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THE
ENCYCLOPÆDIC DICTIONARY.

THE
ENCYCLOPÆDIC DICTIONARY:
A NEW AND ORIGINAL WORK OF REFERENCE TO ALL THE
WORDS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,
WITH A
FULL ACCOUNT OF THEIR ORIGIN, MEANING, PRONUNCIATION, AND USE.
BY
ROBERT HUNTER, M.A., F.G.S.,
MEM. BIBL. ARCHÆOL. SOC., ETC.
ASSISTED IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS BY VARIOUS EMINENT AUTHORITIES.
WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS.
UTCIUNI
TRAR
VOL. I. (PART II.)
CASSELL, PETTER, GALPIN & CO.:
LONDON, PARIS & NEW YORK.
[ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.]
PE.
16 2.5
.56
V..

Babylonics-baccharis -
385
2. Fig. : Confused, tumultuous; disorderly.
"He saw plainly their antiquity, novelty; their
universality, a Babylonical tyranny; and their con-
sent, a conspiracy."--Harington: Br. View of the
Church, p. 97.
Băb-y-lon'-ics, s. pl. [BABYLONIC.] The
English designation generally given to a valu-
able fragment of universal history prior to
267 B.C., composed by Berosus, a priest of
Babylon.
Băb-y-lon'-ish, a. [Eng. Babylon ; -ish. In
Dut. Babylonisch.]
1. Lit.: Pertaining to Babylon ; derived
from Babylon; of Babylonian manufacture.
“... a goodly Babylonish garment."-Josh. vii. 21.
2. Fig.: Outlandish, barbaric ; ostenta-
tiously grand, but in bad taste; Babel-like,
marked by confusion of tongues.
(a) When General Sir Charles Napier was
sent out to India, he found it difficult com-
pletely to understand the despatches of some
officers in his army, owing to the number of
words from the native languages with which
their English composition was interspersed.
Losing patience on the subject, he at last
sent forth a general order forbidding his cor-
respondents any longer to address him in the
“Babylonish dialect " which they had hitherto
employed.
(6) As Mr. Gladstone on one notable occa-
sion showed, womanly and womanish differ in
meaning [WOMANISH], and the former is much
the more respectful word ; so Babylonian and
Babylonic on the one hand, and Babylonish on
the other, are not quite identical in signifi-
cation : there is more or less of latent con-
tempt for anything called Babylonish, but no
disrespect whatever is implied when Baby-
lonian or Babylonic is employed.
băb-y-rôus'-są or băb-i-roûş-şą, s. [A
name given by Bontius. In Fr. babirousse ;
Port. babirosa, babirussa.] A species of hog,
sometimes called the Horned Hog and the
Hog-deer, from the fact that its upper tusks,
(BACCALAUREUS.) The general opinion is " Then Genius danced a bacchanal: he crown'd
that baccalaureate is compounded of Latin
The brimming goblet, seized the thyrsus, bound
His brows with ivy, rush'd into the field
bacca = a berry, and laureatus = crowned
Of wild imagination, and there reel'd,
with laurel, from laurea = the laurel or bay-
The victim of his own lascivious fires,
tree; the reason, according to Calepinus,
And, dizzy with delight, profaned the sacred wires."
being that students, on gaining the B.A. de-
Cowper : Table Talk.
II. Of persons. (Plur. Bacchanals only):
gree, were crowned with a garland of laurel
or bay berries ; a statement resting on very
1. Lit. : A worshipper of Bacchus.
doubtful historical authority. In Sp. the
. . nor was it unsuitable to the reckless fury of
word is bachillerato, and in Port. bachalerado,
the Bacchanals during their state of temporary excite-
ment, ..."-Grote : Hist. Greece, pt. i., ch. i.
terms in which the connection with bacca and
2. Fig. : One who prefers drunkenness and
laureatus disappears. In Low Latin baccala-
debauchery to all high and noble aims.
rius, the original word whence baccalaureus
may have sprung, was unconnected with bacca
“Hark! rising to the ignoble call,
- How answers each bold Bacchanal ?"
= a berry, and signified a tenant of a kind of
Byron : Don Juan, iii. 86.
farm in the south of France and the north of B. As adjective : Characterised by drunken-
Spain called baccalaria. Such tenants were
ness and revelry.
bound to give a certain amount of labour to
“Your solemne and bacchanal feasts, that you ob-
their feudal lord. Adverting to the locality serve yearly.”—Crowley: Deliberate Answer (1587), f. 26.
where the baccalarii lived, Wedgwood thinks
the word may have had a Basque origin.]
