
Corps Législatif in 1869, but in Feb.,
1871, he was returned to the National
Assembly, as one of the representa-
tives of the department of the Seine.
In June the same year he became
Prefect of that department. In Oct.,
1871, he came to London, accompanied
by M. Vautrain, the president of the
Municipal Council of Paris, and pre-
sented to the Court of Aldermen at
the Guildhall a bronze medal of the
Hôtel de Ville, and the large gold
medal which was struck in com-
memoration of the revictualling of
Paris by voluntary subscriptions col-
lected in this country. At the same
time he on behalf of M. Thiers pre-
sented the Lord Mayor with the Grand
Cross of the Legion of Honour. He
and M. Vautrain were entertained at
a public banquet in the Mansion
House (Oct. 18). On Dec. 7, 1872,
he was made Minister of Finance by
M. Thiers, on whose downfall he
naturally left office (May 24, 1873).
He again accepted the portfolio of
Finance in M. Buffet's administration,
in March, 1875. Soon afterwards he
was elected a Senator for the depart-
ment of the Seine-et-Oise; his term
of office will expire in 1882. He re-
tained his portfolio in the Dufaure
cabinet of the 10th of May, 1876, and
in the Jules Simon cabinet of the
13th of Dec. following, but he retired
with the latter May 17, 1877. When
a new ministry was formed under
the presidency of M. Dufaure in
Dec., 1877, M. Léon Say again became
Minister of Finance. He presided
over the International Monetary
Conference held at the Foreign
Office, Paris, in Aug., 1878. M. Léon
Say, who is a great authority on
financial and economical questions,
has written "Théorie des Changes
Étrangers," translated from the Eng-
lish, and preceded by an introduction;
"Histoire de la Caisse d'Escompte,"
1848; “La Ville de Paris et le Crédit
Foncier " ""Lettre aux Membres de
la Commission du Corps Législatif;
“Observations sur le Système Finan-
!
""
883
cier de M. le Préfet de la Seine."
1865; and, in conjunction with M.
Léon Walras, "Les Obligations Popu
laires." He has contributed to the
Annuaire de l'Economic Politique and
the Journal des Economistes. In Dec.,
1874, the French Academy of Moral
and Political Sciences, elected M.
Léon Say to the seat left vacant by
the death of M. Dubois.
SAYCE, ARCHIBALD HENRY, born
at Shirehampton, near Bristol, Sept.
25, 1846, was educated partly at
home, and partly at Grosvenor College,
Bath. He became Scholar of Queen's
College, Oxford, in 1865, First Class
in Moderations in 1866, was First
Class in the Final Classical Schools
in 1868, was elected a Fellow of his
College in 1869, Tutor in 1870, and
since then Senior Tutor. He was
ordained deacon in 1870, and priest
in 1871. He became Deputy-Pro-
fessor of Comparative Philology in
1876 ; an elector to the Chair of
Celtic in the same year; and Public
Examiner in the School of Theology in
1877. He has been a member of the
Old Testament Revision Company
since 1874. He has published:
"Outlines of Acadian Grammar,"
in the Journal of Philology, 1870
"An Assyrian Grammar for Compa-
rative Purposes," 1872; "The Prin-
ciples of Comparative Philology,
1874, 2nd edition, 1875; “The As-
tronomy and Astrology of the Baby-
lonians," 1874; "An Elementary
Assyrian Grammar and Reading
Book," 1875, 2nd edition, 1877; “A
Lecture on the Study of Comparative
Philology," 1876; "Lectures on the
Assyrian Syllabary and Grammar,"
1877; "Babylonian Literature,” 1877;
"Critical Examination of Isaiah,
xxxvi.-xxxix., the Chaldean Account
of the Deluge, and the Date of the
Ethnological Table of Genesis," in
the Theological Review, 1873-4; “Sy-
racuse," in the Fortnightly Review,
Oct., 1875; "The Jelly-Fish Theory
of Language," in the Contemporary
Review, April, 1876; "The Karian
Inscriptions," in the Transactions of
the Royal Society of Literature, x.,
3 L 2
884
SCHAFF-SCHARF.
3; "Acadian Phonology" in Trans-
actions of the Philological Society,
1877; "The Tenses of the Assyrian
Verb in the Transactions of the
R.A.S., 1877; "La Inscripcion de
Castellon de la Plena" in La Aca-
demia, April, 1877; and "Language
and Race" in the Journal of the
Anthropological Institute, 1877. Mr.
Sayce edited George Smith's "His-
tory of Babylonia, 1877.”
;;
SCHAFF, PHILIP, D.D., born at
Chur, Switzerland, Jan. 1, 1819. He
was educated at Tübingen, Halle,
and Berlin, and in 1841 travelled as
private tutor, in France, Switzerland,
and Italy. In 1844 he went to
America, where he became Professor
of Theology in the Lutheran Seminary
at Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, and
was subsequently lecturer on Eccle-
siastical History at Andover, and
Professor of Church History at Hart-
ford. In 1871 he became Professor
of Church History in the Union Theo-
logical Seminary, New York. Among
his numerous works are:-"History
of the Apostolic Church" (1851);
"German Hymn Book " (1859);
"History of the Christian Church of
the First Three Centuries" (1858); | Pollock's
(1858); |
"The Christ of the Gospels" (1864);
"Lectures on the Civil War in
America" (1865); "Christ in Song
(1869); "Revision of the English
Version of the New Testament
(1874); "Bibliotheca Symbolica
(1875), and “The Vatican Council
(1875).
??
""
??
"
as
and Classical revivals by Macready,
when manager of Covent Garden
Theatre in 1838-9. He travelled in
Italy in 1840, and accompanied Sir
C. Fellows in a journey through
Lycia and other parts of Asia Minor,
whither he proceeded again in 1843,
as draughtsman to a government
expedition. A large collection of
his drawings, both of Lycian views
and outlines of sculpture, is depo-
sited in the British Museum. After
his return he painted some oil pic-
tures, which were exhibited at the
Royal Academy and at the British
Institution; but his time has been
chiefly devoted to illustrating books;
among which may be mentioned
Fellows's "Lycia," Murray's "Il-
lustrated Prayer-Book," Macaulay's
"Lays of Ancient Rome," 1847;
Milman's "Horace," 1849; Kugler's
"Handbook of Italian and German
Painting," 1851, 2nd edit., 1855, in
which he devised a collected series
of minute representations of all
Raphael's compositions known
the "Holy Family; " Layard's works
on Nineveh," Dr. Smith's "Classi-
cal Dictionaries," Keats's "Poems,"
Pollock's "Dante," and "The Life
of Stothard." He was elected F.S.A.
in 1852, and Corresponding Member
of the Archæological Institute of
Rome in 1858. He delivered a course
of lectures on Italian art at the Royal
Institution, and was appointed Art
Secretary at the Manchester Exhibi-
tion of 1857, and in the same year
Secretary and Keeper of the Na-
tional Portrait Gallery. He has
written "History of the Character-
istics of Greek Art," prefixed to
Wordsworth's "Greece;"" Descrip-
tions of the Greek, Roman, and
Pompeian Courts at the Crystal
Palace; "Artistic and Descriptive
Notes on Remarkable Pictures in the
British Institution
British Institution Exhibition of
Ancient Masters," published in 1858;
a "Catalogue of Pictures and Works
of Art in Blenheim Palace,” in 1860;
and a Catalogue Raisonné of the
Pictures belonging to the Society of
Antiquaries of London," reprinted
*C
|
SCHARF, GEORGE, F.S.A., son of
a Bavarian artist of the same name,
who had settled in London in 1816.
He was born Dec. 16, 1820, is well
known as a writer on subjects con-
nected with art, and as a skilful
artist, having studied its principles
under his father, who died in
London in Nov., 1860. He was
educated at London University
University
School, and having gained medals at
the Society of Arts, was admitted a
student of the Royal Academy in 1838.
His first published work was a series
of etchings, entitled "Scenic Ef-
fects," illustrating the Shaksperian
*"
+
SCHLIEMANN.
|
1
from the Fine Arts Quarterly Review,
in 1865. In 1866 he delivered a
course of lectures at the Royal Insti-
tution, upon portraits, illustrated by
numerous sketches taken by himself
from the original pictures; a second
series was given in March, 1868. He
is also the author of an account of the
various representations of Richard II.,
with a record of the restoration of
the celebrated portrait preserved in
the Jerusalem Chamber, Westminster
Abbey, printed in the Fine Arts
Quarterly Review, 1867; and of an
historical account of the pictures be-
longing to the Crown, recording their
vicissitudes from the reign of Henry
VIII. to the present century, and
published in the volume of the Ar-
chæological Institute, entitled "Old
London," 1867. In these catalogues
many erroneous titles of portraits
were corrected, and several names of
eminence, supposed to have been lost,
have been recovered. His essays on
"The Three Children of the King of
Castille," a triptych formerly belong-
ing to King Henry VIII. ; and a rare
portrait of the Empress Leonora,
mother of Maximilian, previously
unknown, were printed in the Ar-
chæologia of the Society of Antiqua-
ries. He contributed to the journal
of the Royal Archæological Institute a
new interpretation of the well-known
picture of Queen Elizabeth in a litter
surrounded by her nobles, erroneously
engraved by Vertue as "A Proces-
sion to Hunsdon House," in 1571. He
showed that it was in reality the
visit of Queen Elizabeth to Black-
friars in 1600, to celebrate the wed-
dling of Anne Russell to Lord Her-
bert. This departure from the date
assumed by Vertue, had extensively
altered the names of the persons re-
presented. His latest works have
been elaborate historical cata-
logues of the paintings at Knowsley
Hall and Woburn Abbey, privately
printed.
SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN,
PRINCE OF. (See CHRISTIAN,
PRINCE.)
SCHLIEMANN, DR. HEINRICH,
885
F.S.A., was born at Ankershagen in
Mecklenburg, in 1822, being the son
of a Lutheran pastor, who inspired
him at an early age with an enthu-
siastic admiration of the heroes of
ancient Greece, whose exploits have
been immortalised by Homer. On
his mother's death, which occurred
when he was nine years old, he went
to live with his uncle, a clergyman of
Kalkhorst, where he remained two
years. When the lad was fourteen
years old, the elder Schliemann lost
his parish, became miserably poor,
and could no longer pay for his son's
schooling. The result was that young
Schliemann had to enter a grocer's
shop in the little town of Fürsten-
burg, instead of following a career of
letters, for which he felt a strong in-
clination, but he always preserved
for the glories of antiquity the same
love which he showed in his early
infancy. In this shop he passed five
and a half years of his life, occupied
in selling herrings, butter, brandy,
milk, and salt, in grinding potatoes
for the distillery, and in other similar
pursuits. He only came in contact
with the lower classes of society, and
as he was forced to work from five in
the morning until eleven at night, he
rapidly forgot the little learning he
had previously acquired. At last,
through the mediation of friends, he
obtained a place as correspondent
and book-keeper in the Amsterdam
firm of Messrs. B. H. Schroeder & Co.,
who engaged him with a salary of
600 florins, which, seeing his zeal,
they shortly afterwards raised to
1000. In 1846 he was sent to St.
Petersburg by his firm as their local
agent, and a year later he established
himself in business there on his own
account. In the course of his busy
life he has visited most parts of
Europe and America, and has learned
many languages, including Russian,
English, French, Spanish, Italian,
Portuguese, Dutch, Polish, Swedish,
ancient and modern Greek, and Ara-
bic. Having amassed a fortune, he
commenced his archæological inves-
tigations and excavations in the East,
886
SCHMITZ-SCHNEIDER.
and recorded the results in a work
written in French in 1869, and en-
titled (6
Ithaque, Le Péloponèse,
Troie. Recherches Archéologiques."
Previously he had published in the
same language, "La Chine et le Ja-
pon au temps présent" (1867). In
1874 he published "Troy and its Re-
mains," which contains a full account
of the researches and discoveries
made by him at Hissarlik, the site of
ancient Troy, and in the Trojan Plain.
In Feb., 1874, he obtained permission
from the Greek Government to exca-
vate Mycenae, where, in 1877, he dis-
covered the five royal tombs which
local tradition pointed out to Pau-
sanias as those of Agamemnon and
his companions, who were murdered
by Ægisthus. The treasures of gold
and silver brought to light denote
great artistic perfection, and demon-
strate the existence of a school of
domestic artists entirely independent
of oriental influence. Coming now
to England, Dr. Schliemann met with
a most flattering reception. He was
elected an honorary member of the
Grocers' Company, a Fellow of the
Society of Antiquaries, a member of
the Royal Institute of British Archi- |
tects, and of the Archæological Insti-
tute. Many of the antiquities disco-
vered by Dr. Schliemann at Hissarlik
were exhibited at the South Kensing-
ton Museum at the close of 1877, and
about the same time there appeared
in English, "Mycenae; a Narrative
Mycena a Narrative
of Researches and Discoveries at My-
cenæ and Tiryns. By Dr. Henry
Schliemann. The Preface by the
Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone. M.P."
In his explorations Dr. Schliemann
has been greatly assisted by his
wife, who is an accomplished Greek
scholar. She is a native of Greece.
At the present time (Dec., 1878) Dr.
Schliemann is continuing his exca-
vations at Hissarlik, employing con-
stantly 125 labourers, and several
horse-carts.
|
SCHMITZ, LEONHARD, Ph.D.,
LL.D., F.R.S.E., was born at Eupen,
near Aix-la-Chapelle, March 6, 1807,
studied history and philology at the
|
|
༡་
University of Bonn, under Niebuhr
Welcker, &c., from 1828 till 1832, and
afterwards taught with success at
the gymnasium of Bonn. In 1836,
after marrying an English lady, he
removed to England, and occupied
himself chiefly with writing on
classical, historical, and educational
subjects. In 1845 he was appointed
to the Rectorship of the High School
of Edinburgh, which he resigned in
July, 1866; he then undertook the
Principalship of the London Interna--
tional College, which he resigned in
1874, on being appointed Classical
Examiner in the University of Lon--
don. He was selected by the Queen
in 1859 to give a course of historical
instruction to the Prince of Wales,
and during the winter of 1862-3 gave
a similar course to Prince Alfred..
Dr. Schmitz edited Niebuhr's Lectures
on "Roman History," on "Ancient
History," and "Ancient Geography
and Ethnology," consisting of eight
volumes, 1844-53; and the "Classical
Museum," a periodical devoted to the
elucidation of ancient history and
literature, from 1844 till 1850; and
has compiled a "Popular History of
Rome;" a "History of Greece;"
Grammars of the Greek and Latin
languages; a "Manual of Ancient
History," 1855; a "Manual of An-
cient Geography," 1857; a "Manual
of the History of the Middle Ages,"
1859; "History of Latin Literature,"
1877; and contributed largely to the
Penny Cyclopædia, Dr. W. Smith's
"Classical Dictionaries," and the En-
cyclopædia Britannica. Dr. Schmitz
became a naturalised British subject
shortly after his appointment to the
Rectorship at Edinburgh.
SCHNEIDER, HORTENSE CATHE-
RINE, a French actress, born at Bor-
deaux about 1835, displayed while
very young an aptitude for the stage,
and at the age of fifteen played with
applause in "Michel et Christine" at
the Athénée of her native city. An
old teacher named Schaffner gave
her lessons in singing, and she subse-
quently spent three years at Agen,
playing secondary parts. Going to
SCHOELCHER-SCHOFIELD.
|
Paris she obtained an engagement in
the company of the Bouffes- Parisiens,
and on Sept. 19, 1856, made her début
in Le Chien de Garde" at the
Théâtre des Variétés. Here she met
with considerable success, which was
increased by her performances at the
Théâtre du Palais Royal, where she
made her first appearance Aug. 5,
1858. In Dec. 1864 Mdlle. Schneider
returned to the Variétés and caused
quite a furore by her acting in "La
Belle Hélène." She achieved a suc-
cess even more signal in "La Grande
Duchesse de Gérolstein" during the
Universal Exposition of 1867, and
appeared in the same part at London
in July, 1868. In the following year
she returned to the Bouffes-Parisiens.
SCHOELCHER, VICTOR, writer
and politician, son of a porcelain
manufacturer, born at Paris, July 21,
1804, on quitting the Collége Louis-
le-Grand, where he had received his
education, joined the Liberal party
opposed to the Restoration, and wrote
for the press. As an ardent Republi-
can, he was opposed to the monarchy
of July, 1830, and placed his fortune
and his pen at the service of various
democratic journals. He advocated
the abolition of negro slavery; went,
in 1829, to Mexico, Cuba, and the
United States, and, shocked by the
aspect of forced servitude, called
loudly for immediate emancipation.
After having visited the French,
English, Danish, and Spanish colonies
in the West Indies, he proceeded to
Greece, Egypt, and Turkey, and in
1847 set out for the west coast of
Africa, ascended the Senegal to with-
in thirty leagues of the Cataracts,
visited the French establishment on
the Gambia, and returned to France
to draw up his observations on the
negroes of Africa. After the revolu-
tion of Feb., 1848, he entered the
Ministry of Marine, as Under-Secre-
tary; issued, March 4, a decree pro-
claiming the principal of emancipa-
tion; and instituted a commission to
prepare the law for the immediate
enfranchisement of the negroes in the
French colonies. To M. Schoelcher is
887
due the decree for abolishing flogging
in the French navy. He was elected
to the Constituent Assembly for Gua-
daloupe and Martinique, as the libera-
tor of the slave, and returned for the
former to the Legislative Assembly.
He continued to defend emancipation
in the tribune and in the press, and
had to sustain a hard struggle with
the slave-owners. His proposition for
the abolition of the punishment of
death came on for discussion just as
the coup d'état suppressed the Assem-
bly. Expelled from France, he took
refuge in England. He refused to
take advantage of the amnesty pro-
claimed by the Empire, and did not
return to France until after the com-
mencement of the war with Germany,
and the earlier defeats sustained by
the French troops in Aug., 1870.
After the 4th of September, he was
nominated Colonel of the Staff of
the National Guards, and a member
of the Commission of Barricades,being
intrusted with the duty of organising
the Legion of Artillery, which he
commanded throughout the siege of
Paris. In Feb., 1871, he was returned
as representative of the department
of the Seine, to the National Assem-
bly, and was also chosen for Marti-
nique and Guiana. He elected to sit
for Martinique. M. Schoelcher voted
with the Extreme Left. He has since
been elected a Senator for Life. He
has published a number of valuable
works on the subject of slavery; also
"The Life of Handel," Lond., 1857 ;
and "The Sunday Rest," Lond., 1870.
SCHOFIELD, GEN. JOHN MCAL-
LISTER, born in Chatauque_county,
New York, Sept. 29, 1831. He gra-
duated at the Military Academy at
West Point, in 1853; remained there
for five years as Instructor in Natural
Philosophy; and from 1858 to 1861
was Professor of Natural Philosophy
at St. Louis, Missouri. Soon after the
outbreak of the civil war he was ap-
pointed Brigadier-General of volun-
teers, and served with credit in
Missouri and Kansas. In 1864 he
joined the army of Gen. Sherman, and
bore a prominent part in all its ope-
SCHOTT-SCHUVÁLOFF.
In
rations to the close of the war.
1864 he was made Brigadier-General,
and in 1869 Major-General in the
regular army. In 1867 he was
placed in command of the military
district of Virginia. In 1868 he was
appointed Secretary of War, but he
resigned in 1869, and was assigned
to the command of the department
of Missouri; and in 1870 to that of
the Pacific. In 1876 he was ap-
pointed Superintendent of the Mili-
tary Academy at West Point.
888
•
66
SCHOTT, WILHELM, philologist
and ethnologist, was born at Mayence
in Sept., 1809, and graduated as Doc-feated.
tor of Philosophy at Halle, in 1827,
since which time he has devoted him-
self to the study of the European and
Asiatic languages. His first work,
An Essay on the Tatar Languages
Versuch über die tatarischen Spra-
chen"), appeared in 1836. In 1840
he was nominated a Professor in the
High School of Berlin, and in 1842 a
Fellow in ordinary of the Imperial
Academy of Sciences of Berlin. The
same year he published "De Linguâ
Tschuwaschorum," in which he de-
in which he de-
monstrated the Turkish character of
this idiom. In 1849 followed his
work, “Concerning the Altaic or Fin-
nish-Tatar group of Languages;" in
1854, "The Numeral in the Tschudic-
Class of Languages;" and after this
a yet unconcluded series of treatises
entitled "Altaic Studies," 1860-72.
Dr. Schott, who is Professor-Extraor-
dinary in the University of Berlin,
has also written largely on the
Chinese language and literature,
and on the Ugro-Finnish class of
languages.
many and rescued Kinkel, who had
been sentenced to twenty years' im-
prisonment in the fortress of Spandau.
The two escaped to Leith, Scotland.
Schurz went thence to Paris as a
newspaper correspondent, but a year
later returned to London as a teacher.
In 1852 he went to the United States,
remained in Philadelphia for three
years, and then settled in Wisconsin,
and became prominent as a political
orator in the German language. The
following year he was nominated by
the Republicans for Lieutenant-
Governor of the State, but was de-
In 1861 he was appointed
minister to Spain, where he remained
till Dec. 1861; returning to the
United States, he resigned his office,
and entered the
and entered the army, and in the
May following was appointed Briga-
dier-General of Volunteers. In the
autumn of 1863 he went to Tennessee,
and took part in several battles, but
resigned in 1864, and returned to his
profession of the law. In 1866 he
removed to Detroit, Michigan, where
he founded and edited for some time
the Detroit Post. In 1868 he re-
moved to St. Louis, and in 1869 was
elected U.S. senator from Missouri.
In the Presidential canvass of 1872
he united with that portion of the
Republican party known as
"Libe-
rals," who nominated Mr. Greeley for
President, in opposition to General
Grant; and for a time he was usually
classed with the Democrats. He,
however, returned to the regular
Republican party; and in 1876 took
an active part in the canvass for Mr.
Hayes, by whom he was, in 1877,
appointed Secretary of the Interior.
SCHUVÁLOFF, COUNT PETER,
who is at present Russian Ambassador
to the Court of St. James', is a de-
scendant of a well-known Russian
family of nobility, and which, as far
as records go, was ennobled in the be-
ginning of the seventeenth century.
Many members of that house have
played highly important parts in the
history of Russia both as generals and
as diplomatists, and we find them first
in a prominent position under Peter
SCHURZ, CARL, was born at Lib-
lar, near Cologne, Germany, March
2, 1829. He was educated at the
Gymnasium of that city, and at the
University of Bonn. In 1848 he
became associated with Gottfried
Kinkel, in editing a revolutionary
journal, and subsequently in initiating
a revolution. At the surrender of
the fortress of Rastadt, he escaped
into Switzerland, whence in May,
1850, he returned secretly to Ger-
SCHUVALOFF.
the Great. We have only to point to
General Iwan Schuváloff, the com
mander of Wiborg, who was one of
the greatest generals of his time in
Russia, and enjoyed in a high degree
the confidence of his sovereign. But
it was only under the Empress Eliza-
beth that the family was raised to the
dignity of Count. This was in the
year 1746, and ever since the mem-
bers of the Schuváloff family have
stood in high esteem with their sove-
reigns, to whom, it must be admitted,
they have rendered excellent service.
But they owed their chief promo-
tions to the Empress Elizabeth and
the Empress Catherine, of whom
some of them were special favourites.
Count Peter Schuvaloff, to whom it
is intended to draw special attention,
was born in 1828. He at first en-
tered the military service, and in 1864
had been advanced to the rank of
general, whether on account of any
special merit or not it is difficult to
say, since promotion in Russia does
not always depend upon that, but
goes very much by favour. He filled
successively the post of military at-
taché in Paris, of functionary in the
Ministry of the Interior, and Governor-
General of the Baltic provinces. He
was advanced subsequently to the post
of Chief of the Secret Police, third
section of the Imperial Chancellerie,
which is in Russia a highly important
position, the occupant having, in a
great measure, to deal with foreign
affairs. This appointment was made
in 1866, and for upwards of seven
years Count Schuváloff retained that
post, and enjoyed the most implicit
confidence of his sovereign, upon
whom he exercised greater influence
than any of his colleagues. His
appointment as Ambassador to Her
Majesty Queen Victoria was looked
upon by some in Russia as a kind of
exile. Some believed that he was
sent to England owing to Prince
Gortschakoff's jealousy, the Prince
looking upon him as his rival and
aspirant for the post of Chancellor.
Other reasons of a more private na-
ture were likewise assigned for his
889
|
expatriation, but on the other hand
it was likewise said that the Czar had
chosen him for his representative in
England on account of the confidence
he reposed in the Count's ability, and
in his devotion to the Emperor. If
this latter motive was the real cause
of the appointment, events have
proved the farsightedness of the Czar,
who could not have had a better ser-
vant during the trying negotiations
between the two countries within the
last few years. It was also said at
the time that the Emperor Alexander
had been guided in his choice by a
desire that the Count should become
better qualified for the position of
successor to Prince Gortschakoff by
obtaining a more intimate knowledge
of European diplomacy. The evident
success which had crowned his la-
bours when the Count was sent on a
special mission to this country pre-
vious to his appointment as Ambas-
sador, to appease the susceptibilities
of the then Gladstone cabinet re-
specting the Russian expedition to
Khiva, was no doubt another reason
for his being entrusted with the post
of Ambassador to England, and sub-
sequent occurrences have shown the
necessity of Russia being ably repre-
sented. In a great measure it may
be attributed to Count Schuváloiť
that, up to the present, England and
Russia have avoided coming to an
open rupture. His intervention pre-
vious to the Berlin Congress, his ac-
tion at the Congress itself and since
the signature of the treaty of Berlin,
have all tended to smooth the mani-
fold difficulties which threatened to
end in a declaration of war.
through, however, the Count has been
opposed to Prince Gortschakoff's po-
licy, and is certainly his rival. For
several months after the conclusion
of the treaty of Berlin, Count Schu-
váloff was varying in the favour
of the Czar, the scales now rising,
then falling; but Prince Gortschakoff
has, up to the present, succeeded in
always re-establishing his position, in
consequence of the double current of
the peace and war party at court, the
All
S
890
SCHWARZENBERG-SCLATER-BOOTH.
Prince ever steering with the wind.
The moment, however, Count Schu-
váloff's ascendancy shall have been
established, he is sure to be recalled
to St. Petersburg, and in that case
he would be probably placed at the
helm.
SCHWARZENBERG, CARDINAL
FREDERICK VON, Prince Bishop of
Prague, a member of the princely
house bearing his name, was born
April 6, 1809. Having completed his
education, and taken holy orders, the
prince became, in 1836, Bishop of
Salzburg. In 1842 he was made a
cardinal, and in 1849 was translated
as Prince Bishop of Prague. At the
Ecumenical Council of the Vatican
(1869-70) the cardinal belonged to the
inopportunist party, but afterwards
unreservedly accepted the dogma of
the infallibility of the Sovereign
Pontiff.
SCHWARZENBERG, PRINCE
JOHN ADOLPH, brother of the pre-
ceding, born May 29, 1799, is an
Imperial Privy Councillor and Cham-
berlain and an Hereditary Councillor
of the Austrian Empire. In 1833 he
succeeded his father in the titles and
estates. In 1830 he married Princess
Eleanora von Liechtenstein (born
Dec. 25, 1812), and from this union.
was born their son Prince Adolph
Joseph, now a major in the Austrian
army. The prince is President of
the Imperial Patriotic Society of
Bohemia, of the Imperial Agricul-
tural Society in Vienna, and of the
Imperial Privileged Institute of
Credit for Commerce and Industry
of Vienna.
SCLATER, PHILIP LUTLEY, M.A.,
Ph.D., F.R.S., second son of W. L.
Sclater, Esq., of Hoddington House,
Hants, born in 1829, was educated at
Winchester School, and at the age of 16
was elected Scholar of Corpus Christi
College, Oxford, where he graduated
in 1849, taking a first-class in ma-
thematics. He was subsequently
subsequently
Fellow of the same College. He was
called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in
1855, and went the Western circuit
for several years, became secretary
to the Zoological Society of London
in 1859, was elected F.R.S. in 1861,
and was made Doctor Philosophiæ by
the University of Bonn (honoris
causa) in 1860. He was editor of
the first series of the Ibis, a journal
of ornithology, and of the Natural
History Review, and is author of a
Monograph of the Tanagrine Genus
Calliste,' "Zoological Sketches,"
"Catalogue of American Birds,"
"Guide to the Gardens of the Zoo-
logical Society of London," and of
upwards of 300 papers and memoirs
on ornithology and other branches
of natural history in the "Trans-
actions" and "Proceedings" of the
Zoological Society, the "Journal of
the Linnæan Society," the "Annals
of Natural History," the Ibis, the
Natural History Review, and the
Journal of Science. In 1875 Mr.
Sclater was appointed Private Secre-
tary to his brother, the Right Hon. G.
Sclater-Booth, President of the Local
Government Board, but resigned
that office in 1877.
In the same
year he became one of the General
Secretaries to the British Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Science.
64
SCLATER-BOOTH, THE RIGHT
HoN. GEORGE, M.P., F.R.S., eldest
son of William Lutley Sclater, Esq.,
of Hoddington House, Hampshire, by
Anne Maria, daughter of the late
William Bowyer, Esq., was born in
London in 1826. From Winchester
School, where he obtained the gold
medal for Latin verse, he proceeded
to Balliol College, Oxford (B.A.
1847). He was called to the bar of
the Inner Temple in 1851. In 1857
he assumed, by royal licence, the
name of Booth in addition to his
patronymic; and in the same year
he was elected M.P. for North Hamp-
shire, which constituency he has con-
tinued to represent in the Conserva-
tive interest down to the present
time. During the first ten years of
his Parliamentary career Mr. Sclater-
Booth was a frequent and active
member of Select Committees, and
became very conversant with the
public and private business of the
SCOTT.
House of Commons. As Secretary to
the Poor Law Board in 1867 he repre-
sented that department in the Lower
House, his chief, Lord Devon, being
the first peer who had ever filled the
office of President. This brought
the Secretaryship into greater promi-
nence than it had previously occupied,
and identified it more completely
with the policy and administration of
the department. The severe pressure
on the rates caused by the distress
which prevailed at that time in the
East of London, also brought Mr.
Sclater-Booth's name before the
public as actively promoting the co-
operation between private charity
and relief from the public rates, by
which the emergency was finally
dealt with. On the resignation of
Lord Derby in Feb., 1868, the follow-
ing year Mr. Sclater-Booth was
appointed to the Secretaryship of the
Treasury, in the room of Mr. Hunt,
who became Chancellor of the Ex-
chequer. He passed the estimates
through the House of Commons, and
conducted the financial business of
the Treasury till the general election
of 1868, when Mr. Disraeli's Govern-
ment resigned. During Mr. Glad-
stone's administration (1868-74) Mr.
Sclater-Booth's attention continued
to be constantly directed to public
business, and he served during the
greater part of that time as Chairman
of the important Committee on Pub-
lic Accounts. On the formation of
Mr. Disraeli's Government in 1874 he
was sworn in as a Privy Councillor,
and appointed to the office of Presi-
dent of the Local Government Board.
In that capacity he has been distin-
guished for the success with which he
has directed the administration and
Parliamentary business of his depart-
ment in particular the Rating Act
of 1874, the Registration Act of the
same year, and the Pollution of
Rivers Prevention Act of 1875, were
measures which had long been ur-
gently required, but which, though
frequently brought forward, had
never before been carried to a suc-
cessful issue. The consolidation of
891
the sanitary laws in the Public
Health Act of 1875 was likewise a
measure of the greatest importance
with which his name could be con-
nected.
SCOTT, BENJAMIN, Chamberlain
of London, son of the late B. W. Scott,
Esq., who long held the post of Chief
Clerk to the Chamberlain, and who,
conjointly with Mr. Firth, volun-
teered, in 1832, a report to the City
Corporation on the subject of a
general embankment of the river
Thames, was born in 1814, and
having entered the Chamberlain's
office, attained the post of Chief
Clerk in 1842, but resigned that and
other offices in 1853. He founded
the Bank of London, to which he
was secretary until the death of Sir
John Key, in 1858, when he was
elected to the office of Chamberlain.
He has taken an active part in edu-
cation, having founded, in 1851, the
Working Men's Educational Union.
Mr. Scott has published several vo-
lumes of lectures and a great variety
of educational and other works, par-
ticularly "A Statistical Vindication of
the City of London," "Contents and
Teachings of the Catacombs at Rome,"
Progress of Locomotion in Great
Britain," and "Hints to Lecturers
to the Working Classes." Mr. Scott
is a Commissioner of Her Majesty's
Lieutenancy for the City of Lon-
don.
((
SCOTT, THE REV. CHARLES BROD-
RICK, D.D., born at 3, Merrion Square
South, Dublin, Jan. 18, 1825, was edu-
cated at Eton and at Trinity College,
Cambridge, where he graduated B.A.
in 1848 as Senior Classic and 22nd
Wrangler. He gained the Pitt
University scholarship (1847); was
Senior Chancellor's Medallist, and was
elected, in 1849, a Fellow of Trinity,
of which College he became assistant
tutor in 1852. Afterwards he gradu-
ated M. A.. 1851; B.D., 1860; D.D.,
1867. He was Select Preacher at
Cambridge in 1860 and 1869. He
became Head Master of Westminster
School in 1855; a Prebendary of St.
Paul's in 1874; and an honorary
"
892
SCOTT-SEDGWICK.
student of Christ Church, Oxford, in |
1875.
office, has edited the scientific works
which have at successive times been
issued by the Meteorological Com-
mittee, and of which the value is
generally recognized by the scientific
world.
SCOTT, THE VERY REV. ROBERT,
D.D., derives his descent from the
Scotts of Harden, N.B., and was born
in 1811 in Devonshire, where his
father held a living. From Shrews-
bury School he proceeded to Christ
Church, Oxford, where he obtained
the Craven University Scholarship
in 1833, and the Ireland University
Scholarship three years subsequently.
He graduated B.A. in 1833, being in the
first class in classics, and was shortly
afterwards elected to a Fellowship at
Balliol College. Having held for a
few years one of the college tutor-
ships he accepted the Rectory of
Duloe, in Cornwall, which he subse-
quently exchanged for the living of
South Luffenham, Rutland. This
preferment he held till 1851, when
he was elected, on the death of Dr.
Jenkyns, to the Mastership of Balliol
College. In 1861 he succeeded Dr.
Hawkins as Professor of the Exegesis
of Holy Scripture at Oxford; and in
1870, on the recommendation of Mr.
Gladstone, he was appointed Dean of
Rochester. Dr. Scott has translated
some portions of the "Library of the
Fathers," and in 1845 he gave to the
world the well-known "Greek Lexi-haps the most complete and elaborate
con," in conjunction with Dean
Liddell.
SCRIVENER, THE REV. FRE-
DERICK HENRY AMBROSE, LL.D.,
was born Sept. 29, 1813, at Ber-
mondsey, Surrey, and educated at
St. Olave's Grammar School, South-
wark, and Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, where he obtained a Scholar-
ship in 1834, and graduated B.A. in
1835, M.A. in 1838. He was ap-
pointed Assistant Master of King's
School, Sherborne, in 1835; Curate
of Sandford Orcas, Somerset, in 1838;
was Head Master of Falmouth School,
1846-56; Incumbent of Penwerris,
Falmouth, 1846-61; Rector of Ger-
rans from 1861 till Dec., 1875, when
the Duke of Portland presented him
to the vicarage of Hendon, Middlesex.
Mr. Scrivener's special study has been
the criticism of the New Testament,
to which nearly all his writings refer,
His "Greek Testament" (7th edit.,
1877), and " Plain Introduction to the
Criticism of the New Testament," are
text-books in many schools and uni-
versities. The "Codex Bezæ," is per-
SCOTT, ROBERT HENRY, M.A.,
F.R.S., F.G.S., born at Dublin, Jan.
28, 1833, was educated at Rugby and
Trinity College, Dublin, where he
graduated as First Senior Moderator
in Experimental Physics in 1856. He
was appointed Lecturer in Mineralogy
to the Royal Dublin Society in 1862,
and Director of the Meteorological
Office in 1867, a title changed to "Se-
cretary of the Meteorological Coun-
cil" in 1877. Mr. Scott is author of
a "Manual of Volumetric Analysis,
1862;
Weather Charts and Storm
Warnings," 1876; and of various
papers on geology and meteorology
in the Transactions of scientific so-
cieties. In addition he, in conjunc-
tion with Capt. H. Toynbee, F.R.A.S.,
the marine superintendent of the
""
of his writings. His
His "Cambridge
Paragraph Bible of the Authorized
English Version; with the Text re-
vised, and a Critical Introduction
prefixed," appeared in 1873; and “Six
Popular Lectures on the Text of the
New Testament" in 1875. He was
nominated one of the Company of
Revision of the Authorized Version
of the New Testament in 1870. The
University of St. Andrew conferred
upon him the honorary degree of
LL.D. in 1872. A civil list pension
of £100 was granted to him Jan. 3,
1872,"in recognition of his services
in connection with Biblical criticism,
and in aid of the publication of his
works."
SEDGWICK, AMY, a popular
actress, born at Bristol, Oct. 27, 1835,
after having passed through a train-
ing for the stage at an amateur
SEELEY-SEELYE.
theatre near London, where Elton,
Reeve, Robson, and other dramatic
"stars" first trod the boards, made
her first public appearance in the
summer of 1853, as Julia, in "The
Hunchback," at the Richmond The-
atre. Her performance, though not
unsuccessful, did not give promise of
the celebrity she afterwards attained.
She returned to Bristol to accept a
temporary engagement, where, owing
to a misunderstanding between her-
self and the lessee of the theatre, she
appeared only one night as Mrs.
White, in the farce of that name.
Proceeding to Cardiff, Miss Sedgwick
caused so great a sensation by her
Pauline in the "Lady of Lyons," that
Mr. Moseley, the leader of a circuit
which included the towns of Hudders-
field, Halifax, and Bradford, offered
her an engagement as his leading
actress, which she accepted, and re-
signed it at the end of a year. The
provincial papers praised her highly;
and in 1855 Mr. John Knowles, the
manager of the Manchester Theatre,
secured her services for three seasons,
and she drew crowded houses. In
the summer of 1857 Mr. Buckstone en-
gaged her for the Haymarket Theatre,
where she made her appearance in
Sept., as Pauline, in "The Lady of
Lyons," and on the first night created
a great sensation, and afterwards ap-
peared in an original part in "The
Unequal Match.' Miss Sedgwick has
acted Lady Macbeth, Juliet, Rosalind,
Ophelia, Peg Woffington, Lady Teazle,
and many other characters. Her
Majesty is one of Miss Sedgwick's
hearty admirers, and has done her
the honour of commanding her to
read dramatic selections before her.
In 1858 she was married to W. B.
Parkes, Esq., M.D., but was left a
widow in 1863.
SEELEY, JOHN ROBERT, M.A.,
was born in London about 1834,
being a son of Mr. Seeley, the publisher
of Fleet-street. He was educated at
the City of London School, of which
he became the captain, and thence
proceeded to Christ's College, Cam-
bridge. He took his B.A. degree in
893
1857, when he was bracketed with
three others at the head of the first
class in the classical tripos, and he
was also Senior Chancellor's Medal-
list. In July, 1858, he was elected a
fellow of his college, where he was a
lecturer for about two years and a
half. He was then appointed prin-
cipal classical assistant at his old
school, and held that post until his
appointment, in 1863, to the Pro-
fessorship of Latin in University Col-
lege, London. The Queen, on the
recommendation of Mr. Gladstone,
appointed him Professor of Modern
History at Cambridge, Oct. 9, 1869.
Professor Seeley's chief work, pub-
lished anonymously in 1865 (though
1866 is the date on the title page), is
entitled "Ecce Homo: a Survey of
the Life and Work of Jesus Christ."
It passed rapidly through several
editions, created great excitement
amongst the members of the various
Protestant communities, and elicited
numerous replies. Among the Pro-
fessor's avowed works may be men-
tioned:-" Classical Studies as an
Introduction to the Moral Sciences,"
a lecture, 1864; "An English Primer:
or Course of English Instruction for
Schools" (in collaboration with the
Rev. E. A. Abbott), 1869; "Lectures
and Essays," 1870; and an edition of
"Livy, with Introduction, Historical
Examination, and Notes," the first
volume of which, forming one of the
Clarendon Press Series, appeared in
1871.
SEELYE, JULIUS HAWLEY,
D.D., LL.D., born at Bethel, Con-
necticut, April 14, 1824. He gradu-
ated at Amherst College in 1849 ;
studied theology and became pastor
of a Dutch Reformed Church in Sche-
nectady, New York. In 1858 he was
appointed Professor of Mental and
Moral Philosophy in Amherst Col-
lege. In 1872 he visited India. In
1874 he was elected a Representative
in Congress, as a candidate indepen-
dent of both political parties, and
was an earnest advocate of a reform
in the civil service, and in the mode
of dealing with the Indian tribes in
894
SELBORNE.
the United States. In 1876 he was |
elected President of Amherst College,
still retaining his former professor-
ship. He has published a translation
of Schwegler's "History of Philoso-
phy" (1856); "The Way, the Truth,
and the Life," being a series of ad-
dresses delivered by him during his
visit to India (1873); and "Christian
Missions" (1875).
SELBORNE (LORD), THE RIGHT
HON. ROUNDELL PALMER, second
son of the late Rev. William Palmer,
rector of Mixbury, Oxfordshire, by
Dorothea, youngest daughter of the
late Rev. William Roundell, of Gled-
stanes, Yorkshire, was born at Mix-
bury, Nov. 27, 1812. He was educated
at Rugby and Winchester Schools,
and was elected in 1830 to an open
scholarship at Trinity College, Oxford,
where he graduated, as a first-class in
classics, in Easter term, 1834, having
previously gained the Chancellor's
prize for Latin verse, and for the
Latin essay in 1831, the Newdigate
prize for English verse in 1832, and
the Ireland scholarship in the same
year. The subject of the Latin
verse composition was "Numantia,"
and of the English "Staffa." He
was elected to a Fellowship at Mag-
dalen College, and obtained the
Eldon Law Scholarship in 1834. In
1837 he graduated M.A., and was
called to the bar at Lincoln's-inn on
June 9 the same year. Having prac-
tised with great success as a Chancery
barrister, he was created a Queen's
Counsel in April, 1849, and was
was
immediately elected a Bencher of his
inn. Sir Roundell Palmer was first
returned to Parliament as member
for Plymouth, at the general election
of July, 1847, being the colleague of
Viscount Ebrington. He is described
in the Parliamentary Companion of
the day as a "Liberal Conservative,
favourable to the extension of free
trade, but friendly to the principle of
the Navigation Laws; is opposed to
the endowment of the Roman Catholic
clergy." He represented Plymouth
till July, 1852, when he was not re-
elected; but regained his seat in
June, 1853, and held it till March,
1857, when he did not offer himself
as a candidate. In July, 1861, though
he had not a seat in Parliament at
the time, he was appointed Solicitor-
General in Lord Palmerston's Ad-
ministration, succeeding Sir William
Atherton, who was promoted to be
Attorney-General on the elevation of
Sir Richard Bethell to the Chancellor-
ship as Lord Westbury. Sir Roundell
then received the honour of knight-
hood, and he was soon after elected
M.P. for Richmond, a borough in
which the Earl of Zetland has para-
mount influence, and which he con-
tinued to represent until his elevation
to the peerage. In Oct., 1863, on the
death of Sir William Atherton, he
became Attorney-General, and re-
tired from office with Lord John
Russell's second Administration in
June, 1866.
June, 1866. On the return of the
Liberal party to power, under the
leadership of Mr. Gladstone, in Dec.,
1868, he was offered the Chancellor-
ship, but not being able to endorse
the policy of the Government in
relation to the Irish Church, declined
taking office. Sir Roundell Palmer's
views on the Irish Church question
were embodied at the time in a
speech addressed by him to his con-
stituents at Richmond. He concurred
with the Government in recommend-
ing the disestablishment of the Irish
Church, but differed from them on
the question of disendowment. He
continued, however, to be an inde-
pendent supporter of Mr. Gladstone's
Cabinet on most of the public ques-
tions of the day, and consented to
represent Her Majesty's Government
as counsel before the Arbitration
Court at Geneva in 1871. He was
appointed Lord Chancellor of Eng-
land, in succession to Lord Hatherley,
in Oct., 1872, on which occasion he
was raised to the peerage by the title
of Baron Selborne, of Selborne, in the
county of Hants. He went out of
office on the defeat of the Liberal
party in Feb., 1874. Of late years his
name has been much associated with
the project for establishing what has
|
SELWYN-SERRANO Y DOMINGUEZ.
been termed a "Legal University";
and it may be remembered that on
this subject Sir R. Palmer has twice
moved, though he ultimately failed
to carry, a resolution in the House of
Commons. He edited the "Book of
Praise, from the best English Hymn-
Writers," published in 1862, and in
the following year received the hono-
rary degree of D.C.L. from the Uni-
versity of Oxford. He was elected
Lord Rector of the University of St.
Andrews in Nov., 1877. In 1878 his
lordship published "Notes on some
Passages in the Liturgical History of
the Reformed English Church."
SELWYN, THE RIGHT REV. JOHN
RICHARDSON, Bishop of Melanesia,
son of the late Dr. George Augustus
Selwyn, Bishop of Lichfield, born in
1845, was educated at Trinity College,
Cambridge (B.A. 1866, M.A. 1870).
He was curate of Alrewas, Stafford-
shire, 1869-70; of St. George, Wol-
verhampton, 1870-71; and vicar of
the last-named parish, 1871-72. He
entered on the Melanesian mission in
1872, and in Feb., 1877, became suc-
cessor to Bishop Patteson the first
Bishop of Melanesia, who was conse-
crated in 1861, and murdered in
1871.
SERRANO Y DOMINGUEZ.
FRANCISCO, Duke de la Torre, Mar-
shal of Spain, born at San Fernando,
near Cadiz, in 1810, acquired his
military experience in the War of In-
dependence. Devoted to the interests
of Queen Christine, he assisted in
bringing about the fall of Espartero
in 1843. After the restoration of the
Queen-mother, Serrano coalesced with
Narvaez in the attempts of the latter
to overthrow Olozaga. Shortly after
the marriage of Queen Isabella, in
1846, he acquired an influence over
the royal mind which occasioned
differences between the King-consort
and herself, and caused some scandal.
The Ministry of the Duke de Soto-
mayor, which attempted to destroy
his influence, was overthrown by him,
while that of M. de Salamanca, which
he supported, yielded in its turn to
the storm of public indignation which
895
assailed it. After this Serrano turned
Liberal, and just before the accession
to power of Narvaez, accepted the
Captaincy-General of Grenada. Hav-
ing been implicated in a rising at
Saragossa, in 1854, he was exiled, but
returned during the revolution of
July in that year, and became an ac-
tive supporter of the O'Donnell-Es-
partero cabinet. In the rupture which
followed between these two, he sided
with the former, and having been
nominated Captain-General of New
Castile an appointment which placed
Madrid in his power,
in the coup
d'état of 1856 he played into O'Don-
nell's hands. In 1857 he was sent as
ambassador to Paris, in 1859 he was
appointed Director and Colonel-Gen-
eral of Artillery, and in June, 1865,
Captain-General of Madrid. On the
return to power of Narvaez, towards
the close of the year 1866, Serrano
vehemently opposed him in conse-
quence of the illegal prorogation of
the Cortes. As President of the
Senate he was delegated, together
with Señor Rios Rosas, the President
of the Chamber of Deputies, to pre-
sent to the Queen a protest signed by
large numbers of the members of both
Chambers. The Ministry, however,
caused the two Presidents and those
who signed the protest to be prose-
cuted, and Marshal Serrano was con-
fined for a brief period in the military
prison at Alicante. The revolution of
Sept., 1868, again brought him into
prominence. Queen Isabella having
fled the country and her dynasty
being proscribed, Marshal Serrano
hastened to Cadiz on the 19th, where,
in conjunction with Prim and Topete,
he became the principal actor in the
revolution. A few days afterwards
the Junta at Madrid made him Pre-
sident of the Council of Ministers,
and nominated him Commander-in-
Chief of the Army, General Prim
being assigned to the Ministry of
War, and Admiral Topete to the
Ministry of Marine. The Cortes, to
which he was returned by the city of
Madrid, extended and consolidated
his powers. The monarchical form
An
896
SERVER PASHA.
|
|
tary. After the return of the Ambas-
sador to Constantinople, Server Ef-
fendi remained in Russia as Chargé
d'Affaires, and by his ability and tact
succeeded in establishing the most
friendly relations between the Cabinet
of St. Petersburg and the Sublime
Porte. On his return to Constanti-
nople, he was appointed Secretary-
General of the Ministry for Foreign
Affairs. In 1859 he was Imperial
Ottoman Delegate on the commission
for settling the frontier of Monte-
negro. After this he was successively
appointed Under-Secretary of State
of the Ministry of Commerce; then
President of the Municipality; Im-
perial Commissioner in Egypt in
reference to the Suez Canal; and Civil
Commissioner in Crete during the in-
surrection of 1867. The improvements
carried out by him during his tenure
of office as Mayor of Constantinople,
1868-70, caused him to be styled the
"Haussmann of Stamboul." On Aug.
31, 1870, he was appointed Musteschar
of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs,
and during the three months' illness
of A'ali Pasha was Minister ad interim.
On the death of A'ali Pasha, Sept. 6,
1871, Server Effendi was created a
Muchir by the Sultan, and definitively
appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs.
Server Pasha possessed in an eminent
degree all the qualifications necessary
for this high post-experience in its
special duties, a very conciliatory
manner, a European education, and
great popularity with the diplomatic
body. Server Pasha subsequently
became, in succession, Minister of
Public Works, Commissary-General.
for carrying out the reforms in Bosnia,
Governor-General of Herzegovina,
and President of the first Ottoman
Senate. He was recalled to the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in the
place of Aarifi Pasha, July 31, 1877.
He resigned in Feb., 1878, in conse-
quence of the publication of state-
ments which had been made by him
to the correspondent of the Daily
News, and which had been declared
by Mr. Layard, our ambassador at
the Porte, to be injurious to Great
|
of government having been decided
upon, Serrano was elected Regent
by 193 votes against 45, on June 16,
1869, and he continued to act in that
capacity until Prince Amadeo, son of
King Victor Emmanuel, was prevailed
upon to accept the Spanish Crown.
In May, 1872, Marshal Serrano was
engaged in suppressing the Carlist
insurrection in Navarre. On Feb.
27, 1874, he was appointed President
of the Executive Power in Spain, and
left Madrid to take command of the
Army of the North. Bilbao was re-
lieved (May 1) by the Republican
forces under Marshals Serrano and
Concha, who compelled the Carlists
to abandon their intrenchments. Ser-
rano soon afterwards returned to
Madrid, where he received a grand
ovation (May 6). In Dec., 1874, the
Marshal-President betook himself to
Laserna's head-quarters at Logroño,
with the ostensible object of taking
arms against the Carlists, but in
reality to test the loyalty of the
Northern Army to the Republic. It
had been intimated to him that
Alfonso, the Prince of the Asturias,
would be proclaimed King, as indeed
he was on the last day of the year.
Serrano, to preserve appearances,
thereupon withdrew to France, but
he was back again at Madrid in the
course of a month (Feb. 1, 1875). He
is a member of the new Spanish
Senate, and in this capacity he re-
fused, on May 12, 1877, to be a
member of the Commission charged
with the duty of presenting to the
King the address voted in reply to
the royal message.
SERVER PASHA, a Turkish states-
man, commenced his official career
in the Imperial Divan, and after fill-
ing the post of Chief of the corre-
spondence department in the ministry
of war, was appointed First Secretary
of the Ottoman Embassy at Vienna;
then in the same capacity at Paris;
and when the Sultan sent Mchemet
Kubrisli Pasha to St. Petersburg as
Ambassador upon the coronation of
the Emperor Alexander, Server Ef-
fendi was chosen as principal secre-
|
SEWELL-SEYMOUR.
Britain. On Aug. 4 in the same year,
Server Pasha succeeded Mahmoud
Pasha as Minister of Justice.
SERVIA, PRINCE OF. (See MI-
LAN OBRENOVITCH.)
SEWELL, ELIZABETH MISSING,
sister of the late Rev. William Sewell,
was born in the Isle of Wight in
1815. She became known as a writer
of High Church fiction by her "Amy
Herbert," 1844. It was followed by
Gertrude, a Tale," and "Sketches,
Three Tales," 1847; "Child's History
of Rome,” 1849; "Readings for Lent,
became Secretary of the Embassy at
Constantinople, and in 1830 proceeded
to Florence as Minister Resident. In
1835 he was sent to Brussels as Envoy
Extraordinary and Minister Plenipo-
tentiary, and occupied that post for
ten years; in Dec., 1846, he was
transferred in the same capacity to
Lisbon, and in 1851 to St. Petersburg.
Whilst resident in the latter capital
he exercised a partial check on the
aggressive designs of the Emperor
Nicholas I., from whose court he was
recalled in March, 1854, on the pro-
from Bishop Taylor," 1851; "Ex-clamation of war between England
perience of Life," "First History of and Russia. In Dec., 1855, he was
Greece," and "Journal of a Summer appointed, on account of his wide
Tour on the
Continent," 1852; and extensive experience, to repre-
"Katherine Ashton, a Tale," 1854; sent the Court of St. James at Vienna,
"Ivors," 1856; "Thoughts for the and discharged his duties there with
Holy Week for Young Persons," considerable address and ability dur-
1857 ; Ursula, a Tale of Countrying a very critical period. He retired
Life,'
""Clove Hall, a Tale," "Earl's on a diplomatic pension in March,
Daughter, a Tale," and "Margaret 1858.
Percival, a Tale," 1858; "Self-Ex-
amination before Confirmation," and
"History of the Early Church," 1859;
"Contes Faciles, from Modern French
Authors," 1861; "Dictation Exer-
cises," Glimpses of the World,"
Impressions of Rome, Florence, and
Turin," and "Readings for a Month
preparatory to Confirmation," 1862;
"Grammar made Easy," 1872; and
"Catechism of Grecian History," 1874;
"Some Questions of the Day," 1875;
and "Popular History of France,
from the Earliest Period to the Death
of Louis XIV.,” 1876.
66
(6
897
SEYMOUR, THE RIGHT HON. SIR
GEORGE HAMILTON, G.C.B., G.C.H.,
eldest son of the late Lord G. Seymour,
(son of the first Marquis of Hertford),
born in 1797, received his education
at Merton College, Oxford, where he
graduated. In 1817 he became an
attaché at the Hague; in 1819 was
appointed Précis Writer and Private
Secretary to Viscount Castlereagh; in
Oct., 1822, was attached to a special
mission to Verona; and in 1823 was
Secretary of Legation at Frankfort,
whence he was transferred, in the
same capacity, first to Stuttgard and
afterwards to Berlin. In 1829 he
➡
|
SEYMOUR, HORATIO, LL.D., born
in Onondaga county, New York, May
31, 1810. He was educated at Geneva
College, and studied law, but soon
abandoned practice, devoting himself
to the care of the large estates left
by his father and father-in-law. In
1841 he was elected to the State
Legislature; and after filling various
offices was, in 1852, elected Governor
of the State of New York; but was
defeated for re-election in 1854. In
1862 he was again elected Governor,
as the Democratic candidate, and op-
posed the general war policy of the
national government; but when the
invasion of Pennsylvania took place
in June, 1863, he promptly forwarded
more than the quota of militia re-
quired from the State of New York.
At the expiration of his term of ser-
vice he retired into private life, and
was not again a candidate for public
honours until July, 1868, when he
was, against his own wish, nominated
by the National Democratic Conven-
tion for President of the United
States, but was defeated by General
Grant. In 1874 he declined to be a
candidate for the office of Senator in
Congress, although his party having
3 M
898
SEYMOUR-SHAIRP.
come into power, his election would
have been certain. Since that time
he has positively declined all nomi-
nations for public office; but his
counsel has been paramount in shap-
ing the policy and in selecting the
candidates of his party in the State.
If he would have accepted the nomi-
nation, he would probably have been
the Democratic candidate for the
Presidency at the election of 1876.
His only publications are a few State
papers and many public addresses,
mostly on topics connected with agri-
culture.
|
|
for Dorchester in 1830, and for Dor-
setshire in 1831, which county he
represented till Feb., 1846. He was
elected one of the members for Bath
in Aug., 1847, and sat for that borough
till he succeeded his father in the
peerage, in 1851. He was a Lord of
the Admiralty in the late Sir R.
Peel's administration in 1834-5; and,
on the removal from the House of
Commons of the late Mr. Sadler, took
charge of the Ten Hours Bill. When
Sir R. Peel again took office in 1841,
Lord Ashley was invited to join the
administration, but refused upon
finding that the Premier's views
would not permit him to support the
Ten Hours Bill. In public life his
lordship has always acted with great
independence. The chief object for
which he has laboured, in and out of
Parliament, has been the improve-
ment of the social condition of the
labouring classes; no man having
taken more pains to inform himself
of the actual condition of the mass of
the people in England, and to endea-
vour to ameliorate their condition.
His influence in the Evangelical party
within the Church of England is con-
|siderable. He is President of the Bible
Society, the Pastoral Aid Society, and
the Society for the Conversion of the
Jews, and was formerly President of
the Protestant Alliance; is a promi-
nent member of all those religious
societies which are founded on an
"evangelical" basis, and is an active
advocate of the abolition of slavery
throughout the world.
SEYMOUR, ADMIRAL SIR MI-
CHAEL, G.C.B., son of the late Ad-
miral Sir M. Seymour, Bart., born in
1802, and educated at the Royal
Naval College, entered the Navy in
1813, is a Vice-Admiral, has been
superintendent of the dockyard at
Sheerness and Devonport, and Com-
mander-in-Chief on the East India
and China station. He was made
Captain of the Baltic Fleet in 1854,
second in command in 1855, a K.C.B.
for his services against the Russians
in the Baltic, and a G.C.B. after com-
manding the naval operations on the
Chinese coast between 1856 and 1858.
He was at one time Secretary and
Registrar to the Order of the Bath,
is a J.P. for the county of Hants, and
was one of the members in the Liberal
interest for Devonport, from Aug.,
1859, till Feb., 1863. He was Ad-
miral in command at Portsmouth
from 1863 till 1866. In 1876 he was
appointed Vice-Admiral of the United
Kingdom.
SHAIRP, JOHN CAMPBELL, LL.D.,
SHAFTESBURY (EARL OF), K.G., was born at Houstoun House, Linlith-
THE RIGHT HON. ANTHONY ASHLEY-gowshire, and educated at Edinburgh
COOPER, born in London, April 28, Academy, Glasgow University, and
1801, was educated at Christ Church, Balliol College, Oxford; was ap-
Oxford, where he obtained a first- pointed by Dr. Tait, now Archbishop
class in Classics, in 1822, graduated of Canterbury, an Assistant Master
M.A. in 1832, and was created D.C.L. of Rugby School; made Professor of
in 1841. He was returned, as Lord Humanity at the United College of
Ashley, member for Woodstock, in St. Salvador and St. Leonard's, at
1826, and supported the Governments St. Andrews, in 1861; and appointed
of Liverpool and Canning, and in the Principal of the same College in
administration of the Duke of Wel- 1868. Dr. Shairp's works are, "Kil-
lington was a Commissioner of the mahoe, a Highland Pastoral, with
Board of Control. He was returned other Poems," 1864 ; • Studies in
SHARPEY-SHEDD.
|
years he filled the office of Secretary.
He is also a member of various
foreign academies, a trustee of the
Hunterian Museum, and was for fif-
teen years a member of the General
Medical Council. He long acted as
Examiner in the University of Lon-
don, and subsequently was appointed
on the Senate. In 1859 he received
the honorary degree of LL.D. from
the University of Edinburgh, on the
occasion of the late Lord Brougham's
installation as Chancellor. He is
author of scientific articles in the
"Cyclopædia of Anatomy and Phy-
siology," and of various contributions
to scientific journals. He was also a
joint editor of the last four editions
of " Quain's Anatomy.'
;"
Poetry and Philosophy," 1868; "Lec-
tures on Culture and Religion," 1870;
"The Poetic Interpretation of Na-
ture," 1877.
|
SHARPEY, WILLIAM, M.D.,
F.R.S., was born at Arbroath, April 1,
1802; after the death of his father,
Henry Sharpey, a native of Kent, who
was resident in Scotland. His mother,
whose maiden name was Balfour, was
afterwards married to Dr. William
Arrott, a medical practitioner in the
town. After going through the usual
course of school education, he became
a student at the University of Edin-
burgh in 1817, and attended the
classes of Greek and Natural Philo-
sophy, the latter then being taught
by Professor John Playfair. In the
following year he began medical
study, and, in 1821, obtained the
diploma of the College of Surgeons
of Edinburgh. After this he pursued
his studies in London and in Paris,
and, returning to Edinburgh, took his
degree of M.D. in the University in
1823. He subsequently passed much
of his time abroad, visiting the
medical and scientific institutions of
France, Italy, and Germany, and
made a long stay in Berlin, where he
devoted himself especially to the
study of anatomy and physiology.
Having, in 1830, become a Fellow of
the College of Surgeons of Edinburgh,
he, in 1831, began to lecture on
Anatomy in the extra Academical
School, and continued to do so till
1836, when he was appointed Pro-
fessor in the University of London,
now University College, where he
taught physiological anatomy and
physiology till April, 1874. The
Government recognised the Profes-
sor's long services, and the good
work he had done in the interest of
science, by the bestowal on him of a
pension of £150 per annum. He
served on the Royal Commission on
Science appointed in 1870, under the
presidency of the Duke of Devon-
shire. Already a Fellow of the Royal
Society of Edinburgh, he was elected,
in 1839, a Fellow of the Royal Society
of London, in which for nineteen
899
SHAW, RICHARD NORMAN, R.A.,
architect, was born at Edinburgh,
1831, and educated in his native city.
He became gold medallist at the
Royal Academy of Arts, and Travel-
ling Student. He was elected an
Associate of the Royal Academy,
Jan. 29, 1872, and a Royal Academi-
cian, Dec. 13, 1877. Mr. Shaw is the
author of "Architectural Sketches
from the Continent."
SHEDD, WILLIAM G. T., D.D.,
LL.D., born at Acton, Massachusetts,
June 21, 1820. He graduated at the
University of Vermont in 1839;
studied theology, and in 1839 be-
came pastor of a Congregational
Church in Brandon, Vermont. In
1845 he was chosen Professor of
English Literature in the University
of Vermont, and from 1853 to 1862
was Professor in the Andover Theo-
logical Seminary. In 1863 he be-
came Professor of Biblical Literature
in the Union Theological Seminary,
New York, a chair which he ex-
changed, in 1874, for that of Syste-
matic Theology, which he still holds.
He has edited the most complete
collection yet made of the works of
Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1853),
Guericke's Church History" (2
vols., 1857, 1870), the "The Con-
fessions of Augustine" (1860); and
has written: "Outlines of a System
of Rhetoric" (1850);
of Rhetoric" (1850); "Lectures on
3 M 2
900
SHEPPARD-SHERE ALI KHAN.
the Philosophy of History" (1856);
"History of Christian Doctrines "
(1863);
(6 Homiletics and Pastoral
Theology" (1867); and "Sermons to
the Natural Man" (1871).
SHEPPARD, EDGAR, M.D., born
at Worcester in 1820, was educated
at Bridgenorth Grammar School, and
King's College, London. He was
appointed Medical Superintendent at
Colney Hatch Lunatic Asylum in
1861, and Professor of Psychological
Medicine in King's College, London,
in 1871. He is a Fellow of the Royal
College of Physicians, and of the
Royal College of Surgeons. The
Southern University of America con-
ferred on him the honorary degree of
D.C.L. in 1873. Dr. Sheppard is the
author of "A Fallen Faith; or, the
Psychology of Quakerism;" a "Trea-
tise on the Turkish Bath ;""Lectures
on Madness; " and contributions to
various scientific magazines,
death, in 1863, he ascended the throne
by the express wish of his father.
At that time he was Dost Mahom-
med's third surviving son.
He was
at once recognized by the British
Government. His elder brothers,
Azim and Afzul, would not acquiesce,
however, in being deprived of what
they considered their lawful inherit-
ance. At first they fled to Indian
territory, and there made arrange-
ments for the campaign which fol-
lowed. So desperate did Shere Ali's
chances seem in a short time, that
the Indian Government began to
encourage Azim by expressions of
sympathy,
sympathy, doubtless hoping, that
should he be successful in Cabul, he
would be disposed to defend our in-
terests. Shere Ali established his
head-quarters at Candahar, for at
Cabul the followers of his brother
were in a majority; but early in
1866, having succeeded in raising an
army of 30,000 men, he advanced to
encounter the forces of Azim. After
a hard-fought engagement Shere Ali
was driven from the field with a loss
of all his artillery and some thou-
sands of his followers. He withdrew
with the remnants of his forces to
Candahar, where he re-established
communications with Herat, then
governed by his son, Yakoob Khan.
The power of Azim and Afzul in
Cabul itself became more and more
consolidated, and overtures were
made to them by both Russia and
Bokhara, and an English envoy was
compelled to retire to Peshawur.
In Oct., 1866, Shere Ali was again in
a position to take the field against
his brothers, but the fortunes of war
were again unfavourable to him, and
he was compelled to quit Candahar,
and to seek refuge with his son in
Herat, He now endeavoured to
obtain Russian assistance, and to sow
dissension in the camp of his adver-
saries. On the death of Afzul, in
1867, Azim was left in divided con-
trol, with his nephew, Abderrahman,
of Cabul, and was acknowledged as
ruler by the English Government.
Azim Khan, the possessor of that part
|
SHEPSTONE, SIR THEOPHILUS,
K.C.M.G., was appointed, in Jan.,
1835, head-quarters' interpreter of the
Kaffir language at the Cape of Good
Hope, and served on the staff during
the Kaffir war of that year. He was
also employed in various services on
the frontier of the Cape Colony; was
appointed Captain-in-Chief of the
native forces in Natal in 1848; Ju-
dicial Assessor at Natal in 1855;
Secretary for Native Affairs in 1856;
member of the Executive and Legis-
lative Councils of that colony the
same year; proceeded on a special
mission in 1873 to crown the King
of Zululand; returned to England
in Aug., 1874; and proceeded once
more to Natal in Sept., 1876, to
conduct negotiations between the
Transvaal States and the Zulus, which
resulted in his annexing the country
of the Transvaal to the British Crown
by proclamation, dated April 12, 1877.
He was nominated a Commander of
the Order of SS. Michael and George
in 1869, and a Knight Commander of
the same Order in 1876.
|
SHERE ALI KHAN (HIS HIGH-
NESS), Ameer of Afghanistan, is a
son of Dost Mahommed, on whose
SHERE ALI KHAN.
as
of Afghanistan which is in our im-
mediate vicinity, at last placed him-
self without reserve in the hands of
his Russian advisers, and the conse-
quence was, that although Shere Ali
had never entered into any express
alliance with us, and though we had
and though we had
to a certain extent repudiated him,
the English interests were supposed
to be represented by the younger son
of Dost Mahommed, while the Rus-
sian interests were represented by the
elder son.
After Yakoob Khan had
been placed in command of the troops
success attended his father's arms.
A rapid march on Candahar placed
that town again in the possession of
Shere Ali, and Yakoob Khan secured
the country in his rule by occupying
Quettah and Khelat. Other victories
followed, and in Aug., 1868, Shere
Ali became de facto ruler of the
greater part of Afghanistan. Al-
though the Indian Government had
officially acknowledged Azim
sovereign, yet the success of Shere
Ali was regarded as a triumph of the
English over the Russian faction.
Sir John (now Lord) Lawrence, the
Indian Viceroy, sent him first two,
and afterwards four, lakhs of rupees,
with 3,500 stand of arms. The next
Viceroy, Lord Mayo, invited the
Afghan ruler to a grand durbar at
Umballah, in March, 1869, and the
success of this gorgeous ceremony was
supposed to be complete. At this
period Shere Ali had indicated very
distinctly that he did not intend to
select as his heir his son Yakoob, but
a younger son, Abdulla Jan (who
died Aug. 17, 1878). The claims of
Yakoob to share in the government
of Afghanistan were ignored, and the
result was that, in 1870, he headed a
rebellion against his father; but in
the following year a sort of recon-
ciliation was effected through the in-
tervention of England. When Lord
Northbrook assumed the Viceroyalty
of India, he substantially adopted the
policy towards Shere Ali which had
been followed by his predecessor,
Lord Mayo. But an entirely new
turn was given to the course of events
901
";
by the rapid advance of Russia in
Central Asia; and when, in 1873, the
forces of the Czar conquered Khiva,
Shere Ali took alarm, and appeared
to doubt the value of the friendly
pledges we had given him. In con-
sequence, he sent a special envoy to
Simla in that year, with the object of
ascertaining definitely how far he
might rely upon the help of the
British Government if his territories
were threatened by Russia. Mr.
Gladstone's Government, to whom
the question was referred by the
Viceroy, was of opinion "that the
discussion of the question would be
best postponed to a more convenient
season. This announcement was
received by the Ameer with great
chagrin and disappointment; he re-
plied, "in terms of ill-disguised sar-
casm," he left untouched the money
lodged to his credit by the Indian
Government, and generally assumed
towards it an attitude of sullen re-
serve. When Lord Lytton became
Viceroy, in 1876, he was instructed
to regain, if possible, the ground
which seemed to have been lost in
1873. He had authority to offer to
Shere Ali "that same active assist-
ance and protection which he had
previously solicited at the hands of
Her Majesty's Government;" but as
this offer involved heavy responsi-
bilities, he was to require in return
that the Ameer "should allow a
British agent or agents access to
positions in his territories (other
than at Cabul itself), where, without
prejudicing the personal authority
of the ruler, they could acquire
trustworthy information of events
likely to threaten the tranquillity
or independence of Afghanistan."
The Ameer, however, appears to
have closed his mind to all over-
tures on our part. When, in 1878,
he received a Russian mission at
Cabul, with ostentatious welcome, at
a moment when the outbreak of
hostilities between ourselves was
possible, the Government thought
the time for further patience had
passed, and resolved to bring matters
902
SHERIDAN.
to a decisive issue by the mission of
Sir Neville Chamberlain, Major
Cavagnari, who went in advance of
our envoy, was distinctly informed
by the Afghan officials at Ali Masjid
that any attempt to enter Afghan
territory would be resisted by force,
of which an ostentatious display was
at once made (Sept. 21). In conse-
quence of this repulse, the Home
Government instructed Lord Lytton
to address to his Highness a demand,
requiring a full and suitable apology,
by the 20th of Nov., 1878, for the
affront which he had offered to the
British Government, the reception of
a permanent British mission within
his territories, and reparation for
any injury inflicted by him on the
tribes who attended Sir Neville
Chamberlain and Major Cavagnari,
as well as an undertaking not to
molest them therefor. As no reply
was received by the date mentioned
in the ultimatum, the British troops
at once entered the Afghan territory,
captured Ali Masjid, and advanced
towards Candahar.
Sept., 1863, he was very active; in
the battle of Chickamauga, though
swept off the field by the breaking of
the lines, he recovered himself and
returned with his own command and
some other troops to support General
Thomas. In the subsequent actions
about Chattanooga he distinguished
himself. In April, 1864, he was
called to the Army of the Potomac
by General Grant, put in command
of the Cavalry Corps, and within the
months of May, June, and July, be-
sides protecting the flanks of the
army and reconnoitring the enemy's
position, was successfully engaged in
eighteen distinct actions. On the
4th of Aug., 1864, he was put in com-
mand of the Army of the Shenandoah,
and soon after of the Middle Military
Division, where he gained severai
successes over General Early, for
which he was made a Brig.-General
of the United States army, and in Nov.
following was made Major-General.
Having completely crushed Early's
army, he desolated the whole region
along the banks of the James River,
effectually cutting off all supplies for
the Confederate Army from the
North, and making a detour around
Richmond, joined General Grant's
Army at City Point, from whence he
started, March 25, 1865, to strike the
final blow for the overthrow of
General Lee's Army of Northern
Virginia. He fought the battle of
Dinwiddie Court House, March 31,
and that of Five Forks, which
necessitated Lee's evacuation of
Richmond and Petersburg, April 1,
and as the Army of Northern Vir-
ginia fled, he constantly attacked and
harassed them, and compelled their
surrender at Appomattox Court
House, April 9, 1865. He was as-
signed to the command of the Mili-
tary Division of the South-west, June
3, and of that of the Gulf, June 17,
1865. Under a new reorganization
of the Military Districts and Depart-
ments, he was assigned to the De-
partment of the Gulf, Aug. 15, 1866,
and in March, 1867, to the fifth Mili-
SHERIDAN, GEN. PHILIP HENRY,
born in Somerset, Ohio, March 6,
1833. He graduated at the Military
Academy at West Point, in 1853, and
being assigned to the Infantry,
served on frontier duty in Texas for
nearly two years, and in Oregon
from 1855 to 1861. At the com-
mencement of the civil war he was
appointed Quartermaster of the Army
of South-Western Missouri, and in
April, 1862, Chief Quartermaster of
the Western Department. In May,
1862, he was appointed Colonel of the
2nd Michigan Volunteer Cavalry,
was commissioned Brig.-General of
Volunteers, July, 1, 1862, and, after
a brief period, was put in command
of the 11th Division of the Army of
Ohio. He commanded a division in
the Army of the Cumberland; and,
at the battle of Stone River, Dec. 31,
1862, saved the army from rout by
his stubborn resistance. For his
gallant conduct he was promoted to
be Major-General of Volunteers. In
the march toward Chattanooga, June-tary District (Louisiana and Texas).
|
|
SHERMAN.
President Johnson being displeased
with his administration, transferred
him, Sept. 12, 1867, to the Depart-
ment of the Missouri, where he con-
tinued until March, 1869, when, by
the promotion of Lieutenant-General
Sherman to be General in place of
General Grant, who was inaugurated
President, Sheridan became Lieu-
tenant-General, and assumed com-
mand of Western and South-western
Military Divisions, his head-quarters,
in 1878, being at Chicago.
SHERMAN, JOHN, born at Law-
rence, Ohio, May 10, 1823. He
studied law, and was admitted to the
bar in 1844. In 1854, he was elected
a Representative in Congress, was re-
elected in 1858 and 1860, and at once
took a foremost place among the
leaders of the Republican party. In
1861, Mr. Chase, retiring from the
Senate to become Secretary of the
Treasury, Mr. Sherman was appointed
to fill the place, and was re-elected
in 1867, his term expiring in 1873.
The Democratic party having gained
the ascendancy in Ohio, he was not
elected for the next term. He had
been at the head of the Finance Com-
mittee of the Senate, and when Mr.
Hayes became President, in 1877,
Mr. Sherman was appointed Secre-
tary of the Treasury. He is a
younger brother of General W. T.
Sherman.
SHERMAN, GEN. WILLIAM
TECUMSEH, born at Lancaster, Ohio,
Feb. 8, 1820. He graduated at the
Military Academy at West Point in
1840, served in the Florida War, in
the war with Mexico, and elsewhere,
until 1853, when he resigned his com-
mission. During the next four years
he was a banker in San Francisco;
and for the succeeding two years a
lawyer at Leavenworth, Kansas.
In 1859 he was appointed Superin-
tendent of the Louisiana Military
Academy, but resigned in Jan., 1861,
when the State seceded from the
Union. When the civil war com-
menced, he was commissioned as
Colonel of a regiment of infantry,
and commanded a brigade of volun-
903
teers at the battle of Bull Run, and
was made Brigadier-General of
Volunteers. He took part in the
subsequent western campaigns, and
was made Brigadier-General in the
regular army. In Oct., 1863, he suc-
ceeded General Grant as commander
of the army department of the Ten-
nessee. In March, 1864, when Grant
was made Lieutenant-General, and
Commander of all the Union forces,
Sherman succeeded him as com-
mander of the military division of the
Mississippi, comprising the entire
South-west, and organized an effec-
tive army of 100,000 men to operate
against Gen. J. E. Johnston, who
commanded the entire Confederate
forces in that quarter. On May 2,
1864, simultaneously with the ad-
vance of Gen. Grant in the East,
Sherman entered on the invasion of
Georgia, making Atlanta his first point,
and between that date and Sept. 1,
fought many pitched battles; John-
ston, whose forces were much inferior,
continually falling back, but making
a stout resistance at every defensible
point. He received the capitulation
of Atlanta, Sept. 2, 1864, and occu-
pied it as a military post until Nov.
15, 1864, and then having sent about
two-fifths of his force, under General
Thomas, to repel General Hood's move-
ment into Tennessee, he marched
southward to the sea, with a force of
60,000 men, in less than a month
passing over about 300 miles with
his army, without auy resistance, till
he reached Fort McAllister, below
Savannah, which he captured after a
brief action Dec. 13, Savannah sur-
rendering Dec. 21, 1864. He com-
menced Jan. 15, 1865, his invasion of
the Carolinas, being about six weeks
in passing through South Carolina.
He fought two battles in North Caro-
lina, March 16 and 20-21, 1865, oc-
cupied Goldsboro', March 22, and
having given his army a few weeks'
rest, captured Raleigh, April 13, and
negotiated with General J. E. John-
ston, terms of capitulation. These
terms were pronounced inadmissible
by the Federal Government, and
904
SHIRLEY-SHORE.
General Sherman under General | able antiquary, and is the author of a
genealogical work of high merit, en-
titled "Noble and Gentle Men of
England, their Arms, &c.," of which
a third edition appeared in 1866. He
has written "Stemmata Shirleiana;
or, Annals of the Shirleys of Etin-
don," printed in 1841, and reprinted
with additions in 1873; "Some Ac-
count of the Territory of Farney, in
Ulster," in 1846; "Historical Me-
moirs of the Lives of the Shirley
Brothers," in 1848; "Original Letters,
&c., on History of the Church in
Ireland," in 1851; "Some Account
of Deer and Deer Parks," in 1867;
and he is now engaged on the "His-
tory of the County of Monaghan," in
folio, of which two numbers were
published in 1877.
Grant's instructions, demanded and
received General Johnston's surren-
der, April 26, 1865, upon the same
terms as had been accorded to the
army under General Lee. The surren-
der virtually included all the Con-
federate forces in the field, and
brought the war of secession to a
close. General Sherman had been
made a Major-General in the United
States Army, Aug. 12, 1864, for his
Atlanta campaign, and after the close
of the war continued in command of
the Military Division of the Missis-
sippi for more than a year. On July
25, 1866, General Grant having been
promoted to be General of the Army,
General Sherman was advanced to be
Lieutenant-General, and assigned to
the command of the Military Division
of the Mississippi. In March, 1869,
General Grant having been elected
President, resigned the position of
General of the Army, and Sherman
was raised to that rank. In 1871 and
1872 he travelled in Europe and the
East, and returning to America made
his head-quarters at Washington, but
in 1874 removed them to St. Louis.
He has published a full "Narrative
of his Military Operations," 1876.
|
SHIRLEY, EVELYN PHILIP,
F.S.A., M.R.I.A., a Trustee of Rugby
School, and of the National Portrait
Gallery, eldest son of the late Evelyn
J. Shirley, Esq., of Ettington Park,
Warwickshire (who was one of the
members for South Warwickshire
from June, 1836, till May, 1849), was
born Jan. 22, 1812, and educated at
Eton and Magdalen College, Oxford,
where he graduated B.A. in 1834, and
proceeded M.A. in 1847. He is a
Magistrate and Deputy-Lieutenant
for Warwickshire and for co. Mona-
ghan, which he represented in the
Conservative interest from July,
from July,
1841, till Aug., 1847, and sat for
South Warwickshire from Nov., 1853,
till July, 1865. In May, 1876 he was
appointed a trustee of the National
Portrait Gallery in the room of the
late Earl Stanhope. Mr. Shirley is
well known as an able and indefatig-
SHORE, THE REV. THOMAS
TEIGNMOUTH, M.A., born at Dublin
in 1841, is the representative of the
younger branch of the ancient family
of the Shores of Derbyshire, some of
whom went to Ireland in the service
of the Crown. He was educated at
Trinity College, Dublin, where he
graduated in 1861, having obtained
distinguished honours in English
composition and in divinity, and he
afterwards proceeded to the degree
of M.A. (comitatis causâ) at Oxford.
He was ordained in 1865 by the Bishop
of London (Dr. Tait), and having held
successively the curacies of Chelsea
and of Kensington, and been for two
years incumbent of St. Mildred's,
Lee, he was appointed in 1873 to the
incumbency of Berkeley Chapel, May-
fair, which he still holds. This
church has during Mr. Shore's in-
cumbency become one of the most
important and crowded at the West-
end, and is the centre of much
religious activity in the surrounding
district. One well-known feature in
the Sunday services is the special
service for children, which is largely
attended, some members of the Royal
Family being generally among the
congregation. Mr. Shore has been
from time to time selected to preach
at Westminster Abbey and at St.
Paul's, and on more than one occasion
|
SHORT-SIEMENS.
recently has been summoned to
preach in Her Majesty's private
chapel at Windsor Castle. He has
published two volumes of sermons,
entitled "Some Difficulties of Belief,"
and "The Life of the World to Come,"
which have already gone through
several editions; and he is also one
of the contributors selected by the
Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol for
his lordship's New Testament Com-
mentary. A sermon preached by
Mr. Shore in Westminster Abbey in
1877 was translated into German by
the Princess Victoria of Hesse, and
printed at Darmstadt. He has edited
the Quiver for many years. Mr. Shore
was appointed one of her Majesty's
chaplains in July, 1878, in succession
to Dr. Maclagan, Bishop of Lichfield.
SHORT, THE RIGHT REV. AU-
GUSTUS, D.D., Bishop of Adelaide,
was born near Exeter, in 1803, and
from Westminster School was sent to
Christ Church, Oxford, where he gra-
duated B.A. (first class in classics) in
1824, and M.A. in 1826. He was
appointed Vicar of Ravensthorpe,
Northamptonshire, in 1835; Bampton
Lecturer at Oxford in 1846; and the
first Bishop of Adelaide, in South
Australia, in 1847. The diocese in-
cludes South Australia.
SHREWSBURY, BISHOP of. (See
BROWN, JAMES, D.D.)
SIAM, KING OF. (See CHAO PHA
CHULALONKORN.)
SIBTHORP, THE REV. RICHARD
WALDO, B.D., youngest brother of
the late Colonel Sibthorp, many years
M.P. for Lincoln, born in 1792, was
educated at Westminster and Mag-
dalen College, Oxford, of which he
became Demy and Fellow. He gradu-
ated, with first second-class honours,
B.A. in 1813, M.A., and B.D.: was
Curate of St. Mary's, Hull, Incum-
bent of Tattershall, Lincolnshire, and
St. James's, Ryde, Isle of Wight. In
1841 he resigned his Fellowship, and
joined the Roman Catholic Church.
He published “The Book of Genesis,
with Explanatory and Practical Ob-
servations;" "Notes on the Book of
Jonah ;
""Two Sermons, preached
905
|
before the University of Oxford;"
and some controversial pamphlets
and occasional sermons. He built
and endowed an almshouse at Lincoln
for thirteen poor women and one poor
man, and added a chapel and resi-
dence for a warden-chaplain. He re-
sides at Nottingham, and was until
his recent retirement an Assistant
Priest of St. Barnabas Roman Catholic
Cathedral in that town.
|
M
SIEMENS, CHARLES WILLIAM,
D.C.L., F.R.S., was born at Lenthe,
in Hanover, on the 4th of April, 1823.
He received his education at the
Gymnasium of Lubeck, the Art School
of Madgeburg, and the University of
Göttingen. In 1842 he entered as a
pupil the engine works of Count
Stolberg. In 1843 he visited England
for the purpose of introducing a
method of gilding and silvering by
galvanic deposit, principally the in-
vention of his elder brother, Werner
Siemens, and in the same year the
brothers invented a Differential Go-
vernor for Steam Engines. In 1844
C. W. Siemens again came to Eng-
land to patent this invention, and
has ever since remained in this
country, of which he became a natu-
ralised subject in 1859. In the same
year (1844) was brought out the pro-
cess of "Anastatic Printing,” which
invention was due to the two brothers.
About this time Mr. Siemens was
variously engaged he was at times
occupied upon railway works, upon
improvements at Hoyle's Calico Print-
ing Works, and upon several other
inventions. Between the years 1844-
1847 he was occupied inter alia with
the Chronometric Governor. Several
of these governors are in use at the
Royal Observatory, Greenwich, for
controlling the motion of transit and
recording instruments. In 1846 was
introduced the double cylinder air-
pump. It was in 1847 that Mr.
Siemens turned his attention to the
then new study of the dynamical
theory of heat, and also to the use of
a regenerator for recovering that por-
tion of the heat which presents itself
at the exhaust port of a caloric engine.
906
SIEMENS.
The first engine constructed upon this
principle was of four horse-power.
An engine of twenty horse-power was
placed in the Paris Universal Exhibi-
tion of 1857, but not realising alto-
gether the expectations of its de-
signer, another of six horse-power
was substituted, made by M. Farcot,
of Paris, and was found to work with
considerable economy.
In 1851 Mr.
Siemens introduced his water-meter,
which, both in its original and in a
modified form, has been very exten-
sively used both in this country and
on the continent, the number in use
being nearly 30,000. Between 1856
and 1861 Mr. Siemens, in conjunc-
tion with his brother Frederick,
worked out the Regenerative Gas
Furnace, an invention with which
his name will ever be remembered.
Since 1867 Dr. Siemens has manufac-
tured steel on the open hearth of his
regenerative gas furnace. The fur-
naces hold a charge of 10 tons, and will
produce from 20 to 30 tons of steel in
24 hours. This steel is much employed
for all kinds of machinery purposes
where high quality and uniformity
are essential, and also in the construc-
tion of steel ships and boilers, which
are gradually supplanting iron. While
introducing the Open Hearth Process
as a considerable advance in the mode
of production of steel, Dr. Siemens
has been working to accomplish the
further result of making steel and
iron direct from the ore, and with
this end in view, he constructed, in
1866, his sample steel works at Bir-
mingham, and, in 1867, he sent
several samples of steel produced in
this manner to the Universal Exhibi-
tion at Paris. The first experimental
attempts led to the construction of
the Rotatory Furnace, by which that
end is effected. It was in 1868 that
he originated the Landore Siemens-
Steel Works, which manufacture up-
wards of 1,000 tons of cast steel per
week, and are, therefore, among the
most extensive works of the kind in
this country. The works in this
country licensed by Dr. Siemens are
capable of producing 250,000 tons,
whilst the actual production last
year (1877) in finished articles
was over 140,000 tons. Ever since
1848, Dr. Siemens has been interested
in telegraph engineering. In 1858 he
established, with his brother, Dr.
Werner Siemens, and Mr. Halske, of
Berlin, and with his brother, Mr.
Carl Siemens, then of St. Petersburg
and now of London, Siemens, Halske,
and Co.'s Telegraph Works in Lon-
don, which are now known as those
of Messrs. Siemens Brothers. They
have been considerably extended since
their formation, and from them tele-
graph lines have been shipped to
various quarters of the globe. The
Indo-European telegraph line was
constructed by Siemens Brothers in
connection with their Berlin house, as
were also the North China Cable, the
DirectUnited States Cable, the Platino-
Brazileira Cable, and others. But the
most important telegraphic enterprise
that Dr. Siemens has been identified
with is that for which the celebrated
steamship Faraday was built. The
Direct United States Cable, in the
successful completion of which Mr.
Carl Siemens, Mr. L. Loeffler, and
several of the leading employés of the
firm of Siemens Brothers, so zealously
co-operated, must be regarded as an
important step in telegraph engi-
neering. He was elected a Fellow of
the Royal Society in 1862, and in the
years 1869 and 1870 he served on its
council; member of Council of the
Institution of Civil Engineers, and of
the British Association; a manager
and vice-president of the Royal In-
stitution; and has been president of
the Institution of Mechanical Engi-
neers. He was also the first president
of the Society of Telegraph Engineers,
and in 1878 was re-elected. He was
elected president of the Mechanical
Section for the conferences held under
the auspices of the Loan Exhibition,
and gave a valuable inaugural address
on "Measures." In Feb., 1877, after
his recent visit to America, he was
elected an honorary member of the
American Philosophical Society, and
in October of the same year was
SIMEONI-SIMON.
elected with Mr. Bessemer the first
honorary members of the Gewerbe-
Verein of Berlin. In 1871 he was
brought into the Athenæum Club by
the managing committee, and has
since then served as a member of the
same committee. He is also a mem-
ber of the Philosophical and Royal
Society Clubs. Dr. Siemens has pre-
sented many scientific papers to vari-
ous learned societies. În 1869 the de-
gree of Doctor of Civil Law, honoris
causâ, was conferred upon him by the
University of Oxford, and in 1874 he
received the Royal Albert medal for
his researches on heat, and for his
metallurgical processes. In 1875 he
received the Bessemer medal of the
Iron and Steel Institute "in recogni-
tion of the valuable services he has
rendered to the iron and steel trades
by his important inventions and in-
vestigations." Dr. Siemens was ap-
pointed first a Commander and sub-
sequently a Dignatario of the Bra-
zilian Order of the Rose.