Bắc-cha-mã-li-a, S. p. [Latin.] [BAC-
[BACHELOR.]
CHANAL.]
In Universities : The degree of Bachelor of
Băc-cha-nā'-li-an, a. & s. [Eng. bacchanal,
Arts. (BACCALAUREUS, BACHELOR.]
-ian; from Lat. bacchanalis. ] [BACCHANAL.]
băc-ca-lâu'-re-ús, s. [In Dan. & Dut. bac A. As adjective: Pertaining to a bacchanal;
calaureus ; Ger. baccalaureus, bakkalaureus; resembling the characteristics of a bacchanal.
all from Mediæv. Lat. baccalaureus= bachelor. “ There, beauty woos him with expanded arms;
Generally believed to be from Lat. bacca lauri
Even Bacchanalian madness has its charms.'
Cowper: Progress of Error.
= a berry of laurel, but may be a Celtic or a
B. As substantive :
Basque word Latinised, and then spelled as if
it came from Latin roots after its proper
1. Lit. : A worshipper of Bacchus, specially
in the state of excitement in which he was at
origin had been forgotten.] [BACCALAUREATE,
BACHELOR.] One who has taken the first degree
the festivals in honour of the divinity whom
in a university; a Bachelor (of Arts).
he specially worshipped.
“So, when by Bacchanalians torn,
In Scotland, the symbol of the first or
On Thracian Hebrus' side,
lower degree is generally written A.B., which
The tree-enchanter Orpheus fell."
is a contraction from Lat. Artium Baccalaureus.
Cowper: Death of Mrs. Throckmorton's Bullfinch.
B.A., the more common English form, is an
2. Fig. : One whose actions on any special
abbreviation of Eng. Bachelor of Arts. [BACHE-
occasion, or habitually, resemble those wit-
LOR.]
nessed at the ancient orgies in honour of
Bacchus.
băc-cāte, băc'-cā-ted, a. [From Lat. bac-
catus = set or adorned with pearls ; from
Bắc-cha-na-li-an-ly, ado. [Eng. Bacchau-
bacca = a berry, ... a pearl.]
nalian ; -ly.] In Bacchanalian fashion ; after
A. Of the form baccated :
the manner of bacchanals.
† 1. Set with pearls. (Johnson.)
+ băc-chant, s. [From Lat. bacchans, pr.
2. Having many berries. (Johnson.)
par. of bacchor = to celebrate the festival of
3. The same as BACCATE. [B., 2.]
Bacchus.] A priest of Bacchus. (Worcester.)
B. Of the form baccate:
băc'-chănte, s. [In Fr. & Port. Bacchante,
1. Having as its fruit a bacca. [BACCA.] bacchante =(1) a priestess of Bacchus, (2) an
Berried; having a fleshy coat or covering to immodest female; Ital. Baccante ; from Lat.
the seeds.
bacchans, pr. par. of bacchor.] [BACCHANT.]
Baccate seeds : Seeds with a pulpy skin.
A priestess of Bacchus. (Often used in the
2. Having in any part of it a juicy, succulent
plural, Bacchantes.)
texture, as the calyx of Blitum. (Lindley.)
"Plaintive at first were the tones and sad ; then
soaring to madness
5 Seemed they to follow or guide the revel of frenzied
băc-câu-lä'r-1-ŭs, a. [The first part is from
Bacchantes."—Longfellow: Evangeline, pt. ii. 2.
Lat. bacca = a berry; the second apparently
from Gr. aúlós (aulos) = hollow.] The name băc-cha-rid-e-æ, s. pl. [BACCHARIS.] A
given by Desvaux to the type of fruit called family of Composite plants belonging to the
by Mirbel, Lindley, and others, Carcerulus order Asteraceæ; the first sub-order Tubu-
(q.v.). It consists of several one or two-seeded lifloræ, and the third tribe Asteroideæ. It
dry carpels cohering around an axis. Ex has no wild British species. Typical genus,
ample, Malvaceous plants.