SIMEONI, HIS EMINENCE GIO-
VANNI, an Italian Cardinal, was born
at Paliano, in the diocese of Pales-
trina, July 23, 1816, and having been
ordained priest, he was, on account
of his solid learning, employed in
offices of considerable importance. In
1847 he was Auditor of the nunciature
of Madrid. After some years we find
him in Rome, Prefect of Studies in
the Pontifical Lyceum of the Roman
Seminary and Protonotary Apostolic
partecipante. For many years he was
Secretary of the Congregation of the
Propaganda, and as Consultor he be-
longs to the Holy Roman and Uni-
versal Inquisition, to the Propaganda
for affairs of the Oriental Rite, to the
Council for the Revision of Provincial
Councils and for Extraordinary Ec-
clesiastical Affairs. When the Ecu-
menical Council of the Vatican was
called, Mgr. Simeoni was one of
the Consultors for the Commission of
Oriental Churches and Missions and
for Ecclesiastical Discipline. The
diplomatic relations between the
Holy See and the Court of Spain
having been re-established in 1875
907
his Holiness Pius IX. sent Mgr.
Simeoni as Nuncio to Madrid, having
just preconized him Archbishop of
Chalcedonia. On March 15, 1875,
Pius IX. created him Cardinal, re-
serving him in petto, and September
17 the same year he published him in
Consistory. Mgr. Simeoni, having
been created Cardinal, remained in
the nunciature at Madrid in the
quality of pro-nuncio, and on the
death of Cardinal Antonelli, in 1876,
he was appointed Secretary of State
to his Holiness Pius IX.-an office
which he retained until the death of
that Pontiff-and Prefect of the Sa-
cred Apostolic Palaces and the Sacred
Lauretan Congregation. He was suc-
ceeded as Secretary of State by Car-
dinal Franchi in March, 1878, when
Pope Leo XIII. appointed Cardinal
Simeoni Prefect of the Propaganda.
SIMON, JOHN, C.B., F.R.S., born
in 1816, became an Honorary Fellow
of the Royal College of Surgeons in
1844; Medical Officer of the Privy
Council, Surgeon to St. Thomas's Hos-
pital, and was the first appointed
Officer of Health to the City of Lon-
don. He is the author of several
papers on Physiology, Pathology, and
Surgery, and of reports and other
official papers relating to the sani-
tary state of the people of England.
The University of Munich, at its
400th anniversary, in 1872, conferred
upon him the honorary diploma
of Doctor of Medicine propter
præclarissima de sanitate publicâ
tuendâ atque augenda merita." He
was nominated a Companion of the
Bath in May, 1876.
SIMON, JULES, a French states-
man, born at Lorient (Morbihan)
Dec. 31, 1814. The name given to
him by his parents was Jules François
Simon Suisse, but he adopted the
name of Simon, and has never been
known by any other. He studied
first at the little college in Lorient,.
and at another similar one at Vannes,
after which he entered, as an assist-
ant teacher, the Lycée at Rennes.
He remained at the Normal School
for some time, was received as Fellow
908
SIMON.
of Philosophy in 1835, and professed
that science successively at Caen and
Versailles. At the latter place he
achieved a brilliant success. Victor
Cousin, whose earnest disciple he was,
called him to Paris, and secured for
him a charge at the Normal School
in that city. For a time he was a
supplementary lecturer on the His-
tory of Philosophy, but a year after
his arrival in Paris he became the
principal lecturer. In 1839 he suc-
ceeded M. Cousin, at the request of
the latter, in the philosophy course,
and for twelve years had a brilliant
career as one of the most promising.
University men in France. In 1845
he was made a Knight of the Legion
of Honour. The next year he pre-
sented himself to the electors of
Lannion (Côtes-du-Nord) as the can-
didate of the Constitutional Left, but
he was defeated. In Dec., 1847, he
founded at Paris, in conjunction with
his University colleague, M. Amédée
Jacques, a political and philosophical
review called La Liberté de Penser.
M. Simon edited the political depart-
ment of this publication. After the
revolution of Feb., 1848, he was
elected to the Constituent Assembly
from the department of the Côtes-du-
Nord. He classed himself with the
Moderate Left in the Assembly, and
was appointed a member of the com-
mittee on the organisation of labour.
In March, 1849, he was elected a
member of the Council of State, and
he resigned his seat as representative
(April); but on the reconstitution,
on the 29th of June, by the Legisla-
tive Assembly, of the first half of that
Council, he was not retained on it,
and consequently he found himself
removed from public life. After the
coup d'état M. Simon's course of lec-
tures on philosophy at the Sorbonne
was suspended, and as he refused to
take the oath of allegiance to the
Empire, it was assumed that he had
resigned his professorship. In 1863
he was sent to the Corps Législatif
from the 8th circonscription of the
Seine. He was returned by that cir-
conscription and also by the 2nd cir-
conscription of the Gironde in 1869,
when he elected to represent the
latter constituency. M. Simon soon
became the chief of the Republican
party. He ranked high as an orator,
and in the discussions on treaties of
commerce he proved himself to be an
able political economist and an ear-
nest advocate of Free Trade. On the
formation of the Government of
National Defence he took the post of
Minister of Public Instruction, Public
Worship, and Fine Arts. After the
armistice he was sent to Bordeaux to
see that the decrees relating to the
elections were carried out in their in-
tegrity, and not with the modifica-
tions introduced by M. Gambetta.
At the elections of Feb. 8, 1871, M.
Simon's candidature failed at Paris,
but he was re-elected a representative
of the department of the Marne in the
National Assembly. He classed him-
self among the members of the Left.
and was chosen by M. Thiers to take,
in the Cabinet of Conciliation formed
Feb. 19, 1871, the portfolio of Public
Instruction. He held it till May, 1873,
when he resumed his seat among the
members of the Left, who made him
their President. On Dec. 16, 1875,
he was elected a Senator for Life.
In Dec., 1876, M. Dufaure resigned,
and a new Ministry had to be formed,
which, according to constitutional
principles, must rest upon a Parlia-
mentary majority. The President
sent for M. Jules Simon, who became
Premier, holding, with the Presidency
of the Council, the portfolio of the
Interior. The cabinet lasted till
May 16, 1877, when Marshal Mac-
Mahon sent M. Simon a letter which
was, in fact, nothing less than a dis-
missal from office. M. Simon went
immediately to the Marshal and ten-
dered his resignation, which was ac-
cepted. M. Simon was elected a
member of the French Academy in
Nov., 1875, in the place of the Comte
de Rémusat, and was formally re-
ceived into that learned body June
22, 1876. Among his works are :—
"Du Commentaire de Proclus sur le
Timée de Platon," 1839, one of his
two theses for the degree of doctor;
Étude sur la Théodicée de Platon et
d'Aristote," 1840 ; "Histoire de
l'École d'Alexandrie," 2 vols, 1844-
45, 2nd edit. 1861 ; "Le Devoir,"
1854; "La Religion Naturelle," 1856;
"La Liberté de Conscience," 1859;
"La Liberté," 2 vols, 1859; "L'Ou-
vrière." 1863 ; L'École, 1864;
"Le Travail,” 1866; "L'Ouvrier de
huit ans,"
1867; "La Politique
Radicale," 1868; "La Peine de
Mort," 1869; "Le Libre-Echange,"
1870 ;
"Souvenirs du 4 Septembre,"
1874; and "Le Gouvernement de
M. Thiers, 8 février, 1871-24 mai,
1873," Paris, 1878. He has also
brought out editions, with important
introductions, of the philosophical
works of Descartes, Bossuet, Male-
branche, and Antoine Arnauld; and
has contributed to the Revue des Deux
Mondes and other periodicals.
are:
SIMMONS, WILLIAM HENRY,
engraver, was born in London, June,
11, 1811. While a pupil with Messrs.
Finden he obtained the large silver
medal of the Society of Arts in 1833,
for a finished engraving from an
original design. His principal works
"The Impending Mate Mated,"
after F. Stone; "The Proscribed
Royalist," and "Rosalind and Celia,'
after Millais; "The Light of the
World," after Holman Hunt;
"Broken Vows," after Calderon;
"First and Second Class," "The
Verdict and Acquittal," and others,
after A. Solomon; "Noah's Sacri-
fice," after Maclise; "Mors Janua
Vitæ," after Paton; "Luff, Boy,"
after Hook; "The Back Woods,"
"His Only Pair," "Daddy's Coming,
"The Last of the Clan," "The Poor
Man's Friend," and many others,
after Faed; "Both Puzzled," after
Erskine Nicol; and "The Marriage
of the Prince and Princess of Wales,
after Frith; "The Queen in the
Highlands," after Landseer; "A wee
bit Fractious," after Faed; "The Sick
Monkey," after Landseer; "Steady
Johnny, "Sabbath Day," after
Nicol. He is now engaged upon a
picture by Landseer, the property of
""
SIMMONS-SIMS.
ܕ
""
"1
""
""
909
Her Majesty, "Van Amburgh," and
other works,
SIMPSON, JOHN PALGRAVE, born
in Norfolk early in the century, re-
ceived his education under a private
tutor and at Corpus Christi College,
Cambridge, where he took the degree
of B.A., and proceeded M.A. in due
course. He was intended for the
Church, but entertaining a great ob-
jection to taking orders, he travelled
for many years on the Continent,
residing at several foreign courts.
A severe reverse of fortune caused
him to devote his attention to litera-
ture, and for many years he con-
'tributed to Blackwood and Fraser's
Magazines and Bentley's Miscellany.
He wrote "Second Love, and other
Tales," published in 1846;
"Gisella:
a Novel," and "Letters from the
Danube," in 1847; "Lily of Paris, or
the King's Nurse," and "Pictures
from Revolutionary Paris," in 1848.
Mr. Simpson returned definitely to
this country in 1850, and commenced
writing for the stage with consider-
able success. He has produced about
forty pieces of different kinds. His
best-known dramas are "The World
"Second Love,"
and the Stage ;'
which is very popular in the United
States, and has been translated into
several foreign languages; and "Sy-
billa, or Step by Step." His latest
work is a life of Karl Maria von
Weber, compiled from materials col-
lected by the son of the great com-
poser, published in 1865.
""
SIMS, RICHARD, antiquary and
author, born at Oxford, in 1816, was
educated at New College School in
that university, and, at the recom-
mendation of the late Rev. Dr. Bliss,
of Oxford, entered the public service
in 1841 as an attendant in the Manu-
script Department at the British
Museum. In 1859, after seventeen
years' service, he became a Tran-
scriber, and subsequently a Junior
Assistant. On the accession of Mr.
Bond to the Keepership of Manu-
scripts, in 1868, he was further pro-
moted to the class of Senior Assistants
in the same department. In 1849 he
910
SKEAT-SKENE.
|
>>
published an "Index to the Heralds' | the Plowman," 1866; The Romans
Visitations;" in 1854, "A Handbook of Partenay or Lusignen; otherwise
to the Library of the British Mu- known as the Tale of Melusine,"
seum :" in 1856, "A Manual for the 1866; "The Vision of William con-
Genealogist, Topographer, Antiquary, cerning Piers the Plowman," four
and Legal Professor;" in 1855, in parts, 1867-77: "Pierce the Plough-
conjunction with Mr. F. Netherclift, man's Crede," 1867; "The Romance
jun., the "Autograph Miscellany ; of William of Palerne ; or, William
in 1860-61, "The Handbook to Auto- and the Werwolf," 1867; "The Lay
graphs: being a Ready Guide to the of Havelok the Dane," 1868; "The
Handwriting of Distinguished Men Bruce; by Master John Barbour,"
and Women of every Nation;" and in 3 parts, 1870-77; "Joseph of Ari-
1864-65, "The Autograph Souvenir." mathie; or, the Romance of the Seint
Mr. Sims has been for some time Graal, or Holy Grail; with other Lives
engaged in preparing for the press of Joseph of Arimathea," 1871; Chau-
A Classical Catalogue of Manu- .cer's Treatise on the Astrolabe, &c. In
scripts relating to British Heraldry a new edition of Chatterton's poems,
and Topography, deposited in the he has finally settled the question of
Public, and many of the Private the authenticity of the so-called
Libraries of the Kingdom," as well Rowley Poems, by showing the pre-
as a second edition of the afore- cise sources from which Chatterton
mentioned "Index to the Heralds' obtained the old words which abound
Visitations."
in them. The well-known Anglo-
Saxon scholar, the late J. M. Kemble,
having commenced an edition of the
Anglo-Saxon Gospels, exhibiting all
the readings of all the extant MSS.,
which he unfortunately did not live
to complete, Mr. Skeat was chosen
by the Syndics of the Cambridge
University Press to continue the
work, and it has been completed to
the end of St. Luke's Gospel. In
1873, with the help of others, Mr.
Skeat started the English Dialect
Society, for the record and preserva-
tion of provincial English words, of
which Society he was the Director
for four years. In the course of
1873 and 1874, six works were pub-
SKEAT, THE REV. WALTER WIL-
LIAM, M.A., born in London, Nov. 21,
1835, was educated at King's Col-
lege School; at Sir R. Cholmeley's
School, Highgate; and at Christ's
College, Cambridge, where he gradu-
ated B.A. in 1858, being 14th
wrangler. He was elected Fellow of
his college in July, 1860; became
Curate of East Dereham, Norfolk, in
Dec., 1860; Curate of Godalming,
Surrey, in Dec., 1862; Mathematical
Lecturer at Christ's College in Oct.,
1864; he is also English lecturer at
Christ's College. He was elected to
the recently founded Ebrington and
Bosworth Professorship of Anglo-
Saxon, in the University of Cam-lished for this Society, five of which
bridge, May 15, 1878. Mr. Skeat, who were edited by him. For the Oxford
has chiefly devoted his attention to press, he has edited several of Chau-
Early English literature and English cer's Canterbury Tales, a portion of
"The
etymology, has published:
"Piers the Plowman, and two
Songs and Ballads of Uhland, trans- volumes of Specimens of English
lated from the German," 1864; "A Literature; one of them in conjunc-
Tale of Ludlow Castle: a Poem," tion with Dr. Morris. His various
1866; and "A Moso-Gothic Glos- works have greatly contributed to
sary," printed by the Philological the increased interest which is now
Society, 1868. For the Early English taken in the intelligent study of our
Text Society he has edited" Lancelot older literature.
of the Laik: a Scotch Metrical
Romance," 1865; "Parallel Extracts
from twenty-nine MSS. of Piers
77
-
SKENE, WILLIAM FORBES, Second
son of James Skene, of Rubislaw,
Aberdeenshire, by his wife Jane,
SKOBELOFF.
daughter of Sir William Forbes of
l'itsligo, Baronet, was born at Inverie,
Kincardineshire, June 7, 1809, and
educated at the High School of Edin-
burgh. He then studied for a year
and a half in Germany, and a session
at each of the Universities of Edin-
burgh and St. Andrews. He after-
wards entered the legal profession as
a Writer to the Signet. Mr. Skene is
Secretary to the Royal Institution for
the Promotion of the Fine Arts; has
filled the office of Vice-President
of the Royal Society of Edin-
burgh, of the Cambrian Archæologi-
cal Society, and of the Society of
Antiquaries of Edinburgh. and had
the honorary degree of LL.D. con-
ferred upon him by the University of
Edinburgh. He has written the fol-
lowing works, besides papers read to
the above societies, and published in
their Proceedings: "The Highlanders
of Scotland, their Origin, History,
and Antiquities," 2 vols., 1837; "The
Dean of Lismore's Book, with Intro-
duction and Notes, Ancient Gaelic
Poetry," 1862; "Chronicles of the
Picts and Scots, and other early
Memorials of Scottish History,"
edited for the Lord Clerk Register,
1868; "The Four Ancient Books of
Wales, containing the Cymric Poems
of the 6th Century," 2 vols., 1869;
"The Coronation Stone,' 1869;
"John of Fordun's Chronicles of the
Scottish Nation,” 2 vols., 1871;
"Celtic Scotland, a History of An-
cient Alban,"-vol. i., "History and
Ethnology," 1876, vol. ii., “ Church
and Culture," 1877, vol. iii., "Land
and People," is in the press, and will
complete the work.
"3
SKOBELOFF, MICHAEL, a Rus-
sian general, born in the district of
Raizan, near Moscow, in 1843, and
educated in the Military Academy of St.
Petersburg, where he graduated in
1868 as officer of the staff. Without
entering the Guard, he went to Tur-
kestan in 1868, where he commanded
a company of Cossacks. He remained
there till 1871, when he went to the
Caucasus, and was attached to the
staff of the Grand Duke Michael, and
911
|
then commanded the 3rd Battalion of
the 74th Regiment of the Line. In 1873
he commanded the advance guard of
Lomakin's column which advanced on
Khiva from Kinderli Bay, on the east
shore of the Caspian. He was much
hampered by difficulties, arising out
of the rigidity of the orders of the
general staff, and only got rid of the
difficulties by disregarding the orders,
thus giving the first sign of his great
independence of character. After the
occupation of Khiva he and the late
Mr. MacGahan remained alone in the
palace of the Khan, at the imminent
risk of their lives, to furnish a report
to General Kauffman. For the courage
shown in this expedition, and a re-
connaissance in disguise to the Tur-
coman desert, he received the Cross
of St. George, 4th class. Now to im-
prove his knowledge of war he went
en civile to study the campaign with
the Carlists, and was present at the
engagements of Peña Muro and Abar
Zuza. Then he returned to Turkestan.
In 1875 he commanded the cavalry
at the battle of Makhran in Khokand,
where he executed a turning move-
ment, resulting in the capture of 58
cannon. Soon afterwards he was ap-
pointed Chief of Staff of General
Trotsky, commanding the first expedi-
tion, and led the assault upon Andijan,
from which the Russians, after some
days' fighting, were obliged to retreat.
During the retreat, ammunition be-
coming exhausted, Skobeloff made a
night attack, with a handful of
cavalry, upon the enemy's camp of
6,000 to 7,000 men, who fled in panic,
leaving turbans, arms, standards, and
baggage, and thus rid the column of
further annoyance. Left in command
of the detachment on the return of
the General to Tashkend, the city of
Namangau revolted, and he took it by
storm, being thercon promoted to the
rank of Major-General. In the second
war with Khokand he was given the
command of the expedition, attacked
and defeated the Khokandians at
Baliktchi, and after a series of fights,
during a campaign extending over
three months, compelled the Khan to
912
SLOPER-SMILES.
|
surrender at Andijan, Khokand being
subsequently annexed to Russia Feb.
8th, 1876, under the name of Fer-
ghana, of which he became Governor,
and received the Cross of St. George,
3rd class. In March, 1877, he was
recalled, and appointed on the staff
of the Grand Duke Michael at
Kischeneff. For a short time he was
chief of staff to his father, who com-
manded an independent division of
cavalry. This being broken up, he
served as a volunteer at the crossing
of the Danube, which he swam on
horseback, and led a bayonet charge
against the Turkish position. Before
Krudener's attack on Plevna on the
31st July, Skobeloff received command
of a flying detachment, with which he
took part in the attack entering
Plevna, for a few minutes, by the
Loftcha road. He covered the Rus-
sian retreat, and took off all his
wounded. He was Imeritursky's
chief of staff in the second attack on
Plevna, where he led four regiments
to the attack, and captured two re-
doubts on the Loftcha road, holding
them for 24 hours, but retiring with
a loss of 8,600 men out of 12,000, as
well as three guns. He subsequently
commanded the Russian line on the
Green Hill, being now Lieutenant-Ge-
neral and chief of the 16th Division. At
the passage of the Balkans he turned
the Turkish left flank, attacked Vessel
Pasha at the village of Shenova, car-
ried the positions, and captured the
enemy (10th January) who had pre-
viously driven off the attacks of Prince
Mirsky and General Radetsky in the
Shipka Pass. He then commanded
the Russian advance on Adrianople,
which he entered eight days afterwards
(18th January). He led the Russian
advance on Constantinople, and occu-
pied Tchataldja Feb. 6th. Having
temporarily commanded the 4th Corps
from the passage of the Balkans, he
was for some time in command of the
famous 16th Division in front of Con-
stantinople, and was then placed in
charge of the Russian forces retiring
from Constantinople on Adrianople.
SLOPER, LINDSAY E. H., musical
composer and pianist, born in London,
June 14, 1826, although not intended
by his parents to become a professor,
was allowed to follow the bent of
his inclination; and, after studying
diligently under Moscheles for some
years, went to Frankfort, in order to
profit by the instructions of Herr
Aloys Schmitt, a well-known professor
and teacher. From Frankfort he pro-
ceeded to Heidelberg, and studied
harmony and counterpoint under Herr
Charles Vollweiller, an eminent theo-
rist, whose sole pupil he was at that
time. Mr. Lindsay Sloper repaired to
Paris in 1841, and, during a long
residence in that capital, obtained a
well-merited reputation, both as a
writer and as a pianoforte player.
He returned to London in 1846, and
appeared with great success at one of
the Matinées of the Musical Union.
Of late years, like many of his brother
professors, he has chiefly devoted his
time to the laborious duties of tuition;
though he is occasionally heard at
morning concerts during the season,
and has published some compositions
for the pianoforte.
SMILES, SAMUEL, born at Had-
dington, Scotland, in 1816, was edu-
cated for the medical profession, and
practised for some time as a surgeon
at Leeds; but abandoning medicine,
he succeeded the late Mr. Robert
Nicol as editor of the Leeds Times.
He became, in 1845, secretary of the
Leeds and Thirsk Railway, whence,
after a temporary engagement, he
transferred his services, about 1852,
to the South-Eastern Railway, from
which he retired in 1866. The Uni-
versity of Edinburgh conferred on
him the honorary degree of LL.D. in
1878. He has written "Physical Edu-
cation; or, Nature of Children,"
1837 ; "History of Ireland," pub-
lished whilst he was at Leeds;
Railway Property, its Conditions
and Prospects," 1849; "Life of
George Stephenson," of which the
fifth edition appeared in 1858; "Self-
Help; with illustrations of Character
and Conduct," 1860; "Workmen's
Earnings, Strikes, and Wages," 1861;
SMITH.
913
Lives of Engineers, with an account | Liverpool. Mr. Roach Smith has
of their Works," 1862; "Industrial devoted much attention to pomology,
Biography," 1863; "Lives of Boulton and especially to the culture of the
and Watt," 1865; "The Huguenots: vine in the open ground; and in
their Settlements, Churches, and In- 1863 he published a pamphlet, which
dustries in England and Ireland," had a large circulation, "On the
3rd edit. 1869; "Character," a com- Scarcity of Home-grown Fruits in
panion volume to "Self-Help," 1871; Great Britain, with remedial sugges-
"The Huguenots in France after the tions," a second edition of which ap-
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes: peared in 1868.
In the same year
with a Visit to the Country of the
Vaudois," 1874; George Moore,
Merchant and Philanthropist," 1878;
and "Life of Robert Dick (Baker of
Thurso), Geologist and Botanist,"
1878. He has been a constant con-
tributor to the Quarterly Review and
other periodicals.
was printed privately "Remarks on
Shakespeare, his Birthplace," &c., and
in 1870 was published "The Rural
Life of Shakespeare, as illustrated by
his Works." Mr. Roach Smith's last
antiquarian production is a Catalogue
of the Anglo-Saxon antiquities dis-
covered at Faversham, Kent, and
bequeathed to the South Kensington
Museum by Mr. Gibbs. This Cata-
logue is so arranged as to be also a
guide to the student of Saxon Anti-
quities.
SMITH, CHARLES ROACH, F.S.A.,
born at Landguard Manor, in the Isle
of Wight, early in the century, has
written "Collectanea Antiqua," 6 vols.
1848-66; "The Antiquities of Rich-
borough, Reculver, and Lymne," in SMITH, CHRISTOPHER WEBB,
1850, with supplements on Lymne ornithologist, second son of the late
and Pevensey in 1852-8; "Illustra-Henry Smith, Esq., of Camberwell
tions of Roman London," a work and Peckham, Surrey, born in 1793,
based on the author's personal re- was educated at Haileybury College,
searches made during his residence and proceeded to India with a nomi-
in the City of London, when he formed nation to the Civil Service in 1811.
the collection of local antiquities de- Having held several important posts
scribed in his "Illustrated Catalogue in India, he retired from the service
of the Museum of London Antiqui- on a pension, and has since resided
ties," published in 1854. This collec- chiefly at Florence. He had written,
tion was transferred to the British jointly with Sir C. D'Oyly, an elabor-
Museum in 1856. Mr. Roach Smith's ate work on the " Ornithology of Hin-
earliest antiquarian papers were dostan," lithographed in India, with
printed in the "Archæologia ;" and illustrations in colours from his own
he contributed to the earlier volumes pencil, and a similar book on "Indian
of the British Archæological Associa- Sport." It is understood that he is
tion, and previous to its change of pro- preparing a work on the "Birds and
prietors, some years ago, to the Gentle- Flowers of South Africa." The
man's Magazine, in which he wrote materials for an elaborate work on
the monthly article called "Anti- the "Pitti Gallery of Florence,'
quarian Notes." With Mr. T. Wright which cost him eleven years' toil,
he founded the British Archæological were lost in the Black Prince steamer,
Association, the forerunner of the during the great storm at Balaclava,
numerous Archæological societies. in 1854.
In 1856 he edited the "Inventorium
Sepulchrale" of Bryan Faussett, a
quarto volume devoted to the Saxon
antiquities of Kent, excavated in the
last century by the Rev. B. Faussett.
This costly work was produced under
the auspices of Mr. Joseph Mayer, of
?"
SMITH, GEORGE VANCE, Philos.
and Theol. Doct., was
was educated
for the Nonconformist ministry,
at Manchester New College; was
afterwards Professor of Theology in
the same College; then minister of
St. Saviourgate Chapel, York, and is
3 N
914
SMITH.
(4
at present Principal of the Presby- |
terian College, Carmarthen. He
is the author of various works, in-
cluding "The Bible and Popular
Theology," 3rd edition, 1871; The
Spirit and the Word of Christ," 2nd
edition, 1874. He is a member of
the Company for the revision of the
New Testament, and has been so
from the formation of the Company,
in May, 1870. He is understood to
be about sixty years of age.
alterations in the constitution and
government of the University. He
was likewise a member of the Popular
Education Commission appointed in
1858. The same year he was ap-
pointed to the Regius Professorship
of Modern History at Oxford, which
had become vacant by the resignation
of Professor Vaughan, and he held
this chair till 1866. Professor Smith
was a prominent champion of the
American Federal Government during
the Civil War, when he wrote "Does
the Bible sanction American Slavery?"
(1863); "On the Morality of the
Emancipation Proclamation” (1863);
and other pamphlets on the same
subject. In 1864 he visited the
United States on a lecturing tour.
He met with an enthusiastic recep-
tion, and the Brown University con-
ferred upon him the honorary degree
of LL.D. On his return he published
"England and America; a lecture
delivered before the Boston Frater-
nity" (1865), and "The Civil War in
America," an address read at a meet-
ing of the Manchester Union and
Emancipation Society (1866).
Nov., 1868, he settled in the United
States as Professor of English and
Constitutional History in the Cornell
University at Ithaca, New York.
This post he occupied till 1871, when
he removed to Canada, where he be-
In
SMITH, GOLDWIN, LL.D., M.A.,
the son of a physician at Reading,
Berkshire, was born in that town
Aug. 13, 1823, and educated at Eton,
from whence he proceeded to Oxford,
where his academical career was most
brilliant. Originally he was an un-
dergraduate of Christ Church, but
he soon migrated to Magdalen on
being elected to a demyship in the
latter college. He gained, in 1842,
the Hertford Scholarship" for the
promotion of the study of Latin,"
and in 1845 the scholarship founded
by Dean Ireland "for the promotion
of classical learning and taste." In
the latter year he graduated B.A. as
first class in classics, and subsequently
he proceeded to the degree of M.A.
in due course. He gained the Chan-
cellor's prizes for Latin Verse (1845);
for the Latin Essay (1846) on "Quæ-
nam fuerit Mulierum apud veteres
Græcos conditio?"; and for the Eng-came a member of the Senate of the
lish Essay (1847), the subject being University of Toronto. He was for
"The Political and Social Benefits of some time editor of the Canadian
the Reformation in England." In Monthly (1872-74), and in 1875 he
1847 he was elected a Fellow of Uni- took the direction of a political news-
versity College, where he acted for paper. Mr. Smith has engaged in
some time as tutor; and in the same
many newspaper controversies, and
year he was called to the bar at in 1870 public attention was directed
Lincoln's Inn, but he has never prac- to his reply to Mr. Disraeli, who in
tised the law. Mr. Smith early be- "Lothair" had described him, though
came noted for his advanced Liberal without mentioning his name, as
views, and in 1850 he was appointed
by the Government of the day As-
sistant-Secretary of the Royal Com-
mission that was charged with the
duty of inquiring into the state,
studies, discipline, and revenues of
the University of Oxford. He was
also Secretary to the second Oxford
Commission, which effected many |
|
quite a young man of advanced
opinions on all subjects, religious,
social, and political; gifted with a
great command of words, which took
the form of endless exposition, varied
with sarcasm and passages of ornate
jargon-the last person one would
have expected to recognise in an
Oxford professor." In addition to
"C
SMITH.
the works mentioned above, he is the
author of contributions to the "An-
thologia Oxoniensis" "An Inaugu-
ral Lecture," 1859; "On some sup-
posed consequences of the doctrine of
historical progress," a lecture, 1861;
"Rational Religion and the rational-
istic objections of the Bampton Lec-
tures for 1858," which had been de-
livered by Dean Mansel, 1861;"The
Study of History," 2 lectures, 1861;
"The Foundation of the American Colo-
nies," a lecture, 1861;"Irish History
and Irish Character," 1861; "The
Empire. A Series of Letters pub-
lished in the Daily News, 1862,
1863," Oxford, 1863; "A Plea for
the Abolition of Tests in the Univer-
sity of Oxford," 1864; "A Letter to
a Whig Member of the Southern
Independence Association," 1864;
"Three English Statesmen (Pym,
Cromwell, Pitt): a course of lectures
on the Political History of England,"
1867; "The Experience of the Ame-
rican Commonwealth" in " Essays on
Reform," 1867; "The Reorganization
of the University of Oxford," 1868;
"The Irish Question," being three
letters to the Editor of the Daily
News, 1868; "The Relations between
America and England. A reply to
the late speech of Mr. Sumner," 1869;
and "A Short History of England
down to the Reformation," 1869.
•
?
"7
915
|
|
"Fra Angelico and other Poems,"
1871; and of articles on Monasticism
in Dr. Smith's New Dictionary of
Christian Antiquities.
;)
"The
SMITH, THE REV. JOSEPH DEN-
HAM, born at Romsey, Hants, about
1816, having been educated at the
Dublin Theological Institution, en-
tered the ministry of the Congrega-
tional Dissenters in 1837; became
minister of the Congregational church
at Kingstown, near Dublin, in 1849,
and took the lead in the Revivalist
movement in that part of Ireland.
He wrote "Oliver Cromwell; or,
England Past and Present ;'
Rhine and the Reformation; or,
Europe Past and Present," published
in 1852; "Connemara, and an ac-
count of its Protestant Reformation,"
in 1853; "A Voice from the Alps;
or, the Valleys of the Vaudois, with
Scenes by way of Lands and Lakes
historically associated," in 1854 ;
"Winnowed Grain; Selections from
Addresses." in 1862; and "Life
Truths," in 1866.
Truths," in 1866. In 1863 a magni-
ficent edifice for religious worship,
entitled Merrion Hall, of which Mr.
Smith is the principal minister, was
opened in Dublin.
SMITH, THE REV. ISAAC GRE-
GORY, was born Nov. 21, 1826, at Man-
chester, being fourth son of the Rev.
Jeremiah Smith, D.D., High Master
of the Free Grammar School, and
Rector of St. Anne's, Manchester.
He was educated at Rugby and
Trinity College, Oxford; was elected
Hertford University Scholar in 1846,
Ireland University Scholar in 1847,
Fellow of Brasenose College in 1848.
He was appointed Rector of Tedstone
Delamere, Herefordshire, in 1854;
Prebendary of Hereford Cathedral,
in 1870; Vicar of Great Malvern, in
1872; and Bampton Lecturer at
Oxford, in 1872. He is the author
of "Faith and Philosophy," 1867;
SMITH, THE RIGHT HON. SIR
MONTAGU EDWARD, eldest son of
the late Mr. Thomas Smith, of Bide-
ford, Devon, born in 1809, and edu-
cated at the Grammar-school at
Bideford, was called to the bar at
the Middle Temple in 1835, and was
made a Queen's Counsel in 1852. He
was one of the members in the Libe-
ral Conservative interest for Truro
from April, 1859, till Feb., 1865,
when he was appointed Judge of the
Court of Common Pleas, and re-
ceived the honour of knighthood. In
Nov., 1871, he was appointed to act
as one of the Judicial Committee of
the Privy Council under the pro-
visions of the Act passed in the pre-
vious session. In Dec., 1877, he was
appointed a member of "The Uni-
versities Committee of the Privy
Council," in accordance with the
Li
"Epitome of the Life of Our Saviour,' provisions of "The Universities of
1867; "The Silver Bells," 1869;
|
Oxford and Cambridge Acts."
""
3 N 2
916
SMITH.
|
SMITH, ROBERT ANGUS, F.R.S., |
F.C.S., Ph. Doctor, born near Glas-
gow, Feb. 15, 1817, was educated at
Glasgow, and studied chemistry at
Giessen, under Liebig, from 1839 till
1841. Assisting Dr. Playfair, he
laboured on the sanitary condition of
towns in Lancashire, and whilst
practising as a professional chemist,
has written numerous papers re-
lating to the condition of the air.
His report to the British Association,
in 1848, on the Air and Water of
Towns, gave a great impulse to the
question at that time, and a paper on
the Air of Towns in the Chemical
Society's Journal of 1858, first pro-
duced data establishing the difference
of the town and country air wherever
found. Having been appointed by
the Royal Mines Commission to in-
quire into the state of the atmosphere
in metalliferous mines, he drew up a
very valuable report, which contains
analyses of the air of mines, and the
variations from pure air. It was fol-
lowed by an Inquiry into the Action
of Carbonic Acid on the Circulation
of the Blood, by experiments made in
an air-tight chamber, and, in 1864,
by a memoir on the Constitution of
the Atmosphere, including an inquiry
into the air on hills, in valleys, and
other situations. In conjunction with
Mr. McDougall, he examined the
action of disinfectants, and espe-
cially recommended carbolic or phe-
nic acid, pure or in tar-oil; and this
has been extensively used since that
period, in various forms, in this and
other countries. He was elected
F.R.S. in 1857, and was some time
President of the Literary and Philo-
sophical Society of Manchester. His
special inquiries into the quality of
the air of towns when polluted by
gases from manufactures, led to his
appointment by the Board of Trade,
under the Alkali Act of 1863, as In-
spector-General of Alkali-works for
the United Kingdom. He has written
a "Life of Dalton, and History of the
Atomic Theory up to his Time,"
official reports to the Board of Health,
and to the Royal Society on the Ab-
sorption of Gases, various memoirs on
the Arts in Ure and Hunt's "New
Dictionary of Arts and Sciences,"
and by desire of the Royal Cattle
Plague Commission, a Memoir on the
Action of Disenfectants generally; a
volume on Disinfection, a Search for
Solid Bodies in the Air, and three
later investigations on the Salts and
Organic Bodies in Air. He calls the
subject a new branch by the name of
"Chemical Climatology." His work
entitled "Air and Rain: the Begin-
nings of a Chemical Climatology,
appeared in 1872. He wrote Part I.
of“ A Study of Peat,” was appointed
along with Robert Rawlinson, C.B.,
Inspector under the Rivers Pollution
Act for England, and afterwards for
Scotland also. He has written archæo-
logical papers on Scottish and Ice-
landic subjects, after holiday inqui-
ries. He lives in Manchester.
99
=
SMITH, THE VERY REV. ROBERT
PAYNE, D.D., Dean of Canterbury,
born in Gloucestershire, in Nov.,
1818, was educated at Pembroke
College, Oxford, of which he was
scholar, and where he graduated, with
second-class honours, in 1841, and
obtained the Boden (Sanscrit) and the
Pusey and Ellerton (Hebrew) Univer-
sity Scholarships. In the discharge
of his duty as Under-Librarian of the
Bodleian, he published, in a quarto
volume, an elaborate Latin Catalogue
of the Syriac MSS., belonging to that
library; has edited and translated
the Commentary of St. Cyril of Alex-
andria upon the Gospel of St. Luke,-
extant only in Syriac,-from the MSS.
brought to this country by Archdeacon
Tattam; and has translated the
curious ecclesiastical history of John
of Ephesus, in the same collection of
MSS. Dr. Smith is engaged in pre-
paring, for the Delegates of the
Oxford Press, a Syriac lexicon, based
on that of Castelli, but a much larger
work, and one that cannot fail greatly
to aid Biblical criticism. The first
part was published in 1868, and the
fourth in 1877. Six more parts will
complete the work. He is known
as a profound Hebraist, and an ex-
SMITH.
917
cellent Arabic scholar, and his "Mes- has gone through many editions.
sianic Interpretation of the Prophecies In 1853 Dr. Smith was appointed
of Isaiah," published in 1862, affords Classical Examiner in the University
proof of his erudition. In 1869 he of London, which office he held till
published a course of Bampton Lec-1869, when he was appointed a mem-
tures upon "Prophecy as a Prepara- ber of the Senate of the University.
tion for Christ." He has contributed In 1853 he commenced the useful
a commentary on Jeremiah to the series of "Student's Manuals," by the
large work appearing under the publication of a "School History of
auspices of the late Speaker. Dr. Greece from the Earliest Times to the
Smith was appointed, in Aug., 1865, Roman Conquest, with chapters on
to succeed Dr. Jacobson as Regius the History of Literature and Art."
Professor of Divinity in the Univer- In 1854 he published his excellent
sity of Oxford, on the advancement edition of" Gibbon's Decline and Fall
of the latter to the bishopric of of the Roman Empire; " in 1855 he
Chester; and in Jan., 1871, was published "A Latin-English Diction-
raised to the Deanery of Canterbury, ary, based on the works of Forcellini
vacant by the death of Dr. H. and Freund ;" and in 1860 he brought
Alford.
out his first volume of a "Dictionary
of the Bible, comprising its Anti-
quities, Biography, Geography, and
Natural History," which is designed
to render the same service in the
study of the Bible as the Dictionaries
of Greek and Roman Antiquities have
done in the study of the Greek and
Latin classics. The second and third
volumes, completing the work, ap-
peared in 1863. Dr. Smith is the
author of the "Student's Latin
Grammar," published in 1863; of a
Latin course, in five parts, entitled
(4
""
Principia Latina ; " of a Greek
Course in three parts, entitled "Initia
Græca; of a "School-Manual of
English Grammar," and of nume-
rous educational works of a high
class. He became editor of the
Quarterly Review in 1867, which
office he still holds. In 1870 he
brought out, in conjunction with Mr.
Hall," A Copious and Critical Eng-
lish-Latin Dictionary," the fruit of
fifteen years' labour; and in the
same year he received the honorary
degree of D.C.L. from the Univer-
sity of Oxford. In 1875 he com-
pleted his large atlas of "Biblical
and Classical Geography," forming a
companion volume to his Biblical and
Classical Dictionaries.
SMITH, WILLIAM, LL.D., D.C.L.,
late Classical Examiner in the Uni-
versity of London, born in London, in
1813; received his education at that
university, where he gained the first
prizes in the Latin and Greek classes;
was intended for the bar, and kept
the usual terms at Gray's Inn; but
abandoned the profession of the law
for the study of classical literature.
The "Dictionary of Greek and Roman
Antiquities," edited by him, com-
menced in 1840, was completed in
1842, followed by the "Dictionary of
Greek and Roman Biography and
Mythology," commenced in 1843 and
concluded in 1849, and by the "Dic-
tionary of Greek and Roman Geogra-
phy," commenced in 1852 and finished
in 1857. These three works form an
Encyclopædia of Classical Antiquity.
In addition to his editorial duties
connected with these publications, he
contributed some of the most valuable
articles in the volumes. In 1850 Dr.
Smith commenced the publication of
his "School Dictionaries;" concise
but comprehensive summaries, for
the benefit of less advanced scholars,
of his more voluminous publications,
consisting of “ A Classical Dictionary
of Mythology, Biography, and Geo-
graphy; "A Smaller Classical Dic-
tionary," abridged from the preceding
work; "A Smaller Dictionary of An-
tiquities," &c. Each of these works
SMITH, THE RIGHT HON.
WILLIAM HENRY, M.P., son of Mr.
William Henry Smith, of the Strand.
London, and Bournemouth, Hamp-
918
SOLLY-SOPWITH.
shire, bookseller, publisher, and
news-agent, was born in Duke Street,
Grosvenor Square, London, in 1825.
He became, in due course, a partner
in the well-known firm in the Strand.
In July, 1865, he unsuccessfully con-
tested Westminster in the Conserva-
tive interest, but his candidature was
renewed with success in Nov., 1868,
when he defeated Mr. John Stuart
Mill. He has continued to sit for
Westminster down to the present
time, having been returned at the
head of the poll in 1874. He was
Financial Secretary of the Treasury
from Feb.,1874, till Aug.8, 1877, when
he was appointed First Lord of the
Admiralty and a Cabinet Minister,
in succession to the late Mr. Ward
Hunt. In the autumnal recess of
1878 he and Col. Stanley, the Secre-
tary of State for War, paid a visit to
Cyprus. Mr. Smith was a member
of the first and second School Boards
for London, his retirement in 1874
being occasioned by the pressure of
official duties. He is a magistrate
for Hertfordshire and the Liberty of
St. Alban's, and a member of the
Council of King's College, London.
SODOR AND MAN, BISHOP of.
(See HILL, DR.)
SOLLY, EDWARD, F.R.S., born in
London, Oct. 11, 1819, and educated
at Berlin; became chemist to the
Royal Asiatic Society in 1838; Lec-
turer on Chemistry at the Royal In-
stitution in 1841; Honorary Member
of the Royal Agricultural Society in
1842; Fellow of the Royal Society in
1843; Professor of Chemistry in the
East-India Company's Military Col-
lege at Addiscombe in 1845; and
Honorary Professor of Chemistry to
the Horticultural Society in 1846.
Mr. Solly is the author of "Rural
Chemistry," 1843; "Syllabus of Che-
mistry," 1849; "Jury Report on the
Great Exhibition of 1851;" and many
scientific memoirs. He has devoted
himself specially to chemistry in
its applications to agriculture and
technology.
SOMERSET (DUKE OF), HIS
GRACE EDWARD ADOLPHUS ST.
MAUR, K.G., eldest son of the eleventh
duke, born Dec. 20, 1804, succeeded
to the title as twelfth duke, Aug. 15,
1855. He was educated at Christ
Church, Oxford, and as Lord Seymour
was one of the members for Totnes,
in the Liberal interest, from Feb.,
1834, till 1855. His Grace held the
office of a Lord of the Treasury from
1835 till 1839, of Secretary to the
Board of Control from 1839 till 1841,
of Chief Commissioner of Woods and
Forests from 1849 till 1851, and of
Public Works from 1851 till 1852. On
the return of Lord Palmerston to
power, in 1859, he was appointed
First Lord of the Admiralty, which
he resigned on the fall of the Russell
ministry in June, 1866. His Grace,
who is descended from a common
ancestor with the Marquis of Hert-
ford, was at one time a Commissioner
of Lunacy, holds the patronage of
three livings, and was made Lord-
Lieutenant of Devonshire in 1861.
He published in 1871 a work entitled
"Christian Theology and Modern
Scepticism," in which he attempts to
show that the Acts of the Apostles
and the Pauline Epistles frequently
contradict one another.
SOPWITH, THOMAS, M.A., F.R.S.,
F.G.S., born in 1803, at Newcastle-on-
Tyne, has been extensively engaged
in mining and railway engineering,
both in this country and on the Con-
tinent, and is the author of several
works on architecture, isometrical
drawing, and mining. In 1838, he
was appointed Commissioner for the
Crown under the Dean Forest Mining
Act, and in the same year a commu-
nication made by him to the British
Association led to the establishment
of the Mining Record Office. Mr. Sop-
with is the inventor and constructor
of large geological models of mining
districts placed in the Government
Museum of Practical Geology in Lon-
don, and in the museums of Oxford
and Cambridge. In 1845 he took the
management of the well-known W. B.
Lead Mines in Northumberland and
Durham, from which, in 1871, he re-
tired, after having completed fifty
SOTHERN-SPENCE.
years of active work in his profes-
sion.
SOTHERN, EDWARD ASKEW,
born in Liverpool, April 1, 1830, was
educated for the Church, but the
stage proving more congenial to his
tastes, he adopted it as his profession,
and in 1851 went to the United
States, and appeared at the National
Theatre, Boston, in the character of
Dr. Pangloss. Here he was only mo-
derately successful; but soon after
went to New York, where, after play-
ing leading characters for several
years, he achieved a decided success
as Lord Dundreary, in the play of
the "American Cousin," written by
himself. Having appeared in this
character for more than 1100 times
in the United States, he came to
England in 1863, and produced the
play at the Haymarket Theatre, where
it
was repeated 496 consecutive
nights. In 1864 he appeared as Da-
vid Garrick, in an adaptation from
the French drama, from which "The
Tragedy Queen was taken, in Dr.
Marston's "Favourite of Fortune,"
in Tom Taylor's "Lesson for Life,"
and in Oxenford's "Brother Sam."
He appeared at Paris in 1867, and
afterwards performed in the United
States. In 1874 he made another
long professional visit to England,
after which he went back to New
York, where he was playing in 1878,
and achieved another marked success
in the character of "The Crushed
Tragedian."
""
SOWERBY, GEORGE BRETTING-
HAM, F.L.S., son of the late Mr. G. B.
Sowerby (author of "The Genera
of Recent and Fossil Shells"), born
in 1812, is well known both as an
artist and as a naturalist. He has
contributed extensively to the Pro-
ceedings of the Zoological and other
learned societies, and has written "A
Conchological Manual," published in
1839; "Conchological Illustrations,"
in 1841-5; “Thesaurus Conchylio-
rum," in 1842-71, a work still in
progress, having reached the 32nd
part; "Popular British Conchology,"
in 1855; “A Popular Guide to the
919
Aquarium," in 1857; "Illustrated
Index of British Shells," in 1859; and
other works on natural history. In
1875 he furnished two concluding
parts to the "Malacostraca," left un-
finished in 1822 by his grandfather
and Dr. Leach. His brother, Mr.
Henry Sowerby, is the author of
"Popular Mineralogy," published in
1850.
SPAIN, EX-QUEEN OF. (See ISA-
BELLA II.)
SPAIN, KING OF. (See ALFONSO.)
SPENCE, THE REV. HENRY Do-
NALD MAURICE, M.A., born in Pall
Mall, London, in 1836, was educated
at Westminster School and at Corpus
Christi College, Cambridge (B.A.,
1864; M.A., 1866). While at the
University he obtained a first-class
in the voluntary theological tripos
(1864), the Carus Undergraduate Uni-
versity Prize (1864), and the Carus
and Scholefield University Prize (1865
and again, 1866). He was appointed
Professor of Modern Literature in St.
David's College, Lampeter, in 1865;
Rector of St. Mary de Crypt, Glou-
cester, in 1870; Examining Chaplain
to the Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol
(Dr. Ellicott), in 1870; Principal of
the Theological College of Gloucester
in 1875; Hon. Canon of Gloucester
in 1875. In 1877 he was presented
by the Queen to the vicarage of St.
Pancras, London, void by the promo-
tion of Dr. Anthony Wilson Thorold
to the see of Rochester. Mr. Spence
was in the same year appointed
Rural Dean of St. Pancras. He has
contributed many papers to the "Bible
Educator;" is joint author with Dean
Howson of a Commentary on the
Acts of the Apostles (Anglo-Ame-
rican Commentary); and one of the
Commentators of the New Testament
edited by the Bishop of Gloucester
and Bristol.
SPENCE, JAMES, F.R.S.E.,
F.R.G.S.E., Professor of Surgery in
the University of Edinburgh, Surgeon
to the Royal Infirmary, and late Pre-
sident of the Edinburgh Royal College
of Surgeons, born about 1812, became
a Licentiate of the Royal College of
920
SPENCER.
Surgeons at Edinburgh in 1832, and
Fellow of the same in 1849. He has
been Lecturer on Surgery at the
Surgical Hall, on Clinical Surgery at
the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Sur-
geon to the Royal Dispensary and
Lock Hospital, Consulting Surgeon
to the Royal Hospital for Sick Chil-
dren, a Member of the Harveian and
other societies. He was appointed
Professor of Surgery in the University
of Edinburgh in 1864. In 1865 he
was appointed Surgeon in Ordinary
to the Queen in Scotland, in the room
of the late Dr. David Maclagan. He
has contributed to the Edinburgh
Medical Journal several papers on
professional subjects, and published
"Lectures on Surgery," 2 vols., 1871.
|
SPENCER (EARL), THE RIGHT
HON. JOHN POYNTZ SPENCER, K.G.,
only son of the fourth Earl Spencer,
born at Spencer House in 1835, re-
ceived his education at Harrow School
and at Trinity College, Cambridge,
where he graduated in 1857. He
represented the southern division of
the county of Northampton in the
House of Commons from April to
Dec., 1857, when he succeeded to the
title on his father's death. He was
Groom of the Stole to the late Prince
Consort, 1859-61; and Groom of the
Stole to the Prince of Wales, 1862-67.
In Dec., 1868, he was appointed Lord-
Lieutenant of Ireland, and he made
his public entry into Dublin Jan. 16,
1869. He retained that office till the
resignation of the Gladstone Ministry
in Feb., 1874. His lordship is Lord-
Lieutenant of Northamptonshire, and
master of the celebrated Pytchley
hunt.
| and Architects' Journal, His first
productions in general literature were
in the shape of a series of letters
on "The Proper Sphere of Govern-
ment," published in the Noncon-
formist newspaper in 1842, some of
which were reprinted in pamphlet
form. From 1848 to 1852 he was
engaged as a writer for the Economist,
and during this time published his
first considerable work," Social Sta-
tics; or, the Conditions essential to
Human Happiness specified, and the
first of them developed," 1851. In
1855 appeared his "Principles of
Psychology," (2nd edit., 1870), an
attempt to analyze the relations be-
tween the order of the worlds of
matter and mind. Its fundamental
idea has been stated as follows:-
"The universal law of intelligence
flows directly from the co-operation
of mind and nature in the genesis of
our ideas. It is this: that just in
proportion as there is a persistency in
the order or relationship of events in
nature, so will there be a persistency
in the connection which subsists be-
tween the corresponding states of
consciousness. The succession or co-
existence of external phenomena pro-
duces, of course, a like succession or
coexistence in our mental percep-
tions; and when any two psychical
states often occur together, there is
at length established an internal
tendency for these states always to
recur in the same order. Starting
therefore from this law, the author
first traces the growth of the human
intelligence through the lower phe-
nomena of reflex action and instinct ;
then shows how our unconscious life
merges in a succession of conscious
phenomena; and lastly, carries us up-
ward through the regions of memory,
etc., to the highest exercise of reason
and the normal development of the
feelings." Mr. Spencer has contri-
buted extensively to periodicals, and
republished a volume of his articles
under the title of "Essays, Scientific,
Political, and Speculative" (2nd
series, 1858-63; 3 vols., 1868-74). A
series of his review articles on
"Edu-

SPENCER, HERBERT, was born at
Derby in 1820. He was educated by
his father, a teacher in Derby, and
his uncle the Rev. Thomas Spencer, a
clergyman of the Established Church,
who at one period travelled and
lectured in the United States. At
the age of seventeen he became a
civil engineer, but after about eight
years abandoned the profession, hav-
ing during this period contributed
various papers to the Civil Engineers'
SPOTTISWOODE-SPULLER.
921
|
Transactions of the Astronomical So-
ciety, and to scientific periodicals,
English and foreign. He published
"Meditationes Analyticæ
Intellectual,
(mathe-
matical); a volume of "Travels in
Russia ;" and " Polarisation of Light,"
a volume of the "Nature Series,
1874. Mr. Spottiswoode was Public
Examiner in Mathematics at Oxford
in 1857-8, and has acted as an Exa-
miner under the Civil Service Com-
mission (first year of operation); for
the Society of Arts, and for the Middle-
Class Schools. He was appointed
Treasurer of the Royal Society in
1871. The honorary degree of LL.D.
was conferred upon him by the Uni-
versity of Edinburgh, Aug. 1, 1871.
He was elected Corresponding Mem-
ber of the Academy of Sciences of
Paris in 1876; and President of the
British Association at the Dublin
meeting in Aug., 1878, when the
University of Dublin conferred on
him the honorary degree of LL.D.
1
SPULLER, EUGÈNE, a French
politician, born at Seurre (Côte-d'Or),
Dec. 8, 1835, prosecuted his studies
at the Lyceum and the Faculty of
Laws at Dijon, and became a member
of the Paris bar in 1862. After
having been employed in several
political cases, he abandoned the
legal profession in order to engage in
active political life and journalism.
At the general elections of 1863 he
supported, at private meetings, the
candidature of Émile Ollivier against
the official candidature of M. Varin,
in the third circonscription of the
Seine. He then became editor of
the Europe of Frankfort, and contri-
buted to the Nain Jaunc, the Journal
de Paris, and the Journal de Genève.
Having formed a friendship with
M. Gambetta, he became, in 1868,
one of the founders of the Revue
Politique. He was also one of the
contributors to the Encyclopédie
Générale (1869-70). At the legisla-
tive elections of 1869 he opposed M.
Émile Ollivier's candidature, which,
not long before, he had supported;
and he vehemently opposed the plé-
biscite of May, 1870, publishing a
cation, Intellectual, Moral, and Phy-
sical," was republished collectively in
1861. The later works of Mr. Spencer
are: "Education :
Moral, and Physical," 1861, reprinted
at New York, 1864; "First Prin-
ciples," a system of philosophy, 1862,
2nd edit., 1867; "The Classification
of the Sciences; to which are added,
Reasons for dissenting from the
philosophy of M. Comte," 1864, 3rd
edit., 1871; "The Principles of
Biology," 1864; "Spontaneous Ge-
neration, and the Hypothesis of Phy-
siological Units," New York, 1870,
being a reply to the North American
Review; "Recent Discussions in
Science, Philosophy, and Morals,"
New York, 1871; "The Study of
Sociology," 3rd edit., 1872; "De-
scriptive Sociology; or Groups of
Sociological Facts," 1873. Mr. Spen-
cer is an earnest advocate of the
theory of Evolution or Development,
which he has carried out into syste-
matic detail.
SPOTTISWOODE, WILLIAM,
LL.D., F.R.S, born in London, Jan.
11, 1825, and educated first at Dr.
Buckland's school at Laleham, and
afterwards at Eton and at Harrow,
under Dr. Wordsworth, where he
gained the Lyons scholarship, entered
Balliol College, Oxford, in 1842,
graduated B.A. as a first-class in
mathematics at the end of 1845,
and gained University mathematical
scholarships in 1846 and in 1847.
On quitting Oxford circumstances
altered his prospects in life, and
rendered it necessary that he should
take the management of the business
of the Queen's printer. He has made
mathematics, philosophy, and lan-
guages, both Oriental and European,
his chief subjects of study, and has
taken an active interest in educational
matters, as well as in all questions
affecting the social state and improve-
ment of the working-classes. He is a
Fellow of the Astronomical, Royal,
Geographical, Asiatic, and Ethno-
logical Societies, and of the Society
of Arts; and has contributed papers
to the Philosophical Transactions, the
37
""
922
SPURGEON-SQUIER.
"Petite Histoire du Second Empire,
utile à lire avant le vote du Plébis-
cite." After the revolution of Sept. 4,
1870, he was M. Gambetta's confi-
dential friend and secretary, and in
Nov., 1871, he became the principal
editor of La République Française.
He resigned that post in 1876,
when he was elected a Deputy for
the 3rd arrondissement of Paris.
Besides the works already cited, M.
Spuller has written "Ignace de
Loyola et la Compagnie de Jésus,"
1876; and "La Compagnie de Jésus
devant l'Histoire," 1877.
enlargement of the chapel in Park-
street, however, proved insufficient,
and his hearers multiplied with such
rapidity, that it became expedient to
engage the Surrey Music Hall. A
lamentable accident having occurred
within its walls in Oct., 1856, his
followers erected for him a large new
chapel called the "Tabernacle,” in
Newington Butts, which was publicly
opened in 1861. Mr. Spurgeon, who
has published hundreds of sermons,
laid the foundation-stone of the Stock-
well Orphanage in Sept., 1867.
SQUIER, EPHRAIM GEORGE, born
at Bethlehem, New York, June 17,
1821. In his youth he worked on a
farm in summer, and taught school
[
winter. Subsequently he edited
various local newspapers, and studied.
engineering. Removing to Ohio, he
undertook, in conjunction with Dr.
E. H. Davis, a thorough exploration
of the aboriginal monuments in the
Valley of the Mississippi. The results
of their labours appear as the first
volume of the "Smithsonian Contri-
butions to Knowledge," 1848. He
subsequently published "Aboriginal
Monuments of the State of New
York," 1849. In 1848 he was ap-
pointed Chargé d'Affaires to the re-
publics of Central America. In 1853
he went again to Central America to
examine and report upon a line for
the proposed Interoceanic Railway,
for the construction of which a com-
pany was formed, of which he was
made secretary; but the work has
never been begun. In 1863 he was
appointed United States Commis-
sioner to Peru, where he travelled
extensively during two years, exam-
ining the remains of the Inca works,
of which he took hundreds of photo-
graphs. Returning to New York he
began to prepare an exhaustive work
on the subject, portions of which
were published in Ilarper's Magazine;
but the completion of the work was
for several years interrupted by a
mental disorder, from which he how-
ever subsequently recovered so far as
to be able to revise the portions
already written, aud to superintend
SPURGEON, CHARLES HADDON,
born at Kelvedon, Essex, June 19,
1834, was educated at Colchester, and
became usher in a school at New-in
market. Some of his relatives, who
were Independents, proposed that he
should enter one of their colleges,
and undergo a training for the minis-
try; but as he held Anabaptist views,
he joined the congregation which had
been presided over by the late Robert
Hall, at Cambridge. From this period
he became a village preacher and
tract distributor at Teversham, a vil-
lage near Cambridge; under the
designation of "the Boy Preacher,"
delivered his first sermon; and shortly
afterwards accepted an invitation to
become pastor at a small Baptist
chapel at Waterbeach. The lad of
seventeen became a well-known cha-
racter; the barn at Waterbeach was
filled with auditors, while crowds con-
tented themselves with listening to
the sound of his voice from the outside.
Invitations to preach were sent to him
from the surrounding places, his fame
reached London, and he was offered
the chapel in New Park-street, in
Southwark, in which Dr. Rippon at
one time preached. Mr. Spurgeon
made his first appearance before a
London congregation in 1853, with so
much success, that ere two years
had elapsed it was considered neces-
sary to enlarge the building, pending
which alteration he officiated for four
months at Exeter Hall. That edifice
was crowded, and hundreds were
turned away from the doors. The
STAINER-STANLEY.
their publication, under the title
"Peru: Incidents and Explorations
in the Land of the Incas." Besides
numerous reports and scientific papers,
he has published: "Nicaragua; its
People, Scenery, and Monuments,"
1852; 44 Notes on Central America,"
1854;
"Waikna," a story of adven-
ture, partly imaginary, on the Mos-
quito Shore, 1855; "The States of
Central America," 1857, revised, 1870;
"Monograph of Authors who have
written on the Aboriginal Languages
of America," 1860; and "Tropical
Fibres and their Economic Extrac-
tion," 1861. He has received the
medal of the French Geographical
Society; is a member of many learned
associations; and was, in 1871, Presi-
dent of the Anthropological Society
of New York.
STAINER, JOHN, Mus. Doc., was
born in 1840, and was a chorister at
St. Paul's between 1847 and 1856.
At the age of sixteen he became
organist to St. Michael's College,
Tenbury, then recently founded by
Sir F. G. Ouseley, Professor of Music
in the University of Oxford; and,
three years afterwards, he was, at the
early age of nineteen, made organist
of Magdalen College, Oxford. He
seized the opportunity of graduating
in arts as well as in music, proceeding
to Mus. Bac. in 1859, B.A. 1863, Mus.
Doc. 1865, M.A. 1866. In 1860 Dr.
Stainer had been appointed organist
of the University Church by the then
Vice-Chancellor, the Rev. Dr. Jeune,
late Bishop of Peterborough, and he
held this appointment, together with
the organistship of Magdalen, until
1872, when he was appointed to suc-
ceed Sir John Goss as organist of
St. Paul's, London. Dr. Stainer, who
is a brilliant instrumentalist, has
composed a large number of anthems
and Church services, as well as songs
of a secular character, while by his
work on "The Theory of Harmony
(1871, 3rd edit. 1876), he achieved a
high reputation as a scientific musi-
""
cian.
STALEY, THE RIGHT REV.
THOMAS NETTLESHIP, D.D., born at
923
Sheffield, Yorkshire, in 1823, was
educated at the Collegiate School,
Sheffield, and at Queen's College,
Cambridge, where he graduated as a
Wrangler in 1844, and was elected
Fellow in 1846.
Fellow in 1846. He was, from 1844
till 1850, one of the tutors at St.
Mark's Training College, Chelsea,
after which he was elected Head
Master of the Proprietary Grammar-
school at Wandsworth. In 1861 the
King of the Sandwich Islands having
signified his wish that his dominions-
might be constituted into a see of the
Church of England, and offered to
contribute to the endowment, Mr.
Staley was consecrated first Mis-
sionary Bishop of Honolulu. He re-
signed the see in 1870.
He was
appointed vicar of Croxall, Stafford-
shire, in 1872.
STANLEY, THE VERY REV.
ARTHUR PENRHYN, D.D., son of the
late Dr. Stanley, Bishop of Norwich,
born about 1815, was educated under
Dr. Arnold, at Rugby, and commenced
a distinguished career at Oxford, by
obtaining a scholarship at Balliol
College, and shortly after the Newdi-
gate prize for his English poem "The
Gipsies." After gaining the Ireland
scholarship, he took a First Class in
Classics in 1837, gained the Latin
Essay prize in 1839, and the English
Essay and Theological prizes in 1840,
when he was elected a Fellow of
University College. He was for
twelve years Tutor of his College,
was Select Preacher in 1845-6; Se-
cretary of the Oxford University
Commission, 1850-52; Canon of Can-
terbury from 1851 till 1858; Regius
Professor of Ecclesiastical History at
Oxford, and Canon of Christ Church,
and Chaplain to the Bishop of London
from 1858 till 1863, when he became
Dean of Westminster. He received
the degree of LL.D. from the Uni-
versity of St. Andrews in Feb., 1871;
took part in the proceedings of the
"Old Catholic Congress held at
Cologne in Sept., 1872; was elected
one of the Select Preachers at Ox-
ford by 349 votes against 287, Dec.
11, 1872; and was installed as Lord
"}
C
924
STANLEY.
Rector of the University of St. An- | second daughter of the first Lord
drews, March 31, 1875. Dr. Stanley Skelmersdale, was born in London
first became known to the literary in 1841, and received his education
world by his admirable "Life of Dr. at Eton. He entered the Grenadier
Arnold," published in 1844. It was Guards in 1858, was appointed Lieu-
followed by "Stories and Essays on tenant and Captain in 1862, and re-
the Apostolical Age," 1846; "Memoir tired in 1865. He represented Pres-
of Bishop Stanley," 1850; "The ton in the House of Commons, in the
Epistles to the Corinthians," 1854: Conservative interest, from July,
"Historical Memorials of Canter- 1865, till Dec., 1868, when he was
bury," 1854, 6th edit. 1872; "Sinai elected for North Lancashire. He
and Palestine in connection with was a Lord of the Admiralty from
their History," 1855; "Sermons on Aug. to Dec., 1868, and Financial
the Unity of Evangelical and Apos- Secretary for War from Feb., 1874,
tolical Teaching," 1859; Sermons on till Aug., 1877, when he became Fi-
various subjects preached before the nancial Secretary to the Treasury.
University of Oxford, in 1860-3; On April 2, 1878, Colonel Stanley was
"Lectures on the History of the appointed Secretary of State for War,
Eastern Church," 1861, fifth edit. in succession to Mr. Hardy, now Lord
1869 "Sermons preached in the Cranbrook, and was sworn of the
East," with appendix on his second Privy Council. In the autumn recess
visit to Palestine with H.R.H. the of that year he and Mr. W. H. Smith,
Prince of Wales, 1862; "Letter to the First Lord of the Admiralty, with
the Bishop of London on Subscrip- a numerous suite, visited the island of
tion," and "Lectures on the History Cyprus. He married, in 1864, Lady
of the Jewish Church," 2 vols., in Constance, eldest daughter of the
1863-65; "Encouragements of Ordi- fourth Earl of Clarendon. Colonel
nation," and "Reasonable, Holy, and Stanley is heir presumptive to the
Living Sacrifice: a Sermon," 1864; Earldom of Derby.
"Creation of Man: a Sermon," 1865;
and "Sermon: Dedication of West-
minster Abbey, the 800th Anniver-
sary," 1866; "Historical Memorials
of Westminster Abbey," 1867, 3rd
ed., 1869; "The Three Irish Churches:
an Historical Address," 2nd edit.,
1869; "Essays on Church and State,
1870; "The Athanasian Creed: with
a preface on the general recommen-
dations of the Ritual Commission,
1871; "Lectures on the History of
the Church of Scotland," 1872; and
"Sermons and Essays on the Apos-
tolical Age," 1874. He has contri-
buted various articles to reviews and
magazines, and many papers to Dr.
Smith's "Dictionary of Classical
Biography," and "Dictionary of the
Bible," to the "Transactions of the
Archæological Institute," and to the
Quarterly and Edinburgh Reviews.
""

""
STANLEY, THE RIGHT HON.
FREDERICK ARTHUR, M.P., younger
son of the fourteenth and brother of
the present Earl of Derby, by Emma,
STANLEY, HENRY M., born near
Denbigh, in Wales, in 1840. When
three years old he was placed in the
poor-house of St. Asaph, where he re-
mained ten years, and received an
education which enabled him to teach
in a school. At the age of fifteen he
sailed as cabin-boy in a vessel bound
for New Orleans. Here he found
employment with a merchant named
Stanley, who adopted him, and gave
him his own name in place of his
original one, which was John Row-
lands. His patron died without
leaving a will, and young Stanley was
left to his own resources. He enlisted
in the Confederate army, was made a
prisoner, and subsequently joined the
Federal service, becoming a petty
officer on a war-steamer. After the
close of the war he became a news-
paper correspondent, and in 1867 was
sent by the New York Herald as its
correspondent with the British army
in Abyssinia, and subsequently tra-
velled in Spain and elsewhere. He
STANLEY.
925
|
of the Herald to fit out an expedition
to find Dr. Livingstone, of whom no-
thing had been heard for more than
two years. Stanley reached Zanzibar,
on the east coast of Africa, early in
Jan., 1871, where he organized a
party of nearly 200 men, and set out
for the interior, On the 28th of Oc-
tober he reached Ujiji, on Lake Tan-
ganyika, where Livingstone had just
arrived from the south-west. Stan-
ley supplied him with what was ne-
cessary, and remained with him until
Feb., 1872, when Livingstone started
on the journey from which he never
returned, and Stanley made his way
back to the coast, and thence to Eu-
rope. The éclat of this exploit in-
duced the conductors of the New York
Herald and of the London Daily Te-
legraph to fit out, at their joint ex-
pense, another African expedition,
under the command of Stanley,
leaving him at liberty to choose his
own route, but with the general un-
derstanding that he was to cross the
continent from east to west. He
reached Zanzibar in the autumn of
1874. Here he learned that Cameron,
having ascertained that Livingstone
was dead, had pushed on directly
westward, in hope of completing the
explorations in that region. Stanley
then resolved to go north-westward,
and explore the region of Lake Vic-
toria N'yanza. He set out from Zan-
zibar in Nov., 1874, with a party of
nearly 300 men, reached the lake
near the close of Feb., 1875, was at-
tacked by the natives, whom he beat
off with great slaughter; and having
made friends with Mtésa, the king of
Uganda, he was furnished with ca-
noes, by which he circumnavigated
the lake, which he showed to be the
largest body of fresh water on the
globe, having an area of 40,000 square
miles, exceeding by a quarter that of
the largest of the great lakes of North
America. In his encounters with the
natives, and by sickness, he had lost
195 of his men. He then pushed
westward towards Lake Albert
N'yanza, which he reached, and was
was finally directed by the conductor | able to satisfy himself that it was
not, as had been generally supposed,
connected with Lake Tanganyika.
Finding the natives of this region
hostile, he turned back to explore the
region between Albert N'yanza and
Tanganyika; but after a month he
was forced by absolute starvation to
make the best of his way to Ujiji.
Here he remained until August to
recruit his party, and in the mean-
while made a circumnavigation of
the southern half of Lake Tan-
ganyika, the northern half having
been sailed around by him and
Livingstone four years before. From
Ujiji he went westward to Nyangwe,
on the great river discovered by
Livingstone, and called by him the
Luálaba. Livingstone, to the last,
believed this to be the Nile; others
supposed that it must be the Congo.
Late in Oct., 1876, Stanley reached
the Luálaba at Nyangwe. Cameron
had been there eighteen months be-
fore; but being unable to procure
canoes to descend the stream, had
gone south-westward towards the
coast. Stanley resolved to descend
the river to its mouth, wherever it
might be. His party consisted now
of 150 men, all Africans except him-
self and Frank Pocock, a young Eng-
lishman. They started from Nyangwe
early in Nov., 1876. On Jan. 4, 1877,
they came to the first of a series of
cataracts, of which there are six in a
space of 42 miles, and the canoes had
to be hauled around them by paths
laboriously cut. Near the foot of the
last of these falls, the river, hereto-
fore a mile broad, expands to a width
of from three to ten miles, and pur-
sues a course almost due north nearly
to lat. 2° N., when it bends south-
westward. From this they floated in
their canoes for nearly 1,400 miles,
being frequently assailed by the na-
tives. In all there were thirty-two
distinct attacks, all of which were
repelled, the last and most desperate
occurring Feb. 14, 1877. Early in
March the broad lacustrine river be-
gan to contract in width, and entered
a long cañon through a branch of the
C
-
C
926
STANSFELD-STAPLETON.
coast range. This is 185 miles long,
the banks often rising to a height of
2,000 feet above the river, and in its
course there were more than sixty
separate cataracts to be passed, the
total descent being 585 feet. The
passage of the cañon occupied five
months. On June 11, 1877, the party
reached the Isangila Falls, and were
told that there were still six more ca-
taracts to be passed. They abandoned
their canoes, and made the remainder
of the journey by land, reaching the
Portuguese settlement of Emboma,
about a hundred miles from the coast,
in a week. Since leaving Nyangwe
Stanley had lost 35 of his men, in-
cluding Frank Pocock, who was
drowned while attempting to pass a
cataract on June 3. From Emboma
Stanley went to Kabinda, on the
coast, whence a Portuguese national
vessel took him to St. Paul de
Loanda; whence an English vessel
conveyed the party to the Cape of
Good Hope, and thence to Zanzibar.
Here his men were left at their
home; and Stanley embarked for
Europe, by way of the Isthmus of
Suez, passing through Egypt, Italy,
and France, and reaching England in
February, 1878. He has published
an account of his first expedition,
under the title "How I found Living-
stone (1872). Of his last expedi-
tion an account is given in "Through
the Dark Continent; or the Sources
of the Nile, around the Great Lakes
of Equatorial Africa, and down the
Livingstone River to the Atlantic
Ocean," 2 vols., 1878. The President
of the French Geographical Society
presented the Cross of Chevalier of
the Legion of Honour to Mr. Stanley
at the Sorbonne, Paris, June 28,
1878.
""
|
STANSFELD, THE RIGHT HON.
JAMES, M.P., the eldest son of Mr.
James Stansfeld, of Moorlands, Judge
of the County Court of Yorkshire, at
Halifax (who died Jan. 29, 1872),
was born at Halifax in 1820, and
educated at University College, Lon-
don, where he attained the degree of
LL.B. He was called to the bar at
|
the Inner Temple in 1849; was
elected one of the members for
Halifax, in the advanced Liberal in-
terest, in April, 1859; was appointed
a Lord of the Admiralty in April,
1863, and resigned in April, 1864.
owing to the dissatisfaction caused
by his intimacy with the conspirator
Mazzini. He was appointed Under-
Secretary of State under Lord
Russell's second administration, in
Feb., 1866, and retired in June of
that year. He was made Third Lord
of the Treasury on Mr. Gladstone's
coming into office in Dec., 1868, and
in Oct., 1869, he succeeded Mr.
Ayrton as one of the Joint Secre-
taries to the Treasury. The latter
office he resigned in March, 1871,
when he succeeded Mr. Göschen as
President of the Poor Law Board.
He was appointed the first President
of the new Local Government Board
in Aug., 1871; and held that office
till the resignation of Mr. Gladstone's
Cabinet in Jan., 1874.
(C
""
""
STAPLETON, AUGUSTUS GRAN
VILLE, born in 1800, was educated
at Rugby and St. John's, Cam-
bridge. He was appointed private
secretary to Mr. Canning, in 1822.
At that statesman's death he was
made a Commissioner of Customs
by desire of George IV., as a tri-
bute to Mr. Canning's memory,'
and having been entrusted with that
statesman's papers, he published, in
1830, his " Political Life" during his
last tenure of office. Mr. Stapleton
contributed letters on foreign policy
signed Sulpicius to the Times
during April and May, 1836. At the
request of the Conservative leaders he
contested Birmingham (without suc-
cess) at the election in 1837. In 1843
he published two pamphlets on "The
Real Monster Evil of Ireland,” pro-
pounding a scheme for the relief of
Irish destitution. From 1850 to 1855
he contributed letters on foreign
policy and international law, signed
"Lex Publica," to the Morning
Herald. He published in 1850
Suggestions for a Conservative and
Popular Reform of the House of
"
(6
STAWELL-STEELL.
927
|
separate representation in Parliament
of the educated classes. This was
followed by a pamphlet on "The
Educational Franchise." He was in-
vited in 1851, by the friends of Pro-
testant education in Ireland, to ex-
amine the schools under the National
Board and the Church Education So-
ciety, and he gave evidence (1853)
before a Committee of the House of
Lords as to the result of his inquiry.
In 1857 he published a pamphlet,
"Hostilities at Canton,' on the
Lorcha Arrow case, which served as
a principal brief to the opposition
leaders, when the Government of the
day were defeated in the Commons,
and in consequence dissolved Parlia-
ment. In 1859 he published "George
Canning and his Times; " in 1866,
"Intervention and Non-Interven-
tion;
in 1868, "The Origin of
Fenianism;" in 1871, "The French
Case truly stated," showing how the
French Government were beguiled
into the declaration of war against
Prussia; and in 1873, essays in Mac-
millan's Magazine commenting, from
a contemporary point of view, on
Charles Greville's memoirs.
""
Commons," advising a distinct and | A public competition took place for
this statue, and Sir John's model was
unanimously selected from among
numerous others. One of his principal
works in Edinburgh, the sitting colos-
sal figure of the Queen, in her royal
robes, with orb and sceptre, above the
Royal Institution, gained for him the
appointment of sculptor to her Ma-
jesty for Scotland, and another of his
works, the equestrian statue of the
late Duke of Wellington, in bronze,
was erected in 1852 in front of the
Register House, Edinburgh. The
bust taken from this figure so pleased
the Duke that he ordered two to be
executed for him-one for Apsley
House, and the other for Eton. Sir
John Steell's statue of Admiral Lord
de Saumarez, in the hall of Greenwich
Hospital, his bronze statue of Lord
Melville, his statues in marble of Lord
Jeffrey and Lord Justice-General
Boyle, in Edinburgh, and his monu-
ment to the 93rd Highlanders, in the
Cathedral at Glasgow, have been
favourably noticed by competent
critics, and his statues of the late
Marquis of Dalhousie, and of the dis-
tinguished financier, the late Right
Hon. James Wilson, have been erected
in Calcutta. His statue of the late
Professor Wilson, in bronze, twelve
feet high, was placed on its pedestal
in Princes Street, Edinburgh, March
21, 1865. He has executed another co-
lossal statue of Allan Ramsay, busts of
the Duke of Edinburgh, and numerous
other works. In 1872 Sir John Steell
executed in bronze a full-size copy of
his colossal statue of Sir Walter Scott,
for the Central Park, New York ;
and he has completed the Scottish
National Memorial to the late Prince
Consort, which is erected in the centre
of Charlotte Square, Edinburgh, and
was inaugurated in August, 1876, by
the Queen, who conferred the honour
of knighthood on the sculptor. He
is at present engaged on a colossal
bronze statue of the late Dr. Thomas
Chalmers, to be erected in George
Street, Edinburgh, and he is also
executing for America a colossal statue
in bronze of the great Scottish poet,
|
STEELL, SIR JOHN, R.S.A., sculp-
tor to Her Majesty for Scotland, born
in Aberdeen, in 1804, commenced the
study of art in Edinburgh, where his
parents resided ; afterwards proceeded
to Rome, and on his return from that
city, in 1833, distinguished himself by
a colossal model of Alexander and
Bucephalus. His sitting statue of
Sir Walter Scott, in gray Carrara
marble, under the lower ground arch
of the monument to the great novelist
at Edinburgh, brought him into notice.
STAWELL, SIR WILLIAM FOSTER,
son of Mr. Jonas Stawell, of Old
Court, co. Cork, born in 1815, was
educated at Trinity College, Dublin,
and called to the Irish bar in 1839.
He was appointed Attorney-General,
and a member of the Executive Coun-
cil of the colony of Victoria in 1851,
became Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court of Victoria in 1856, and was
knighted in 1857.
928
STEERE-STEPHEN.
Robert Burns, to be erected in the
Central Park, New York, as well as a
replica of it for Dundee. He lately
executed a large monumental work
in memory of those who fell of the
42nd Royal Highlanders in the Rus-
sian war: it is in fine statuary
marble, and erected in the Dunkeld
Cathedral.
office by Mr. Lowe, in 1870. Mr.
Stenhouse is the author of nearly a
hundred papers on chemical subjects;
and pamphlets "On the Applications
of Charcoal to Sanitary Purposes,'
1855; "On the Successful Application
of Charcoal Air-Filters to the Venti-
lation of Sewers," 1861. On Nov.
30, 1871, a royal medal of the Royal
Society was awarded to him for long-
continued chemical researches, which
have proved of great value in the arts
and manufactures.
STEERE, THE RIGHT REV.
EDWARD, LL.D., Bishop of Central
Africa, son of W. Steere, Esq., of the
Chancery bar, born in 1828, graduated
B.A. at the University of London, in
1847, proceeded LL.B. in 1848, and
LL.D. (gold medallist) in 1849. He
was Curate of Kingskerswell, Devon,
from 1856 to 1858, and of Skegness,
Lincolnshire, from the latter year
down to 1862. Dr. Steere was chap-
lain to Bishop Tozer, in Central
Africa, from 1862 to 1868; and he
resigned the rectory of Little Steep-
ing, Lincolnshire, in 1872. Two
years later he was appointed Bishop
of Central Africa, receiving episcopal
consecration in Westminster Abbey
on Aug. 24, 1874. He is the author
of "Persecutions under the Roman
Emperors," and of some essays "On
the Being and Attributes of God,"
and prepared an edition of Bishoption in 1856, but resigned in the fol-
Butler's works. He has also pub- lowing year; was created a C.B. in
lished handbooks of the Shambella 1862; administered the government
and Swabili languages, and the Gos- of the colony, on the retirement of
pel of St. Matthew and the Psalms, the Earl of Belmore, from Feb. 23 to
and a variety of "Tales" in the latter June 2, 1872; was created a K.C.M.G.
tongue.
in 1874; and appointed Governor of
New South Wales in Nov., 1875. Sir
Alfred is a cousin of the late Right
Hon. Sir James Stephen, and of the
late Serjeant Stephen, the author of
the "Commentaries," whose pupil he
was.
|
STENHOUSE, JOHN, LL.D., F.R.S.,
born at Glasgow, Oct. 21, 1809, was
educated at Glasgow Grammar School,
the University of Glasgow, Ander-
son's College, and the University
of Giessen, and studied chemistry
under Prof. Graham, Dr. Thomas
Thomson, and Baron Liebig. He was
appointed Lecturer on Chemistry at
the Medical School of St. Bartholo-
mew's Hospital, London, in 1851;
resigned the appointment in 1857,
owing to a severe attack of paralysis;
succeeded Dr. Hofmann as non-resi-
dent assayer to the Royal Mint in
1865, and was deprived of this ap-
pointment by the abolition of the
STEPHEN, SIR ALFRED,
K.C.M.G., C.B., third son of the late
John Stephen, a Judge of the Su-
preme Court of New South Wales,
born in 1802, was educated at the
Charterhouse, and the Grammar
School of Honiton, Devon. He was
called to the bar in 1823, and ap-
pointed a Judge of the Supreme
Court of New South Wales, in 1839,
having previously held, for several
years, the posts of Solicitor-General
and Attorney-General of Tasmania.
He was Chief Justice of New South
Wales from 1844 till Nov., 1873; re-
ceived the honour of knighthood in
1846; was nominated President of
the Legislative Council, on its crea-
STEPHEN, SIR GEORGE, Q.C.,
youngest son of the late James Ste-
phen, Esq., M.P., Master in Chancery,
and brother of the late Right Hon.
Sir James Stephen, was born in 1794.
His early days were spent in the
medical schools, with a view to the
army, but the battle of Leipsic sent
home some 500 young English sur-
geons, as it announced approaching
peace, and his destination was
STEPHEN.
changed to Cambridge, where he was
entered at Magdalen College. Dur-
ing a stay of two years at the Uni-
versity he carried off several prizes
and scholarships, but at the end of
his seventh term his father trans-
ferred him to the office of the Bank
solicitors, Messrs. Kaye and Fresh-
field. After being admitted an at-
torney, he practised in the City for
many years. For a long time he was
one of the leading advocates for the
abolition of slavery, a cause which
his father had also taken up. The
Government of the day appointed
him their agent to collect evidence
as to the conduct of Queen Caroline's
last six months on the Continent.
During the Mauritius inquiry into
the conduct of Sir Robert Farquhar
he examined above 300 witnesses,
and agitated England, to such
an extent that 300,000 signatures
to an anti-slavery petition by ladies
alone were obtained in the course
of a single week. About this
period he had become so familiar
with the deficiences of the police
that he succeeded in getting the force
reorganised, and the system of paro
chial relief reformed. In the course
of eighteen years of gratuitous service
as Pauper Solicitor, he has the satis-
faction of discharging out of prison
more than 100 pauper prisoners, who
had been committed for contempt of
the Court of Chancery. For these
and other minor services the Queen
knighted him at her first levée. In
1849 he was called to the bar at
Gray's Inn, and invited to settle at
Liverpool, where he remained five
years, and met with great success;
but in 1852 two of his sons went to
Australia, and, in order to prevent
the permanent breaking-up of the
domestic circle, Sir George and the
remainder of his family followed, in
1855, and have remained in Victoria
ever since. He was created a Q.C.,
which, in that colony, is only an
honorary appointment. He published
anonymously, in 1839, a work called
"Adventures of an Attorney in Search
of Practice," and is also author of
929
""
"The Jesuit at Cambridge," published
in 1839; "Adventures of a Gentle-
man in Search of a Horse;" "Jury-
man's Guide," in 1845;" The Clerk."
and The Governess, in Knight's
"Guide to Service;" 64
Negro Trade
and the African Blockade," in 1849;
"The Royal Pardon Vindicated,"
1851, in reference to the case of Mr.
Barber; "Principles of Commerce
and Commercial Law," in 1853;
Anti-Slavery Rocollections," in
1854; Digest of County Court
Cases," in 1855; and "The Life of
Christ," a small work adapted to
the higher classes in schools. He
married, in 1821, Henrietta, eldest
daughter of William Ravenscroft,
Dean of Rasharkin, co. Antrim. By
this lady, who died in 1871, he had a
numerous family.
{{
(6
STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZ-
JAMES, Q.C., K.C.S.I., eldest son of
the late Right Hon. Sir James Stephen,
born at Kensington Gore, London, in
March, 1829, and educated at Trinity
College, Cambridge, where he gra-
duated B.A. in 1852, was called to
the bar at the Inner Temple, in Jan.,
1854. He chose the Midland Circuit,
became Recorder of Newark-on-Trent,
and acted as counsel for the Rev.
Rowland Williams when that gentle-
man was tried by the Court of Arches
on a charge of heresy preferred against
him by the Bishop of Salisbury. His
speech was reprinted in a separate
form in 1862. In Dec., 1869, he re-
ceived the appointment of Legal
Member of the Council of the Go-
vernor-General of India, in the place
of Mr. (now Sir Henry) Maine, and
he held it till April, 1872, when he
returned to this country. During the
three years he spent in India he
laboured hard to consolidate, abbre-
viate, and simplify Indian law. He
was appointed by the Inns of Court
Professor of Common Law in Dec.,
1875, and a member of the councils
of legal education and law reporting.
In 1877 he was nominated a K.C.S.I.;
and in 1878 a member of the Royal
Commission appointed to inquire into
the provisions of a Draft Code relat-
3 0
930
STEPHENS-STEWART.
ing to Indictable Offences. Sir James |
has published a "General View of the
Criminal Law of England," 1863;
"Essays by a Barrister," reprinted
from the Saturday Review, 1862;
"Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity,
1873; and "The Digest of the Law of
Evidence," 1876, which formed the
basis of an elaborate Bill on Indict-
able Offences which was brought for-
ward in the House of Commons by
the Attorney-General (Sir John Hol-
ker) on the part of the Government,
in 1878, and the consideration of
which was postponed till the follow-
ing session.
|
close of the war he retired to his
home in Georgia, was arrested and
confined in Fort Warren, near Boston,
but was released, Oct. 11, 1865, when
he returned to Georgia. In Dec.,
1865, he was elected U. S. Senator,
but was not permitted to take his
seat, as the State had not complied
with the necessary conditions for its
re-admission to the Union. His legal
disability having been removed, he
was in 1874 elected a Representative
in Congress, and re-elected in 1876.
Notwithstanding very infirm health,
he has since exerted a decided in-
fluence upon political affairs,’and is
reckoned, with Senators Gordon and
Leman, among the Southern states-
men, who, accepting the situation,
wish to bring the entire restored
Union into harmony. In a speech,
Feb. 12, 1878, upon occasion of the
reception by Congress of a painting
representing the Signing of the Pro-
clamation for Emancipation, Mr.
Stephens took occasion to pay a warm
eulogy upon President Lincoln, and
to say that in advocating secession in
1862, he never supposed that the dis-
solution would be permanent. A
volume of his speeches and letters
was issued in 1867. He has also
published "A History of the War
between the States" (1868); and “A
Constitutional View of the late War
between the States" (1869).
STEPHENS, ALEXANDER HA-
MILTON, born at Taliaferro, Georgia,
Feb. 11, 1812. He graduated at
Franklin College, Georgia, in 1832,
and having studied law, was ad-
mitted to practise in 1835. He was
elected to the Lower House of the
State Legislature in 1836, and served
five years; was chosen State Senator
in 1842, and Representative in Con-
gress in 1843. After the nomination
of Gen. Scott for the Presidency,
Mr. Stephens, who had been a pro-
minent Whig leader in Georgia, be-
came a supporter of the Democrats.
In Aug., 1860, he delivered a speech
before a convention in Georgia,
strongly opposing the secession of
that State; when, however, a rupture
became inevitable, he supported it,
declared slavery to be the corner-
stone of the new government, and
was elected provisional Vice-Pre-
sident of the Confederate States.
He was sent as Commissioner to
Virginia, which had passed the ordi-
nance of secession; and through
his agency a treaty was made with
the State Convention, and the State
was admitted into the confederation
provisionally formed at Montgomery.
On the formal organization of the go-
vernment, Mr. Stephens was elected
Vice-President. His part in the Con-
federate Government was, however,
merely nominal, the office of Vice-
President involving no actual duty
except that of acting as presiding
officer of the Senate. Towards the
|
STEPHENS, EDWARD BOWRING,
A.R.A., sculptor, born at Exeter,
studied under the late Mr. E. H.
Baily, and in 1843 gained the gold
medal of the Royal Academy for an
alto-relievo of "The Battle of the
Centaurs and Lapithæ." He spent
three years at Rome, and has pro-
duced, amongst other works, two
groups "Satan Tempting Eve,"
and "Satan Vanquished," both in
the Great Exhibition of 1851; "Eve
contemplating Death," in 1853;
"Group of Euphrosyne and Cupid,"
in 1856; "The Angel of the Re-
surrection," in 1861; and a colossal
portrait statue of Sir Thomas Dyke
Acland, in 1862.
STEWART, BALFOUR, LL.D.
STIGAND-STIRLING.
|
F.R.S., born Nov. 1, 1828, at Edin-
burgh, was educated at the Univer-
sities of St. Andrews and Edinburgh.
He was appointed Director of the
Kew Observatory, July 1, 1859;
Secretary to the Meteorological Com-
mittee, Jan. 1, 1867-an appoint-
ment which he afterwards resigned;
Professor of Natural Philosophy in
Owens College, Manchester, July 7,
1870, which appointment he now holds
in connection with the Directorship of
the Kew Observatory. Dr. Stewart
is the discoverer of the law of
equality between the absorptive and
radiative powers of bodies, for which
he received the Rumford Medal from
the Royal Society in 1868. He is
the author, jointly with Messrs.
De La Rue and Loewy, of "Re-
searches on Solar Physics; joint
author with Professor Tait of re-
searches on the "Heating produced
by Rotation in Vacuo; " and has
written numerous papers on
"Me-
teorology and Magnetism; an
"Elementary Treatise on Heat,
published by the Clarendon Press,
Oxford ; "Lessons in Elementary
Physics,' 1871; "Physics," 1872,
being one of a series of "Science
Primers " and "The Conservation
of Energy, 1874.
""
;;
;
STIGAND, WILLIAM, son of the
late William Stigand, Esq., of Devon-
port, born in 1827, was educated at
Shrewsbury and St. John's College,
Cambridge. After studying the Equity
branch of the profession of the law,
he was called to the bar at Lincoln's
Inn in June, 1852; has resided at
various times in France, Italy, and
Germany, and has visited Spain and
the East. He has written "A Vision
of Barbarossa, and other Poems,"
1860; "Athenais; or, the First Cru-
sade," 1866; and “ Life, Work and
Opinions of Heinrich Heine," 2 vols.
1875. Mr. Stigand has contributed
""
931
STIRLING, JAMES HUTCHINSON,
LL.D., born at Glasgow, June 22,
1820, was educated at Glasgow Uni-
versity for nine consecutive winter
sessions in arts and medicine, and
spent six years afterwards in France
and Germany. He became LL.D.
Edin., 1867; F.R.C.S. Edin., 1860,
London, 1842; Foreign Member of the
Philosophical Society of Berlin, 1871.
In earlier years he held appoint-
ments as surgeon to the Hirwain and
other iron and coal works, South
Wales, but he relinquished profes-
sional practice in 1851, and went to
the continent to pursue there those
literary and philosophical studies
which, as a student at college, he had
shown a taste for or gained distinc-
tion in. Returning to England in
1857, he devoted himself to the study
of philosophy and literary pursuits
generally. Leaving earlier contribu-
tions out of view, he published in
1865 "The Secret of Hegel," from
the appearance of which work there
dates in Great Britain, academically
and generally, a new movement to-
wards the study of philosophy, more
particularly German and ancient.
Excluding contributions to periodical
organs, the following are the titles of
his other works, with their dates of
issue :-" Sir William Hamilton, on
the Philosophy of Perception," 1865 ;
(C
Schwegler's History of Philosophy,
translated and annotated," 1867,
sixth edit., 1877;
sixth edit., 1877; “Jerrold, Tenny-
son, and Macaulay, with other Critical
Essays," 1868; "Address on Mate-
rialism," 1868; "As Regards Proto-
plasm," 1869, second edit., 1872;
"Lectures on the Philosophy of Law,
&c.," 1873; "Burns in Drama to-
gether with Faded Leaves," 1878.
The “ Protoplasm " and the "Lec-
tures on Law" have been repub-
lished in America.
STIRLING, MRS., an accomplished
and versatile actress, daughter of the
late Capt. Hehl, of the Horse Guards,
born in Queen Street, Mayfair, in
1817, was educated at a convent in
views.
to the Quarterly and Edinburgh Re-France, and on her return home,
finding that her family had fallen
into pecuniary difficulties, she deter-
mined, although then but sixteen
years of age, to try her fortune upon
the stage. Adopting the name of
3 0 2
932
STIRLING-STODDARD.
Miss Fanny Clifton, she obtained an
engagement at the East London
Theatre, at which her reception was
encouraging, attributable in no small
degree to her handsome person and
musical voice. This was followed by
a better engagement at the Pavilion,
where she met Mr. Edward Stirling,
the stage manager, to whom she was
soon afterwards married. Mrs. Stir-
ling's next professional engagement
was with Mr. Davidge, of the Liver-
pool Theatre, where she remained one
season, went to Birmingham, and soon
after returned to London, and played
at the Adelphi in "Victorine," "The
Dream at Sea," and other new pieces.
About this time she accepted an
cngagement for three years under
Mr. Macready, at Drury Lane, where
she obtained important parts, and
won her way to popularity. Her next
engagement was at the Princess's,
where she took leading Shaksperian
characters, both tragic and comic;
and amongst these her Cordelia was
regarded as the most successful,
though in Rosalind, Desdemona, and
Portia her talents were displayed to
great advantage. Mrs. Stirling's en-
gagements at the Olympic and at the
Strand Theatres, under Mr. Farren, are
still fresh in public recollection, and
her more recent performances at the
Haymarket, Adelphi, and St. James's
Theatres, have been attended with
great success, especially in the pro-
minent parts of Lady Teazle, in
Sheridan's comedy of "The School
for Scandal," Lady Gay Spanker,
Maritana, the Widow Green, Mrs.
Bracegirdle, in the "Tragic Queen,"
and Peg Woffington.
|
wards Superintendent Missionary at
Terra del Fuego, of the same society.
In 1869 he was made Bishop of the
Falkland Islands, being consecrated
in Westminster Abbey on Dec. 21. He
is joint author of " The Story of Com-
mander Allen Gardiner, R.N., with
Sketches of Missionary Work in South
America," 1867.
STIRLING, THE RIGHT REV.
WAITE HOCKING, D.D., Bishop of
the Falkland Islands, son of Capt.
Thomas Stirling, R.N., by Maria,
daughter of the late Mr. William
Hockin, solicitor, of Dartmouth, was
born at Dartmouth, and educated at
Exeter College, Oxford (B.A. 1851).
Having held the curacy of St. Mary's,
Nottingham, he was appointed Sec-
retary of the South American Mis-
sionary Society in London, and after-
|
STOCKS, LUMB, R.A., born Nov.
30, 1812, at Lightcliffe, in the parish
of Halifax, Yorkshire, was educated
at Horton, near Bradford, and elected
Associated Engraver of the Royal
Academy in 1853, and Royal Acade-
mician in 1872. Mr. Stocks com-
menced his profession as line en-
graver in 1833, engraving subjects
after Stothard, &c., for the Annuals
of that period, then plates for
Finden's Gallery of British Art, after
Maclise-"Fitting out Moses for the
Fair," and others; "Raffaelle and
the Fornarina," after Sir A. W. Call-
cott, engraved for the Art Union of
London in 1843; "The Dame School,”
1849, and "The Rubber," after Web-
ster, 1851, followed; and for the
Association for the Promotion of the
Fine Arts in Scotland he engraved
"The Glen Maiden," after Lauder;
"The Gentle Shepherd," after Wilkie,
and others. He also engraved, after
Frith-" Bed-Time," "The Birth-
Day," and Claude Duval ;" and after
Maclise, "The Meeting of Wellington
and Blucher," after the painting in
the Royal Gallery at Westminster.
STODDARD, RICHARD HENRY,
was born at Hingham, Mass., in
1825. His family removed, in 1835,
to New York, where he learned the
trade of an iron-moulder. In 1848
he began to write for periodicals
both in prose and verse. In 1853 he
received an appointment in the New
York Custom-House, which he held
for upwards of twenty years, at the
same time continuing his literary
labours. He has published: "Foot-
prints (1849); "Poems" (1852);
"Adventures in Fairy-Land" (1853);
CC
""
Songs of Summer" (1857); "Town
and Country (1857); "Life of
Alexander von Humboldt" (1859);
|
""
STOKES.
"Loves and Heroines of the Poets"
(1860);
"The King's Bell" (1863);
"The Story of Little Red Riding
Hood "
(1864); "Under Green
Leaves "
(1865); "Late English
Poets" (1865); Melodies and Mad-
rigals, mostly from the Old English
Poets" (1865); "The Children in
the Wood" (1866); “Putnam, the
Brave" (1869); "The Book of the
East, and other Poems" (1871); new
and enlarged editions of "Griswold's
Poets of America" (1873); "Female
Poets of America" (1874); "Poets
and Poetry of England in the Nine-
teenth Century" (1875); and "Me-
moir of Edgar Allan Poe" (1875).
He has also edited a scries of dainty
works entitled "Bric-a-Brac Series"
(1874-75); and "Sans Souci Series,"
and more recently a number of
volumes relating to English literary
history and memorabilia. He is now
City Librarian of New York. His
wife, ELIZABETH D. B. STODDARD,
is also a frequent contributor to
periodicals, and has published three
novels : "The Morgesons" (1862);
"Two Men " (1865); and "Temple
House" (1867).
STOKES, GEORGE GABRIEL,
F.R.S., born in 1819, was educated at
Dr. Wall's school in Dublin, at the
Bristol College, and at Pembroke
College, Cambridge, where he gra-
duated B.A in 1841, as Senior Wrang-
ler, and was elected to a Fellowship.
In 1849 he was appointed to the Lu-
casian Professorship of Mathematics,
and in 1852 was awarded the Rum-
ford Medal by the Royal Society (of
which he had been chosen a member
a few months before), in recognition
of his services to the cause of science
by his discovery of the change in the
refrangibility of light. An account
of this discovery will be found in
the "Philosophical Transactions" for
1852. Mr. Stokes, who was chosen
one of the Secretaries to the Royal
Society in 1854, and was President
of the British Association at the
meeting at Exeter in 1869, has con-
tributed to the Transactions of several
learned societies, and has delivered
933
professorial lectures at Cambridge,
and at the Museum of Practical Geo-
logy in London. The degree of LL.D.
was conferred on Professor Stokes by
the University of Edinburgh, Aug. 1,
1871.
STOKES, COLONEL SIR JOHN,
K.C.B., son of the Rev. John Stokes,
Vicar of Cobham, Kent, was born
there in 1825, and received his edu-
cation at the proprietary school,
Rochester, and at the Military Aca-
demy, Woolwich. He entered the
Royal Engineers as Second Lieu-
tenant in 1843. He saw active ser-
vice in the Caffre Wars of 1846-7
and 1850-1, for which he has the
medal, and received the thanks of
the Commander-in-Chief on two oc-
casions. In 1851 he was appointed
to act as Deputy Adjutant-General
of the Field Force in Caffraria, and
assisted in organizing levies among
the Hottentots, and was otherwise
engaged. In 1855 he was appointed
Chief Engineer to the Turkish Con-
tingent, and raised and organized the
Engineer Corps and Train of that
force. In the winter of 1855-6 he
was employed in fortifying Kertch,
for which he obtained a brevet ma-
jority, the Turkish Medal, and the
Order of the Medjidie, fourth class.
In July, 1856, he was appointed Her
Majesty's Commissioner for the
Danube, under the Treaty of Paris.
In 1861 he was nominated Vice-
Consul in the delta of the Danube,
and in 1865 he signed the conven-
tion for regulating the navigation of
the mouths of that river. He was in
command of the Royal Engineers in
South Wales from May, 1872, to
Aug., 1873; British Commissioner on
the International Tonnage Commis-
sion from Aug. to Dec., 1873; was
employed on Suez Canal affairs in
London and Egypt in 1874 and 1875,
and representative of Great Britain
in that company since 1876; was in
command of the Royal Engineers
at Chatham from Jan. to Nov., 1875;
and has been Commandant of the
School of Military Engineering at
Chatham since the latter date. He
STONE-STORY.
934
""
|
was
never
In
was attached to Mr. Cave's special | Morand, professor in the Athénée
mission to Egypt in Dec., 1875. He Royale, his painting master being
was promoted to a Lieutenant-Colo- M. J. L. Dulong. He returned to
nelcy in 1867, and became a full London in 1850, and attended Mr. J.
Colonel in 1876. In 1871 he was M. Leigh's school in Newman Street.
nominated a Companion of the Bath, He first exhibited at the Royal
and in 1877 a Knight Companion of Academy in 1852, "A Family Por-
the same Order (civil division). trait,"; in 1853, "A Madonna and
Child; and in 1854 was admitted
a student at the Academy. Subse-
quently, he exhibited "Sacred
Music, "The Widowed Bride,"
"The Bride's Burial," "The Annun-
ciation," and "The Closed House,
1665.' In 1863 he was in Spain,
painting portraits at Madrid.
the following year he first attracted
the special notice of the public by his
picture of "The Meeting of William
Seymour with the Lady Arabella
Stuart at the Court of James I.,
1609." It was followed by a
"Royal Challenge," 1865, represent-
ing Henry VIII. playing at single-
stick with a rustic; "Godiva," 1865;
"Children at Breakfast" (exhibited
at Mr. Gambart's Gallery, Pall Mall),
1866; ** After You," 1867; "The Shy
1868; "The Old Soldier,'
and "Boys Going to School," 1869;
"The Duet," and "Only a Rabbit,'
1870; "Rosy Cheeks," and "Les-
sons," 1871; "A Lovers' Quarrel,"
and "Little Butter-Cups," 1872 ;
"Scandal," "Love in a Maze,” and
"Mistress Dorothy," 1873;
"The
Blue Girls of Canterbury,' "Little
Swansdown,' ""Dame Octavia Beau-
mont," and "Grandmamma's Christ-
mas Visitors," 1874; "Mrs. Finch,"
Caught," "Miss_Caro Armitage,"
and "The Whip Hand," 1875; A
Dancing Lesson"
and " My Lady
Bella," 1876; "The Old Pump-room,
Bath,' "The Judgment of Paris,'
and "Christmas Eve," 1877; "Sweet
Margery," 1878. Nearly all the
above-named pictures were exhi-
bited at the Royal Academy. Mr.
Storey was elected an A.R.A. in April,
1876.
STONE, MARCUS, A.R.A., painter
of historical and genre subjects,
born in London July 4, 1840, re-
ceived his education at home, and
a student in any Art
School. He was elected an Asso-
ciate of the Royal Academy Jan. 24,
1877. Mr. Stone received one of the
medals awarded to the English School
at the Vienna and Philadelphia In-
ternational Exhibitions. As a very
young man he illustrated Dickens,
and lately Anthony Trollope and the
Cornhill Magazine. Mr. Stone has
been much in Paris, and has visited
Italy several times. He had exhibi-
ted for twenty years in the Royal
Academy before he was elected and
never had a picture rejected or hung
above the line; a curious instance of
how long a man can be kept wait-Pupil,"
ing, whom, upon their own showing,
the Royal Academicians consider a
man of ability. He exhibited first in
1858, and achieved his earliest marked
success in 1863 with "From Waterloo
to Paris," a picture of Napoleon in a
peasant's cottage. His principal pic-
tures since then are: Stealing the
Keys," 1866; "Nell Gwynne," 1867;
"The Princess Elizabeth forced to
attend Mass," 1869; "Henry VIII.
and Anne Boleyn," 1870; "The Royal
Nursery," 1871; "Edward II. and
Piers Gaveston," 1872; "Le Roi est
Mort-Vive le Roi." 1873; "My
Lady is a Widow and Childless,'
1874; "Sain et Sauf," 1875; " An
Appeal for Mercy" 1876; " A Sacri-
fice," 1877; "The Post Bag" and
"The Time of Roses," 1878. Several
of these have been engraved. Mr.
Stone has painted some landscapes,
and some water-colour pictures.
""
|
""
|
(6
66
""
|
((
STOREY, GEORGE ADOLPHUS,
A.R.A., born in London, Jan. 7, 1834,
was educated at Paris by M. Joseph
*"
"3
:7
STORY, THE REV. ROBERT HER-
BERT, born at Roseneath Manse, Scot-
land, Jan. 28, 1835, being son of the
Rev. Robert Story, minister of that
STORY-STRAIN.
parish. He was educated at Edin-
burgh, Heidelberg, and St. Andrews;
was appointed assistant-minister of
St Andrew's Church, Montreal, in
Feb., 1859; ordained there Sept. 20,
1859; presented by the Duke of
Argyll in the same year to the parish
of Roseneath on the death of his
father, and inducted to the charge
in Feb., 1860; and received the
degree of D.D., honoris causâ,
from the University of Edinburgh,
April 22, 1874. Besides contribu-
tions to current literature of a minor
character, he has published "Life of
the Rev. Robert Story, including pas-
sages of Scottish Ecclesiastical His-
tory during the Second Quarter of
the Present Century," 1862; "Christ
the Consoler," 1864; "Manual of
Scripture, Hymns, and Prayers; "
"Memoir and Remains of Robert
Lee, D.D.," 2 vols., 1870; "William
Carstares a Character and Career
of the Revolutionary Epoch, 1649—
1715," 1874. As one of the founders
of the Scottish "Church Service
Society," and convener of its "edi-
torial committee," he has had charge
of its publication of "Euchologion : a
Book of Common Order," now in the
3rd edition; and has assisted in the
promotion of the Liturgical restora-
tion in the Church of Scotland. Mr.
Story is a member of the "Mode-
rate or Broad Church party.
|
|
""
-
935
STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE, born
at Salem, Massachusetts, Feb. 19,
1819.
He studied law, under his
father, Judge Joseph Story, and
published several legal works, but
subsequently devoted himself to
sculpture and literature. Among his
sculptures are numerous ideal figures
and groups, many admirable busts, a
statue of Edward Everett, and an-
other of George Peabody for the Cor-
poration of London. Among his prose
publications are "Life and Letters of
Joseph Story" (1851); "Roba di
Roma" (1862); "The American Ques-
tion" (1862); “Proportions of the
Human Figure" (1866); and "Graffiti
d'Italia" (1869). In poetry he has
published "Nature and Art," the
|
Phi Beta Kappa poem at Harvard,
(1844); a volume of "Poems" (1847);
"The Roman Lawyer in Jerusalem
(1870); and " Tragedy of Nero
(1875). In Dec., 1877, he read before
a select literary assemblage at New
York a tragedy, written in blank
verse, entitled "Stephanie," extracts
from which were published in the
New York World and other papers,
but which have not yet been issued
in book form.
STOTS BASHI, Tycoon or Siogoun
of Japan, was born in 1835, and
usually resides in the palace at Jeddo.
He received Sir Harry Parkes, the
British Minister Extraordinary to
Japan, May 1, 1867, at the palace at
Osaca.
19
19
|
STOUGHTON, THE REV. JOHN,
D.D., born at Norwich, Nov. 18, 1807,
was educated at Highbury College,
Islington, and University College,
London. He was appointed pastor
of the Congregational Church, Wind-
sor, in 1832, and thence removed
to Kensington in 1843, where he
remained in office until 1875, and on
his retirement received a presentation
from his congregation of £3000. He
became Professor of Historical Theo-
logy and Homiletics in New College,
St. John's Wood, the same year,
which office he still retains. He
received the degree of D.D. at Edin-
burgh in 1869; was Congregational
Lecturer in 1855, and Chairman of
the Congregational Union of England
and Wales in 1856. Dr. Stoughton
is the author of numerous works, of
which the following are the principal:
"Windsor in the olden Time" (1844);
(4
Spiritual Heroes (1848); "Ages
of Christendom (1856); "Church
and State Two Hundred Years Ago
(1862); "Ecclesiastical History of
England," 5 vols (1867-74); “Haunts
and Homes of Martin Luther" (1875);
**
Lights of the World" (1876);
"Progress of Divine Revelation
(1878); and "Our English Bible: its
Translations and Translators" (1878).
STOWE, HARRIET BEECHER,
(See BEECHER-STOWE.)
STRAIN, THE RIGHT REV. JOHN,
""
""
936
STRATFORD DE REDCLIFFE.
D.D., a Scotch Catholic prelate, born
Dec. 8, 1810, was consecrated Bishop
of Abila by Pope Pius IX., Sept., 25,
1864, and appointed Vicar Apostolic
of the Eastern District of Scotland.
On the restoration of the hierarchy
by Pope Leo XIII. in March 1878, he
was translated to the archiepiscopal
see of St. Andrews and Edinburgh.
STRATFORD DE REDCLIFFE,
VISCOUNT, K.G., better known as Sir
Stratford Canning, and under that
name identified with British policy
in Turkey, the son of Stratford Can-
ning, a merchant, who was uncle to
George Canning, the statesman, was
born in Jan., 1788, in the City of
London, and was educated on the
foundation at Eton, whence he passed
in due course as a Scholar to King's
College, Cambridge. In 1807, while
still an undergraduate, he obtained,
through his cousin's interest, an ap-
pointment as Précis Writer in the
Foreign Office, and in 1808 accom-
panied Mr. Adair on a special mis-
sion to Constantinople, and was next
year made Secretary of Embassy,
upon Mr. Adair's appointment as
permanent minister. On returning
to England, he resumed his academic
studies, and in 1813 took the degree
of M.A. at Cambridge. In 1814 he
was advanced to the rank of Minister
Plenipotentiary, and sent to Basle,
where he assisted in framing the
treaty which united the Swiss can-
tons in the Helvetic Confederation;
and was present at Vienna during
the Congress of 1815. In 1820 he
was sent on a special mission to
Washington, to adjust certain dif-
ferences left unsettled by the treaty
of Ghent; and returned in 1823,
the British Government declining to
ratify the engagements he had made.
In 1824 he was sent to St. Peters-
burgh, to ascertain the intentions of
the Czar respecting Greece. In the
following year he went as Ambas-
sador to Constantinople, when his
influence was employed with the
Sultan Mahmoud in favour of the
Greeks; but not succeeding, he came
to England on leave, to be present
|
during the conferences of London;
returning to his post in 1827. After
the "untoward event " of Navarino,
diplomatic relations with Turkey
were broken off, and he returned to
England, receiving the Grand Cross
of the Bath in acknowledgment of
his valuable services. In 1831 Sir
Stratford was sent on a special mis-
sion to Constantinople, and returned
in the following year to undertake
a special mission to Spain. In 1841
he was appointed Ambassador at
Constantinople, replacing Lord Pon-
sonby, and held that important post
for many years, under ministries of
every political complexion; and his
personal elucidations of Eastern poli-
tics have doubtless had great influ-
ence with British statesmen. He
was the steadfast friend of Reschid
Pacha, and the supporter of all his
reforms; and uniformly exercised his
influence to improve the condition of
the Christian population of Turkey.
It is to be regretted that, under the
belief that the claims of France,
Russia, and Austria respecting the
Holy Places had been adjusted, he
should have left Constantinople in
1852, and that his post should have
been occupied by a subordinate, al-
though an able and vigilant officer,
at the time when Prince Menschikoff
was actually menacing the Sultan in
his own palace; but it may be urged
that England had no locus standi in
the dispute until a territorial aggres-
sion became imminent, and that
the instructions sent from home
directed that the representative of
England should not officially interfere
in the matter. During the Russian
war, Lord Stratford de Redcliffe sup-
ported the British Government most
efficiently at the Porte. He resigned
his post at Constantinople, and re-
turned to England in the early part
of the year 1858. In 1852 he was
raised to the peerage, by the title of
Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe. He
sat in the House of Commons for
Stockbridge and Old Sarum before
the adoption of the Reform Bill, and
for King's Lynn from 1835 to 1842;
STRATHNAIRN-STREET.
House of Lords has taken an active
share in the debates on questions of
foreign policy. He was created a
Knight of the Garter Dec. 11, 1869.
His lordship published a summary of
the evidences of Christianity, under
the title of "Why am I a Christian?"
1873. In 1876 he produced an original
play, "Alfred the Great in Athelnay,"
privately printed.
and since he took his seat in the | By his zeal, energy, and professional
skill on this occasion, he succeeded
in reforming many old-standing
abuses and defects, and greatly pro-
moted the comfort and efficiency of
the troops. He resigned the post of
Commander-in-Chief in India in 1865.
and took command of Her Majesty's
forces in Ireland. In 1869 he was
appointed to succeed the late Lord
Gough in the command of the Royal
Horse Guards; and in 1870 he re-
signed the command in Ireland. His
lordship is a General in the army, and
is regarded as one of the ablest of our
general officers. He was made a
D.C.L. at Oxford in June, 1865, and
was raised to the peerage as Baron
Strathnairn, of Strathnairn, in the
county of Nairn, and of Jhansi,
East Indies, July 28, 1866. He was
advanced to the rank of Field-
Marshal in June, 1877.
STRATHNAIRN (BARON), FIELD-
MARSHAL THE RIGHT HON. HUGH
HENRY ROSE, G.C.B., G.C.S.I., son of
the late Right Hon. Sir George H.
Rose, G.C.H., for many years member
for Christ Church, British Minister at
Berlin, &c. (who died in 1855), born
in 1803, was educated at Berlin ;
entered the army in 1820, and after
attaining the rank of Lieut.-Col. be-
came successively Consul-General in
Syria, Secretary of Embassy and
Chargé d'Affaires at the Porte, and
Commissioner at the head-quarters of
the French army in the East in
1855-56. While acting as Chargé
d'Affaires at the Porte, he displayed,
according to Mr. Kinglake, great
foresight in urging upon the admiral
in command of the Mediterranean
fleet the policy of making a naval
demonstration at the critical moment
when Prince Menschikoff, by his
domineering attitude, had nearly suc-
ceeded in intimidating the Sultan and
his ministers. During the Indian
mutiny the command of the Central
India field force was bestowed upon
him, and for his able services at this
perilous period, culminating in the
fall of Jhansi, he was created first a
K.C.B. and afterwards a G.C.B., be-
sides receiving the thanks of Parlia-
ment, and when the order of the Star
of India was instituted, he was one of
the earliest of the recipients of that
honour. On the return to Europe of
the late Lord Clyde, Sir Hugh Rose
succeeded him as Commander-in-
Chief in India, and it fell to his lot,
while holding this high post, to super-
intend and direct the amalgamation
of the Queen's forces with the armies
of the late East India Company.
937
STREET, GEORGE EDMUND, R.A.,
F.S.A., born at Woodford, Essex, in
1824, was educated at the Collegiate
School, Camberwell, studied architec-
ture for three years under Mr. Owen
Carter at Winchester, and for five
years under Mr. G. G. Scott, whom
he quitted about 1850, and has since
been engaged in various works on his
own account. His favourite style is
Gothic, and all his literary efforts
have tended to illustrate its history
and principles, and to promote its
progress. Mr. Street has written nu-
merous essays and lectures upon
architecture. His principal works
are "The Brick and Marble Archi-
tecture of North Italy in the Mid-
dle Ages," 1855; and Some Account
of Gothic Architecture in Spain,
1865. Among Mr. Street's numerous
architectural works may be men-
tioned the Theological College at
Cuddesden, the chapels and school-
rooms at Uppingham and Bloxham
Schools, and new churches at Bourne-
mouth; Boyne Hill; Hagley; Gar-
den Street, Westminster; SS. Philip
and James, Oxford ; St. John,
Torquay; All Saints, Clifton; St.
Saviour, Eastbourne; St. Margaret,
Liverpool; and St. Mary Mag-
6.
|
""
938
STROSSMAYER-STUART.
dalen, Paddington. Amongst his | says:- Latterly several liberal, or
rather self-called liberal papers, have
published a pretended speech, sup-
posed to have been made by myself
at the Vatican Council. I resolutely
and absolutely deny ever having made
any such discourse. I never said a
word during the entire Council which
could in any way diminish the autho-
rity of the Holy See, or tend to pro-
mote discord in the Church."
STUART, THE RIGHT REV. ED-
WARD CRAIG, was consecrated Bishop
of Waiapu, Jan. 1, 1878, at Auckland,
by the Metropolitan of New Zea-
land.
church restorations are Eccleshall;
Wantage; Jesus College Chapel, Ox-
ford; Uffington and Shottesbrook,
in Berks; Stone, in Kent; and
Stewkley and Wendover, Bucks. In
addition to numerous other works
in progress, Mr. Street is engaged
upon the Earl of Crawford and Bal-
carres' mansion, at Dunecht, N.B.
In 1850 he was appointed Diocesan
Architect to the diocese of Oxford,
and subsequently Diocesan Architect
for York, Ripon, and Winchester. Mr.
Street is a Fellow of the Institute of
Architects, of which he has been Vice-
President; is a Fellow of the Society
of Antiquaries, an Honorary Member
of the American Institute of Architects,
and of other societies; was elected
an Associate of the Royal Academy
in May, 1866, and a Royal Academi-
cian, June 29, 1871. He was elected
a member of the Imperial and Royal
Academy of the Fine Arts, at Vienna,
in 1869, and was made a Knight of
the Legion of Honour in 1878. Mr.
Street was appointed Architect to
the New Courts of Justice, in 1868.
He is now engaged in building the
new nave and two western steeples
of Bristol Cathedral; on the restora-
tion of the nave and building of the
new choir to Christ Church Cathe-
dral, Dublin, and the Synod House
for the Irish Church in connection
with it.
STROSSMAYER, THE RIGHT REV.
JOSEPH, D.D., a prelate of the Roman
Church, born at Essak, in Sclavonia,
Feb. 4, 1815, received his education
in the universities of Vienna and
Padua, and on May 20, 1850, was
consecrated Bishop of Bosnia and
Sirmio. During the sittings of the
(Ecumenical Council of the Vatican
in 1869-70, he was constantly repre-
sented as an earnest opponent of the
dogmatization of the infallibility of
the Pope. Several journals went so
far as to reproduce the text of a
speech alleged to have been delivered
at the Council by Mgr. Strossmayer;
but in 1872 the Bishop addressed to
the Français a letter in which he
C
STUART, JAMES, M.A., born at
Balgonie works, Markinch, Fifeshire
(of which works his father was owner)
Jan. 2, 1843, was educated at home,
afterwards at St. Andrews Univer-
sity, and then at Trinity College,
Cambridge. He became Fellow of
Trinity College in 1867, Assistant-
Tutor of that College in 1868, first
Professor of Mechanism and Applied
Mechanics in the University of Cam-
bridge, Nov. 17, 1875. He graduated
as 3rd wrangler in 1866; M.A. of
the University of Cambridge in 1869 ;
LL.D. of the University of St. An-
drews in 1876. Professor Stuart has
taken a leading part in popular edu-
cation. He inaugurated the system
of courses of educational lectures of
a University standard in connection
with Cambridge and Oxford, in Not-
tingham, Sheffield, and many other
towns, on the system indicated by his
experiments, and recommended by
him to the universities. He has been
instrumental in the foundation and
establishment of several local col-
leges; has taken special interest in
women's education, having originated
the Ladies' Lectures (in 1867), and
the Cambridge Higher Examination
for Women (in 1868). He has been
a consistent friend of all movements
for the amelioration of the condition
of women, and honorary Secretary of
“La Fédération Britannique Conti-
nentale et Générale pour la réléve-
ment de la moralité publique." He
has taken an active part in the orga-
STUART-STUBBS.
|
;"
nization of university education, and
especially in its adaptation to the
wants of the engineering profession.
Prof. Stuart is the author of "Six
Lectures to the Workmen of Crewe ;"
"Science and Religion, a Lecture;
"The New Abolitionists;" "A Letter
on University Extension, addressed
to the University of Cambridge," and
a number of articles, speeches, and
pamphlets on educational, scientific,
and social questions.
STUART, JOHN, LL.D., was born
at Forgue, in Aberdeenshire, in Nov.,
1813. He was educated at the Univer-
sity of Aberdeen, became a member
of the Society of Advocates there,
was nominated by the Treasury as one
of the official searchers of the Records
in H.M. Register House, Edinburgh,
in 1853, and in 1873 was appointed
by the Lord Clerk Register to the
office of Principal Keeper of the
Register of Deeds there. In con-
junction with the late Mr. Joseph
Robertson, Dr. Stuart originated "The
Spalding Club," for the purpose of
collecting and printing the historical
MS. records of the northern coun-
ties of Scotland, and he acted as its
secretary from its commencement in
1839 till its dissolution in 1870.
During that period he edited for
the Club twelve volumes, quarto, of
original records and chronicles, be-
sides the Celtic copy of the Gospels,
known as "The Book of Deer," in one
vol., and "The Sculptured Stones of
Scotland," in two vols. folio. Dr.
Stuart is Secretary of the Society of
Antiquaries of Scotland, having been
clected to the office in 1854. Besides
minor papers in the "Proceedings
of the Society, he has edited for the
members two vols. of chartularies,
viz., "The Records of the Priory of
the Isle of May," and "Records of
the Monastery of Kinloss." In 1869
Dr. Stuart was requested by the His-
torical Manuscript Commissioners to
inspect and report to them on Scotch
Collections of Records, and his Re-
ports have appeared annually in the
Blue Books issued by the Commission.
In his examination of the papers at
77
939
Dunrobin, Dr. Stuart brought to light
the dispensation for the marriage of
the Earl of Bothwell with Lady Jane
Gordon, which disappeared in 1567,
and since that time has generally been
supposed to have been destroyed. A
history of this dispensation is given
in a volume recently published by
Dr. Stuart, entitled "A Lost Chapter
in the History of Mary Queen of
Scots, Recovered," Besides these
works he edited for the Burgh Record
Society two vols. of "Extracts from
the Burgh Records of Aberdeen, 1625-
1747." He also edited in two vols.
the "Archæological Essays of the late
Sir James Y. Simpson, Bart." The
honorary degree of Doctor of Laws
was conferred on Mr. Stuart by the
University of Aberdeen in 1866. He
is Honorary Member of the Royal
Archæological Institute of Great
Britain and Ireland; of the Society
of Antiquaries of Zurich and of the
Assemblea di Storia Patria in Pa-
lermo.
|
STUBBS, THE REV. WILLIAM,
M.A., born at Knaresborough, June
21, 1825, was educated at the Gram-
mar School, Ripon, and at Christ
Church, Oxford, where he took a
first-class in classics and a third in
mathematics, and was elected to a
Fellowship at Trinity College. He
was ordained in 1848, became Vicar
of Navestock, Essex, in 1850, and
Librarian to Archbishop Longley, at
Lambeth, in 1862. He was Diocesan
Inspector of Schools in the diocese of
Rochester from 1860 till 1866, when
he was appointed Regius Professor of
Modern History at Oxford. In 1867
he was elected Fellow of Oriel Col-
lege, Oxford; and in 1876 an hono-
rary Fellow of Balliol. On Nov. 20,
1869, he was elected Curator of the
Bodleian Library, vice Professor Co-
nington, deceased; and in 1872 was
chosen as a member of the Hebdo-
madal Council. In 1875 he was pre-
sented to the Rectory of Cholderton,
Wilts. He published, in 1850,
(6
Hymnale secundum usum Sarum;"
in 1858, "Registrum Sacrum Angli-
canum;" in 1860, "Tractatus de
940
SULLIVAN.
""
Sancta Cruce de Waltham; " edited,
in 1863, "Mosheim's Institutes of
Church History; " in 1864 and 1865,
"Chronicles and Memorials of Rich-
ard I.," published by the Master of
the Rolls; in 1867, the "Chronicle,"
ascribed to Benedict of Peterborough,
in the same series; in 1868-71, the
"Chronicle of Roger Hoveden; in
1872-73, the Memorial of Walter of
Coventry;" in 1874, "Memorials of
S. Dunstan ;" and, in 1876, the
"Works of Ralph de Diceto; in
1870,"Select Charters and other Il-
lustrations of English Constitutional
History, from the Earliest Period to
the Reign of Edward I.;" and pub-
lished, in 1874, 1875, and 1878, "The
Constitutional History of England, in
its Origin and Development," 3 vols.
Mr. Stubbs is a perpetual delegate of
the Clarendon Press, Vice-President
of the Surtees and Yorkshire Archæo-
logical Society, an honorary member
of the Royal Irish Academy, and of
the Historical Society of Massa-
chusetts, and a corresponding mem-
ber of the Royal Society of Sciences
at Göttingen.
""
SULLIVAN, ALEXANDER MARTIN,
M.P., second son of Mr. D. Sullivan,
of Dublin, was born at Bantry, co.
Cork, in 1830. While prosecuting his
studies as an artist in Dublin and
London, about 1853, he became con-
nected with the newspaper and perio-
dical press, and on the retirement of
Mr., now Sir Charles Gavan Duffy, in
1855, became connected with the
Nation newspaper, of which he re-
mained editor and proprietor up to
the close of 1876. In 1857 he tra-
velled for a few months in America,
and published the result of a portion
of his tour in a little work entitled
"A Visit to the Valley of Wyoming.'
In 1868 he was twice prosecuted by
the Government on two separate in-
dictments for sedition arising out of
the Manchester executions, and, being
convicted on one, underwent four
months' imprisonment in Richmond
Gaol. While in prison, notice of his
nomination as Lord Mayor of Dublin
for the ensuing year was made in
the Municipal Council, of which he
was a member; but he at once
stopped the proceedings. On his
release a committee was formed to
present him with a National Testi-
monial, but he expressed his disin-
clination to be the recipient of any
compliment pecuniarily valuable ;
and a sum of over £300 which had,
however, been received meantime by
the committee was bestowed by him
as an initiatory subscription to the
statue of Henry Grattan subsequently
erected in College Green, executed by
the late Mr. Foley, R.A., shortly pre-
vious to his decease. He was re-
turned to Parliament, in the Home-
Rule interest, as one of the members
for the county of Louth at the general
election of Feb., 1874. Peculiar im-
portance was supposed to attach to
his election, from the fact of his
having been chosen by the Home-
Rule party as the opponent of the
Right Hon. Chichester Fortescue,
then President of the Board of Trade,
and possessed of very great personal,
political, and proprietorial influence
in the county. Mr. Sullivan is the
author of some historical and bio-
graphical works, including "New
Ireland," a series of political sketches
and personal reminiscences of Irish
public life, which appeared in 1877.
In 1876 he was admitted to the Irish
Bar, and in 1877 the Benchers of the
Inner Temple conferred on him the
exceptional compliment of a "special
call" to the English Bar. In 1876
he terminated his connection with
Irish journalism, and soon afterwards,
removing to London, devoted himself
to practice in the legal profession.
He is one of the original founders of
the Home-Rule movement, in which
he acts a leading part. He takes a
very active interest in all questions
of social reform, and is a prominent
advocate of temperance movements.
He is a Vice-President of the Dublin
Working Men's Club, and has been
Chairman of the Executive in the
Irish Permissive Bill Association since
its establishment. Mr. Sullivan mar-
ried, in 1861, Frances Genevieve, only
SULLIVAN—SULLY.
surviving daughter of the late John |
Donovan, Esq., of New Orleans.
SULLIVAN, ARTHUR, born in
1844, being the son of a musician,
was choir boy in St. James's Chapel
Royal; he then went to Germany,
where he studied music. At the age
At the age
of nineteen he returned to England,
having become well acquainted with
the works of German composers. He
wrote the music for "Cox and Box,"
"The Prodigal Son," "Light of the
World," and a musical farce, "Trial
by Jury." His earliest great success
was the music to Shakspere's “Tem-
pest." This was followed by "The
Prodigal Son," and "Light of the
World," written for the Birmingham
Musical Festival. The honorary
degree of Doctor in Music was con-
ferred upon him by the University of
Cambridge in 1876. He was English
delegate to the "Commission des
Auditions Musicales of the Paris
Exhibition of 1878, when he was
made a Chevalier of the Legion of
Honour.
""
SULLIVAN, BARRY, tragedian,
born at Birmingham, in 1824, made
his first appearance on the stage at
Cork, in 1840, when his success was
so great that he determined to adopt
the stage as a profession. After
studying for some time in Ireland,
he proceeded to Scotland, and joined
the company of the Theatre Royal,
Edinburgh, under the management of
the late W. H. Murray; here he re-
mained for several seasons, studying
hard and making rapid strides in his
profession; he then visited Paisley,
Dundee, Aberdeen, Glasgow, Liver-
pool, and Manchester. His reputa-
tion having reached the metropolis,
he was engaged by Mr. B. Webster,
and made his first appearance in
London, at the Haymarket Theatre,
in Nov., 1851, in the character of
Hamlet, with decided success.
During his continuance at that
theatre he repeatedly had the honour
of appearing before the Queen and
the late Prince Consort. He subse-
quently had engagements at the St.
James's, Sadler's Wells, the Standard,
941
and Drury Lane, and after making a
farewell tour of the United Kingdom,
sailed for America in Nov., 1857. He
met with an enthusiastic reception
throughout the United States and the
new Dominion of Canada. Return-
ing to London in May, 1860, he re-
appeared at the St. James's, &c. ;
he then made a second tour of the
United Kingdom, and sailed for
Australia in May, 1861, his success
being so great that he played nearly
one thousand nights in Melbourne
alone. He also held several engage-
ments at Sydney, and after paying a
visit to Queensland, sailed from Bris-
bane for India, and reached England
in June, 1866, thus completing a
tour round the world. In the fol-
lowing September he reappeared at
Drury Lane, in the characters of
Richard III., Hamlet, Macbeth, &c.
About 1869 and 1870 he was lessee of
the Holborn Theatre.
SULLIVAN, THE RIGHT HON.
EDWARD, born at Mallow, in July,
1822, educated at Middleton School,
county Cork, and at Trinity College,
Dublin, was called to the Irish bar in
Michaelmas term, 1848, obtained a
silk gown in 1858, and was appointed
Her Majesty's third Serjeant-at-Law,
on the promotion of Mr. Fitzgibbon
to one of the Masterships in the Irish
Court of Chancery, in 1860. He was
Law Adviser to the Crown in 1861 ;
Solicitor-General for Ireland from
1865 till March, 1866; and Attorney-
General for Ireland from Dec., 1868,
till Jan., 1870, when he was appointed
Master of the Rolls in Ireland in suc-
cession to the late Right Hon. John
Edward Walsh. He sat in the Liberal
interest for Mallow from July, 1865,
till his elevation to the judicial bench.
SULLY, JAMES, M.A., born at
Bridgwater, Somersetshire, in 1842,
was educated in the Independent Col-
lege, Taunton, the Regent's Park Col-
lege (one of the affiliated colleges of
the University of London), and the
University of Göttingen. He is M.A.,
and Gold Medallist of the University
of London, where he graduated in
1866 and 1868. He took to a lite-
942
rary career in 1871, beginning as a
contributor to the Saturday, Fort-
nightly, and Westminster Reviens.
He is the author of "Sensations and
Intuition: Studies in Psychology and
Esthetics," 1874; and "Pessimism :
a History and a Criticism," 1877.
These works contain an exposition
and a criticism of some of the lead-
ing philosophical questions of the
day, devoting considerable space to
German literature. He is also the
author of articles on "Esthetics
and "Dreams" in the last edition of
the "Encyclopædia Britannica."
""
SUTER-SWINTON.
SUTER, THE RIGHT REV. ANDREW
BURN, D.D., born Nov. 30, 1830, edu-
cated at St. Paul's School, London,
and at Cambridge, was Curate of St.
Dunstan's in the West, London, in
1856, incumbent of All Saints', Spital-
fields, in 1860, and was consecrated
Bishop of Nelson, New Zealand, Aug.
24, 1866. Dr. Suter, who was for
some time Secretary to the Church of
England Young Men's Society, has
published several sermons and lec-
tures.
">
SUTHER, THE RIGHT REV.
THOMAS G., D.D., ordained in 1837,
was consecrated Bishop of Aberdeen
and Orkney in 1857.
|
SWAINSON, WILLIAM, naturalist,
born about the close of the last cen-
tury, published "Zoological Illus-
Zoological Illus-
trations," in 1820; followed by
"Exotic Conchology," in 1821; and
by the "Naturalist's Guide," in 1822.
Having been a frequent contributor
to periodical literature of papers on
his favourite studies, he wrote one of
the volumes on Natural History which
appeared in "Lardner's Cabinet Cy-
clopædia," in 1834. His later works
are" The Natural History and Classi-.
fication of Quadrupeds; "The
tural History and Classification of
Birds; "The Natural History and
Classification of Fishes; "Animals
in Menageries;" "The Habits and
Instincts of Animals ;" "The Birds
of Western Africa," and "The Fly-
catchers (these two in Sir W. Jar-
dine's Naturalist's Library); "A
Treatise on Malacology; "Ornitho-
the
""
logical Drawings;
"The History
and Natural Arrangements of In-
sects." Mr. Swainson has, we believe,
settled as a colonist in New Zealand.
SWEDEN AND NORWAY, KING
OF. (See OSCAR II.)
SWINBURNE, ALGERNON
CHARLES, son of the late Admiral
Charles Henry Swinburne, by Lady
Jane Henrietta, daughter of George,
third Earl of Ashburnham, and grand-
son of Sir John Edward Swinburne,
Bart., of Capheaton, Northumberland,
was born in Chester Street, Grosvenor
Place, London, April 5, 1837. He
entered as a commoner at Balliol
College, Oxford, in 1857, but left the
university without taking a degree.
He afterwards visited Florence, and
spent some time with the late Walter
Savage Landor. His first productions,
"The Queen Mother," and "Rosa-
mond," two plays, published in 1861,
attracted but little attention. It was
followed by "Atalanta in Calydon,
a Tragedy," in 1864; "Chastelard,
a Tragedy," in 1865; and "Poems and
Ballads," in 1866. The latter work
was very severely criticised, and led
to a kind of literary warfare. In
1866, Mr. W. M.. Rossetti published
"Poems and Ballads: a Criticism,"
and Mr. Swinburne himself, "Notes
on Poems and Reviews." His later
works are, "A Song of Italy," 1867
"William Blake: a Critical Essay,
1867; second edition, 1868; "Siena:
a Poem," 1868; the second part of
"Notes on the Royal Academy Exhi-
bition," 1868, the first part of which
was written by Mr. W. M. Rossetti;
"Ode on the Proclamation of the
French Republic, Sept. 4, 1870;
;}
(6
Songs before Sunrise," 1871, in which
he glorifies Pantheism and Republic-
Na-anism; and "Bothwell, a Tragedy,"
1874; "Essays and Studies," 1875;
"A Note on Charlotte Brontë," 1877;
"Poems and Ballads: second series,'
1878.
""
""
""
>>
SWINTON, WILLIAM, born in
Edinburgh, April 23, 1833. He went
to America in 1843; studied at Am-
herst College, and became a teacher,
first in North Carolina, and subse-
SYBEL-TAILLANDIER.
quently in New York. During a
considerable part of the civil war he
was a correspondent of the New York
Times, from the army in Virginia,
and at the close of the war devoted
himself to literary pursuits. In 1866,
he was chosen Professor of English
Literature in the University of Cali-
fornia. Besides several volumes made
up from contributions to magazines,
he has published "Campaigns of the
Army of the Potomac," one of the
standard authorities on the war of
Secession (1864); "The Twelve Deci-
sive Battles of the War" (1870);
and "History of the New York
Seventh Regiment during the Rebel-
lion" (1870). He has more recently
prepared a series of educational
text-books.
943
SYDNEY, ARCHBISHOP OF. (See
VAUGHAN DR.)
SYDNEY, BISHOP OF. (See BAR-
KER, DR.)
SYME, JOHN THOMAS IRVINE
BOSWELL. (See Boswell.)
T.
|
TAGLIONI, MARIA, dancer, of
Italian descent, was born at Stock-
holm, in March, 1804. Her father
was ballet-master at some of the
opera-houses on the Continent, and
his daughter made her début in 1827
at the French Opera, where she
achieved a great success, and in-
creased her fame by visits to most of
the capitals of Europe, appearing in
London in 1838. In the exquisite airy
style of her performance, dancing
might truly be said to be "the poetry
of motion." She was married to
Count Gilbert de Voisins, and in 1847,
retired from the stage. Madame
Taglioni, who had been left a widow,
lost all her property in the late
Franco-German war.
She is now
established in London, and occupies
herself in giving to young ladies
lessons in dancing and deportment.
SYBEL, HEINRICH VON, one of the
most eminent of living German his-
torians, born at Düsseldorf, Dec. 2,
1817, studied history for four years
at Berlin, under the famous Von
Ranke, took his degrees at the Uni-
versity of Bonn, and became Extra-
ordinary Professor there in 1844. The
following year he was appointed
ordinary Professor at Marburg, and
in 1847 elected a member of the
States of Hesse, and deputy in the
Diet of Erfurt. Summoned to Bavaria
in 1856, by Maximilian II., he became
a member of the Munich Academy of
Sciences, and was sent on several
scientific missions. In 1861, however,
he returned to Bonn as Professor, and
was elected by that University a
member of the Chamber of Deputies
at Berlin, being more recently re-
turned to the Constituent Diet of the
North German Confederation. He
was appointed Director of the Prus-
sian State Archives at Berlin in 1875.
His principal work is a "History of
the French Revolution," which has
been translated into English by Mr.
Walter C. Perry, from the third
German edition. He is also the
author of "Origin of Royalty in Ger-rated with the Legion of Honour in
many," 1845; "The Rising of Europe Dec., 1850.
At the close of the year
against Napoleon I.," 1860; and 1863 he was summoned to Paris, to
"Minor Historical Writings," 2 vols., assist M. Saint-Marc Girardin in the
1863-69.
Chair of French Poetry at the Sor-
a
??
TAILLANDIER, RENÉ GASPARD
ERNEST, called SAINT-RENÉ,
member of the French Academy, was
born at Paris, Dec. 16, 1817, being
the son of an attorney, who had
literary tastes, and who published a
poem on "La Guerre d'Espagne,'
1824. His education, commenced in
Paris, was completed by a residence
of two years in Germany, chiefly at
the University of Heidelberg, where
he took several degrees. In 1841 he
was appointed Assistant Professor of
Literature in the University of Stras-
burg, whence he was transferred, in
1843, to the University of Mont-
pellier, where he became Titular
Professor in 1846. He was deco
944
TAINE.
|
|
on
bonne, and in 1868 he was appointed
to the Professorship of French Elo-
quence there, which he still holds.
M. Ségris selected M. Saint-René
Taillandier to be General Secretary
of the Ministry of Public Instruction,
and he was also nominated a Coun-
cillor of State, and a member of the
Superior Council of Special Secondary
Education. He retired with M.
Ségris on the 9th of Aug. following.
On Jan. 17, 1873, he was elected a
member of the French Academy in
the place of the late Father Gratry,
by fifteen votes against thirteen given
to M. de Viel Castel. In April, 1875,
his lectures at the Sorbonne
"French Literature and Eloquence
at the time of the Revolution," led to
slight disturbances on the part of
some of the students, who resented
the professor's remarks on Robes-
pierre, Danton, and other Republican
heroes. For more than thirty years
he has been a regular contributor to
the Revue des Deux Mondes. His
works are "Béatrix," a poem, 1840;
a poem, 1840;
"Des Écrivains sacrés au XIXe
siècle," 1842; "Scott Erigène et la
philosophie sco
scolastique, 1843;
Histoire de la jeune Allemagne,
études littéraires," 1849; "Etudes
sur la Révolution en Allemagne,
2 vols., 1853; “La Promenade du
Peyrou et la Cathédrale de Mont-
**
pellier,' 1854 ; "Allemagne
""
et
""
Russie, études historiques et litté-
raires ;" "Le Poëte du Caucase, ou
la Vie et les Euvres de Michel Ler-
montoff," 1856; "Histoire et Philo-
sophie, Religieuse," 1860: "Littéra-
ture Étrangère, Ecrivains et Poëtes
Modernes,' 1861;
'La Comtesse
d'Albany," 1862; "Lettres Inédites
de Sismondi," 1863; "Corneille et
ses Contemporains,' an inaugural
lecture, 1864 ; "Maurice de Saxe,"
2 vols., 1865; "Drames et Romains
Drames et Romains
de la Vie Littéraire," 1869; and
"La Serbie au XIXe siècle: Kara
George et Miloch," 1875.
>>
-
1
TAINE, HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE, a
member of the French Academy,
born April 21, 1828 at. Vouziers
(Ardennes), pursued his studies with
brilliant success in the Collége
Bourbon, gaining the prize of honour
for rhetoric at the general competi-
tion of 1847, and being, in the follow-
ing year, first on the list of those
admitted to the Normal School
(Section of Literature). After having
obtained, in 1853, the diploma of
Doctor in Letters by two theses-" De
Personis Platonicis," and "Essai sur
les Fables de La Fontaine "--he re-
nounced the career of university
teaching and brought out several
works. Two of these, written in a
most brilliant style, contained
opinions diametrically opposed to
the traditional doctrines of the Uni-
versity, and produced a great sensa-
tion. One was an "Essai sur Tite-
Live," 1854, "crowned" by the
French Academy and designed by
the author as an application and a de-
monstration of the system of Spinoza ;
the other, entitled Philosophes
Français du XIXe siècle,” 1856, 2nd
edition, 1860, sharply criticized the
spiritualist philosophers and religious
writers. These and many of hi
subsequent works were received with
high favour by the materialist
school. In March, 1863, M. Taine
was appointed Examiner in Lite-
rature at the Military school of
Saint-Cyr, and, in Oct., 1864, Pro-
fessor of the History of Art and
Esthetics at the Ecole des Beaux
Arts. In June, 1868, he married the
daughter of M. Denuelle, a rich mer-
chant. M. Taine was a candidate for
the seat in the French Academy
that had been vacated by the death
of M.Thiers, but he was unsuccessful,
being defeated by M. Henri Martin
the historian. Martin got eighteen
votes and Taine fifteen (June 13,
1878). Very soon afterwards, how-
ever, M. Taine gained the coveted
seat among the forty, being elected
on Nov. 14, 1878, in the place of M.
de Lomenie. In addition to the
works already mentioned M. Taine
has written :-"Voyage aux Eaux
des Pyrénées," 1855; "Essais de
Critique et d'Histoire," 1857 ;
"La
Fontaine et ses Fables," 1860;
TAIT.
The
"Histoire de la Littérature Ang-| became successively Scholar, Fellow,
and Tutor, and graduated B.A. in
first-class honours. He subsequently
became a Public Examiner of the
University. Whilst residing at Oxford
in his capacity as College tutor, he
took a prominent part in opposing
the spread of Tractarian principles,
and was one of the four tutors who
first drew the attention of the uni-
versity authorities to the celebrated
Tract No. 90, written by Mr. Newman,
for the purpose of showing that the
Thirty-nine Articles of the Established
Church could be honestly subscribed
by those who held Roman Catholic
doctrines. His opposition, however,
to this school of theology, always
courteous and open, was marked by
the most sincere respect for, and
personal attachment to, those who
held these peculiar views.
circumstance of Mr. Tait's being
in holy orders proved, in the then
state of the law, an obstacle to his
appointment, in 1838, to succeed the
late Sir D. K. Sandford in the Greek
chair at Glasgow; but the death of
Dr. Arnold in 1842 opened to him a
field of greater usefulness, as he was
selected to fill the important office of
Head Master of Rugby School, where
he remained eight years. While there
he married a daughter of the late
Venerable Archdeacon Spooner, bro-
ther of the late Mr. Richard Spooner,
long one of the members for Warwick-
shire, and uncle to the then Bishop of
Oxford. (She died Dec. 1, 1878.) A
severe illness occasioned by over-exer-
tion in his arduous post at Rugby,
probably induced Dr. Tait to accept
from Lord John Russell's Government,
in April, 1850, the deanery of Carlisle.
But, to a man of his mental activity
and conscientious devotion to his
sacred calling, this could be no post
of indolent retirement. He originated,
and generally conducted himself, an
additional pulpit-service on Sundays,
besides undertaking an amount of
labour in visiting the poor, instruct-
ing the young and ignorant, and
superintending the public charities
of a large town, seldom equalled by
laise," 4 vols., 1864, translated
into English by H. Van Laun, a
work which being sent in to the com-
petition of the French Academy was
rejected by that learned body on
account of the materialist and athe-
istical opinions it contained;
"Idéalisme Anglais," a study on
Carlyle, 1864; "Positivisme Anglais,"
a study on John Stuart Mill, 1864,
translated into English by T. D.
Haye, 1870; "Nouveaux Essais de
Critique et d'Histoire,' 1865;
Philosophie de l'Art," 1865; "Phi-
losophie de l'Art en Italie," 1866;
""
""
Voyage en Italie," 2 vols., 1866;
"Notes sur Paris: Ou Vie et
Opinions de M. Frédéric Thomas
Graindorge," 1867; “L'Idéal dans
l'Art," lectures delivered at the École
des Beaux Arts, 1867; "Philosophie
de l'Art dans les Pays-Bas," 1868;
Philosophie de l'Art en Grèce,
1870; "L'Intelligence," 1874; "Les
Origines de la France Contempo-
raine "
vol. i. "L'Ancien Régime,"
1875, vol. ii. “La Révolution," 1878.
M. Taine has contributed to the
Journal des Débats, the Revue de
l'Instruction Publique, and the Revue
des Deux Mondes numerous and im-
portant articles, most of which have
been reprinted in the volumes enu-
merated above.
TAIT, THE MOST REV. ARCHIBALD
CAMPBELL, D.D., Archbishop of Can-
terbury, and Primate of all England,
is the youngest son of the late Crau-
furd Tait, Esq., a Scotch attorney, or
Writer to the Signet, of Harvieston,
co. Clackmannan, his mother being a
daughter of the late Sir Islay Camp-
bell, Bart., of Succoth, sometime Lord
President of the Court of Session. He
was born in Edinburgh, Dec. 22,1811,
was educated at the High School and
at the Academy of Edinburgh, under
Archdeacon Williams; went in 1827
to the University at Glasgow, where
he attended the lectures of the late
Sir Daniel K. Sandford and Mr.
Buchanan; was elected in 1830 an
Exhibitioner on Snell's foundation, to
Balliol College, Oxford, of which he
945
C
3 P
946
TALBOT DE MALAHIDE-TANN.
the most hard-working parish clergy-
man, and was at the same time an
active member of the Oxford Uni-
versity Commission. The late Dr.
Blomfield having resigned the see of
London, under a special Act of Par-
liament, in Aug., 1856, Dr. Tait was
nominated to the vacancy. In 1863
he proposed, and by his zealous efforts
powerfully contributed to the success-
ful initiation of an extensive scheme
for supplying the deficiency of church
accommodation in London, by raising
a fund of £1,000,000 in the course of
ten years. On the death of the late
Dr. Longley, in 1868, Dr. Tait was
appointed his successor in the archi-
episcopal see of Canterbury. The
University of Glasgow conferred on
him the degree of LL.D., in 1869.
Dr. Tait presided over the Pan-
Anglican Synod held at Lambeth in
1867, the Church Congress at Croy-
don in 1877, and the Conference of
Anglican Bishops at Lambeth in 1878.
He has written two volumes of
sermons preached either at Oxford or
in the school chapel at Rugby; a
work entitled "The Dangers and
Safeguards of Modern Theology,"
with remarks on the celebrated
"Essays and Reviews," published in
1861; the "Word of God and the
Ground of Faith," in 1863; "Charge
to the Clergy," in 1866; "Some
Thoughts on the Duties of the Church
of England," a charge to his clergy,
1876; and has contributed articles
on education and kindred topics to
the Edinburgh and North British
Reviews.
|
TALBOT DE MALAHIDE
(BARON), THE RIGHT HON. JAMES
TALBOT, LL.D., born Nov. 22, 1805,
was educated at Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, of which he was Scholar, and
graduated in due course as Senior
Optime in Mathematics, and 1st class
in the Classical Tripos. He was re-
turned to the House of Commons as
member in the Liberal interest for
Athlone, in Dec., 1832, and was de-
feated at the general election in Jan.,
1835. He succeeded to the Irish title
in 1850, on his father's death, and
was created a peer of the United
Kingdom in 1856. Lord Talbot is
President of the Archæological So-
ciety of Great Britain and Ireland,
which owes much of its present pros-
perity to his influence and activity.
He is President of the Geological and
Zoological Societies of Dublin, a V.P.
of the Royal Dublin Society, F.R.S.,
F.S.A., and a Member of the Council
of the Royal Irish Academy, of which
institution indeed he was for some
time President, but resigned the office
in Nov., 1869. It is understood that
he is collecting materials for a mono-
graph of the noble house of Talbot,
including the various Irish branches,
as well as the senior branch, of which
the Earl of Shrewsbury is the head.
Lord Talbot is hereditary Lord Ad-
miral of Malahide, and the castle and
estates of Malahide have been in the
possession of his ancestors for nearly
700 years in direct male descent. He
has been a Lord-in-waiting to the
Queen.
TAMBERLIK, HENRI, tenor
singer, born at Rome in 1820, made
his first appearance at Naples in
1841, and after visiting various parts
of Europe, sang at Covent Garden
Opera, London. He fulfilled engage-
ments in North and South America,
and sang at Paris in 1858, and again
in 1869. In the latter year he estab-
lished a large manufactory of firearms
at Madrid.
TANN, GENERAL LUDWIG, BARON
VON DER, was born in 1805, at the
town of Tann, in Bavaria, ceded in
1866 to Prussia. As a boy he went to
Munich to receive his education, and
on its completion he was entered, in
1833, as 2nd Lieutenant in the 1st
Bavarian artillery regiment. In 1840
he rose to be Superior Lieutenant,
and was, at the same time, transferred
to the General Quartermaster's staff,
where, by diligence and superior cul-
ture, he succeeded in obtaining, in
1844, the rank of Captain to the
Adjutant of the Crown Prince Maxi-
milian. After Prince Maximilian had
ascended the throne, and had nomi-
nated his friend a Major and Adjutant
TAUCHNITZ-TAYLER.
|
Tann's resolve to fight for the libera-
tion of Schleswig-Holstein. Major
von der Tann, with Count Fr. Both-
mer and others, joined a free corps,
of which he undertook the command,
and not only among the Danes, but
also at Hoptrup (June 7, 1848), and
at the storming of the trenches at
Düppel, exhibited great skill and
valour. In 1850, owing to special cir-
cumstances, he forsook the service of
Bavaria, but, in Nov. of the same year,
returned to it with the rank of
Colonel. In March, 1855, he became
Major-General; in April, 1859, Com-
mandant of the First Infantry Bri-
gade; and in 1859 General Adjutant
of the King. About a year later he
was appointed Lieutenant-General |
and Commandant-General in Augs-
burg. In the war of 1866 he became
chief of the general staff of Field-
Marshal Prince Charles. Having, on
Jan. 8, 1869, attained the rank of
General of Infantry, he undertook, on
the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian
war, the supreme command of the
First Bavarian Army Corps, which
took a prominent part in the battles
of Wörth and Sedan. Gen. von. der
Tann also led the march from Paris
against the French forces at Artenoy
and Orleans, which latter city he
captured.
of the wing, he approved Von der | resolved to obtain the sanction of
the authors to the republication of
their works, and to pay them for per-
mission to include them in his series.
This collection consists of upwards of
1800 volumes, aud is continually in-
creasing. In order to mark his ap-
preciation of the endeavours of
Tauchnitz to familiarize in Germany
the chefs-d'œuvre of a literature of
which he himself was so great an
admirer, the Duke of Saxe-Coburg,
the brother of the late Prince Consort,
raised him to the rank of Baron. In
1872, on the retirement of Mr. Crowe,
he was appointed British Consul
General for the Kingdom of Saxony,
and in 1876 for the other Saxon
Principalities. In 1877 he was called
by the King to the House of Peers of
Saxony. His eldest son, Baron C. C.
Bernhard, a Doctor of Laws, and
British Vice-Consul, has been
partner in the house since 1866.
a
|
947
"
TAYLER, FREDERICK, painter in
water-colours, born near Elstree
Herts, April 30, 1804, became a con
tributor to the exhibitions of the Old
Water-colour Society in 1831, his pic-
tures being chiefly taken from sub-
jects in Highland, rural, and sport-
ing life; such as the Hawking
Parties" of past times; "Unkennel-
ling" and "Calling out of Cover" of
modern times; "Troopers of Two
Centuries since," "Wayside Travel-
lers" and "Harvest Carts" of to-
day. Some of his earlier "Scenes
on the Moors" were painted in con-
junction with the late Mr. George
Barrett. Occasionally he has exe-
cuted compositions of importance
from Sir W. Scott's works, in which
his spirited style in the painting of
horses, and dogs is turned to good
account, as in the "Festival of the
Popinjay," in 1854. He went to
Paris as one of the jurors in the Fine
Art Department of the French Great
Exhibition in 1855, and received the
Cross of the Legion of Honour. Mr.
Tayler, who has illustrated several
books, including an edition of Sir
Roger de Coverley, and many of
whose etchings are to be found in the
TASMANIA, BISHOP OF. (See
BROMBY, DR.)
TAUCHNITZ (BARON), BERN-
HARD CHRISTIAN, publisher at Leip-
sic, celebrated for his editions of
Greek and Latin Classics, Hebrew
and Greek Bibles, but best known to
English travellers and writers for his
neat continental editions of British
authors, is a member of an old family
of booksellers and printers, Karl
Tauchnitz, half a century ago, having
made himself famous for his cheap
editions of the Classics. He was
born at Schleinitz near Naumburg
in 1816. He founded an indepen-
dent establishment in 1837, and,
in 1841, began his series of English
authors. At that time there was no
international copyright, yet he
|
3 P 2
948
TAYLOR.
|
works of the Etching Club, of which |
he is a member, was unanimously
elected President of the Society of
Painters in Water-colours in 1858.
He resigned that office in June, 1871.
TAYLOR, ALFRED SWAINE, M.D.,
F.R.S., born at Northfleet, Kent, in
Dec., 1806, was educated at a private
school, entered as a pupil at the
united Hospitals of Guy's and St.
Thomas's, under Sir Astley Cooper
and the late Mr. Jos. H. Green, in
Oct., 1823, and continued his medical
studies at Guy's on its separation
from the other hospital until 1828.
He went to study in the chief medical
schools of France, Germany, and
Italy, became by examination a mem-
ber of the Royal College of Surgeons
in 1830, after having passed the
Society of Apothecaries; a Licentiate
of the Royal College of Physicians in
1848; and was elected Fellow of
this College in 1853. Dr. Taylor,
who had become a F.R.S. in Nov.,
1845, received from the Treausurer
and Governors of Guy's Hospital the
first appointment to the chair of
Medical Jurisprudence, which he
continues to hold. In 1832 he was
elected joint Professor in Chemistry
at Guy's Hospital with the late Mr.
A. Aikin, and occupied that chair
without an associate from 1851 to
1870, when he resigned the professor-
ship. He has been for many years
consulted by the Government in
reference to cases of alleged murder
by poisoning and others of a medico-
legal nature. He is the author of
works on Medical Jurisprudence, on
Poisons, and on Chemistry, well
known to members of the medical
and legal professions; and has re-
ceived from the University of St.
Andrews the honorary degree of M.D.
TAYLOR, SIR HENRY, K.C.M.G.,
D.C.L., dramatist and essayist, son of
George Taylor, Esq., of Witton Hall,
Witton-le-Wear, co. Durham, by his
marriage with Miss Eleanor Ashworth,
was born at Durham in 1800. He
entered the Colonial Office as assistant
junior clerk in Jan., 1824, and was
promoted to be a senior clerk a year
•
later. He was made D.C.L. honoris
causâ at Oxford; and in 1873 was
created a Knight Commander of the
Order of SS. Michael and George
in recognition of his long public
services at the Colonial Office. He
has written the following dramas:
"Isaac Comnenus," "Philip Van
Artevelde,' "Edwin the Fair," "A
Sicilian Summer," and " St. Clement's
Eve," published respectively in 1827,
1834, 1842, 1850, 1862. "The States-
man," a book containing views and
maxims respecting the transaction of
public business, which had been
suggested to the author, as he him-
self declares, by twelve years of
official life in the civil service, was
published as early as 1836.
It was
followed by "Notes from Life," based
on his own experience, consisting of
Essays on such subjects as Choice in
Marriage, Humility and Independ-
ence, the Life Poetic, and Children ;
and "Notes from Books," including
an essay on "The Ways of the Rich
and Great ;" and three others on
modern poets, reprinted from the
Quarterly Review, both published in
1848. A collected edition of his
poetical works, in 3 vols, was pub-
lished in 1863.
**
TAYLOR (BARON), ISIDORE SÉVÉ-
RIN JUSTIN, traveller and author, of
English descent, born at Brussels,
Aug. 15, 1789, was educated at Paris.
Having studied drawing at the age
of eighteen he earned a modest com-
petence by the aid of his pen and
pencil, and then travelled abroad for
a time. On the return of the Bour-
bons, he espoused their cause, and
was raised to the rank of lieut. of
artillery, went through the Spanish
campaign of 1823, as staff officer and
as aide-de-camp of Gen. D'Orsay,
but did not neglect his artistic pur-
suits. He has been a member of
various art and scientific commissions
in France, and under the auspices of
Charles X. proceeded to Egypt to
bring home the obelisk of Luxor,
which stands in the place de la Con-
corde at Paris. As a royal Com-
missioner of the Théâtre Français, he
TAYLOR-TCHERNAIEFF.
was able to introduce some useful re- |
forms, and he was employed for many
years in making large purchases
abroad of pictures, to enrich the great
French collections. Baron Taylor,
who actively interested himself on
behalf of an institution previously
unknown in France, the Friendly
Society for the Benefit of Painters,
Musicians, and Artists generally, has
written some dramas and several use-
ful works on the arts; among which
may be mentioned, "Voyage Pittor-
esque en Espagne," 1826; "La
Syrie," 1837;~ and
1837; and “Pélerinage à
Jérusalem," 1841. Baron Taylor was
made a Knight of the Legion of
Honour in 1822, Officer in 1833, Com-
mander in 1837, and Grand Officer
in 1877; was elected a member of
the Paris Academy of Fine Arts in
1847, and was nominated to the
Senate by an Imperial decree, dated
May 6, 1869.
TAYLOR, TOM, author of nearly a
hundred dramatic pieces, a tenth of
them being adaptations from French
plays or novels, born at Sunderland,
in 1817, was educated at the Grange
School, and went through two sessions
at Glasgow University, in the course
of which he received three gold
medals and several other prizes.
From Glasgow, he proceeded, in 1837,
to Trinity College, Cambridge, where
he took a degree as a junior optime,
and in the first class of the classical
tripos, and was elected a Fellow of
Trinity. Mr. Taylor, who held for
two years the Professorship of Eng-
lish Language and Literature at
University College, London, was
called to the bar at the Inner Temple
in Nov., 1845, and went the Northern
circuit until his appointment to the
Assistant Secretaryship of the Board
of Health, in March, 1850, and on
the re-construction of that board in
1854, he was appointed Secretary,
with a salary of £1,000 per annum.
When the board was abolished, and
its functions were transferred to the
Local Government Act Office, a de-
partment of the Home Office, Mr.
Taylor was made secretary of that
949
department which is charged with
the execution of the important duties
devolving on the Home Secretary
under the Sanitary Act of 1866.
In 1872 the functions of the Local
Government Office were transferred
to the Poor Law Board, under its
new name of the Local Government
Board. Mr. Taylor's office was sub-
sequently abolished, and he retired
on a pension from public employment
after twenty-one years' service. He
has since undertaken the editorship
of Punch, and still continues his con-
tributions to the theatres. His last
play, and one of the most successful,
turns on the very dramatic story of
Lord and Lady Clancarty, as told by
Macaulay. Among his most suc-
cessful earlier comedies may be men-
tioned
tioned "Still Waters run Deep,"
Victims," "An Unequal Match,"
"The Contested Election,"
"The
Overland Route," and the "Ticket-of-
Leave Man." He has also revived the
dramatic "History," in blank verse
and five acts, in his ""Twixt Axe and
Crown," and "Joan of Arc " produced
at the New Queen's Theatre. Mr.
Taylor has written many popular
dramas, some in conjunction with
Mr. Charles Reade, and has contri-
buted to Punch in prose and verse
since 1844. He compiled and edited
the "Autobiography of B. R. Hay-
don," from the journals of that
painter, published in 1853; the
"Autobiography and Correspondence
of the late C. R. Leslie, R.A.," pub-
lished in 1859; and the "Life and
Times of sir Joshua Reynolds," left
incomplete by the late Mr. Leslie,
R.A., in 1865. Mrs. Tom Taylor is
known, under her maiden name of
Miss Laura
Miss Laura Barker, as a musical
composer of marked originality and
power. Besides many published
songs and other compositions, she
has contributed an original overture
and entr'acte music to her husband's
"Joan of Arc."
-
TCHERNAIEFF, MICHAEL
GREGOROVITCH, a Russian general,
born Oct. 24, 1828, entered the Rus-
sian military service in 1847, distin-
950
TECK.
guished himself greatly in the
Crimean war, and attained the rank
of a General of Infantry. On the
conclusion of the Crimean war he
was first appointed chief of the staff
of a division in Poland, and in 1858
he was sent to Orenburg in the
capacity of Aide du Chef de la ligne
du Syr Dariar. In 1859 he com-
manded an expedition on Lake Aral,
to support the Khirgiss tribes, at war
with the Khivans. After a period of
service as quartermaster-general of the
left flank of the line held by the army
of the Caucasus, Tchernaieff for some
time acted as chief of the staff of the
corps at Orenburg. Next he was
placed in command of an expedi-
tionary force consisting of 1000 men,
with instructions to march from
Orenburg, through the passes of the
mountains bounding Siberia on the
south, and across the steppes of
Turkestan, and to effect a junction
with another detachment under
Colonel Verevkin which had set out
from Semipalatinsk, in Siberia. The
Junction occurred in the vicinity of
the town of Tchemkend, then occu-
pied by the Khokanians. This town
Tchernaieff took by assault, and im-
mediately afterwards he unsuccesfully
attacked (Oct., 1864) the important
city of Tashkend, some 80 miles south
of Tchemkend, and also in possession
of the Khokanians. Having wintered
at Tchemkend, he renewed success-
fully the attempt on Tashkend (June
27, 1865). It is said that he had
received specific instructions to con-
tent himself with the position of
Tchemkend, and to refrain from any
further efforts to extend the Rus-
sian domination further southward.
Tchernaieff disobeyed his orders, took
Tashkend, was afterwards received
most enthusiatically at St. Peters-
burg, and received a sabre of honour
from the Emperor in recognition of
his military enterprise; but from that
date was not actively employed in
the Russian service. After a time he
retired from the army and passed a
legal examination qualifying him to
adopt the profession of a notary,
when the Emperor begged him to
re-enter the army. He did so in com-
pliance with the Imperial request,
and was reinstated in his rank. After
vainly waiting a whole year for active
employment, he again retired from
the army and purchased the Ruski
Mir, a journal which boldly advo-
cated Slav interests, and of which,
after he had quitted the military
service altogether, in July, 1874, he
became the recognised editor. When
in 1875 the insurrection in Herzego-
vina broke out, he opened a sub-
scription in its behalf, and afterwards,
in the summer of 1876, he went to
Belgrade and took the command-in-
chief of the Servian army.
campaign was most disastrous to the
Servians, although their army was
largely reinforced by Russian volun-
teers. Tchernaieff's proclamation of
Prince Milan as King of Servia was
much censured at the time as a rash
and foolish act. Mr. Archibald
Forbes, in a memoir from which
most of the above facts have been
derived, claims for General Tcher-
naieff that, after the battle of the 1st
of Sept., he, single and unaided, by
his force of character effected the
prolongation of the unequal struggle
for two months.
The
TECK (PRINCE AND DUKE OF),
HIS SERENE HIGHNESS FRANCIS
PAUL CHARLES LOUIS ALEXANDER,
Count of Hohenstein, only son of
Duke Alexander of Würtemberg and
the Countess Hohenstein, was born
Aug. 27, 1837. By the German law,
the marriage of his mother to Duke
Alexander was only recognised as
morganatic, and consequently Prince
Teck and his two sisters bore the
titles of Count and Countesses of
Hohenstein until Dec. 1, 1863, when
a royal decree of the king of Würtem-
berg conferred upon them the title of
Prince and Princesses Teck. His
Royal Highness served in the Aus-
trian army, but resigned his commis-
sion in 1866. He married the Princess
Mary Adelaide of Cambridge June
12, and was created an hon. G.C.B.
(civil division), July 6, 1866.
TEGETMEIER-TENNANT.
TEGETMEIER, WILLIAM B.,
F.Z.S., of German extraction, born
at Colnbrook, Bucks, in 1816, and
educated for the medical profession
at University College, London, was
formerly Lecturer on Natural and
Applied Science at the Home and
Colonial Training College. He has
written "The Poultry Book,"
"Pigeons," "Manual on Principles
of Domestic Economy," used as a
text-book in the Government training
colleges; and numerous papers read
before the Royal, Entomological, and
Zoological Societies, and the British
Association. He has devoted much
attention to the variation of species,
and assisted Mr. Charles Darwin in
the preparation of his volumes on
"The Variation of Animals and Plants
under Domestication," and other
works. Mr. Tegetmeier is editor of
several departments in the Field
newspaper.
TEMPLE, THE RIGHT REV. FRE-
DERICK, D.D., Bishop of Exeter, son
of an officer in the army, born Nov.
30, 1821, was educated at the Gram-
mar-school at Tiverton, and proceed-
ing to Oxford, became Scholar of
Balliol College, and took his degree
of B.A. in 1842 as a double first-class.
He was elected Fellow and Mathe-
matical Tutor of his college, and,
having been ordained in 1846, was
appointed Principal of the Training
College at Kneller Hall, near Twicken.
ham, in 1848. This post he resigned in
1855; and having held an Inspector-
ship of Schools during the interval,
was appointed, on the resignation of
Dr. Goulburn, in 1858, Head Master
of Rugby School. Dr. Temple, who
was a Chaplain to the Queen, gained
some notoriety in 1860 as the author
of the first of the seven "Essays and
Reviews," which caused so much
controversy soon after their appear-
ance. At the general election of
1868, Dr. Temple took an active part
in Warwickshire in support of Mr.
Gladstone's measure for the disestab-
lishment of the Irish Church; and
the Premier nominated him to the
bishopric of Exeter, in succession to
951
the late Dr. Philpotts,-an appoint-
ment which caused considerable com-
motion in clerical circles. The con-
firmation of Dr. Temple's election
took place Dec. 8, 1869, at the church
of St. Mary-le-Bow, Cheapside, when
Bishop Trower, as the representative
of a portion of the clergy who were
opposed to Dr. Temple, because he
was the author of one of the "Essays
and Reviews," instructed counsel to
oppose the election. Counsel were
accordingly heard on both sides, and
Dr. Temple's election was confirmed
by the Vicar-General. Dr. Temple
received episcopal consecration at
Westminster, Dec. 21, 1869, together
with the bishops-elect of Bath and
Wells, and of the Falkland Islands.
Dr. Temple_published "Sermons
preached in Rugby Chapel, in 1858-
60," in 1861.
TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART.,
G.C.S.I., entered the third class of
the Bengal civil service in 1846, and
eventually was appointed Political
Resident at Hyderabad.
He was
Foreign Secretary and a Member of
Council to the Governor-General of
India from 1868 to 1874. He was ap-
pointed President of the Statistical
Committee in 1868; also Secretary to
the Order of the Star of India. In
Jan. 1874, he was appointed to super-
intend the relief operations in the
famine-stricken districts of Bengal.
He became Lieutenant-Governor of
Bengal in 1875; was created a
baronet in Aug. 1876; and was ap-
pointed Governor of the Presidency
of Bombay in Jan., 1877.
He was
nominated an Extra Knight Grand
Commander of the Order of the Star
of India, Jan. 1, 1878.
TENNANT, JAMES, F.G.S., Pro-
fessor of Geology at King's College,
London, was born early in the century.
He has compiled "A Catalogue of
Fossils found in the British Isles;"
"Treatise on Geology, Mineralogy,
and Crystallography" (jointly with
Professors Ansted and Mitchell),
published in 1857; "Art-Gems and
Precious Stones; ""A Description of
the Imperial State Crown preserved
952
TENNIEL-TENNYSON.
in the Jewel-house at the Tower of
London; " "Iceland Spars;" and "A
Stratigraphical List of British Fos-
sils," with remarks on their character
and localities.
“
once apparent that the author of the
"Mort d'Arthur," "Locksley Hall,
the "May Queen," and the "Two
Voices," was entitled to take the first
rank among English poets, a reputa-
tion which was more than sustained
by the two great works which fol-
lowed. So well known and popular,
indeed, had Mr. Tennyson become
after the publication of "In Memo-
riam," in 1850, that it seemed only a
"matter of course," upon the death of
Wordsworth, in 1851, that the pri-
vilege of wearing "the laurel greener
from the brows of him who uttered
nothing base" should be offered to
him. The "Ode on the Death of the
Duke of Wellington" was published
in 1852, on the morning of the funeral;
and since that occurrence few events
of more than ordinary interest in the
eyes of Englishmen have taken place
without eliciting from the Laureate
some poem worthy of the occasion.
He has written "Poems chiefly Lyri-
cal," published in 1830; Poems,"
in 1832; "Poems," 2 vols., in 1842;
"The Princess, a Medley," in 1847;
"In Memoriam," issued anonymously,
in 1850; Maude, and other Poems,'
in 1855; "The Idylls of the King,"
in 1858; "Enoch Arden, and other
Poems," in 1864; "The Holy Grail,
and other Poems," published Dec.
15, 1869; "The Window, or the
Songs of the Wrens," in 1870; and
"Gareth and Lynette," in 1872.
Concordance to the entire Works of
Alfred Tennyson," published in 1869,
is a remarkable proof of the Laureate's
wondrous popularity. At the Com-
memoration of 1855, the University
of Oxford, giving expression to the
universal feeling of England, con-
ferred on the poet the honorary de-
gree of D.C.L., and the fellows of his
own college, Trinity, Cambridge, en-
dorsing the judgment of the sister
university, subscribed to purchase his
bust (by Woolner), which they have
placed in the vestibule of their library,
and in 1869 they unanimously elected
him an honorary fellow of the college.
Mr. Tennyson is now (Dec., 1878),
engaged in the composition of a new
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"A
|
TENNIEL, JOHN, artist, son of Mr.
John Baptist Tenniel, born in London,
in 1820, was educated at Kensington.
At a very early age he showed a taste
for art, and whilst a boy his first
picture was exhibited, and sold at the
Gallery of British Artists in Suffolk
Street. He studied art in his own
way, and may be said to have been
entirely self-taught. He was a suc-
cessful candidate in one of the Cartoon
competitions in Westminster Hall in
1845, painted a fresco in the Palace
at Westminster, and has only pro-
duced a few pictures since, chiefly for
private collections. In 1851 he be-
came a member of Punch's "staff,"
and from that time has contributed
to the illustration of that periodical.
He has illustrated, wholly or in part,
many Christmas books and other
works; amongst which may be men-
tioned "Esop's Fables, "Lalla
Rookh," "The Ingoldsby Legends,"
and Once a Week.
""
TENNYSON, ALFRED, D.C.L.,
F.R.S., Poet Laureate, third son of
the late Rev. G. C. Tennyson, the
elder brother of the late Right Hon.
C. Tennyson D'Eyncourt, was born in
1809, at his father's parsonage, at
Somerby, Lincolnshire; his mother,
who died in 1865, being a daughter
of the Rev. Stephen Fytehe. He was
educated by his father, and in due
course proceeded to Trinity College,
Cambridge. With the exception of a
volume of poems published in conjunc-
tion with his brother Charles, when
they were boys, and a prize poem,
composed whilst an undergraduate at
Cambridge, Mr.Tennyson did not pub-
lish anything till 1830, when "Poems
chiefly Lyrical" appeared, and from
1842 the steady and rapid growth of
his fame may be traced. The two
volumes then issued were in part
merely a republication, but the most
important poems were those added to
his former productions. It was at
-
THEED-THOMAS.
drama, the subject being "Thomas à
Becket."
|
THEED, WILLIAM, an eminent
sculptor, was born at Trentham, Staf-
fordshire, in 1804, and received his
education at Ealing. His principal
works are a marble group of the Queen
and Prince Consort, life size, at Wind-
sor Castle; a colossal bronze statue
of the Prince Consort at Coburg, and
a replica for Sydney, New South
Wales; a third colossal bronze of the❘
Prince at Balmoral, also one the
natural size of life, in marble, at Bal-
moral Castle; a marble statue of the
Duchess of Kent, life size, at Frog-
more; a monument in marble, to the
memory of the Duchess af Gloucester,
in St. George's Chapel, Windsor; a
colossal bronze statue of Sir Isaac
Newton, erected at Grantham, 12
feet in height; a life-size sitting
statue of Sir Humphrey Cheetham in
the Cathedral in Manchester; twelve
bronze reliefs, subjects from English
history, in the House of, Lords;
Burke, in marble, heroic size; Hallam,
the historian, in St. Paul's; Mackin-
tosh, the historian's monument in
Westminster Abbey; and a marble
mural monumental bust and allego-
rical figures to the memory of Sir
Herbert Edwards, in Westminster
Abbey; a marble statue, heroic size,
of Sir William Peel, of the Naval
Brigade, in Greenwich Hospital; an-
other colossal statue in marble, of
Sir William Peel, at Calcutta ; and a
third in Sandy Church, Bedfordshire;
a statue of the late Lord Derby
in St. George's Hall, Liverpool, and
one in the Junior Carlton Club, Pall
Mall; and a colossal marble statue of
the late Sir Robert Peel, erected at
Huddersfield. Mr. Theed recently
erected the very colossal marble
group of "Africa," being one of the
principal corners of the Albert Me-
morial, and has now in progress a
statue of the late Henry Booth for
Liverpool, one of Mr. Villiers for the
New Town Hall, Manchester; and a
marble group of Hagar and Ishmael
being driven out into the Wilderness
by Abraham.
953
THESIGER, THE RIGHT HON.
ALFRED HENRY, third son of the late
Lord Chelmsford, by Anne Maria,
youngest daughter of William Tinling,
Esq., of Southampton, was born in
1838, and educated at Christ Church,
Oxford (B.A., 1860). He was called
to the bar at the Inner Temple, in
1862, and was for some time" post-
man "of the Court of Exchequer.
He rapidly gained a large practice
and high reputation; was created a
Q.C. in 1873; and was Attorney-
General to the Prince of Wales. In
1877 he was appointed to succeed Sir
Richard Amphlett as one of the Lord
Justices of Appeals, and on that oc-
casion was added to the Privy Coun-
cil. He married in 1863 Henrietta,
second daughter of the Hon. George
Handcock, a son of the late Lord
Castlemaine.
THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AM-
BROISE, a French musical composer,
born at Metz, Aug. 5, 1811, son
of a distinguished professor of
music, he was already far advanced
in his artistic studies, and had ac-
quired some skill as a player on the
piano and the violin, when he entered
the Conservatoire in 1828. There he
studied the piano under Zimmerman,
harmony and accompaniment under
Dourlen, and composition under
Lesueur. He carried off the first
prize for the piano in 1829, the first
prize for harmony in 1830, and the
grand prize of Rome, at the competi-
tion of 1832.
tion of 1832. After his return from
Italy, he produced in succession, at
the Opéra Comique, the following
works:-"La Double Echelle, 1837 ;
"Le Perruquier de la Régence,'
1838; "Le Panier Fleuri; and at
the Opéra La Gipsy," ballet, com-
posed conjointly with Benoist, 1839;
Carline, 1840; "Le Comte de
Carmagnola," 1841; "Le Guerillero,"
1842; "Angélique et Médor," 1843;
"Le Caïd," his first great success,
1849; "Le Songe d'une Nuit d'Été,'
1850; Raymond," 1851; "La
Tonelli,” 1853;
"La Cour de Céli-
mène," 1855; "Psyche," 1856;
Carnaval de Venise," 1857;
""
(4
""
(
""
"Le
"Le
954
THOMAS.
Roman d'Elvine," 1860; "Mignon,"
1866 ;
"Hamlet," a grand opera,
represented for the first time on the
stage March 9, 1868, and the hun-
dredth repetition of which was pre-
vented by the burning of the old
Opéra House in the Rue Lepeletier,
Oct. 23, 1873; "Mignon," altered into
a grand opera for the Baden Theatre,
1869; "Gilles et Gilletin," a comic
opera in one act, produced suc-
cessfully at the Opéra Comique in
April, 1874, in spite of the oppo-
sition of the composer; and "Fran-
çoise de Rimini," another grand
opera, 1877.
M. Ambroise Thomas
has also composed a Requiem Mass,
fantasias, nocturns, rondos, &c. He
was elected a member of the Aca-
démie des Beaux Arts in succession to
Spontini, in 1851; was appointed
"Officier d'Instruction Publique" in
Dec., 1869; and replaced Auber as
Director of the Conservatoire de
Musique in 1871. He has been a
Commander of the Legion of Honour
since 1868.
of which the late Lord Brougham
was the President. Dr. Thomas took
a prominent part in the movement
for the cheapening and improvement
of the daily press.
THOMAS, THE REV. DAVID, D.D., |
is a native of Tenby, South Wales,
born Feb. 1, 1813, and was edu-
cated at Newport Pagnel. He entered
upon his work as a Congregationalist
minister in 1841. Having accepted
a charge at Stockwell, he started The
Homilist, a monthly periodical, of
which thirty-five volumes have been
issued. On the motion of Dr. Baird,
the College of Waynesburgh, in the
United States. conferred upon him
the degree of D.D., honoris causâ.
Dr. Thomas is the author of "The Phi-
losophy of Happiness ; " "A Biblical
Liturgy; ""Resurrections: Thoughts
on Duty and Destiny," 1862 ; "The
Genius of the Gospel, a Homiletic
Commentary on the Gospel of St.
Matthew," 1864; "A Homiletic
Commentary on the Acts of the
Apostles," 1870; and "The Practical
Philosopher: a Daily Monitor for the
Business Men of England," 1873.
He is the editor of "The Augustine
Hymn Book.” He originated the
University for Wales, also the Work-
ing Man's Club and Institute Union,
THOMAS, EDWARD, F.R.S., born
in London, Dec. 31, 1813, is son of
the eminent surgeon, H. L. Thomas,
F.R.S., and grandson of the distin-
guished Scotchman, William Cruik-
shank, F.R.S., the associate in science
with the great John Hunter. The
traditions of the family pointed
preferentially to a medical career,
but an offer of a Writership in
the East India Company's Service, in
those days, charmed many a youth to
seek the glories of the far East. In
the ordinary course Mr. Thomas went
through the full four terms of that
excellent institution, Haileybury, and
passed on to his higher duties in
India in 1832. By the kind considera-
tion of Lord William Bentinck he
was appointed to learn his early
lessons in administration, under that
most experienced officer and warm
friend of the natives, Mr. G. W.
Trail, Commissioner in Kumaon.