Baccharis (q.v.).
bắc-cha, s. [G. Báoan (Baccle), a mytho- | bắc-cha-ris, S. [In Ger. bacclaris ; FT.
logical name.] A genus of dipterous insects bacchante ; Lat. baccar, bacchar, and baccharis ;
belonging to the family Syrphidæ. Several Gr. Bákkapus (bakkaris); from the Lydian lan-
occur in Britain.
guage. A plant yielding oil (Baccharis dios-
corides ?).] Plowman's Spikenard. A genus of
Băc'-cha-nal, s. & d. [In Fr. (1) bacchanale,
bacchanal (no pl.)=great noise and uproar,
a noisy and tumultuous dance; (2) Bacchanales
(pl.) = festivals of Bacchus ; Sp. Bacanal (adj.
& s.), Baccanales (s. pl.) = Bacchanals; Port.
bacchanal (adj.), Bacchanals (s. pl.)= feasts
of Bacchus ; Ital. Baccanale = a tumultuous
crowd, a bacchanal; all from Lat. Bacchanalis
(adj.) = relating to Bacchus, Bacchanalian;
also Bacchanal, old orthography Baccanal (s.)
= (1) a place of Bacchus, (2) a feast of
Bacchus, the orgies of Bacchus : from Bacchus
(q.v.).]
A. As substantive :
I. Of things. (Plur. Bacchanales and Baccha-
nalia):
1. An orgie celebrated in honour of Bacchus.
(Often in the plural.) The worship of Bacchus
was perhaps of Oriental origin. Various festi-
BACCHARIS.
vals in his honour were held in Greece. The
Plant, floret, and root.
colonists from that country in Southern Italy
introduced his worship into Rome, where plants belonging to the order Asteraceæ, or
Bacchanalia, attended by much immorality, Composites. Upwards of two hundred species
were secretly held for some time, till they are known, all of which belong to the Western
were discovered in B.C. 186, and prohibited Hemisphere. They are herbs, shrubs, or
by a decree of the Senate.
sometimes small trees, many of them resinous
"They perform these certain bacchanals or rites in and glossy. B. microcephala is used in Parana
the honour of Bacchus."-Holland : Plutarch's Morals. for curing rheumatism, and B. genistilloides in
2. Any similar orgie.
Brazil in intermittent fever.
BABYROUSSA.
women
ME
which are of great length and curved in form,
piercing through the upper lip, grow upwards
and backwards, like the horns of a ruminant.
It has longer legs than those of the common
hog. Its native country is the Indian Archi-
pelago, yet it seems to have been known to
the ancients. It is the Sus babyrussa of
Linnæus, now called Babyrussa alfurus. Its
flesh is good eating.
bā-by-shịp, s. [Eng. baby ; -ship.] The
state or characteristics of a baby ; babyhood,
infancy. (Minsheu.)
băc, s. [BACK (2).]
băc'-cą, s. [Lat.] A berry.
Botany :
1. During the time before Linnæus: A berry;
any fleshy fruit.
2. Now (more precisely): A many-celled,
many-seeded, indehiscent pulpy fruit, in
which at maturity the seeds lose their attach-
ment and become scattered throughout the
pulp. (Lindley.)
bacca-sicca, s. [Lat. (lit.)=a dry berry.]
Bot. : In Prof. Link's arrangement, a fruit
which when unripe is fleshy, but which when
ripe becomes. dry, when it is distinguishable
from a capsule only by not being brown.
băc-cą-lâu'-re-ạte, s. [In Dan. baccalau-
reat; Ger. baccalaureat, bakkalaureat ; Fr. bac-
calauréat ; from Mediæv. Lat. baccalaureus.
boil, bóy; póūt, jówl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion, -cioun=shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhún. tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.
25
197332

386
Bacchic-back
berg, who comprehends under it more than
thirty genera, including Gallionella, Navicula,
and others, the siliceous shields of which
Et
HAY
AN
ww
BACILLARIA (MAGNIFIED 100 DIAMETERS).
abound in cretaceous, tertiary, and more recent
geological deposits. They are now believed
to be of vegetable origin, and to be properly
ranked with diatomaceous Algæ.
2. Now: A genus of diatomaceous Algæ.
There is but one species, which is found in
Britain. It has lower rectangular articula-
tions and curious movements.
bą-çil-lús (plur. ba-çil'-lī), s. [Lat. bacil-
lum or bacillus = a little staff; dimin. of
baculum = a staff.]
1. Plural (bacilli): The leaf-buds, analogous
in structure to bulbs, which are developed in
some endogens on the part of the stem above-
ground, and ultimately separate from it spon-
taneously. They are called also propagines
and bulbilli.
2. Singular : One of the separable moving
narrow plates of which the genus of Algæ
called Diatoma is composed. (Lindley.)
QUI!
Băc'-chic, Băc'-chỉ-cal, a. [In Fr. Ba Fr. bachelier =(1) a young gentleman who as-
chique; Port. Bacchico; Lat. Bacchicus=relat pires to be a knight, (2) a student who has
ing to the Bacchic metre; Gr. Bakxikós (Bak taken his first degree at a university, (3) an
chikos).] Pertaining or relating to Bacchus,
unmarried man, a lover; 0. Fr. bachelier,
or to any such orgie as those which were so bachellier, bacheler, bachiler = a young man (the
objectionable a feature of his worship.
corresponding feminine word is bachelette =
"He cured them by introducing the Bacchic dance
a young and pretty girl, specially one who has
and fanatical excitement.”—Grote: Greece, pt. i., ch. i. a lover); 0. Fr. bachelette, bacelote, bachele,
bacelle, and bacele. In Prov. bachallier, bacalar;
bắc-chi-us, S. [Lat. bacchiats; Gr. Baoxetos
Sp. bachiller; Port. bacharel ; Ital. bacceliere,
(bakcheios).]
bacceliero = a bachelor ; Wel. bachgen =a boy,
Pros.: A foot consisting of three syllables, bach = little; Ir. beag, beg; Gael. beag = little,
the first and second long, and the third short, short, trifling.] [BACCALAUREATE.]
as pējā | ră; or, according to others, the
A. Ordinary Lang. : A person of the male
first short and the second and third long, as sex, of marriageable age, who has not in fact
că | rīlnās.
been married. When he has passed the time
Bắc-chus, S. [Lat. Baucchaus ; Gr. Báoxos
of life at which the majority of men enter the
(Bakchos). ]
matrimonial state, he is called an old bachelor.
“Fair maid, send forth thine eye: this youthful parcel
Classic Myth.: The Roman god of wine, Of noble bachelors stand at my bestowing.”
generally identified, whether correctly or not,
Shakesp. : All's Well that Ends Well, ii. 3.
with the Greek Dionysos, the divine patron B. Technically :
of wine, inspiration, and dramatic poetry. I. University degrees :
His worship, or at least the frenzied form of
it, is said to have arisen in Thrace and reached
1. In the expression bachelor of arts (B.A.),
Rome through the Greek
one who has taken the first degree at a uni-
colonies in Southern Italy.
versity. The B.A. degree was introduced in
Like Dionysos, he was one
the thirteenth century by Pope Gregory IX.
In the opinion of Jamieson, in this sense the
of the Dii Selecti, or “Se-
lected gods." He was
term bachelor was probably borrowed from the
fabled to be the son of
arrangement in the University of Paris, where
Jupiter and Semele. He
two of the four orders into which the theo-
logical faculty was divided were called Bacca-
figures in perennial youth,
with a crown of vine or
larii Formati and Baccalarii Cursores.
ivy leaves around his
"The Bachelars met in the chamber above the
school of Humanitie."-Crawf. : Hist. Univ. Edin., p.
temples, and holding in his
29. (Jamieson.)
hand a spear bound with
*2. The same as Master of Arts. (0. Scotch.)
ivy. Tigers, lions, or lynxes
“At any of our Universities, the students, after four
are yoked to his chariot,
years' study, take the degree of Bachelor, or, as it is
whilst he is accompanied
commonly terined, Master of Arts.”-Spottiswoode.
by bacchanals, satyrs, and
(Jamieson.)
his foster-father and pre-
II. Heraldry:
ceptor Silenus. He is said
1. Formerly.
to have conquered India,
(a) A person who, though a knight, had
and his worship [BACCHA BACCHUS.
not a sufficient number of vassals to have his
NAL) has more an Oriental
banner carried before him in battle.
than a European aspect. In the foregoing
*(6) One who was not old enough to display
article the most common form of the myth is
a banner of his own, and therefore had to
given; there are others so inconsistent with it,
follow that of another.
and with each other, that possibly, as Cicero,
Diodorus, and others think, several personages
"A knyghte of Rome and his bachylere.”