Mr. Thomas's service in India was
interrupted by frequent failures of
health, which involved temporary
returns to England. He had an
opportunity, however, of serving in
the Punjab, under Lord Dalhousie,
to whom he so commended him-
self, that on the departure of Sir
Henry Elliot to the Cape of Good
Hope, in 1852, Mr. Thomas was
invited to accept the responsibili-
ties of the Foreign Office
"the
Blue Ribband" of the Indian Civil
Service-a temptation and a risk his
medical advisers refused to sanction.
After a brief visit to England, Mr.
Thomas returned to India to complete
the period required for an invalid
pension, and was for a short time
Judge of Delhi-before the Mutiny—
and latterly superintending Judge of
the Sangor and Nerbudda Territories.
Since his retirement from the service,
Mr. Thomas has occupied himself
with his favourite studies on the
history and antiquities of India and
|
THOMAS-THOMPSON.
the East, for which his previous | tude, on the west by South Australia,
training had, in a measure, prepared and on the south by Victoria.
him : studies which are perhaps
better appreciated abroad, but Mr.
Thomas has the satisfaction both of
their warm acceptance on the Con-
tinent, and their recognition at home
by the Royal Society, which but
seldom accords its favours to literary
or antiquarian work. He has written
"On the Epoch of the Gupta Dynasty" |
in the Journal of the Asiatic Society
of Bengal, 1855; Essays on Indian
Antiquities, primarily devoted to the
reproduction of the discoveries of
James Prinsep, with ample additions
and original contributions by the
Editor," 2 vols, 1858; "Indian Nu-
merals in the Journal Asiatique de
Paris, 1863 "Early Sassanian In-
scriptions, Seals, and Coins," 1868;
"The Chronicles of the Pathán Kings
of Delhi," 1871; and "Ancient Indian
Weights," forming the introductory
essay of "The International Numis-
mata Orientalia," 1877; besides a
large number of articles, chiefly
numismatic, in the journals of learned
societies. In Jan., 1873, he was
elected a corresponding member of
the French Institute, for his contri-
butions to Oriental numismatic
archæology. He is also a corre-
corre-
sponding member of the German
Oriental Society, and an honorary
member of the Asiatic Society of
Bengal.
THOMPSON, EDWARD MAUNDE,
born May 4, 1840, in Jamaica, was
educated at Rugby. He was ap-
pointed an Assistant in the British
Museum in May, 1861, became Assis-
tant-Keeper of the MSS. in 1871, and
was appointed Keeper of the MSS.
in succession to Mr. Bond, in 1878.
Mr. Thompson, who is a Barrister of
the Middle Temple, has edited
"Chronicon Angliæ, 1328-1388" (in
the Rolls' Series), 1874; "Letters of
Humphrey Prideaux " (for the Cam-
den Society), 1875; "Chronicon Adæ
de Usk, 1377-1404" (for the Royal
Society of Literature), 1876. He is
joint editor of the publications of the
Palæographical Society.
(C
|
THOMPSON, THE REV. HENRY,
M.A., born in 1797, was educated at
St. John's College, Cambridge, gra-
duated B.A. in 1822, and M.A. in 1825.
He obtained Sir W. Browne's medal
for the Latin ode during his under-
graduate course, and was a successful
competitor with a Latin essay, for the
first Members' Prize. He has written
"The Life of Hannah More," pub-
lished in 1838; "Davidica, Sermons
on the Life of David," in 1826; "Pas-
toralia, a Manual of Helps for the
Parochial Clergy,” in 1830 "Concio-
nalia, Outlines of Sermons for Paro-
chial Use throughout the Year," in
1853; "Concionalia," second series,
1871; translated Schiller's "Maid of
Orleans" (to which he has prefixed
a critical preface) in 1848; and con-
tributed largely to the "Encyclo-
pædia Metropolitana," having edited,
and, for the most part, written, "The
History of Roman Literature," as
well as a portion of "The History
of Greek Literature." He pub-
lished "Original Ballads by Living
Authors" (1850), translated several
German ballads, wrote various pieces
in "Lyra Messianica," "Lyra Mys-
tica," "Lyra Eucharistica," Lyra
Sanctorum," &c.; has contributed to
various periodicals, religious and
secular; and has published various
separate sermons and tracts. Having
""
THOMAS, THE RIGHT REV.
MESAC, D.D., Bishop of Goulburn
(Australia), was born at Typoeth,
Cardiganshire, in 1816, and edu-
cated at Trinity College, Cambridge
(B.A. 1840, M.A. 1843, D.D. 1863).
After officiating as a curate at Bir-
mingham, he became Vicar of Tud-
denham, Suffolk, 1843-45; incum-
bent of Attleborough, Warwickshire,
1845-51; and was secretary to the
Colonial and Continental Church
Society from the latter date until
1863, when he was consecrated first
Bishop of Goulburn. His diocese,
erected in 1863, out of a portion of
the Sydney diocese, is bounded on
the north by the 34° of south lati-
(6
955
956
THOMPSON-THOMS.
been for some years curate of Wring-
ton, Somerset, he was appointed to
the Vicarage of Chard in 1853.
THOMPSON, SIR HENRY,
F.R.C.S., born at Framlingham,
Suffolk, Aug. 6, 1820, and educated
at University College, London, was
appointed Assistant Surgeon of Uni-
versity College Hospital, London,
in 1853, Surgeon in 1863, and Pro-
fessor of Clinical Surgery in 1866.
He gained the Jacksonian Prize of the
Royal College of Surgeons in 1852,
with his essay on
"The Pathology
and Treatment of Stricture of the
Urethra," and the same prize in 1860,
with an essay on "The Healthy and
Morbid Anatomy of the Prostate
Gland," both of which have been
published. He is the author of
"Practical Lithotomy and Litho-
trity," published in 1863, and was
appointed Surgeon Extraordinary
to the late King of the Belgians in
1863, and to the present King in
1866. He was made a correspond-
ing member of the Society of Surgery
in Paris in 1859, honorary member of
l'Accademia de' Quiriti at Rome, an
Officer of the Order of Leopold, in
1864, and a Commander of the same
Order in 1876. He was knighted in
1867. An article written by him in
the Contemporary Review, in 1873,
drew public attention to the subject
of crematlon. Sir Henry has since
written other articles on the same
subject.
晶
​|
THOMPSON, THE REV. WILLIAM
HEPWORTH, D.D., F.S.A., born at
York, March 27, 1810, was educated
privately and at Trinity College,
Cambridge, of which he was elected
a Scholar in 1830, a Fellow in 1834,
Assistant Tutor in 1837, and Tutor in
1844. He was elected Regius Pro-
fessor of Greek in Cambridge Uni-
versity, and made a Canon of Ely in
1853, and on the death of Dr. Whewell
in 1866 was appointed to the master-
ship of Trinity College. In addition
to editing Archer Butler's Lectures
on Ancient Philosophy, he is the
author of papers on Plato and Iso-
crates read before the Cambridge Phi-
|
losophical Society; of a
"Sermon
preached in Trinity College Chapel
at the Commemoration;" of editions
of the Phædrus and Gorgias of
Plato (1871), with dissertations and
notes. He was appointed a member
of the Public Schools Commission in
1861, and is a member of the govern-
ing bodies of Eton and Westminster
Schools, and of Cheltenham College,
and an honorary Canon of Ely Cathe-
dral.
THOMS, WILLIAM JOHN, F.S.A.,
son of the late N. Thoms, Esq.,
Secretary of the first Commission
of Revenue Inquiry, was born in
Westminster, Nov. 16, 1803, and
commenced life as a clerk in the
Secretary's Office, Chelsea Hospital,
occupying his leisure in contributing
to the Foreign Quarterly Review and
other periodicals. He was elected a
Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries
in 1838, and is a Fellow of the
Societies of Antiquaries of Edin-
burgh and Copenhagen, and was
from 1838 to 1873 Secretary of the
Camden Society. His first publica-
tion, "A Collection of Early Prose
Romances," appeared in 1828, and
reached a second edition. He has
compiled "Lays and Legends of
Various Nations," published in 1834
"Book of the Court," in 1838;
"Three Notelets on Shakspere," in
1865; and " Hannah Lightfoot, Queen
Charlotte, and the Chevalier D'Eon,
Dr. Wilmot's Polish Princess, &c.," in
1867; and has edited "Anecdotes
and Traditions," published in 1839
"Stow's Survey of London," in 1842;
and "Caxton's Reynard the Fox,” in
1844. Mr. Thoms was the projector
and editor of Notes and Queries, which
he was enabled to carry out most
successfully, in consequence of the
personal regard felt for him by a
large circle of literary friends, who
on his retirement from it in Oct.,
1873, not only presented him with
an elegant silver tea-service, but
honoured him with a complimentary
dinner. Mr. Thoms has lately paid
much attention to ultra-Centena-
rianism, and, in 1873, published his
THOMSON.
"
Longevity of Man," the first book
in which it was shown that cases
of extreme old age, like all other
matters of fact, should not be ac-
cepted except upon satisfactory
evidence. Mr. Thoms has held for
many years an appointment in the
House of Lords; and in 1863, with-
out any application on his part, was
appointed Deputy-Librarian.
THOMSON, ALLEN, M.D., F.R.S.,
F.R.S.E., born at Edinburgh, April 2,
1809, is a son of Professor John
Thomson, M.D., one of the ablest
and most learned physicians of his
time, and of Margaret Millar, daugh-
ter of Professor John Millar of Glas-
gow University. He was educated at
the High School and University of
Edinburgh, and at Paris; graduated
as Doctor of Medicine at the Univer-
sity of Edinburgh in 1830, and be-
came Fellow of the Royal College of
Surgeons of Edinburgh in 1831. He
established himself as a Lecturer on
Anatomy and Physiology in com-
pany with Dr. Sharpey in 1831,,in
the Extra Academical School of
Edinburgh. He was appointed Pro-
fessor of Anatomy to the newly in-
stituted Chair of that branch in the
Marischal College and University of
Aberdeen in 1839. In 1841 he re-
signed that office, and resumed the
position of a Teacher of Anatomy in
the Extra Academical School of
Edinburgh. He was appointed to
the Chair of the Institutes of Medi-
cine (or Physiology) in the Univer-
sity of Edinburgh in 1842, and held
that office for six years. He was ap-
pointed Professor of Anatomy in the
University of Glasgow in 1848, and
held that office till 1877, when he
resigned it, and became a resident in
London. He received the honorary
degree of LL.D. from the Univer-
sity of Edinburgh in 1871, and from
the University of Glasgow in 1877.
He was elected Fellow of the Royal
Society of Edinburgh in 1838, and
of the Royal Society of London in
1848, of which last he is at present a
Councillor and one of the Vice-Pre-
sidents. Dr. Thomson was President
|
A
957
of the Philosophical and Medico-
Chirurgical Societies
Chirurgical Societies of Glasgow.
and he presided at the first meeting
of the Local Branch of the British
Medical Association in Glasgow in
1876. He was President of the
Glasgow Science Lectures Associa-
tion during four years previous to his
leaving that city. He was member of
the Medical Council of Education, &c.,
for the Universities of Glasgow and
St. Andrews, jointly, from 1859 to
1877. He was President of the Bio-
logical Section of the British Associ-
ation for the Advancement of Science
at the Edinburgh Meeting in 1871;
was one of the Vice-Presidents of
the Association at the Glasgow
Meeting in 1876; and was Presi-
dent for the year of the British Asso-
ciation which met at Plymouth in
1877, when he delivered an inaugural
address on "The Development of the
Forms of Natural Life." Dr. Thom-
son has been mainly occupied during
the 47 years of his scientific life, as a
public teacher, and as an investigator
and writer on anatomy and physio-
logy; taking at the same time an
active part in the public business of
the institutions with which he has
been connected, as well as in medi-
cal education, and the general pro-
gress of science. Besides many ad-
dresses, speeches, and occasional
writings, he is the author of nume-
rous published papers on anatomical
and physiological subjects which
have appeared in various medical and
scientific journals. Among these his
memoirs "On the Development of
the Vascular System in the Fœtus of
Vertebrated Animals," in the Edin-
burgh New Philosophical Journal,
1830-31, and his paper "On the
Early Stages of Development of the
Human Embryo," in the Edinburgh
Medical and Surgical Journal, 1839,
together with his memoir "On the
Origin of Double Monsters," in the
Edinburgh Monthly Journal of Me-
dical Science, 1844, brought him re-
putation as an embryologist. In con-
nection with the same subject he is
the author of the articles "Genera-
958
THOMSON.
""
""
|
tion" and "Ovum in the "Cyclo- | tained regarding ocean temperatures
pædia of Anatomy and Physiology and currents. In Nov., 1870, Mr.
(1838 and 1854). The article "Cir- Thomson was elected Regius Pro-
culation" in the same work (1836) is fessor of Natural History in the Uni-
also by him. He is the author of versity of Edinburgh. He was after-
"Outlines of Physiology
Physiology" (unfi- wards placed at the head of the
nished), 2 parts, 1847; was princi- scientific department of the famous
pal editor of the descriptive part of "Challenger" deep-sea exploring ex-
the seventh and eighth editions of pedition, which was sent out under
Quain's "System of Human Ana- the auspices of the British Govern-
tomy," to which he contributed much ment. The "Challenger "left Sheer-
new matter (1867 and 1876), and, as ness, Dec. 7, 1872. During 1873 she
part of this, "An Outline of the De- made four voyages across the At-
velopment of the Foetus" in the 8th lantic, the distance travelled being
edition. As Chairman of the Removal nearly 20,000 miles. In 1874 she
and Building Committees of the Uni- penetrated to the Antarctic regions,
versity of Glasgow, he took a leading remaining as long within the Ant-
part from 1863 to 1874 in the estab- arctic circle as the weather would
lishment of the New Buildings for permit, and afterwards proceeded
the University, and in the construc- through the seas of Australia and New
tion of the Western Infirmary in Zealand, visiting many of the islands
connection with the University Medi- in the Malay Archipelago. On Nov.
cal School.
10 she reached Hong Kong, after a
course of nearly 17,000 miles. The
year 1875 was devoted to an examina-
tion of the Pacific Ocean, in making
which upwards of 20,000 miles were
traversed. On her homeward route
the Atlantic was crossed a fifth time.
Altogether her cruise extended to
about 68,000 miles. After an absence
of nearly three years and a half
the "Challenger cast anchor at
Sheerness, May 27, 1876. On the 27th
of the following month Professor
Thomson received the honour of
knighthood. In 1877 he was ap-
pointed to deliver the Rede lecture at
Cambridge. He presided over the
Geographical Section of the British
Association at the meeting held at
Dublin in Aug., 1878, when the Uni-
versity of Dublin conferred on him
the honorary degree of D.C.L. He is
the author of "Depths of the Sea,"
1872, containing an account of the
cruises in the "Lightning" and the
"Porcupine ;" and "The Voyage of
the Challenger.' The Atlantic :
a preliminary account of the general
results of the voyage, during the year
1875 and the early part of the year
1876," published in Nov., 1877.
THOMSON, THE MOST REV.
WILLIAM, D.D., Archbishop of York,
|
THOMSON, SIR CHARLES WY-
VILLE, LL.D., F.R.S., only son of the
late Mr. Andrew Thomson, H.E.I.C.S.,
of Bonsyde, Linlithgowshire, by Sarah
Ann Drummond, only daughter of
Dr. Wyville Smyth, Inspector of
Military Hospitals, was born at Bon-
syde, March 5, 1830, and educated at
Merchiston Castle School and at the
University of Edinburgh, of which he
is LL.D. In 1850 he was appointed
Lecturer on Botany in King's College,
Aberdeen, and the next year he be-
came Lecturer on Botany in the
Marischal College and University of
Aberdeen. On the resignation of
Mr. Hincks, Professor of Natural
History in Queen's College, Cork,
which occurred in 1853, Mr. Thomson
was appointed his successor, but his
stay at Cork was short, for the pro-
fessorship of Mineralogy and Geology
in the Queen's College, Belfast, be-
coming vacant in 1854, Mr. Thomson
was transferred from Cork to fill that
chair. In 1868 and 1869 he went on
scientific dredging expeditions in the
"Lightning" and the "Porcupine,"
which vessels had been lent by the
Admiralty for this purpose. Many
new forms of animal life were dis-
covered, and much information ob-
|
""
THOMSON.
959
|
>>
son of the late John Thomson, Esq.,
of Kelswick House, born at White-
haven, Cumberland, Feb. 11, 1819,
was educated at Shrewsbury School
and at Queen's College, Oxford, of
which he was successively Scholar,Fel-
low, Tutor, and Provost. He took the
degree of B.A. in 1840, was ordained
Deacon in 1842, and Priest in 1843.
After four years' experience of pa-
rochial labour at Guildford and at
Cuddesden, he became tutor of his
College, and was appointed Select
Preacher at Oxford in 1848. He
was chosen to preach the Bampton
Lectures in 1853, the subject being
"The Atoning Work of Christ." He
continued at Oxford until his mar-
riage (1855), with Zoë, daughter of
James Henry Skene, Esq., Her Ma-
jesty's Consul at Aleppo. He was
appointed to the Crown living of
All Souls, Marylebone, in 1855; and
the Provostship of the College be-
coming vacant by the death of Dr.
Fox, he was, notwithstanding the
part he had taken in altering the
close constitution of the College,
which had excited some opposition,
elected to succeed him. In 1856 he was
appointed one of the Select Preachers
a second time; in 1858 was chosen
Preacher of Lincoln's Inn, which post
he held till his elevation to the Epis-
copal Bench; and in 1859 he was
appointed one of Her Majesty's
Chaplains in Ordinary. On the
translation of Dr. Baring to the
bishopric of Durham, Dr. Thom-
son was, on the recommendation of
Lord Palmerston, appointed to the
vacant see of Gloucester and Bristol
(Dec. 1861). He did not remain
long in that diocese, for on the death
of Archbishop Sumner, Dr. Longley
was translated to Canterbury, the
archiepiscopal see of York became
vacant, and after some delay the ap-
pointment was, contrary to all pre-
cedent, conferred (Nov., 1862) on
Dr. Thomson, who had not been a
twelvemonth bishop. The enthroni-
zation was celebrated in York Min-
ster, Feb. 24, 1863. His Grace took
an active part in promoting the
Public Worship Regulation Act, and
had charge of that measure in the
House of Peers; and at his instance
the Government, in Feb., 1878, con-
sented to the appointment of a Royal
Commission on Church Patronage.
Dr. Thomson, who is a Fellow of the
Royal and Geographical Societies, was
for some time Examiner in Logic
and Mental Science to the Society of
Arts, and acted for several years as
Examiner in Divinity in the Ox-
ford Middle-Class Examinations.
He is the author of "An Outline of
the Necessary Laws of Thought; a
treatise on pure and applied logic
(2nd ed., 1849), which is used in
several universities in this country
and in America as a text book;
"The Atoning Work of Christ viewed
in relation to some current Theories,"
being the Bampton Lectures for
1853; "Crime and its Excuses," in
the "Oxford Essays," 1855;
"Ser-
mons preached in Lincoln's Inn
Chapel," 1861; "Pastoral Letter to
the Clergy and Laity of the Province
of York," in reference to the recent
decision of the Privy Council on two
of the "Essays and Reviews," 1864 ;
"Life in the Light of God's Word,"
sermons, 1868; "The Limits of Phi-
losophical Inquiry," an address de-
livered to the members of the Edin-
burgh Philosophical Institution, 1868;
"Seven Years," a charge to the clergy
of the diocese of York, 1870; "De-
sign in Nature," a lecture delivered
in connection with the Christian
Evidence Society, 5th ed., 1871;
articles on "Jesus Christ" and the
"Gospels" in Smith's "Dictionary of
the Bible; and numerous single
sermons. He also edited "Aids to
Faith" (1861), a series of theological
essays, by several writers, in reply to
the "Essays and Reviews;" and he
was the projector of "The Speaker's
Commentary." His Grace is Primate
of England, a Governor of the Char-
terhouse, and of King's College,
London, and patron of ninety-six
livings. The see is of the annual
value of £10,000.
**
THOMSON, SIR WILLIAM, F.R.S.,
960
THOMSON.
|
delicacy, can be worked by very low
battery power, a circumstance that
tends greatly to the preservation of
the cables. To the science of mag-
netism also Sir W. Thomson has made
important additions, but it is in the
investigation of the nature of heat
that his extraordinary power of mathe-
matical insight is seen to the greatest
advantage. Owing to their abstruse
nature, it is impossible to give in this
work a detailed account of the results
of his experiments, but the following
may be mentioned as the principal :-
The conversion of water at the freez-
ing point into ice without expenditure
of force; the specific heat of sub-
stances; the heating of indiarubber
by sudden stretching; the relation
between the force expended and the
LL.D., D.C.L., was born at Belfast
in June, 1824. His father, the late
James Thomson, LL.D., was lecturer
on mathematics at the Royal Acade-
mical Institute in Belfast, but on his
appointment to the professorship of
that science in the University of
Glasgow, he removed thither with
his family. At the early age of eleven
William entered the College, and
shortly after completing his course
at Glasgow he removed to Peter-
house, Cambridge, where he gra-
duated in 1845 as second wrangler,
being immediately afterwards elected
to a fellowship. In 1846 he was
made Professor of Natural Philso-
sophy in the University of Glasgow,
and still occupies that post. In the
same year he accepted the editorship
of the Cambridge and Dublin Mathe-heat produced in the compression of
matical Journal. To this magazine, a gas; and the universal tendency
which he continued to edit for about in nature to the dissipation of me-
seven years, he contributed valuable chanical energy. The last of these
additions to the mathematical theory is in many respects one of the
of electricity, and among the prin- most extraordinary generalizations
cipal of these was his paper on of modern science. Sir William
the "Distribution of Electricity on Thomson's views on the subject were
Spherical Conductors," published in published in 1852 in the Philosophical
1848. In 1855 Mr. Thomson de- Magazine. The limits of this notice
livered the Bakerian Lecture. It do not allow any reference to many
was entitled “Electrodynamic Pro- other papers by this distinguished
perties of Metals," and contained a worker in science: we can only mention
series of experimental investigations those on "Thermal Effects of Fluids
of the highest value. Among the in Motion;" the "Mathematical
most important of his contribu- Theory of Elasticity;" the "Rigidity
tions to the advancement of elec- of the Earth;" the "Determination
trical science are the construction of a Ship's Place at Sea from Observa-
of several beautiful instruments, and tion of Altitudes;" and on "Approach
their application to the study of atmo- caused by Vibration.' On the suc-
spheric electricity. His quadrant and cessful completion of the Atlantic
portable electrometers, owing to their Cable in 1866 he received the honour
diversities of application and extreme of knighthood, and was presented
delicacy and accuracy, have been of with the freedom of the city of
the greatest service; a modification of Glasgow. For his profound and
the former has been very successfully extensive attainments Sir William
used at the Kew Observatory, to indi- has received many acknowledgments.
cate and self-register changes in the The degree of LL.D. was conferred
electric state of the atmosphere. But on him successively by the Univer-
it is in connection with submarine sities of Dublin, Cambridge, and
telegraphy that Mr. Thomson's labours Edinburgh, and that of D.Č.L. by
in electrical science are best known, Oxford. He is a Fellow of both the
he being the inventor of the Mirror London and Edinburgh Royal Socie-
Galvanometer and the Siphon-Re- ties, from the former of which he
corder, which, owing to their extreme received the Royal Medal, and from
""
THORBURN-THORNTON.
the latter the Keith Prize. He de-
livered the Rede Lecture at Cam-
bridge in 1866; was President of
the British Association at its meet-
ing at Edinburgh in 1871; and
was elected President of the Geo-
logical Society of Glasgow for the
year 1872. On Oct. 29, 1872, he was
elected a Fellow of St. Peter's Col-
lege, Cambridge, under the pro-
visions of the College statutes, em-
powering the Master and Fellows
to elect men eminent for science
or learning. In Dec., 1877, he
was elected by the Paris Aca-
demy of Sciences to fill the place
of the late Von Baer as Foreign
Associate.
|
THORBURN, ROBERT, A.R.A.,
miniature-painter, born at Dumfries,
in 1818, studied the first rudiments
of the art at Edinburgh, under Sir W.
Allen; won the chief prize at the
Scottish Academy, repaired to Lon-
don, and was admitted a student of
the Royal Academy in 1836. He
first exhibited at the Academy, in
1837, two portraits, and the full num-
ber admissible, viz., eight, in 1838.
In a few years he began to dispute
supremacy, both as to the art dis-
played and patronage received, with
the established favourites of the
day, Ross and Newton, especially in
female portraits. In 1845 he executed
by commission a portrait of the late
Prince Consort; in 1846, one of the
Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz; in
1847, portraits of the Princess Char-
lotte of Belgium and the Duke of
Brabant; and in 1848, a group of the
Queen, with the Princess Helena and
Prince Alfred. He has continued to
advance in reputation, and his groups
of "The Hon. Mrs. Norton's Family,"
of "The Marchioness of Waterford
and Viscountess Canning," and of
"The Duchess of Buccleuch, Ladies
Scott and Balfour," excited especial
admiration. These groups exceeded
the usual dimensions of miniatures, a
tendency which has been carried out
in most of Mr. Thorburn's portraits.
He was elected A. R.A. in 1848, gained
the first gold medal at the Universal
961
Exhibition at Paris in 1855, and was
elected an Honorary Member of the
Royal Scottish Academy. Within the
last few years Mr. Thorburn has prac-
tised portrait-painting in oil-colours
with great success.
|
THORNTON, THE RIGHT HON.
SIR EDWARD, K.C.B., is the son of
the late Right Hon. Sir Edward
Thornton, G.C.B., who was for some
time Envoy Extraordinary and
Minister Plenipotentiary in Portugal,
and upon whom the title of Count de
Cassilhas, in that kingdom, had been
conferred by King John VI. of Por-
tugal. Sir Edward Thornton, who
succeeded to the title of Count de
Cassilhas (in the kingdom of Portu-
gal) on the death of his father about
1850, entered the diplomatic service
in 1842, when he was attached to the
mission at Turin. He was appointed
paid attaché at Mexico in 1845, and
Secretary of Legation to the Republic
of Mexico in 1851. From April, 1852,
till Oct., 1853, he acted as Secretary
to the late Sir Charles Hotham's
special mission to the River Plate.
He was appointed Chargé d'affaires
and Consul-General to the Republic
of New Granada in May, 1854, but
was transferred to the Oriental Re-
public of the Uruguay in Sept. of the
same year. He was appointed Minister
Plenipotentiary to the Argentine Con-
federation in 1859; in July, 1865, he
was sent on a special mission to the
Emperor of Brazil, and in the follow-
ing month he was appointed Envoy
Extraordinary and Minister Plenipo-
tentiary to the Emperor of Brazil.
He retained this post until Sept., 1867,
when he was transferred in the same
capacity to the court of the King of
Portugal. He, however, did not pro-
ceed thither, but was appointed in
the following Dec. to the post of
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary at Washington, in the
place of the late Hon. Sir Frederick
Bruce, G.C.B. In recognition of his
diplomatic services he was made a
Companion of the Bath (civil division)
in Feb., 1863; and a Knight Com-
mander of the same order, Aug. 9,
-
3 Q
:
962
THORNTON-THORNYCROFT.
1870. He was sworn of the Privy
Council, Aug. 19, 1871.
THORNTON, THE RIGHT REV.
SAMUEL, D.D., born in London in
1835, was educated at Merchant Tay-
lors' School, and at Queen's College,
Oxford, where he gained a fellowship
(B.A. 1856; M.A.1858). He became
a missionary of the London Diocesan
Home Mission in 1858; was ap-
pointed incumbent of St. Jude's,
Whitechapel, in 1860; rector of St.
George's, Birmingham, in 1864; and
Bishop of Ballarat, Australia, on its
being taken out of the diocese of
Melbourne and constituted a separate
see. He was consecrated in West-
minster Abbey, May 1, 1875.
THORNTON, WILLIAM THOMAS,
C.B., youngest son of Thomas Thorn-
ton, Esq., President of the Levant
Company's establishment at Constan-
tinople, and of his wife, Sophie Zohrab,
was born Feb. 14, 1813, at Burnham,
Buckinghamshire, and educated at
the Moravian Settlement at Ockbrook,
near Derby. From 1827 to 1830 he
was domiciled at Malta with his
cousin, Sir W. H. Thornton, Auditor-
General in that island, and from 1830
to 1835, with Mr. Cartwright, H.M.'s
Consul-General at Constantinople.
In Aug., 1836, he obtained a clerk-
ship in the East India House, in
1856 he was placed in charge of the
Public Works Department, and in
1858, on the transfer of the govern-
ment of India from the East India
Company to the Crown, was ap-
pointed Secretary for Public Works
in the India Office, which position he
still holds. In 1873, on the recom-
mendation of the Duke of Argyll,
Secretary of State for India, Mr.
Thornton was made a Companion of
the Bath. His published works are
"Overpopulation and its Remedy,"
1845;
A Plea for Peasant Pro-
prietors," 1848, second edit. 1873;
"On Labour," 1869, second edit.;
"Old-fashioned Ethics and Common-
Sense Metaphysics; "Zohrab, and
other Poems," 1854; and "Modern
Manicheism and other Poems," 1856.
THORNYCROFT, MRS. MARY,
""
daughter of the late Mr. John Francis,
sculptor, who, when verging towards
middle life, settled in London, was
born in 1814, at Thornham, in Nor-
folk. From an early age she was
admitted to his studio, and began to
carry on her favourite experiments
with the clay. This "waste of time,"
as it was then called, resulted in in-
creasing manual facility, and she be-
came an exhibitor of heads and busts
at the Royal Academy, having pre-
viously made her first essay in imag-
inative sculpture by a figure of
Penelope," and a group, represent-
ing" Ulysses and his Dog." The work
which first attracted the attention of
the public was a life-sized statue called
the "Flower-Girl." Miss Francis be-
came the wife of Mr. Thornycroft,
who had been a pupil of her father,
in 1840, accompanied him on a tour
through Italy in 1842, and at Rome
derived great advantage from the
advice of Thorwaldsen and Gibson.
The latter was struck with her models
of" Sappho " and a " Sleeping Child,"
executed during her stay in that city.
The " Sleeping Child" made so favour-
able an impression on Mr. Gibson's
mind that, when asked by the Queen
to point out the best artist to model
the portraits of the royal children, he
at once mentioned its author. On her
return to England in 1843, Mrs.
Thornycroft received Her Majesty's
command to execute a statue of the
Princess Alice, and performed her
task so satisfactorily, that commis-
sions were given to her for statues
of the Princess Royal, the Prince of
Wales, and Prince Alfred. This
series, designed by the artist in the
character of the four seasons, has
become very generally known, having
been exhibited at the Royal Aca-
demy, and engraved. The Queen con-
tinued to patronize her, and she
executed other works for the royal
family. Her admirable work, a
"Girl
Skipping," was greatly admired in
the Paris Exhibition of 1855, as a
faithful transcript from nature, full
of grace and elegance, both in idea
and execution.
(4
**
THOROLD-TITCOMB.
THOROLD, THE RIGHT REV. AN-
THONY WILSON, D.D., younger son
of the late Rev. Edward Thorold,
rector of Hougham - cum - Marston,
Lincolnshire, by Mary, only daughter
of Thomas Wilson, Esq., M.D., of
Grantham, was born at Hougham,
June 13, 1825, and educated at Queen's
College, Oxford (B.A. 1847; M.A.
1850; D.D., by diploma, 1877). He
was rector of St. Giles-in-the-Fields,
London, from 1857 to 1867 ; a mem-
ber of the Schools Inquiry Commis-
sion in 1864; minister of Curzon
Chapel, Mayfair, in 1868; and was
elected on the first School Board for
London in 1870. He became vicar
of St. Pancras, Middlesex, and rural
dean, in 1869; canon residentiary of
York in 1874; examining chaplain to
the Archbishop of York the same
year; also provincial chaplain to the
Archbishop of Canterbury. On the
recommendation of Lord Beacons-
field, he was nominated by the Crown
to the bishopric of Rochester, in suc-
cession to Dr. Claughton, who had
been translated to the newly-consti-
tuted see of St. Albans. He was
consecrated in Westminster Ab-
bey, July 25, 1877. He is the au-
thor of a work on "The Presence of
Christ," which has gone through nine
editions.
TILDEN, SAMUEL JONES, born at
New Lebanon, New York, Feb. 9,
1814. He graduated at Yale College;
then studied law, and was admitted
to the New York bar, and acquired a
large fortune in his profession. He
entered into politics at an early age,
and while not seeking office, became
prominent as a leader of the Demo-
cratic party, and for many years was
chairman of the State Democratic
Committee, a position of large politi-
cal influence. In 1871 he took a pro-
minent part in exposing and bringing
to punishment a band of corrupt
officials, known as the "Tammany
Ring," who had for years plundered
the treasury of the city of New York.
In 1874 he was nominated by the
Democrats for Governor of the State,
and although at the previous election
963
two years before, the Republican
candidate succeeded by a majority of
50,000, Mr. Tilden now was chosen
by a majority nearly as large. In
1876 he was the Democratic candi-
date for the Presidency, receiving a
large majority of all the popular votes
cast. But when the electoral vote
came to be finally counted, it was
adjudged that Mr. Hayes, the Re-
publican candidate, had a majority
of one over Mr. Tilden, and so became
President. For the details of this
election, see the article
"HAYES,
RUTHERFORD B.”
TINDAL, MRS. ACTON ISABELLA
EUPHEMIA, daughter and heiress of
the late Rev. John Harrison, of Ram-
sey, in Essex, Vicar of Dinton, Bucks.
Miss Harrison was married in 1846
to Acton Tindal, Esq., of the Manor
House, Aylesbury, Clerk of the Peace
for Bucks, and nephew of the Right
Hon. Sir N. C. Tindal, some time
Chief Justice of the Common Pleas.
She has contributed in verse or prose
to various magazines, and is also the
author of "The Heirs of Blackridge
Manor," a novel, and of "Lives and
Leaves," a small volume of early
verses. Her poem,
"The Infant
Bridal," was reprinted, with a notice
of the author in "Recollections of a
Literary Life," by Mary Russell Mit-
ford. A few copies of her poem.
"The Eve of All Souls," were printed
for private circulation; but this, and
others of her fugitive pieces, have
found their way into several collec-
tions of modern verse.
TITCOM B, THE RIGHT REV.
JONATHAN HOLT, D.D., born in
London in 1819, and educated at
Peterhouse, Cambridge (B.A. 1841;
M.A. 1843; D.D., honoris causâ,
1877), was vicar of St. Andrew-the-
Less, Cambridge, 1845-59; secretary
to the Christian Vernacular Educa-
tion Society for India 1859-61; vicar
of St. Stephen's, South Lambeth,
1861-76; and honorary canon of
Winchester and vicar of Woking,
Surrey, 1876-77. Having been ap-
pointed by the Crown to the bishopric
of Rangoon, in British Burmah, he
3 Q 2
964
TODHUNTER-TOOLE.
was consecrated
Abbey, Dec. 21, 1877.
in Westminster | Within twelve months he passed
successively through the grades of
captain, lieut.-colonel, adjut.-colonel,
major-general, and adjut.-general;
and received, among other distinc-
tions, the decoration of the fourth.
and of the third class of the Order of
St. George, which is conferred only
for brilliant deeds, and upon the pro-
TODHUNTER, ISAAC, M.A.,
F.R.S., son of a dissenting minister,
of Scotch extraction, born at Rye,
in 1820, after studying at University
College, London, went as tutor in a
school at Wimbledon, in order to ob-
tain funds to defray the expenses of
a three years' residence at Cam-posal of the Chapter of the Knights
of the Order. During this memorable
siege he was wounded in the foot,
and compelled to retire. He was
intrusted by the emperor with the
defence of Nicolaieff, threatened by
the Allies; and afterwards sent to
protect Cronstadt. For many years
after the peace of 1856 he had no
active employment, but devoted him-
self to scientific and literary studies.
He wrote a "Narrative of the War in
the Crimea ;" and in 1865 visited
England, where he met with a most
cordial reception. After the defeat
of the Russian army before Plevna
(Sept. 11, 1877) General Todleben,
who appears previously not to have
enjoyed Court favour, was invited to
undertake the reduction of that strong-
hold. On his arrival at the Russian
head-quarters (Sept. 28) the famous
engineer at once proceeded to direct
regular siege operations by sap and
mine against the Turkish fortifica-
tions. Soon the place was completely
invested, and after a contest which
worthily ended an heroic defence,
Osman Pasha, the Turkish
mander, was at last compelled to
surrender at discretion. In April,
1878, General Todleben was ap-
pointed Commander-in-Chief of the
Russian army before Constantinople
in the place of the Grand-Duke
Nicholas, who had to give up that
post in consequence, it was alleged,
of ill-health.
bridge, and then entered at St.
John's College, in that university,
where he graduated B.A. in 1848, as
Senior Wrangler. He became Fel-
low, Assistant Tutor, and Principal
Mathematical Lecturer of his College,
and has written treatises on The
Differential Calculus," "Analytical
Statics, Plane Co-ordinate Geome-
try, ""Integral Calculus," " Algebra,
"Plane Trigonometry,' "Spherical
Trigonometry, History of Progress
of Calculus of Variations during the
Nineteenth Century," published in
1861; "Trigonometry for Beginners,"
"Mensuration for Beginners," 1869;
97.66
Researches on the Calculus of Varia-
tious," 1872, an essay which gained
the Adams Prize in the University of
Cambridge for 1871; and " A History
of the Mathematical Theories of At-
traction and the Figure of the Earth,
from the time of Newton to that of
Laplace," 2 vols., 1873.
|
com-
TODLEBEN, GEN. FRANCIS ED-
WARD, son of a shopkeeper, was born
at Mitau, in Courland, May 8, 1818.
After studying in the schools of Riga,
he was admitted into the College of
Engineers at St. Petersburg, and
served with the forces despatched to
attempt the reduction of the Circas-
sians in 1848. When the Russian war
broke out, in 1854, he was second cap-
tain in the corps of engineers destined
for service in the field, and having
distinguished himself under Gen.
Schilders, in the campaign of the
Danube, proceeded to the Crimea.
Although Sebastopol was compara-
tively an open city, he succeeded,
under the continuous fire of the
enemy, in converting it into a for-
tress, which resisted for more than a
year the efforts of the allied armies.
*
""
""
TOOLE, JOHN LAURENCE, come-
dian, son of Mr. Toole, the civic
toast-master, born in London, Mar.
12, 1830, was educated at the City of
London School, and became a clerk
to a wine-merchant, but quitted this
occupation, his taste lying in another
direction. Having been smitten with
TORRENS.
965
the "bias dramatic," he was induced | graduates. He was appointed in
to join the City Histrionic Club, where 1841 Collector of Customs in South
his qualifications for the dramatic Australia, and a non-elective member
profession were soon recognized, and of the Legislative Council of that
he found a favourable opportunity for colony. In 1852 he became Treasurer
appearing before a public audience at of South Australia, and was elected
a benefit to Mr. F. Webster, at the the first member for Adelaide under
Haymarket Theatre, July 22, 1852. the new Constitution. He was sub-
Having successfully passed this ordeal, sequently appointed Chief Secretary
he resolved to become an actor, and and Registrar-General of the colony,
commenced his professional career with the interests of which he had
under Mr. C. Dillon, at the Queen's been so long identified.
He was
Theatre, Dublin, where he achieved chosen in the Liberal interest as
great success. After further testing member for the borough of Cam-
his powers at Belfast, Edinburgh, and bridge at the general election of Dec.,
Glasgow, he accepted, in 1854, an en- 1868, but lost his seat at the general
gagement at the St. James's Theatre, election of Feb., 1874. The honour
London, under the management of of knighthood was conferred on him
Mrs. Seymour, and sustained a variety in 1872, in recognition of his colonial
of characters in low comedy with services, and more especially in con-
considerable success. This was fol- nection with the Registration of
lowed by an engagement with his old Titles to Land Act first enacted in
manager, Mr. C. Dillon, who had the South Australia. Sir Robert is the
Lyceum for a short term, and, on the author of several published works
opening of the new Adelphi Theatre
by Mr. Webster, Mr. Toole became
the leading comedian. His style of
acting is marked by a close fidelity to
nature in every character he under-
takes, whether it be in the broad
region of farce, or in those more im-
portant parts in which tears and
laughter equally predominate; such
Caleb Plummer," in the version
of Mr. Dickens's "Cricket on the
Hearth," or the honest fireman "Joe
Bright, " in the drama " Through
Fire and Water." For several years
Mr. Toole has been in the habit of
making a professional tour in the
provinces, where he is as great a
favourite as in the metropolis. In
July, 1874, he went on a "starring
tour to the United States, and made
his American débût at Wallack's
Theatre, New York (Aug. 17). He
reappeared at the Gaiety Theatre,
London, Nov. 8, 1875.
more
our
or less bearing upon
Colonies, including the questions of
"Transportation," "The Effects of
the Gold Discoveries on the Cur-
rency," and "Condition of South
Australia."
as
|
>>
TORRENS, WILLIAM TORRENS
MCCULLAGH, M.P., eldest son of
James McCullagh, Esq., of Green-
field, co. Dublin, born in Oct., 1813,
was educated at Trinity College,
Dublin, where he graduated B.A. in
1834 and LL.B. in 1840, was called
to the Irish bar in 1836, afterwards
became a member of Lincoln's Inn,
and practised at the Common Law
bar. He was appointed a Commis-
sioner of the Poor Law Inquiry in
Ireland in 1835, Private Secretary to
Lord Taunton (then Mr. Labouchere)
in 1846. represented Dundalk in the
advanced Liberal interest from
March, 1848, till the general election
in July, 1852, when he was an un-
successful candidate for Yarmouth,
for which he was returned at the
general election in March, 1857, but
was unseated on petition, and he
was returned for Finsbury at the
general election in July, 1865. In
1863 he assumed, for family reasons,
TORRENS, SIR ROBERT RICHARD,
K.C.M.G., is a son of the late Colonel
Robert Torrens, formerly M.P. for
Ashburton and Bolton, and was born
in 1814. He was educated at Trinity
College, Dublin, but his name does
not appear in the list of Dublin
966
TOWSON.
""
his maternal name. In 1867 he was a
prominent member of the advanced
Liberal party, who secured by their
support Mr. Disraeli's proposal of
household suffrage, and in committee
on the Reform Bill he proposed and
carried the lodger franchise. In the
following year he brought in the
Artisans' Dwellings Bill, which, after
protracted debates, passed both
Houses. In 1869 he obtained the
adoption of the system for London
of boarding children by Poor Law
Guardians; and in 1870 an Act to
amend the laws regarding extradition
was passed in accordance with the
recommendations of a committee, for
which Mr. Torrens had moved two
years before. The School Board for
London was suggested and proposed
to Parliament by him as an amend-
ment to Mr. Forster's Elementary
Education Bill; and he was himself
elected a member of the School Board
for Finsbury. Mr. Torrens has
written "Lectures on the Study of
History; The Life of R.
of R. L.
Shiel; "Life and Times of Sir
James Graham ; "Industrial His-
tory of Free Nations; Empire in
Asia, How we came by it; a Book of
Confessions," 1872; and "Memoirs
of William, second Viscount Mel-
bourne," 2 vols, 1877.
19 (C
|
""
}} **
TOULMIN, CAMILLA. (See CROS-
LAND.)
TOÚRGÉNEFF. (See TURGENEV.)
TOWSON, JOHN THOMAS, was born
at Devonport in 1804. His father
was a chronometer and watch maker,
and the son was intended by his parents
to follow the same business. His in-
clinations caused him, however, to turn
to the study of scientific subjects. He
was the first to direct the attention of
photographers to the fact that the
luminous and chemical foci were not
of the same length, a knowledge of
which fact at a later period enabled Dr.
Draper of New York to take the first
photograph from life. He was also the
first to devise the means of taking a
photographic picture on glass and of
using the reflecting camera. In 1846
he devoted his thoughts to navigation,
•
especially to determining the quickest
routes across the ocean to distant
countries. With this object he con-
structed a set of tables for facilitating
the practice of great circle sailing, and
invented and brought into practice
composite and windward great circle
sailing. Mr. James Ashbury, M.P.,
fully proved the value of windward
great circle sailing by the Anglo-
American Atlantic race between his
yacht the Cambria and the American
yacht Dauntless. By the adoption of
this sailing the Cambria made more
than 200 knots less than the Dauntless
between Cork and Sandy Hook. Mr.
Towson subsequently invented and
constructed tables for the reduction of
ex-meridian altitudes, a work highly
valued in the mercantile marine. The
copyrights of these works he presented
to the Admiralty, who ordered them
to be printed for the use of all mariners.
For these services the shipowners.
principally of Liverpool, on Jan. 9,
1857, presented him, as a testimonial,
with a Dock Bond of the value of
£1,000, and an additional gratuity of
more than £100. In 1850 Mr. Towson
was appointed Scientific Examiner
of Masters and Mates for the port of
Liverpool, from which situation he
retired in 1873, still holding that of
Chief Examiner in Compasses. At
the meeting of the British Association
in 1854, Mr. Towson aided Dr.
Scoresby in directing the attention of
the scientific section to the import-
ance of investigating more fully the
subject of the deviation of the com-
passes on board iron ships. The result
of this discussion was the formation
of the Liverpool Compass Committee.
The observations and the deductions
resulting from them were embodied in
three reports "presented to both
Houses of Parliament by command of
Her Majesty." In 1863 Mr. TowSOIL
was instructed by the Board of Trade
to prepare a manual on the deviation
of the compass, which was subse-
quently published at the expense of
the Board, under the title of "Prac-
tical Information on the Deviation
of the Compass; for the use of
TOZER-TRENCH.}
Masters and Mates of Iron Ships." | brother of the Archbishop of Dublin,
In 1864 Dr. Woolley adopted this
work as a text book for the examina-
tions conducted in the department of
Science and Art, South Kensington,
and in 1870 Mr. Towson prepared a
syllabus, which the Board of Trade
adopted, for the examination of mas-
ters and mates in compass deviation.
|
TOZER, THE RIGHT REV. WIL-
LIAM GEORGE, D.D., was educated
at St. John's College, Oxford, and
graduated B.A, in 1851, M.A.in 1854,
and received the degree of D.D.,
dignitatis jure, in 1863, when he was
consecrated Bishop of Zanzibar. His
health having completely given way
under the climate at Zanzibar, he
resigned the bishopric in 1874.
born in July, 1806, was educated at
Harrow and at Oriel College, Oxford,
where he graduated B.A. in classical
honours in 1828. Having been curate
of St. Giles's, and incumbent of St.
John's, Reading, he was appointed to
the Rectory of Islip, Oxfordshire, in
1857. He has written "Sermons at
Reading," in 1843 ; "Travels in
France and Spain," in 1845 ;
"Scot-
land, its Faith and Features," and
"Portrait of Charity, Exposition of
1 Corinth. xiii.," in 1846; "Walk
Round Mont Blanc," in 1848;
"Life and Character of St. John the
Evangelist," in 1850; "Job's Testi-
mony to Jesus, and Resurrection of
the Body," in 1853; "Few Notes
from Past Life," in 1862; "Notes on
the Greek of the New Testament, for
English Readers,' 1864 ;
"Four
Sermons preached in York Minster,"
in 1865; and a series of miscellaneous
papers, "Islipiana," issued for the
years 1869 and 1870. An edition of
his theological works, in three vol-
umes, appeared in 1857.
"1
TRELAWNY, SIR JOHN SALUS-
BURY, Bart., eldest son of the late
Sir W. L. S. Trelawny, Bart., for-
merly M.P. for East Cornwall, and
later Lord Lieut. for Cornwall, born
June 2, 1816, and educated at West-
minster and Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, where he became B.A.; was
called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn
in 1841, and succeeded his father as
ninth baronet, Nov. 15, 1856. He is
a Magistrate and Deputy-Lieut. for
the county of Cornwall, was ap
pointed in 1840 captain of the Corn-
wall Rangers Militia, and was some
time Captain-Commandant of the
2nd Cornwall Rifles Militia. He was
one of the members for Tavistock in
the Liberal interest from March 1843,
till April, 1852, when he retired. Sub-
sequently standing in 1852, he was
unsuccessful, but was again elected in
March, 1857, and retired at the gene-
ral election in July, 1865. He was
well known in the House of Commons
as one of the leaders of the Anti-
Church-rate Movement, and for se-
veral years proposed a motion on that
subject. He was elected for East
Cornwall in 1868, and held that seat
till Feb., 1874. In 1870 Sir J. S. Tre-
lawny was appointed one of the com-
missioners to inquire into and report
upon the administration and opera-
tion of the Contagious Diseases Acts.
TRENCH, THE REV. FRANCIS,
967
TRENCH, THE MOST REV.
RICHARD CHENEVIX, D.D., Arch-
bishop of Dublin, is the second
son of the late Richard Trench,
Esq., brother of the first Lord Ash-
town in the Irish peerage. He was
born Sept. 9, 1807, graduated at
Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1829,
and was ordained to a country curacy.
It was not, however, as a scholar or
a divine, but as a poet, that Mr.
Trench first became known. About
1837, while holding the incumbency
of Curdridge Chapel, a district in the
extensive parish of Bishop's Wal-
tham, Hants, he published two
volumes of poems, entitled “Sabba-
tion, Honor Neale, and other Poems,"
and the "Story of Justyn Martyr,"
somewhat in the style of Wordsworth.
These poems, which were favourably
received, were followed by "Geno-
veva," "Elegiac Poems," and "Poems
from Eastern Sources." Among
those who took an interest in the
author was the Rev. Samuel Wilber-
force, then rector of Alverstoke, to
968
|
|
whom he became curate in 1841, re- ton), was born in 1807, and educated
signing the incumbency of Curdridge. at the Charterhouse and Haileybury
There he continued in the active dis- College, on leaving which he entered
charge of his parochial duties till the East India Company's Civil Ser-
1845, when his rector was promoted vice, and was employed under Lord
to the deanery of Westminster, and W. Bentinck and Lord Auckland in
he was presented to the rectory of several important posts. The report
Itchen Stoke, by the late Lord Ash- submitted by him on the transit and
burton, to whom he had become town duties, noticed in McCulloch's
known at Alverstoke. Dr. Wilber- "Literature of Political Economy,'
force, on his promotion to the see of led to the abolition of those imposts;
Oxford, appointed Mr. Trench his and his exertions in the cause of
examining chaplain. In 1845 and native education resulted in the reso-
1846 he was Hulsean Lecturer at lution of the Government of India,
Cambridge, and for a short time one whereby the promotion of European
of the select preachers. About 1847 literature and science among the
he became Theological Professor Indian natives was declared to be a
and Examiner at King's College, great object of the Government. In
London, and continued to hold that 1840 he was appointed Assistant-
appointment till he was appointed Secretary to the Treasury, and in
Dean of Westminster, on the death 1848 he was made a Knight Com-
of Dr. Buckland, in 1856. He was mander of the Bath for his exertions
consecrated Archbishop of Dublin for the relief of the distress caused
Jan. 1, 1864, after the decease of by the Irish famine. He was long
Dr. Whately. His chief publica- engaged with Sir Stafford Northcote
tions are "Notes on the Miracles; and others in the revision of the civil
"Notes on the Parables" (12th edit., establishments, and was mainly in-
1874); "The Lessons in Proverbs; strumental in throwing open the Civil
"The Sermon on the Mount, illus- Service to public competition.
trated from St. Augustine ;" "Sacred Jan., 1859, he was appointed Go-
Latin Poetry;" "St. Augustine as vernor of Madras, from which post
an Interpreter of Scripture; Sy- he was recalled in May, 1860, for
nonyms of the New Testament;" publishing his protest against the
"The Epistles to the Seven Churches new taxes proposed by the Govern-
of Asia Minor; ""An Essay on the ment of India, but Her Majesty's
Life and Genius of Calderon; ""Defi-Government recorded at the same
ciencies in our English Dictionaries;" time "their high appreciation of the
Glossary of English Words used in services which Sir Charles Trevelyan
Different Senses ;" a work "On the has rendered during his administra-
Authorized Version of the New Tes- tion," and that
tion," and that "no servant of the
tament, with Thoughts on its Revi- Crown has more earnestly endea-
sion;
a useful treatise on the voured to carry out the great prin-
modern English language, entitled ciples of government which were
"The Study of Words," being the promulgated to the Princes and People
substance of some lectures delivered of India in Her Majesty's Gracious
at Winchester to the Diocesan Train- Proclamation. For these valuable
ing College; and "Lectures on Me- services the thanks of Her Majesty's
diæval Church History," 1878. In Government are due to Sir Charles
1832 he married his cousin, the Hon. Trevelyan." In October, 1862, Sir C.
Frances Mary Trench, sister of Lord Trevelyan was appointed Financial
Ashtown, by whom he has a numerous Minister in India, which office he re-
family.
signed on account of ill-health in April,
1865. During his financial administra-
tion important reforms were made in
the system of accounts, and the re-
In
"" (6
|
(3
TREVELYAN.
**
""
TREVELYAN, Sir CHARLES
EDWARD, Bart., K.C.B., a son of the
late Archdeacon Trevelyan (of Taun-
""
TREVELYAN-TREVOR.
sources of India were developed by a
great extension of public works.
After his return home, Sir C. Trevel-
yan resumed the subject of army
purchase, upon which he had given
evidence before the Royal Commission
of 1857, and published two pamphlets,
which had much influence on the set-
tlement of the question. Since then
he has directed his principal attention
to the reform of the charities and the
mitigation of the pauperism of the
metropolis. He was created a Ba-
ronet in 1874. Sir Charles married in
1834, Miss Hannah More Macaulay,
sister of the late Lord Macaulay. He
is author of books on the "Education
of the People of India," of an account
of the Irish Famine, under the title
of the "Irish Crisis," and of other
publications.
TREVELYAN, GEORGE OTTO,
M.P., born July 20, 1838, at Rothley
Temple, Leicestershire, is son of Sir
Charles Edward Trevelyan, Bart.,
K.C.B., and Hannah More Macaulay,
sister of Lord Macaulay. He was
educated at Harrow School and
Trinity College, Cambridge, where
he was second iu the first class in
classics. He was elected member for
Tynemouth in the Liberal interest in
1865; and for the Border burghs in
1868. Mr. Trevelyan was appointed
Civil Lord of the Admiralty, in Mr.
Gladstone's Government, in Dec.,
1868, but resigned office in July, 1870,
on a point of conscience connected
with the Government Education Bill.
He advocated a sweeping reform of
the army, including the abolition of
the purchase of commissions, both in
and out of Parliament. He wrote from
India "Letters of a Competition Wal-
lah," republished from Macmillan's
Magazine in 1864; "Cawnpore," in
1865; "The Ladies in Parliament,
and other pieces," collected and pub-
lished in 1869; and "The Life and
Letters of Lord Macaulay," 2 vols.,
1876, 2nd edit., 1877.
TREVELYAN, SIR WALTER CAL-
VERLEY, Bart., born March 31, 1797,
educated at Harrow and University
College, Oxford, succeeded his father
969
as sixth baronet, May 23, 1846. He
has for many years contributed arti-
cles on geology, botany, and other
scientific and general subjects, to the
Transactions of various societies and
to periodicals. In 1821 he visited the
Faroe Islands, and wrote notices on
their vegetation, geology, and climate,
and has presented the herbarium
which he formed there, and other col-
lections, to the Botanical Museum
at Kew. He is an opponent of
the sale of intoxicating drinks, and
the President of the United Kingdom
Alliance.
TREVOR, THE REV. GEORGE,
M.A., born in 1809, and educated at
Magdalen Hall, Oxford, graduated
S.C.L. in 1836, taking an honorary
fourth class in classics, and has since
proceeded B.A. and M.A. He was a
Chaplain on the Madras Establish-
ment in the East Indies, from 1836
till 1845, and was appointed Rector
of All Saints', York, in 1847, and a
non-residentiary Canon of that cathe-
dral. He was Chaplain to the High-
Sheriff of Yorkshire the same year,
and in 1850 his reputation as a
preacher caused him to be elected
one of the Chaplains of the parish
church at Sheffield by the capital bur-
gesses of that town. The Vicar's
opposition to the choice of the laity
occasioned proceedings in Chancery
and in the Court of Queen's Bench, in
which Canon Trevor was successful
in establishing his right to the office
and endowment, but we believe he
never officiated in the church, the
dispute being at last compromised by
the appointment of a curate. In 1868
Canon Trevor accepted from the Dean
and Chapter of York the restored
Rectory of Burton Pidsea, in the
liberty of S. Peter's, a village in Hol-
derness. This living he resigned in
1871, when he was collated to the
rectory of Beeford-with-Lisset, near
Hull. He is well known for the
active part which he has taken in
promoting the revival of the functions
of the northern House of Convocation.
He sat as Proctor for the Chapter of
York in 1847, and was the first to
S
970
TROCHU TROLLOPE.
move the election of a Prolocutor in
order to proceed to business. He was
afterwards returned by the clergy of
the Archdeaconry of York, and under
Archbishop Longley, accepted the
office of Actuary of the Lower House.
Archbishop Thomson has appointed
him Synodal Secretary, in which
capacity he attends the two Houses
when united in full synod. He sup-
ported Mr. Gladstone's candidature
for the University of Oxford in 1847,
and continued on his committee at
his rejection in 1865, but opposed the
Irish Church Bill. Canon Trevor has
written "Christ in His Passion," pub-
lished in 1847; "Sermons on Doc-
trines and Means of Grace," in 1851;
"Origin, Constitution, and Form of
Proceedings in the Convocations of
the two Provinces of Canterbury and
York," in 1852; "Types and the An-
ti-type," in 1864; and "The Story
of the Cross," in 1866; and in 1869
"The Catholic Doctrine of the Sacri-
fice and Participation of the Holy
Eucharist," a publication expressing
the orthodox Anglican doctrine, and
encouraged by the subscriptions of
the English and Irish Primates, with
a large number of prelates. He has
written for the Religious Tract So-
ciety, “India, an Historical Sketch,"
published in 1858; "India, its Natives
and Missions;" "Russia, Ancient and
Modern," in 1862; "Ancient Egypt"|
(in reply to Baron Bunsen); “Egypt
from the Conquest of Alexander to
Napoleon," in 1866; and in 1869
"Rome from the Fall of the Western
Empire," containing a history of the
Papacy.
TRINIDAD, BISHOP OF. (See
RAWLE.)
TROCHU, LOUIS JULES, a French
general, was born in Bretagne, March
12, 1815, and received his education
in the Military Academy of St. Cyr.
In 1837 he entered an artillery regi-
ment as Lieutenant. His talents soon
attracted attention, and in particular
that of Marshal Bugeaud, who, in re-
cognition of his bravery displayed in
the battles of Sidi-Yussuf and Isly,
made him his Adjutant, and intrusted
|
him with most important commissions.
His services, circumspection, and bra-
very in the Crimean war, gained for
him the rank of a General of Division.
In this capacity he received a com-
mand in the Italian campaign of 1859.
On the conclusion of peace he was
relegated to the Ministry of War, and
received the Grand Cross of the Legion
of Honour. Niel had intended him
for his successor as Minister of War,
but the latter's celebrated brochure
on French military affairs had drawn
down upon him the displeasure of the
Imperial Court. Before the war of
1870-71, General Trochu held com-
mand of the Army Division in Tou-
louse, which Niel and Leboeuf had held
before him. In the crisis which fol-
lowed the battle of Sedan, he was
made Governor of Paris and Com-
mander-in-Chief of all the forces des-
tined for the defence of the capital,
which position he held until the city
surrendered to the German hosts. In
Oct., 1871, he was elected President of
the Council-General for Morbihan,
but he afterwards resigned this post,
and he has lived in retirement since
Jan. 1873. His pamphlet on "L'Ar-
mée Française en 1867" reached its
20th edition in 1870. In 1873 he
published a work entitled "Pour la
Vérité et pour la Justice," in justifi-
cation of the Government of the
National Defence.
TROLLOPE, ANTHONY, second son
of the late Mr. T. A. Trollope, barrister-
at-law, and of Mrs. Trollope, the well-
known authoress, born April 24, 1815,
was educated at Winchester and at
Harrow. For many years he held an
appointment in the Post Office, and he
has been sent on several important
missions to establish postal conven-
tions with other countries. He has
written "The Macdermotts of Bally-
cloran," 1847; "The Kellys and the
O'Kellys," 1848; "La Vendée, an
Historical Romance," 1850; "The
Warden, a Novel," 1855; Barches-
ter Towers, a Novel," 1857 ;
* 'The
Three Clerks, a Novel," 1857;
"Dr.
Thorne," 1858; "The West Indies
and the Spanish Main,” 1859; “The
"}
|
(*
Bertrams, a Novel," 1859 ; "Castle
Richmond, a Novel," 1860; "Fram-
ley Parsonage," 1861 ; "Tales of all
Countries, two Series," 1861; "North
America, 1862; Orley Farm,"
1862; "Rachel Ray," 1863; Can
You Forgive Her," 1864; "The Small
House at Allington," 1864 ; Miss
Mackenzie," 1865; three volumes of
reprints from the Pall Mall Gazette,
entitled respectively "Hunting
Sketches," 1865, "Travelling
Sketches," 1866, and Clergymen
of the Church of England," 1866;
"The Belton Estate," 1866; "The
Last Chronicle of Barset," 1867; "The
Claverings," 1867; "Lotta Schmidt
and other Stories," 1867, being a vo-
lume of reprints from Good Words
and other magazines; "British Sports
and Pastimes," 1868, reprinted from
the St. Pauls Magazine, of which
Mr. Trollope was for some time the
editor; "Phineas Phinn, the Irish
Member," 1868; "He Knew He was
Right," 1869; "An Editor's Tales,"
1870; "The Vicar of Bullhampton,"
1870 ;
"The Struggles of Brown,
Jones, and Robinson," 1870; "The
Commentaries of Cæsar," 1870, con-
tributed to a series entitled "An-
cient Classics for English Readers;"
"Ralph the Heir," 1871; "Sir Harry
Hotspur of Humblethwaite," 1871;
"The Golden Lion of Grandpère,"
1872; "The Eustace Diamonds,"
1873; “ Australia and New Zealand,"
2 vols. 1873; "Phineas Redux,'
1873; "Harry Heathcote of Gan-
goil," a tale of Australian bush life,
1874; "Lady Anna," 1874; "The
Way We Live Now," 1875; "The
Prime Minister," 1876; "The Ameri-
can Senator,' 1877; and "South
Africa." 2 vols. 1878.
TROLLOPE.
""
1?
971
|
coln in 1861, was elected Proctor in
Convocation for the diocese of Lincoln
in 1866, and appointed Archdeacon of
Stow and Prebendary of Liddington in
1867. Having been appointed by
Royal Letters Patent to be Bishop
Suffragan of the see of Nottingham
in the room of Dr. Henry Mackenzie,
resigned, he was consecrated in West-
minster Abbey, Dec. 21, 1877. The
following is a list of his works: "Il-
lustrations of Ancient Art," 1854;
"Life of Pope Adrian IV.," 1856;
"The Captivity of John, King of
France, at Somerton Castle," "Hand-
book of Lincoln," "Temple Bruer
and the Templars," "Introduction
of Christianity into Lincolnshire,'
1857; "Labyrinths, Ancient and
Mediæval," " Sepulchral Memorials,"
1858; "Fens and Submarine Forests,
"The Danes in Lincolnshire," "Me-
morabilia of Grimsby,'
"The Use and
Abuse of Red Bricks," "The Roman
House at Apethorpe," 1859; "The
History of Worksop," "Monastic
Gatehouses," 1860; "Life of Here-
ward the Saxon Patriot,
1861;
"History of Anne Askewe, "Battle
of Bosworth Field," 1862; "Shadows
of the Past," 1863; "The Raising of
the Royal Standard at Nottingham,"
1864; "Spilsby and other Churches,"
1865;
Gainsborough and other
Churches," "Norman Sculptures of
Lincoln Cathedral," 1866; "Grant-
ham and other Churches," 1867;
"The Roman Ermine Street," 1868;
"The Norman and Early English
Styles of Gothic Architecture," 1869
"Boston and other Churches," 1870;
and "Sleaford and the Wapentakes
of Flaxwell and Aswardham," 1872
"Holbeach and other Churches,"
1872; "Louth Park Abbey, Louth
and other Churches," 1873; "Churches
in the neighbourhood of Grantham,
1874; "Church Spires," 1874.
|
""
|
(4
TROLLOPE, THOMAS ADOLPHUS,
son of the late Mr. T. A. Trollope,
barrister-at-law, and of Mrs. Trollope,
the well-known authoress, born April
""
Se
,,
}"
TROLLOPE, THE RIGHT REV.
EDWARD, D.D., F.S.A., son of the
late Sir John Trollope, Bart., born
April 15, 1817, was educated at Eton
and at Christ Church, Oxford (B.A.
1839; M.A. 1855; D.D., honoris
causâ, 1877). He was presented to
the Rectory of Leasingham, Lincoln-29, 1810, was educated at Winchester
shire, in 1843, was collated to a Pre- and at Alban Hall, Oxford, under Dr.
bend in the Cathedral Church of Lin- Whately, afterwards Archbishop of
""
972
TUFNELL-TULLOCH.
Dublin. About 1840 he published two
volumes on Brittany, followed by two
on Western France in 1841, when he
took up his residence at Florence, and
has produced a series of works con-
nected with the history of that country.
His "Impressions of a Wanderer in
Italy" appeared in 1850 ; "Girlhood
of Catherine de Medici, a Tale,"
"A Decade of Italian Women," and
Tuscany in 1849," in 1859; "Filippo
Strozzi a History of the Last Days
of Old Italian Liberty," and a volume
on the celebrated Venetian Interdict,
entitled "Paul the Pope and Paul the
Friar," in 1860; "La Beata, a Novel,"
in 1861; "Lenten Journey in Umbria
and the Marches," and "Marietta, a
Novel," in 1862; "Giulio Malatesta, a
Novel," in 1863; "Beppo the Con-
script, a Novel," and "Lindisfarn
Chase, a Novel," in 1864; "History of
the Commonwealth of Florence from
the Earliest Independence of the Com-
mune to the Fall of the Republic in
1531," in four vols., 1865; "Gemma,
a Novel," in 1866; "Artingall Castle,
a Novel,” in 1867; "The Dream Num-
bers, a Novel," and "Leonora Caso-
loni, a Novel," in 1868; "The Gar-
stangs of Garstang Grange," in 1869;
"Durnton Abbey," in 1871; and
"The Story of the Life of Pius IX.,
2 vols., in 1877. Mr. Trollope, who
married Miss Garrow, authoress of
several works on Italy, and was left
a widower in 1865, contracted a second
marriage with a daughter of Thomas
L. Ternan in Oct., 1866.
TRURO, BISHOP OF. (See BENSON.) | under the title "Theism." The first
TUAM, ARCHBISHOP OF. (See | prize (£1,800) was adjudged to the
MCHALE.)
Rev. Robt. A. Thompson, for the
essay "Christian Theism," published
TULLOCH, THE REV. JOHN, D.D.,
Principal of St. Mary's College, St.
Andrews, born in 1823, near Tibber-
muir, Perthshire, of which parish his
father was for many years minister,
entered the United College of St.
Salvador and St. Leonard, St. Au-
drews, in 1837, and after attending
the literary and philosophical classes,
passed into the college of which he is
the Principal, and studied theology.
He received a licence as a preacher in
the Church of Scotland, and having
been presented soon afterwards by
the town-council of Dundee to a
charge in that town, was, in 1845
ordained a minister. During a visit
to Germany, he made himself tho-
roughly acquainted with the specula-
tive theology of that country.
In
1849 he was presented to the parish
of Kettins, in Forfarshire, and on the
death of Principal Haldane, in 1854,
became Principal of St. Mary's Col-
lege, University of St. Andrews, and
received the degree of D.D. He first
attracted attention as a writer in the
British Quarterly Review, and the arti-
cles on Carlyle's "Life of Sterling,"
Bunsen's "Hippolytus," and "Vynet,"
in the North British Review, are un-
derstood to be from his pen. In 1855
he received the second of the great
Burnett prizes on the "Being and
Attributes of God," amounting to
£600, and his Essay was published
|
TUAM, BISHOP OF. (See BER-
NARD.)
in 1855. He has written "Leaders of
the Reformation," published in 1859 ;
(6
|
TUFNELL, THE RIGHT REV.
EDWARD WYNDHAM, D.D., Bishop of
Brisbane, born at Bath, in 1814; pro-
ceeded from Eton to Wadham College,
Oxford (B.A. 1836, M.A. 1842, D.D.
1859); became Rector of Beeching-
stoke, Wilts, in 1846; Prebendary of
Salisbury in 1850; Rector of St. Peter
and St. Paul, Marlborough, in 1858;
and first Bishop of Brisbane, in
Queensland, in 1859. He resigned
English Puritanism and its Leaders,
Cromwell, Milton, &c.," "Beginning
Life: Chapters for Young Men," in
1861; and "Christ of the Gospels,
and Christ of Modern Criticism; Lec-
tures," in 1864; and "Rational Theo-
logy and Christian Philosophy in the
Seventeenth Century," 2 vols., 1872.
He has since contributed various
articles to the Edinburgh Review,
his see in 1873. At present he is
curate in charge of the parish of
Charing, near Ashford, Kent.
especially, it is understood, the im-
portant articles on "The Positive
Philosophy" (April, 1868), and on
"Dr. Newman's Grammar of Assent"
(Oct., 1870), and also a series of
papers in the Contemporary Review
" and the
"Liberal Churchmen," and the
"Cambridge_Platonists of the 17th
Century." He published "Religion
and Theology: a Sermon for the
Times," in 1875; and "Pascal" in
1878.
on
TUPPER-TURNER.
|
11
TUPPER, MARTIN FARQUHAR,
son of a surgeon, descended from an
ancient Guernsey family, born in
London, in 1810, was educated at the
Charterhouse and at Christ Church,
Oxford, where he took the degrees of
B.A., M.A., and D.C.L. He was called
to the bar, but never practised, and
has written "Geraldine and other
Poems," published in 1838; "Pro-
verbial Philosophy," in 1839-44;
"Modern Pyramid," 1839;
"An
Author's Mind," and "The Twins, a
Tale," in 1841;"Crock of Gold,'
1844; "Hactenus: a Budget of Ly-
rics," 1848; "Surrey: a Rapid Re-
view of its Principal Persons and
Places," 1849; "King Alfred's Poems
in English Metre," 1850; “ Farley
Heath, Record of its Remains," and
Hymn for all Nations, in Thirty
Languages," in 1851 "Ballads for
the Times and other Poems," '1852;
"Heart, a Tale," 1853; "Proba-
bilities an Aid to Faith," 1854;
"Lyrics," 1855; "Stephen Langton :
or, the Days of King John," 1858;
"Three Hundred Sonnets," 1860;
"Rides and Reveries of Mr. Esop
Smith," 1861 ; "Cithara, Lyrics,'
1863; and a variety of fugitive pieces
in prose and verse.
;
66
TURGENEV, IVAN SERGYEEVICH,
a Russian novelist, born at Orel,
Nov. 9, 1818, pursued his studies at
Moscow, St. Petersburg, and the
University of Berlin. He obtained
a situation in the office of the Minis-
ter of the Interior, after his return
to Russia, and from that time he be-
came known by the publication of
national poems, and next by a
'study" on Nicholas Gogol, which led
44
to his exile in 1847. The decree of
banishment was, thanks to the in-
tervention of the Czarewitch, now
the Emperor Alexander II., rescinded
three years later. Turgenev passed
his exile in France and Germany.
Most of his novels have been trans-
lated into French, and the following
have appeared in English :- "Russian
Life in the Interior, or the Experi-
ences of a Sportsman,"1855; " Fathers
and Sons," New York, 1867 :" Smoke,
or Life at Baden," a novel, 2 vols.,
Lond., 1868; "Liza," translated by
W. R. S. Ralston, 2 vols., 1869; " On
the Eve," Lond., 1871; “Dimitri
Roudine," New York, 1873;" Spring
Floods, translated from the Russian
by Mrs. S. Michell Butts, and a Lear
of the Steppe, translated from the
French by W. H. Browne," New York,
1874; and "Virgin Soil," New York,
1877.
|
|
973
TURKEY, SULTAN OF. (See AB-
DUL-HAMID II.)
TURNER, THE REV. DAWSON
WILLIAM, D.C.L., educated at Rugby,
was Demy and Exhibitioner of Mag-
dalen College, Oxford, and was ap-
pointed Head Master of the Royal
Institution School, Liverpool. He
has written "Notes to Herodotus,"
1848; Analysis of Grecian His-
tory,' and "Analysis of Roman
History," 1853; "Analysis of Eng-
lish and French History," 1859;
"History of Germany," 1865; and
"Rules of Simple Hygiene, and Hints
and Remedies for the treatment of
common Accidents and Diseases."
(6
""
TURNER, GODFREY WORDS-
WORTH, was born in London, in 1825.
His family traditions, both on his
father's and his mother's side, being
literary, he acquired at an early age
a thorough knowledge of all the
great English poets and prose writers,
on whose works he continued, through-
out boyhood and youth, to exercise a
naturally good verbal memory. In his
favourite studies he was constantly
encouraged and assisted by his parents,
and he also owed in very great degree
the soundest part of a private educa-
tion to his grand-uncle, Edward
TURNER-TÜRR.
|
Wollstonecroft. Having some apti-
tude for art, he became a pupil of
Mr. Leigh, to whom not a few dis-
tinguished painters of the present
day are indebted for their training.
Mr. Turner, indeed, began his married
life as an artist, but by the advice of
his father's friend, Leigh Hunt, he
relinquished a vocation to which he
had no decided call, and entered on
newspaper work with determination,
and ultimate success. His first en-
gagement was, in conjunction with
Mr. Thornton Hunt, on the Spectator.
At the same time he wrote for the
Morning Chronicle and the Leader;
afterwards, from being fine art critic
of the John Bull, he accepted a more
onerous position in the conduct of
that paper; whence he transferred
his services to the Daily News, during
the editorship of Mr. Thomas Walker.
In Dec., 1860, he joined the staff of
the Daily Telegraph, and has con-
tinued to serve that journal down to
the present time, in various literary
capacities, but chiefly as a special
correspondent in many parts of the
world. On the outbreak in Jamaica,
he was despatched with the Royal
Commission to that island. He has
been an industrious contributor to
the magazines and periodicals, and he
is the author of "Jest and Earnest,"
Homely Scenes from Great Painters,"
"Art Studies," and other books.
**
974
TURNER, THE RIGHT REV. JAMES
FRANCIS, Bishop of Grafton and
Armidale, in Australia, is a son of
the late Sir George James Turner, for
many years one of the Lords Justices
of Appeal. He received his academical
education at the Charterhouse and
Durham, was for some time chaplain
of Bishop Cosin's Hall, in that Uni-
versity, and held the rectory of
North Tedworth, Wilts, from 1859
till 1868, when he was appointed
Bishop of Grafton and Armidale.
His consecration was solemnized in
Westminster Abbey, Feb. 24, 1869.
TURNER, THEVERY REV. SYDNEY,
M.A., youngest son of the eminent
historian, the late Mr. Sharon Turner,
born April 2, 1814, was educated at
Trinity College, Cambridge, where he
graduated B.A. in 1836, as eighteenth
Wrangler. He was ordained deacon
in 1837, and priest in 1838. After
serving for four years as curate of
the large suburban parish of Christ
Church, Blackfriars, he was invited
to undertake the management of the
Philanthropic Society's Reformatory
Schools, then in St. George's-fields,
now established at Redhill, near
Reigate, Surrey. In Jan., 1857, Mr.
Turner was appointed to the office of
Inspector of Reformatory and In-
dustrial Schools in Great Britain, in
which capacity he had the super-
vision for nearly nineteen years of
the important work which these insti-
tutions have done for the repression
and prevention of juvenile crime.
He was collated to the rectory of
Hempstead, near Gloucester, in 1867 ;
and appointed by the Crown, in Dec.,
1875, to the deanery of Ripon, vacant
by the resignation of Dr. McNeile.
He resigned the deanery, in conse-
quence of ill-health at the commence-
ment of March, 1876. Mr. Turner is
the author of "Mettray," 1846, and
of a pamphlet on Reformatory
Schools, in the form of a letter
addressed to the Right Hon. C. B.
Adderley, M.P., in 1855.
|
TÜRR, GEN. STEPHEN, born at
Baja, in Hungary, in 1825, became a
lieutenant in the Austrian army in
1848. His regiment was stationed in
Italy, and his rooted dislike of the
House of Hapsburg inspired him with
a strong sympathy for the Italian
cause. The Revolutionary Govern-
ment of Hungary having called upon
all Hungarians serving under the
Austrian flag in Italy to desert to the
Piedmontese, he went over to the
latter from Buffalora, in Jan., 1849,
and was appointed Colonel of the
Hungarian Legion in the Sardinian
service. After the disaster of Novara,
the greater part of the Hungarian
Legion followed their colonel into
Baden, where a revolutionary move-
ment had taken place, and throughout
the struggle Colonel Türr commanded
not only the remnant of his legion,
TWISS.
|
but also three Baden battalions.
After the insurrection had been put
down, the Hungarians took refuge in
Switzerland, and the Federal Govern-
ment aided many of them to start for
the United States, but Colonel Türr
being too ill to go, lived for four
years on a small pension granted to
him by the Sardinian Government.
On the outbreak of the Russian war,
he vainly endeavoured to serve under
Omer Pasha, but succeeded in taking
part as a volunteer in several of the
battles in the Crimea, especially in
that of the Tchernaya, and received
a commission from Colonel McMurdo,
the officer in command of the British
transport service. While engaged in
the performance of his duty and in
connection with this employment in
the autumn of 1855, he was arrested
at Bucharest by the Austrians as a
deserter, and sent under escort to
Cronstadt to be tried there. His
illegal arrest caused great excitement
throughout Europe, and was protested
against by the British and French
Governments. After a long incarcer-
ation he was tried by court-martial,
and sentenced to death; which sen-
tence was, however (owing to the
urgent remonstrance of the British
Government), commuted to perpetual
banishment. In the Italian war in
1859, he was appointed a member of
Garibaldi's staff, with the rank of
colonel, and was always at the
general's side during this campaign
until he was seriously wounded in
the left arm at Brescia. In the
spring of 1860, when Garibaldi
planned his Sicilian expedition,
Colonel Türr again served under him
in the capacity of aide-de-camp, and
before Palermo was promoted to the
rank of general of division. The
brilliant part he played in the War
of Liberation was acknowledged by
the Government of Victor Emmanuel,
who promoted him to the rank of
general of division in the army of
Italy in 1861, and confided to him
the military command of the town
and province of Naples. He married
the Princess Adeline Wyse Bonaparte,
•
975
a cousin of Napoleon III., Sept. 10,
1861, and took up his residence at
Pallanza. Since his marriage he has
made two journeys to Roumania,
with a view of creating difficulties
for Austria in the east of Europe.
These political journeys were, how-
ever, thought to be compromising to
the Italian Government, and, accord-
ingly, Colonel Türr resigned his com-
mission in 1864. He is the author of
"Arrestation, Procès, et Condamna-
tion du Général Türr, 1863; and
also of "The House of Austria and
Hungary," 1865.
""
TUSCANY, EX-GRAND-DUke of.
(See FERDINAND IV.)
TWISS, SIR TRAVERS, D.C.L.,
F.R.S., son of the late Rev. Robert
Twiss, LL.D., of Pembroke College,
Cambridge, and Trevallyn, Denbigh-
shire, born in Westminster about
1810, was educated at University
College, Oxford, where he graduated
in high honours in 1830, and became
Fellow and Tutor of his college.
From 1835 till 1839 he was one of
the Public Examiners at Oxford in
Classics and Mathematics; from 1842
till 1847, Professor of Political Eco-
nomy in the University of Oxford;
from 1852 till 1855, Professor of
International Law in King's College,
London, which office he resigned
upon being appointed Regius Pro-
fessor of Civil Law in the University
of Oxford. In 1840 he was called to
the bar at Lincoln's Inn, and was
admitted an Advocate in Doctors'
Commons. In 1849 he was appointed
Commissary-General of the City and
Diocese of Canterbury, in 1852 Vicar-
General of the Archbishop of Canter-
bury, and in 1858, on the advancement
of the Right Hon. Dr. Lushington to
the office of Judge of the Court of
Appeal of his Province, was appointed
Chancellor of the Diocese of London.
On the transfer of the testamentary
and matrimonial jurisdiction from
the ecclesiastical to the civil courts,
Dr. Twiss was created a Queen's
Counsel, was elected a Bencher of
Lincoln's Inn, became Advocate-
General in Aug., and was knighted
|
976
TYLOR-TYNDALL.
in Nov., 1867. He has written various |
works; amongst which may be men-
tioned "Epitome of Niebuhr's His-
tory of Rome," 1837; "The Oregon
Question examined with respect to
Facts and the Law of Nations," 1846;
"View of the Progress of Political
Economy in Europe since the 16th
Century," 1847; "The Relation of
the Duchies of Schleswig and Hol-
stein to the Crown of Denmark and
the Germanic Confederation," 1848;
"The Letters Apostolic of Pope Pius
IX., considered with reference to the
Law of England and the Law of
Europe," 1851; "Lectures on the
Science of International Law," 1856;
"The Law of Nations, considered as
Independent Political Communities,"
1861, 2nd ed., 1875; "Law of Nations
in Times of War," 1863; "The Black
Book of the Admiralty," 1874. In
1872, a legal investigation of an ex-
tremely painful nature, involving
serious imputations on the character
of Lady Twiss, led Sir Travers Twiss
to throw up all his appointments.
M
TYLOR, EDWARD BURNETT,
F.R. S., was born at Camberwell, Oct.
2, 1832, and educated at the school of
the Society of Friends, Grove House,
Tottenham. He was elected Fellow
of the Royal Society in 1871; and
received the honorary degree of
LL.D., from the University of St.
Andrews in 1873. Mr. Tylor is the
author of "Anahuacs, or Mexico and
the Mexicans," 1861; "Researches
into the History of Mankind," 1865;
and "Primitive Culture: Researches
into the Development of Mythology,
Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Cus-
tom," 2 vols, 1871.
TYNDALL, JOHN, LL.D., F.R.S.,
was born about 1820, in the village
of Leighlin-bridge, near Carlow, in
Ireland. His parents were in very
humble circumstances, but they gave
him the best education in their power,
and sent him to a school where he
acquired a sound knowledge of ma-
thematics. At the age of nineteen
he joined in the capacity of "civil
assistant a division of the Ordnance
Survey which was stationed in his
""
native town. In 1844 he was engaged
by a firm in Manchester, and for
about three years he was employed
in engineering operations in connec-
tion with railways. In 1847 he
accepted an appointment as teacher
in Queenwood College, in Hamp-
shire, a new institution, devoted
partly to a junior school and partly
to the preliminary technical educa-
tion of agriculturists and engineers.
Here he became acquainted with Mr.
(now Dr.) Frankland, who was resi-
dent chemist to the College, and here
he commenced those original investi-
gations which have placed him in
the foremost rank among the ex-
plorers of science. In 1848 the two
friends quitted England together and
repaired to the University of Mar-
burg, in Hesse-Cassel, where they
studied under Bunsen and other emi-
nent professors. Afterwards Mr.
Tyndall prosecuted his researches in
the laboratory of Magnus, at Berlin.
He conducted investigations on the
phenomena of diamagnetism, and on
the polarity of the diamagnetic force,
including researches on the magneto-
optic properties of crystals, and the
relation of magnetism and diamag-
netism to molecular arrangement. He
has recently published a volume on
these subjects. In 1853, having been
previously elected a Fellow of the
Royal Society, he was chosen Pro-
fessor of Natural Philosophy in the
Royal Institution of Great Britain,
and succeeded the celebrated Faraday
as Superintendent. The publication of
an essay on the clearage of slate rocks
was the proximate cause of his join-
ing his friend Professor Huxley in a
visit to the glaciers of Switzerland in
1856; and they afterwards published
a joint paper on the structure and
motion of glaciers. He returned to
Switzerland in 1857, 1858, and 1859,
and pursued his investigations, reach-
ing Chamouni on Christmas night,
1859, through deep snow, and two
days afterwards succeeded in attain-
ing the Montanvert, where he re-
mained nearly three days, for the
most part amid blinding snow, and
TYRELL-UHRICH.
977
determined the winter motion of the |
Mer de Glace. In 1859 he com-
menced his researches on Radiant
Heat, which have disclosed relations
previously unthought of between this
agent and the gaseous form of matter.
Numerous memoirs published in the
"Philosophical Transactions," are
devoted to this subject. In one of
them a ray-filter is described, by
means of which the luminous rays of
the sun, the electric light, and the
limelight are detached from the non-
luminous ones, combustion and vivid
incandescence being effected at foci
absolutely dark. Mr. Tyndal is a
Rumford Medallist of the Royal So-
ciety, and a member of various
foreign scientific societies; he was
made LL.D. of Cambridge in 1855,
and LL.D. of Edinburgh in 1866,
when Mr. Carlyle was installed Rector
of the University. In 1872 Professor
Tyndall went on a lecturing tour in
the United States; in the course of
it he delivered thirty-five lectures,
which returned him $23,100. After
paying expenses, a fund of over
$13,000 remained, and this, before
leaving for Europe, the Professor
placed in the hands of a committee,
who were authorized "to expend the
interest in aid of students who devote
themselves to original research." On
the occasion of his receiving the
honorary degree of D.C.L. from the
University of Oxford, June 18, 1873,
Dr. Heurtley, Margaret Professor of
Divinity, protested against the pro-
ceeding, on the ground that Professor
Tyndall "had signalized himself by
writing against and denying the cre-
dibility of miracles and the efficacy
of prayer, thus contravening the
whole tenour of that book, which,
with its open page, inscribed 'Domi-
nus Illuminatio mea,' the University
still bears as her device, and there-
fore still professes to acknowledge as
her guide." Professor Tyndall pre-
sided at the annual meeting of the
British Association held at Belfast,
in Aug., 1874. He accepted the
presidency of the Birmingham and
Midland Institute for the year 1877.
((
"" ،،
""
He has written "The Glaciers of the
Alps," 1860; "Mountaineering,"
1861; "A Vacation Tour," 1862 ;
"Heat considered as a Mode of
Motion," 1863; "On Radiation: the
'Rede' Lecture, May 16, 1865," pub-
lished in 1865; a volume on "Sound;"
Faraday as a Discoverer; Frag-
ments of Science;""Notes on Elec-
tricity," 1870; "Notes on Light,'
1871; "Hours of Exercise in the
Alps," 1871; "The Forms of Water
in Clouds and Rivers, Ice and Gla-
ciers," 1872; "Address delivered
before the British Association as-
sembled at Belfast, with Additions
and a Preface," 1874; and "Frag-
ments of Science: a Series of Detached
Essays, Addresses, and Reviews,” 5th
edit., 1876. He married, Feb. 29,
1876, Louisa Claud Hamilton, eldest
daughter of Lord and Lady Claud
Hamilton.
|
TYRRELL, THE RIGHT
RIGHT REV.
WILLIAM, D.D., formerly Bishop of
Newcastle (Australia), son of a former
remembrancer of the city of London,
by a daughter of Dollond, the cele-
brated optician, born in 1807, was
educated at the Charterhouse and St.
John's College, Cambridge, where he
gained a scholarship, and graduated
as fourth Senior Optime. Having
held some parochial preferments in
England, he was, on the division of
the bishopric of Australasia in 1847,
appointed first bishop of Newcastle.
He resigned his see at the close of
the year 1878.
· U.
UHRICH, JOSEPH ALEXIS, a
French general of German extraction,
born at Pfalsburg, Feb. 15, 1802, was
educated at the Military College of St.
Cyr, whence he passed as Sub-Lieu-
tenant into the 3rd Light Infantry.
In this capacity he shared in the cam-
paign of 1823 in Spain. In Sept.,
1831, he became a Captain, and was
transferred to the African army, and
remained in that country for some
twenty years. In 1841 he became
3 R
978
ULBACH-ULLATHORNE.
Major, and in 1848 Colonel of the
3rd Regiment, and on Jan. 3, 1852,
attained the rank of Brigadier-
General. In this capacity he com-
manded in the Crimean War with
great distinction, and was during
the campaign promoted to be a
General of Division. He also received
several Orders. During the Italian
campaign of 1859, he commanded an
infantry division, and was in 1862
named a Grand Officer of the Legion
of Honour. In 1867 he was transferred
to the Army Reserve, or, in other
words, pensioned. At the outbreak of
the war between France and Prussia
in 1870, he resumed active service, un-
dertaking the command of a division
of the Alsace and Lorraine troops.
After the battle of Wörth, he became
Commandant of Strasburg, a by no
means enviable post, that fortress not
being properly provided with either
arms or provisions. He nevertheless
bravely defended it for seven long
weeks of merciless bombardment,
winning the sincere admiration even
of his enemies. Subsequently his
bombardment of the open town of
Kehl has been allowed by Prussian
military critics to have been under
the circumstances a military neces-
sity. No French general has more
thoroughly inspired respect in the
German mind than Uhrich, the
calumniated commandant of Stras-
burg. The report, made in May,
1872, by the committee appointed to
report on the capitulations during
the late war blamed General Uhrich,
the Commandant of Strasburg, on all
points, and severely censured him
for separating the officers from the
men, and making special conditions
for the former and himself, profiting
thereby, and also for going to Tours
under a specious pretext, instead of
sharing the lot of his soldiers.