Gower, f. 42. (S. in Boucher.)
have been confounded together under the
* (c) A chevalier who, having made his first
name of Dionysos or Bacchus. [DIONYSOS.]
campaign, received a military girdle.
Bacchus-bole, s. A flower, not tall, but * (d) One who, on the first occasion that he
very full and broad-leaved. (Mortimer.)
took part in a tournament, overcame his
adversary.
băc-çıf'-ēr-oŭs, a. [In Fr. baccifère; Port.
2. Now : A member of the oldest but lowest
baccifera : from Lat. baccifer ; bacca = a berry,
order of English knighthood-the knights
and fero = to bear.] Berry-bearing, producing
bachelors. [KNIGHT.] King Alfred is said to
berries; using that term either (1) in the ex-
have conferred it on his son Athelstan.
tended and popular sense, which was also the
III. Among the London City Companies: One
old scientific one-
not yet admitted to the livery.
“ Bacciferous trees are of four kinds. (1) Such as
bear a caliculate or naked berry : the flower and calix
Bachelor's buttons : A name given by gar-
both falling off together, and leaving the berry bare; deners to the double-flowered variety of one
as the sassafras trees. (2) Such as have a naked mono-
of the Crowfoots, or Buttercups (Ranunculus
spermous fruit: that is, containing in it only one seed;
as the arbutes. (3) Such as have but polyspermous
acris). Sometimes this species is further
fruit; that is, containing two or more kernels or seeds
designated as Yellow Bachelor's Buttons, after
within it; as the jesminum, ligustrum. (4) Such as
have their fruit composed of many acini, or round soft
the example of the French, who denominated it
balls, set close together, like a bunch of grapes; as the
Boutons d’or, while the name White Bachelor's
uva marina."-Ray.
Buttons (in Fr. Boutons d'argent) is bestowed
Or (2) in the more limited and modern scien on another Crowfoot (Rununculus aconitifo-
tific one. [BACCA.]
lius). Various other plants, especially the
campion, the burdock, the scabious or Blue-
băc-çiy-or-oŭs, a. [Lat. bacca= a berry,
bottle, have also been called Bachelor's But-
and voro = to swallow whole, to devour.] tons, or Buttons.
Berry-devouring ; feeding on berries. (Glossog.
Nov., 2nd ed.)
băçh'-el-or-işm, s. [Eng. bachelor ; -ism.]
The state or condition of a bachelor. (Ogilvie.)
* bāçe, a. [BASE, adj.]
băçh'-el-or-shỉp, s. [Eng. bachelor; and
* bāçe, s. [BASE, s.]
suffix -ship.] The state or condition of a
băch’-a-răch, băck-răck, băck’-răg, bachelor.
s. [From Bacharach, a town upon the Rhine,
1. In the sense of an unmarried person.
near which it is produced.] A kind of wine "Her mother, living yet, can testify,
from Bacharach.
She was the first fruit of my bachelorship.”
Shakesp.: 1 Hen. VI., V. 4.
"With bacharach and aqua vita."
2. In the sense of one who has taken the
Butler : Hudibras.
"Give a fine relish to my backrag."-City Match, ix. 282.)
first or lower degree in a university. [B.A.]
* bach'-ěl-er-ie, s. [Eng. bacheler; suff. -ie.
* bach'-lane, pr. par. [BACHLE.) (Scotch.)
From Low Lat. bacheleria = commonalty or
ba'-chle, s. [BAUCHLE.]“ (Scotch.)
yeomanry in contradistinction from baronage.]
The state, condition, or dignity of a knight. băch'-lèit, pa. par. [O. Fr. baceoler = to lift
“Phebus that was flour of bacheterie,
up and down.] To lift or heave up or down.
As wel in freedom as in chivalrie.”
(Cotgrave.) (Used of some modes of exposing
Chaucer : C. T., 17,074-5.
goods for sale.) (Jamieson.)
băçh'-ěl-ör, *băçh'-ěl-lor, *bătch'-ěl- 1 bac' -il-lär-1-a, s. [From Lat. bacillus
or, * bătch-el-lõr, * bătçh'-lēr, *băçh'-
(q.v.).]