ULBACH, LOUIS, author, born at
Troyes, March 7, 1822, finished his
education in Paris, where, in 1840,
he carried off the first prize at the
general competition. His first produc-
tion, "Gloriana," a volume of poems,
appeared in 1844, and a series of
political letters, written for the Pro-
pagateur de l'Aube, under the signa-
ture "Jacques Souffrant, workman,"
one of his earliest works, had an im-
mense success, but exposed him to a
government prosecution. The elo-
quence of M. Jules Favre saved him
from unpleasant consequences. After
the coup d'état he joined the literary
staff of the Revue de Paris, and in
1853 assumed the direction of that
journal, which was suppressed in
1858. Among the papers he was
subsequently connected with was the
Temps, to which he contributed the
dramatic feuilleton, and Figaro, in
whose columns he published, under
the nom de plume of "Ferragus," a
series of letters that gained for him
great notoriety as a satirical writer.
In 1868 he started La Cloche, which
on its first appearance was a weekly
pamphlet, though in Dec., 1869, it
became a daily newspaper, and one of
the leading organs of the radical op-
position. Tried before the third Coun-
cil of War, on a charge of having been
favourable to the Commune, he was
condemned to three years' imprison-
ment and to pay a fine of 6000 francs,
but on appeal to the fourth Council
the sentence was reduced to three
months' imprisonment and a fine of
3000 francs (Jan., 1872). In Dec.,
1872, M. Ulbach sold La Cloche,
which changed its named and soon
disappeared. For some time past he
has contributed a weekly Paris letter
to the Indépendance Belgc. M.
Ulbach has written various novels,
many of which have become very
popular in France and on the Conti-
nent, and some dramas. His reputa-
tion for skill and style as a literary
critic stands very high.
He was
nominated a Chevalier of the Legion
of Honour Feb. 7, 1877.
ULLATHORNE, THE RIGHT REV.
WILLIAM BERNARD, D.D., O.S.B., a
prelate of the Roman Church, was
born at Pocklington, Yorkshire, May
7, 1806, and educated at St. Gregory's
College, Downside, near Bath. After
being admitted to the priesthood he
became a missionary to Australia in
UTTERTON-VAMBÉRY.
1832, and was appointed Vicar-Gene-
ral there, being well known for his
zealous labours among the convict
population. Father Ullathorne was
the first Catholic priest who visited
Norfolk Island, and he succeeded in
obtaining the appointment of a Catho-
lic bishop for the colony; was influen-
tial, through evidence given before a
Parliamentary Committee in 1838, in
putting a stop to transportation to the
penal settlements. Having returned
to England, he was stationed at Co-
ventry, where he built a large church
in the Gothic style. He was appointed
Vicar-Apostolic of the Western Dis.
trict, and consecrated Bishop of He-
talona, in partibus, June 21, 1846;
was transferred to the Central Dis-
trict July 28, 1848; and translated to
the see of Birmingham Sept. 29,
1850, on the restoration of the Roman
Catholic hierarchy, in obtaining
which he bore a prominent part.
Among his published works are a
Reply to Judge Burton," 1836;
"Horrors of Transportation," and
"The Australian Mission," 1838;
"Pilgrimage to La Salette," 1854;
"The Immaculate Conception," 1854;
Pilgrimage to the Monastery of
Subiaco and the Grotto of St. Bene-
dict," 1856; "Letters on the Asso-
ciation for Promoting the Union of
Christendom," 1865; "Lectures on
the Conventual Life," 1868; "Let-
ters on the Council and Papal In-
fallibility," 1870; "Mr. Gladstone's
Expostulation Unravelled," 1875;
"History of the Restoration of the
Catholic Hierarchy," 1875.
แ
UTTERTON, THE RIGHT REV.
JOHN SUTTON, D.D., son of Colonel
Utterton, born at Ipswich, Sept. 7,
1814, was educated at Oxford, became
a Scholar of Oriel College, and gra-
duated B.A. in 1836, taking a first-
class in classics, and being for two
years afterwards a most successful
private tutor, numbering Bishop
Waldegrave, Dr. Goulburn, Dr. J. S.
Hodson, and many other distinguished
men among his pupils. He was ap-
pointed Perpetual Curate of Holm-
wood, near Dorking, in 1838; Rector
979
;
of Calbourne, Isle of Wight, in 1851;
Vicar of Farnham, Surrey, in 1853
Archdeacon of Surrey, in 1859
Canon of Winchester, in 1860; and
was consecrated the first Bishop of
Guildford as Suffragan to the Bishop
of Winchester, March 15, 1874. He
was presented with an honorary D.D.
by the University of Oxford. The
Bishop of Guildford, as Archdeacon
of Surrey, was the founder of the
Surrey Church Association, in 1860,
of which the South London Fund is a
branch. He has devoted himself with
peculiar interest to the dense and
spiritually destitute population in
that locality, and has resigned the
important and valuable living of
Farnham (after holding it for twenty-
one years) that he may give himself
up more entirely to episcopal duties
in South London. During his in-
cumbency at Farnham, the Bishop
has raised and expended £21,000 in
the erection and improvement of
churches, schools, &c., in the parish.
He is the editor of a volume of Paro-
chial Sermons written by various
distinguished authors, and has also
published several charges, sermons,
and different treatises, especially on
the ministry.
V.
·
|
VAMBÉRY, ARMINIUS, born in
Hungary, in 1832, was at an early
age expelled by the Austrian autho-
rities from Pesth, where he was en-
gaged in teaching languages. He
took up his residence at Constanti-
nople, visited many parts of the East,
and travelled in the disguise of a
dervish, by routes unknown to Euro-
peans, through the deserts of the Oxus
to Khiva, and thence by Bokhara to
Samarcand, in 1861-4. His "Travels
and Adventures in Central Asia" ap-
peared in London in 1864. He has
been appointed Professor of Oriental
Languages at the University of Pesth.
His more recent works are an account
of his "Wanderings and Adventures
in Persia," 1867; "Sketches of
3 R 2
980
Central Asia," 1868; "History of
Bokhara from the Earliest Period
down to the Present," 1873; and
"Central Asia and the Anglo-Russian
Frontier Question," 1874.
VAPEREAU-VAUGHAN.
VAPEREAU, LOUIS GUSTAVE, au-
thor, born at Orleans, April 4, 1819,
studied at the seminary and college of
his native city, and, in 1838, carried
off, at a competition between all the
colleges of France, the prize for Philo-
sophy, established by M. de Salvandy.
Admitted into the Normal School, he
applied himself to various studies,
with a special view to teaching philo-
sophy. On quitting this establish-
ment he remained a year in Paris, and
in 1842 became Private Secretary to
M. Victor Cousin, whom he assisted in
his "Pensées de Pascal." He presided
over a class on Philosophy at the Col-
lege of Tours in 1843, and defended
philosophy, violently attacked in a
treatise entitled "Du Caractère Li-
béral, Morale, et Religieux de la Philo-
sophie Moderne," published in 1844.
Though his course of lectures was
frequently denounced, he retained his
professional chair for ten years, and,
in addition, presided over the German
course at the same college for five
years, and commenced the study of
law. In consequence of the restric-
tions with which the teaching of
philosophy was fettered, in 1852, M.
Vapereau repaired to Paris, completed
his law studies, and became avocat in
1854. About this time Messrs. Ha-
chette intrusted to him the direc-
tion of the "Dictionnaire des Con-
temporains," which occupied his
whole attention for four years, the
first edition appearing in 1858. M.
Vapereau continued to labour at this
great undertaking, and the "Supple-
ment was published in 1859; a new
edition of the work, revised and con-
siderably augmented, in 1861, the
Supplement" to the new edition in
1863, the third edition, in a great
measure rewritten, in 1865, and the
fourth edition in 1870. Since 1859,
M. Vapereau has issued yearly
"L'Année Littéraire et Dramatique,'
an annual review of the principal
|
"(
**
**
productions of French literature, and
the tenth volume contains a general
table of the ten previous years. M.
Vapereau subsequently brought out
another important work, a "Diction-
naire Universel des Littératures." He
was nominated Prefect of the Cantal
by the Government of the National
Defence in Sept., 1870.
VAUGHAN, THE REV. CHARLES
JOHN, D.D., son of the late Rev. E. T.
Vaughan, Vicar of St. Martin's, Lei-
cester, born in 1816, was educated
at Rugby and at Trinity College,
Cambridge, where he closed a bril-
liant career by taking his B.A. degree
in 1838 as Senior Classic and Chan-
cellor's Medallist, being bracketed
with Lord Lyttelton. He was elected
to a Fellowship at Trinity College in
1839, and having held the living
of St. Martin's, Leicester, for three
years, became Head Master of Har-
row School in 1844; held that post
till the close of 1859, when he re-
signed, having had the satisfaction of
seeing the school raised under his
mastership from a comparatively low
ebb to great prosperity, if numbers
be a test of success. Early in 1860
he was offered, but refused, the
Bishopric of Rochester, and shortly
afterwards was appointed to the
Vicarage of Doncaster, which he held
until 1869, when he was appointed
to the Mastership of the Temple. Dr.
Vaughan has published "Last Words
in the Parish Church of Doncaster,"
1869; "Half-Hours in the Temple
Church," 1871; and "The Solidity of
True Religion, and other Sermons,
preached in London during the
General Election and Mission Week,
1874."
VAUGHAN, THE RIGHT REV.
HERBERT, D.D., Bishop of Salford,
eldest son of Lieut.-Col. Vaughan of
Courtfield, Herefordshire, born at
Gloucester, April 15, 1832, received
his education at Stonyhurst College,
Lancashire, on the Continent, and in
Rome. He founded and is still Presi-
dent-General of St. Joseph's Foreign
Missionary College (Catholic), Mill
Hill, Middlesex, and towards the
VAUGHAN-VAUX.
close of the year 1871 accompanied to
Maryland the first detachment of
priests who were sent from that in-
stitution on a special mission to the
coloured population of the United
States. Ôn the death of the late
Bishop Turner, he was elected Bishop
of Salford, and consecrated in his
Cathedral by the present Cardinal
Archbishop of Westminster, Oct. 28,
1872. Since that time a series of
well-written pastoral letters has is-
sued from his pen, addressed to the
members of his flock, and notably his
' Submission to a Divine Teacher,"
being an able answer to Mr. Glad-
stone's Expostulation." Bishop
Vaughan, who has acquired a con-
siderable reputation as a preacher,
has published several pamphlets and
is the proprietor of two newspapers,
the Tablet and Catholic Opinion.
CC
VAUGHAN, THE MOST REV.
ROGER BEDE, D.D., O.S.B., Arch-
bishop of Sydney, second son of
Lieut.-Col. Vaughan, and brother of
the Bishop of Salford, born Jan.
9, 1834, at Courtfield, near Ross,
Herefordshire, was educated at Down-
side College, near Bath, and at
Rome. He became a Clerk Regular
of the Benedictine Order, was ap-
pointed Professor of Mental Philo-
sophy at the Benedictine Gymnasium
of St. Michael, near Belmont, Here-
ford, in 1861; and the year after
was appointed Principal of the same
Priory of St. Michael, under the title
of Cathedral Prior of Newport and
Menevia. Having been nominated
by the Pope Coadjutor Archbishop of
Sydney, Australia, with the title of
Archbishop of Nazianzus, i.p.i., he
was consecrated by the present Car-
dinal Archbishop of Westminster in
the church of Saint Vincent de Paul,
Liverpool, Mar. 19, 1873. He suc-
ceeded to the Archbishopric of Syd-
ney March 16, 1877, on the death
of Archbishop Polding. Archbishop
Vaughan, who is an eloquent and
powerful preacher, has acquired a
high literary reputation by his "Life
and Labours of S. Thomas of Aquin,"
2 vols., 1871-2. He has also published
981
"Views on Catholic Education ;"
"Ecclesia Christi: Words spoken at
the opening of the second session of
the Fourth Provincial Council of
Westminster," 1873; "Higher Edu-
cation," 1874; "Oration on O'Con-
nell," delivered on the occasion of the
Centenary, 1875; "Advent Confer-
ences," 1876; "Hidden Springs: or
Perils of the Future and how to meet
them," 1876; "Lenten Exercises,'
1877; "Pius IX. and the Revolution,"
1877. He has contributed to various
Catholic periodicals.
""
VAUGHAN, THE RIGHT REV.
WILLIAM, D.D., a prelate of the
Roman Church, born in London,
Feb. 14, 1814, was consecrated Bishop
of Plymouth, Sep. 16, 1855.
VAUX,WILLIAM SANDYS WRIGHT,
M.A., F.R.S., son of the late Rev.
W. Vaux, B.D., Prebendary of Win-
chester and Vicar of Romsey, Hants,
born in 1818, was educated at West-
minster School and Balliol College,
Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in
1840. He was employed in the de-
partment of Antiquities in the British
Museum in 1841, and, rising gradu-
ally, was appointed to the Keeper-
ship of the department of Coins and
Medals in Jan., 1861. This office he
resigned Oct., 1870, from ill-health.
He has written "Nineveh and Perse-
polis," an historical sketch of Ancient
Assyria and Persia, with an Account
of the recent researches in those
countries, a work which has gone
through four editions, and has been
translated into German; a "Hand-
book to the Antiquities in the British
Museum," published in 1851; edited
"The World encompassed by Sir F.
Drake," for the Hakluyt Society; and
in 1863 edited and deciphered, for the
Trustees of the British Museum, a
collection of ninety Phoenician in-
scriptions recently found at Carthage.
In 1875 he wrote for the Society for
Promoting Christian Knowledge, in
the series called "Ancient History
from the Monuments," "Persia, from
the Earliest Period to the Arab
Conquest; in 1877, for the same
society and series, "Greek Cities and
""
982
VEITCH-VERDI.
(6
Islands of Asia Minor;" and, in 1876,
a Catalogue of the Castellani Col-
lection of Antiquities in the Univer-
sity Galleries at Oxford." He has
also contributed many papers to the
Transactions of the Royal Society of
Literature, of the Numismatic So-
ciety, and of the New Zealand In-
stitute. From 1871 to 1876 he was
engaged on a Catalogue of the Coins
in the Bodleian Library, for the Uni-
versity of Oxford, and is, at the
present time, Secretary to the Royal
Society of Literature, and to the
Royal Asiatic Society.
VEITCH, JOHN, M.A., born at
Peebles, N.B., Oct. 24, 1829, received
his early education at the Grammar
School, and in 1845 entered the Uni-
versity of Edinburgh, where he gained
honours, especially in logic and moral
philosophy. In 1850 he published a
translation of the "Discourse on
Method," of Descartes, with an in-
troductory essay on the nature of the
Cartesian philosophy, and in 1853 a
translation of the "Meditations," and
selections from the "Principles of
Philosophy," of Descartes, with notes.
In 1855-6 he acted as assistant to the
late Sir W. Hamilton, Professor of
Logic and Metaphysics in the Uni-
versity of Edinburgh, and to his suc-
cessor, Professor Fraser, until 1860,
when he was appointed to the Pro-
fessorship of Logic, Metaphysics, and
Rhetoric in the University of St.
Andrews. Professor Veitch, who in
1857 was presented with the honorary
degree of M.A. by the University of
Edinburgh, acted as joint editor with
Professor Mansel of Oxford, in super-
intending the publication of the "Lec-
tures on Metaphysics and Logic of
Sir W. Hamilton, Bart.," published in
1859-60. He wrote the "Memoir of
Dugald Stewart," in connection with
the new edition of his collected
works, upon which Sir W. Hamilton
was employed at the time of his
death, after which this publication |
was superintended by Professor
Veitch, at the request of the Stewart
trustees. In 1864 Mr. Veitch was
appointed to the Professorship of
a
Logic and Rhetoric in the University
of Glasgow. He has recently written
"Memoir of Sir W. Hamilton,"
1869. In 1872 he received the
honorary degree of LL.D. from the
University of Edinburgh. He is the
author of "The Tweed and other
Poems," 1875; "Lucretius and the
Atomic Theory," 1875; and "The
History and Poetry of the Scottish
Border," 1877.
""
VERDI, GIUSEPPE, composer, son
of an innkeeper,, born at Rancola, in
the duchy of Parma, Oct. 9, 1814,
received his first lessons from an
organist in Milan, where he resided
from 1833 till 1836; studied dilligently
under Lavinga, and in 1839 published
his earliest work, a musical drama,
entitled "Oberto di San Bonifazio."
His principal compositions are serious
operas, and the "Lombardi," one of
his first productions, made a strong
impression throughout Italy, and laid
the foundation of his fame. His
best known operas are "Nabucodo-
nosor," "Ernani" (founded on Victor
Hugo's tragedy), the "Due Foscari,
Attila,' Macbeth," the "Masna-
dieri" (founded on the "Robbers
of Schiller), "Louisa Miller," "Ri-
goletto," the "Trovatore," "La Tra-
viata,' "Un Ballo in Maschera"
(performed in London in 1861), and
"Don Carlos" (performed at the
Royal Italian Opera, Covent Garden,
in 1867). The "Masnadieri," written
for Her Majesty's Theatre, and pro-
duced in 1847, with Jenny Lind as
heroine, proved a failure in London,
though it has since been successful in
Italy. The "Trovatore" and "La
Traviata have had great success,
not only in Italy, but in Germany,
France, and England. Signor Verdi's
more recent operas are "Giovanno
d'Arco," in 1868; "La Forza del
Destino," in 1869; and "Aïda,”
performed at the Scala, Milan, in
1872. His celebrated "Requiem
Mass," composed in honour of his
great countryman Manzoni, was
first performed in the Church of
San Marco at Milan, May 23, 1874.
He was elected a member of the
""
""
""
""
VERDON.
Italian Parliament in 1861, and in
1871 he went to Florence in order to
assume the post offered him by the
Italian Minister of Public Instruc-
tion, for the improvement and reor-
ganization of the Italian Musical
Institute. M. Verdi, who is a mem-
ber of the Legion of Honour, was
elected corresponding member of the
Académie des Beaux Arts, Dec. 10,
1859; was made Grand Cross of the
Russian order of St. Stanislaus in
1862; Foreign Associate of the Aca-
démie des Beaux Arts, June 15, 1864;
and Grand Officer of the Order of
the Crown of Italy in 1872, in which
year the Viceroy of Egypt conferred
on him the Order of Osmani. King
Victor Emmanuel by a decree dated
Nov. 22, 1874, created Signor Verdi
an Italian Senator. In May, 1875, he
was nominated a Commander of the
Legion of Honour and the Italian
Minister at Paris was charged to
present him with the insignia of the
order, accompanied by a flattering
letter from the Duc Decazes. In the
same year he was decorated with
the Cross of Commander and Star of
the Austrian Order of Franz-Joseph.
Signor Verdi has just completed
(1878) a new opera in 5 acts, entitled
"Montezuma," which is to be given
for the first time at La Scala, Milan.
VERDON, SIR GEORGE FREDERIC,
K.C.M.G., C.B., F.R.S., eldest son of
the Rev. Edward Verdon, B.A. per-
petual curate of St. Anne's, Totting-
ton, Bury, Lancashire, born Jan. 21,
1834, and educated at Rossall College,
went to Melbourne in Sept., 1851,
and engaged in commercial pursuits.
He afterwards studied law, and was
called to the bar at Melbourne in
1863, was elected to the Municipal
Council of Williamstown, and ap-
pointed Chairman of the Municipal
Conference held at Melbourne for
the consideration of the laws relating
to municipal institutions. He was
one of the first members of the Vo-
lunteer force established in 1854 for
the defence of the colony, and at the
head of his company was engaged in
suppressing an outbreak of convicts
983
in 1857. For this service he received
the thanks of the Government, and
was appointed a justice of the peace.
In 1858 he accepted the office of
honorary assistant in the Astronomi-
cal Observatory, and was engaged in
the commencement of the geodetic
and magnetic surveys of Victoria un-
der Mr. Ellery and Dr. Neumayer.
In 1859 he was elected member for
Williamstown, and in the following
year became a Minister of the Crown,
having been appointed treasurer,
which office he held with little inter-
ruption until 1868. Having carried
a resolution in the Legislative As-
sembly for the appointment of a
Board of Visitors to the Observatory,
he was invited by the Government to
act as honorary secretary, Sir Henry
Barkly, the then governor, being
president. In this position, and as a
member of the Government, he was
enabled to secure the satisfactory es-
tablishment of the Observatory on a
permanent footing, and to aid in the
acquisition of a complete set of in-
struments, of which the Great Mel-
bourne Telescope forms part. In
1866 the Government and Legisla-
ture of Victoria resolved upon send-
ing a Minister of the Crown to
England for the purpose of bringing
the subject of the defence of the
colony before the Home Government,
and Mr. Verdon was selected for the
mission, in which he was completely
successful, having obtained a contri-
bution of £100,000 from the Imperial
Exchequer towards the cost of a
Monitor for the defence of Port
Philip, together with the line-of-
battle ship Nelson. He was enter-
tained at a banquet at Willis's Rooms,
and was made C.B. (civil division),
Nov. 23, 1866. Shortly after his re-
turn to Victoria, Mr. Verdon was
appointed the permanent represen-
tative of that colony in England as
agent-general, with the consent of
all political parties. Upon his de-
parture, he received presentations
and addresses from his Williams-
town constituents, and from the
local forces. He was elected F.R.S.
VERNE-VEUILLOT.
|
in 1870, and is an associate of the
Institute of Civil Engineers. He was
nominated a K.C.M.G. on the occa-
sion of his retiring from the office of
Agent-General for the Colony of Vic-
toria in 1872.
984
VERNE, JULES, a popular French
writer, born at Nantes, Feb. 8, 1828,
was educated in his native town,
and afterwards studied law in Paris.
Turning his attention to dramatic
literature, he wrote a comedy in
verse, entitled "Les Pailles Rom-
pues," which was performed at the
Gymnase in 1850. This was followed
by "Onze Jours de Siège," a three-
act comedy, brought out at the Vaude-
ville, and by several comic operas.
But his fame rests chiefly on his
scientific romances, the first of which
appeared in 1863, under the title of
"Cinq Semaines en Ballon." Its
success led the author to produce a
number of similar works, of which
the following have been translated
into English: "Five Weeks in a Bal-
loon; a Voyage of Exploration and
Discovery in Central Africa," 1870,
2nd edit., 1874; "A Journey to the
Centre of the Earth," 1872; "Twenty
Thousand Leagues under the Seas,"
1873; "Meridiana; the Adventures
of Three Englishmen and Three Rus-
sians in South Africa," 1873; "From
the Earth to the Moon direct in
Ninety-Seven Hours Twenty Minutes;
and a Trip Round it," 1873; "The
Fur Country; or Seventy Degrees
North Lattitude," 1874; "Around
the World in Eighty Days," 1874;
A Floating City, and the Blockade
Runners,"
‚""The English at the North
Pole,” “Dr. Ox's Experiment," 1874;
"Adventures of Captain Hatteras,"
"The Mysterious Island," "The Sur-
vivors of the Chancellor," 1875;
"Michael Strogoff, the Courier of the
Czar," 1876; "The Child of the
Cavern," "Hector Servadac, or the
Career of a Comet," 1877; "Dick
Sands, the Boy Captain," 1878.
66
VEUILLOT, LOUIS, author and
journalist, son of a cooper, born at
Boynes en Gatinais (Loiret), in 1813,
was sent to an humble school near
Paris, and at the age of thirteen en-
tered the office of a lawyer. He set
resolutely to work to instruct him-
self, and with such success as to be
able to gain a subsistence by his pen
at the age of nineteen, and he held
various appointments on the pro-
vincial press, where the stinging
vivacity of his style involved him in
several duels. Before going to Rome,
in 1838, he was, he avows, almost
devoid of faith, religious or political;
but he returned an altered man, and
in the Univers, which he was selected
to edit, became the uncompromising
champion of the Church, dealing
blows right and left in defence of
the papacy. In 1842 M. Veuillot
went to Africa as Secretary to Gen.
Bugeaud, and on his return entered
the Ministry of the Interior as Chief
Secretary. The Revolution of 1848
was at first hailed by him as a provi-
dential event, though he afterwards
took a different view. His polemics
in the Univers, of which he again
became editor in 1848, were so vio-
lent, that he incurred the censure of
the Archbishop of Paris, and in 1853
the Bishop of Orleans expressly for-
bade his clergy to read that journal.
He is sincere in his opinions, and
writes with great precision, but his
style is often disfigured by offen-
sive personality. The Univers, after
having been thrice warned by the
Government, ceased to appear in
Jan., 1860, and was replaced by the
Monde, which was written in a more
placable spirit. In April, 1867, the
Univer's was revived, and from that
time to the present it has been the
leading representative in the press
of
the advanced section of French Ca-
tholics. M. Veuillot has composed
novels, polemical pieces, and hymns,
a large collection of articles under
the title of "Mélanges Religieux,
Historiques, et Littéraires," published
in 1857-9, and “Jésus-Christ," 1875, a
beautifully illustrated work on the
life of our Saviour. Perhaps the
most brilliant productions of his pen
are "Le Parfum de Rome," and "Les
Odeurs de Paris," published respec-
|
VEZIN.
tively in 1865 and 1866. A collection
of the most striking passages in his
works was published in 1868 by the
Abbé Charbonnell, under the title of
"Pensées de M. Louis Veuillot."
""
VEZIN, HERMANN, actor, born in
Philadelphia, U.S., of German parents,
his father being a distinguished mer-
chant of that city. He was intended
for the legal profession, and took the
degrees of B.A. and M.A. at the
University of Pennsylvania. Having
a passion for the stage, he came to
England, and obtained, through the
kindness of Mr. Charles Kean, an
engagement in the Theatre Royal,
York. He made his London début
at the Princess's Theatre under Mr.
Charles Kean's management; and two
years later he "starred" through the
provinces. Having visited America
professionally in 1857, he returned
to England a year later, and after a
few provincial engagements, ap-
peared at the Surrey Theatre, Lon-
don (1859), in Hamlet, Macbeth,
Othello, Shylock, King John, and
Louis XI. During Mr. Phelps's
management of Sadler's Wells (1860),
Mr. Vezin appeared in Orlando, Marc
Antony, Romeo, and Cassio. In 1863
he married Mrs. Charles Young, and
Mr. Vezin and his wife "starred
through the provinces. In 1864 they
produced Westland Marston's comedy
of "Donna Diana," at the Princess's
Theatre, London. Two years later
Mr. Vezin made a great success in
"Dr. Davey.”___ In 1860 he appeared
as James Harebell, in Mr. W.
G. Wills's drama of "The Man
o' Airlie;
in 1868 as Sir Grey
de Malpas in "The Rightful Heir;
in 1869 as Murdock in "Life for
Life ;
and in 1870 he alternated
Othello and Iago with Mr. Phelps.
Later he produced Mr. W. G. Wills's
romantic drama Hinko," at the
Queen's Theatre. In 1873 Mr. Vezin
played with Phelps, Toole, and Ma-
thews, at the Gaiety Theatre, and in
Feb., 1875, he won great applause by
his impersonation of the melancholy
Jacques in "As You Like It,"
at the Opera Comique. His next
""
:>
""
""
|
(
Shaksperian essay was in Benedict,
at the Gaiety Theatre. At Drury
Lane (Feb. 4, 1876) he played Mac-
beth for the benefit of the Philadel-
phia Centennial, and won a genuine
success. On the production at the
Crystal Palace (June 13, 1876) of
Sophocles' Edipus Colonos," the
title part was assigned to Mr. Vezin,
who gained distinction by the per-
formances. On Sept. 11, 1876, he
made his first appearance at the
Haymarket, in Mr. W. S. Gilbert's
drama of "Dan'l Druce." After
acting Dan'l Druce 106 times, he
created the character of De Taldé in
an English adaptation of
"The
Danicheffs," produced at the St.
James's Theatre, Jan. 6, 1877. In
April he appeared at the same
theatre in Sir Giles Overreach. After
playing Dan'l Druce in the provinces
Mr. Vezin returned to London, and
created the part of Schelm in "Rus-
sia,” an adaptation of "Les Exilées,"
produced at the Queen's Theatre,
Oct. 27, 1877. Subsequently he re-
presented the Duke of Alva in
"Fatherland," a version of Sardou's
"Patrie
and on March 2, 1878,
there was a revival of "Othello,” in
which Mr. Vezin's Iago was in all
respects masterly. On March 30,
1878, he first played, at the Court
Theatre, Dr. Primrose in Mr. W. G.
Wills's drama of "Olivia," founded on
the "Vicar of Wakefield.”
985
""
VEZIN, MRS. HERMANN, an ac-
tress, née Jane Thomson, formerly
known as Mrs. Charles Young, is the
second daughter of the late Mr. George
Thomson, a merchant of Liverpool,
her mother being a daughter of Mr.
James Cook, who for thirty years
was a bass singer at Drury Lane
Theatre. She left England with her
parents when quite an infant for
Australia, and in childhood evinced
many qualities for the stage, which
her mother, through reverse of for-
tune, had been compelled to adopt a
second time. At the age of eight
she was engaged, with her mother,
at the Theatre Royal, Sydney, where
she played juvenile characters. Be-
986
VIARDOT-GARCIA.
|
""
fore reaching the age of eleven she
lost her father, and soon afterwards
she accompanied her mother to Ho-
bart Town, where she made her first
appearance as a dancer with immense
success. Subsequently she performed
at Launceston and Melbourne, and
became one of the greatest favourites
on the Australian stage. Coming to
England, she made her début at Sad-
ler's Wells Theatre, Sept. 15, 1857,
as Julia in "The Hunchback," and
was highly applauded. During the
season at Sadler's Wells, she played
several of Shakespere's heroines-
Rosalind, Juliet, Portia, &c. She next
appeared at the Haymarket, where
she made an equally favourable im-
pression, as Rosalind, in "As You
Like it Julia, in "The Hunch-
back;" Viola, in "Twelfth Night;
Beatrice, in "Much Ado About No-
thing," &c. From the Haymarket
she transferred her services to the
Lyceum, and from that time to the
present she has held the position of
leading actress at one or other of the
theatres devoted to legitimate drama.
In Feb. 1863, she was married to
Mr. Hermann Vezin, and the follow-
ing year they acted together at the
Princess's in a comedy written ex-
pressly for them by Mr. Westland
Marston, entitled "Donna Diana,"
the success of which must be attri-
buted in no small degree to Mrs.
Vezin's clever acting. In 1865 she
migrated to Drury Lane, where she
remained for four seasons, and during
that time her greatest successes were
as Mrs. Oakley in Colman's comedy
of "The Jealous Wife," as Constance
in the tragedy of "King John," and
as Margaret in "Faust." From Drury
Lane Mrs. Vezin went to the Lyceum
to act in Lord Lytton's new play of
"The Rightful Heir," which was
duced Aug. 3, 1868. Subsequently
she appeared at the Queen's, win-
ning the most favourable opinions as
Marie in "Plot and Passion; "at the
Holborn, where she achieved fresh
success as Clara Douglas in "Money,
and Lady Teazle in the "School for
Scandal;" at the St. James's, where
·
99
•
she further added to her reputation
by her admirable representation of
Clotilda in "Fernande," Oct., 1871 ;
and more recently at the Charing
Cross Theatre.
VIARDOT-GARCIA, MADAME
MICHELLE PAULINE, Vocalist, daugh-
ter of the great tenor, Emanuel Garcia,
and sister of the lamented Madame
Malibran, born in Paris, July 18, 1821,
at four years of age spoke four
languages, and at seven was able to
play the pianoforte accompaniments
for the pupils to whom her father
gave lessons. After sharing the family
migrations, first to England, and after-
wards to the United States, she re-
turned with them to Europe in 1828,
and her education was continued at
Brussels. In consequence of her
manual facility on the piano, she be-
came one of Listz's most accomplished
pupils. Her father died in 1832, be-
fore her voice was formed, and her
sister being constantly absent on pro-
fessional tours, her studies, which
included various branches of the arts,
drawing and painting, as well as
music and singing, were directed by
her own tastes and the counsels of
her mother. She made her first
appearance in London at the Opera-
house in 1839, in the character of
Desdemona. Her voice, like that of
her sister, combined the twofold
register of soprano and contralto, em-
bracing a compass of three octaves.
At the close of the season she joined
the Italian operatic company, then
acting at the Odéon, in Paris, and was
equally successful. In April, 1840, she
was married to M. Louis Viardot, Di-
rector of the Paris Italian Opera, and
in 1841 reappeared in England, sing-
ing with Mario in Cimarosa's opera
"Gli Orazi e Curiazi." Her next en-
“Gli
pro-gagement was at Vienna; and Rubini,
on forming an operatic corps for
St. Petersburg, selected her for his
prima donna. She afterwards ap-
peared at Berlin, and when Jenny
Lind quitted the German Opera, Ma-
dame Viardot-Garcia proved herself
an able successor in the répertoire,
which she greatly extended.
|
|
11
VICTORIA-ALEXANDRINA.
987
|
name is associated with the first per-
formances of Les Huguenots," in
which she took the part of Valentine,
and of "Le Prophète," in which she
performed the part of Fides, an ex-
quisite impersonation. From the
catalogue of Madame Viardot's vocal
triumphs must not be omitted her
Spanish songs, second only in their
thrilling effect to that produced by
the national melodies of the great
Swedish songstress, Jenny Lind. For
some years Madame Viardot has
not accepted any engagements in
opera, though she has often appeared
at concerts, more particularly those
given for charitable purposes.
March 10, 1863, the Princess Alex-
andra of Denmark; 3. H.R.H. Prin-
cess Alice Maud Mary, born April 15,
1843, married July 1, 1862, to Prince
Louis of Hesse-Darmstadt (she died
Dec. 14, 1878); 4. H.R.H. Prince
Alfred Ernest Albert, born Aug. 6,
1844, created Duke of Edinburgh,
May 24, 1866, married Jan. 23,
1874, the Grand Duchess Marie
Alexandrovna,_only daughter of the
Emperor of Russia ; 5. H.R.H.
Princess Helena Augusta Victoria,
born May 26, 1846, married July 5,
1866, to Prince Christian of Schleswig
Holstein; 6. H.R.H. Princess Louise
Caroline Alberta, born March 18,
VICTORIA - ALEXANDRINA 1848, married to the Marquis of
(QUEEN OF GREAT BRITAIN AND Lorne, March 21, 1871; 7. H.R.H.
IRELAND, AND EMPRESS OF INDIA), Prince Arthur William Patrick Albert,
only child of the late Duke of Kent Duke of Connaught, born May 1,
and of the Princess Louisa-Victoria of 1850; 8. H.R.H. Prince Leopold
Saxe-Coburg (relict of the Hereditary George Duncan Albert, born April
Prince of Leiningen, and sister of 7, 1853; and 9. H.R. H. Princess
Leopold, Prince of Saxe-Coburg, Beatrice Mary Victoria Feodore, born
afterwards King of the Belgians), April 14, 1857. Her Majesty is the
was born at Kensington Palace, May pattern of a woman in all the relations
24, 1819; her parents, who had been of life, as a queen, as a daughter, as a
for some time residing abroad, hav-wife, and as a mother. The first do-
ing hastened to England, in order mestic grief which she suffered was
that their child might "be born a the loss of her mother, the Duchess
Briton." The Duke of Kent died of Kent, after a short illness, March
Jan. 23, 1820, and the general educa- 16, 1861, followed by the sudden
tion of the young Princess was di- death of the Prince Consort, to the
rected, under her mother's care, by great grief of the entire kingdom,
the Duchess of Northumberland, wife Dec. 14. Her Majesty's intense sor-
of the third Duke. Until within a few row for her irreparable loss, although
weeks of her elevation to the throne it has in a great degree disqualified
her life was spent in comparative | her from appearing in public, and at
retirement, varied by tours through court ceremonials, and has imposed
different parts of the United Kingdom. on her the habits of a life of compa-
Queen Victoria succeeded her uncle, rative seclusion, has, however, never
William IV., June 20, 1837, as Victoria been allowed by her to interfere with
I., and her coronation was celebrated the performance of her important
in Westminster Abbey, June 28, 1838. duties as a sovereign. Neither has it
Her Majesty was married, Feb. 10, checked the exercise of that anxious
1840, to his late Royal Highness interest which she has ever since her
Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg Gotha, accession to the crown steadfastly
by whom she had issue: 1. H.R.H. Vic- manifested for the social welfare of
toria Adelaide Mary Louisa, Princess her people; nor caused her to relax
Royal, born Nov. 21, 1840, married her efforts to encourage and reward
Jan. 25, 1858, to H.R.H. the Crown subjects distinguished for their talents
Prince Frederick William of Prussia; and merits; especially those whom
2. H.R.H. Albert Edward Prince of her late lamented consort loved to
Wales, born Nov. 9, 1841, married honour for the zealous co-operation
|
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Jaba
**
988
VIEIL-CASTEL.
with him in his high endeavours to
promote the advancement of under-
takings which have for their object
the moral, social, intellectual, and
artistic progress of the nation. It is
a source of great pride to her subjects,
and must doubtless tend in no small
degree to assuage her abiding grief,
that not only in her own vast domi-
nions, but throughout the civilized
world, her name is never mentioned
save in terms of sympathy, admira-
tion, affection, and respect, as a Chris-
tian woman and as a queen. It would
occupy much more space than our
limits admit to give even a brief out-
line of the political events of Her
Majesty's reign, and we can therefore
merely glance at its more prominent
features. On succeeding to the throne,
Her Majesty found the Whig and Con-
servative parties nearly evenly ba-
lanced in the House of Commons.
Lord Melbourne and his colleagues
continued to hold office until Sept.,
1841, when, owing to their increasing
unpopularity, arising mainly from a
want of financial ability, or at least of
financial success, they were obliged to
give place to the late Sir Robert Peel.
Although he was pledged to main-
tain the corn-laws, he found himself
compelled, in 1845, to acquiesce in
their repeal, which was carried into
effect at his instance in 1846. The
effect of this change in Sir Robert
Peel's policy caused a disruption in
the Conservative party, and led to the
accession to power of Lord John Rus-
sell, who was succeeded, in Jan. 1852,
by the Earl of Derby. In the following
Dec., the Conservative party, beaten
on their budget, resigned, and gave
place to Lord Aberdeen and the
Coalition Cabinet, which, in Feb.,
1855, was dismissed for having mis-
managed the Russian war. It was
succeeded by Lord Palmerston's first
administration, which was defeated on
the Conspiracy to Murder Bill, in
March, 1858, and Lord Derby held
power for the second time, until June,
1859, when Lord Palmerston formed
his second Cabinet. On his death,
Nov., 1865, the ministry was remo-
|
delled, Earl Russell assuming the post
of premier. His ministry having de-
cided upon introducing a Reform Bill,
the duty of conducting it through the
House of Commons devolved upon
Mr. Gladstone. Having been de-
feated on an important clause in
June, 1866, ministers resigned. Lord
Derby formed his third administra-
tion, and during the session of 1867
carried a Reform Bill, thereby set-
tling a question which had long been
a stumbling-block impeding the pro-
gress of legislation. The Conservatives
being placed in a minority at the
general election of 1868, Mr. Disraeli
resigned office, and was succeeded as
Prime Minister by Mr. Gladstone.
The chief events of Mr. Gladstone's
administration were the disestablish-
ment of the Irish Church, the passing
of the Irish Land Act and the Ele-
mentary Education Act, the aboli-
tion of purchase in the army, the
negotiation of the Treaty of Wash-
ington
ington respecting the Alabama
Claims, and the passing of the Ballot
Act. At the general election of Feb.,
1874, the Conservatives again came
into power, and a new administration
was formed by Mr. Disraeli, who has
continued in office to the present
time. By virtue of the power con-
ferred by an Act of Parliament passed
in the previous session Her Majesty
was, on Jan. 1, 1877, proclaimed
Empress of India, by the Governor-
General, at the camp of Delhi, before
an imperial assemblage of all the
governors, lieutenant-governors,heads
of Government, princes, chiefs, and
nobles of India. "The Early Days
of His Royal Highness the Prince
Consort," compiled under the di-
rection of Her Majesty, by Lieut.-
Gen. the Hon. C. Grey, was published
in July, 1867, and was followed, in
1869, by "Leaves from the Journal
of our Life in the Highlands;" and,
in 1874, by the first volume of Mr.
Theodore Martin's "Life of H.R.H.
the Prince Consort," of which the
third volume appeared in 1877.
VIEIL-CASTEL (COMTE DE),
LOUIS, statesman and author, born in
VILLIERS-VIOLLET LE DUC.
France, Oct. 14, 1800, entered the
Foreign Office at Paris in 1818, was
an attaché at the French embassy
in Spain in 1821, became Secretary
of Legation, and acted in the same
capacity at Vienna in 1828. After
holding some other appointments, he
retired in 1853. He was promoted
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
in 1849, held several foreign orders,
has contributed to the Revue des Deux
Mondes, and written "Histoire de la
Restauration," commenced in 1860,
for which the grand prix Gobert of
10,000 francs was awarded to him in
1867. The fifteenth volume was pub-
lished in 1873, in which year its
author was elected a member of the
French Academy.
|
VILLIERS, THE RIGHT HON.
CHARLES PELHAM, M.P., brother of
the late Earl of Clarendon, born Jan.
19, 1802, and educated at St. John's
College, Cambridge, was called to
the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1827. He
has been an Examiner in the Court
of Chancery and a Poor-Law Com-
missioner, is a Magistrate and Deputy-
Lieutenant for Herts, and has been
one of the members in the House of
Commons for Wolverhampton since
1835. He joined the Liberal Govern-
ment, and was appointed Judge-
Advocate-General in 1853, was Pre-
sident of the Poor-Law Board and
became a member of Lord Palmer-
ston's second administration in 1859.
Mr. Villiers, as an independent
Liberal member, was one of the most
able and eloquent leaders of the Anti-
Corn-law agitation, and to the tri-
umph of the cause his earnest speeches
and persistent motions in Parliament
contributed. Having been at the
general election in 1847 returned for
South Lancashire and Wolverhamp-|
ton, he refused to abandon his old
constituents. In the session of 1865
he introduced a very important mea-
sure in connection with the Poor-law
administration, the Union Charge-
ability Bill, which was carried through
Parliament and has become law. He
resigned the Presidency of the Poor-
law Board in July, 1866.
989
In
VILLIERS, FREDERIC, born in
London in 1850, was educated in the
north of France. Afterwards he
studied in the Schools of Art at South
Kensington, and became a studenț of
the Royal Academy in 1870.
1876, as special artist and corre-
spondent to the Graphic, he went
through the Servian campaign with
Mr. Archibald Forbes. He was with
the armies of the Tirnok, Drina,
Eber, and with Tchernaieff on the
Morava. He was recalled in Nov.
to Constantinople. He then travelled
in Roumelia and Bulgaria, examined
the Turkish army, re-crossed the
Servian lines, and returned with
Turkish troops to Constantinople.
Having been ordered to go into
Russia, he, in January, started for
Kisheniff, and saw the mobilization
of the Russian troops in Bessarabia.
Mr. Villiers returned to England in
Feb., 1877. The day war was de-
clared between Turkey and Russia,
he started for Bucharest, where he
joined Mr. Forbes. He saw the first
shot fired across the Danube at Brila;
was present at the crossing at
Simnitza on the 27th of June, fol-
lowed the Army of the Lom; was at
the occupation of Biela and Tirnova,
and was present with Mr. Forbes at
the great battle and defeat of the Rus-
sians at Plevna on the 31st of July.
Mr. Villiers was present at the battle
of the Balkans in August, and saw
the investment of Plevna in October.
He was taken ill with Danubian
fever during that month and ordered
to return to England. In November
he started again for the front, re-
crossed the Danube over the ice, and
marched over the Shipka Pass on to
Adrianople. He arrived when the
armistice was declared. He was the
third correspondent to enter Con-
stantinople. Lastly, he was present
at St. Stefano when peace was signed
and announced to the Russian Guard
by the Grand Duke Nicholas on
Sunday, March 3, 1878.
VIOLLET LE DUC, EUGÈNE
EMANUEL, architect, born at Paris,
Jan. 27, 1814, made Gothic architec-
990
VIRCHOW-VOGT.
|
1865 he defeated the Minister, Von
Bismarck, in his project for obtaining
money to create a navy, and was
challenged to a duel by the disap-
pointed chief of the Prussian Cabinet.
He was made an honorary member
of the Royal Society of Medicine of
London in 1856, and corresponding
member of the French Academy of
Medicine in 1859.
ture his special study, not neglecting,
however, the Greek and Roman styles.
He has undertaken the restoration of
various churches and edifices in
France; among others that of the
exquisite Sainte Chapelle, and, in
concert with M. Lassus, of Notre-
Dame of Paris. Among his works are
“Dictionnaire Raisonné de l'Architec-
ture Française du XIme au XVIme
Siècle," 1853; "Essai sur l'Architec- VOELCKER, AUGUSTUS, F.C.S.,
ture Militaire au Moyen-Age," 1854 ; son of Frederick Adolphus Voelcker,
and "Mémoire sur la Defense de born at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, in
Paris," 1871. He obtained a medal 1823, and educated at a private
of the third class in 1834, one of the school and at the University of Göt-
second in 1838, and of the first in tingen, was appointed assistant to the
1855. He was decorated with the late Professor Johnston of Edinburgh
Legion of Honour in 1849, promoted in 1849, and Professor of Chemistry
Grand Officer July 30, 1858, and was in the Royal Agricultural College at
elected an honorary member of the Cirencester in 1852, which post he re-
Royal Academy of London, Dec. 15, signed in 1862, and became Professor
1869. English translations of some of Chemistry to the Royal Agricul-
of his latest works have been pub-tural Society of England. Professor
lished under the titles of "How to | Voelcker has written " Chemistry of
"An-
Build a House," Lond., 1874;
nals of a Fortress," 1875; and "The
Habitations of Man in all Ages,"
1876.
""
VIRCHOW, RUDOLPH, Professor,
known as a man of science and as a
politician, was born in Pomerania, in
1821. He was the favourite pupil of
the great physiologist Johann Müller,
became the editor of the periodical
Archiv für Pathologie, Anatomie und
Physiologie, und für klinsche Medi-
cin, and is the author of voluminous
works on his special branches of me-
dical science, which have acquired a
European reputation. His "Cellular
Pathology as based upon Physio-
logical and Pathological Histology,"
and his eulogy on Professor Johann
Müller, have been translated into
English, the former by Dr. Chance,
and the latter by Dr. Mercer Adam.
His work on Goethe as a natural
philosopher appeals to a wider circle
than his purely professional produc-
tions. He is Public Professor in ordi-
nary of Pathological Anatomy, Gene-
ral Pathology, and Therapeutics in
the University of Berlin, and Director
of the Pathological Institute. As an
extreme Liberal, in the session of
Food,' Chemistry of Manures,'
"Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry,"
and numerous papers on theoretical
and agricultural chemistry in the
Journals of the Royal Agricultural
Society of England, the Highland
Society, Chemical Society, &c.
VOĞT, KARL, M.D., philosopher
and author, born at Giessen, July 5,
1817, was educated there under Lie-
big, and removing to Berne in 1835,
studied physiology and graduated
M.D. He devoted his attention to
geology and zoology under Agassiz,
and became Professor of Zoology in
the university of his native town.
Having distinguished himself in the
Frankfort Parliament of 1848, he,
from motives of prudence, retired
into Switzerland, and delivered in
the canton of Neufchatel some able
lectures "On Man, his Place in Crea-
tion, and in the History of the Earth,'
which made his name known far and
wide on the Continent. They have
been translated into English, and
published under the auspices of the
Anthropological Society. Dr. Vogt,
who is Professor of Natural History
in the University of Geneva, a
foreign associate of the Anthropolo-
|
""
تیم
VOYSEY-WADDINGTON.
gical Society of Paris, and an honorary
fellow of the Anthropological Society
of London, has published several
works.
|
VOYSEY, THE REV. CHARLES,
B.A., was born in London, March 18,
1828, being the youngest son of the
late Mr. Annesly Voysey, architect.
He was educated partly by private
tuition, partly at Stockwell Grammar
School, and afterwards at St. Edmund
Hall, Oxford, where he took his B.A.
degree in 1851. From 1852 to 1859
he held the curacy of Hessle, near
Hull, after which he was curate (under
the Crown) of Craigton, Jamaica, for
fifteen months. In 1861 he was ap-
pointed curate of Great Yarmouth,
but in the same year was transferred
to St. Mark's, Whitechapel. Being
ejected from that curacy in conse-
quence of a sermon against endless
punishment, the Bishop of London
(Dr. Tait) recommended him to the
curacy of the well-known Victoria
Dock parish, under the Rev. H. Boyd,
Vicar. After six months' service there
he was invited by the patron and
vicar of Healaugh, Yorkshire, to
accept the curacy of that parish, and
at the expiration of six months the
vicar resigned and presented Mr.
Voysey to the benefice (1864). Mr.
Voysey began his career as a religious
reformer by the publication of a
sermon entitled, "Is every Statement
in the Bible about our Heavenly
Father strictly true?" in reference to
the two Old Testament lessons for the
day, viz., those containing the stories
of the Famine in the Days of David
and the Numbering of the People
(2 Sam. xxi and xxiv). A clergyman
who had been implicated in the publi-
cation of that sermon got into trouble
on account of it, and Mr. Voysey
consequently withdrew it from cir-
culation after it had reached a third
edition. This was, however, soon
followed, in 1865, by The Sling and
the Stone, which appeared in monthly
parts, each part containing two ser-
mons, which had been preached by
Mr. Voysey to his congregation at
Healaugh. The work was continued
991
through six years. The opinions ex-
pressed were denounced as heretical
by the ultra-orthodox parties in the
Anglican Church, and eventually in
the spring of 1869 legal proceedings
were instituted by the Archbishop of
York's secretary against Mr. Voysey,
who was charged with having stated
opinions at variance with the Articles
of Religion, Holy Scripture, and the
formularies of the Church of Eng-
land, in regard to the doctrines of the
Atonement, Justification, the Incar-
nation, and the Inspiration of Holy
Scripture. The case was heard in the
first instance in the Chancery Court,
York Minster, Dec. 1, 1869, when
judgment was pronounced against
Mr. Voysey, who thereupon appealed
to the Judicial Committee of the
Privy Council, which august body
confirmed the decision and sentenced
the appellant to be deprived of his
living, and to pay the costs, Feb. 11,
1871. A week however was allowed,
in order to give Mr. Voysey an op-
portunity of retracting, of which per-
mission he declined to avail himself.
Since that period he has delivered
sermons and lectures chiefly in St.
George's Hall, London, explanatory
of his theological views, and that he
has a large number of wealthy sup-
porters and sympathisers, is evident
from the list of subscribers to the
Voysey Establishment Fund. Be-
sides the works already mentioned,
Mr. Voysey has published a Letter
to Dr. Longley, Archbishop of Can-
terbury, on the Decalogue; “Dogma
versus Morality, a Reply to Church
Congress," 1866; and "Humanity
versus Barbarism in our Thanks-
givings," 1868. For three years Mr.
Voysey's sermons appeared regularly
in the Eastern Post, and are now
printed and published every week.
W.
WADDINGTON, JOHN, D.D., born
Dec. 10, 1810, at Leeds, was educated
at Airedale College, and ordained as
pastor of the Congregational Church,
992
WADDINGTON.
Orchard Street, Stockport, May 23, |
1833. He introduced Congregational
Sunday Schools into Stockport, and
conducted an inquiry into the dis-
tress of Stockport, published by Par-
liament in a Blue Book. He removed
to Southwark in 1846, and was pastor
of the oldest Congregational Church
until 1871; promoted the erection of
the Memorial Church; and offered
the dedication prayer at the erection
of the monument on Plymouth Rock,
in 1859. His works are, "Hebrew
Martyrs," 1846; "Emmaus," 1846;
"Life of John Penry, 1854; "Surrey
Congregational History," 1860; "His-
torical Papers," 1861; "Black Bar-
tholomew," 1862; "American Crisis,"
1862 ; "Bicentenary Prize Essay,'
1862; “Track of the Hidden Church,"
1863; "Wolf in the Fold," 1867;
"Congregational History 1200-1567,"
1869; "Congregational History 1567-
1850," 4 vols., 1874-78. He received
the degree of D.D. from the Univer-
sity of Williamstown, U.S.
was
WADDINGTON, WILLIAM
HENRY, a French statesman, born in
Paris in 1826. His father, a rich
Englishman, established cotton works
in France, and became naturalized,
but the son was educated in England.
He went to Rugby school in Feb.,
1841, and remained there till June,
1845, when he went up to Trinity
College, Cambridge, with an exhibi-
tion from the school. He became
scholar of his college, and graduated
in 1849 as second in the first-class
of the classical tripos, and
bracketed equal as Chancellor's
Medallist. At Rugby he was dis-
tinguished for his prowess at foot-
ball, and his contemporaries at Cam-
bridge remember Waddington the
sculler, member of the Second Trinity
Boat Club, and No. 6 in the Cam-
bridge boat in the University race in
1849, when Cambridge won. Soon
after leaving the University he
settled in France, having, on attain-
ing his majority, personally chosen
the nationality adopted by his father.
He became a member of the Society
of Antiquaries of France, and in the
}
pursuit of his favourite studies relat-
ing to ancient coins and inscriptions,
he visited Asia Minor (in 1850 and
1862), England, and Germany. His
valuable contributions towards the
history and archæology of France
led to his being elected, in 1865, a
member of the Academy of Inscrip-
tions and Belles Lettres. In that
year he endeavoured at a bye-elec-
tion to enter the Corps Législatif, as
member for the fourth circonscription
of the department of the Aisne, but his
candidature was unsuccessful. How-
ever, on Feb. 8, 1871, he was sent as a
representative of that department to
the National Assembly. At first he
sat in the Left Centre, but at the
close of the year he withdrew from
the constitutional monarchical party
and allied himself to the republicans,
giving a hearty support to the policy
of M. Thiers. He was a member of
numerous commissions, and was the
reporter of the law relating to the
Conseils Généraux (Aug., 1871). Ap-
pointed Minister of Public Instruc-
tion, in the place of M. Jules Simon,
May 19, 1873, M. Waddington retired,
five days later, with M. Thiers, and
resumed his seat on the benches of
the Left Centre. Except on some
questions of detail, or rather of pro-
cedure, M. Waddington voted regu-
larly with the Republicans. On Jan.
30, 1876, he was elected a Senator for
the department of the Aisne, together
with M. Henri Martin and M. Saint-
Vallier: his term of office will expire
in 1885. He was recalled to the
Ministry of Public Instruction in the
Cabinet of March 10, 1866, in suc-
cession to M. Wallon, and he retained
his portfolio under the administration
of M. Jules Simon, with whom he re-
signed office May 17, 1877. On the
formation of the Dufaure cabinet in
Dec., 1877, M. Waddington became
Minister of Foreign Affairs. He was the
first plenipotentiary of France at the
Congress of Berlin in 1878. He is
President of the General Council of
the department of the Aisne. He is a
Protestant, and related to the Bunsens,
whose late mother, the wife of the
WADE-WAGNER.
Chevalier, was a Waddington.
Waddington has published:-"Voy-
age en Asie Mineure au point de vue
numismatique," 1852; a continuation
of Lebas' "Voyage Archéologique en
Grèce et en Asie Mineure," 1862; and
"L'Édit de Dioclétien," with new
fragments and a commentary, 1864.
The King of the Belgians conferred
the Grand Riband of the Order of
Leopold on M. Waddington in April,
1878.
M. | facilities in that empire. Sir Thomas
Wade is the author of "Tzü-Erh Chi "
(Progressive Course), 1867, which
deals with both colloquial and docu-
mentary Chinese, and is of great
value to students of the Chinese lan-
guage.
993
**
11
WAGNER, RICHARD, composer,
born at Leipsic, May 22, 1813, received
his education at Dresden and in the
University of Leipsic. At an early
age he began to write for the lyrical
WADE, SIR THOMAS FRANCIS, stage, and was appointed Musical
K.C.B., elder son of Colonel Thomas Director of the Royal Theatre at
Wade, C.B., born about 1820, en- Dresden, where several of his operas,
tered the army as Ensign in the 81st particularly Rienzi,' "Der Flie-
Foot in 1838, and served afterwards gende Holländer,' Tannhäuser,"
in China and elsewhere in the 42nd and "Lohengrin, were produced.
Highlanders and the 98th Foot, from Professing Liberal principles he be-
which he retired as Lieutenant in came involved in the political troubles
1847. In 1843 he was appointed In- of Saxony in 1848, and being com-
terpreter to the garrison of Hong pelled to flee, took refuge in Zurich.
Kong, and in 1847 Assistant Chinese In 1865 he accepted the invitation of
Secretary; in 1852 he was made Vice- the London Philharmonic Society to
Consul at Shanghai, where he acted undertake the direction of their con-
as Inspector of Customs for the certs for that season. He has contri-
Chinese Government. In 1855 he was buted to the musical literature of the
appointed Chinese Secretary at Hong day, and his æsthetic opinions, as
Kong, and in the same year he was well as the merits of his operas, have
sent by the late Sir John Bowring on become the subjects of controversy;
a special mission to Cochin China. one party representing
him as a
Owing to his familiarity with the musical reformer of great and ori-
native character and language he was ginal genius, and the other as a
attached to Lord Elgin's Mission to visionary in his notions, and extrava-
China in 1857-59, and in the last-gant and unintelligible in his music.
named year he was appointed Chinese Wagner, who is a poet and critic, has
Secretary to our Mission in China. written his own librettos, and has
In this capacity he accompanied defended his private theories by his
Lord Elgin's Special Mission to Pekin pen on several occasions. His pam-
in Oct., 1860. In 1861 he was nomi- phlet, "Judaism in Music " (1869),
nated a C.B. (Civil Division); in the gave rise to an animated controversy.
following year he became Chinese One of his supporters, Herr Nohl, of
Secretary and Translator to the Munich, wrote two books in his de-
British Legation in China, and was fence. The majority, however, were
acting Chargé d'Affaires at Pekin on the other side; and pamphlets on
from June, 1864, to Nov., 1865, and "Wagner and Judaism," Wagner
again from Nov., 1869, to July, 1871, the Musical Saviour (of the Future),
when he was appointed Envoy Ex- "Wagner the Jew Devourer, were
traordinary and Minister Plenipoten- an index to the general feeling. In
tiary and Chief Superintendent of 1869 Wagner published some reflec-
British Trade in China. He was ad- tions on Devrient's book about Men-
vanced to the rank of K.C.B. in Nov., delssohn, and in 1870 "La Conduite
1875, for his exertions in negotiating d'un Orchestre." On May 22, 1872,
important treaties with the Chinese he laid, at Baireuth, a small town of
Government, and obtaining trading Central Germany, the foundation-
CC
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3 s
994
WAITE-WALCOTT.
stone of a theatre in which his works
were performed before a select audi-
ence of sympathising friends in 1876.
WAIAPU, BISHOP OF. (See STUART,
E. C.)
WAITE, MORRISON R., LL.D.,
born at Lyme, Connecticut, in 1816.
He graduated at Yale College, in
1837, and removing to Ohio entered
upon the practice of law to which he
gave almost undivided attention. He
was one of the arbitrators of the
Geneva arbitrational tribunal in 1872.
In 1873, the office of Chief Justice of
the Supreme Court of the United
States, having been vacated by the
death of Justice Chase, and several
candidates nominated by the Presi-
dent having been rejected, or with-
drawn in anticipation of their rejec-
tion by the Senate, the name of Mr.
Waite was sent in by the President,
and he was confirmed without oppo-
sition. Mr. Waite, although belong-
ing to the Republican party, has
never taken an active part in politics,
and from the moment when he became
the head of the Judiciary, he gave
it to be understood that he had defi-
nitely withdrawn from any connec-
tion with mere politics, considering
that, having accepted a judicial office
the tenure of which was for life, he
must do nothing which could by any
possibility stand in the way of the
impartial execution of the duties of
that office. He promptly declined to
allow his name to be presented as a
candidate for the presidential nomi-
nation in 1876; and subsequently
gave it to be understood that he could
not serve on the Electoral Commis-
sion to count the electoral vote for
the Presidency.
WALCOTT, THE REV. MACKENZIE
EDWARD CHARLES, B.D., F.S.A., son
of Admiral Walcott, M.P. for Christ-
church, Hants, born at Bath in 1822,
and educated at Winchester and at
Exeter College, Oxford, graduated in
honours in 1844. He was for some
years Curate of St. Margaret's, even-
ing lecturer of St. James's, Westmin-
ster, was appointed Precentor and
Prebendary of Chichester Cathedral
""
"1
*
in 1863, and was Minister of Ber-
keley Chapel 1866-9. He has written
"The History of St. Margaret's
Church, Westminster," 1847; "Me-
morials of Westminster,"
1849;
"Handbook for St. James's, Westmin-
ster," 1850; History, Validity,
and Catholicity of the English Or-
dinal,” 1851; Plain Persuasive
to Holy Communion, 1849; “Wil-
liam of Wykeham and his Colleges,"
1852; "Cathedrals of the United
Kingdom," 1858; "Minsters and
Abbey Ruins of the United King-
dom," 1860 ; History of Christ-
church Priory, Hants; "Church
and Conventual Arrangement," 1861;
History of Battle Abbey," 1866;
"Memorials of Stamford," 1867;
"The Double Choir," 1869; the
"Precinct " and "Interior of a
Gothic Minster," two lectures at the
South Kensington Museum, 1864;
"Cathedralia, a Constitutional His-
tory of the Cathedrals of the Western
Church," 1865; Plume's "Life of
Bishop Hacket," with large addi-
tions; and in parts "The Cathedral
Cities of England and Wales," 1865;
""
(4
((
Sacred Archæology: a Popular Dic-
tionary of Ecclesiastical Art and In-
stitutions from Primitive to Modern
Times," 1869; "The Ancient Church
of Scotland:
of Scotland: a History of all the
Cathedral, Conventual, and Collegiate
Churches and Hospitals of Scotland,"
1874; "The Constitutions and Canons
Ecclesiastical of the Church of Eng-
land referred to their original sources
and illustrated with Explanatory
Notes," 1874; "The Four Minsters
round the Wrekin." 1877; several
poems and sermons; papers in the
Transactions of the Royal Institute of
British Architects, British Archæo-
logical Association, and of the Royal
Society of Literature; and has contri-
buted to the Gentleman's Magazine,
the Ecclesiastic, the Churchman's
Family Magazine, Archæologia,
Once a Week, Literary Gazette,
Church of England Quarterly Review,
Ecclesiologist, John Bull, English
Churchman, Builder, Building Ñews,
Notes and Queries, Sacristy, Reli-
رو
""
WALES-WALKER.
22
(6
quary, Academy, Church Review,
the Annotated Book of Common
Prayer," Dictionary of Doctrinal
Theology," and the Reports of many
Archæological Societies, including
"The Inventory of Westminster
Abbey at the time of the Dissolution,"
"Inventories St. Alban's and Wal-
tham ;
" "Inventories and Valuations
of Religious Houses at the time of the
Dissolution; "The Cartulary of
Lanercost Priory;" "Fasti Čices-
trenses, a list of all the dignitaries
and canons of Chichester Cathedral | Ireland; and enjoys the patronage of
from the earliest dates, with bio- twenty-nine livings, chiefly as owner
graphical notes;
;" a "Documentary of the Duchy of Cornwall. His Royal
History of English Cathedrals; Highness married, March 10, 1863,
"Cleeve Abbey, Somerset, with illus- the Princess Alexandra of Denmark,
trations of Cistercian Ritual and by whom he has issue, Prince Albert
Arrangement and The Early Edward Victor Christian, Duke of
Statutes of Chichester Cathedral, Cornwall, born at Frogmore, Jan.
with observations on its history and 8, 1864; Prince George Frederick
constitution." He is a Fellow of the Ernest Albert, born at Marlborough
Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries, House, June 3, 1865; Princess Louise
and Corresponding Member of La Victoria Alexandra Dagmar, born at
Société Française d'Archéologie, La Marlborough House, Feb. 20, 1867;
Société des Antiquaires de Normandie, Princess Victoria Alexandra Olga
&c. Mr. Walcott has recently given Mary, born July, 1868; and Princess
to the British Museum several Maud Charlotte Mary Victoria, born
volumes of manuscript materials for Nov. 26, 1869. The Prince of Wales
a history of Cathedrals and Conven- became President of St. Bartholomew's
tual Foundations in England, to- Hospital in April, 1867. Towards
gether with a series of drawings and the close of the year 1871, his Royal
ground-plans.
Highness was attacked with typhoid
fever, and for some weeks his life was
despaired of; but he slowly recovered,
and was able to take part in the
memorable "Thanksgiving Service
in St. Paul's Cathedral, Feb. 27, 1872.
He was elected Grand Master of the
Freemasons in England in succession
to the Marquis of Ripon in 1874, and
on April 28, 1875, was admitted to
the office at a Lodge held in the
Albert Hall, South Kensington. On
May 5, 1875, he was installed at the
Freemasons' Hall as First Principal
of the Royal Arch Freemasons. In
1875-76 His Royal Highness visited
India. The great interest he took in
the Paris Exhibition of 1878 contri-
buted in no slight degree to render it
a success.
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WALES (PRINCE OF), H.R.H.
ALBERT EDWARD, heir-apparent to
the British crown, eldest son of Her
Majesty and the late Prince Consort,
born at Buckingham Palace, Nov. 9,
1841, received his early education
under the Rev. Henry M. Birch, rector
of Prestwich, Mr. Gibbs, barrister-at-
law, the Rev. C. F. Tarver, and Mr.
H. W. Fisher, and having studied for
a session at Edinburgh, entered Christ
Church, Oxford, where he attended
the public lectures for a year, and
afterwards resided for three or four
terms at Cambridge for the same
purpose. His Royal Highness spent
most of the summer of 1860 in a visit
to the United States and Canada,
where he was most enthusiastically
received, was in 1858 gazetted to a
colonelcy in the army, and joined the
|
995
""
camp at the Curragh, in June, 1861.
Accompanied by Dean Stanley, the
Prince travelled in the East, and
visited Jerusalem in 1862. His Royal
Highness is a K.G., a general in the
army, and Colonel of the 10th
Hussars, and has the titles of Duke
of Cornwall (by which he took his
seat in the House of Lords in Feb.,
1863), in the Peerage of England;
Duke of Rothsay, Baron of Renfrew,
and Lord of the Isles in Scotland;
and Earl of Dublin and Carrick in
WALKER, GEORGE ALFRED,
whose denunciation for years of the
3 s 2
996
WALLACE.
at
pestilential graveyards of London |
and other large towns mainly led to
the passing of the Extramural Inter-
ment Act, was born at Nottingham
on Feb. 27, 1807. He became a
licentiate of the Society of Apothe-
caries in 1829, and a member of the
Royal College of Surgeons in 1831.
He studied for a long time at the
Aldersgate-street School, and in 1835
at St. Bartholomew's Hospital. His
professional education was afterwards
pursued for a while at Paris. While
sojourning in the French capital he
visited many of its principal ceme-
teries for the purpose of ascertaining
their condition, his attention as a
youth having been frequently ar-
rested by the sight of shocking
mutilations and upturnings of human
remains in the graveyards of his
native place. Settling down
last, in 1836, in London, he found
time in the midst of his energetic
practice of his profession from
his surgery at 101, Drury-lane, to
carry on, with purse and brain, with
tongue and pen, his resolute labours
as a practical philanthropist. His
way of life lay, like Allan Wood-
court's, among the squalid streets
and pestilential alleys and foetid
back slums of a densely peopled
neighbourhood, festering in the midst
of which were several of the most
revolting gravepits in the metropolis.
One of these, close by the Strand, the
notorious Enon Chapel in Clement's-
lane, he contrived eventually, though
only at the cost of great labour and
expenditure, to shut up and clear out
completely. Another, the Spa Fields
Burial Grounds, he was also the
means of closing. His principal
works on sanatory questions gene-
rally, but chiefly on the subject of
intramural interments, were the fol-
lowing :-" Gatherings from Grave-
yards: Particularly those of London;
with a Concise History of the Modes
of Interment among Different Na-
tions, from the Earliest Periods-and
a detail of Dangerous and Fatal
Results produced by the Unwise and
Revolting Custom of Inhuming the
A
Dead in the Midst of the Living,"
1839; "The Graveyards of London ;"
"Interment and Disinterment," 1843;
"Burial Ground Incendiarism-the
Last Fire in the Bone House': in
the Spa Fields Golgotha, or the
Minute Anatomy of Grave-Digging
in London,'
in London," 1846; "A Series of Lec-
tures on the Actual Condition of the
Metropolitan Grave Yards,” 1846;
"Practical Suggestions for the Es-
tablishment of National Extramural
Cemeteries," 1849; "On the Past
and Present State of Intramural
Burying Places," 1851; and “Grave
Reminiscences: Some Experiences of
a Sanatory Reformer," 1875.
WALLACE, ALFRED RUSSEL,
F.L.S., born at Usk, Monmouthshire,
Jan. 8, 1822, was educated at the
Grammar School, Hertford, and
articled with an elder brother as
land surveyor and architect, but
gave up this profession in order to
travel and study nature. In 1848 he
visited the Amazon with Mr. Bates.
Returning in 1852, he published his
Travels on the Amazon and Rio
Negro, and a small volume on
"Palm Trees of the Amazon, and
their Uses." In 1854 he visited the
Malay Islands, where he remained
eight years. He has since published
"The Malay Archipelago," 2 vols.,
2nd edit., 1869, and a volume of
essays entitled "Contributions to the
Theory of Natural Selection," 1870,
as well as a large number of papers
in the publications of the Linnæan,
Zoological, Ethnological, Anthropo-
logical, and Entomological Societies.
In 1868 he was awarded the Royal
Medal of the Royal Society, and in
1870, the Gold Medal of the Société
de Géographie of Paris. In 1875 he
printed a small volume " On Miracles
and Modern Spiritualism.” His
elaborate work, in two volumes, on
"The Geographical Distribution of
Animals" was published in 1876, in
which year he was president of the
Biological Section at the meeting of
the British Association at Glasgow.
In the spring of the present year
(1878) he published a volume on
WALLACE-WALSH.
Tropical Nature," containing his
latest views on the colours of natural
objects, on sexual selection, the geo-
graphical distribution of animals and
plants, and allied topics.
WALLACE, ROBERT, editor of the
Scotsman newspaper, was born in the
parish of St. Andrews, Fifeshire, June
24, 1831, and educated at Geddes
Institution, Culross, the High School,
Edinburgh, and the Universities of
St. Andrews and Edinburgh, gra-
duating M.A. in the former in 1853.
He entered the Church, and became
successively Minister of Newton-
upon-Ayr, in Dec., 1857; Minister of
Trinity College Church, Edinburgh,
in Dec., 1860; Examiner in Philo-
sophy, in the University of St. An-
drews, in April, 1866; Minister of Old
Greyfriars, Edinburgh, in Dec., 1868;
D.D. of the University of Glasgow
in 1869; and Professor of Church
History in the University of Edin-
burgh, in Dec., 1872. He quitted the
clerical profession in Aug., 1876,
when he became editor of the Scots-
man in succession to the late Dr.
Russel.
WALLON, HENRI ALEXANDRE,
was born at Valenciennes, Dec. 23,
1812. In 1840 he became a Professor
with M. Guizot at the Sorbonne,
where he lectured on history and
geography. In 1860 he gained the
Golibert Prize of the French Academy
for a work on Joan of Arc. He was
returned to the National Assembly
in Feb., 1871, as a moderate Conser-
vative by the department of the
Nord, but he joined the Lavergne
group on the question of the Consti-
tutional Laws. To his moderation
and vigour was due the definitive
establishment of the Republic, and
accordingly M. Buffet, on forming
his administration in March, 1875,
nominated him Minister of Public
Instruction. It was he who proposed
the clause which first gave constitu-
tional shape to the Republic. M.
Wallon is a member of the Institute.
He was a candidate for the seat in
the French Academy that had been
vacated by M. Claude Bernard, but
997
M. Renan defeated him by 19 to 15
(June 13, 1878).
WALPOLE,
•
THE RIGHT HON.
SPENCER HORATIO, M.P., born in
1806, was educated at Eton and
Trinity College, Cambridge, where he
obtained the first prize for English
declamation, and another for the
best essay on the character and con-
duct of William III. Having been
called to the bar in 1831, by the
Society of Lincoln's Inn, of which he
is a bencher, he obtained a large
practice in the Courts of Chancery,
and became a Q.C. in 1846. He was
returned in the Conservative interest
for Midhurst in Jan., 1846, and re-
presented that borough till Feb.,
1856, when he was elected one of the
members for the University of Cam-
bridge, which he still represents. He
distinguished himself in the debate
which took place in 1849, on the
Navigation Laws; and in the dis-
cussions on the Ecclesiastical Titles
Bill in 1851. On the accession of
Lord Derby to office in 1852, Mr.
Walpole sacrificed his practice at the
Chancery Bar to accept the post of
Secretary of State for the Home De-
partment, and in that capacity carried
through Parliament the measure for
embodying the militia. After leaving
office, Mr. Walpole became Chairman
of the Great Western Railway. He
held the seals of the Home Office in
Lord Derby's second administration
in 1858, but resigned in March, 1839,
owing to a difference in opinion with
his colleagues with regard to the Re-
form Bill. He was appointed Secre-
tary of State for the Home Depart-
ment in Lord Derby's third adminis-
tration in 1866, and resigned May 9,
1867, retaining a seat in the Cabinet,
without office. He retired with his
colleagues in 1868.
|
WALSH, WALTER HAYLE, M.D.,
born in Dublin, in 1816, was educated
at Paris, and at Edinburgh, where
he graduated M.D. He is Emeritus
Professor of Medicine in University
College, London, having filled that
chair, which he resigned in 1862, for
thirteen years. He has written
998
WALSH-WARD.
"Practical Treatise on the Lungs," | for the county of Bucks, and the
published in 1842; "Nature and towns of Buckingham, High Wy-
Treatment of Cancer," in 1846; and combe, Peterborough, and Shrews-
"Diseases of the Heart and Great bury (formerly Professor of Chem-
Vessels," of which a third edition ap-istry at the London Institution), was
peared in 1862. He is a Fellow of born in 1834; studied at Heidel-
the Royal College of Physicians, berg under Bunsen, and, in 1858,
London, and an associate of several prepared Propionic acid by the action
foreign medical colleges.
of Carbonic acid on Sodium-Ethyl,
being the first example of the arti-
ficial production of an organic sub-
stance directly from Carbonic acid.
In 1861, in conjunction with Dr.
Lyon Playfair, he communicated to
the Royal Society of Edinburgh a
paper "On a mode of taking the
density of vapours of volatile liquids
at temperatures below the boiling
point." Subsequently he pursued
conjointly with Dr. Emil Erlenmeyer
a series of researches which, besides
settling the formula of Mannite and
the relation of the sugar group to the
alcoholic series, afforded one of the
earliest and most complete studies of
isomerism among the alcohols. In
1867, he prepared Propione, by the
action of Carbonic acid on Sodium-
Ethyl, and, together with the late
Mr. E. T. Chapman and Mr. Miles
H. Smith, invented the well-known
Ammonia process of Water Analysis.
In 1871, he conducted for the Govern-
ment an investigation into the quality
of the milk supplied to the London
workhouses. Mr. Wanklyn is the
author of three text books for Chem-
ists and Medical Officers of Health,
viz.: "A Treatise on Water Analy-
sis;' a "Treatise on Milk Analysis,"
1873; and a "Treatise on Tea, Coffee,
and Cocoa," 1874. In 1869, he was
elected a corresponding member of
the Royal Bavarian Academy of
Sciences.
19
WALSH, THE RIGHT REV. WIL-
LIAM PAKENHAM, D.D., Dean of
Cashel, was, on Aug. 30, 1878, elected
Bishop of the united see of Ossory,
Ferns, and Leighlin, in the room of
Dr. Samuel Gregg, who resigned the
bishopric on his election to the see of
Cork. For many years he was the
minister of Sandford, a suburban
district of Dublin.
""
WALTER, JOHN, M.P., eldest son
of the late Mr. John Walter, of Bear-
wood, Berks, some time member for
that county, born in London, in 1818,
was educated at Eton, graduated in
honours at Exeter College, Oxford,
took his M.A. degree in 1843, and
was called to the bar at Lincoln's
Inn in 1847. He was an unsuccess-
ful candidate in the Liberal-Conser-
vative interest for Nottingham in
1843; was returned in Aug., 1847,
the day after his father's death, and
continued to represent that borough
till April, 1859, when he was elected
for Berks. He was defeated at the
general election in July, 1865, but
was again elected in 1868 and 1874.
The name which Mr. Walter bears is
intimately associated with the history
of what Burke called "The Fourth
Estate, his grandfather having
published the first number of the
Times, Jan. 1, 1788. His father
raised that journal to eminence, and
by his energy in inducing men of
talent to contribute to its columns,
rendered it a great organ of free
opinions and popular knowledge;
and, in spite of many obstacles, first
brought the steam-engine to the aid
and service of the newspaper press.
WANKLYN, JAMES ALFRED,
M.R.C.S., chemist; lecturer
Chemistry and Physics at St.
George's Hospital, public analyst
on
--
WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW, R.A.,
painter, the nephew, on the mother's
side, of Horace and James Smith, the
authors of "Rejected Addresses," was
born at Pimlico, in 1816. To the
judgment and good taste of his
mother, who lived to witness the
artist's fame, he attributes much of
his success. In 1834 he was admitted
a student of the Academy, under the
WARD.
auspices of Wilkie, who advised him
in his studies, and the true bent of
his mind was shown in his preference
for original composition and colour
to formal academic study. His first
picture, "Portrait of Mr. O. Smith in
the Character of Don Quixote," was
exhibited in 1834. He went to Rome
in 1836, remained there nearly three
years, gained the silver medal from
the Academy of St. Luke in 1838,
and devoted a few months in Munich
to the study of fresco under Corne-
lius. "Cimabue and Giotto," painted
at Rome, was the first picture exhib-
ited on his return in 1839. With
the single exception of his "Napoleon
in the Prison at Nice," bought by
the Duke of Wellington, those which
followed showed but little promise,
and in the Cartoon competition of
1843, his "Boadicea," although much
approved by the council, did not
obtain a premium. His picture of
"Dr. Johnson reading the MS. of
the Vicar of Wakefield," in 1843,
brought him into notice, and he
added to his fame by "Goldsmith as
a Wandering Musician," and
"La
Fleur's Departure from Montreuil,"
in 1844. "Dr. Johnson in the Ante-
room of Lord Chesterfield," in 1845,
purchased by Mr. Vernon, raised his
reputation to a very high standard,
In 1846 Mr. Ward was elected A.R.A.
The direction permanently given to
the painter's mind is indicated by a
list of his subsequent pictures: "The
Fall of Clarendon," in 1846, of which
there is a duplicate in the Vernon
Gallery; "The South-Sea Bubble,"
in 1847, also in the Vernon Gallery;
Highgate Fields during the Great
Fire;" and "Interview of Charles II.
and Nell Gwynne." in 1848; "De
Foe and the MS. of Robinson
Crusoe," and Young Benjamin
West sketching the Baby in the
Cradle," in 1849; "James II. receiv-
ing tidings of the Landing of the
Prince of Orange," in 1850; "The
Royal Family of France in the Prison
of the Temple," in 1851; and "Char-
lotte Corday led to Execution," in
1852; in which year he was commis-
::
(4
999
""
sioned to paint eight pictures (in oil)
for the corridor of the new House
of Commons. These frescoes are
"Charles II. assisted in his Escape
by Jane Lane," "The Executioner
tying Wishart's Book round the neck
of Montrose," Landing of Charles
II. at Dover," "Monk declaring for a
Free Parliament," "The Acquittal of
the Seven Bishops,'
""The Lords and
Commons presenting the Crown to
William and Mary," "The Sleep of
Argyle," and "Alice Lisle concealing
the Fugitives after the Battle of
Sedgemoor." Mr. Ward was elected
R.A. (in succession to Mr. J. J.
Chalon) in March, 1855. The fol-
lowing works have been executed
since the frescoes: "Marie Antoi-
nette Parting with the Dauphin in
Prison," in 1856; "The Visit to the
Tomb of Napoleon," "The Emperor of
the French receiving the Order of the
Garter (painted for Her Majesty),
and "Marie Antoinette Listening to
the Reading of the Act of her Accusa-
tion," in 1859; "Ante-chamber at
Whitehall during the Dying Moments
of Charles II.," in 1861;"Found-
ling Children visiting the Studio of
Hogarth, to see the Portrait of
Captain Coram," and "Charlotte
Corday contemplating her Portrait
before her Execution," in 1863; and
"The Night of Rizzio's Murder," in
1865; two pictures, "Jeannie Deans"
and the Duke of Argyll," at the
Winter Exhibition of 1865; and
"Johnson and Wilkes," and "The
Earl of Leicester and Amy Robsart,"
at the Exhibition of 1866; “Juliet
and the Friar," at the Royal Academy
in 1867 ; "A Royal Marriage," in
1868; "Grinling Gibbons' First In-
troduction at Court," and "Luther's
First Study of the Bible," in 1869;
"Baxter and Jeffreys," and "The
Daughter of a King," in 1870;
"Queen Anne Boleyn at the Tower
Stairs," and "Doctor Goldsmith,” in
1871; "Scene from the Comedy of
The Rivals';" "The Return from
flight," and "Louis XIV. and his
family returning from Vincennes"
in 1872; "The Eve of St. Bartholo-
6
((
1000
WARD-WATERHOUSE.
|
mew,” and “ Charles IX. and Admiral
Coligny," in 1873; "Charles II. and
Lady Rachel Russell," and "Marie
Antoinette's Last Sleep," in 1874;
"The Orphan of the Temple," and
"Lady Teazle's Spinster Days," in
1875; "A Year after the Battle: in
memento: Scene at Dinan, Brit-
tany," "The Portrait," "Being
Sketched Rue Jezuil, Dinan," "Jour
Maigre: the fishmarket, Caen, Nor-
mandy," and "A Summer's Morn-
ing," in 1876; "Forbidden Fruit."
"William III. at Windsor," "The
last Interview between Napoleon I.
and Queen Louisa of Prussia (mother
of the present Emperor of Prussia)
at Tilsit, 1807," "The Fruit Market,
Caen, Normandy," and "Forgotten:
Court of Charles II.," in 1877. Mr.
Ward married a grand-daughter of
the late Mr. James Ward, R.A. (who
died in 1860). This lady is a painter
of considerable ability, and has been
since 1850 a frequent exhibitor at the
Royal Academy.
|
reliefs, groups, and medallions. In
1871 he was elected President of the
National Academy of Design.
WASHBURNE, ELIHU BENJAMIN,
born at Livermore, Maine, Sept. 23,
1816. He was early apprenticed to
the printer's trade. After coming of
age he studied law, was admitted to
the bar, and removed in 1842 to Ga-
lena, Illinois, where he entered upon
the practice of his profession. In
1853 he was elected to Congress, and
was re-elected at every biennial elec-
tion until 1869. He became ac-
quainted with General Grant, then
an ex-captain, residing in Galena,
shortly before the war. When Grant
was elected President, he appointed
Mr. Washburne Secretary of State.
The latter finding his health inade-
quate for the severe duties of the
position, soon resigned, and was ap-
pointed Minister to France, a position
which he held until 1877, when he
was recalled at his own earnest re-
quest. When the war broke out be-
tween France and Germany, he was
requested by the German Government
to act as its representative in France;
and during the siege of Paris, and the
rule of the Commune, he remained in
the city, and exerted his influence for
the protection of citizens of other na-
tions who were at times in great peril
there; and also did much to ame-
liorate the condition of the wounded
and starving Parisians during the
siege. His own Government, to-
gether with those of France and
Germany, amply recognized the fide-
lity and tact which he manifested
during this trying period.
WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS,
born at Urbana, Ohio, June 29, 1830.
His boyhood was passed on a farm,
but he early manifested an artistic
genius. He studied medicine, ac-
quired a thorough knowledge of ana-
tomy, and in 1850 entered the studio
of H. K. Brown, an eminent sculptor,
where he remained six years.
In
1861 he opened a studio in New York,
where he made the models of several
of his best works. He spent some
months in the Far West, studying the
characteristics of the Indians in order
to perfect the model for his "Indian
Hunter." The clay model was fin-
ished in 1864, and was purchased for
the Central Park in New York, for
which it was cast in bronze. Several
other of his bronze statues are in the
Park, among which are: "A Private
of the Seventh Regiment," "Fitz
Greene Halleek," and "Shakspere,"
the latter being among the best of
modern statues. Among his other
works are "The Good Samaritan," a
monument to commemorate the dis-
covery of anaesthetics; a statue of
Commodore Perry; and many bas-been the architect of the County
|
WATERHOUSE, ALFRED, A.R.A.,
was born July 19, 1830, at Liverpool,
and educated at Grove House School,
Tottenham. Afterwards he studied
architecture in Manchester, being the
pupil of Mr. Richard Lane. In Man-
chester also he commenced practising
his profession, after travelling chiefly
in Italy. His first considerable work
was the Manchester Assize Courts,
the result of a hardly contested com-
petition. In this city he has also
WATKIN.
Gaol, the Owens College, and the
Town Hall. In Liverpool his works
comprise the London and North-
Western Hotels and the Seamen's
Orphanage; in London the Natural
History Museums, the Prudential As-
surance Company's Offices in Holborn,
and the New University Club. Balliol
College at Oxford, and Caius and
Pembroke at Cambridge, have been
partly rebuilt from his designs.
Among mansions may be mentioned
Heythrop, Oxon, and Eaton Hall,
Cheshire, as his most conspicuous
works. Mr. Waterhouse was honoured
by receiving a Grand Prize for archi-
tecture at the Paris Exhibition of
1867, and a "Rappel" at that of 1878.
He is a member of the Royal and
Imperial Academy of Vienna, and he
was elected an Associate of the Royal
Academy, Jan. 16, 1878. He has
designed his buildings in the Gothic
and Romanesque styles, adapting
them to modern purposes.
|
WATKIN, SIR EDWARD WILLIAM,
M.P., is the eldest son of the late Mr.
Absalom Watkin, who was born in
London, but settled in Manchester,
in 1800, and carried on business as
a merchant in that town, from
1809 till his death in 1861. His
son, Mr. Edward William Watkin,
was first employed in his father's
counting-house (with whom he ulti-
mately became a partner), until the
year 1845, when he was appointed
to the secretaryship of the Trent
Valley Railway. This led to his join-
ing the London and North Western
Co., and to his various positions as
General Manager, and afterwards as
a Director and Chairman of the
Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincoln-
shire Railway, and President of the
Grand Trunk Railway of Canada;
Chairman of the South Eastern Rail-
way, and Director of the Great
Western and Great Eastern Com-
panies. In 1839-40 he became one
of the directors of the Manchester
Athenæum, and was one of the secre-
taries of the committee which was
organized to extricate the institution
from its pecuniary embarrassments.
1001
|
|
He suggested and carried out the great
literary soirées of that institution,
which were held in the Free Trade
Hall, and presided over by Mr.
Charles Dickens, Mr. B. Disraeli, and
Serjeant Talfourd, in the years 1843,
1844, and 1845 respectively. In 1843
he wrote a pamphlet entitled "A Plea
for Public Parks," and became one
of the honorary secretaries of the
committee which followed, and
through whose efforts the three ex-
isting parks (viz., the "Queen's,"
"Peel," and "Philip's "), were ob-
tained for Manchester and Salford,
and presented to the inhabitants,
at a cost of £45,000, all of which
(except £3,000 voted out of the
parliamentary grant), was raised by
subscription. In 1843, he and a
few other members of the Man-
chester Athenæum commenced the
"Saturday half-holiday" in Man-
chester, which resulted in the general
closing of the warehouses for business
at two p.m. every Saturday. In 1845,
Mr. Watkin was one of the originators
of the Manchester Examiner news-
paper. His colleagues in this en-
terprise were Mr. John Bright, M.P.,
and the Rev. Dr. McKerrow. In 1851
he visited the American Continent,
and on his return wrote a book, en-
titled a "Trip to the United States
and Canada." In 1861 he under-
took a private mission to Canada, at
the desire of the Duke of Newcastle,
the then Secretary of State for the
Colonies, with the object of bring-
ing the five British Provinces into
union, and the establishment of a
connection between Canada and the
Atlantic, by an independent railway
system (on the Canadian gauge of 5 ft.
6 in.), passing through New Bruns-
wick and Nova Scotia. At the same
time he undertook, on the advice of
the duke, the charge of the Grand
Trunk Railway (1,000 miles), which
was then on the eve of stoppage,
and which he succeeded in keeping
open in the winter of 1861-2 for
the passage of troops, when war was
threatened (on the Trent affair),
with the United States. The Con-
1002
WATSON.
federation, and its adjunct, the In-
tercolonial Railway, were mainly in
Mr. Watkin's charge for some years,
and in 1867 Acts of Parliament were
passed securing both their projects,
as well as the attainment of another
object of his labours, viz., the opening
up of the Hudson's Bay territory,
which is now becoming part of the
Canadian "Dominion." In the
În the pass-
ing of the Confederation Act of
1867, he was offered the honour
of knighthood by the Disraeli go-
vernment. He declined it on the
ground that his friend the Hon.
G. E. Cartier, ex-Premier of Lower
Canada, had been overlooked in
the distribution of honours, and
because he did not desire to re-
ceive such a recognition through
the medium of a party to which he
was politically opposed. In 1868,
Mr. Cartier was made a baronet, and
the knighthood was again offered to
Mr. Watkin, who was advised that
he could not again refuse it, as the
reason which constituted his former
objection had been satisfied. Sir
Edward's late father was one of the
earliest friends of the late Richard
Cobden; and Sir Edward (then Mr.)
Watkin himself became intimate with
Cobden, and attached himself to the
Free Trade agitation as a member
of the Anti-Corn Law League from its
commencement till the final triumph
of Free Trade in 1846. Mr. Watkin
was first elected to Parliament in 1857,
but was afterwards unseated. He was
returned to Parliament unopposed
for Stockport, in 1864. and again
returned at the head of the poll in
1865. He was defeated, however,
by a narrow majority in 1868, and
contested East Cheshire unsuccess-
fully in 1869. Whilst in Parliament,
in 1866-67, he obtained, as the chair-
man of two Select Committees, im-
portant alterations in the laws
affecting railways, and especially
the change in the law of limited
liability, which enabled companies
to reduce their capital by mere re-
solution, and without winding up.
It was estimated at the time that
|
B
this change in the law liberated a
capital, then locked up in un-
saleable securities of nearly sixteen
millions sterling, at a critical period
in our commercial history. Sir E.
Watkin was again returned to par-
liament at the general election of
Feb., 1874, for the united boroughs
of Hythe and Folkestone.
WATSON, HEWETT COTTRELL,
botanist and author, born in May,
1804, son of Holland Watson, a
country gentleman, a magistrate for
the counties of Chester and Lancas-
ter, known in his time as an anti-
quary. As a seceder from the Church
of England, he completed his educa-
tion by attending the courses of lec-
tures for four years in the University
of Edinburgh. This locality, and in-
timate acquaintanceship with George
and Andrew Combe, had a lasting
effect on the character of his writings;
which have differed much from those
of most other botanists. For some
years he edited the Phrenological
Journal, but eventually withdrew
from it, on finding that grave of-
fence was given to more zealous ad-
vocates of that study, through his
too freely pointing out the imperfect
character of its evidences and defini-
tions, and the need of more exact
investigations. From that time he
has devoted himself more exclusively
to botany. His works are : "Outlines
of the Geographical Distribution of
British Plants," for private circula-
tion only, printed in 1832; "Re-
marks on the Geographical Distribu-
tion of British Plants," published in
1835; "New Botanist's Guide," in
1835-7; "The Statistics of Phreno-
logy," in 1836; The Geographical
Distribution of British Plants," of
which only Part I. appeared in 1843;
"Cybele Britannica," 4 vols., in
1847-59; and Supplement to the
Cybele Britannica," printed for pri-
vate circulation only, in 1863; " Com-
pendium of the Cybele Britannica,”
in 1870. In a phrenological pam-
phlet published in 1836, Mr. Darwin's
theory of the origin of species was
foreshadowed. He has published nu-
(C
<<
WATSON-WATTS.
merous pamphlets and papers, among |
which the best known is "The Lon-
don Catalogue of British Plants," the
sixth edition of which bears the date
of 1867.
WATSON, JOHN DAWSON, artist,
was born May 20, 1832, at Sedbergh,
in the West Riding of Yorkshire, was
educated at the Edward VI. Gram-
mar School at Sedbergh, entered the
School of Design at Manchester in
1847, came to London in 1851, and
became a pupil of Alexander Davis
Cooper and a student of the Royal
Academy. He exhibited his first
picture, "The Wounded Cavalier,"
at the Royal Institution, Manchester,
in 1851. He exhibited at the Royal
Academy for the first time in 1853,
"An Artist's Studio," and has
continued to exhibit to the present
time, his principal works being-
Thinking it Out" "The Poisoned
Cup," which obtained a medal at
the Vienna Exhibition, 1873; "The
Student;""The Parting;" "Saved ;
"Black to Move ;" and "Women's
Work." In 1860 he illustrated for
Messrs. Routledge their Christmas
edition of "The Pilgrim's Progress,"
followed by "Robinson Crusoe," in
1873, and contributed wood-drawings
to most of the illustrated books,
papers, and magazines of the time.
In 1865 he was elected an Associate
of the Society of Painters in Water
Colours, and a Member of the same
Society in 1870. Of his drawings
contributed to the Society the prin-
cipal are "The Duet," "Book-Lore,"
Carrying in the Peacock," and
"The Stolen Marriage.”
"}
|
(4
1003
time Professor of the Practice of
Physic in King's College, London;
was for several years physician-
extraordinary to the Queen; and
was appointed one of the phy-
sicians-in-ordinary to her Majesty
July 12, 1870. Sir Thomas Watson,
who was created a Baronet in 1866,
is the author of "Lectures on the
Principles and Practice of Physic,
delivered at King's College, London,'
5th edit., 2 vols., 1871.
•
•
66
|
WATSON, THOMAS HENRY, archi-
tect, born Nov. 1, 1839, obtained
three silver medals offered in archi-
tecture by the Royal Academy of
Arts in 1860, and the gold medal,
with "The Lectures of the Profes-
sors," and "The Works of Sir Joshua
Reynolds," for his Design of an Ex-
change in 1861. He was elected an
Associate of the Royal Institute of
British Architects in 1862;
awarded the first annual travelling
studentship of the Royal Academy,
Dec. 10, 1863 ; and the Soane medal-
lion of the Royal Institute of British
Architects, March 15, 1864. He was
President of the Architectural Asso-
ciation in 1871.
was
Gde
WATSON, THE RIGHT HON. WIL-
LIAM, M.P., is the son of the Rev.
Thomas Watson, minister of Co-
vington, Lanarkshire, where he was
born in 1828. He was educated at
the Universities of Glasgow and
Edinburgh, and was admitted an
advocate at the Scotch bar in 1851.
He was elected Dean of the Faculty
of Advocates in 1875. In Nov.,
1876, he was elected M.P. in the
Conservative interest, for the Uni-
WATSON, SIR THOMAS, BART.,versities of Glasgow and Aberdeen.
M.D., F.R.S., eldest son of the late
Mr. Joseph Watson, of Thorpe, Essex,
was born at Kentisbeare, Devonshire,
in 1792, and educated at St. John's
College, Cambridge (B.A., 10th
wrangler, 1815; M.A. 1818; M.D.
1825). He was elected a Fellow of
the College of Physicians in 1826,
and has been President of that Col-
lege since 1862. He was one of the
physicians to the Middlesex Hospital
from 1827 to 1840; was for some
Mr. Watson was Solicitor-General for
Scotland from July, 1874, till Oct.,
1876, when he was appointed Lord
Advocate. He was sworn of the
Privy Council, and appointed a mem-
ber of the Committee of Council on
Education in Scotland, April 2,
1878.
WATTS, GEORGE FREDERICK,
R.A., painter, born in London, in
1820, first exhibited at the Academy
in 1837. In addition to portraits, he
1004
WAUGH-WEBB.
made some historical attempts, such
as "Isabella finding Lorenzo dead,"
from Boccaccio, in 1840, and a scene
from (
Cymbeline," in 1842. At
Westminster Hall, in 1843, his car-
toon of "Caractacus led in triumph
through the Streets of Rome," ob-
tained one of the three highest class
prizes of £300, and created sanguine
hopes for his future career. Having
spent three years in Italy, he again
obtained, in 1847, the highest honours
at the competition in Westminster
Hall. His two colossal oil-pictures,
"Echo," and "Alfred inciting the
Saxons to prevent the Landing of
the Danes," which secured for him
one of the three highest class prizes
of £500, were, with the pictures of
Pickersgill and Cross, purchased by
the Commissioners. The latter is in
one of the committee-rooms of the
new Parliament Houses. Mr. Watts
exhibited his "Paola and Francesca,'
and "Orlando pursuing the Fata
Morgana," at the British Institution,
in 1848, and his full-length portrait
of Lady Holland, at the Royal Aca-
demy in the same year. “Life's Il-
lusions," a picture of the class of
"Fata Morgana," exhibited in 1849,
was followed in 1850 by "The Good
Samaritan," painted in honour of
Thomas Wright, of Manchester, and
presented by the artist to the Town
hall of Manchester. For the new
Houses of Parliament Mr. Watts has
executed one of the frescoes in the
Poets' Hall, "St. George welcomes
the Dragon," from Spenser, finished
in 1853, and has painted in fresco
the west end of the new hall at Lin-
coln's Inn. For some time he has
not exhibited regularly at the Royal
Academy, and his principal produc-
tions have been portraits. He was
elected an Associate of the Royal
Academy in Feb., 1867, and a Royal
Academician in 1871.
WAUGH, EDWIN, born Jan. 29,
1818, at Rochdale, is descended from
a Northumbrian family long settled
upon their own land at Coan Wood,
near Haltwhistle. He was educated
at Davenport's Commercial Academy,
at Rochdale; was apprenticed to a
bookseller and printer; and after his
apprenticeship worked as a printer
and bookseller for nearly ten years.
He was then appointed secretary to
the Lancashire Public School Asso-
ciation, for the promotion of a national
plan of secular education. He was
connected with this association for
nearly five years; since then he has
devoted himself entirely to literature.
He is the author of "Lancashire
Sketches; ""Poems and Lancashire
Songs; " "Tufts of Heather," a series
of tales; "Factory Folk during the
Cotton Famine;" "Rambles in the
Lake Country; Snowed Up, and
other Tales; "Rambles and Reve-
ries ;" "Sancho's Wallet," a series
of Northern anecdotes; and "The
Chimney Corner," a series of country
tales.
""
""
WEATHERS, THE RIGHT REV.
WILLIAM, D.D., a Catholic prelate,
born in 1814, was educated at St.
Edmund's College, Old Hall Green,
where he was ordained priest in 1838;
and became professor, vice-president,
and finally president in 1851, which
office he continued to hold until 1869,
when he was removed to Hammer-
smith to become the first President
of St. Thomas's Theological Semi-
nary. Dr. Weathers was the theo-
logian nominated by the English
Bishops to assist in Rome at the
preparations for the Vatican Coun-
cil. He was made a domestic pre-
late by the Pope in 1868; and in
1872 was appointed Bishop of
Amycla, i.p.i., and nominated Bishop
Auxiliary for the diocese of West-
minster.
WEBB, THE RIGHT REV. ALLAN
BEECHER, Bishop of Bloemfontein,
was educated at Rugby, and gained
an open scholarship at Corpus Christi
College, Oxford, in 1858, becoming
subsequently a Fellow of University
College. Shortly after his ordina-
tion he was nominated to the Vice-
Principalship of Cuddesdon Theolo-
gical College, but this he left for
duties connected with his fellowship.
In 1867 he was presented to the rec-
WEBB-WEBSTER.
tory of Avon Dassett, near Leaming-
ton, which he resigned in 1870 on
being nominated Bishop of the Orange
River Free State, or Bloemfontein, in
succession to Dr. Edward Twells. He
was consecrated at Inverness, Nov.
30, 1870.
WEBB, EDWARD BRAINERD, civil
engineer, born in 1820. He was en-
gaged for several years in the con-
struction of the Londonderry and
Coleraine Railway, and carried out
successfully the great blasting ope-
ration at the Downhill Tunnels.
This blast, which was second only in
importance to the great explosion
of the chalk cliffs at the Shakspere
Tunnel, on the Dover Railway, took
place on the 6th June, 1846, when a
mass of the hard basaltic stone, with
which the coast of Londonderry and
Antrim abounds, weighing upwards
of thirty thousand tons, was instanta-
neously torn from its bed and hurled
into the sea. In 1852 Mr. Webb
went to Brazil and carried to com-
pletion the first railway on the
Eastern coast of South America.
Since then he has been engaged in
other great public works in Brazil. He
was for many years the strenuous
advocate for uniting the 3500 miles
of the Brazilian coast-line by sub-
marine telegraphic cables in oppo-
sition to those who advocated land
lines, and ultimately obtained a con-
cession for the object he had in view.
The cables are now laid and are
working with complete success. He
also took a prominent part in intro-
ducing railways into the United
States of Columbia. In the island of
Porto Rico an important work is now
being carried out on his recommen-
dation and plans-viz., the turning
of a river through a tunnel in the
Sierra from the Northern side to
water the parched sugar lands of the
Southern coast. In 1862 Mr. Webb
wrote a monogram upon the dura-
bility of cast iron in sea water. He
is now engineer in chief to two
to two
railways on the River Plate. For
important services rendered to the
Empire of Brazil he was created by
1005
the Emperor a Knight of the Order
of the Rose.
WEBER, WILHELM EDOUARD,
physicist, born at Wittenberg, Oct.
24, 1804, began his scientific studies
at an early age, and published his
work on (6
The Theory of Waves" in
1825. He has experimented in the
science of acoustics, though he is best
known by his researches, made in
concert with the illustrious Gauss, in
terrestrial magnetism. In 1837, for
having protested against the viola-
tion of the constitution he was dis-
missed from a professorship he held
in Göttingen, at the same time that a
number of his colleagues were treated
in a similar manner for the same
offence. From 1845 till 1849 he was
Professor of Physics at Leipsic, and
in the latter year was restored to his
chair at Göttingen. He has contri-
buted a number of articles to the
scientific journals of Germany, and
has written several works.
WEBSTER, BENJAMIN, comedian,
born at Bath, Sept. 3, 1800, was edu-
cated for the navy. The termination
of the war in 1815 caused a change in
his intentions, and he studied for the
musical
musical profession, which he ex-
changed for that of an actor. He
made his first appearance on the
stage at Warwick, whence, in 1825,
he was transferred to a metropolitan
theatre. His readiness in assuming,
at the shortest notice, the part of
Pompey for the late Mr. Harley, in
"Measure for Measure," first gave
the public an opportunity of esti-
mating his histrionic powers, and
firmly establishing his claim to rank
among the leading actors of the day.
He assumed the management of the
Haymarket in 1837, and his lessee-
ship was marked by a liberal pa-
tronage of native dramatic talent,-
Bulwer-Lytton, Knowles, Jerrold,
and Bayle Bernard having written
original dramas for his theatre, at
which Macready, Wallack, Strickland,
Farren, Matthews, Miss Faucit, Mrs.
Nisbet, Mrs. Glover, and Mrs. Stirling
appeared. Mr. Webster paid annually
about £2,000 for the copyrights of
1006
WEBSTER.
|
(C
British plays; and, on one occasion, | fects of Intemperance," and "The
gave £500 for a prize comedy. Though Love Letter;" and on those of the
this experiment was unsuccessful, it Academy "The Smugglers." In 1833
showed his desire to elevate the he had at the Academy "The Lan-
English stage. The New Adelphi tern" and "A Village School." In
Theatre, which Mr. Webster built on 1835 he exhibited "Late at School "
the site of the old house, in 1858, and "Reading the Scriptures," at
was long under his management, and the British Institution, and "Bird-
in 1866 he undertook the lesseeship catchers" and "Intercepted Letters"
of the Olympic. His name is ne- at the Academy, where also in 1836
cessarily associated with a long list he sent a pair of subjects, "Going
of characters; but his latest, and into School" and "Coming out of
certainly not his least successful, School"; in 1837, "Returning from
impersonations are those of Lavater, the Fair"; and in 1838 "Breakfast."
Tartuffe, Belphegor, and Triplet, and In 1839 he exhibited at the British
Institution
Pierre Lereux, in "The Poor Strollers."
and
"The Rat-trap"
Mr. Webster was formerly President 'Anticipation" (a baker's boy bring-
of the new Dramatic College. He ing home a pie, which a hungry-look-
retired from the management of the ing boy at the door eyes with expec-
Adelphi Theatre in 1874.
tant satisfaction); and at the Aca-
demy "Football" which was consi-
dered one of the best pictures he had
hitherto painted. In 1840--in which
year he was elected an Associate of
the Royal Academy-he produced
"Punch," a picture full of grotesque
incident and individual character; in
1841 two pictures which perhaps the
"The
artist has never surpassed,
Smile" and "The Frown" (so well
known by the engravings made for
the Art Union of London), and "The
Boy with many Friends." In 1842
he exhibited at the British Institu-
tion" The Wanderer," representing
a young Italian boy with a box of
white mice; and at the Royal Aca-
demy "The Grandmother," " Going
to School," and "The Impenitent.
"Sickness and Health" was produced
in 1843. In 1844 he exhibited at the
British Institution "Contrary Winds"
(a boy sailing a boat in a washing-
tub): and at the Royal Academy
"The Pedlar." In 1845 appeared
“The Dame's School"; and in 1846
"Please to remember the Grotto "
and "Only once a Year." In the
latter year Mr. Webster was elected
a full member of the Academy. Sub-
sequently to that date he exhibited
many pictures, including
"Good
Night," 'A Village Choir," "In-
struction," 1847; "The Internal Eco-
|
|
..
a "Sketch of a Cottage," "The Ef-nomy of Dotheboy's Hall," "A Rub-
|
WEBSTER, THOMAS, R.A. (re-
tired), was born March 20, 1800, in
Ranelagh Street, Pimlico. His father
being attached to the household of
George III., took the child in its in-
fancy to Windsor, where he remained
till the death of that monarch. Young
Webster was educated in the choir of
the Chapel Royal, St. James's, his
father desiring to make a chorister of
him, but he preferred painting to
music.
His wishes being acquiesced
in he entered the Royal Academy as
a student in 1820, exhibited in 1823
a portrait group, and in 1825 obtained
the first medal in the School of Paint-
ing. In the same year he exhibited
at the gallery of the Society of Bri-
tish Artists, in Suffolk Street, a little
picture entitled "Rebels Shooting a
Prisoner" (a scene of boy mischief),
which at once brought him into no-
tice. In 1827 he sent to the Royal
Academy a portrait picture, "Chil-
dren of T. Drane, Esq." The next
year he contributed "The Gunpowder
Plot" to the Academy, and in 1829
"The Prisoner" and "A Foraging
Party roused
to the British Institu-
tion. In 1830 he sent to the British
Institution "The Sick Child;" in
1831 he exhibited nothing; but in
1832 he hung on the walls of the Bri-
tish Institution "The Card Players,"
""
""
WEIL-WELBY.
1869.
ber," 1848; "A See-saw," "A Slide," | philosopher Levi- ben - Gerson in
1849; "A Study from Nature," A
Cherry Seller," "A Peasant's Home,'
"A Farm-house Kitchen," 1850; "A
Chimney Corner," "Attraction," 1851;
"A School Playground," "A. B. C.,'
"A Letter from the Colonies," 1852;
"The Race," 1855; "Hide and Seek,"
1856; "Autumn and Winter," 1860;
"Roast Pig," 1862; "A Tea Party,'
1863; "The Battle of Waterloo," "A
Game at Draughts," 1864; "Village
Gossips," "My Back Kitchen," 1865;
"Volunteers at Artillery Practice,"
1871; (C
The Prompter," "The Wreck
Ashore," 1874 ; Waiting for the
Bone,"
""Youth and Age," "A Birth-
day Tea-party," 1876; "The Letter,"
1877; portrait of himself, 1878. Mr.
Webster resigned his membership in
the Royal Academy in June, 1876,
and was placed on the list of Hono-
rary Retired Academicians.
WEILL, ALEXANDRE, novelist and
journalist, born in Alsace in 1813, of
a Jewish family, at an early age ac-
"A. B. C.,"quired the Hebrew language.
He
went in 1828 to pursue his studies in
Germany, where he had to suffer great
vicissitudes, and on his return to
France in 1838, contributed articles
to various political and literary jour-
nals. He first came into notice when
director of that portion of La Presse
devoted to the discussion of foreign
politics, and in March, 1848, the first
of his letters against the circulars of
Ledru-Rollin caused a great sensa-
tion. He is author of the work
'République et Monarchie,"published
in 1848, which passed through six
editions; of "Les Français du XIX.e
Siècle," 1872; and of several suc-
cessful novels.
66
|
WEIL, GUSTAV, orientalist and
historian, born at Saltzburg, April 24,
1808, is a grandson of the Rabbi of
Metz, who introduced him to the
study of the Talmud, with the view
of making him a theologian. He pre-
ferred, however, the study of philology
and history, and after preliminary
lessons received in Paris, set out for
the East, and resided five years in
Cairo, where he mastered the Arabic,
Persian, and Turkish languages,
taught in the public schools, and made
himself useful as an interpreter. On
his return to Germany in 1836 he re-
ceived an appointment in the Library
of Heidelberg, and was made Professor
of Oriental Languages in the Uni-
versity in 1845. He has published
many important works on the poetry
of the Arabs, on the Koran, on the
Biblical Legends of the Mussulmans,
&c., all distinguished by ingenious
criticisms, and an exact knowledge of
Oriental sources. He published a new
German translation of "The Arabian
Nights in 1837-41, a "Life of
in 1843, a
Mohammed
History of
the Caliphs" in 1846-51, a “History
of the Mussulman Peoples, from Ma-
homet to Selim," in 1866, and a bio-
graphical sketch of the celebrated
""
(C
>>
1007
WEIR, HARRISON WILLIAM, born
at Lewes, May 5, 1824, at an early age
showed a great inclination for study-
ing natural history, and was, in 1837
articled to Mr. George Baxter, to learn
designing on wood, colour-printing,
and wood-engraving. Having in vain
endeavoured to get released from his
engagement, he was elected a mem-
ber of the new Seciety of Painters in
Water-Colours in Feb., 1849, and
some time before exhibited at the
British Institution. His first picture,
the "Dead Shot," was afterwards ex-
hibited in Suffolk Street and at the
Royal Academy. Mr.Weir's first wood
drawings appeared in the Illustrated
London News. Amongst his best-
known works are "Poetry of Nature,'
"Funny Dogs with Funny Tales," and
"The Adventures of a Bear." He
has furnished illustrations for the
Band of Hope Review and the Child-
ren's Friend, has laboured to improve
children's books and books for the
poorer classes; and is best known by
his pictures of birds, fruit, and ani-
mals, and has also been successful in
his engravings of fish and flowers.
WELBY, THE RIGHT REV. THOMAS
EARLE, D.D., Bishop of St. Helena,
younger son of the late Sir William
1008
WELLESLEY-WELLS.
Earle Welby, Bart., of Denton House,
Lincolnshire, born in July, 1811, was
educated at Cambridge. Having held
some parochial charges, he was ap-
pointed Archdeacon of George Town,
in the diocese of Cape Town, South
Africa, from which he was promoted,
May 8, 1862, to the bishopric of St.
Helena, rendered vacant by the trans-
lation of Dr. Claughton to the see of
Colombo.
WELLESLEY, THE HON. AND
VERY REVEREND GERALD VALERIAN,
Dean of Windsor, third son of the late,
and brother of the second Lord Cow-
ley, born in 1809, was educated at
Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge,
where he graduated M.A. in 1830.
He held the rectory of Strathfieldsaye,
Hants (in the patronage of his relative
the late Duke of Wellington), from
1836 till 1855, was nominated Do-
mestic Chaplain to the Queen in 1849,
Dean of Windsor in 1854, and Lord
High Almoner to the Queen in 1870.
WELLINGTON, BISHOP OF. (See
HADFIELD.)
WELLS, HENRY TANWORTH, R.A.,
born in London in Dec., 1828. His
first practice in art was as a minia-
ture painter. When only sixteen
years of age he exhibited at the
Royal Academy a portrait of " Master
Arthur Prinsep," a brother of Mr.
Valentine Prinsep, the painter. At
this date (1845), and for some years
later, Sir William Ross and Mr.
Thorburn were painting their best
works, and nowhere in the Academy
Exhibition was the crowd so dense
as before the little portraits in the
famous "Miniature Room" of former
days. Steadily, if at first slowly,
the young artist advanced in this
difficult branch of art. Before many
years had elapsed, he was a worthy
competitor for public favour with
Ross and Thorburn; and ultimately,
after the death of the former, and
the retirement of the latter from this
particular field, Mr. Wells became
indisputably the first miniature
painter of the day. From the year
in which he first exhibited till 1866
he never ceased to be represented as
a miniaturist on the walls of the
Academy; and down to 1860 he
usually exhibited eight works an-
nually-the largest number allowed.
In this long series were a portrait of
Princess Mary of Cambridge, painted
for Her Majesty (1853); a charming
group of the painter himself in tourist
costume, his wife mounted on an ass,
and a peasant boy-guide on the
ground above Amalfi (1860); toge-
ther with full lengths of the Duchess
of Sutherland, Frances Countess of
Waldegrave, and Mrs. Popham.
Since 1861 Mr. Wells has devoted
his energies to oil-painting. It was
in the Academy Exhibition of 1861
that he made his first appearance as
an oil-painter,
an oil-painter, his largest contri-
bution being a portrait of Lord
Ranelagh, as Colonel of the South
Middlesex Volunteers.
Next year
his principal work was a portrait-
group, including the painter and his
wife, and one or two friends, at
an unostentatious dinner-table, the
fruit and glass of the dessert still
upon the white cloth. Mrs. Wells
(née Johanna Mary Boyce) herein
represented as reading aloud, whose
death had occurred suddenly and
under distressing circumstances on
July 15, 1861, was herself a most
accomplished artist. Since 1862 Mr.
Wells has been a constant contri-
butor to the Exhibitions of the Royal
Academy. A prominent place was
awarded in 1865 to his “ Preparing a
Tableau Vivant"-a portrait group
of three sisters; and he also contri-
buted a landscape entitled "Outskirt
of a Farmyard at Twilight." In
1866 he painted his large picture of
"Volunteers at a Firing Point," and
in May that year he was elected
A.R.A. Since that time he has been
a constant exhibitor of portrait pic-
tures, some of which are large com-
positions; as, "The Rifle Ranges at
Wimbledon" (1867); "The Earl and
Countess Spencer and their Friends
at Wimbledon (1868); "Letters
and News at the Loch Side" (1868);
"Lord Chancellor Hatherley, with his
Attendants in Procession through the
""
WELLS-WESTCOTT.
House of Lords," painted on a large
scale for the Fishmongers' Company;
"Lord Chancellor Selborne," for the
Mercers' Company; and a large
hunt-picture, entitled "A November
Morning at Birdsall House, York-
shire "
(1875). Mr. Wells was
elected a Royal Academician in June,
1870.
WELLS, SIR MORDAUNT LAWSON,
second son of the late Samuel Wells,
Esq., barrister-at-law, born in 1817,
was educated at the Foundation
Grammar School at Huntingdon. He
was called to the bar at the Middle
Temple in 1841, and after going the
Norfolk circuit for several years, be-
came a Serjeant-at-law in 1855, was
appointed Recorder of Bedford in
1856, was promoted to a Judgeship
at Calcutta, and received the honour
of knighthood in Dec., 1858. He
became a member of the Legislative
Council of India in 1860. In 1862
he received a fresh appointment to
the bench as Judge of the High Court
of Judicature, but resigned in the fol-
lowing year.
WERDER, AUGUST VON, a Prussian
general, was born Sept. 12, 1808, and
entered in 1825 as a volunteer into
the regiment of the Gardes-du-Corps,
and was on account of his special
qualifications appointed Second Lieu-
tenant in the first regiment of In-
fantry Guards. From 1833 to 1836
he was ordered to the General Military
Academy, in order to qualify himself
for the post of a general staff officer.
As such he held an appointment from
1838 to 1839 in the 8th Pioneer Divi-
sion, acting from 1839 to 1840 as In-
structor in the Corps of Cadets, and
was from 1840 to 1841 joined to the
Topographical Bureau. After he had
in 1842 received his promotion as
First Lieutenant, he took part, by
permission of the Prussian War
Minister, and of the War Office of
Russia, in the war in the Caucasus
(1842-43), when he proved extremely
serviceable as an engineer officer, and
received a wound in the affair at
Kefar. In recognition of his services,
he received the order of St. John
1009
and the Russian Vladimir order of
the fourth class. In March, 1846, he
was made captain, and in March, 1851,
major in the 33rd Infantry Regiment.
In 1853 he became Commandant of
the Landwehr Battalion of the 43rd
Infantry Regiment, and in 1856,
Superior Lieutenant. In 1857 he was
transferred as Commander to the 2nd
regiment of Foot Guards as Com-
mander of the Fusilier Battalion; in
1858 was intrusted with the duty of
inspector of the Jägers, and the com-
maud of the Field Jäger Corps, and
in 1859 became Colonel. Some
months later followed his nomina-
tion as a member of the Direction of
the Central Military Turn Institute
in Berlin. In March, 1860, he be-
came a Major-General, and on June 8,
1866, Lieutenant-General, in which
latter capacity he took part in the
campaign in Bohemia in the army of
Prince Frederick Charles. The 3rd
Infantry Division, which he com-
manded, took an important part in
the battles of Gitschin and König-
grätz, and the services which it ren-
dered won for its commandant the
order pour le mérite. On the out-
break of the Franco-German war,
Lieutenant-General von Werder was
attached to the superior command of
the Third Army Corps of the Crown
Prince of Prussia, and was engaged
before Strasburg, and also in the bat-
tles near Belfort.
|
WESTCOTT, THE REV. BROOKE
Foss, D.D., Regius Professor of Divi-
nity in the University of Cambridge,
was born near Birmingham, in Jan.,
1825, and was educated at Trinity
College, Cambridge, of which he was
successively Scholar and Fellow, and
where he took his B.A. degree in Jan.,
1848, as 23rd wrangler in Mathe-
matical honours, was bracketed first
(with Dr. Scott of Westminster) in the
First Class of the Classical Tripos, and
was second Chancellor's Medallist.
His university career was more than
ordinarily distinguished, as he ob-
tained the Battie University Scholar-
ship in 1846; carried off Sir William
Browne's medals for the Greek Ode
3 T
1010
WESTROPP-WHITE.
in 1846, and again in the following | August, 1863. He succeeded Sir
Richard Couch as Chief Justice of
the High Court of Judicature at
Bombay, in 1870, on which occasion
he received the honour of knight-
hood.
year; and obtained the Bachelor's
Prize for Latin Essay in 1847, and
again in 1849. He obtained the Nor-
risian Prize in 1850, and was ordained
deacon and priest in the following
year by the Bishop of Manchester.
He was elected a Fellow of his col-
lege in 1849, and proceeded M.A. in
1851, B.D. in 1865, and D.D. in 1870.
He held an Assistant-Mastership in
Harrow School from 1852 to 1869,
under Dr. Vaughan and Dr. Montague
Butler. In 1868 he was appointed
Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of
Peterborough, and was promoted to
a canonry of Peterborough Cathedral
in 1869, when he left Harrow. He
was elected Regius Professor of Divi-
nity at Cambridge, Nov. 1, 1870, on
the retirement of Dr. Jeremie. Dr.
Westcott was nominated honorary
chaplain to the Queen in April, 1875.
He is one of the Company for the
Revision of the authorized version of
the New Testament. He is the
author of the "Elements of Gospel
Harmony," being
being the Norrisian
Essay for 1851; the "History of the
Canon of the New Testament," 1855;
the "Characteristics of the Gospel
Miracles," being sermons preached
before the University af Cambridge
in 1859; "An Introduction to the
Study of the Gospels," 1860; the
Bible and the Church," 1864; the
"Gospel of the Resurrection," 1866;
the "History of the English Bible,
1869; "The Christian Life Manifold
and One," six sermons preached in
Peterborough Cathedral, 1869; "On
the Religious Office of the Universi-
tics," 1873 and contributions to
Smith's "Dictionary of the Bible"
and "The Speaker's Commentary."
WESTROPP, SIR MICHAEL Ro-
BERTS, son of Capt. Henry Bruen
Westropp of the 7th Dragoon Guards,
was born in 1817. He was called to
the bar in Ireland in 1840, and sub-
sequently joined the Bombay bar,
where he soon acquired a large prac-
tice. In due course he became
Advocate-General, and was appointed
a Puisne Judge of the High Court in
|
|
WESTWOOD, JOHN OBADIAH, en-
tomologist, son of the late Mr. West-
wood, of Sheffield, born in that town
in 1805, and educated at Lichfield,
was appointed, in 1861, to the Profes-
sorship of Zoology founded at Oxford
by the munificence of the late Rev.
W. Hope. The Royal Society has
awarded to him one of the great gold
Royal Medals for his scientific works,
and in 1860 he was elected to fill the
place of the illustrious Humboldt, as
a Corresponding Member of the En-
tomological Society at Paris. He has
written "Introduction to the Modern
Classification of Insects," "Entomolo-
gist's Text Book," published in 1838 ;
"British Butterflies and their Trans-
formations," in 1841; "Arcana En-
tomologica," "British Moths and
their Transformations," and "Palæo-
graphia Sacra Pictoria," in 1845;
"Cabinet of Oriental Entomology,
in 1848; "Illuminated Illustrations
of the Bible," in 1849, and other en-
tomological works. Mr. Westwood
has contributed to archæological
science.
-
*T
WHITE, RICHARD GRANT, born in
New York, May 23, 1822. He gra-
duated at the University of New York
in 1839; studied medicine and law,
and was admitted to the bar in 1845,
but soon gave up practice for litera-
ture and journalism. His "Shak-
spere's Scholar" appeared in 1854;
the "Essay on the Authorship of the
Three Parts of King Henry VI." in
1859; his critical edition with essays,
&c., of Shakspere's works, 12 vols.,
in 1857-64; "The Life and Genius of
Shakspere," 1865. Besides philolo-
gical and critical essays in Harper's
Magazine, Putnam's Magazine, the
Atlantic Monthly, the Galaxy, and
other periodicals, he has published
"Handbook of Christian Art" (1853);
"National Hymns" (1861); an edi-
tion, with notes, of "The Book
WHITE-WHITEING.
**
Hunter "
(1863); Poetry of the
Civil War" (1866); "Words and
their Uses" (1870); and, anony-
mously, "The New Gospel of Peace,'
a humorous political and social satire
on the events of the Civil War (1863-
64-66). He is also the author of the
"Yankee" letters in the London
Spectator, 1863-7. For many years
he has occupied an important posi-
tion in the New York Custom-house,
which he still holds in 1878.
""
WHITE, WALTER, born at Read-
ing, Berks, early in the century, has
written "To Switzerland and Back,'
published in 1854; "A Londoner's
Walk to the Land's End," 1855; “On
Foot through the Tyrol," in 1856; "A
July Holiday in Saxony, Bohemia, and
Silesia," in 1857; "A Month in York-
shire," in 1858; "Northumberland
and the Border," in 1859; "All Round
the Wrekin," in 1860; "Eastern Eng-
land from the Thames to the Humber,"
2 vols., in 1865, and other works.
He entered the service of the Royal
Society in 1844, as clerk, and was
appointed assistant secretary in
1861.
|
WHITE-MARIO, JESSIE MERITON,
daughter of Mr. T. White, shipbuilder,
born at Gosport, Hants, May 9, 1832,
was educated at Birmingham, and
afterwards became a contributor to
Eliza Cook's Journal. She was first
brought into contact with Garibaldi,
Mazzini, Orsini, and other republican
leaders during a tour in Italy in 1854,
and on her return to England edited
Orsini's Memoirs and Adventures,
lectured on Italy, wrote in the Daily
News some articles, entitled "Italy
for the Italians:" and shortly after-
wards was appointed correspondent
of that paper in Genoa. Having been
thrown into prison upon a charge of
which she was ultimately acquitted,
she was married, Dec. 19, 1857, to
Captain Alberto Mario, aide-de-camp
to General Garibaldi. She has sup-
ported Garibaldi and his party,
accompanied that general in his expe-
ditions against Sicily and Rome, and
nursed his wounded soldiers in the
hospital. When Garibaldi assumed
1011
the command of the Army of the
Vosges during the Franco-Prussian
war, she resumed her old duties at his
head-quarters as superintendent of
the ambulances and as a correspon-
dent for American and English news-
papers.
WHITEHOUSE, EDWARD
ORANGE WILDMAN, M.R.C.S., born
near Bristol, about 1815, was House
Surgeon to the Sussex County Hos-
pital, and practised medicine with
success in Brighton till 1855, when
he retired, partly from ill-health and
partly for the purpose of devoting
himself to scientific pursuits, and
more especially to the carrying out
of an electric telegraph between
England and America. He laboured
constantly, night and day, for more
than three years, at the solution of
this problem, and was so far success-
ful that he carried the electrical
current through 3,000 miles of wire
immersed in the Thames off Woolwich,
overcoming the difficulty which elec-
tricians had been unable to surmount
•
the absorption of the electrical
current by the water. On account
of ill-health he was prevented from
taking any part in the attempt to
lay the Atlantic cable between New-
foundland and Cape Valentia.
#
WHITEING, RICHARD, born in
London, July 27, 1840.
On com-
pleting the ordinary course of edu-
cation, he was sent to the School of
Design, then at Marlborough House,
and became a pupil of the late Ben-
jamin Wyon, Medallist, and Chief
Engraver of Her Majesty's Seals.
Having little taste for this calling,
he made his first essay in literature
at the beginning of the year 1866, by
contributing a series of papers to the
Evening Star, afterwards republished
as the "Opinions of Mr. Sprout."
Thus introduced to journalism, he
has ever since maintained his con-
nection with it, by contributions to
some of the leading metropolitan, pro-
vincial, and American newspapers.
He represented the New York World
at Geneva, and the New York Tribune
in Spain after the abdication of Ama-
3 T2
1012
WHITTIER-WHITWORTH.
|
deus; and he was for some time on
the editorial staff of the Manchester
Guardian. Since 1875 he has lived
in Paris, where he now acts as cor-
respondent of two well-known jour-
nals of London and New York. Mr.
Whiteing is the author of "The De-
mocracy, a novel (1876), and of
several other works of minor import-
""
ance.
|
WHITTIER, JOHN GREENLEAF,
born at Haverhill, Massachusetts,
Dec. 17, 1807. Until the age of 18 he
worked on a farm and occasionally
as a shoemaker. In 1825 he entered
a school of the Society of Friends, of
which he is a member, and in 1829
went to Boston as editor of a news-
paper, the American Manufacturer,
and in the following year became
editor of the New England Weekly
Review, published at Hartford, Con-
necticut; but in 1832 returned to
Haverhill to edit the Haverhill
Gazette and work upon his farm.
He remained there till 1836, being
twice a representative in the Legis-
lature of the State. In 1836 he
became one of the secretaries of
the American Anti-Slavery Society,
and soon after removed to Phila-
delphia, where he edited for four
years the Pennsylvania Freeman, an
anti-slavery paper. In 1840 he re-
turned to Massachusetts, and settled
at Amesbury, where he has since re-
sided, being for some years corre-
sponding editor of the National Era,
published at Washington. Mr. Whit-
tier's works are, ((
Legends of New
England, in Prose and Verse" (1831);
"Moll Pitcher," a poem (1833); "Mogg
Megone," a poem (1836); "Ballads"
(1838); “Lays of My Home, and other
Poems" (1843); "The Stranger in
Lervill," prose essays (1845); "Su-
pernaturalism in New England"
(1847); 'Leaves from Margaret
Smith's Journal" (1849); "The Voices
of Freedom" (1849); "Old Portraits
and Modern Sketches " (1850); "Songs
of Labour, and other Poems" (1850);
"The Chapel of the Hermits, and
other Poems (1853); "A Sabbath
Verse” (1853); “Literary Recreations
""
|
and Miscellanies" (1854); "The Pa-
norama" (1856); " Home Ballads and
Poems" (1860); "In War Time, and
other Poems" (1863); "National
Lyrics" (2 vols., 1865-66); "Snow-
bound: a Water Idyl" (1866); "The
Tent on the Beach" (1867); “Among
the Hills, and other Poems" (1868);
"Ballads of New England" (1870);
"Miriam, and other Poems" (1870):
"Child Life" (1870); "The Pennsyl-
vania Pilgrims, and other Poems"
(1872); and a
(1872); and a "Centennial Hymn
(1876). In 1869 was published a
uniform edition of his poems up to
that date. The 70th anniversary of
his birthday was publicly celebrated
in Boston in Dec., 1877.
>>
-
""
WHITWORTH, SIR JOSEPH, Bart.,
F.R.S., mechanician, born at Stock-
port, in 1803, has resided in Manches-
ter since he grew to manhood, and
has been engaged in mechanical and
manufacturing pursuits, being the
head of the well-known firm of Joseph
Whitworth & Co. The first occasion
upon which Mr. Whitworth's name
came prominently before the public
was as the inventor of some improved
planing-machines, and other mechani-
cal appliances for the manufacture of
tools, in the Great Exhibition of 1851.
Some years later, when the English
Government were anxiously seeking
to perfect their military armaments,
Sir Joseph Whitworth made improve-
ments in projectiles, producing, as
the result of his researches, fire-arms
of extraordinary range and great ac-
curacy. He has been, and is still, a
competitor with Sir W. G. Armstrong
in his efforts to produce ordnance for
the national service, that may com-
bine every important requisite. He
was created a baronet in Oct., 1869,
in which year he instituted the
"Whitworth Scholarships," consist-
ing of thirty scholarships of £100 a
year each, tenable for two or three
years, for the encouragement of me-
chanical and engineering science. Sir
Joseph Whitworth is the author of
"Miscellaneous Papers on Practical
Subjects; Guns and Steel," 1873.
The University of Edinburgh con-
WHYMPER-WILKINSON.
1013
WHYMPER, EDWARD, F.R.G.S., |
V.P. Alpine Club, artist, author, and
traveller, second son of the well-
known engraver and water-colour
painter, was born in London, April
27, 1840, and educated at Clarendon-
House school and under private tui-
tion. He was trained as a draughts-
man on wood, but preferring active
to sedentary employment, com-
menced a series of journeys which
eventually changed the course of his
life. In 1861 he ascended Mont
Pelvoux (then reputed to be the
highest mountain in France), and
discovered from its summit another
mountain 500 feet higher-the Pointe
des Ecrins-which is the loftiest of
the French Alps, and was subse-
quently ascended by Mr. Whymper in
1864. The former ascent was much
spoken of at the time, as the moun-
tain had defied the efforts of the best
amateurs and guides, and it caused
Mr. Whymper's immediate election
by the Alpine Club. Between the
years 1861-5, in a series of expedi-
tions remarkable for boldness and
success, he ascended one peak after
another of mountains till then reputed
to be inaccessible. These expeditions
culminated in the ascent of the Mat-
terhorn (14,780 feet), July 14, 1865,
on which occasion his companions, the
Rev. Charles Hudson, Mr. Hadow,
and Lord Francis Douglas, and one
of the guides, lost their lives. In
1867 he travelled in N. W. Greenland
with the intention of exploring its
fossiliferous deposits, and, if possible,
of penetrating into its interior. This
journey was characterised by Sir
Roderick Murchison as "truly the
ne plus ultra of British geographical
adventure on the part of an indivi-
dual !" No account of it has been
published, although upon it Mr.
Whymper obtained cones of Magnolia,
and the fruits of other trees, which
demonstrated the former existence of
luxuriant vegetation in these high
northern latitudes. This fine collec-
tion of fossil plants was described by
|
|
|
ferred on him the honorary degree | Professor Heer in the Transactions of
of LL.D. in 1878.
the Royal Society in 1869, and the
first set was secured for the British
Museum, where a selection is now
exhibited. In 1871 Mr. Whymper
published an account of his Alpine
journeys, under the title "Scrambles
amongst the Alps in the Years
1860-69," London, 1871. In recog-
nition of the value of this work,
its author received from the King
of Italy the decoration of Chevalier
of the Order of SS. Maurice and
Lazarus. After very careful prepara-
tions Mr. Whymper left Copenhagen
in May, 1872, for the Danish colonies
in Greenland. He spent the short
Arctic summer in scrambles among
the Greenland Alps, and having in
September reached Godhavn from
Ornenak, he embarked on board the
Julianehaab, one of the vessels em-
ployed in the Greenland trade by the
Danish Government. On Nov. 9 he
reached Copenhagen, bringing back
from this his second exploring tour in
Greenland, rich collections, among
them curious specimens of petrified
wood.
|
WILKINSON, JAMES JOHN
GARTH, M.D., eldest son of James
John Wilkinson, of Durham, a special
pleader, and author of several well-
known law books, born near Gray's-
Inn Lane, London, in 1812, was edu-
cated at a private school at Mill Hill
and Totteridge, Herts. He trans-
lated "Swedenborg's Animal King-
dom," published in 1843-4, and has
written "Swedenborg, a Biography,"
published in 1849; "The Human
Body and its Connection with Man,"
in 1851;"The Ministry of Health,"
about 1856 ; " Unlicensed Medicine,"
a pamphlet; "Improvisations from
the Spirit," in 1857; "On the Cure,
Arrest, and Isolation of Smallpox, by
a new Method; and on the Local
Treatment of Erysipelas, and all In-
ternal Inflammations; with a Post-
script on Medical Freedom,' in
1864; and a pamphlet, "On Social
Health,” in 1865.
""
WILKINSON, THE RIGHT REV.
THOMAS EDWARD, D.D., born about
1014
WILLIAM.
|
1836, was educated at Jesus Col- the aggressive war on Denmark
lege, Cambridge (B.A. 1859, M.A. waged by Austria and Prussia diver-
1863) and held in succession the ted the attention of his people from
curacies of Cavendish and Upper home affairs for a time; and, since
Rickinghall, both in the county of the close of that war of aggression
Suffolk. Being appointed Missionary the king has proved by his firm atti-
Bishop for Zululand, he was conse- tude his fitness as a sovereign. Much
crated at Whitehall, May 8, 1870. against his inclination, he embarked
He resigned his bishopric in 1876. on a still more ambitious scheme,
He has translated "Hymns Ancient and prepared to obtain supremacy
and Modern" into the Zulu language. in Germany by force of arms. For
WILLIAM, EMPEROR OF GER- many years
OF GER- many years military preparations
MANY AND KING OF PRUSSIA, Son had been made, and early in 1866 the
of Frederick William III. and of scheme was ripe for execution. A
Princess Louise of Mecklenburg- treaty of alliance was concluded with
Strelitz, and brother to the late king Italy, an ultimatum was forwarded
of Prussia, born March 22, 1797, was to the smaller States in the north of
educated as a soldier, and took part Germany, and an immense army was
in the campaigns of 1813 and 1815 set in motion. War was declared
against France. In 1840 he was against Austria, June 17, and, after a
appointed Governor of Pomerania, short campaign, in which William I.
which post he held till the revolution and the royal princes took part,
of 1848 broke out, when he took Austria was compelled to make a
refuge in England. He was elected humiliating peace. The powerful
a member of the Constituent As- effects of the needle gun created quite
sembly in May, 1848, returned to a panic in the Austrian army, and her
Berlin, and took his seat in the generals found it would be useless to
Assembly, June 8, 1848, and was prolong the struggle. In 1867, the
made Commander-in-Chief of the King of Prussia became the head of
Prussian army acting against the the powerful North German Confed-
revolutionary forces of Baden, in eration, comprising 22 states, repre-
June, 1849. When the mind of his senting a population of 29,000,000.
brother gave way, in 1858, the Prince The part played by King William in
was created Regent, and he imme- the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71
diately dismissed the Kreuz or aris- has been already described in the
tocratic party, and adopted a liberal memoir of Prince Bismarck, and there-
policy. His brother, Frederick Wil-fore it will only be necessary to state
liam IV., dying without issue, Jan. 2, in this place that the result was the
1861, he succeeded, under the title of complete realization of the Prime Mi-
William I., to the crown, which he nister's idea of a united Germany, and
placed upon his own head at Königs- that on Jan. 18, 1871, King William of
berg, Oct. 18, on which occasion he Prussia was proclaimed German Em-
emphatically asserted the doctrine of peror, within the Hall of Mirrors,
the "right divine of kings. The in the palace of the French kings at
course of policy he pursued after he Versailles, in presence of the German
became king disappointed the hopes princes, under the standards of the
that were formed regarding him. army before Paris, and surrounded by
No sooner was he seated on the representatives of the different regi-
throne than he began a contest with ments. The meeting of the Emperors
the Chamber of Deputies, which of Germany, Russia, and Austria, took
gradually became more critical, until, place at Berlin in the autumn of 1872.
after Count - Bismarck - Schoenhausen In Oct. that year the Emperor Wil-
had been appointed Prime Minister, liam gave a decision adverse to
in 1862, the feud threatened to end England on the San Juan Boundary
in civil war. Fortunately for him question which had been submitted
""
•
•
WILLIAM.
to his arbitration by the British and
American governments. In April,
1873, he visited the Czar at St.
Petersburg, and in October of the
same year he proceeded to Vienna
on a visit to the Emperor of Austria.
The well-known correspondence |
between the Emperor William and
the Pope relative to the persecution
of the Church in Prussia was pub-
lished at Berlin, Oct. 14, 1873. In
May, 1875, the Czar paid a visit to
the Emperor of Germany at Berlin.
An attempt was made to assassinate
the Emperor William, while he was
driving, on the afternoon of May 11,
1878, in Berlin. The crime was com-
mitted by a young Socialist tinker
named Emil Hoedel, who came from
Leipsic. He fired two shots from a
revolver, but neither of them hit the
Emperor, who stood up in his carriage
and asked whether they were aimed
at him. The man was pursued; he
fired two or three more shots at the
crowd, but was captured and handed
over to the police, to whom he said
he had no intention of murder, but,
being unemployed and dissatisfied
with the social conditions of life, he
had resolved to commit suicide. Sub-
sequently the prisoner was tried for
the offence, found guilty, and exe-
cuted. A second attempt upon the
life of the Emperor was made on
June 2, 1878. His Majesty was driv-
ing in Unter den Linden to the
Zoological Gardens, when two shots
were fired at him from the window of
a house, and he was wounded in
several places. The Emperor re-
turned immediately to the Palace,
and the physicians who removed the
shot reported that his Majesty was
out of danger. The would-be assassin
was a Dr. Nobiling, who, after at-
tempting to commit suicide, was
secured by the crowd (who entered
the house) and removed to the hos-
pital, where he afterwards died from
the effects of the wound he had
inflicted upon himself. William I.
married, June 11, 1829, the Princess
Augusta, daughter of Charles-Frede-
rick, Grand-Duke of Weimar. They
1015
have two children-Prince Frede-
rick-William, who has been already
noticed in this work (q.v.); and the
Princess Louise- Mary, born Dec. 3,
1838, married Sept. 20, 1856, to
Frederick-William, Grand-Duke of
Baden.
WILLIAM III. (ALEXANDER PAUL
FREDERICK LOUIS), King of the
Netherlands, Prince of Orange-
Nassau, Grand Duke of Luxemburg,
and Duke of Limburgh, born Feb.
19, 1817, the eldest son of the late
King William II., by the Princess
Anne Pauline, sister of the late
Nicholas I., czar of Russia, succeeded
March 17, 1849, and devoted himself
to the development of the liberal
institutions then recently granted to
his country. H.R.H. rendered effec-
tual aid in lightening the burdens
of his people by reducing his civil
list one half, and abrogated the
concordat concluded with the Holy
See in 1827. His colonial adminis-
tration has been successful. During
the Russian war of 1854-6, William
III. observed the strictest neutrality.
He married, in 1839, the Princess
Sophia Frederica Matilda, daughter
of William I., king of Würtemberg
(she died June 3, 1877), by whom he
had issue Prince William Nicholas
Alexander Frederick Charles Henry,
born Sept. 4, 1850, heir-apparent to
the throne, and Prince William Alex-
ander Charles Henry Frederick, born
Aug. 25, 1851.
4
WILLIAM (AUGUSTUS LOUIS WIL-
LIAM MAXIMILIAN FREDERIC), Duke
of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel, born
April 25, 1806, is the younger son of
the late Duke Frederic William, who
died in 1823, and brother of the ex-
Duke Charles Frederic Augustus
William. He assumed the reins of
government April 25, 1831, at the
request of the Germanic Diet, upon
the compulsory flight of his elder
brother, the late duke of Brunswick,
whose name afterwards became well
known in London circles. The
present duke, according to the
"Almanach de Gotha," is a field-
marshal in the kingdom of Hanover,
1016
WILLIAMS.
and a general of cavalry in the
Prussian service.
WILLIAMS, MONIER, M.A.,
D.C.L., LL.D., Sanscrit scholar, son
of the late Col. Monier Williams,
Surveyor-Gen. of the Bombay Presi-
dency, born at Bombay in 1819, was
educated at private schools and at
King's College, London, and entered
at Balliol College, Oxford, in 1838.
He soon after obtained an Indian
writership, and proceeded as a stu-
dent to the E. I. College, Haileybury,
where he gained the first prizes in all
the Oriental subjects. For domestic
reasons he resigned his Indian ap-
pointment and returned to Oxford,
became a member of University Col-
lege, was elected to the Boden scholar-
ship in 1843, and graduated B.A. in
1844. He was Professor of Sanscrit
at Haileybury from 1844 till the abo-
lition of that institution, in 1858;
removed to Cheltenham, and superin-
tended the Oriental studies at the
College for two years. In Dec., 1860,
after a long contest, he was elected
Boden Sanscrit Professor at Oxford.
The following is a list of his works :
"A Practical Grammar of the San-
scrit Language, arranged with refer-
ence to the Classical Languages of
Europe, for the use of English Stu-
dents," published in 1846; of which
a fourth edition was published by the
Delegates of the Oxford University
Press in 1877; an edition of the San-
scrit drama "Vikramorvasi," in 1849;
"An English and Sanscrit Dic-
tionary," published by the E. I. Com-
pany in 1851; an edition of the text
of the Sanscrit drama "S'akuntalá,"
with notes and literal translations, in
1853; a free translation in English
prose and verse of the Sanscrit drama
"S'akuntala," in 1855, reprinted in
1856; “Rudiments of Hindústání,
with an Explanation of the Persi-
Arabic alphabet, for the use of Chel-
tenham College," in 1858; “Original
Papers Illustrating the History of the
Application of the Roman Alphabet
to the Languages of India," intrusted
to him for publication by Sir Charles
E. Trevelyan, Governor of Madras;
a Romanized edition of the Hindús-
tání work, " Bágh o Bahár," with
|
WILLIAMS, CHARLES, was born
at Coleraine, Ireland, May 4, 1838, of
a family originally of Worcestershire
and Penrhyn. He was educated at
Belfast Academy under Dr. Bryce, and
at Greenwich under Dr. Goodwin, and
was appointed leader writer and re-
viewer on the Evening Herald in 1859.
He became special correspondent of
the Standard in Oct., 1859, and was
senior special correspondent of that
journal till Jan. 1st, 1870, when he ac-
cepted the editorship of the Evening
Standard, but he resigned in 1872 to
resume his old post. He retired from
the Standard in 1874, in consequence
of a change of management. Mr.
Williams saw some service while
young in South and Central America.
He is a journalist rather than a
littérateur, but has contributed many
papers to Temple Bar, the Gentle-
man's Magazine, and tales to several
annuals. In 1877 he went to Ar-
menia as correspondent on the staff of
Ghazi Moukhtar Pacha, and published
an account of his experiences in a
work entitled "The Armenian Cam-
paign: a Diary of the Campaign of
1877 in Armenia and Kurdistan,'
Lond., 1878. Among his other works
are a short treatise on ((
England's
Defences," and some reprints on
ecclesiastical questions.
;;
WILLIAMS, THE RIGHT REV.
JAMES WILLIAMS, D.D., Bishop of
Quebec, son of the late Mr. Williams,
of Overton, born in Hampshire, in
1825, was educated at Crewkerne
school and at Pembroke College,
Oxford, where he graduated B.A.,
taking classical honours in 1851, and
proceeded M.A. and D.D. Having
been ordained, he held curacies in
Bucks and Somerset, and went to
Canada in 1857, to organize a school
in connection with Bishop's College,
Lennoxville, in which he held the
post of Classical Professor. In 1863
he was consecrated fourth bishop of
this see, which is of the annual value
of £1,500, and includes a large portion
of Lower Canada.
-
WILLIAMS.
1017
notes, &c.; "Hindústání Primer," | 1827, to Rome, where he has since
and "An Easy Introduction to the resided. He sends, almost annually,
Study of Hindústání," in 1859;"Story for exhibition in this country, pictures-
of Nala, a Sanscrit Poem, with voca- of Italian life and scenery, delicately
bulary, and Dean Milman's trans- painted, full of life and expression.
lation," published by the Oxford showing how much his style has
University Press; and "Indian Epic been influenced by his long residence
Poetry Substance of Lectures," in in Italy. His principal works are :
1863; and "A Sanscrit and English "Procession to the Christening, a
Dictionary," published by the Uni- Scene at l'Ariccia ; ""The Festa of
versity of Oxford in 1872; a work the Madonna dell' Arco;" "The Foun-
called "Indian Wisdom, or Examples tain, a Scene at Mola di Gaeta;" "The
of the Religious, Philosophical, and Campagna of Rome;" "Il Voto, or
Ethical Doctrines of the Hindús," the Convalescent," and "Ferry on
published in 1875; "Hindúism," one the River Nimfer."
of the non-Christian religious systems,
published by the Society for Pro-
moting Christian Knowledge in 1877;
"Modern India and the Indians,"
1878; and a series of articles on
India in the Times and other peri-
odicals, which are now being re-
printed. He is at present engaged
in a work to be entitled "Studies of
Indian Religious Life," and also upon
a continuation of his "Indian Wis-
dom." In 1875 he made the first of
his two journeys to India for securing
the co-operation of the educated
natives in the establishment of an
Indian Institute, and a School of
Indian Studies at Oxford, and for the
prosecution of his researches into the
present condition of the religious
sects of India. During his absence
the University of Oxford conferred
on him an honorary degree of D.C.L.,
and he also received an honorary
LL.D. degree from the University of
Calcutta at the same time as the
Prince of Wales. In 1876 he visited
India a second time, and returned in
1877, after having traversed the whole
Peninsula, and received cordial pro-
mises of support from all the most
influential members of the Indian
community. He has announced that
the money requisite for the erection
of the Oxford Indian Institute has
nearly all been subscribed.
WILLIAMS, PENRY, painter, a na-
tive of Merthyr Tydvil, Glamorgan-
shire, born at the commencement of
the century, first exhibited at the
Royal Academy in 1824, and went, in
66
WILLIAM S, SAMUEL WELLS,
LL.D., born at Utica, New York, in
Sept., 1812. He was educated at
the Rensselaer Institute, Troy, learned
printing, and in 1833 proceeded to
China as a printer for the Missionary
Board at Canton, and aided in editing
The Chinese Repository. In 1837, while
on a voyage to Japan, he obtained
some knowledge of the Japanese lan-
guage, in which he subsequently per-
fected himself and translated some
Japanese books into English and por-
tions of the Scriptures into Japanese.
In 1841 he published "Easy Lessons
in Chinese;" in 1843, an English
and Chinese Vocabulary; " in 1844, a
"Chinese Commercial Guide." He
returned to the United States in 1845,
and published "The Middle Kingdom"
(1848). Returning to China, he be-
came editor of The Chinese Reposi-
tory; in 1853-4 he was interpreter to
Commodore Perry's Japan Expedi-
tion; and in 1855 was secretary and
interpreter to the U.S. legation. In
1856 he published "Ying Wá piu
Wau, Ti üt I'u: a Tonic Dictionary
of the Chinese Language in the Can-
ton Dialect," a work of great value.
In 1858 he assisted Mr. W. B. Reed,
the American Envoy, in the negotia-
tions at Tientsin, and in 1859 went
with Mr. Ward to Peking to exchange
the ratifications. In 1860 he re-
turned to the United States, and
spent nearly two years there; then
went to China as Secretary of Lega-
tion, and rendered great service in
the negotiations between the Western
V
WILLIAMS-WILLIAMSON.
Powers and China. He is still (1878) | at Oxford, and the freedom of the
a member of the American Embassy
to China.
City of London. He was returned
member in the Liberal interest for
Calne, in July, 1856, and again at the
general election in March, 1857, and
retired in 1859. He was appointed to
the command at Woolwich, and pro-
ceeded, in 1859,to assume the command
of the troops in Canada, which post he
held for some time. In Aug., 1870,
he was appointed Governor-General
of Gibraltar in place of Lieut.-Gen.
Sir R. Airey. He resigned that post
in Nov., 1875; and in Oct., 1877, he
retired from the army.
|
1018
WILLIAMS, GEN. SIR WILLIAM
FENWICK, Bart, K.C.B., born in
Nova Scotia, Dec. 4, 1800, entered
the Royal Artillery in 1825, became
First Lieut. in 1827, Captain in 1840,
was employed in Turkey till 1843,
and for his military services there
received the brevet rank of Major.
Having been sent to Erzeroum, to
meet the Turkish and Persian pleni-
potentiaries, he took part in the con-
ferences preceding the treaty con-
cluded there in May, 1847, and for
these services obtained the brevet
rank of Lieut.-Colonel. In June,
1848, he was appointed English
English
Commissioner for the settlement of
the Turco-Persian boundary, and was
admitted a Companion of the Order
of the Bath in 1852. On being nomi-
nated British Commissioner with the
Turkish army in the East, in Aug.,
in the East, in Aug.,
1854, he was promoted to the local
rank of Colonel, and a few months
later to that of Brig.-General. The
victory won, under his auspices, over
the Russian General Mouravieff, on
the heights above Kars, Sept. 29,
1855, after the city had been invested
for four months, made his name
familiar to the British public. Gen.
Williams and his brave comrades,
amongst whom was the Hungarian,
the late Gen. Kmety, did all that men
could do in defence of Kars, holding
out sternly on the scantiest hope.
Gen. Mouravieff summoned the garri-
son to surrender, Nov. 14, and Gen.
Williams, after holding a council of
officers, sent a flag of truce to demand
a suspension of hostilities. This me-
dium failed through unforeseen diffi-
culties, and Gen. Williams, having
demanded an interview with Gen.
Mouravieff, accepted terms of capitu-
lation. Gen. Williams, on being re-
stored to liberty, returned to England,
and was rewarded with a baronetcy,
a pension of £1,000 a year for life, the
rank of K.C.B., the Turkish Order of
the Medjidie with the rank of "Mu-
shir," the honorary degree of D.C.L.
WILLIAMSON, ALEXANDER WIL-
LIAM, Ph.D., F.R.S., born May 1,
1824, was educated chiefly in his
father's house, by masters in London,
Paris, and Dijon, and for a very short
time at Kensington Grammar-school,
and at foreign schools. From the
age of seventeen he studied in the
Universities of Heidelberg and Gies-
sen, under Gmelin and Liebig. At
Giessen he published his first chemical
researches. He afterwards spent
three years in Paris studying the
higher mathematics. While in Paris
he was in frequent intercourse with
several of the leading French che-
mists. In 1849 he was appointed
Professor of Practical Chemistry in
University College, London; and, in
1855, on the retirement of Professor
Graham from the chair of Chemistry
in the same college, in consequence
of his appointment as Master of the
Mint, Dr. Williamson was chosen to
succeed him in that office, while still
retaining the chair of Practical Che-
mistry. He still retains both chairs.
Soon after his first appointment
at University College, Professor
Williamson published his researches
on "Etherification and the Constitu-
tion of Salts." The result of these
researches had a considerable in-
fluence on the theories of chemical
action, and have been since adopted
by the chief English and foreign
chemists. For these important and
successful labours the Royal Medal of
the Royal Society was awarded to
the eminent investigator in 1862. He
-
WILLIS-WILLS.
has twice been President of the Che-
mical Society. In 1873 he was elected
President of the British Association
for the Advancement of Science,
the annual meeting being held at
Bradford. The same year he was
elected Foreign Secretary of the
Royal Society, a Corresponding Mem-
ber of the French Academy, and a
Fellow of the Berlin Chemical Society.
In 1874 he was elected Treasurer of
the British Association, on the retire-
ment of Mr. Spottiswoode. In Nov.,
1875, the Royal Academy of Science
at Berlin elected him a correspond- |
ing member of the Section of Physics
and Mathematics. He was appointed
member of the Senate of the Uni-
versity of London, on a vacancy
being caused by the death of Dr.
Neil Arnott. In April, 1876, he was
appointed Chief Gas Examiner to
the City of London, in the place of
the late Dr. Letheby. The University
of Dublin conferred on him the
honorary degree of LL.D. in 1878.
Professor Williamson took an active
part in promoting the establishment
of degrees of science at the Uni-
versity of London; and for some
years held, conjointly with the late
Professor Wm. Allen Miller, the office
of Examiner in Chemistry. He has
written "Chemistry for Students
(Clarendon Press series); various
papers on "Etherification ;" "The
Development of Difference the Basis
of Unity," being the inaugural lec-
ture to the Faculty of Arts at Univer-
sity College on his appointment there
in 1849; "On the Atomic Theory;
"The Composition of the Gases
evolved by the Bath Spring called
King's Bath" (see British Association
Proceedings, 1865); a paper "On a
New Method of Gas Analysis," jointly
with W. J. Russell, Ph.D.; "On the
Unit Volume of Gases; "On the
Classification of the Elements in re-
lation to their Atomicities," a Friday
evening lecture given at the Royal
Institution, April 29, 1864; "Experi-
mental Science the Basis of General
Education," a lecture given at Uni-
versity College; "A Plea for Pure
""
""
""
1019
Science," being the inaugural lecture
at the opening of the Faculty of
Science; "Address to British Asso-
ciation," at Bradford, 1873. He
married in 1855 the third daughter
of Professor T. Hewitt Key, F.R.S.,
of University College.
WILLIS, THE RIGHT REV.
ALFRED, D.D., of St. John's College,
Oxford, and formerly Vicar of St.
Mark's Church, New Brompton,
Chatham, was appointed Missionary
Bishop of Honolulu, in Dec., 1871,
in succession to Dr. Staley. He was
consecrated in Feb., 1872.
WILLS, WILLIAM GORMAN, born
in 1828, in co. Kilkenny, Ireland, kept
all his terms at Trinity College,
Dublin, but did not graduate. He
studied at an early age at the Royal
Irish Academy as an art student, and
had some success, chiefly as a portrait
painter, in Dublin and London. Mr.
Wills has written several dramas :
"The Man o' Airlie," produced at the
Princess's Theatre in 1866; "Hinko,"
produced at the Queen's Theatre,
Sept. 9, 1871; "Charles the First,"
an historical drama, which was pro-
duced at the Lyceum Sept. 28, 1872,
ran for 200 nights independently of
revivals, and established the reputa-
tion of Mr. Henry Irving as a trage-
dian; "Eugene Aram," brought out
with great success at the same
theatre, April 19, 1873; and "Mary
Queen o' Scots: or, the Catholic
Queen and the Protestant Reformer,"
an historical play in five acts, brought
out at the Princess's Feb. 23, 1874.
In the printed copies the last-men-
tioned play is entitled "Marie
Stuart." His historical drama of
20
66
Buckingham" was brought out at
the Olympic, Nov. 29, 1875. About
this period Mr. Wills resumed the
practice of his other art, portrait-·
painting, having had a continual
flow of sitters, and among them the
Princess Louise and the infant Prin-
cess Victoria. Among Mr. Wills's
more recent contributions to dra-
matic literature is, "Jane Shore," an
historical drama, produced in Oct.,
1876, at the Princess's Theatre,
1020
WILLS-WILSON.
Kag
months. It was then played in the
provinces till Dec., 1877, when it
was again reproduced at the Prin-
cess's with even greater success than
on its first production. "England
in the Days of Charles II." was pro-
duced at Drury Lane in Sept., 1877.
It was followed by "Olivia," a play
in four acts, founded on a leading
incident in the "Vicar of Wakefield,"
and brought out at the Court Theatre
March 30, 1878; "Nell Gwynne," a
play in four acts, performed at the
Royalty Theatre, 1878; and "Van-
derdecken" (Lyceum, June 8, 1878),
a poetical drama, written by Mr.
Wills, in conjunction with Mr. Percy
Fitzgerald, and based on the legend
of the Flying Dutchman. Mr. Wills
has also written several novels, the
best known being "The Wife's Evi-
dence and "Notice to Quit," both
of which have been republished in
America.
""
where it ran for five consecutive | sionary, Orientalist, and Vice-Chan-
cellor of the University of Bombay,
was educated at the universities of
Edinburgh and Tübingen. After
spending some time in Italy, he made
his first essay in journalism by writ-
ing the Bombay Times in the absence
of Dr. Buist, and afterwards travelled
in the savage mountains of Baloo-
chistan. Returning to England, he
contributed a paper to the "Edin-
burgh Essays" of 1857, entitled “ In-
fante Perduti," which, at the time,
attracted some attention, he having
shortly before commenced a con-
nection with Blackwood's Magazine,
by the contribution of an article
entitled "Wayside Songs,' a con-
nection which has been kept up from
time to time. Soon afterwards Mr.
Wilson returned to the East, edited
the China Mail for three years, accom-
panied the Pekin Expedition to Tient-
sien, visited Japan on its opening, and
travelled much in the south of China,
living among the Chinese as one of
themselves, though without disguise.
After visiting America at the com-
mencement of its Civil War, Mr.
Wilson spent some years in England,
contributing to newspapers and maga-
zines, among which we may especi-
ally mention a short series of articles
on Switzerland, published in Black-
wood. After publishing his "Ever
Victorious Army," a history of the
suppression of the Taiping Rebellion,
Mr. Wilson again returned to the
East, edited the Star of India, and
the Bombay Gazette, visited Kathia-
war, many other parts of India, and
made a long journey through the
upper valleys of the Himalaya, of
which he has given an account in
his "Abode of Snow," 1875, which
has passed through several editions
in England and America.
""
WILSON, CHARLES RIVERS, C.B.,
was born in London, Feb. 19, 1831,
and educated at Eton and Balliol
College, Oxford. He was appointed
Clerk in the Treasury in Feb., 1856;
was Private Secretary consecutively
to Mr. James Wilson and Mr. George
Alexander Hamilton, Secretaries of
WILLS, WILLIAM HENRY, born at
Plymouth, Jan. 13, 1810, at an early
age devoted himself to literary pur-
suits, was one of the originators of
Punch, and was afterwards connected
with the Messrs. Chambers of Edin-
burgh, whose sister he married. He
was a member of the original edi-
torial staff of the Daily News. In
1850 he published all the papers in
the Spectator relating to Sir Roger
de Coverley in a handsome and suc-
cessful gift-book, illustrated with en-
gravings and copious notes. In the
same year he joined Mr. Charles
Dickens in establishing Household
Words, of which he was the working
editor and part proprietor; as well
as of its successor All the Year
Round. Mr. Wills collected some
of his contributions in a separate
I volume, entitled "Old Leaves ga-
thered from Household Words."
Since the lamented death of his
partner, he retired, and Mr. Charles
Dickens's eldest son is now the sole
proprietor and conductor of All the
Year Round.
WILSON, ANDREW, son of the
late Dr. John Wilson, F.R.S., Mis-
WILSON.
1021
the Treasury; Acting Private Secre- |
tary to Mr. Disraeli, when Chancellor
of the Exchequer, from Aug., 1867, to
Feb., 1868; Private Secretary to Mr.
Lowe, Chancellor of the Exchequer,
from Dec., 1868, to April, 1873; and
was appointed Comptroller-General
of the National Debt Office, in April,
1873. Mr. Wilson represented (with
the late Professor Graham) Her Ma-
jesty's Government at the Inter-
national Coinage Commission in
1867, and acted as Secretary to the
Royal Commission appointed to
examine the question of an Inter-
national Coinage in 1868. On the
return of Mr. Cave to England from
his Financial Mission to Egypt, Mr.
Rivers Wilson, at the request of the
Khedive, went to Egypt in March,
1876, with the view of his acceptance
of a financial post in that country;
but after the issue of the decree of
May 7, 1876, by which an arbitrary
readjustment of the Public Debt of
Egypt was proposed, he returned to
England, and resumed his post at
the National Debt Office. On July
29, 1876, he was appointed one of the
British Government Administrators
of the Suez Canal Company; on Jan.
22, 1877, he was appointed a Royal
Commissioner for the Paris Exhibi-
tion of 1878; on March 30, 1878, he
was appointed Vice-President, and in
the absence of M. de Lesseps acted as
President, of an International Com-
mission of Inquiry, instituted by the
Khedive, at the instigation of the
foreign governments, to examine the
resources of Egypt, and propose
measures for remedying the financial
disorder in that country. The Re-
port of the Commission, Aug. 19,
1878, traced the whole of the mis-
chief to the system of personal ad-
ministration by the Viceroy, and pro-
posed that His Highness should sur-
render his estates and those of his
family to make good the deficit in
the revenue, and pay the large float-years editor of the Journal of the
ing debt of the country. The im- Canadian Institute, and in 1859 and
mediate consequence of the presen- 1860 was President of the Institute.
tation of their Report was an ac-
ceptation by the Khedive of all its
WILSON, DANIEL, LL.D., born at
Edinburgh, in 1816, is an elder
brother of Professor George Wilson,
the eminent chemist. He was edu-
cated at the University of Edinburgh.
In 1847 he published "Memorials of
Edinburgh in the Olden Time," 2
vols. 4to, illustrated from his own
drawings. In 1848 he published
"Oliver Cromwell and the Protecto-
rate." In 1851 appeared his great
work, "The Archæology and Prehis-
toric Annals of Scotland," with about
200 illustrations drawn by himself.
This work, thoroughly revised and
greatly enlarged by him, was pub-
lished in 2 vols. 8vo, in 1863. In
1863 he issued his " Prehistoric Man :
Researches into the Origin of Civili-
zation in the Old and the New
World," 2 vols., and in 1865 an en-
larged edition of the same work.
His latest work is "
"Chatterton, a
Biographical Study" (1869). He had
been Secretary to the Society of Anti-
quaries in Scotland, and a Fellow of
that Society, when in 1853 he was
appointed Professor of History and
English Literature in the University
of Toronto, Canada. The growth and
prosperity of the University is largely
due to his efforts. He was for four
|
WILSON, ERASMUS, F.R.S., sur-
geon, born in 1809; became a Mem-
conclusions, and a formal announce-
ment to Mr. Rivers Wilson of the
determination of His Highness to
abandon his actual system of govern-
ment for one more in conformity
with European experience, and to
govern in future by means of a re-
sponsible ministry. The formation
of the new cabinet was entrusted to
Nubar Pasha, who offered to Mr.
Rivers Wilson the post of Finance
Minister. With the consent of Her
Majesty's Government, Mr. Rivers
Wilson accepted this position (Sept.,
1878) until Jan. 1, 1881, when he will
be at liberty to return to his office of
Comptroller-General of the National
Debt Office.
1022
""
ber of the Royal College of Surgeons | Tow, B.D., son of the late Rev. H. B.
Wilson, D.D., many years Rector of
St. Mary Aldermary, in the City of
London, born in 1803, was educated
at Merchant Taylors' School, and at
St. John's College, Oxford, of which
he became a Fellow and Tutor. He
graduated B.A. in high classical
honours in 1855, and was one of the
four resident Tutors, who, in 1841,
issued a joint protest and remon-
strance to the editor of "Tracts for
the Times," on account of their ten-
dency to admit Roman doctrine in
the interpretation of the Thirty-nine
Articles. The Rev. H. B. Wilson was
appointed successively by the Uni-
versity a Select Preacher, Public Exa-
miner, Professor of Anglo-Saxon, and
Bampton Lecturer in 1851. He was
preferred by his college, in 1850, to
the Vicarage of Great Staughton,
Hunts, where he has since resided.
He has written several sermons and
pamphlets on Church and University
questions, an essay on "Schemes of
Christian Comprehension," in the
"Oxford Essays," published in 1857,
and the "National Church," in
in 1831; Fellow by election in 1843;
Member of Council in 1870. He
founded the Chair of Dermatology
and Museum of Dermatology in the
College of Surgeons in 1869, and was
elected the first Professor. Mr.
Wilson, who is eminent for his know-
ledge of diseases of the skin, began
his professional life as an anatomist;
and has written "The Dissector's
Manual;
"The Anatomist's Vade-
Mecum ;" and edited Anatomical
Plates in four volumes folio; "Dis-
eases of the Skin ; "The Student's
Book of Diseases of the Skin ;," "Por-
traits of Diseases of the Skin," folio,
plates; "Lectures on Dermatology;
Descriptive Catalogue of the Der-
matological Specimens contained in
the Museum of the Royal College of
Surgeons; ""On Eczema and Ecze-
matous Eruptions; "On Syphilis
and Syphilitic Eruptions; "On
Ringworm;" "Inquiry into the
Frequency, Duration, and Cause of
Diseases of the Skin; ""On Healthy
Skin, a Popular Treatise on its
Management;""Report on Leprosy,
the article on "Skin and its Diseases,"
in Cooper's "Surgical Dictionary;
"Lectures on the Diseases of the
Skin in the Medical Times and
Gazette, British Medical Journal, and
Lancet; Essays and Papers on Der-
matological and other subjects in the
Philosophical, Medico-Chirurgical,
and Veterinary Transactions, British
and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Re-
view, and other journals. Mr. Wilson
is the founder and editor of a quarterly
journal of cutaneous medicine. In
addition to the above works he has
published "Food, as a Means of Pre-
vention of Disease;" "The Eastern,
or Turkish Bath;" "A Three Weeks'
Scamper through the Spas of Ger-
many and Belgium; History of
the Middlesex Hospital;
an edition
of "Hufeland's Art of Prolonging
Life;
articles in Todd's Cyclo-
pædia; and "Cleopatra's Needle,
with brief notes on Egypt and Egyp-
tian Obelisks," 1878.
""
""
((
"">
Essays and Reviews." In 1862 he
was sentenced by the Judge of the
Court of Arches to be suspended for
one year from his benefice,'on account
of certain alleged errors contained in
his contribution to the last-named
publication. This sentence was re-
versed on appeal to the Privy Council.
Mr. Wilson published the argument
delivered by him as " A Speech before
the Judicial Committee of Her Ma-
jesty's Privy Council in Wilson v.
Fendall," 1863.
"" (4
WILSON, THE REV. HENRY BRIS-
66
27
""
WILSON-WINDHORST.
""
**
""
""
WILSON, THE RIGHT REV. WIL-
LIAM SCOTT, D.D., was consecrated
Bishop of Glasgow and Galloway in
1859.
WILTON, MISS MARIE EFFIE.
(See BANCROFT, MRS.)
WINDHORST, LUDWIG, the Par-
liamentary leader of the Catholic
party in Prussia, was born Jan. 17,
1812. He attended the "Carolinum"
in Osnabrück, and continued his
studies at Göttingen and Heidelberg.
He became an advocate, and then
WINMARLEIGH-WODEHOUSE.
|
syndic and presiding member of the
Consistory at Osnabrück; afterwards,
"Ober-Appellationsrath in Kalbe;
from 1863 to 1865 he was Minister of
Justice at Hanover; and finally, he
was nominated Chief Syndic of the
Crown in Kalbe. From 1819 to 1866,
he was a member of the Assembly of
the Estates of the Realm, and in
1851 President of the Second Cham-
ber of the same. He became a mem-
ber of the Constituent and the regular
Reichstag; and since 1867 he has
been a member of the Prussian House
of Deputies.
Northern Division and remained one
of its representatives till 1874, when
he was called to the House of Peers.
Thus for forty-two years Colonel
Wilson-Patten represented North
Lancashire in the House of Commons,
where he acquired great popularity
and a high reputation for skill in
debate. While in the Lower House
he filled the offices of Chairman of
Committees of the whole House, from
Nov., 1852, till April, 1853; Chan-
cellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from
June, 1867, to Sept., 1868; and Chief
Secretary for Ireland from the last
date to December following. The
services rendered by him to the Con-
servative party were rewarded by his
elevation to the peerage in March,
1874, when, on the recommendation
of Mr. Disraeli, he was created Baron
Winmarleigh. From 1842 to 1872 he
was Colonel of the 3rd Royal Lan-
cashire Militia, and he continues to
be its honorary Colonel. He accom-
panied the regiment to Gibraltar at
the time of the Crimean War, and on
his return to England he was ap-
pointed one of Her Majesty's Aides-
WINMARLEIGH (LORD), THE
RIGHT HON. JOHN WILSON-PATTEN,
is the eldest son of the late Thomas
Wilson-Patten, Esq., of Bank Hall,
M.P., who assumed the additional
surname of Wilson on succeeding to
the estates of Dr. Wilson, Bishop of
Sodor and Man. He was born in
1802, and received his education at
Eton, together with the late Earls of
Derby and Carlisle, Lord Halifax, the
Right Hon. Spencer Walpole and
others who have taken a prominent
part in public affairs. From Eton he
proceeded to Magdalen College, Ox-de-Camp. His Lordship has acted
ford, and on leaving the University as Vice-Lieutenant of Lancashire in
he spent three years on the Continent, the absence of the Lord Lieutenant,
visiting most of the countries of and he has taken an active interest
Europe. In 1830 he was elected in most of the agricultural, commer-
without opposition one of the Knights cial, and manufacturing questions
of the Shire in the Conservative in- which had been brought forward in
terest, for the whole county of Lan- the present half century.
caster, as the colleague of Lord
Stanley, afterwards thirteenth Earl of
Derby. He voted for the second
reading of the Reform Bill in 1831,
Reform Bill in 1831,
but not having been able to pledge
himself to all its details he retired at
the general election of that year.
However, he was re-elected in 1832
for the Northern Division of the
county (comprising the present
Northern and North-Eastern Di-
visions) as the colleague of the late
Earl of Derby (the fourteenth Earl).
He continued to be one of the repre-
sentatives of the old Northern Division
of Lancashire without opposition till
1868; on the county being again sub-
divided he was elected for the present
|
1023
""
|
WODEHOUSE, SIR
SIR PHILIP
EDMOND, K.C.B., eldest son of the
late Ed. Wodehouse, Esq., many years
one of the members in the Conserva-
tive interest for East Norfolk, and a
cousin of the Earl of Kimberley, born
about 1812, was for some years in the
Civil Service at Ceylon. In 1854 he
was appointed Governor of British
Guiana, and in 1861 was promoted to
the Governorship of the Cape of Good
Hope, rendered vacant by the trans-
fer of Sir George Grey to his former
post in New Zealand. He was made
à K.C.B. (civil), in 1863. He resigned
the Governorship of the Cape in Aug.,
1870. He was appointed Governor
of Bombay from March, 1872, to Jan.
WÖHLER-WOLSELEY.
the
1877. His wife, a daughter of F. J. | the Legion of Honour, and the fifth
Templar, Esq., died at Cape Town, class of the Turkish Order of the
Oct. 6, 1866.
Medjidie. He was also at the siege
and capture of Lucknow, and the
defence of Alumbagh, when he was
made brevet Lieut.-Col. and men-
tioned with commendation in dis-
patches. In 1860 he served on the
staff of the Quartermaster-General
throughout the Chinese campaign,
for which he received a medal and
two clasps. He was appointed
Deputy Quartermaster-General in
Canada in Oct., 1867, and commanded
the expedition to the Red River; was
nominated a Knight Commander of
the Order of SS. Michael and George
in 1870; and was assistant Adjutant-
General at head-quarters in 1871.
He was appointed in Aug., 1873,
to command the troops on
Gold Coast during the Ashantee
War, with the local rank of Major-
General. On Sept. 12, 1873, he
and his staff embarked at Liver-
pool for the West Coast of Africa.
Arriving there in advance of his
troops, he commenced his inland
march in the last days of 1873, and
Capt. Glover in the East, and other
officers in the West, were commis-
sioned to raise native levies with
which they were to effect a diversion
as all the separate forces converged
on the capital. The Fantees, with
few exceptions, proved utterly worth-
less as auxiliaries, and there was
great difficulty in retaining the
bearers and camp followers, whose
services were indispensable to the
army. The resistance offered by the
enemy, though it was resolute and
obstinate, was overcome without the
occurrence of any serious check. After
several skirmishes the Ashantees made
a final stand in the neighbourhood of
the capital; and, after defeating the
enemy, Sir Garnet Wolseley, on Feb.
5, entered Coomassie, and received
the submission of the King, who
agreed to appoint Commissioners to
conclude a treaty. After a stay of
three or four days Sir Garnet Wolseley
thought it prudent to begin his return
march, and he halted at Adamsi to
|
1024
WÖHLER, FRIEDRICH, born near
Frankfort, July 31, 1809, studied the
natural sciences at Marburg and
Heidelberg. Having taken his doc-
tor's degree, he proceeded, in 1824, to
Sweden, where he studied chemistry
under Berzelius. On his return to
Germany, he was for several years
Professor in the Berlin School of Arts
and Trades, in 1832 was appointed
Professor of Chemistry and Techno-
logy in the new School of Arts and
Trades at Cassel, and in 1836 occu-
pied a chair of Medicine, and took
direction of the Chemical Institute at
Göttingen. He has made several
chemical discoveries; among others,
a new method of obtaining pure
nickel; was the first to obtain alumi-
nium in an isolated state; and de-
tailed accounts of his discoveries are
given in the scientific journals of
Germany. He has published several
distinct works on chemical subjects,
which have been translated, and is
member of various scientific bodies.
He is an Officer of the Legion of
Honour, has received various foreign
decorations, was elected a Corre-
sponding member or the Institute in
June, 1864, and is Inspector-General
of Pharmacies in the kingdom of
Hanover.
WOLSELEY, MAJOR - GENERAL
SIR GARNET JOSEPH, K.C.B.,
G.C.M.G., son of Major G. J. Wolseley,
of the 25th regiment of Foot, was
born at Golden Bridge House, near
Dublin, June 4, 1833. He entered
the army as Ensign in March, 1852;
became a Captain in Jan., 1855;
Major of the 90th Foot in March,
1858;
Lieut.-Col. in the army in
April, 1859; and Colonel in June,
1865. He served with the 80th Foot
in the Burmese War of 1852-53, for
which he received a medal. After-
After-
wards he achieved distinction in the
Crimea, where he served with the
90th Light Infantry. At the siege
of Sebastopol he was severely
wounded, after which he received
WOOD.
|
""
await the Ashantee agents. The
King's fidelity to his engagements
was confirmed by the arrival of Capt.
Glover with his contingents on the
north of Coomassie, though he had
not yet been able to open communi-
cations with the General-in-Chief.
Captain Glover afterwards marched
through the capital to the coast
without opposition; and the Euro-
pean troops were re-embarked in
accordance with the original plan,
before the commencement of the
unhealthy season. The success of
the expedition justified the con-
fidence which had been reposed in
the Commander-in-Chief. On his
return to England Sir Garnet Wolse-
ley received the thanks of Parliament
and a grant of £25,000 for his
courage, energy, and perseverance,"
in the conduct of the Ashantee War;
was created a K.C.B.; and was pre-
sented with the freedom of the City
of London and a splendid sword of
the value of 100 guineas, Oct. 22,
1874. He was appointed to command
the auxiliary forces in April, 1874.
At the commencement of the follow-
ing year he was dispatched to Natal
to administer the government of that
colony and to advise upon several
important points connected with the
management of native affairs and
the best form of defensive organiza-
tion. On Oct. 2, 1875, he landed at
Portsmouth, accompanied by his
staff, on his return from the Cape of
Good Hope. He remained in com-
mand of the auxiliary forces till Nov.,
1876, when he was nominated a
member of the Council of India. On
July 12, 1878, he was appointed the
Administrator of the Island of Cyprus,
under the style of Her Majesty's
High Commissioner and Commander-
in-Chief in the same island. Sir
Garnet is the author of " Narrative of
the War with China in 1860, to
which is added the Account of a
Short Residence with the Tai-Ping
Rebels at Nankin, and a Voyage from
thence to Hankon," 1862; "The
Soldier's Pocket Book for Field Ser-
vice," 1869, 2nd edit., 1871; "The
1025
System of Field Manoeuvres best
adapted for enabling our Troops to
meet a Continental Army," printed
in" Essays Written for the Welling-
ton Prize," 1872; Marley Castle,"
a novel, 2 vols., 1877; France as a
Military Power in 1870 and 1878” in
the Nineteenth Century, Jan., 1878.
(4
**
WOOD, FERNANDO, born in Phila-
delphia, June 14, 1812. He went to
New York while a boy, and was for
a time a working cigar maker, but
subsequently entered successfully
into mercantile business. He became
prominent in local politics, and was
in 1840 elected a Representative in
Congress. In 1854 he was elected
Mayor of New York, and was several
times re-elected. Just before the
civil war, while Mayor of New York,
he became noted for his opposition to
the measures of the Federal Govern-
ment, but when hostilities broke out,
he was in favour of prosecuting the
war for the preservation of the Union.
In 1862 he was again elected a Re-
presentative in Congress, and has
been re-elected at each successive
term. He gradually came to be re-
cognised as one of the ablest leaders
in the Democratic party, and in 1878
was Chairman of a Committee which
reported a new and simplified tariff
bill, the scope of which was to greatly
diminish the number of articles
liable to pay duty.
WOOD, MRS. HENRY, novelist,
eldest daughter of the late Mr. Thos.
Price, head of one of the leading
glove-manufacturing firms in Worces-
ter, born in Worcestershire about
1820, inherited a literary taste from
her father, and at an early age was
married to Mr. Henry Wood, a gen-
tleman connected with the shipping
trade.
trade. She commenced her literary
career as a contributor to The New
Monthly Magazine and Bentley's
Miscellany, and " Danebury House,"
her first complete work (which gained
the prize of £100 offered by the Scot-
tish Temperance League for the best
illustration of the good effects of tem-
perance), was published in 1860. It
was followed by "East-Lynne," which
3 U
1026
WOOD-WOODFORD.
""
|
""
achieved a remarkable success, in most felicitously conveyed. It con-
1861; "The Channings,' ""Mrs. Hal-sists of "Common Objects of the
liburton's Troubles," and "A Foggy Sea Shore," "Common Objects of the
Night at Offord" (a small book issued Country, "Common Objects of the
for the benefit of the Lancashire Microscope, ""Common Shells of the
operatives), in 1862; "William Al- Sea Shore," the "Common Moths of
lair; or, Running away to Sea," a England," and the "Common Beetles
book for boys; "The Shadow of Ash- of England,'
of England," each appropriately
lydyat," and "Verner's Pride," in illustrated; followed by "Glimpses
1863; Lord Oakburn's Daughters," into Petland," "Our Garden Friends
"Oswald Cray," and "Trevlyn Hold; and Foes," "Homes without Hands,"
or, Squire Trevlyn's Heir," in 1864; an important work, in which the
"Mildred Arkell," a novel, in 1865; dwellings of various animals are
"Elster's Folly," a novel, and "St. described and figured, and arranged
Martin's Eve, a novel, in 1866; according to the method in which
"A Life Secret," in 1867; "Roland they are formed; and "Bible Ani-
Yorke," in 1869; "George Canter- mals," being a full description of
bury's Will," and "Bessy Rane," in every living creature mentioned in
1870; "Dene Hollow," in 1871; the Scriptures. He has nearly com-
"Within the Maze," in 1872; "Master pleted "Insects at Home," the work
of Greylands," in 1873; "Edina,"
being an account of the habits of
in 1876; and "Pomeroy Abbey," British insects, profusely illustrated
in 1878. Mrs. Wood is editor of the on a new plan; "Old Testament
Argosy, a sixpenny monthly magazine. History," and "New Testament
WOOD, THE REV. JOHN GEORGE, History," for the use of preparatory
M.A., F.L.S., son of a surgeon, at one schools; "Natural History of Man,"
time Chemical Lecturer at the Middle- an important work in two volumes,
sex Hospital, born in London in 1827, describing the manners and customs
was educated at Ashbourne Grammar of the uncivilized races of man,
School, entered Merton College, Ox- and richly illustrated with portraits
ford, in 1844, was elected Jackson and drawings of weapons and im-
Scholar in 1845, and graduated B.A. plements used by them; together
in 1848, and M.A. in 1851. Having with many other educational works.
been attached for two years to the The Rev. J. G. Wood's magnum opus is
Anatomical Museum at Christ Church, his larger "Natural History," in three
Oxford, he was ordained, in 1852, as volumes, which is enriched with a
Chaplain to the boatman's floating number of admirable sketches, chiefly
chapel, Oxford; was appointed As- from the life, by the most eminent
sistant-Chaplain to St. Bartholomew's artists of the day in this branch of
Hospital, London, in 1856, and re- illustration. He edited for some time
signed the appointment on account of the Boy's Own Magazine, and was
ill-health in 1862. He was elected one of the associate commissioners of
Precentor of the Canterbury Diocesan the Great Exhibition at Paris in
Choral Union in 1868. He has written 1867. His more recent works are:
several valuable works on Zoology; "Man and Beast, Here and Here-
among others, a "Popular Natural after," 2 vols., 1874; "Out of Doors;
History," "Sketches and Anecdotes a Selection of Original Articles on
of Animal Life," "The Boy's Own Practical Natural History," 1874;
Natural History Book," and "My and "Insects Abroad: a Popular
Feathered Friends, or Bird Life." He Account of Foreign Insects, their
has published a series of cheap enter- Structure, Habits, and Transforma-
taining handbooks, as novel in design tions," 1874.
as they are unpretendiug in their
titles, and which abound iu both
scientific and practical knowledge,
*
WOODFORD, THE RIGHT REV.
JAMES RUSSELL, D.D., Bishop of
Ely, was born at Henley-on-Thames
WOODS-WOOLNER.
April 30, 1820, and after a prelimi- |
nary training at Merchant Taylors'
School, was sent to Pembroke College,
Cambridge, where he took his B.A.
in 1842, obtaining honours as a Senior
Optime in the Mathematical Tripos,
and as a second-class man in the
Classical Tripos. He was ordained
deacon in 1843, and priest in 1845.
Mr. Woodford held the incumbency
of the new district church of St.
Mark's, Easton, between Stapleton
and Bristol, from 1847 to 1855, when
he was presented by Bishop Monk to
the vicarage of Kempsford, Glouces-
tershire; this living he held down to
1868, when he was chosen by the
trustees of the parish church and
vicarage of Leeds as successor to Dr.
Atlay in that important position, on
the elevation of the latter to the See
of Hereford. He was also for some
years examining chaplain to the late
Bishop Wilberforce, who, in 1867,
bestowed on him an honorary canonry
in Christ Church, Oxford; and he
was appointed Select Preacher before
the University of Cambridge in 1864,
1867, and 1873. He was nominated
to the Bishopric of Ely, when Dr.
Harold Browne was translated to
Winchester; and was consecrated in
Westminster Abbey, Dec. 14, 1873.
Dr. Woodford is the author of several
volumes of "Sermons," "Lectures,'
"Lectures,"
&c., including "Sermons Preached
before the University of Cambridge,"
"Lectures on the Creed," "Lectures
on the Church, Past and Present;
and he was the editor of the third
series of "Tracts for the Christian
Seasons."
|
1027
""
ceased, and received the honour of
knighthood on the 11th of the follow-
ing month. He was attached to the
missions for investing the King of
Denmark, the King of the Belgians
and the Emperor of Austria with the
Order of the Garter. Sir A. W. Woods
holds the office of Registrar and Se-
cretary to the Order of the Bath,
Registrar to the Order of the Star of
India, and King-at-Arms to that of
St. Michael and St. George.
was
WOOLNER, THOMAS, R.A., was
born at Hadleigh, in Suffolk, Dec. 17,
1825, and received his education in
a school at Ipswich. When only
thirteen years of age he evinced a
talent for sculpture, and he
placed in the studio of William
Behnes, under whose able guidance
he studied with great diligence for
six years, acquiring remarkable skill
as a sculptor, and becoming an ac-
complished draughtsman. His first
models were of a poetical and his-
torical character. "Eleanor sucking
the Poison from Prince Edward's
Wound" was exhibited at the Royal
Academy (1843), and a life-size
group of "The Death of Boadicea
in Westminster Hall. The latter
attracted particular attention, and
was regarded as a work of great
promise in the inventive or ideal
style of sculpture. Following up
this success, Mr. Woolner exhibited
figures of "Puck" and of "Titania
with her Indian Boy" at the British
Institution, and an "Eros and Eu-
phrosyne" and "The Rainbow" at
the Royal Academy in 1848. Two
years later, in conjunction with Mr.
Millais, Mr. Holman Hunt, and Mr.
Dante Gabriel Rossetti, he took a
leading part in establishing
"The
Germ," a short-lived periodical in
which the ideas of those artists,
who were afterwards called "Pre-
Raphaelites," first found expression.
Mr. Woolner's contributions consisted
of a number of graceful poems, which,
with others from his pen, were after-
WOODS, SIR ALBERT WILLIAM,
F.S.A., was born in 1816, being a son
of Sir William Woods, who filled the
office of Garter King-at-Arms from
1838 until his death in 1842. He
entered the College of Arms as Port-
cullis Pursuivant in 1838, was ap-
pointed Lancaster Herald in 1841,
and became Registrar of the College
in April, 1866. He was advanced to
the office of Garter Principal King-wards collected in a volume entitled
at-Arms, Oct. 25, 1869, in succession "My Beautiful Lady," that appeared
to Sir Charles George Young, de- in 1863, and reached a third edition
ร
3 U 2
1028
WOOLSEY-WORBOISE.
in 1866. Mr. Woolner went to Aus-
tralia in 1854, and during a residence
of two years there he modelled a
number of characteristic likenesses
in medallion. On his return to this
country his first important produc-
tion was a life-size statue of Lord
Bacon, for the new Museum at Ox-
ford. Among his subsequent works
are statues of Prince Albert, for
Oxford; Lord Macaulay, for Trinity
College, Cambridge; William III., for
the Houses of Parliament; Sir Bartle
Frere, for Bombay; Dr. Whewell, for
Cambridge; Lord Lawrence, for Cal-
cutta ; and Lord Palmerston, for
Palace Yard; busts of Tennyson,
Carlyle, Dr. Newman, Mr. Darwin,
Rajah Brooke, Sir William Fair-
bairn, Professor Sedgwick, Sir Wm.
Hooker, Richard Cobden, Charles
Dickens, Canon Kingsley, Mr. Glad-
stone, Viscount Sandon, Mr. W.
Fuller Maitland, Professor Lushing-
ton (for the University of Glasgow),
Mr. John Simon (for the College of
Surgeons), and Professor Huxley;
also "Elaine with the Shield of Sir |
Lancelot," "Ophelia,” Virgil be-
wailing the banishment of Corio-
lanus, ‚""Guinevere," and "Achilles
and Pallas shouting from the
Trenches," the latter being his dip-
loma work exhibited at the Royal
Academy in 1876. Mr. Woolner is
now (1878) engaged on a colossal
statue in bronze of Captain Cook for
the Government of New South Wales;
it is to be erected in Hyde Park,
Sydney, overlooking Sydney Harbour.
In 1871, Mr. Woolner was elected
an Associate of the Royal Academy,
and in Dec., 1874, he received the
final honour of being nominated a
Royal Academician. On the death
of Mr. Henry Weekes, in 1877, he
was appointed to succeed him as
Professor of Sculpture in the Royal
Academy.
(.
was elected Professor of the Greek
Language and Literature in Yale
College, and fifteen years later Pre-
sident of that College. He resigned
the presidency in 1871, but continued
in the faculty. Besides many occa-
sional orations, addresses, and essays,
he has published editions of "The
Alcestis of Euripides; "The An-
tigone" of Sophocles; "The Prome-
theus" of Eschylus; "The Electra'
of Sophocles; and "The Gorgias" of
Plato. Among his other works are,
"Inauguration Discourse as President
of Yale College" (1846); " Historical
Discourses at the 150th Anniversary
of the Founding of Yale College
(1850); "Introduction to the Study
of International Law" (1860, revised
edition, 1874); "Addresses commemo-
rative of the Life and Services of
Jeremiah Day, late President of Yale
College" (1867); "Essays on Divorce
and Divorce Legislation, with Special
Reference to the United States"
(1869).
|
WOOLSEY, THEODORE DWIGHT,
D.D., LL.D., was born at New York,
Oct. 31, 1801. He graduated at Yale
College in 1820; studied theology at
Princeston, and subsequently spent
three years in Germany. In 1831 he
|
35
15
WÓRBOISE, EMMA JANE, daugh-
ter of a clergyman of the Church of
England, was born in 1825. Having
been left an orphan when very young,
she was educated at the school for
clergymen's daughters, established at
Casterton, near Kirby Lonsdale, by
the late Rev. W. Carus Wilson; was
married to a gentleman of French
descent, and is now a widow. This
lady has written several works of fic-
tion, including "Helen Bury," pub-
lished in 1850; "Anny Wilton:
Lights and Shades of Christian Life,
in 1855; “Grace Hamilton's School
Days," in 1856; "Kingsdown Lodge :
or, Seed-Time and Harvest," and
"Wife's Trials, a Tale," in 1858;
"Millicent Kendrick: or, the Search
after Happiness," in 1862 "Lottie
Lonsdale or, Chains and Links,"
and "Married Life: or, Philip and
Edith,” in 1863; "Thornycroft Hall,"
"Lillingstones of Lillingstone," and
"Labour and Wait: or, Evelyn's
Story," in 1864; "St. Bertha's:
or, the Heiress of Arne," in 1865;
"Sir Julian's Wife," and "Violet
Vaughan," in 1866; "Chrystabel," in
•
WORDSWORTH.
1872; and "The House of Bondage,"
in 1873. She has contributed to
periodical literature, edits the Chris-
tian World, and preserves the cogno-
men under which she first became
known to the public.
elected Bishop of the united dioceses
of St. Andrews, Dunkeld, and Dun-
blane, and at the installation of the
late Earl of Derby as Chancellor, in
1853, was admitted to the hon. degree
of D.C.L. by the University of Ox-
ford. In 1854 he resigned the War-
denship of Glenalmond, and has since
devoted himself exclusively to the
duties of the episcopate, taking an
active part in the affairs of the Scot-
tish Church. He is one of the New
Testament Company for the Revision
of the Authorized Version of the
Bible. The published works of the
Bishop of St. Andrews are chiefly of
a theological character. There are.
however, some exceptions; among
which must be mentioned his
"Græcæ Grammaticæ Rudimenta,"
published in 1839, and now in the
sixteenth edition; "The College of
St. Mary Winton," an illustrated
work, in 1848; a volume “On Shak-
spere's Knowledge and Use of the
Bible," in 1854; "and"A Greek
Primer," in 1870. His other publi-
cations are, Christian Boyhood at
a Public School," in 1846; "Cate-
chesis, or Christian Instruction,"
fourth (enlarged) edition, 1864; a
"Letter to the Right Hon. W. E.
Gladstone on Religious Liberty;
and numerous sermons, charges, and
pamphlets. His elaborate judicial
Opinions on the cases of the
Bishop of Brechin and the Rev. P.
Cheyne, and his "Notes on the
Eucharistie Controversy
(the last
printed for the use of his clergy and
private circulation only), are a power-
ful vindication of the doctrines held
by the Anglican Church. He has
made various appeals to the Presby-
terian community in Scotland in
the form of lectures, &c., on behalf
of unity among Christians; among
which may be specified “A United
Church for the United Kingdom,”
advocated in a tercentenary discourse
on the Scottish Reformation, to-
>>
WORCESTER, BISHOP OF. (See
PHILPOTT, DR.)
WORDSWORTH, THE RIGHT
REV. CHARLES, D.C.L., Bishop of
St. Andrews, Dunkeld, and Dunblane,
second son of the late Dr. Christopher
Wordsworth (many years Master of
Trinity College, Cambridge), and
nephew of the celebrated poet, born
in 1806, was educated at Harrow
and at Christ Church, Oxford, where
he obtained, among other distinctions,
two Chancellor's prizes, that for Latin
verse in 1827, and for the Latin essay
in 1831, and was placed in the first
class of Literæ Humaniores, when he
took the degree of B.A. in 1830. In
reward for the first of these distinc-
tions he was appointed to a student-
ship by the Dean. He was no less
distinguished for athletic exercises,
being, in 1829, one of the Oxford
eight, and also one of the Oxford
eleven, and successful in both en-
counters with the sister University.
After taking his B.A. degree, he re-
mained at Christ Church for two or
three years as a private tutor, and
had among his pupils the late Duke
of Newcastle, the Right Hon. W. E.
Gladstone, Cardinal Manning, and
other celebrated men. In 1835 he
was selected Second Master of Win-
chester College, an office which up to
that time had never been conferred
on any one not educated at Winches-
ter. On account of weak health, he
resigned in 1845, and accepted in
1846 the appointment of first War-
den of Trinity College, Glenalmond,
Perthshire, which he held for seven
years, during which time the institu-
tion was in a great measure indebted
to him for its establishment on a firm
and prosperous basis, and he materi-
ally aided the progress of the build-gether with Proofs and Illustrations,
ings, the college chapel (which cost designed to form a "Manual of Re-
£8,800) having been erected solely formation Facts and Principles," in
at his expense.
In 1852 he was 1860; and "The Outlines of the
66
1029
29
""
1030
WORDSWORTH-WRATISLAW.
""
""
Gondon on the Distinctive Character
of the Church of Rome;"
""Ancient
Writings from the Walls of Pompeii ;"
"Theocritus," from the ancient MSS.;
a "Tour in Italy "Sermons on
the Church of Ireland, her History
and Claims; "On Union with
Rome; ""Sermons on the Maccabees
and the Church," 1871 ; "An Answer
to the Apostolic Letter of Pope Pius
IX.; ""A Charge to the Diocese of
Lincoln," 1870; "A Lecture on Art,
delivered at St. Mary's Church, Not-
tingham, in connection with the pro-
posed Museum of Art on the Castle
Hill in that town," 1875. Dr. Words-
worth edited the "Correspondence of
Richard Bentley, D.D." He married,
in 1838, Susanna Hatley Frere, daugh-
ter of George Frere, Esq., of Twy-
ford House, Berks, a niece of the
Right Hon. John Hookham Frere,
the friend of Canning.
|
WORDSWORTH, THE RIGHT
REV. CHRISTOPHER, D.D., Bishop of
Lincoln, son of the Rev. Christopher
Wordsworth, D.D., Master of Trinity
College, Cambridge, and Priscilla,
daughter of Charles Lloyd, Esq., the
well-known banker of Birmingham;
nephew of William Wordsworth, the
celebrated poet, and younger brother
of the Right Rev. Dr. Wordsworth,
Bishop of St. Andrews, Dunkeld, and
Dunblane, was born in 1807, and
educated at Winchester and at
Trinity College, Cambridge, whers
he closed a brilliant undergraduate
course by graduating B.A. in 1830,
taking high honours, and was elected
a Fellow of his college. Having re-
ceived deacon's and priest's orders,
he was appointed, in 1836, Public
Orator at Cambridge and Head
Master of Harrow School, which
post he held until 1844, when the
Îate Sir R. Peel preferred him to
a Canonry in Westminister Abbey.
He was Hulsean Lecturer at Cam-
bridge in 1847-8, and in 1869 he was
appointed Bishop of Lincoln, being
consecrated on Feb. 24 in Westmin-
ster Abbey. He took part in the
proceedings of the "Old Catholic"
Congress held at Cologne in Sept.,
1872. His best known works are his
edition of the Greek Testament, with
notes; "The Old Testament, in the
Authorized Version, with Notes and
Introductions ;""The Holy Year, or
Original Hymns ; ""Occasional Ser-
mons in Westminster Abbey ; " "Lec-
tures on Inspiration; Theophilus
Anglicanus ; "Memoirs of William
Wordsworth ; *9.66
Athens and Attica;"
"Greece, Historical, Pictorial, and
Descriptive; ""St. Hippolytus and
the Church of Rome in the Beginning
of the Third Century" (from the
(from the
newly-discovered Philosophumena);
"Diary in France;""Letters to M.
WORSAAE, HANS JAKOB ASMUS-
SEN, archæologist, born at Veile (Jut-
land), March 14, 1821, commenced his
studies in the College of Horsen, and
finished them at Copenhagen in 1838.
He gave up the study of theology and
jurisprudence in order to devote him-
self to the history of his country,
studied for several years the Scandi-
navian antiquities in the Royal Mu-
seum, and travelled in Germany,
France, Great Britain, and elsewhere,
collecting everything that could serve
to throw light upon the early history
and arts of the Scandinavian people.
He holds a distinguished place
amongst Danish literary men, and
has written in his own language, and
in English, several works not only
interesting to Danes, but also to
British antiquaries.
99 66
Christian Ministry delineated and
brought to the Test of Reason, Holy
Scripture, History, and Experience;
with a view to the Reconciliation of
Existing Differences concerning it,
especially between Presbyterians and
Episcopalians," 1872.
WRATISLAW, THE REV. ALBERT
HENRY, M.A., born in 1821, and edu-
cated at Rugby School, and then at
Christ's College, Cambridge, of which
he was successively Scholar, Fellow,
and Tutor, graduated B.A. in 1844,
taking high honours. He was elected
Head Master of the Grammar-school,
Felstead, in 1852, and of Bury School
on the resignation of Dr. Donaldson in
1855. He has written "Lyra Czecho-
WRANGELL—WULLERSTORF.
Slavonska, Bohemian Poems, trans-
lated," published in 1849; "Queen's
Court Manuscript, with Bohemian
Poems," in 1852; "Ellisian Greek
Exercises," in 1855; "Barabbas the
Scape-goat, Sermons," in 1859;"Notes
and Dissertations on Scripture," in
1863; "Plea for Rugby School," in
1864;
"The Adventures of Baron
Wratislaw of Mitrowitz in his Sojourn
and Captivity at Constantinople, at
the end of the sixteenth century;
"The Diary of an Embassy from King
George of Bohemia to Louis XI. of
France, in 1464," translated from
the Slavonic; "Life, Legend, and
Canonization of St. John Nepo-
mucen," 1873; school-books and
pamphlets.
""
|
|
WRANGELL (BARON), FERDI-
NAND PETROVICH, VON, Arctic navi-
gator and traveller in the Russian
service, born in Esthonia, about 1795,
was educated in the School for Naval
Cadets at St. Petersburg, and in 1817
served as an officer under Capt.
Golovin, in his voyage round the
world, in the sloop Kamschatka. The
principal voyages and travels of Von
Wrangell-all devoted to Polar and
Siberian explorations-were accom-
plished between the years 1820 and
1836, and his most remarkable ex-
ploits were performed in two ex-
peditions in search of land, alleged
by the natives of Indigirka and
Kolyma to exist in the north of the
Polar Sea. The greater part of his
journeys on these occasions was per-
formed in sledges, drawn by dogs
over the vast continents of Polar ice.
He attained a latitude of two minutes
above the seventy-second degree, but
without making the discovery of the
land of which he was in search. He
is the author of several works on
travel and ethnology, has filled high
positions in the Russian service, and
is known and highly respected by the
savans of foreign nations. For his
various successful exertions he was
raised to the rank of Vice-Admiral in
1847, retired from the service in 1849,
and has since been Director of the
privileged company established for
1031
trading with the Russian possessions
in America.
WRIGHT, WILLIAM, LL.D., born
in India, Presidency of Bengal, Jan.
17, 1830, was educated at St. Andrews,
Fife, and Halle, Prussia. He was
appointed Professor of Arabic in Uni-
versity College, London, in 1855; in
Trinity College, Dublin, in 1856;
Assistant in the Department of MSS.
in the British Museum, in 1861 ;
Assistant Keeper of the MSS. in 1869;
Professor of Arabic in the University
of Cambridge in 1870. He is a
Fellow of Queen's College, Cam-
bridge; LL.D. honoris causa, of
Cambridge, Dublin, Edinburgh, St.
Andrews; and Ph.D. honoris causa,
of Leyden. He has published "The
Travels of Ibn Jubair (Arabic),"
Leyden, 1852; " Analectes sur l'His-
toire et la Litérature des Arabes
d'Espagne par al-Makkari, livres i-iv,”
Leyden, 1855 (the remaining por-
tions of this Arabic work were edited
by Prof. Krehl of Leipsic, Professor
Dozy of Leyden, and M. Dugat of
Paris); " The Book of Jonah in four
Oriental Versions, with Glossaries,"
London, 1857; "Opuscula Arabica,"
Leyden, 1859; "A Grammar of the
Arabic Language," 2 vols., London,
1859-62 (the second edition is in the
press)
press); "The Kamil of el-Mubarrad,'
(Arabic), edited for the German
Oriental Society, Leipsic, 1864-74
Contributions to the Apocryphal
Literature of the New Testament
(Syriac and English), London, 1865;
"The Homilies of Aphraates" (vol.
i., Syriac), London, 1869; " An Arabic
Reading-book," part first, London,
1870; Apocryphal Acts of the
Apostles" (Syriac and English), 2
vols., London, 1871; and "Catalogue
of the Syriac MSS. in the British
Museum," 3 vols., 1870-72.
>>
|
((
WÜLLERSTORF (BARON), BERN-
HARD VON WÜLLERSTORF-URBAIR,
born at Trieste, Jan. 29, 1816, re-
ceived his first education at Padua,
entered the College of Pioneers, at
Tulln, near Vienna, and became in
1833 a cadet in the Imperial navy.
He studied astronomy under the cele
""
1032
YATES-YEAMES.
**
(*
brated Von Littrow; was appointed |
in 1839 Director of the Nautical Ob-
servatory at Venice; and married in
1847 Miss H. O'Connor, an Irish lady,
who died in 1848, in which year he
proved his fidelity to the Imperial
dynasty by personal sacrifices, and was
decorated with the Iron Cross of the
third class. In 1849 he was appointed
Commodore, organized the Naval
Academy, and afterwards held the
important post of referee to the High
Admiral; and in April, 1857, he took
command of the Novara, commis-
sioned for a tour of scientific observa-
tion. He returned home in 1859, and
published the result of these important
researches, attained the rank of Rear-
Admiral in 1861, and was sent to
Vienna as Representative of the Navy
in the Reichsrath. In Aug. of that
year he married the Countess Léonie
Rothkirch Panthen. In the following
winter he was commissioned by the
Government to visit Switzerland,
Germany, France, Belgium, and
Holland, in order to study new in-
ventions in shipbuilding and iron
manufactories. Upon his return he
was appointed Admiral of the Port of
Venice, and in 1864 Commander-in-zine; and a constant contributor
|
sometime lesssee of the Adelphi, born
in July, 1831, was for many years
Chief of the Missing Letter Depart-
ment in the Post-Office. He has
written "My Haunts and their Fre-
quenters," published in 1854 ; " After
Office Hours," in 1861; "Broken to
Harness," a Story, in 1864; “Busi-
ness of Pleasure,
Pages in Wait-
ing," and "Running the Gauntlet, a
Novel," in 1865; and "Kissing the
Rod," and "Land at Last, a Novel,"
in 1866. In conjunction with the
late Mr. F. E. Smedley, he wrote
"Mirth and Metre, by Two Merry
Men," published in 1854; in conjunc-
tion with the late Mr. R. B. Brough,
edited "Our Miscellany," which ap-
peared in 1857-8; prepared a con-
densed edition of "The Life and Cor-
respondence of C. Mathews the
Elder," published in 1860; and a
"Memoir of Albert Smith and Mont
Blanc." Mr. Yates, who has written
some dramas, and was the theatrical
critic of the Daily News for six years,
edited the Temple Bar Magazine, in
which his novel "Broken to Har-
ness appeared as a serial in 1864-5 ;
was the first editor of Tinsley's Maga-
""
Chief of the allied fleets in the Ger-
man Ocean. When the war was over
he retired to Gratz, in Styria, and was
appointed Minister of Commerce and
Political Economy. He resigned that
office at the expiration of two years.
Under his superintendence the treaty
of Commerce between England and
Austria was negotiated. He is well
known for his comprehensive re-
ports and valuable comments on
politico-economical subjects, which
afford conclusive evidence of his
thorough acquaintance with the
wants of Austrian industry and com-
(See
merce.
WURTEMBERG, KING OF.
CHARLES I.)
Y.
YATES, EDMUND HODGSON, son
of the well-known actor, who was
-
to All the Year Round, in which his
novel "Black Sheep" was the leading
serial story in 1866-7. His more
recent novels are "Wrecked in Port,"
1869; "Dr. Wainwright's Patient,'
1871; "Nobody's Fortune," 1871;
"The Yellow Flag," 1873; and "The
Impending Sword," 1874. In May,
1872, Mr. Yates retired from the Post-
Office in order to devote himself ex-
clusively to literature. In the course
of that year he went on a lecturing
tour in the United States, and in May,
1873, he was appointed London re-
presentative of the New York Herald,
which post he resigned in July, 1874,
when he established The World, a
journal for men and women," which
has had the most extraordinary suc-
cess, and of which he still remains
sole proprietor and editor.
((
""
YEAMES, WILLIAM FREDERICK,
R.A., was born in Dec., 1835, at
Taganrog, on the Sea of Azoff, South
YOLLAND.
Russia, of which port his father, Mr.
William Yeames, was her Britannic
Majesty's Consul. During the years
1842 and 1843 the subject of this
notice travelled with his family
through Italy. After returning to
Russia and spending the winter at
Odessa, the family went to Dresden,
and there remained till the spring of
1848, when it removed to London.
Mr. Yeames received his first instruc-
tion in art from Mr. George Scharf,
who taught him drawing and ana-
tomy. The young artist also prac-
tised drawing from casts in the
studio of Mr. J. Sherwood Westma-
cott. In 1852 Mr. Yeames left Eng-
land, in order to advance his art-
education in Italy; and studied at
Florence, first for two years under
the direction of Professor Pollastrini,
of the Florence Academy, afterwards
under Signor Raffaelle Buonajuti.
Subsequently he spent eighteen
months in Rome, and at length, in
1858, he returned to England. In
1859 he exhibited at the Royal Aca-
demy a portrait and "The Staunch
Friends," a subject-picture of a jester
and monkey. In 1861 he was repre-
sented there by works entitled "Il
Sonetto," with illustrative lines from
Petrarch, and "The Toilet;" in 1862
by "Rescued," a boy saved from
drowning; in 1863 by "The Meeting
of Sir Thomas More with his Daughter
after his Sentence to Death;" in 1864
by "La Reine Malheureuse," Queen
Henrietta Maria taking refuge from
the fire of the Parliament ships in Bur-
lington Bay; in 1865 by" Arming the
Young Knight;" and in 1866 by
"Queen Elizabeth receiving the
French Ambassadors after the News
of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew."
In June, 1866, he was elected an Asso-
ciate of the Royal Academy. Since
then he has exhibited: "The Dawn
of the Reformation," in 1867; "The
Chimney Corner" and "Lady Jane
Grey in the Tower," in 1868; "The
Fugitive Jacobite " and "
Alarming
Footsteps," in 1869; Maunday
Thursday and "Love's Young
Dream," in 1870; "Dr. Harvey and
|
""
|
the Children of Charles I.," in 1871;
"The Old Parishioner," in 1872;
"The Path of Roses," in 1873; "The
Appeal to the Podestà, "Flowers
for Hall and Bower," and "The
Christening," in 1874; "Pour les
Pauvres" and "The Suitor." in 1875;
"La Contadinella," "The Last Bit of
Scandal," and "Campo dei SS. Apos-
toli, Venice," in 1876; Waking
and " Amy Robsart," in 1877; and
"When Did You Last See Your
Father?" in 1878. Mr. Yeames was
elected a Royal Academician June
19, 1878.
(C
1033
""
YOLLAND, COL. WILLIAM, R.E..
F.R.S., youngest surviving son of the
late John Yolland, Esq., agent to the
first Earl of Morley, born in 1810, was
admitted into the Royal Military Aca-
demy at Woolwich, and obtained his
commission as 2nd Lieut. of Royal
Engineers in 1828. He rose by suc-
cessive steps to the regimental rank
of Lieut.-Col. in 1855, and was made
a Colonel in the Army, by brevet,
in 1858. He was employed in Canada
from 1830 till 1834-5, and joined
the Ordnance Survey under the super-
intendence of the late Major-Gen.
(then Col.) Colly, R.E., at the Ord-
nance Map Office, at the Tower of
London, in 1838, on which duty he
continued to be employed till 1854,
and was engaged as the Executive
Officer at the Tower and at South-
ampton, from 1840 till 1852, when he
was transferred to the Phoenix Park,
Dublin, and to Enniskillen in 1853.
While acting on the Ordnance Survey,
he was entrusted with the preparation
for publication of the Astronomical
Observations made with Ramsden's
zenith sector, which instrument was
unfortunately destroyed by the fire in
the Tower in 1841, and the compila-
tion of "An Account of the Measure-
ment of the Lough Foyle Base in the
North of Ireland during the years
1827-8-9." Afterwards he superin-
tended the publication of the "As-
tronomical Observations made with
Airy's Zenith Sector between the
years 1842 and 1850, for the Deter-
mination of the Latitudes of various
1034
YONGE.
Trigonometrical Stations in Great | 1589-1830," in 1866; "Three Centu-
Britain and Ireland." At the request ries of Modern History," in 1872;
of Col. Harness, C.B., R.E., then As- "History of the English Revolution
sistant Inspector-General of Fortifi- of 1688," in 1874; and has contri-
cations, he supplied the article on buted to periodical literature.
"Geodesy," which forms part of the
"Course of Mathematics for the Royal
Military Academy." In 1854 he was
appointed one of the Inspectors of
Railways under the Board of Trade,
and in 1856 was selected as the Engi-
neer member (jointly with Col. W. J.
Smith, R.A., and the Rev. W. C.
Lake) of the commission appointed
by the Secretary of State for War, to
consider the best mode of reorganizing
the system for training officers for the
scientific corps, in order "that patron-
age should be altogether abolished,
and that admission to those corps
should be obtained only by an open
competing examination." The com-
mission visited France, Prussia, Aus-
tria, and Sardinia, and the results of
their inquiries and their recommen-
dations were embodied in an elaborate
Report, which was printed by order
of the House of Commons.
""
""
"}
""
YONGE, CHARLOTTE MARY, only
daughter of the late W. C. Yonge,
Esq., of Otterbourne, Hants, a
magistrate for Hampshire, was born
in 1823. She is the authoress of
several works of fiction, in which
the plot is made to enforce, in a
plain and sober manner, the peculiar
doctrines of what is called the High-
Church school of opinion. The best
known works attributed to her are,
"The Heir of Redclyffe;" "Hearts-
ease;" "Dynevor Terrace;
"The
Daisy Chain; "The Young Step-
mother; or, a Chronicle of Mis-
takes; "Hopes and Fears, or,
Scenes from the Life of a Spinster;
"The Lances of Lynwood;
"The
Little_ Duke; "Clever Woman of
the Family; "Prince and the
Page: a Story of the Last Crusade ;
and "Dove in the Eagle's Nest."
Most of these have gone through
several editions, and have been re-
printed in a cheap form. It has
been stated in the public papers,
that she gave £2,000, the profits of
her "Daisy Chain," for the building
of a Missionary College at Auckland,
New Zealand, and devoted a great
portion of the proceeds of "The Heir
of Redclyffe" to fitting out the
missionary schooner Southern Cross,
for the use of Bishop Selwyn. Miss
Yonge has published " Marie Thérèse
de Lamourons," a biography abridged
from the French; "The Kings of
England," "Landmarks of History,
Ancient, Middle Ages, and Modern,'
forming a compendium of Universal
History for young people; "History
of Christian Names and their Deriva-
tion; "The Story of English Mis-
sionary Workers," in "Macmillan's
Sunday Library, 1871; Lady
Hester," 1873; "Life of John Cole-
ridge Patteson, Missionary Bishop
of the Melanesian Islands," 2 vols.,
1873; "Stories of English History,'
1874; "Stories of Greek History for
""
(6
""
YONGE, CHARLES DUKE, M.A.,
son of the Rev. Charles Yonge, Lower
Master of Eton College, born in Nov.,
1812, was educated at Eton and at
Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in
1835, taking a first-class degree. He
has compiled "English and Greek
Lexicon," published in 1849; “Gradus
ad Parnassum, with Dictionary of
Epithets," in 1850, published at the
request of the Head Master of Eton,
and other school authorities; "School
Phraseological English - Latin and
Latin-English Dictionary," in two
parts, in 1855-6; "History of England
to the Peace of Paris, 1856," in 1857,
2nd edition in 1871; short parallel
lives of Epaminondas, Gustavus Adol-
phus, Philip, and Frederick the Great,
in imitation of Plutarch's method, in
1858; "Life of the Duke of Welling-
ton, in 1860; a school edition of
Virgil, with English notes, in 1861;
History of the British Navy," in
1863; 46
English Greek Lexicon,
abridged," in 1864; "History of
France under the Bourbons, A.D. |
""
(6
«
""
""
""
""
""
YORKE-YOUNG.
the Little Ones," 1876; "Aunt Char-
lotte's German History for the Little
Ones," 1877; and "Aunt Charlotte's
Roman History for the Little Ones,"
1877.
1035
YORK, ARCHBISHOP OF. (See
THOMSON, DR.)
YORKÉ, FIELD-MARSHAL GENE-
RAL SIR CHARLES, G.C.B., son of the
late Colonel Yorke, Lieutenant of the
Tower of London, born in Dec., 1790,
and educated at Winchester, entered
the army at an early age, served with
the 52nd Regiment in the Peninsular
war, and was present at Vimiera,
Fuentes d'Onor, Salamanca, Vittoria,
the Pyrenees, Nivelle, Nive, and Or-
thez, at the sieges of Ciudad and
Badajoz, and at the battle of Water-
loo. He served at the Cape of Good
Hope in the last Kaffir war, in 1852-3,
has received the war medal with ten
clasps, and is a General in the army.
Having been appointed to the Co-
lonelcy of the 33rd Foot, he was
transferred, in 1863, to be Colonel-
Commandant of the Rifle Brigade,
and acted as Military Secretary at
the Horse Guards from 1854 till 1860.
He was created a K.C.B. in 1856, and
promoted G.C.B. in 1861. He was
appointed Constable of the Tower, in
succession to the late Sir William
Gomm, in June, 1877. He attained
the rank of Field-Marshal in the
army in June, 1877.
YOUNG, SIR ALLEN, arctic navi-
gator, formerly commanded a ship in
the merchant service, and among the
many officers of that service who did
good work and gained credit at Ba-
laclava during the Russian war, there
was no commander whose services
were more warmly acknowledged by
the late Lord Lyons than were those
of Captain Allen Young. Subse-
quently he volunteered and filled a
responsible position on board Lady
Franklin's little ship, the Fox, in
McClintock's memorable voyage
(1857-60), when the fate of Franklin
and his companions was solved. As
an officer of the Royal Naval Reserve
his commission bears date from the
first creation of the force. In 1875,
|
principally at his own expense, he
made in his yacht, the Pandora, a
gallant though unsuccessful attempt
to accomplish the North-West Pas-
sage, and to throw some further light
on the proceedings of the lost expe-
dition under Franklin, by a search for
their records on King William's Land.
Again, in 1876, he refitted the Pan-
dora for a second attempt, with the
same objects in view; but the Ad-
miralty, having been unexpectedly
called upon to communicate with the
depôts of the Government Expedition
in Smith's Sound, Captain Young
readily responded to an invitation to
fulfil this important duty, which he
did at no small risk, and in a manner
which was deemed thoroughly satis-
factory. In recognition of this ser-
vice the Queen conferred upon him
the honour of knighthood, March 12,
1877.
|
YOUNG, THE RIGHT HON.
GEORGE, a Scotch Lord of Session,
with the courtesy title of Lord Young,
eldest son of the late Alexander
Young, Esq., of Rosefield, co. Kirk-
cudbright, born in 1819 and educated
at Edinburgh, was called to the Scotch
Bar in 1840, appointed Solicitor-
General for Scotland in 1852, and re-
tired in 1866. On the return of Mr.
Gladstone to power in 1868, he again
became Solicitor-General for Scotland,
and in Oct., 1869, he was appointed
Lord Advocate in the place of the
Right Hon. J. Moncrieff. Mr. Young
was sheriff of Inverness-shire from
1853 till 1860, and of Berwick and
Haddington from 1860 till 1862. In
April, 1865, on the retirement of Sir
W. Dunbar, Bart., he was elected
member in the Liberal interest for
the borough of Wigton, and was
again returned in 1865 and 1868. He
was defeated at the general election
of Feb., 1874, but in the same month
he was, on Mr. Gladstone's recom-
mendation, created a Lord of Session
and one of the Lords of Justiciary in
Scotland.
YOUNG, JAMES, was born in Dry-
gate, Glasgow, July, 1811, and re-
ceived an elementary education, after-
1036
YOUNG.
wards working with his father as a
joiner. At the age of 18 he was
attracted by the lectures of Thomas
Graham, F.R.S., the late master of
the Mint, then a lecturer on chemistry
at the Andersonian Institution, now
Anderson's College. By degrees he
became well acquainted with Graham,
and in 1832 became his assistant, in
which position he remained for seven
years, part of the time being in Lon-
don, when Graham became professor
at University College. After this
time, four years and a half as manager
at Messrs. Muspratt's late chemical
works at Newton, and somewhat
longer at Messrs. Tennant's works at
Manchester, gave him abundant
practical experience. About 1847
Dr. Playfair told him of a petroleum
spring in a coal mine belonging to
Mr. Oakes, in Derbyshire. Mr.
Young submitted the oil to long and
careful examination, and found modes
of rendering it useful to society.
With the aid of Mr. Meldrum as
manager at Alfreton the spring was
made to furnish a lubricating oil for
machinery and a lighter oil for burn-
ing in lamps. But the product was
small and the supply of raw material
soon entirely ceased. What was to be
done? The oil had evidently come
from the coal, and surely it could be
produced from it artificially. This
idea led to the slow distillation pro-
cess which he claimed in a patent,
whilst the richness of the Bathgate
coal decided that the works for carry-
ing it out should be established there.
Bathgate is a town between Edin-
burgh and Glasgow. Mr. Binney,
F.R.S., of Manchester, was associated
with him, Mr. Meldrum being
managing partner at the works.
the works.
When the firm dissolved Mr. Young
carried on the whole, and built a
still larger establishment at Addie-
well, seven miles distant. Both of
these he sold to a company which
now carries them on. The work, for
which a large portion of the world
has to thank Mr. Young, is this:
he has reduced the price of light, and
as he says where a shilling was spent
on candles he gave an equal amount
of light for one penny. The value of
petroleum and of coal oil was shown
by him, and led to the development
of the oil wells of America, as well as
to the enormous distillation of coal
and shale in this country and great
part of Europe, whilst the oil itself
has penetrated far into the East.
Mr. Young's works are well known as
producing a large amount of paraffin
oil, but he is less known as the manu-
facturer of solid paraffin, which he is
always pleased in considering as the
veritable coal gas, solidified and made
into a candle. This solid gas and
beautiful substance is now a great
manufacture. Anderson's College
has been enriched by Mr. Young by
the addition of a chair of practical
chemistry with an endowment of
fifteen thousand guineas, and in its
success he takes much interest. In
memory
memory of his friend Professor
Graham, to whom he was strongly
attached to the last, he presented to
the city of Glasgow a bronze statue
of that chemist. This stands at
the south-east corner of George
Square. He also printed the collected
works of that eminent chemist, and
distributed the whole edition pri-
vately. His early and most intimate
friend, Dr. Livingstone, always re-
ceived his warmest attention, and he
sent out an expedition to West Africa
to find him. This was recalled on
the death of that traveller. His latest
scientific act was the use of lime for
preventing the corrosion of iron ships
by the bilge water, a process adopted
by the Admiralty. Mr. Young has a
house and estate at Durris on the
Scottish Dee, but lives chiefly at
Kelly, his house on the Firth of
Clyde.
YOUNG, JOHN RADFORD, mathe-
matician, born of humble parents in
London, in April, 1799, was almost
entirely self-educated. In 1833 he was
appointed to the Professorship of
Mathematics in Belfast College, which
he held for many years. In 1847
Professor Young published a paper in
The Transactions of the Cambridge
$
ZANARDELLI-ZOLA.
Z.
in March, 1849. He escaped, and
subsequently returned, in consequence
of the amnesty granted by the
Austrian Government, to Brescia,
where, from 1851 to 1859, he lived as
a private teacher of jurisprudence.
When Lombardy became free, in
1859, Zanardelli sat in the Pied-
montese Legislature in several Parlia-
ments for Isco. In 1866 he became
commissario regio of the Province of
Belluno, under the Ministry of Rica-
soli. In 1869 he sat on the commis-
of inquiry into the tobacco
Philosophical Society, “ On the Prin-
ciple of Continuity in reference to
Certain Results of Analysis," and in
1848 a paper in The Transactions of
the Royal Irish Academy, "On an
Extension of a Theorem of Euler."
He had discovered and published in
1844 a proof of Newton's rule for
determining the number of Imaginary
Roots in an Equation. A principle,
affirmed in this proof to be axiomatic,
was afterwards objected to as being
undemonstrated. The objection was
removed by the author in a paper "Onsion
the Completion of the Demonstration | Regia. At the Lombard bar Zanar-
of Newton's Rule," published in The delli enjoyed a very high reputa-
Philosophical Magazine for May, 1866, tion as an advocate. After the Minis-
in which paper, as also in a subsequent terial crisis of 1876, he became
one in the magazine for August, Minister of Public Works in the first
theorems of independent interest Depretis Cabinet, which portfolio he
were given. In 1863 Professor resigned in November, 1877, in con-
Young published a thoughtful work sequence of differences with Depretis,
on the theological and scientific which made it impossible for him to
controversies of the day, entitled sign, as Minister of Public Works, the
"Science Elucidative of Scripture Railway Convention arranged by the
and not Antagonistic to it," being latter. He was appointed to the
a series of Essays on the Mosaic Cos- Home Office in the Cairoli Ministry
mogony, the Theories of Geologists, in March, 1878.
Miracles, &c. This was followed in
1865 by "Modern Scepticism viewed
in relation to Modern Science, more
especially in reference to the Doctrines
of Colenso, Huxley, Lyell and Dar-
win." Professor Young's latest pro-
ductions are a paper in The Transac-
tions of the Victoria Institute for 1866,
"On the Origin of Speech," and a
memoir in the Proceedings of the Royal
Irish Academy for 1868, "On the
Imaginary Roots of Numerical Equa-
""
tions.'
an
ZANARDELLI, GIUSEPPE,
Italian statesman, was born in 1826,
in Brescia. He became a student in
the Ghislieri College at Pavia, and
took his degree as Doctor of Law in
1848. He enrolled himself in the
legion of students which was formed
at that time, and took part in the war
of independence. Returning to Bres-
cia after August, 1848, he there
prepared the rising which took place
1037
ZANZIBAR, SULTAN Of.
BARGHASH BIN SAED.)
(See
|
ZIMMERN, MISS HELEN, was
born in the free Hanse Town of Ham-
burg, March 25, 1846, but has lived
in England since 1850. She is the
author of "Schopenhauer, his Life
and Philosophy," 1876; and "Gotthold
Ephraim Lessing, his Life and his
Works," 1878.
ZOLA, EMILE, a French writer,
born at Paris, April 2, 1840, passed
his infancy in Provence with his
father, the originator of the canal
which bears his name, at Aix. He
then studied in the Lycée Saint-Louis
at Paris, and obtained employment
in the well-known publishing firm of
Hachette & Co. He gave up that
situation about 1865 in order to
devote his attention exclusively to
literature. He has been an industrious
contributor to the newspaper press,
and has written the following works
of fiction :-" Contes à Ninon," 1863;
"La Confession de Claude," 1865;
Le Vou d'une Morte," 1866; "Les
1038
ZOLA.
""
"" (C
Mystères de Marseille; "Thérèse Ventre de Paris," "La Conquéte de
Raquin ;' "Manet," a biographical Plassans,' "La Faute de l'Abbé
and critical study, 1867; "Made- Mouret, "Son Excellence Eugène
leine Férat," 1868; a series of political, Rougon," and "L'Assommoir" (1874-
social, and physiological studies, en-77). The last-named volume created
titled "Les Rougon-Macquart, histoire a great sensation, and has passed
naturelle et sociale d'une famille sous through many editions. M. Zola
le second Empire," which has been has since written a novel entitled
called his "Human Comedy," and "Une Page d'Amour," 1878; and
which is composed of seven volumes, "Le Bouton de Rose," a three-act
entitled respectively "La Fortune comedy played at the Palais Royal
des Rougon," "La Curée," "Le in 1878.
""
As some of the earlier Editions of "MEN OF THE TIME were not
numbered on the title-pages, it may be necessary to state that the Fifth is the
Edition published by Messrs. ROUTLEDGE & SONS in 1862; the Sixth that
published by them in 1865; the Seventh the Edition published by them in
1868; the Eighth that published by them in 1872; and the Ninth that pub-
lished by them in 1875. The edition quoted in the following list is the last in
which the memoir appeared of the person referred to.
Name.
...
A'ALI PASHA
Abbot, Gorham Dummer
Abbott, John Stephens Cabot
Abdul-Aziz Khan, Sultan of Turkey
A'Beckett, Sir W.
Abyssinia, Theodore, King of
Adams, Wm. Bridges...
Adams, W. H.
Adler, G. J.
Agassiz, Louis J. R.
Ainmüller, Maximilian E.
Aird, Tho.
··
...
...
...
...
...
...
••
...
NECROLOGY.
...
..
...
...
...
...
•••
...
...
...
Akerman, J. Yonge
Albert, Prince ...
Alcott, W. A., M.D.
Alford, Hy., D.D.
Alice, Princess, Grand-Duchess of
Hesse-Darmstadt
•••
...
···
Alison, Sir Archibald
Allen, Wm., D.D.
Almquist, K. J. L.
Ampère, J. J. A.
Andersen, Hans Christian
Anderson, Arthur
Anderson, Rev. J. S. M.
Anderson, Rob., Brigadier-Gen.
Anderson, Wm., LL.D.
Andrew, John Albion
Anster, John, LL.D.
Anstey, T. Chisholm
Anthon, Charles, LL.D.
Antonelli, Giacomo, Cardinal
...
•
...
……
...
···
...
...
...
...
...
···
***
...
...
...
…….
:::
Jen
···
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
⚫.4
Date of Birth.
...
···
Sept. 6,
1871
1815
Sept. 3, 1807 | Aug. 3, 1874
Sept. 18, 1805 June 17, 1877
Feb. 9, 1830 | June 3, 1876
1806
June 27, 1869
April 13, 1868
July 23, 1872
Aug. 28, 1865
Aug. 24, 1868
May 28, 1807 Dec. 14, 1873
1807
1797
1809
1821
Dec. 9,
1870
•••
...
...
...
|
Aug. 28, 1802
June 12, 1806
Aug. 26, 1819
1798
1810
··
...
···
...
...
...
...
...
...
···
..
···
Apr. 25,
Dec. 29,
Jan. 2,
1793
Aug. 12,
Apr. 2,
1792
1798
1806
1799
May 31, 1818 Oct. 30, 1867
1798
1867
1816
1797
June 9,
Aug., 1873
July 29, 1867
April 2, 1806 Nov. 6, 1876
··
"2

Date of Death.
...
April 25, 1876
Nov. 18, 1873
Dec. 14, 1861
1859
1843
Dec. 14, 1878
1792 | May 23, 1867
...
...
1
Jan. 12, 1871
1784 | July 16, 1868
Oct. 26, 1866
1800 | Mar. 27, 1864
1805
1875
Aug..
Feb. 28, 1868
Sept. 27, 1869
Oct. 26, 1871
Sept. 15, 1872
Edi-
tion.
799
9
7
7
8
6
7
8
7
← ✪ ∞ 10 00 7
9
8
8
9
S777 BOZZZW7DBT9
5
8
8
1040
Apponyi, Count Rudolph
Archer, J. W.
Name.
...
BABBAGE, CHAS.
Babington, B. G.
Bache, A. D.
Bache, F.
..
...
··
···
Northbrook)...
Baring, Tho., M.P.
Barlow, P.
...
Mar. 21, 1799
1810
1800
...
1805
1788
1801
Archibald, Sir Tho. Dickson
Argelander, Fred. W. A.
Argyropoulo, P.
Aristarchi, N.
Arlès-Dufour, J. B.
Arnaud, Fanny (Mme. Chas. Reybaud)| Dec. 13, 1802 Nov.,
Arnott, Neil, M.D.
Arrivabene, Giovanni...
Arrowsmith, John
Arwidson, A. J.
Asboth, Alex., Gen.
Ashburton, Lord
Atherstone, Edwin
Atherton, Sir W.
Athlumley, Lord
Auber, D. F. E.
Auckland, Lord, Bp. of Bath & Wells
Augustenburg, Duke of
...
•••
...
•••
...
...
...
...
•••
...
...
...
...
Aurelles de Paladine, General
Awdry, Sir John Wither
Aytoun, W. E. ...
Azeglio, Marquis, M. d'
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
…….
···
...
...
...
•
..
•••
··
...
...
...
4
..
•••
...
………
………
...
···
...
...
...
...
Bachman, John, D.D.
Back, Sir Geo.
Baehr, J. C. F.
Bagehot, Walter
Bailey, Theodorus
Baily, Edward Hodges
Bainbridge, Sir P.
Baird, Rob., D.D.
Balfe, Michael W.
Balfe, Victoria …..
Ball, Rt. Hon. N.
Ballantine, James
Baltard, Victor
Bannerman, Sir A.
Baraguey-d'Hilliers, Comte
Barante, Baron A. G. P. B.
Barbet, Auguste
...
Bardsley, Sir Jas. Lomax, M.D.
Baring, Rt. Hon. Sir F. T. (Lord
...
NECROLOGY.
...
...
...
··
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
••
...
...
...
...
···
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
•.•
...
...
...
••
Date of Birth
...
1812
Aug. 2,
...
1813
1800
··
...
••
...
···
Dec. 26,
1794
July 19,
Oct. 25,
Feb. 4,
1796
***
•••
July 19,
Jan. 9,
1795
1791
Dec. 18, 1811 Feb. 1868
1799
...
...
April 17, 1788 Jan. 29, 1872
1806
Jan. 22, 1864
1802
Dec. 7. 1873
Jan. 29, 1782 May 13, 1871
1799
April 25, 1870
Mar. 12, 1869
Dec. 17, 1877
May 31, 1878
Aug. 4,
Jan. 11,
1865
1866
...
..
...
1806 |
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1798
1804
...
•
...
1783
Sept. 6, 1795
June 10, 1787
1800
1801
1806
1792
1790
Date of Death.
1792 | Oct. 18,
1871
1866
April 8,
Feb. 17,
1867
Mar. 19, 1864
1874
...
June 1, 1876
May 25, 1864
Oct. 18, 1876
Feb. 17, 1875 9
Dec. 28, 1860 6
Feb. 2, 1866 7
Jan. 21, 1872 8
1870 7
1874
Mar. 2, 1874
Oct.
May 2, 1873 8
June 21, 1858
|
...
...
April 20, 1796 Sept. 6, 1866
Nov. 18, 1873
1800
1780
March 1, 1862
...
Edi-
tion.
June 13, 1798
Feb. 3,
1826
April 12, 1805
March, 1788
1786
June 23, 1878
Nov. 28, 1872
Mar. 24. 1877
Feb. 10, 1877
May 22, 1867 7
Dec. 20, 1862
1798 Mar. 15. 1863
5
5
Oct. 6,
1808
Oct. 20, 1870
1837
Jan. 22, 1871
1791
Jan. 15, 1865
June 11, 1808 Dec. 18, 1877
1805
Jan. 13. 1874 8
Dec. 30, 1864 6
June 6. 1878 9
Nov. 22. 1866 6
9
Mar. 1875
•
July 10, 1876
6
7
Mar. 23, 1864 5
со го со
9
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5
195
8
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7
7
7
9
9
6
6
7
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5
9
7
6
6
6
8
9
8
9
6
CO 00 LO
7
7
8
Name.
...
Barnabò, Cardinal
Barnes, Rev. Albert
Baroche, Pierre Jules..
Barrot, Odilon
Barth, H.
Bartholomew, Mrs. A.
Bartlett, Rev. Tho.
Barye, Antoine Louis...
Bates, Edward…..
Bautain (Abbé), L. E. M.
Bavaria, Louis, ex-King of
Bavaria, Maximilian Joseph II.. King
...
of
...
...
...
...
...
··
...
..
***
...
...
...
•
...
⠀⠀⠀⠀
...
...
...
...
...
•
...
Becher, Elizabeth, Lady
Becker, Chas. Ferdinand
Becquerel, Antoine César
Bedeau, M. A.
Bedford, Paul..
Beecher, Catherine Esther
Beecher, Dr. L.
Behnes, W.
Beke, C. Tilstone, Ph. D.
Bekker, Emanuel
Belcher, Admiral Sir Edward
...
...
..
···
Baxter, Sir David
Baxter, Robert Dudley
Bayley, James Roosevelt, Abp. of
...
Baltimore
•••
Beal, Rev. Wm., LL.D.
Beatson, Wm. Ferguson, Lieut.-Gen.
Beattie, Wm., M.D.
Beauchesne, A. H. D. de
Beaumont, Gustave Aug. de la Bon-
ninière de
...
...
...
Belgians, Leopold I., King of
Belgiojoso, Princess of
...
...
...
...
Bell. Lieut.-Gen. Sir Geo.
Bell, Gen. Sir John
Bell, Rob.
Bellew, J. C. M.
Benedek, Gen. Louis Von
Bennett, James Gordon
Bennett, John Hughes, M.D.
Bennett, Sir W. Sterndale
Benson, Sir J. ...
Beriot, Ch. Auguste de
Berkeley, Francis Fitz-Hardinge
Berlioz, Louis Hector
Bernard, Claude
Bernard, Wm. Bayle
Berners, Lord...
...
...
...
...
..
..
··
...
...
NECROLOGY.
...
...
...
...
...
...
···
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
<
...
...
...
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Date of Birth.
Mar. 2, 1801 Feb. 24, 1874 8
1798
Nov. 18, 1802
July 19, 1791 |
April 18, 1821
1806
1789
Dec. 24, 1870 7
Oct. 29, 1870 7
Aug. 6, 1873
Nov. 26, 1865
Aug. 18, 1862
May 28, 1872 8
June 26, 1875
Mar. 25, 1869
Oct. 18. 1867 7
Feb. 28, 1869
Sept. 24, 1795
Sept. 4, 1793
Feb. 17, 1796
Aug. 25, 1786
|
Nov. 28, 1811
1793
1827
··
••
...
··
1800
Aug. 3,
1804
...
1815
Aug. 23, 1814 | Oct. 3,
1870
Feb. 4, 1872
Mar. 17, 1875
1793
Mar. 31, 1804 | Dec. 1873
1800
Oct. 10,
1785
1799
Dec. 16,
June 28,
1794
...
...
...
·
...
···
...
···
..
...
...
...
...
Date of Death.
...
|
...
1812
Feb. 20, 1802
Dec. 7, 1794
...
Mar. 18, 1877
1790 | Dec. 10, 1865
1808 | July, 1871
July 10, 1877
Nov. 20, 1876
April 12, 1867
1823 | June 19, 1874
Jan. 1878
June 2. 1872
1800
Aug. 31, 1812 Sept. 25, 1875
1816
Feb. 1.
Mar. 10, 1864
Oct, 13, 1872
May 20, 1875
Feb. 16, 1802 Mar. 2, 1866 7
1791
Oct. 29, 1872
June 17, 1804 | Oct. 1877
Mar. 7, 1788
Jan. 19, 1878
Oct. 30,
Jan. 11.
1863
1871
Aug. 10, 1804
1798
Sept. 6,
Oct. 12, 1775
1800
|
May 12,
Jan. 1863
Jan. 3,
1800 July 31, 1874
June, 1871
|
Dec. 11, 1803
July 12, 1813
1808
Feb. 23, 1797
1877
***
··
...
Aug. 5,
1871
1878
1864
...
...
1875
Oct. 17. 1874
April, 1870 ...
Mar. 10, 1870
1041
Edi-
tion.
1875
∞ZZ∞0 10 10 00SEEN
...
8
6
5
9
7
7
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7
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8
9
Mar. 9,
Feb. 10, 1878 9
8
9
7
1869 7
7
9
3 X
1042
Name.
Bernstorff, Count
Berryer, Pierre Antoine
Bertini, Hy. Jerome
Beulé, C. E.
Biber, Rev. G. E.
Bibesco, G. Demetrius
Bidder, Geo. Parkes, F.R.S.
Biddlecombe, Sir. Geo.
Bigsby, Rob.
Billault, A. A. M.
Binney, Rev. Tho.
Biot, J. B.
Blaauw, Wm. H., F.S.A.
Black, Adam
···
...
Blair, Francis Preston
Blair, Francis Preston, jun.
Blakeney, Sir Edward
Blakey, Dr. Rob.
Blanchet, Alex. L. Paul
Bland, Miles, D.D., FR.S.
Blanqui, J. A.
Bledsoe, Albert J.
Bleek, Dr, Wilhelm H. J.
Bligh, Sir John Duncan
Blommaert, Philip
Bluhme, Christian Albert
Bode, Rev. J. E.
Bodkin, Sir Wm. H.
c..
...
………
···
Boettcher, Adolphe
Boettiger, Karl Wilhelm
Bogardus, James
·
...
...
···
••
………
...
··
...
***
...
…….
...
...
...
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
··
...
...
Borland, Dr. J.
Bosquet, Marshal P. F. J.
Bosworth, Joseph, D.D.
Botfield, B.
...
Boucher de Crèvecœur de Perthes
Bouët-Willaumez, Count
Bourqueney, Baron F. A.
Bovill, Sir Wm.
Bowers, Rev. G. Hull, D.D.
Bowles, Gen. Sir Geo....
Bowles, Sam.
···
...
...
Bonald, Cardinal de. (See De Bonald.)
Bond, Wm. Cranch
Bonham, Sir S. G., Bart.
Bonjean, Louis Bernard
Bonnechose, Emile de
Bonney, Ven. H. K.
Bonomi, Joseph
Booth, Rev. James, LL.D.
Bopp, Franz
...
NECROLOGY.
...
...
...
...
···
...
...
...
...
..
...
...
...
...
··
··
...
...
...
...
··
..
...
...
..
...
...
Date of Birth.
Mar. 22, 1809
Jan. 4,
1790
Oct. 28, 1798
June 29, 1826
1801
1804
1800
1807
1806
...
...
Nov. 12, 1805
1798
April 21, 1774
1793
1784
··
...
•
1794
1787
Feb. 9,
···
...
⠀⠀⠀
...
April 12, 1791
Feb. 19, 1821
1778
1795
1819
1786
1798
1809
…….
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
...
..
...
...
…….
..
...
...
1798
1809
Dec. 27, 1794
1816
1874
Aug. 4, 1791
Mar. 26, 1874
May 21, 1815 Nov. 1870
Aug. 15, 1790 | Nov. 26, 1862
Mar. 14, 1800 | July, 1874
...
...
1789
Sept. 7,
1803
Dec. 4, 1804
Aug. 18,
|
1801
1780
1796
1814
Sept. 14, 1791 1867
1776
***
|
|
Date of Death.
··
...
Mar. 26, 1873
Nov. 29, 1868 7
Sept. 1876
...
April 4, 1874
Jan. 19, 1874
May, 1873
Sept. 20, 1878
July, 1878
Sept. 27, 1873
Oct. 13, 1863
Feb. 24, 1874
Feb. 3,
1862
1866
Oct. 6,
...
...
...
April, 1870 ...
Jan. 24, 1874
Oct. 18, 1876
July 8,
Aug. 2,
1875
1868
7
Oct. 26,
1878
10
7
Feb. 21. 1867 7
Jan. 1868
1854
Dec. 1,
1877
Aug. 17, 1875
May 8, 1872
1871
...
···
..
...
...
1859
Oct. 8,
May 24, 1871
Feb. 1875
···
Feb. 22, 1863
Nov. 8, 1810 Feb. 3, 1861
1790
May 27, 1876
1807
Aug. 7, 1863
Sept. 10, 1788 Aug. 5, 1868
April 24, 1808 Sept. 1871
Jan. 7,
1814
1800
Dec. 27, 1869
Nov. 1, 1873
Dec. 27, 1872
May 21, 1876
1826 Jan. 16, 1878
1863
...
April 7, 1863
Mar. 3, 1878
April 15, 1878
Edi-
tion.
...
8
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9
8
8
9
9
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7
9
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5
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BETH-00
5
7
7
8
9
9
Name.
Bowring, Sir John
Brady, Sir Maziere
Bragg, Gen. Braxton
Brande, W. T.
Brassey, Thos.
Bravo, Gonzales
Breckinridge, John C.
Bremer, Miss F.
Brewster, Rt. Hon. Abraham
Brewster, Sir David
...
...
··
...
...
...
………
···
...
..
...
...
...
··
...
•••
NECROLOGY
...
..
..
...
Brodie, Sir B. C.
...
Brogden, Rev. J.
Broglie, A. C. L. V., Duc de
Bromley, Sir R. M.
Brongniart, Adolphe Théodore
Bronn, Henry George...
Brooke, G. V.
Brooke, Sir James
Brooks, Charles Shirley
Brotherton, Gen. Sir Thos. Wm.
Brougham, Henry, Lord
Broughton, Lord John Cam Hobhouse
Brown, Gen. Sir G.
Brown, W.
Browne, Charles Thos.
Browne, Henry, M.A....
Browne, John Ross
Brownlow, Wm. Gannaway
Brownson, Orestes A.
Bruce, the Rt. Hon. Sir F. W. A. W.
Bruce, John, F.S.A.
Bruce, Rt. Hon. Sir J. L. Knight
Brunnow, Count
•••
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
CABALLERO, Firmin Agosto...
··
...
···
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Bryant, Wm. Cullen
Buchanan, James, ex-President U.S.
Buckle, H. T.
Buller, Sir A. W.
Buol-Schauenstein, Count
Burcham, Thos. Borrow
Burgess, Geo., D.D.
Burgoyne, Gen. Sir John Fox
244
Burnes, J.
•••
Burnet, John
Burritt, Alex. M.
Bushnell, Horace, D.D.
Butcher, Sam., D.D., Bp. of Meath
Butter, John, M.D.
Buxton, Chas. M.P.
...
...
...
...
***
•••
..
...
···
...
...
...
...
...
···
...
•••
···
...
...
••
..
...
--
...
...
...
··
Date of Birth.
Oct. 17, 1792 | Nov. 23, 1872
1796
1815
1788
1805
1817
Jan. 21,
1821
Aug. 17, 1801
1796
...
···
...
...
...
...
...
Dec. 11, 1781
June 9,
1783
1806
Dec. 1,
1785
June 11, 1813
Jan. 14. 1801
March 3, 1800
April 25, 1818
April 29, 1803
1815
...
...
...
...
Sept. 19, 1779|
June 27, 1786
July 3,
1790
1784
1825
1804
1817
Aug. 29, 1805
Sept. 16, 1803
April 14, 1814
1802
...
..
..
...
...
444
...
Feb. 15, 1791
Aug. 31, 1797
Nov. 3, 1784
April 13, 1791
Nov. 24, 1822
1808
May 17,
1797
1809
Oct. 31,
1782
1803
•
Mar. 20, 1784
1806
...
...
···
••
...
April 14, 1802
1811
Jan. 22, 1791
1822
1809
...
|
Date of Death.
|
|
April 13, 1871
Sept. 27, 1876
Feb. 11, 1866 6
1870 7
Dec. 8,
Dec. 1874
| May 17, 1875
Dec. 31, 1865
July 26, 1874
Feb. 8.
|
|
Oct. 21, 1862
Feb. 11, 1864
Jan. 25, 1870
Nov. 30, 1865
Feb. 18, 1876
1868
Jan. 11, 1866
June 11, 1868
Feb. 23,
1874
1868
...
Jan. 20,
May 9,
June 3,
Nov. 7,
Nov. 7,
...
1868
1868
1869
Aug. 27,
Mar. 3,
Oct. 7,
1868
June 19, 1875
Dec. 8. 1875
April 28, 1877
April 16, 1876
Sept. 19, 1867
Oct. 28, 1869
1865
1864
1866
April 11, 1875
June 12, 1878
1868
1862
June 1,
May 29,
June 30,
Oct. 28,
1866
1865
Nov. 27, 1869
| April 23, 1866
Oct. 7,
1871
Sept. 19, 1862
May 28, 1868
Feb. 7. 1869
Feb. 17, 1876
July 29, 1876
Jan. 13, 1877
Aug. 1871
July 7, 1800 | Aug. 1876
···
...
1043
Edi-
tion.
879 CO
8
9681 40 10 t
7
5
5
7
6
9
7
678
7
7
7
6
5
7
9
9
9
9
7
7
6
9
9
7
5
6
7
7
7
7
5
7
79
9
9
15
7
9
3 x 2
1044
Name.
··
Cabrera, Ramon
Cahen, S.
Cahill, Rev. D. W.
Cameron, Capt. Chas. Duncan
Campbell, Rev. J.
Candlish, Rob. Smith, D.D.
Canning, Earl...
Canterbury, Viscount
Cardigan, J. T. B., Earl of
Carew, John Edward ...
Carleton, Wm....
...
Carlisle, Earl of
...
..
...
Cattermole, Geo.
Caussidière, M.
...
...
···
...
...
...
...
Carpenter, Mrs. Margaret
Carpenter, Mary
Carpenter, Wm.
Carpenter, W. H.
Carrera, R.
Carruthers, Rob.
Carson, Tho., Bp. of Kilmore
Cartier, Hon. G. E.
Cary, Alice
...
...
Cary, Phoebe
Castellane, Marshal E. V. E. B.
Castrén, Matthias Alex.
Caswall, Henry, D.D....
Catlin, Geo.
..
...
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
·
...
...
Norway
...
Charner, Admiral Leonard V. J.
Chase, Salmon Portland
Chasles, Philarète
Chasseloup-Laubat, Marquis de
···
NECROLOGY.
...
...
...
...
...
..
...
..
···
··
...
...
...
···
...
...
...
...
Cautley, Sir Proby T....
Chaix d'Est Ange, G. L. A. V. C.
Chambers, Robt.
Chamier, Capt. Fredk.
Champneys, W. W. (Dean)
Changarnier, General...
Channell, Sir W. F.
Charles XV., King of Sweden and
...
...
···
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
··
...
Chauvenet, Wm.
...
Chelius, Maximilian J.
Chelmsford, Lord
Chesney, Fred. Randon
Chevalier, P. S. (See Gavarni,)
Chevallier, Rev. Temple
Chichester, Bishop of. (See Gilbert.)
China, Emperor of (Hien Foung)
China, Emperor of (Toung-Tchi)
Chisholm, Mrs. Caroline
***
...
•
..
··
...
...
··
Date of Birth.
Aug 31,
Aug. 4,
1802
1810 | May 24, 1877
1796 Jan. 8,
|
1862
Oct. 28,
May 30,
Mar. 26, 1867
|
Oct. 19, 1873
June 17, 1862
June 24, 1877
Mar. 27, 1868
Nov. 30, 1868
1798
Jan. 30, 1869
1864
April 18, 1802 Dec. 5,
1793
Nov, 13, 1872
1807
1797
8
March 2, 1792
1814
June 15, 1877 9
April 21, 1874
| July 12, 1866
April. 1865
1799 May 26, 1878
July 7, 1874
1814 | May 21, 1873
Feb. 12, 1871
July 31, 1871
|
1788 Set. 16, 1862
Oct. 5,
1794
Mar. 23, 1807
Dec. 14, 1812
May, 1814
Oct. 16, 1797
1785
Nov, 5,
1805
Sept. 6,
1822
..
...
...
Mar. 21,
1813
1794
A
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
...
...
...
Dec. 17, 1870
1810
1795
1800
...
May 18, 1808
1802
April 11, 1800|
1802
Dec. 22, 1872
July 24, 1868
Jan 27, 1861
Jan. 25, 1871
Dec. 1876
Mar. 17, 1871
Nov. 1, 1870
Feb. 4. 1875
1796
1807
April 26, 1793 Feb. 14, 1877
1804
1.
May 3,
Feb. 13,
Jan. 13,
Oct. 8,
Mar. 29, 1805
1820
1794
July, 1794
1789
...
...
···
...
...
Date of Death.
...
...
...
1864
1870
1826 Sept. 18, 1872
1797 | Feb. 8, 1869
1808 May 7, 1873
1798 | July 19, 1873
Mar. 29, 1873
Dec. 13, 1870
Aug. 1876
Oct. 5.
1878
Jan. 30, 1872
...
...
Nov. 4, 1873
1831
Aug. 2,
1861
April 21, 1856 Jan. 12, 1875
1810
Mar. 25, 1877
Feb. 26, 1873
Edi-
tion.
9
6
6
7
6
8
BO7ZZ∞0
5
9
6
8
6
6
9
8
7
NONNONKNS CON∞ = ∞
7
6
7
7
8
7
5
7
9
8
7
8
9
8
7
2962 ∞ ∞ ∞ ~
8
8
7
7
Co
10:00 -
5
8
Name.
...
...
Chorley, Henry Fothergill
Christian VII., King of Denmark
Christie, Wm. Dougal, C.B.
Church, Sir Rd.
Churton, Edw. (Archdeacon)…..
Civiale, Jean
Clanricarde, Marquis of
Clare, J.
...
•
...
...
…….
...
...
...
...
Clarendon, G. W. F. Villiers, Earl of
Clark, Sir James, M.D.
Clark, Rev. Samuel
Clark, Wm. Geo.
Clarke, Chas. Cowden
Clarke, Hyde
Clay, Sir Wm.
Clerk, Sir Geo
Cleveland, Chas. Dexter
...
..
•••
...
...
...
...
••
de
Cornelius. P. von
Cornell, Ezra
Corney, Bolton
Corot, Jean-Baptiste C.
Corry, Rt. Hon. H. T. L.
Corwin, T.
...
...
...
...
...
Clinton, Rev. Chas. John Fynes
Clive, Mrs. Caroline
Clyde, Lord
...
..
..
...
...
···
NECROLOGY.
··
⠀⠀⠀
………
...
...
...
...
...
...
:::
···
Cobbold. Rev. Richard
Cobden, Richard
Cochet, The Abbé
Cockerell, C. R.
Codrington, Sir Hy. John
Colchester, Chas. Abbott, Lord
Colebrooke, Sir Wm. M. G.
Coleridge, Sir John Taylor
Coles, Capt. Cowper Phipps
Collins, Charles Allston
Collins, Mortimer
Colonsay, Lord
Colquhoun, John Campbell
Combermere, Viscount
Compton, Hy.
Conington, John
Conolly, Dr. J. ...
Cooke, G. W.
Cooper, Abraham
Cooper, Charles Hy., F.S.A.
Copland, James, M.D.
Coquerel, Athanase L. C.
Coquerel, Athanase Josué
Cormenin, L. M. de la Haye, Viscount
...
...
...
...
•
...
···
···
...
...
...
···
...
...
··
...
...
...
...
...
...
••
...
...
...
••
...
...
•
...
...
...
...
...
…….
…….
...
...
...
...
···
..
...
⠀⠀⠀⠀
***
Date of Birth.
Oct. 6,
Jan. 3,
1785
Dec. 15,
1815
1791
1787
Dec. 3,
1799
1801
Oct. 20,
1797
...
...
...
1831
Jan. 25,
1827
···
1800
...
July, 1792
Dec. 20, 1802
July 3,
Jan. 12,
|
1793
Apr. 10, 1874
May 20, 1864
June 27, 1870
June 29, 1870
1800
7
Dec. 14,
7
May 19,
1821
1875
9
1878 | 10
·
1808
1816
..
...
...
...
...
1788
1810
1792
June 3, 1804
Mar. 7, 1812
April 27, 1788
1808
Mar. 12, 1798
1787
1790
4
………
1872
1873
Mar. 13, 1869
Dec. 13, 1867
1802 Aug. 18, 1869
Jan. 10,
July 13,
Aug. 14, 1863
Jan. 5,
April 2.
June, 1875
Sept. 17, 1863
Aug. 4,
1877
1865
1877
1870
Oct. 18, 1867
Feb. 6,
Feb. 11, 1876
Sept. 7,
1828 April 9,
July 28,
1870
1873
1876
Feb. 1. 1874
..
...
1787 | Mar. 13, 1877
Dec. 22, 1878
··
...
···
...
..
1793
Jan. 23,
|
1803 April 17. 1870
Nov. 14, 1772 Feb. 21, 1865
1818
Sept. 15, 1877
Aug. 10, 1825 Oct. 23, 1869
1795
1814
…….
March 5, 1866
June 19, 1865
Sept. 1787 Dec. 24, 1868
Mar. 20, 1808 | Mar. 21, 1866
1793
July 12, 1870
Aug. 27, 1795 | Jan. 10, 1868
1820
July 25, 1875
··
..
Date of Death.
Feb. 15, 1872
Nov. 15, 1863
July 27, 1874
Mar. 20, 1873
July 4,
June, 1867
Jan. 6,
1788
Sept. 27, 1787
Jan. 11, 1807
1784
July, 1796
1803
...
...
July 17,
Nov. 6,
...
1874
...
··
May, 1868
| March 7, 1867
Dec. 9.
1045
Edi-
tion.
July 29, 1794 | Dec. 18, 1865
00 10 00 00 00 1 00
8
7
9
10
7
7
7
7
8
156
9
6
9
5
9
777
9
7
8
7
9
7
6
6
7
6
7
7
9
700
6
1874 10
7
Aug. 31, 1870
Feb. 22, 1875 8
Mar. 6, 1873 8
6
1046
Name.
Costello, Dudley
Costello, Louisa Stuart
Cotton, Dr. G. E. L., Bishop of Cal-
cutta
...
..
Cotton, Hy. (Archdeacon)
Cotton, Sir Sydney J. ...
Courbet, Gustave
Cousin, Victor ...
Couza, Prince
Cowper, Sir Charles
Cox, Rob.
...
Cox, Rev. W. Hayward
Coxe, Ven. R. C.
Coyne, Joseph Sterling
Craig, Sir Wm. Gibson
Craik, G. L.
··
...
...
···
...
..
•
•••
………
...
...
...
···
...
...
..
...
...
...
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
...
Cumming, Rev. Joseph Geo....
Cumming, R. G.
Cunard, Sir S., Bart.
Cunningham, Rev. J. W.
Cunningham, Peter
Cunningham, Dr. W.
Currie, Sir Fredk.
Cushman, Charlotte Saunders
Cust, Gen. Sir Edward
Custer, Geo. A.
...
...
···
...
···
··
Crampton, Rt. Hon. P. C.
Cranworth, R. M. Rolfe, Lord
Creasy, Sir Edward Shepherd
Cresswell, Sir C.
Creswick, Thos., R. A.
Croft, Sir J.
...
1817
1794
1811
1778
Cronyn, Benjamin, Bishop of Huron 1810
Crossley, Sir Francis, M.P.
Crowe, Mrs. Catherine
Cruikshank, George
Cubitt, Sir W.
Cubitt, Alderman William
Cullen, Paul, Cardinal
...
...
...
···
...
...
NECROLOGY.
...
···
...
...
...
………
...
***
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
…….
...
...
...
...
...
...
•
DAHLGREN, John A.
Dale, Rev. Thos.
Dalhousie, Earl of
Dallas, Rev. Alex. R. Chas.
Dallas, G. M.
Dalling, H. Lytton E. Bulwer, Lord
D'all Ongaro, Francesco
D'Alton, John ...
Daly, Sir Dominic
Daly, Robt., D.D., Bishop of Cashel...
··
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
..
...
Date of Birth.
...
1803
...
***
··
...
...
...
Oct. 29, 1813 Oct. 6,
1790
1871
1791
Feb. 20, 1874
June 10, 1819
Dec. 31, 1877
Nov. 28, 1792 | Jan. 14, 1867
1820
9
9
May 15, 1873
Oct. 19, 1875
Feb. 25, 1810 Feb. 3, 1872
1803
June 6, 1871 8
Aug. 25, 1865
July 18, 1868
1797 Mar. 12, 1878
1799
6
1805
7
9
Aug. 2,
1798
6
June 25, 1866
Dec. 29, 1862
5
1790 | July 26, 1868
7
Jan. 27, 1878
July 29, 1863
Dec. 28, 1869
Feb. 5, 1862
Sept. 21, 1871
Jan. 5,
1872
1876
Sept. 27, 1792 Feb. 1,
1800
1785
1791
1803
1812
Mar. 15, 1820
Nov. 1787
1780
Oct. 13,
Oct. 28, 1863
Oct. 24, 1878
Sept. 21, 1868
Mar. 24, 1866
April 28, 1865
Sept. 30, 1861
May 18, 1869
Dec. 14, 1861
Sept. 10, 1875
Feb. 18, 1876
Jan. 15, 1878
June 25, 1876
|
April 7, 1816
Oct. 2, 1805
1799
July 23, 1816
Mar. 17, 1794
Dec. 5, 1839
1782
Dec. 18,
1812
••
...
...
...
...
...
··
...
...
...
***
...
...
...
...
...
...
···
...
··
•
...
1809
Aug. 22, 1797
Apr. 22, 1801 |
1791
July 10, 1792
1805
1808
1792
1798
1783
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Date of Death,
Sept. 30, 1865
April 24, 1870
...
...
1866
...
...
1878
1861
Edi-
tion.
July 12, 1870
May 14, 1870
July 6, 1874
Dec. 13, 1869
Dec. 31, 1864
May 23, 1872
Jan. 10, 1873
Jan. 20, 1867
Feb. 19, 1868
Feb. 16, 1872
6
19
7
10 00 00 ☺ 6
6
8
8
9
8
9 10 7 10
5
5
7
7
9
9
5
5
9
7
6
6
5
7
5
9
9
9
9
7987O∞∞777
6
Name.
Dec. 8,
Dec. 28,
Dantan, Antoine Laurent
Dantan, Jean Pierre
Darboy, Georges, D.D., Abp. of Paris 1813
Dargan, W.
1798
Daubeney, C. G. B....
David, Félicien
Davies, Benj., LL.D.
Davies, Chas.
Davis, Ch. Hen.
··
...
···
...
***
...
...
...
..
...
...
···
..
...
..
...
...
...
Davys, Geo., Bp. of Peterborough
··
...
...
May 12, 1796 |
1806
1804
...
1790
Dawson, Geo.
Day, Geo. Edward, F.R.S.
Dayton, W.
Déak, Francis..
Deane, Sir Tho.
De Bonald, Cardinal …..
De Bow, J. D. B.
Decazes, Duke E.
De Charms, R.
Delacroix, F. V. E.
Delangle, Claude Alphonse
Delaroche, H.
De La Rue, T.
Demetz, Fred. Auguste
De Morgan, Augustus
Denison, Sir Wm. Tho.
Derby, Edw. Geoffrey Stanley, Earl of Mar. 29, 1799
Mar. 29, 1799
Deschenes, Admiral P.
Dewey, Chester, D.D.
Dickens, Charles
Dickson, Sam. Henry
Dickson, Wm. Gillespie
Diez, Friedrich Christian
Dilke, Charles Wentworth
Dilke, Sir Charles Wentworth
Djémil Pasha
Dobell, Sydney
Doherty, Gen. Sir R.
Donaldson, Sir S. A.
Donoughmore, Earl of
April 4,
Doran, Dr. John
1807
Douglas, Gen. Sir H.
July 1,
Douglas, Hy. Alex., Bp. of Bombay... 1820
Drew, Admiral Andrew
Dreyse, Nicolas
Duchâtel (Count), Charles Marie
Tanneguy
Oct. 25, 1781
Feb. 7, 1812
Sept., 1798
April 9, 1823
1794
Dec. 8,
1810
1827
1824
1777
1812
...
...
1792
1788
NECROLGGY.
...
···
...
...
...
...
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
••
...
...
···
..
··
...
...
...
...
.:
...
•
....
...
...
...
1
...
···
··
..
..
...
...
...
·
...
...
...
...
...
...
Date of Birth.
...
••
1795
Mar. 8,
Feb. 26,
Jan. 22,
...
...
Jan. 16,
Oct. 1,
1821
1815
Feb. 17, 1807
1803
...
...
...
...
1792
Oct. 30, 1787 |
July 10, 1820
Sept. 28, 1780
Oct. 17, 1796
April 26, 1799
April 6, 1797 |
Feb. 17, 1797
1793
...
...
••
...
1810
1814
1798
1807
1780|
...
1798 May 31, 1878 9
1800 | Sept., 1869
May 24, 1871
Feb. 7, 1867
..
……
...
1789
...
...
...
1823
1776
••
...
Date of Death.
...
|
Jan. 28,
Oct. 2.
6
Dec. 12, 1867 7
Aug. 29, 1876
July 19, 1875
9
9
Sept. 18, 1876
9
9
Sept. 10, 1876
April 18, 1864
5
Nov. 30, 1876
9
7
Jan. 31, 1872
Dec. 1.
1864
6
9
7
7
7
6
Feb. 24,
Feb. 27,
Oct. 24,
Mar. 20,
Aug. 13,
Dec. 21,
Nov. 4,
June 7,
Nov. 1873
1876
1871
...
1870
1867
1860
1864
1863
1869
1856
Mar. 18, 1871
Jan. 19, 1871
|
Oct. 23, 1869
June 12, 1860
Dec. 15,
June 9, 1870
1866
1867
1866
Oct. 19, 1876
April 29, 1876
Aug. 10, 1864
May 10, 1869
Sept. 22, 1872
Aug. 22, 1874
Sept. 2, 1862
...
1047
Edi-
tiou.
Nov. 5, 1867
1877
377
5
7
5
6877 NI
7
7
7
…….
Feb. 19, 1803
Mar. 27. 1811
...
Duckett, Sir Geo. Floyd
Dudevant, Madame(“Georges Sand") | July 5, 1804 June 8, 1876
Dudley, Benjamin Winslow...
Duff, Alexander, D.D.
1785
Jan. 20, 1870 7
9
1806
Feb. 12, 1878
· t→→
7
9
9
1 00 00 LS
7
Jan. 11, 1867 6
Feb. 22, 1866
6
Jan. 25, 1878 9
Nov. 8, 1861 5
Dec. 14, 1875 9
Dec. 19, 1878 10
Dec. 9,
1867
7
5
789
+ Xe
1048
Name.
Dufferin, Lady. (See Gifford, Lady
H.S.)
Duke, Sir James
Dumas, Alexandre Davy
Duncombe, T. S.
Dundas, Sir David
Dundas, Sir J. W. D. ...
...
...
Dunfermline, Ralph Abercromby,Lord
Dunglison, Robley, M.D.
Dupanloup, F. A. P., Bp. of Orleans
Du-Petit-Thouars, Admiral A. A.
Dupin, A. M. J. J.
Dupin, Baron
Durand, Asher Brown
Durando, General Jacques
Durbin, John Price, D.D.
Durham, Joseph, A.R.A.
Duyckinck, Evert Augustus
Dyce, Rev. Alexander
Dyce, W.
Dymoke, Sir H,
...
•••
···
...
...
***
...
••
…….
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
..
Enfantin, B. P.
Eötvös, Joseph, Baron
Erskine, Rt. Hon. T.
...
...
••
...
···
..
•
•···
...
…….
EADIE, John, D.D.
Eardley, Sir C. E.
Eastburn, M., Bp. of Massachusetts
Easthope, Sir J., Bart.
Eastlake, Sir C. L.
Edmonds, John Worth
Edmonstone, Sir Archibald
Edwardes, Sir Herbert Benj.
Egg, A....
...
Egypt, Viceroy of (Said Pasha)
Ehrenberg, Chr. Gottfried
Elgin and Kincardine, Earl of
Elie de Beaumont, J. B.
Ellenborough, Edward Law, Earl of
Ellice, Rt. Hon. E.
Elliot, Sir Charles
Elliotson, John, M.D.
Elliott, Charles, D.D.
Ellis, Sir Henry
Ellis, Sir S. B.
Ellis, Rev. Wm.
Ellsler, Theresa
Elwart, A. A. E.
Embery, Mrs. Emma Catherine
Encke, J. F.
..
3.
***
...
...
...
···
..
...
...
NECROLOGY.

...
...
:
...
..
...
...
...
··
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
•
...
...
...
...
...
...
• 5
...
...
..
...
...
...
...
...
Date of Birth. Date of Death.
Jan. 31, 1792
July 24, 1803
1796
1799
Dec. 4,
April 6,
Jan. 4,
...
Jan. 3,
Aug. 3,
Feb. 1,
Oct. 6,
··
1785
1803
1798
1802
1793
1783
1784
Jan. 1873
Aug. 21, 1796 | 1874
1807
1800
1813
Nov. 23, 1816
June 30, 1798
1806
...
••
March 5, 1801
··
1813
Apr. 21, 1805
Feb. 9.
1801
1784
Oct. 29,
Nov. 17, 1793
Mar. 13, 1799
1795
..
...
…….
...
1801
1785
May 16, 1792
Nov. 1777
1787
1822
Apr. 19, 1795
July 20, 1811
Sept. 25, 1798
Sept. 8, 1790
|
1787
...
...
| May 28, 1873
Dec. 10, 1870 7
Nov. 13, 1861
Mar. 30, 1877
Oct. 3,
|
|
|
|
Sept. 23, 1791
Feb. 8, 1796
Sept. 3, 1813
Mar. 12, 1788
|
July 13,
April 1,
Oct. 11,
Mar. 17,
Nov. 8.
..
Nov. 12, 1819 Dec. 23, 1868
1816
June 3,
May 21,
Sept. 11,
1862
1868
1869
1878
1864
1865
1869
Oct. 19, 1876
Oct. 27, 1877
Aug. 1878 ...
May 15, 1869
Feb. 14, 1864
April 28, 1865
..
Sept. 2,
Sept. 1,
Feb. 3,
Nov. 9,
...
1876
1863
1872
1865
1865
Dec. 11,
Dec. 24,
April 6,
1874
Mar. 13, 1871
Mar. 26, 1863
Edi-
tion.
COT LOC 15
1869
8
5
9
Jan. 18, 1863
June 27, 1876
Nov. 20, 1863
Sept. 22, 1874
Dec. 22, 1871
Sept. 17, 1863
Sept. 9, 1875
July, 1868
Jan. 6,
Jan. 15, 1869
Mar. 10, 1865 6
June 9, 1872
Nov. 19, 1878
1808
Nov. 18, 1808 Oct. 14, 1877 9
1806
Feb. 10, 1863 7
1865
1864 5
1871
7
1864
7
7
9
6
6
to ∞ ∞ ta
9
9
9
7
5
6
g
10 00
8
6
8
7
7
5
200 200 độ của CO2 26 Gil tt
5
9
5
8
7
5
9
7
1-8101 S
6
6
Name.
Esenbeck, Nees von C. J. (See Nees
von Esenbeck.)
Espinasse, E. C. M.
Esquiros, Henri Alphonse
Estcourt, T. S. Sotheron
Esterhazy, Prince P. A.
Evans, David Morier
Evans, Gen. Sir de Lacy
Evans, Rev. R. W. E.
Everett, E.
Ewald, Hy. Geo. Aug.
Ewart, Wm.
Ewbank, Thos.
Ewell, Rob. Stoddard
Ewing, Alexander, Bp. of Argyll
Ewing, Thos., LL.D.
..
···
...
...
...
...
···
•••
...
...
FABER, Rev. Fras. Wm., D.D.
Fairbairn, Sir Wm., F.R.S.
Fairholt, F. W.
Faraday, Michael, F.R.S.
Farini, C. L.
··
..
...
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
…….
...
...
•
•••
...
...
***
Farnham, Mrs. E. W.
Farragut, Admiral David D.
Fazy, Jean Jaques
Feild, Edward, Bp. of Newfoundland
Felton, C. C.
...
...
•
Ferdinand I., Emperor of Austria
Ferguson, Dr. R.
Fergusson, Sir Wm.
Fessenden, Wm. Pitt...
Feuerbach, Ludwig Marie
Fillmore, Millard (President U.S.A.)
Fitzhardinge, Lord
Fitzroy, Admiral R.
Flahault de la Billarderie, Comte de
Flocon, F.
Flourens, Marie Jean Pierre
Fonblanque, Albany W.
Fonblanque, J. S. M.
Foot, S....
Foote, Henry Stuart
Forbes, Alex. Penrose,
Penrose, Bishop of
•••
..
Brechin
Forbes, Hon. Francis Reginald
Forbes, Sir J.
Forbes, James David, D.C.L.
Forcade, Eugène
Force, Peter
Forey, E. F., Marshal of France
Forrest, Edwin
...
...
...
...
...
...
NECROLOGY.
...
...
...
………
...
···
...
•••
•
...
··
..
ť.
...
...
··
..
...
··
...
::
···
···
···
•••
...
...
Date of Birth.
April 2, 1815 June 4, 1859
1814
May 12, 1876
Jan. 6,
1876
1866
1874
1870
1866
1865
··
1801
Mar. 10, 1786 | July,
Jan. 1,
1819
1787
Jan. 9,
|
Aug. 30, 1789
April 11, 1794
Nov. 16, 1803
1798
1792
1821
...
...
...
•
...
1815
1789
1814
••
|
Sept. 22, 1791
Oct. 22, 1822
Nov. 17, 1815
July 5,
May 12, 1796
1801.
1801
···
Mar. 10,
Jan. 15,
May 4, 1875
Jan. 23, 1869
Sept. 16, 1870
Jan. 25, 1872
May 22, 1873 &
Dec. 28, 1789 Oct. 26, 1871
...
...
...
Mar. 20, 1808
Oct. 16, 1806
July 28, 1804
Jan. 7,1800
Jan. 3,
1788
July 5, 1805
April 21, 1785
1800
...
...
April 15, 1794
|
1797
March, 1787
Nov. 19, 1802
Sept. 20, 1800
..
Date of Death.
Nov. 6, 1807
April 19, 1793
1799
|
Feb. 26,
July 29,
June 25, 1865
Feb. 10, 1877
Sept. 9, 1869
Sept. 13, 1872
Mar. 8,
Oct. 17,
8.S
1817
Sept. 17, 1791
1787
April 20, 1809
1820
Nov. 26, 1790
Jan. 10, 1804
Mar. 9, 1806
Sept. 26, 1863
Aug. 18, 1874
April 3, 1866
Aug. 25, 1867
Aug. 1,
Dec. 15,
1866
Aug. 14,
Nov. 6,
June 8,
May,
Dec. 6,
Oct. 13,
1864
1870
1878
Nov. 3,
1866
1867
1876
1862
1875
···
1874
1867
1049
...
Edi-
tion.
...
ind a
9
9
6
6
J
7
-ENİZ
7
7
7
10:00 10
5
6
7
b
7
9
9
May 1,
1865
Aug. 31, 1870
1866
1867
7
1872 8
1865
5
9
6
9
T∞∞TONOT∞SSN
8
7
6
7
6
6
6
7
Oct. 8, 1875 9
Nov. 5, 1873
Nov. 13, 1861
Dec. 31, 1868
Nov. 6, 1869
Jan. 23, 1868
June 20, 1872
Dec. 12, 1872
0137EE∞ 20
8
1050
Name.
...
Forrester, A. H. (" Alfred Crowquill") 1805
1797
1790
Forshall, Rev J..
Forster, Rev. Chas.
Forster, John
Foss, Edward, F.S.A.
Foster, John G.
1812
1787
1824
Sept. 18, 1819
Oct. 31, 1800
1823
1810
1796
1786
1805
1816
June 1, 1819
Nov. 17, 1789
1805
1790
April 7, 1786
Aug. 20, 1782
Aug. 20, 1802 |
June 17, 1810
...
Francatelli, C. E.
Frances, G. H.
...
···
Foucault, Jean Bernard Léon
Fould, Achille...
Fowke, Capt. F.
Fox, Sir Charles
Fox., Gen. Chas. Rd.
Fox, W. J.
..
Franklin, Jane, Lady
Franzoni, L.
...
...
··
..
..
Francis V., Duke of Modena
Francis, J. W.
+4
...
...
...
...
::
...
...
...
••
::
*
...
GABLENTZ, Baron von
Galignani, John Anthony
Gardiner, Gen. Sir R. W.
Garnier-Pagès, L. A.
Garrett, Sir Rob.
Garside, Rev. Ch. Brierley
Gaskell, Mrs. E. C.
Gassiot, John Peter
Gatty, Mrs. Alfred Margaret
Gauntlett, Dr. Hy. John
Gautier, Théophile
Gavarni (Sulpice P. C.)
Geefs, W.
George V., King of Hanover
Gérard, C. J. B.
Gerhard, Edward
Gerstaecker, Fred.
Gervinus, George Godfrey
Gesner, Dr. A. ...
...
NECROLOGY.
:.
...
...
..
...
··
...
...
...
···
***
...
Fraser, A.
Fraser, Charles
Frederick William I. of Hesse-Cassel
Freiligrath, Ferdinand
French, ex-Queen of the (Marie
...
...
..
Amelia)
...
Friswell, James Hain
Frossard, General
Frost, Wm. Edward, R.A.
Fuad, Mehmed, Pasha
Fulford, Frs., D.D., Bp. of Montreal
Fuller, Richard, D.D.
Fürst, Dr. Julius
···
···
...
...
··
··
...
...
...
…….
...
...
...
...
•
...
...
...
…….
...
...
··
...
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
...
Date of Birth.
...
...
..
...
...
...
···
··
...
··
...
...
...
...
..
··
::
...
...
...
...
..
...
...
···
1866
April 26, 1782 Mar. 24,
1827
Mar. 12, 1878
1807
1875
1810
1814
1803
April 22, 1804
May 12, 1805
...
...
..
...
..
..
1806
May 27, 1819
June 14, 1817
Nov. 29, 1795
May 16, 1816
May 20, 1805
1797
Date of Death.
May 26, 1872
………
Dec. 18, 1863
...
Sept.
June 4,
Feb.
1876
18..
Feb. 1,
July 27, 1870
Aug. 1874 8
Feb. 13, 1868
Oct. 5,
Dec. 4,
|
Sept. 9,
Oct. 20,
Feb.
1875
1876
1877
1869
1868
1876
1873
1867 7
1865
8
June 14, 1874 8
April 13, 1873
June 3, 1864
Aug. 10, 1876
Aug. 28, 1866
Nov. 20, 1875
1861
9
July 18, 1875
Mar. 26, 1862
Feb. 15,
1860
1865
Jan. 6,
Mar. 17,
1874
1873
1864
Edi-
tion.
June 19, 1814 | Jan. 28,
Oct. 13, 1796 | Dec.
May 2, 1781 June 26, 1864
July 18, 1803 | Oct. 31, 1878
1794
April 6, 1818
1811
1797
June 12, 1869
May 21, 1876 9
Nov. 12, 1865 6
Aug. 15, 1877 9
1809
Oct. 4, 1873 8
1806
Feb. 21, 1876 9
Aug. 31, 1811 Oct. 23, 1872 8
1801
Nov. 24, 1866 6
May 10, 1860
June 12, 1878 9
Sept.
May 12, 1867
June,
Mar.
1872
8
1871
00 10 00 ONON
April 27, 1864
5
8
9
7
7
160
9
6
6
7
8
6
9
9
9
7
7
9
8
CO CO 10 →
8
5
9
7
5
15 7 876
Name.
Ghika, A.
Gibson, J.
Gibson, William Sydney, F.S.A.
Gifford, Lady Helen Selina
Gilbart, J. W.
Gilbert, Ashurst Turner, D.D.,Bishop
of Chichester
Gilbert, J. G.
Gilfillan, Rev. Geo.
Gilpin, Charles, M.P.
Giudici, Paolo Emiliani
Giuglini, A.
...
...
...
•••
..
···
**
...
Glais-Bizoin, A.
Glass, Sir Rd. Atwood
Glenelg, Lord
...
...
...
...
··
...
...
...
Goldschmidt, H.
Gomm, Field Marshal Sir W. M.
Goodhall, Edward
...
Goode, W., D.D., F.S.A.
Goodwin, Ch. Wycliffe
Gordon, Lady Duff
Gordon, Admiral Sir James Alex.
Gordon, Sir J. W.
Gortschakoff, Prince M.D.
Goss, Alex., Bp. of Liverpool
Gotthelf, J. or A. B.
Gough, Hugh, Viscount
Graham, Dr. John, Bp. of Chester
Graham, Thos.
...
...
·
...
...
…….
Gronow, Capt. R. H.
Grote, Geo., D.C.L., F.R.S.
...
...
...
··
...
...
..
•
NECROLOGY.
...
...
···
...
...
...
··
..
...
…….
...
•
...
...
...
...
Grant, Sir Francis
Grant, Gen. Sir James Hope
Gratry, Abbé, Auguste Jsph. Alphonse
Grattan, T. C. ...
...
...
...
··
Gray, Geo. Robt., F.R.S.
Gray, Sir John, M.P.
Gray, John Edw., F.R.S.
Gray, Rob., D.D., Bp. of Cape Town
Greeley, Horace
Gregg, John, Bp. of Cork
Gresley, Wm.
Greswell, Edward, D.D.
Grey, Rt. Hon. Sir C. E.
Grier, Rob. Cooper
Griffin, Dr., Bp. of Limerick
Griffith, Sir Richd. John
Grimm, J. L.
Grimm, W. K……..
Grinfield, Rev. E. W.
Grisi, Giulia
...
...
...
...
...
···
...
...
···
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
………
...
...
...
Date of Birth.
1795
1791
1815
1807
1794
...
...
...
···
...
...
…….
...
...
..
...
••
Feb. 21,
1786
1794
1813
June 4,
Aug. 13,
1815
Sept. 8,
June 13, 1812 | Oct.
1826
Oct. 12,
Mar. 9, 1800 | Nov.
1820
Oct. 26, 1778
June 17, 1802
1784
Sept. 1795
Nov. 10, 1801
1817
...
...
...
...
···
...
···
1782
1790
1795
July 5,
1814
Oct. 4. 1797
1779
1794
Nov. 3,
Feb. 23,
Dec. 21, 1805 |
1803
1808
Mar. 30,
1796
July 8,
1815
1800
1809
Feb. 3,
1798
1801
...
...
...
...
...
...
…….
...
...
...
··
··
...
...
…….
...
...
1805
1808
...
1811
...
...
Date of Death.
...
...
Jan.
Jan. 27, 1866
...
June 14, 1867
Aug. 8,
1863
1862 6
Mar. 7,
Feb. 4,
1870
1866
1878
1874
1872
1865
1877
June 1,
May
Oct. 3,
1854
Mar. 2,
1869
June 15, 1865
Sept. 16, 1869
Oct. 5,
1878
1875
1872
1864
7
6
9
8
8
6
6
9
Dec. 22, 1873 8
April 23, 1866
Sept. 12, 1866
Mar. 15, 1875 8
April 11, 1870
Aug. 12, 1868
Dec. 1877
July 14, 1869
Jan. 8,
...
···
1869
1864
1861
1797
1786
June 29, 1869
June 1, 1865
Mar. 5, 1794 Sept. 25, 1870
July 10, 1786 April 5, 1866
Sept. 20, 1784 Sept. 22, 1878
Jan. 4, 1785 Sept. 20, 1863
Feb. 24, 1786 Dec. 16, 1859
1785
July 9,
1864
May 22, 1812 Nov. 25, 1869
1794
Nov. 20, 1865
1794
June 18, 1871
1872
July 4,
| May 6,
April 9,
1875
Mar. 7. 1875
Sept. 1,
Nov. 29, 1872
May 26, 1878
1877
1872
1051
1872
Edi-
tion.
6
7
77~
5
667a
9
7
7
10 10 00 KNONS∞7 10 00 00 00 00 00
5
5
8
5
6
9
5
9
7
6
7
7
6
7
1052
Name.
Guéroult, Adolphe
Guizot, François P. Guillaume
Gurney, Sir Goldsworthy
Gurney, Russell, M.P.
Guthrie, Tho., D.D.
...
...
...
...
...
HACKETT, Horatio Balch, D.D.
Hagenbach, Karl Rudolph
Hale, John Parker
Hale, Wm., Archdeacon
Halévy, J. É. F.
Haliburton, T. C.
Hall, Capt. Chas. Frs.
Hall, Sir J.
...
••
...
……
···
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
...
•
...
...
...
...
···
...
...
Halleck, Fitz-Greene
Halleck, Henry Wager
Halley, Rob., D.D.
Halliday, Andrew
Hamelin, F. A.
Hamilton, Geo. Alex.
Hamilton, James, D.D.
Hamilton, Walter Ker, D.D., Bishop
of Salisbury..
Hamilton, Sir W. R.
Hammond, J. H.
Hampden, R. D., Bishop of Hereford
Hancock, Albany, F.L.S.
Hannay, James
…….
...
Hanson, Sir Richd. Davies
Hardee, Lieut.-Gen. W. J.
Harding, C.
Harding, John, D.D., Bp. of Bombay
Harding, J. D....
Harding, Sir John Dorney
Hardwick, Philip, R.A.
Hardwicke, Earl of
Hardy, Sir Tho. Duffus
Harford, J. S.
Harness, Rev. William
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
..
...
NECROLOGY.
...
• Ú
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
···
...
...
···
...
...
Harrington, Countess Dowager of
...
...
...
(Miss Foote)...
Harris, Ch. Amyand, Bp. of Gibraltar
Harris, Lord
Harris, Sir W. S.
Hart, Joel T.
Hartshorne, Rev. C. H.
Harvey, Sir Geo.
Harvey, W.
Hastings, Sir C.
Hastings, Admiral Sir Thos.
Hatchell, John
...
...
···
···
···
...
...
: : : : : 8
CON
…….
..
…….
...
...
...
...
...
Date of Birth.
Jan. 29, 1810
Oct. 4,
1787
1793
1804
1803
...
May 27,
1796
1825
1795
July 8,
1810
···
1808
Dec. 27,
May 4,
1801
Mar. 31, 1806
1795
1798
1809
1792
...
1785
1790
…….
1790
Aug. 13, 1796
1830
|
··
...
Sept. 2, 1796
Aug. 29, 1802
1814
...
···
...
...
···
...
...
COD
1799
Nov. 1808
Aug. 5, 1805
Nov. 15, 1807
1793
Aug. 1, 1869
Sept. 2, 1865
Nov. 13, 1864
April 23, 1868
Oct. 26, 1873
Jan. 9, 1873
March 4, 1876
Nov. 6, 1873
1807
1827
1805
1818
...
Sept. 1, 1792 1866
1805
June 18, 1874
Dec. 4,
1863
...
···
***
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Nov. 23, 1868
Dec. 28, 1870
April 2, 1799 Sept. 17, 1873
1804
June 15, 1878
April 16, 1866
Nov. 11, 1869
··
...
...
Date of Death.
July,
Sept. 12, 1874
Feb. 28, 1875
May 31, 1878
Feb. 24, 1873
...
1872
··
Aug.
1876
April 10, 1877
Jan. 16, 1864
Sept. 1871
Nov. 24, 1867
Edi-
tion.
co co co c∞
S
9
Nov. 2, 1875 9
June 7, 1874
Nov. 19, 1873
Nov. 27, 1870
Mar. 19, 1862
Aug. 27, 1865 6
Nov. 11, 1871
Jan. 17, 1866
Nov. 19, 1867
Jan.
8
—∞∞ BO
7
1872 7
Գ
5
8
6
7
9577
7667
8
9
8
Dec. 27, 1867
1798
1813
Mar. 16, 1874
S
6
9
Aug. 14, 1810 Nov. 23, 1872
1792
Jan. 22, 1867
1810
Mar. 2, 1877
1803
Mar. 11, 1865 6
Jan. 22, 1876 9
Jan. 13, 1866 6
July 30, 1866
Jan. 2, 1870
Aug. 14, 1870
1805
1800
1794
1790
1783
6
7
7
5
296~ ~ ~ O
7
7
7
7∞∞
Name.
...
Hatherton, Lord
Havergal, Rev. Wm. Hy.
Havin, Léonor Joseph
Hawes, Sir B. ...
Hawkins, Edward, F.R.S.
Hawkins, Rev. Ernest
Hawks, Francis S., D.D.
Hawthorne, N.
Hawtrey, Rev. E. C.
Hay, Sir A. L. …..
Hayter, Sir Geo.
Hayter, Sir Wm. Goodenough
Hayti, F. Soulouque, ex-Emperor of
Head, Sir Edmund Walker
...
Head, Sir Francis Bond
Heiberg, J. L. ...
Helps, Sir Arthur
Hengstenberg, E. W.
Henry, Caleb Sprague
Henry, Joseph, LL.D.
Herapath, Wm.
Herbert, Rt. Hon. H. A.
Herring, J. F.
...
Herschel, Sir John F. W.
Herzen, Alex.
Hess, Baron H. von
Hewitson, Wm. Chapman
Hickok, Laurens Perseus, D.D.
Higgin, Wm., D.D., Bp. of Derry
Higgins, M. J. ("Jacob Omnium")
Hildreth, R.
...
...
...
..
...
...
Hill, Lieut.-Gen. A. P.
Hill, Sir Hugh ...
Hill, Matt. Davenport
Hilton, John, F.R.S.
Hincks, Rev. E.
Hinds, Sam., D.D., Bp. of
Hinton, Rev. J. Howard
Hirscher, John Baptist von
Hitchcock, E.
Hodge, Charles, D.D.
Hodges, Sir G. L.
...
···
...
...
...
...
**
...
•••
•
···
NECROLOGY.
...
...
...
...
··
...
...
•
...
···
..
20
***
...
Hoffmann von Fallersleben, A. H.
...
:::
...
•••
..
···
...
•••
...
...
...
...
...
..
..
•►
··
...
··
...
...
...
···
Norwich...
...
...
::
···
...
::
Hogarth, George
Hogg, Sir James Weir
Holbrook, John Edwards, M.D.
Holland, Sir Henry, M.D.
Honolulu, Emma, Queen Dowager of
Honyman, Sir George Essex
Hood, Tom
Hook, Walter Farquhar, D.D.
...
...
...
...
···
...
Date of Birth.
Mar. 18, 1791 | May 4,
1863
1793
April,
1870
1799
Nov. 13. 1868
1797
1780
1802
June 10,
July 4,
May 7,
1785
..
...
...
••
………
...
1792
Jan. 28, 1792
1790
1805
Jan. 1.
1793
Dec. 14, 1791
1817
...
...
..
...
...
...
···
...
...
Mar. 7,
Oct. 20, 1802 | June, 1869
Aug. 2,
1874
1804
Dec. 17,
1797
1796
1815
1795
Mar. 7,
Mar. 25,
1788
...
...
··
1798
1804
1789
May 13, 1878
Feb. 13, 1868
Feb. 26, 1866
Sept. 22, 1865
May 11, 1871
Jan. 21, 1870
Mar. 30, 1863
Jan. 9, 1806 May 28, 1878
Dec. 29, 1798 June 10, 1876
1793
July 12, 1867
1810
Aug. 14, 1868
June 28, 1807 July 11,
1825
1802
1865
April 2, 1865
Oct. 12. 1871
June 7. 1872
...
•••
...
...
...
•
...
...
1792
1812
...
...
1792
Sept. 22, 1807 Sept. 14, 1878
1795
1793
Mar. 24, 1791
July 20, 1788
May 24, 1793
Dec. 28, 1797
1792
April 2, 1798
1777
1790
1795
Oct. 27, 1788
...
Date of Death.
……)
May 15, 1862
May 23, 1867
1868
...
···
Sept. 27, 1866
May 19, 1864
Jan. 27, 1862
Oct. 13. 1862
...
...
Feb. 7, 1872
Dec. 17, 1873
Sept. 4, 1865
Feb. 27, 1864
June 19, 1878
Dec. 14, 1862
1874
Feb. 12, 1870 7
May 27, 1876 9
Sept. S. 1871
Oct. 27. 1873
Sept. 20, 1870
1819
Sept. 16, 1875
Jan. 19, 1835 | Nov. 20, 1874
1798
Oct. 20, 1875
1053
Jan. 18, 1871
Dec. 26, 1878 10
7
Aug. 6, 1867
Jan. 28, 1868 7
July 20,
Aug. 25,
1875
9
1860
1875
Edi-
tion.
5777775
...
5
57
5
878 →
7
6
6
7
7
6
9
g
7
7
6
6
Dec. 3, 1866 6
7
6
007
9
→ ∞ -
8
9
1054
Name.
Hooker, Sir W. J.
Hope, H. T.
Hope, Rev. F. W.
...
...
...
...
•·.·
Hopkins, John Henry, D.D.
Hopkins, W.
Hornby, Admiral Sir P.
Horne, Rev. T. H.
Horner, L.
Horsman, Edward, M.P.
Houdin, Robert J. E. ...
Houston, S.
...
Howard, Henry Edward John, D.D.
Howard de Walden, Lord
Howden, Lord
Howe, Elias
...
Howe, Joseph
Howe, Samuel Gridley, M.D.
Hudson, Geo.
Hughes, Dr.
Hugo, Rev. Thomas
Hunt, George Ward, M.P.
Hunt, Thornton Leigh
Hunt, W.
·D
...
...
••
Hunter, Joseph, F.S.A
Huntley, Sir H. V.
Hurlstone, Fred. Yeates
...
...
···
...
...
...
••
JAHN, OTTO
James, Sir Henry, F.R.S.
Janin, Jules
...
...
...
:::
...
INGEMANN, B. S.
...
Ingersoll, Charles Jared, LL.D.
Inglis, Sir J. E. W.
Ingres, J. D. A.
Inverness, Duchess of
...
...
***
:
...
...
...
···
...
...
···
...
...
...
···
...
...
...
Jardine, Sir Wm.
Jasmin, J.
Jebb, Sir J.
Jelf, Rev. Wm., D.D.
Jelf, Rev. Wm. Edward
Jellachick, Baron J. von
Jenkyns, Henry, D.D.
Jerdan, Wm.
Jeremie, James Amiraux, D.D.
Jesse, Edward
Jesse, John Heneage
Jeune, Frs., Bp. of Peterborough
John, King of Saxony
...
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
...
...
NECROLOGY.
...
Ismail Pasha. (See Kmety, Gen. G,)
Ivory, Lord
...
...
...
···
…….
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
:::
••
...
···
...
•••
...
...
...
...
...
...
Date of Birth.
…….
··
1785
1808
Jan. 3,
Jan. 30,
1805
1785
Oct. 20, 1780 | Jan. 27, 1862
Mar. 5, 1864
Nov. 30, 1876
June, 1871
July 23, 1863
Oct. 8, 1868
Aug. 29, 1868
Oct. 9, 1873
Sept. 3,
1867
1864
1804
June 1, 1873 8
Nov. 10, 1801 | Jan. 9, 1876
1800
Dec. 14, 1871
1797
Jan. 3,
1820
Dec. 31,
July 30, 1825 July 28,
Sept, 10, 1810 June 25,
1790
Feb. 10,
Feb. 6, 1783 | May 9,
1795
1864
1861
May 7, 1864
June, 1869
1801
...
...
··
1807
Dec. 6, 1805
Mar. 2, 1793
Dec. 14, 1795
June 5, 1799
Oct. 16, 1799
1819
|
...
...
...
...
...
•
•
May 28, 1789
Oct. 3, 1782
1814
...
...
...
1797
1792
...
··
…….
...
...
··
...
...
...
...
Sept. 15, 1781
1788
1792
June 16, 1813 | Sept. 1869
1803
June 14, 1877
Dec. 24, 1804 June, 1874
1800
Nov. 21, 1874
…….
...
...
..
|
..
Date of Death.
...
Aug. 12, 1865
Dec. 3,
...
Mar. 6, 1798 Oct. 2, 1864
June 26, 1863
1793
1798
Sept. 19, 1871
1811
Oct. 18, 1875
Oct. 16, 1801 | May 19, 1859
1795
1782
1800
Jan. 1780
1815
1806
Dec. 12, 1801
April 2, 1878
July 11, 1869
June 11, 1872
1862
April 15, 1862
Jan. 9, 1868
Oct. 13, 1866
Mar. 19, 1867
...
...
1876
1877
1873
...
1862
Jan. 14, 1862
Sept. 27, 1862
Jan. 14, 1867
Aug. 1, 1873
Oct. 17, 1866
··
………
…….
Mar. 29, 1868
Edi-
tion.
July 7, 1874
Aug. 21, 1868
Oct. 29, 1873
(6 16 26 h có cơ
5
5
6
6
5
5
SEST TOOT∞a
9
7
7
8
7
9
7
5
9
9
Ô, CÓ 20 - 26 L
8
5
7
5
7
6776 08
&
6
7
← A∞∞D LO
9
8
7
9
5
9
787∞ot∞o
Name.
Johns, Rev. Chas. Alex
Johnson, Andrew
Johnson, Cuthbert Wm., F.R.S.
Johnson, Reverdy
Johnson, Thos. Marr
Johnston, Alex. Keith, LL.D., F.R.S.
Jomini, Baron Henri
Jones, Ernest
...
...
...
...
Jones, Geo., R.A.
Jones, Hy. Bence, M.D.
Jones, Lieut.-Gen. Sir H. D.
Jones, Owen
Jordan, S.
Josika, Baron N.
Jost, I. M.
Juarez, Benito ...
Jukes, Joseph Beete, F.R.S.
Julien, Stanislas Aignan
Junghung, F. W.
Juynboll, D. W.
...
..
...
...
•••
···
...
...
...
•••
...
•••
...
...
...
...
***
..
··
NECROLOGY,
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
...
...
...
••
•••
...
KAMÉHAMÉHA V., King of Honolulu | Dec. 11, 1830
Kaulbach, Wilhelm von
Oct. 15, 1805
Kavanagh. Julia
1824
Kay-Shuttleworth, Sir James Phillips July 20, 1804
Kaye, Sir John William
1814
Kean Charles
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
··
··
...
Keatinge, Rt. Hon. Richard ...
Keble, Rev. J. ...
Keeley, Robert
Keightley, Tho.
Kennedy, Charles Rann
Kensett, John Fred.
Keogh, Rt. Hon. Wm.
Keppel, Hon. and Rev. T. R.
Ketteler (Baron von), Bp. of Mayence | Dec. 25,
Key, Tho. Hewitt
1799
1784
...
...
...
••
Killaloe, Bishop of (Dr. Tonson)
Kilmore, Bishop of. (See Verschoyle)
Kincaid, Sir J.
...
Kingsdown, T. Pemberton-Leigh, Lord
Kingsley, Rev. Charles
Kingsley, Henry
Kiss, A.
Kmety, Gen. G. (Ismail Pasha)
Knight, Charles
Knowles, J. Sheridan
Kock, Charles Paul de
Kynaston, Herbert, D.D.
LABORDE, Comte de ...
...
::
...
...
...
...
...
Date of Birth.
...
1811
Dec. 29, 1808 |
Sept. 28, 1799
May 21, 1796
June 29, 1826
Dec. 28,
Mar. 6, 1799
|
1804
..
..
1786
1814
1792
1809
|
Dec. 30, 1792
Sept. 28, 1796
Feb. 22, 1793
Mar. 21, 1806
Oct 10, 1811
Sept. 20, 1799
Oct. 26,
April 6,
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
•
Jan. 18, 1811
1793
April 25, 1792
1793
Oct. 1789
Mar. 1, 1808
Mar. 22, 1818
1817
...
...
Jan. 17, 1811
1811
...
...
...
……
...
1812 |
1802
...
..
...
···
...
...
...
...
...
Date of Death.
•
June 28, 1874
July 21, 1875
March 8, 1878
Feb. 10, 1876
1874
...
July 9, 1871
Mar. 24, 1869
Jan. 26, 1869
Sept. 19, 1869
April 20, 1873
Aug. 2, 1866
April 19, 1874
April 14, 1861
Feb. 27, 1865
Nov. 1860
July 18, 1872
July 29, 1869
Feb. 1873
April 24, 1864
1861
1789
Feb. 11, 1793
June 12, 1819 | Jan. 23,, 1875
1830
May 24, 1876
Oct. 11, 1802 Mar. 24, 1865
1814
April 25, 1865
Mar. 9. 1873
1791
1784
1794
1809
June 12, 1807 | March, 1869
...
···
Dec. 25, 1872
1874
April 7,
Oct. 28,
May 26,
July 24,
1877
1877
1876
Jan. 22, 1868
Feb. 1876
Mar. 29, 1866
Feb. 3, 1869
Nov. 4,
...
••
Dec. 16, 1872
Sept. 30, 1878
April 20, 1863
July 13, 1877
Nov. 29, 1875
Dec. 1861
···
April 22, 1862
Oct. 7. 1867
1055
Edi-
tion.
8
9
9
9
9
7
7
7
7
8
6
CO 10 00
7
8
9
9
9
7
9
6
7
1872 8
7
8
9
6
6
∞ ∞ ∞
8
5
9
0 10
9
5
10
5
7
S
9
6
6
S
Nov. 30, 1862
Aug. 29, 1871
Oct. 26, 1878 9
7
5
73
1056
Name.
晶
​Lacrosse, Baron B. T. J, de
La Fontaine, Sir L. H. Bart.
La Guéronnière, Vicomte
Laird, John, M.P.
La Marmora, A. F., Marquis de
Lamartine, Alphonse de
Lamoricière, Gen. C. L. L. J. de
Lance, G.
Landor, Walter Savage
Landseer, Sir Edwin
Lane, Edward William
Lanfrey, Pierre
Lang, John Dunmore, D.D.
Langdale, Hon. Charles
Lankester, Edwin, M.D.
Lansdowne, Marquis of
Lappenberg, J. M.
Lassen, Christian
Lathbury, Rev. T.
Lauder, Rob. Scott. R.S.A.
Lawrence, Geo. Alfred
Lawrence, Sir W., Bart.
Laycock, Tho., M.D....
Lecomte, J.
Ledru-Rollin, Alex. Auguste...
Lee, Dr. J.
Lec, James Prince, D.D., Bishop of
...
...
Manchester
Lee, Rob., D.D.
Lee, Gen. Rob. Edmund
Leech, J.
Lefroy, Rt. Hon. Thos.
Le Marchant, Sir Denis
Le Marchant, Sir John Gaspard
Lemon, Mark
Lennep, Jakob van
Lenormant, C....
Leopold I., King of the Belgians
Leroux, Pierre...
Letheby, Henry, M.B.
Lever, Charles James...
Le Verrier, Urbain J. J.
Lewes, Geo. Henry
Lewin, Tho.
Lewis, Rt. Hon Sir G. C., Bart.
Lewis, John Fred., R.A.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
··
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
···
...
...
...
...
···
...
...
…….
...
··
···
···
··
NECROLOGY.
Lewis, Lady M. T.
Leys (Baron), Jean Auguste Henri
Liddell, Sir John, M.D., F.R.S.
Lieber, Francis. LL.D.
Liebig, Baron Justus von
...
···
...
...
...
...
...
...
•
...
•
►
…….
...
...
··
•
...
...
•
...
...
...
...
...
...
A
...
..
***
...
··
...
Date of Birth.
Jan. 29, 1796 | March, 1865
Oct. 1807
Feb. 26, 1864
Dec. 23, 1875
Oct. 29, 1874
Jan. 5, 1878
Feb. 28, 1869
Sept. 11, 1865
June 18, 1864
Sept. 17, 1864
Oct. 1, 1873
|
Mar. 24, 1802
Jan. 30, 1775
1802
1801
1828
Aug. 10, 1876
Nov. 16, 1877
1878
1816
1805
Nov. 17, 1804
Oct. 21, 1790 |
Feb. 1806
...
:
...
•••
···
•••
•
...
••
1787
April 23, 1814
July 2,
July 30,
Oct. 22,
1780
1794
1800 | May, 1876
1798
1803
1827
1785
Aug. 10, 1812
June 20, 1814
Feb. 2. 1808
April 28, 1783
...
...
...
...
...
··
...
...
………
··
···
...
...
...
1804
1804
1808
Aug. 29, 1817 Oct. 28, 1864
1776
July 3,
1803
Date of Death.
...
...
Dec. 1,
1868
|
1874
Oct. 30.
Jan. 31,
Nov. 28. 1865
1863
...
••
...
Nov. 30, 1809
Feb. 6. 1874
May 23, 1870
Mar. 25, 1802 Aug. 26, 1868
June 1, 1802 Nov. 24, 1859
|
Dec. 16, 1790 | Dec. 10. 1865
1798
April 12, 1871
1816
Mar. 28, 1876
1809
June 1. 1872
Mar. 11. 1811 Sept. 23, 1877
April 18, 1817 | Nov. 30, 1878
1805
Jan. 5, 1877
Oct. 21, 1806 | April 13, 1863
July 14, 1805 | Aug. 15, 1876
Mar. 1803 Nov. 9, 1865
Feb. 18, 1815 Aug. 25, 1869
1794
May 28, 1868
Mar. 18, 1800 Oct. 2. 1872
May 12, 1803 | April 18, 1873
Feb. 11, 1865
April 21, 1869
Sept. 1876
July 5.
1867
Sept. 21, 1876
April 22, 1864
Dec. 31, 1874
Feb. 25, 1866
··
Dec. 24. 1869
Mar. 14, 1868
Oct. 12, 1870
1795 Oct. 30. 1874
May 4. 1869
Edi-
tion.
6
10 — co
9
9
7
6
5
9
9
9
7
8
6
9
6
7
9
6
9
6
8
6
727 17 1 00
S
927
6
5
7
9
8
9
9
9
5
9
6
7
7
8
8
∞o co
Name.
………
Light, Sir Henry
Limayrac, Paulin
Lincoln, Abraham
Lindley, Dr. J……..
Lindsay, Wm. Schaw
Lisgar, Lord
Livingstone, David
Llanover, Baron
Locock, Sir Chas.. M.D.
Logan, Sir Wm. Edmond
Lomenie, Louis Léonard de
Longley, T.. D.D., Archbishop of
...
Canterbury
Lonsdale, Henry, M.D.
Lonsdale, John, D.D., Bp. of Lichfield
Lonsdale, Earl of
Lopez, Don Francisco Solano
Lough, John Graham
Love, Lieut.-Gen. Sir J. F.
Lover. Samuel ...
Löwenthal. John Jacob
Lower, Mark Anthony
Lubbock. Sir J. W.
Lucas, Charles ...
Lucas. Rt. Hon. Edward
Lucas, John
...
Lucas, Samuel …..
Lumley, Benjamin
Lushington, Rt. Hon. Stephen
Lushington. Rt. Hon. Stephen Rum-
...
..
...
..
...
...
··
...
bold, D.C.L.
Luynes, Duc de
Lycurgos, A., Abp. of Syra
Lyell, Sir Charles
Lyndhurst, Baron
Lyttelton, Lord
Lytton, Lord
Lyveden, Lord
...
···
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
••
...
...
...
...
...
...
···
...
•••
...
···
...
...
•
...
...
MACBRIDE, John David, D.C.L.
Mc Carthy, Sir C. J.
Mc'Caul, Rev. A.
Mc'Causland, Dominick, Q.C.
McClure, Sir Robt. J. Le Mesurier
Mc'Culloch, Horatio
Mc Culloch, J. R.
Macdonald, John Sandfield
Mc'Dougall, Sir D.
Mc'Dowell, Patrick, R.A.
Mc'Ghee, Hon. Thos. Darcy
Macgregor, Sir J.
...
...
...
...
NECROLOGY.
...
···
..
...
...
..
………
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
...
...
•
...
•••
···
...
...
...
••
...
••
...
...
...
...
•••
**
..
**
Date of Birth.
1870
1783
Mar. 3,
Feb. 26, 1817 | July, 1868
Feb. 12, 1809 | April 15, 1865
1799
Nov. 1.
1865
1816
Aug. 28, 1877
April 21, 1807 Oct. 6, 1876
1817
May 4, 1873
Nov. 8, 1802 April 27, 1867
April 21, 1799 July 23, 1875
April 23, 1798 June 22, 1875
1818
April, 1878 ...
...
...
...
...
1794
1816
Jan. 17,
July 21,
1827
··
Oct. 27, 1868
July 23, 1876
Oct. 19, 1867
Mar. 4, 1872
Mar. 1.
1870
April, 1876 ...
1789
Jan. 13, 1866
1797
July 6, 1868
July, 1810
July 20, 1876
1813
Mar. 22, 1876
Mar. 26, 1803 June 20, 1865
1808
Mar. 23, 1869
Nov. 12, 1871
April 30, 1874
Nov. 27, 1868
1787
1807
1818
Mar. 17. 1875
1812
Jan. 14, 1782 Jan. 20,
••
...
•••
...
•••
...
…….
...
•••
··
1788
1787|
•••
•••
..
...
Nov. 14, 1797 |
May 21, 1772
Mar. 31, 1817
May 25, 1803
Feb. 1800
|
...
1775
Aug. 5,
1868
Dec. 15, 1802 Dec. 14, 1867
...
...
1778
1812
1798
Aug. 20,
Jan. 28,
1806
Mar. 1,
June 24, 1867
1872
1789 | Nov 11, 1864
Dec. 12, 1812 | June 1,
1789
Dec. 10, 1862
Aug., 1799
Dec. 9,
1870
April 13, 1825 | April 7, 1868
1791
Jan. 13, 1866
Date of Death.
..
1806
1807
...
1873
...
Oct. 29, 1875
Feb. 22, 1875
Oct. 12, 1863
April 19, 1876
Jan. 18, 1873
Nov. 10, 1873
Jan. 24, 1868
Aug. 14, 1865
Nov. 13, 1863
June 29, 1873
Oct. 17. 1873
1057


Edi-
tion.
7
7
6
6
9
9
8
6
9
9
9
792
7
7
9
6
7
9
9
7
787∞ 00
8
77980 LA OD 00 00
713690 TO 13 TO GO
8
5
6
76
3 Y
1058
Name.
...
Mc'Ilvaine, Chs. Pettit. Bp. of Ohio
Mackenzie, Henry, D.D., Bp. Suffragan
Mackenzie, Thos. Lord Mackenzie
Maclaren. C.
Macleod, Norman, D.D.
Maclise, Daniel, R.A....
Macready, Wm. Charles
Madden, Sir Fred.
Maddock, Sir Thos. Herbert
Magenis, Sir A. C.
Magnan, Marshal B. P.
Magne, Pierre
Maguire, John Francis, M.P..
Mahony, F. (Father Prout)
Maitland, Rev. S.
Major, John Richardson, D.D.
Malakhoff, Duc de. (See Pelissier,
••
...
...
...
...
...
...
•
...
··
NECROLOGY.
..
··
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Marshal A. J. J.)
Malden, Henry
Mansell, Rev. Hy. Longueville
Manzoni, Count Alessandro
Maria Christina, Queen Dowager of
...
...
...
...
··
..
Spain
Marie, Alexandre Thomas
Marie-Amelia. (See French, ex-Queen
...
...
of.)
...
Marochetti, Baron Charles
Martin, Sir James Ranald
Martineau, Harriet
Martinez de la Rosa, F.
Martius, Karl Frederick Philip von
Mason, James Murray
Massingberd, Rev. Francis Chas.
Mathews, Charles James
Mathieu, Claude Louis
Mathieu, J. M. A. C., Cardinal
Maurice, Fred. Denison, D.D.
Maury, Matthew Fontaine
Maximilian I. (See Mexico, Emperor
··
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
of.)
Maximilian, Joseph II. (See Bavaria,
King of.)
Maxwell, Sir W. Stirling
Mayne, Sir Richard
Mayo, Earl of
Mayo, Thomas, M.D.
Mazzini, Giuseppe
Meade, Gen. George Gordon
Meagher, T. F. ...
Mehemet Ali
Mellish, Sir George
...
...
...
...
..
...
••
··
...
··
...
:::
...
...
...
Date of Birth.
Jan. 18,
May 16,
1807
1782
1812
Jan. 25,
Mar. 3,
1801
1792
1801
Oct. 7,
Dec. 3,
1815
1805
1795
1797
1800
Oct. 6,
Mar. 8,
...
•
...
•
···
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1798
1808
..
...
...
April 27, 1806
Feb. 15, 1797
|
...
...
...
Mar. 12, 1873
Oct. 15, 1878 9
Sept. 26, 1869
Sept. 10, 1866
June 16, 1872
1811 | April, 1870 ...
1793 | April 27, 1873
Mar. 8,
1873
Jan. 15, 1870
Feb. 14, 1867
...
1791 | May 29,
1806
June 8,
...
...
••
1818
1796
Feb. 21, 1822
1790
June 28,
Dec. 30,
Aug. 3,
1807
1814
|
Date of Death.
July 4, 1876
1820 | July 30, 1871
1784 May 22, 1873
...
1805
1800
Dec. 28, 1867
Nov. 27, 1874
June 12, 1802 June 27, 1876 9
Feb. 7, 1862 5
Dec. 13, 1868
1789
1794
Nov. 3,
1800
1798 | April 28, 1871
Dec. 1872
Dec. 26, 1803 | June 24, 1878
Nov. 25, 1783 | Mar. 1875
Jan. 20, 1796 | July 9,
1805
April 1, 1872
Feb. 1, 1873
Jan. 14, 1806
1808
1815
1823
...
1865
1878
Nov. 1,
1872
May 18,
Jan. 9,
1866
1866
Feb. 29, 1876
Aug. 21, 1878
April 20, 1870
...
1875
Jan. 15, 1878
Dec. 26, 1868
| Feb. 8,
Jan. 13, 1871
Mar. 10, 1872
1872
Nov. 6,
1872
July 1, 1867
Edi-
tion.
Jan. 20, 1865
07780 30 7 00:00 7
| June 15, 1877
6
6
6
9
8
6
6
9
300
9
7
8
97
7x36EE∞ = ∞ S. E∞
8
8
9
7
8
977EN∞ 10 6 −
9
Melvill, Rev. Henry, B.D.
Melville, George John Whyte
Menschikoff, Prince Alexander Ser-
geewitsch
...
···
...
Name.
...
Mérimée, Prosper
Merivale, Herman, C.B.
Merle d'Aubigné, Jean Henri
Méry, J.
Mexico, Emperor of (Maximilian I.)
Meyerbeer, G.
Michael Obrenovitch III., Prince of
...
...
Servia
...
Michelet, Jules
Mieroslawski, Louis
Mill, John Stuart
Miller, Thos.
Miller, Wm. Allen, M.D., F.R.S.
Milman, Very Rev. Henry Hart
Milman, Robert, Bp. of Calcutta
Miramon, M.
Mirès, Jules
Mitchell, Alex.
Mitchell, Sir Wm.
Mitz-cherlich, E.
Mocquard, J. F. C.
...
Moltke (Comte de), Adam Wm.
Monahan, James Henry
Monnier, Henri Bonaventure
Montalembert, C. Forbes de Tyron,
...
...
...
...
•••
...
···
···
...
...
···
...
...
...
...
...
···
...
...
...
...
...
...
•••
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
···
...
...
...
Comte de
Monteagle, Lord
Montebello, Duc de
Montgomery, Walter
Montrose, Duke of
Moon, Sir F. G.
Moore, George ...
Moriarty, David, Bp. of Kerry
Morny, C. A. L., Duc de
Morrell, Tho. Baker, D.D.
Morse, Sam. Finley Breese
Morton, Oliver Perry, LL.D.
Moseley, Rev. Henry
Motley, John Lothrop
Mott, V.
Moultrie, Rev. John
Mountain, Dr. (See Quebec, Bishop of)
Mouravieff, Gen. N.
Moustier, Marquis de
Mozley, James Bowling, D.D.
Muller, J.
Mulready, W.
...
...
...
··
...
...
...
...
...
NECROLOGY.
...
··
···
...
4.
...
...
···
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
•
..
▼
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
•
...
...
...
...
...
...
Date of Birth.
1798
1821
...
...
July 6,
Sept. 5,
1789
Sept. 23, 1803
1806
...
...
Aug. 16, 1794
Jan. 21, 1798
...
...
1828
Sept. 4,
Aug. 21, 1798
1814
1806
Aug. 31, 1808
Dec. 17, 1817
Feb. 10, 1791
1816
...
...
...
...
June 10, 1868
1873
Feb. 9, 1874
Nov. 1878
May 9,
Oct. 25, 1874
Sept. 30, 1870
Sept. 24, 1868
Mar. 15, 1876
1833
June 19, 1867
1809
June, 1871
April 13, 1780 June 25, 1868
1811
May 1, 1878
Jan. 7. 1791 Sept. 1, 1863
Nov. 11, 1791 Dec. 10, 1864
Aug. 25, 1785
1805
April 12, 1866
Dec. 8,
1878
1877
June 6, 1799
Jan. 3,
...
...
...
...
...
1832
1794
May 29, 1810
Feb. 8, 1790
July 30,
1827
1801
...
...
...
July 16,
Oct. 28,
1806
Aug. 18, 1814
Oct. 23, 1811
1815
...
..
...
...
...
April 27, 1791 |
Aug. 4, 1823
1801
1799
1796
...
April 15, 1814
Aug. 20, 1785
1800
|
•••
1793
Aug. 23, 1817
1813
July 14, 1801 |
1786
...
...
|
|
Date of Death.
Feb. 9, 1871
Dec. 5,
1878
April, 1869
Sept. 23, 1870
Feb. 8,
Oct. 21, 1872
June 18, 1866
June 19, 1867
May 2,
1874
1864
...
1059
Sept. 11, 1866
Feb. 5,
1869
Jan. 4, 1878
April 28, 1858
July 7, 1863
Edi-
tion.
7
9
77∞∞0 10 10 10
6
6
7
18400 00
9
7
7
9
6
7
7
9
5
669
7
Mar. 13, 1870
Jan. 31, 1866
July 19, 1874
Sept. 2,
1871
6
Dec. 30, 1874
Oct. 13, 1871
Nov. 21, 1876
Oct. 1, 1877 9
Mar. 10, 1865
Nov. 15, 1877
April 2, 1872 7
Nov. 1. 1877 9
Jan. 21, 1871 7
May 30, 1877 9
9
6
April 26, 1865
Dec. 26, 1874
8
768NANG
9
9
679
6
5
3 Y 2
1060
Name.
...
...
Munch, P. A.
1811
Muñoz, Fernando, Duke of Rianzeres 1810
Murat, Prince
...
...
Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey
Muspratt, Jas. Sheridan, M.D.
Mustapha, Reschid Pasha. (See Res-
chid Pasha.)
Musurus, Princess A.
...
...
...
• J.
...
...
•••
...
NECROLOGY.
...
...
•••
...
**
...
...
1812
...
1818
1800
|
...
NAPIER, Robert
Napoleon III.
Narvaez, Don R. M., Duke of Valencia Aug. 4,
Nash, Joseph
Neale, Rev. J. M.
Neaves (Lord), Charles
Nees von Esenbeck, C. G.
Nelaton, Auguste
Nesselrode, Count K. R.
Newcastle, Duke of
Newman, Edward, F.L.S.
Nichols, John Gough, F.S.A....
Niel, Adolphe (Marshal)
Noble, Matthew
Noel, Rev. Baptist
Noel-Fearn, Rev. Henry (Christmas)
Normanby, Marquis of
Northbrook, Lord.
Feb. 14, 1776
June 17, 1807
Dec. 14, 1780 |
May 22, 1811
May 13,
1806
Oct. 4.
...
1801
Hon. Sir. F. T.)
Northumberland, Duke of
Norton, Hon. Mrs. Caroline
···
...
...
...
•
O'BRIEN. James T., Bp. of Ossory
O'Brien, W. S. ...
O'Donnell, Marshal Leopold...
Ogilvie, Chas. Atmore, D.D.
Oliver, Rev. G……..
Olmsted, D.
***
O'Loghlen, Sir Colman
Olozaga, Salustiano
Omer Pasha
Orloff, Prince A.
Ormerod, Geo...
Osbaldeston, G.
Osborn, Admiral Sherard
O'Shaughnessy, Sir W. B.
Ossington, J. E. Denison, Viscount
Otho I., King of Greece
Oudinot, Marshal N. C. V.
Ouseley, Sir W. G.
...
Outram, Sir J. ...
Overbeck, Frederick
•
...
...
...
···
...
…….
...
··
...
...
...
...
(See Baring, Rt.
...
..
••
...
...
...
...
…….
…….
··
...
...
...
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
•
...
Date of Birth.
...
...
...
··
May 16,
Feb. 19,
Mar. 8,
1820
1799
1819
June 18, 1791
April 20, 1808
1800
...
..
1803 |
1792
|
1821
1800
June 1,
Nov. 3,
1799
...
...
...
···
Mar. 16, 1858
Sept. 21, 1873
Mar. 23, 1862
Oct. 18, 1864
June 12, 1876
Nov. 13, 1873
1802 Aug. 13, 1869
June 23, 1876
Jan. 19, 1873
Mar. 10, 1868
1811
May 15, 1787 | July 28, 1863
...
...
••
...
Jan. 29,
July 3,
...
•
...
Dec. 15, 1792 | Feb. 12, 1865
1808
June 15, 1877
...
···
...
14
··
***
...
...
Date of Death.
|
June, 1863
Sept. 13, 1873
April 10, 1878
···
1815
1791
...
April 25, 1822 | May 6,
1809
July 19, 1867
1873
June 23, 1876
Jan. 9,
May 28, 1868
Dec. 19, 1878
Aug. 6, 1866
Dec. 23, 1876
Oct. 22,
Oct. 22, 1871 7
1875
...
Mar. 7,
July 26, 1867
1792
Dec. 12, 1874
Oct. 17, 1803 June 16, 1864
1808
Nov. 5, 1867
1793
Feb. 17, 1873
Nov. 5, 1782 | Mar. 3, 1867
1791
May 16, 1859
6
Sept. 20, 1819 July 22, 1877 g
1803
Sept. 26, 1873
April 18, 1871
1806
1787
1785
May 20, 1861
Oct. 9,
Dec. 26, 1787 | Aug. 1, 1866
1873
July 7, 1863
Edi-
tion.
Mar. 6, 1866
6.
1803 | Mar. 11, 1863
1789 | Nov. 1869
có có ở kh
...
8.
9
7
7
9
8
7
10
6
Có đi 20 BÓ LÀ L
9
8.
5
5
9
∞ t&∞ tia
&
7
1873 &
g
5
5
30 18 780
&
766 00 1- 00 CO LO CO 10 E-
7
7
Owen. Rev. J. B.
Owen, Robt. Dale
Oxenford, John
Name.
...
...
..
···
PAGE, Tho.
Pakenham, Sir Richard
Palacky, Francis
Palikao, Gen. Cousin Montauban,
...
•
...
•.•
...
...
Comte de
Palmerston, Lord
Pardoe, Miss J.
Parker, Sir W., Bart.
Parry, Tho., Bp. of Barbadoes
Parton, Mrs. S. P. Willis ("Fanny
...
...
•
...
···
...
...
Fern")
Passy, Hippolyte Philibert
Pasta, J., Madame
Paton, Andrew Archibald
Patteson, John Coleridge, Bp. of
Melanesia
………
..
··
...
NECROLOGY.
•••
...
...
...
...
•
Paxton, Sir J.
Payen, Anselme
Peabody, Geo.
Peacock, T. L.
Pellissier, Marshal A. J. J. (Duc de
•••
...
...
………
...
...
•
...
...
....
...
...
...
•••
···
···
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
·
...
...
…….
•••
...
...
..
...
Malakhoff)
Pellew, Hon. and Very Rev. G.
Pelouze, T. J.
Pénaud, Admiral C.
Penn, John, F.R.S.
Pennefather, Sir. J. L.
Pennethorne, Sir Jas. …..
Pepe, General Florestan
Pepe, G....
Péreire, Emile ...
Perier, A. Casimir V. L.
Persiani, Madame F. T.
Persigny, Duc de
Petermann, August Heinrich
Petermann, Julius Heinrich, D.D.
Petit, Rev. J. L.
Phelps, Samuel,
Picard, Louis Joseph Ernest
Phillimore, J. G.
Phillip, J.
...
Phillips, John, F.G.S....
Phillipps, Sir Tho.
Phillips, Rt. Hon. S. M.
Phillips, Sir T.
Phillpotts, H., D.D., Bishop of Exeter May, 1778
Phipps, Hon. Sir C. B.
1801
...
Dec. 27, 1801
···
...
...
...
...
···
···
...
•••
…….
...
··
...
...
..
...
...
··
Date of Birth.
...
1787
Nov. 7, 1801
1812
...
...
1827
Aug. 3,
Jan. 6,
Jan. 4,
1877
1797
Oct. 28, 1868
June 14, 1798 | May 26, 1876
June 24, 1796
Oct. 20, 1784
1806
1781
1795
July 7,
Oct. 16,
1798
···
Nov. 6,
1793
...
Feb. 18,
Oct. 18,
•
...
Feb. 26,
Dec. 24,
...
...
..
...
•
···
...
...
...
...
...
1811 Oct. 10, 1872
1793 | Oct. 1873
April 1, 1865
April 5, 1874
1800
1800
1780
1781
Dec. 3,
Aug. 20, 1811 | July 6,
Oct. 4, 1818
Jan, 11, 1808
April 18, 1822
Aug. 12, 1801 |
|
Oct. 1871
1803 June 8,
|
1795 | May 13,
1795
1785
Nov. 4,
| Jan. 23,
1794
1807 | May 31, 1867
1800 | Mar. 25, 1864
Sept. 23, 1878
...
Date of Death.
···
May 24, 1872
June 24, 1877
Feb. 21, 1877
...
May 19, 1817
Dec. 25,
1792
1780
1800
1878
Jan. 8,
Oct. 18, 1865
Nov. 26, 1862
Nov. 13, 1866
Mar. 16, 1870
May 9,
Sept. 1, 1871
1851
1863
1800 Jan. 6, 1875
...
|
May 22,
Oct. 13,
+
...
May, 1867
Jan 12, 1872
Sept. 1878
June, 1876
Dec. 1,
1868
Nov. 6, 1878
1806
Dec. 24, 1821 | May 13, 1877
1809
April 27, 1865
Feb. 27, 1867
April 24, 1874
Feb. 6, 1872
Mar. 11, 1862
May 26, 1867
Sept. 18, 1869
Feb. 24, .1866
1865
1871
1869
1866
1864
1866
1872
1876
...
1061
Edi-
tion.
169
7
9
ata
7
9
9
510 67
6
8
00 00 13 00
5
8
7
6
7
16
7
5
6
9
8
∞0 L 1- 10 00
7
9
9
7
9
6
6
10 CO - 4
5
6
6
1062
Name.
Pickersgill, Hy. Wm., R.A.
Pierce, Franklin
Pigott, Rt. Hon. David Rd.
Pigott, Sir Gillery
Pinwell, Geo. John,
Pius the Ninth...
...
...
...
...
...
•
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Plantier, C. H. A. Bp. of Nîmes
Platt, Hon. Sir T. J.
Pleyel, Madame
Plumridge, Sir J. H.
Plunket, Rt. Rev. Lord. (See Tuam,
Killala, and Achonry, Bishop of.)
Poerio, C.
Poggendorff, Johann Christian
Pollock, Sir Fred.
Pollock, Field Marshal Sir Geo.
...
Potter, Cipriani
Potter, L. J. A. D.
Pouchet, Félix A.
Pouillet, C. S. M.
Powers, Hiram…..
Powys, Horatio, Bishop of Sodor and
Man
Pratt, John Tidd
444
...
...
Prescott, Adm. Sir Henry
Prévost-Paradol, L. A.
Prim, Don Juan
···
...
.
...
...
...
•
...
...
...
...
··
...
→→
···
•
·
···
···
...
••
...
•
...
...
...
...
...
QUAIN, Sir John Richard
Quebec, Bishop of (Dr. Mountain)
Quinet, Edgar
NECROLOGY.
...
...
...
...
••
...
...
Prinsep, Henry Thoby
Prior, Sir James
Procter, Miss A. A.
Procter, Bryan W. ("Barry Cornwall")
Proudhon, P. J.
Prout, Father. (See Mahony F.)
Pugin, Edward Welby
Pulszky, Ferencz Aurel
Purchas, Rev. John
Pye, John
...
...
...
··
···
...
...
::
...
...
••
...
...
...
...
··
···
...
··
...
……
...
...
...
...
RADNOR, Earl of
Rae, Sir Wm., M.D.
Raffles, Rev. T....
Ramsay, E. B. (Dean)...
Ramsay, W.
Randon, Comte, Marshal of France...
Rankine, Wm. J. M., F.R.S. ...
Raspail, François Vincent
Ratcliff, Sir J. …..
...
..
...
...
***
...
...
...
Date of Birth.
1782
April 21, 1875
Nov. 23, 1804. Oct. 8,
1869
Dec. 22, 1873
1805
April 28, 1875
Sept. 8, 1875
Feb. 7, 1878 9
May 25, 1875
Feb. 10, 1862
April, 1875...
9
•••
July 4,
1787
···
1813
Dec. 26, 1842
May 13, 1792
Mar. 2, 1813
1790
•
...
...
••
...
...
1803
May, 1867
Dec. 29, 1796 | Jan., 1877
Sept. 23, 1783
1786
1792
|
April 26, 1796
Aug. 26, 1800
Feb. 16, 1791
July 29, 1805
...
••
···
...
...
1811
1805
Dec. 13, 1797 | Jan. 9,
1783
•••
···
...
1829
1814
...
Aug. 8,
Dec. 6,
1792
1790
1835
1790
July 15, 1809 Jan. 20, 1865
••
...
1789
Feb. 10, 1803
...
...
Mar. 11, 1834
Sept, 17, 1814 | Sept. 5, 1866
1823
1782
Oct. 18, 1872
Feb. 6,
May 11, 1779
1786
Date of Death.
..
...
Jan. 29, 1794
Nov. 1798
Aug. 22, 1870
Oct. 6,
1872
Sept. 26, 1871
July 22, 1859
Dec. 6, 1872
June 15, 1868
June 27, 1873
...
...
May 31, 1877
1870
Nov. 18, 1874
July 19,
1870
Dec. 30, 1870
Feb. 11, 1878
Nov. 14, 1869
Feb. 2,
Oct. 4,
May 17, 1788 |
1793
1806
Mar. 25, 1795 | Jan. 1871
5
Nov. 29, 1863
1874
June 5, 1875
1874
Sept. 12, 1876
Jan. 8,
1863
Mar. 27, 1875
April 10, 1869
April 8, 1873
Aug. 18, 1863
Dec. 27, 1872
Edi-
tion.
Feb. 12, 1865
∞ t- ∞ ∞ →
...
Dec, 24, 1872
Jan. 7,
Sept. 1.
1878
1864
8
7
8
8
9
5
CO LÓ
8
COSTÓ E∞ ∞ 7∞
6
9
7
&
7
6
1864 5
8
&
ST∞TEÒ N10 00 1Ò
g
7
8
7
7
9
7
9
7
8
☹ t∞∞o
9
✪ LO CO S. 7 00 10 00 10 7 ∞ — LO
5
8
8
9
-
Rattazzi, Urbano
Rauch, T. C.
Raymond, Henry Jarvis
Read, Thomas Buchanan
Reade, John Edmund...
Reboul, J.
Redding, Cyrus
Redington, Sir T. N.
Reed, Rev. A.
Regnaud de St. Jean- d'Angelly,
Comte de
Regnault, Henri Victor
Reichenbach, Baron von
Rennie, Sir John
Reschid Pasha, or Mustapha Reschid
Pasha...
Reybaud, Madame C. (See Arnaud.)
Rianzares, Duke of
Richards, Alfred Bate...
Richardson, C. ...
Richardson, D. L.
Richardson, Sir J.
Rickards, Rev. S.
Rigault-de-Genouilly, Chas.
·
Name.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
·
...
...
・・
...
••
...
··
...
···
...
•••
1.
...
………
...
...
..
...
...
..
...
...
•
•••
...
···
•••
···
···
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Rio, Alexis François
Ritchie, L.
Ritter, Henry
Ritter, K.
Roberts, D.
Robertson, James Burton
Robertson, Thos. Wm....
Robinson, Rev. H.
Robinson, Sir J. B., Bart.
Robinson, John Henry, R.A…...
Robinson, Thos. D.D.
Robson, F.
Rochester, Bishop of (Dr. Wigram)... Dec. 26,
Rock, Daniel, D.D.
Roemer, F. de
1796
1790
1821
1799
1795
••
...
Rosas, Juan Manuel Ortiz de...
Roscoe, Thos.
Rose, Gustav
Rose, H.
Rose, Hy. John (Archdeacon).
NECROLOGY,
...
··
···
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
………
..
...
...
Rogers, Henry
Rogers, H. D.
Roget, Peter Mark, M.D.
Rolt, Sir John ...
Romilly, Lord
Rosa, Martinez de la, F. (See Martinez
de la Rosa. F.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
•••
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Date of Birth.
...
June 29, 1808 | June 5,
Jan. 2,
1777 Dec. 3.
Jan. 24, 1820
Mar. 12, 1822
Jan. 23, 1796
1785
|
1815
Nov. 27, 1787 Feb. 25, 1862
...
...
...
July 29, 1794|
July 21, 1810
Feb. 12, 1788
Feb. 1870
Jan. 20, 1878
1869
1796
Sept. 3, 1874
1802
Jan. 5, 1858
...
1810
1820
July, 1775
1800
Sept. 13, 1873
June 12, 1876
Oct. 6, 1865
Nov. 17, 1865
June 5, 1865
Aug. 24, 1865
April 12, 1807 Apr. 4. 1873
1787
1796
July 16,
Jan. 16.
Feb. 1869
1874
1865
Sept. 29, 1859
Nov. 25, 1864
| Feb. 14, 1877
Feb. 3.
May 18,
July 26, 1791 Jan. 30, 1863
1871
1866
...
...
...
···
1801
1791
1779
Oct. 24,
Nov. 15,
Jan. 9.
1793
•••
**
···
...
...
...
...
···
...
...
..
...
……
···
...
...
...
...
..
...
...
1796
1800
1829
...
...
Date of Death.
...
Oct. 18, 1806 Aug. 20, 1877
May 30, 1866
1806
1779
Oct. 5,
1802
1793 ...
June, 1791
Mar. 18, 1798
1795…..
···
1873
1857
June 18, 1869
May 11, 1872
Sept. 1870 ....
May 29, 1864 5
May 28, 1870
...
...
...
··
Oct. 21, 1871
May 13, 1873
1063
Edi-
tion.
Oct. 11, 1862 5
Mar. 14, 1877
Sept. 24, 1871
July 15, 1873
Jan. 1864
Jan. 31, 1873
8
6¬¬ 30
...
5
7
7
10 1-10 LO
7
5
797 ∞
8
Aug. 12, 1864
1798| April 6, 1867
6
7
Nov. 28, 1871
March, 1864 6
9
6
8
9
6
6
6
6
00 00 13 13 13
7
6
9
761730 20
5
Sept. 13, 1869
7
1804 June 6, 1871 7
Dec. 23, 1874
8
5
Scot- t-3
6
8
976 10 00
8
6
8
?
1064
Name.
Ross, Admiral Sir J. C.
Rosse, Earl of
Salt, Sir Titus
Sand. Georges
...
Rossetti, Maria Francesca
1800
June 17, 1800
Feb. 17, 1827
Feb. 29,
|
Rossini, Gioacchino Antonio...
Rosslyn, Earl of
1792
1802
1795
Feb. 15,
Jan. 25,
...
1818
1800
Rous, Admiral Hy. John
Rousseau, Major-General Lovell H.... | Aug 4,
Rüdiger, Count
Russel, Alexander
Russell, John, Earl
Ryan, Sir Edward
...
...
...
...
...
...
•••
...
SAID PASHA, Viceroy
St. Asaph, Bishop of.
St. Germans, Earl of
St. John, Bayle
St. John, James Augustus
St. Leonards, Lord
Sainte-Beuve, Ch. Augustin
Sainte-Claire-Deville, H. E.
Saldanha, Duke of
Salisbury. Bishop of. (See Hamilton.)
Salisbury, Marquis of...
Salnave, President
Salomons, Sir David
...
...
of Egypt
(See Short)
•
Schoenlein, J.
Scholefield, W.
Schomburg, Sir R.
Scott, Sir Geo. Gilbert, R.A.
Scott, Gen. W. ...
Scott, Rev. William
...
i ::
...
...
...
..
..
...
...
...
...
...
··
D
...
Scrope, George Poulett, F.R.S.
Seaton, Lord
Secchi, Angelo …..
Sedgwick, Rev. Adam, LL.D.
Sedgwick, Miss C. M……….
Sedgwick, Major-Gen. J.
Seemann, Berthold
Sellon, Priscilla Lydia
NECROLOGY.
Sandford. John (Archdeacon)
Sandhurst, Lord
Sandys, Lord
Santa Anna, A. L. de ...
Sawyer, William Collison, Bishop of
...
..
...
...
Grafton and Armidale
Say, H. E.
Scarlett, Sir James Yorke
Schlagenweit, A.
Schnor von Karolsfeld, Julius
...
...
...
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
...
...
...
...
...
•••
...
...
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···
...
...
**
...
•
...
···
***
..
..
•••
...
...
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...
···
...
...
··
Date of Birth.
...
...
...
Dec. 10, 1814
Aug. 18, 1792
1793
1822
Aug. 29, 1798
1822
...
....
Sept. 24, 1801
Feb. 1781
Dec. 23, 1804
Mar. 11. 1818
Nov. 17, 1790
April 17, 1791
1797
1803
July 5, 1804
Mar. 22, 1802
1819
1816
1825
1821
··
...
Jan. 28, 1798
Feb. 21, 1798
...
1777
June 29,
1787
1789
...
···
1804
1811
June 13, 1786
May 2, 1813
1797
•••
···
...
...
...
...
1831
Mar. 11, 1794 | 1860
Feb. 1,
Jan. 9,
1799
1829
Mar. 26, 1794
Nov. 30, 1793
1809
..
...
...
...
...
...
Date of Death.
|
...
April 3, 1862
Oct. 31, 1867
1876
Nov. 13, 1868
June 16, 1866
June 19, 1877
Jan. 7. 1869
..
Jan. 18, 1863
Oct. 7,
Aug. 1,
Sept. 22, 1875
Jan. 29, 1875
|
Oct. 13, 1869
Oct. 1876
Nov. 20, 1876
1877
7
June 22, 1856 6
July 18, 1876
May 28, 1878
Aug. 22, 1875
1859
Mar. 15, 1868
...
Edi-
tion.
101 — 1-8
...
7
9
...
6
9
— — —
9
9
9
5
✪ 1 3 00 IN ON O
9
5
April 12, 1868
Jan. 10, 1870
July 18, 1873
Dec. 29, 1876
June 8. 1876
Mar. 22, 1873
June 23, 1876
April 10, 1863 5
June 20, 1876
9
9
7
Dec. 6. 1871
Oct. 1858
1867
June, 1872
Jan. 1864
July 9,
Mar. 11, 1865 5
Mar. 27, 1878 9
May 29, 1866 6
Jan. 11, 1872 7
Jan. 19, 1876 9
April 17, 1863
1818 Feb. 26,
1878 9
1873 8
1867
6
1864 6
9
6
100 10 20 00 ××7
8
9
9
78750 30 SE
6
6
Jan. 27.
July 31,
May 9,
Oct. 10. 1871 7
Nov. 1876
9
Name.
··
Selwyn, Sir Chas. Jasper
Selwyn. George Augustus, Bishop of
...
Lichfield
Selwyn, Wm., D.D.
Senior, Nassau William
Servia, Prince of. (See Michael
…….
...
•
Obrenovitch.)
..
...
of
Seward, Wm. Hy.
Sewell, Wm., D.D.
Seymour, Sir Geo. Francis
Seymour, Rev. Michael Hobart
Shee, Sir Wm.
Sheepshanks, J.
Shelley, Sir J. V., Bart.
Shillibeer, G.
Shirley, Rev. W. W.
Short, Thos. Vowler, D.D., Bishop
St. Asaph
Shrewsbury and Talbot, Earl of
Shuttleworth, Sir James Phillips
Kay
Siam, Chao l'ha Mongkout, King of...
Sidi Mohammed, Sultan of Morocco.
Sigourney, Mrs. L. H.
Simpson, Gen. Sir James
Simpson, Sir James Young, M.D.
Sinclair, Miss Catherine
...
•
Sinclair, John (Archdeacon)
Singer, Dr., Bishop of Meath...
Slaney, R. A.
Sleigh, Sir J. W.
Slidell, John
Smart, Sir G. T.
Smedley, F. E……..
Smee, Alfred
...
...
...
...
...
…….
...
:
..
Smirke, Sir R. ...
Smirke, Sydney, R.A....
Smith, Alexander
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
···
...
...
………
...
...
...
...
………
...
···
Hongkong
Smith, Henry Boynton, D.D.
Smith, James
Smith, Gen. Sir John Mark Fred.
Smith, Rt. Hon, T. B. C.
Smith, William, F.S.A.
Smyth, Richard, M.P..
Smyth, Admiral W. H.
Somerset, Sir H.
Somerville, Mrs. Mary
..
...
NECROLOGY.
...
..
...
...
: :
...
...
...
•••
...
...
...
...
...
···
...
Smith, Sir Andrew, M.D.
Smith, Sir Francis Pettit
Smith, Geo., D.D., Bishop of Victoria,
...
...
...
···
...
··
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Date of Birth.
1813
1809
1806
1790
...
:::
1803
Sept.
1792
1811
...
...
May 16, 1801
1805
1787
1802
1804
1787
Mar. 18, 1808
Aug. 11, 1807
1828
...
...
···
...
...
Sept. 16, 1790
Nov. 8, 1803
4.
July 20, 1804
1805
...
...
...
...
··
···
...
...
+4
...
April 17, 1800
Aug. 20, 1797
1786
1791
...
1780
1793
May, 1776
1819
1818
1780
...
...
May 26, 1877
Oct. 1,
Sept. 1873
1868
1, 1791
1, 1791 June 10, 1865
April 18, 1868
May 6,
| Aug. 6,
May 22, 1875
July 16, 1866
•••
...
...
...
...
...
1815
Nov. 21, 1815
Mar. 26, 1805
1792
1797
July 11, 1808
Oct. 4,
1788
1826
Date of Death.
Aug. 11, 1869
April 11, 1878
April 24, 1875
June 4, 1864
...
Jan. 26, 1867
Sept. 1866
Nov. 20, 1866
...
April 13, 1872
June 4, 1868
Dec. 31, 1830
1797
Feb. 9, 1808 Feb. 11, 1874
1870
Oct. 10. 1872
Nov. 14, 1874 8
Jan. 20, 1870 7
June 19, 1874
Feb. 19, 1868
Oct. 6.
1863
1864
Nov. 20, 1874
Aug. 13, 1866
Sept. 6, 1876
Dec. 4, 1878
Sept. 9,
Feb. 15, 1862
1865
1794
Dec. 26, 1780 | Nov. 29, 1872
Dec. 14, 1871
1877
Feb. 7,
Mar. 1872
1065
...
Edi-
tion.
7
-30 10
9
8
∞∞∞0 1 10 10 10 10
7
6
6
77
May 19, 1862
Feb. 5, 1865
July 26, 1871
Feb. 23, 1867
May 1, 1864
9
Jan. 11. 1877
April 18, 1867
Dec. 8,
Jan. 5,
6
9
1877
1867 6
Aug. 11, 1872
8
9
I∞0 (− 7 10 90 10 10 10
7
7
737
9
9
9
00
8
1066
Name.
Soulouque, F. (See Hayti, ex-Em-
··
peror of.)
South, Sir James
Sowerby, James de Carle
Sparks, J.
………
Speke, Capt. J. H.
Spencer, Aubrey Geo., D.D., Bishop of
Jamaica
··
••
...
...
……
...
...
...
Spencer, The Hon. and Rev. G.
Spencer, Rt. Rev. Dr. G. J.. T.
Spooner, R.
···
Stanfield, C.
Stanhope, Earl...
Stanley of Alderley, Lord
Stanton, Edwin M.
Staunton, Howard
Steel, Sir S. W.
Stevens, Thaddeus
Stewart, Alex. Turney
Stewart, Sir Houston
Stirbey, Prince...
Stirling, Sir J……..
...
...
...
••
...
Strickland, Miss Agnes
Stuart, Sir John
Stuart, J. M.
►
...
...
..
..
...
...
...
...
...
..
•••
...
...
...
...
...
...
NECROLOGY.
...
•
..
...
...
···
...
..
•••
•••
...
...
Stockenstrom, Sir A., Bart.
Stokes, Wm., M.D.
Stopford, Hon. Sir M....
Storks, Major-Gen. Sir Hy. Knight...
Strachan, John, D.D., Bp. of Toronto
Strauss, David Frederich
...
...
...
...
···
...
··
:
···
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Sullivan, Rt. Hon. L. …..
Sulpice, P. C. (See Gavarni.)
Sumner, Charles
...
Sumner, Chas. Richard, Bishop of
...
...
...
...
···
...
...
**
Winchester
Sumner, Dr. J. B., Archbishop of
Canterbury
Surtees, Sir S. V.
Sutherland, Duchess Dowager of
Sutherland, Dr. A. J. ...
Swain, Charles...
Sykes, Sir T., Bart.
Sykes, Col. Wm. Hy., M.P.
Syme, James
Szemere, B.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
··
...
...
Date of Birth.
...
1798
June 5, 1787 |
May 10, 1789 |
May, 1827
...
1795
Dec. 21, 1799
1801
...
Feb. 24. 1872
Oct. 1, 1864...
July 16, 1866
July 28, 1783 Nov. 24, 1864
1798
May 18, 1867
Dec. 24, 1875
June 16, 1869
Dec. 23, 1869
June 22, 1874
Mar. 11, 1865
Aug. 24, 1868
April 10, 1876
Dec. 10, 1875
April 13, 1869
April 22, 1865
Mar. 15, 1864
Jan. 7, 1878
...
*
1789
April 4,
Oct. 27.
1791
Jan. 31, 1805
|
Nov. 13, 1802
Dec. 19, 1814
1810
...
..
Aug. 1801
Jan. 1791
..
...
...
July 6, 1792
1804
··
...
TALBOT, Wm. Hy. Fox
Tamburini, Antonio
Tanner, Thos. Hawkes, M.D....
Tattam, The Ven. Hy., LL.D.. F.R.S. | Dec. 28,
•••
..
...
...
Nov. 11, 1798 | Nov. 10, 1864
1811
Sept. 6, 1874
Oct. 1, 1867...
June 27, 1808 | Feb. 8,
July 13,
Oct. 29,
June 5,
Jan. 4,
•*•
··
···
1793
1802
··
...
...
1793
1818
1783
Jan. 6.
1790
1780
1803
1806
Jan. 31. 1867
1811
1803
Sept. 22, 1874
Aug. 22, 1772 Mar. 21, 1863
1790
June 16, 1872
1800
June 26, 1870
Aug. 24, 1812 Jan. 9,
1865
...
D
...
...
...
··
1811
...
:::
..
···
1800
Mar. 28, 1800
1824
...
Date of Death-
|
...
Oct. 19, 1867
Aug. 26, 1871
Mar. 15, 1866
Sept. 15, 1864
··
1788
1874
1874
1876
1866
1866
Mar. 11, 1874
Aug. 15, 1874
Sept. 6, 1862
April 19, 1867
Edi-
tion.
July 7,
Jan. 1868
776 10
5
...
1- 13 6 10
7
5
5
6
9
7
7819 taa
7
9
5
16 CD 10 00 1 ∞ ∞∞∞
5
9
5
8
9
6
6
8
Co
8
KOT S
5
Oct. 27, 1868 7
6
6
1081 3
7
Sept. 17, 1877 9
Nov. 8,
1876
6
Aat 7
9
1871 7
Name.
...
...
Taunton, Hy. Labouchere, Lord
Taylor, Bayard
Taylor, Isaac
Tegethoff, Vice-Admiral W. von
Temple, Stephen, Q.C.
Tenerani, Pietro
Tennent, Sir James Emerson
Terrott, C. H., Bishop of Edinburgh.
Thackeray, W. M.
Thalberg, Sigismund
Theodore, King of Abyssinia
Thierry, A.
Thierry, Amadée Simon Dominique...
Thiers, Louis Adolphe
Thiersch, F. W.
Thirlwall, Connop, Bp. of St. David's
Tholuck, Friederich A. G.
Thomas, Major-Gen. Geo. Henry
Thompson, Lieut.-Gen. Thos. Perronet
...
Thomson, Mrs....
Thomson, R. D.
………
Thorbecke, John Rudolph
Thornbury, Geo. Walter
Thouvenel, E. A.
Thwaites, Sir John
Ticknor, Geo.
Tierney, Rev. Mark Aloysius
Timbs, John, F.S.A.
Tischendorf, L. F. Constantine
Tite, Sir Wm., M.P.
Titiens, Teresa ...
Todd, James Henthorne, D.D.
Todd, Dr. R. B.
Tomasseo, Niccolo
Tomlins, G. F....
Tonson, Dr., Bishop of Killaloe
Tooke, W.
•
...
...
...
...
...
···
•••
………
···
...
...
...
···
•
...
...
...
⠀⠀⠀⠀
..
...
•••
...
...
··
...
...
...
Turner, Rt. Hon. Sir G. J.
Turner, Wm., Bp. of Salford.
Turton, Tho., D.D., Bp. of Ely
NECROLOGY.
...
...
··
••
..
...
...
...
...
...
··
...
••
...
...
...
...
...
...
Toronto, Bishop of. (See Strachan.)
Torrey, John, M.D.
..
Toung-Tchi, Emperor of China
Townshend, Rev. Chauncey Hare
Trench, Wm. Steuart...
Trollope, Mrs. F.
Troubridge, Sir T. St. V. H. C., Bart.
Trower, Walter J., D.D. (Bp.)
Tuam, Killala, and Achonry, Bishop
of (Right Rev. Lord Plunket)
Turnbull, W. B.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
··
••
...
...
...
...
...
Date of Birth.
Aug. 15, 1798
Jan. 11, 1825
1787
1827
1800
1804
1790
1811
Jan. 7,
...
...
...
•
April 7, 1871
Aug. 1868
1877
Dec. 14, 1869 7
March 6, 1869 7
April 2, 1872
Dec. 24, 1863
1812 April 27, 1871
April 13, 1868
Dec. 28, 1858
| Mar. 27, 1873
Sept. 3,
Feb. 25, 1860
July 27, 1875
June, 1877
Mar. 28, 1870
Sept. 6, 1869
1800
Dec. 17, 1862
1805
Aug. 17, 1864
1796
June 4. 1872
1828
June 11, 1876 |
Nov. 11, 1818 Oct. 17,
1815
Aug. 8,
Aug. 1,
Jan. 26,
1795
Feb. 19, 1862
...
··
...
...
•
•
1803
Aug. 2, 1797
April 16, 1797
June 17, 1784
Feb. 11, 1797
Mar. 30, 1799
July 31, 1816
1783
...
Aug. 17,
Jan. 18,
1802
1834
1805
1810
1803
1804
1784
1777
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
··
…….
:
1792
1811
1798
Sept. 25,
Feb. 25,
•••
...
...
···
..
………
…….
...
**
...
...
1791
1801
1815
**
...
1798
...
April 21, 1856
1800
...
...
...
...
...
Nov. 16, 1808
|
1800
1817
1805
...
...
...
..
...
|
1800
1780
Date of Death.
|
| July 13, 1869 7
Dec. 19, 1878 9
June 28, 1865
...
1866
1870
1871
March 4, 1875
Dec. 7, 1874
April 20, 1873
Oct. 3. 1877
June 28, 1869
Jan. 30, 1860
1874
May 1,
Sept. 21, 1867
Dec. 1861
Sept. 20, 1863
Mar. 10, 1873
Jan. 12, 1875
Feb. 25, 1868
Aug. 1872
Oct. 6, 1863..
Oct. 2. 1867...
...
1067
Oct. 24, 1877
Edi-
tion.
Oct. 18. 1866
April 22, 1863
July 9,
July 13, 1872
Jan. 7, 1864...
TABEEEEE-15
7
7
7
7
6
8
9
9966
7
7
5
9
6
7
7
t16 20.00 Lot 20 0 có 3 l
5
8
9
7
5
6
8
∞ ∞ ∞ 10 ∞∞
6
9
6
40 10
5
1867 6
8
00 10
5
1068
Name.
Tweeddale, Marquis of
Twisleton, Hon. Edward T. B.
Tyler, Sir G.
···
UHLAND, J. L....
Ullman, Karl
Urquhart, David
...
...
...
···
...
...
···
···
...
………
...
...
VALENCIA, Duke of. (See Narvaez.)
...
Van Buren, Martin
Vanderbilt, Cornelius...
Vaughan, Rev. Robert, D.D....
Velpeau, A.A. L.M.
Venables, Addington R. P., Bishop of
Nassau
Venedy, Jakob...
Vernet, E. J. H.
Vernon, Dr. L. D.
Verschoyle, Hamilton, D.D., Bishop
...
...
of Kilmore
Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy
Vigny, Comte de A. V.
Villemain, Abel François
Vincke, Baron von
Vogan, Rev. T. S. L.
Volkhardt, Wilhelm
…….
…….
...
...
···
...
**
...
...
...
NECROLOGY.
…….
...
...
Walewski, Comte de
Walker, Sir Baldwin Wake
Walker, Frederick, A.R.A.
Walsh, Rt. Hon. John Edward
Warren, Samuel, D.C.L.
Warter, Rev. John Wood
Waterton, Charles
Watkins, Rev. Chas. Fred.
Watson, Rev. A.
Watt, J. H.
Watts, A. A.
Watts, Thos.
Weekes, Henry, R.A.
Weld, Charles Robert
Wellesley, Rev. H.
::
...
...
...
...
...
WAAGEN, Gustav Friedrich
Waddington, Geo., D.D.
·
···
Waddy, Samuel Dousland, D.D.
Wade, Benjamin Franklin
Wagner, R.
Wakefield, E. G.
Wakley, T.
Waldegrave, Sam., D.D., Bishop of
Carlisle
···
...
...
...
...
...
...
··
...
...
··
···
...
...
...
……
...
···
...
...
...
···
...
...
..
•
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
⠀⠀⠀⠀
...
...
Date of Birth.
Feb. 1787
May 24, 1809
1792
April 26, 1787
Mar. 15, 1796
1805
4
Dec. 5,
May 27,
1795
May 18, 1795
...
..
1827
Oct. 8. 1876...
May 24, 1805 | Feb. 1871
June 30, 1789 | Jan. 19, 1863
April 5, 1798
Sept. 27, 1867
...
1807
1818
1792
...
1803
Jan. 28. 1870
Mar. 14. 1820 | Jan. 9, 1878...
Mar. 27, 1799 Sept. 18. 1863
June 11, 1791 | April, 1867
May 15, 1811 | May, 1869
1800
April 3,
June 23, 1815 Mar. 14, 1876
...
··
..
...
···
Feb. 11, 1794 | July 15, 1868
1793
July 20, 1869
Aug. 5,
Nov. 7. 1876
Oct. 27,
March 2, 1878
1804
1800
June 20, 1805
1796
1795
•
...
1792 | July 24, 1862
1794 | Jan. 3. 1877...
June 14, 1868
| Aug. 24, 1867
...
··
...
...
Date of Death.
...
Oct. 10, 1876 9
Oct. 5, 1874..
June 4, 1862
Nov. 13, 1862
|
Jan. 12, 1865
May 16, 1877
1840
Nov. 1816
1807
1806
June 12, 1782 | May 27, 1865
...
::
...
Jan. 16, 1795 | July 15, 1873
1815
Feb. 1, 1865...
...
...
···
...
1867
1799
Mar. 19, 1799 April 6, 1864
Sept. 9. 1869
May 28, 1877
Jan. 15, 1869
Jan. 11. 1866
| May 12, 1864
May 16, 1862
May 16, 1862
Edi-
tion.
May 18, 1867
-30 10
1873
5
9
~~6 S
9
7
Ꮭ
SD 10 10
7
7
1817
Oct. 1, 1869...
May 4, 1810... | Sept. 27, 1868
1803
Feb. 12, 1876 9
June 4, 1875 9
Oct. 17, 1869 7
July 29, 1877 9
Feb. 21, 1878
9
7
5
5
731 20 1 10 -
9
5
6
7
5
9
773
9
9
10 10 10
5
5
9
10 00 10 10
5
8
6
5
7
9
7
6
Name.
...
...
...
Wensleydale, James Parke, Lord
West, Admiral Sir J.
Westbury, Richard Bethel, Lord
Westergaard, Niels Ludvig
Westmacott, Richd., R.A., F.R.S.
Westminster, R. Grosvenor, Marquis of
Wetherall, Sir George Augustus
Whately, Richard, D.D., Archbishop
...
of Dublin
Wheatstone, Sir Charles
Whewell, Rev. William
White, Rev. J. ……..
Whiteside, Rt. Hon. James
Wickens, Sir John
Wigan, Alfred.
Wightman, Sir W.
Wigram, Dr.(See Rochester, Bishop of).
Wigram, Rt. Hon. Sir J.
Wilberforce. Hy. Wm.
Wilberforce, Saml., Bp. of Winchester
Wilkes, Charles
Wilkinson, Sir John Gardner
Willes, Sir James Shaw
William, Frederick Charles.
...
•
...
...
...
..
...
...
...
...
··
Würtemberg, King of.)
Williams, Rev. George
Williams, Rev. Rowland, D.D.
Williams, Wm., Bp. of Waiapu
Willis, Nathaniel Parker
Willis, Rev. Robt., F.R.S.
Willmore, J. T……..
Wilmot, Robert Duncan
Willshire, Gen. Sir T. ...
Wilson, Lieut.-Gen. Sir Archdale
Wilson, George, M.D. ...
Wilson, Henry...
...
...
··
…….
...
··
..
Windham, Lieut.-Gen. Sir C. Ashe
Windischgratz, Prince A.
Winslow, Forbes Benignus, M.D.
Winterhalter, Frederick
Wiseman, Nicholas, Cardinal
Woillez, Madame N.
Wolff, Rev. J. …..
Woodward, Bernard
F.S.A.
Woodward, S. P.
Wornum, Ralph Nicholson
Wrangel, Count Friedrich von
Wraxall, Sir F. C. L.
Wright, Ichabod Charles
Wright, Thos. (of Manchester)
..
NECROLOGY.
...
..
•
...
...
...
..
...
440
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
(See
•
...
...
...
...
···
...
...
...
..
...
•••
...
Bolingbroke,
...
...
...
...
...
...
Date of Birth.
...
Mar. 22, 1782 Feb. 25. 1868 7
1774
June 30, 1800
|
Oct. 27,
1799
1815
April 18, 1862
July 20. 1873
Sept. 9, 1878
April 19, 1872
Oet. 31, 1869 7
April 8, 1868 7
•
Jan. 27, 1795
1788
••
Feb. 1, 1787...
1802
Aug. 2,
1785
1795
...
...
1793
1807
Sept. 7,
1801
1797
1814
***
1794
1804
1806
1815
Mar. 24, 1818 Nov. 29, 1878
1784
...
...
...
………
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
···
...
...
...
···
1803
1818
Feb. 21,
Feb. 16. 1812
1810
May 22, 1787
Aug. 1810
1806
···
1814
1817
1800
Jan. 20, 1817 Jan. 20,
1800
Sept. 15, 1800|
Oct. 16,
1809
1789
...
...
...
**
July 29, 1866
April 23, 1873
1805 July 19, 1873
Feb. 8, 1877...
Oct. 29, 1875
Oct, 2, 1872...
...
...
1816
Sept. 17, 1821
Dec. 29. 1812
April 13, 1784
|
1828
1795
1788
...
Date of Death.
...
Oct. 8. 1863...
Oct. 20.
··
...
1875
March 6. 1866
...
Mar. 28, 1865
Nov. 25, 1876
Oct. 23, 1873
Dec. 10, 1863
July 8, 1873...
1802 Feb. 15, 1865
Nov. 11, 1859
May 2, 1862...
Jan. 28, 1878
Jan. 18, 1870
Feb. 9.
1878
1867
Feb. 28, 1875
Mar. 12, 1863
May, 1878
May 31, 1862
May 9. 1874...
Nov. 22, 1859
Nov. 22, 1875
Feb. 7. 1870...
1069
March 3, 1874
-
Edi-
tion.
11 ∞ GENE
5
9
Là đó có 10 C. Có 2 l
5
9
6
5
9
6
20 at 30 — a∞
&
9
9
9786xis S 10 TO 10
9
8
5
9
Mar. 21. 1862 5
1 10 00 00 10 10 10
7
8
8
་
Oct. 12, 1869
July 11, 1865
Dec. 15. 1877 9
June, 1868
June 11, 1865
Oct. 14, 1871
April 14, 1875
*~*~+7]
9
1070
Name.
Wright, Thos., M.A., F.S.A.
Wrottesley, Lord
Würtemberg, King of...
Wyatt, Sir Matthew Digby
Wynter, Andrew, M.D.
...
...
YOUNG, Brigham
Young, Sir Chas. Geo., Garter
Young, Sir Hy. Ed. Fox
...
...
···
...
...
ZAMOYSKI, Count Andreas
Zouche, Rt. Curzon, Lord de la
Zumpt, C. G.
...
NECROLOGY.
...
...
...
...
...
···
···
**
...
..
Date of Birth.
1810
Aug. 5, 1798
Sept. 27, 1781
1820
1819
June 1,
1795
1810
...
THE END.
...
...
...
April 2,
1810
1791
...
...
...
...
1801 Aug. 29, 1877
|
Aug. 31, 1869
Sept. 18, 1870
..
Date of Death.
...
1867
Dec. 23, 1877
Oct. 27,
June 25, 1864
May 21, 1877
May 12, 1876
1810 | Oct. 1874
...
Aug. 2, 1873
June 25, 1849
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