ěl-ěre, băçh'-ěl-ěr, * băçh'-y-lère (0. * 1. Formerly: A large family of so-called
Eng.), * băçh'-ěl-ar (O. Scotch), s. [From | infusorial animalculæ established by Ehren-
băck (1), * băcke, * băk, s., a., & adv. [A.S.
bæc, bac; Sw. & O. Icel. bak; Dan. bag, bagen;
0. Fr. &0. L. Ger. bac, bak; 0. H. Ger. bacho.]
A. As substantive :
I. Literally : The upper part of the body in
most animals, in which the spine is the hinder
part in man, extending from the neck to the
loins.
“It can hardly be doubted that, with most mammals,
the thickness of the hair and its direction on the back
is adapted to throw off the rain."-Darwin : Descent of
Man, pt. i., ch. vi.
“Ramsay's men turned their backs and dropped
their arms."- Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xiii.
II. Figuratively:
1. Of man :
(a) The whole hinder part, upon which a
burden is naturally carried. (Opposed to the
front or any part of it.)
“Those who, by their ancestors, have been set free
from a constant drudgery to their backs and their
bellies, should bestow some time on their heads."-
Locke.
(6) The entire body behind, in front, at the
sides, everywhere; as in the expression, “he
has not clothes on his back.”
(C) Whatever, in any portion of the human
frame, occupies a relative situation analogous
to that of the back in the body itself. Thus
the back of the head is the hinder part of the
head; the back of the hand is the convex part
of it—that on the other side of the palm.
(d) A body of followers ; persons to back
one. [BACKING.)
“So Mr. Pym and his back were rescued."-Baillie:
Letters, i. 217. (Jamieson.)
TA thin back : A small party. (Jamieson.)
(e) in football: Those players who are sta-
tioned at the rear of their own side, and
nearest their own goal. [HALF-BACK.]
2. Of things:
(a) Of knives, axes, and similar implements :
The thick blunt portion; that on the other
side from the cutting edge.
(6) The portion of anything most remote
from its face or from the place which the
speaker at the moment occupies.
"Trees set upon the backs of chimnies do ripen fruit
sooner."-Bacon: Natural History,
"The source of waves which I shall choose for these
experiments is a plate of copper, against the back of
which a steady sheet of flame is permitted to play."-
Tyndall : Frag. of Science (erd ed.), viii. 4, p. 181.
III. The word back is used in the following
special phrases :-
1. Behind the back :
(a) Lit. : To or at any spot so situated.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; try, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

backcast-back
387
(6) Fig. : The time when one is absent. [See
No. 10.]
2. The back of my hand to you: I will have
nothing more to do with you. (Jamieson.)
3. To be up (used of the back): To become
irritated against a person. The metaphor is
derived from the procedure of a cat or similar
animal, which raises its spine and bristles
up its hair before attacking an adversary.
(Jamieson.)
"Well, Nelly, since my back is up, ye sall tak down
the picture ..."-Scott: St. Ronan's ivell, ch. iii.
4. To bow down the back: To humiliate.
"... and low down their back alway."-Rom. xi. 10.
5. To cast behind the back :
(a) Used of law or of persons : To despise.
"Nevertheless they were disobedient, and rebelled
against thee, and cast thy law behind their backs."-
Neh. ix. 26.
“... thou hast forgotten ine, and cast me behind thy
back ..."-Ezek. xxiii. 35.
(6) Used of sins : To forgive and forget.
"... thou hast cast all my sins behind thy back."-
Isa, xxxviii. 17.
6. To give the back: To turn back, to abandon
an expedition or enterprise.
"... he would not thus lightly have given us the
back."--Bunyan: P. P., pt. i.
7. To have the back at the wall : To be in an
unfortunate state. (Jamieson.) (Scotch.)
8. To plough upon the back: To inflict upon
one gross oppression, injury, and insult.
"The plowers plowed upon my back: they made
long their furrows."-Ps. cxxix. 3.
9. To see the back, used of soldiers in a battle,
means that they have turned to flee.
"... fifty thousand fighting men, whose backs no
enemy had ever seen.”-Mucaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. i.
10. To turn the back :
(a) To turn in battle with the intention of
fleeing, or in an enterprise with the design of
abandoning it.
“O Lord, what shall I say, when Israel turneth their
backs before their enemies !"—Josh. vii. 8.
(6) To go away, as, “Scarcely had the
teacher turned his back when the scholars
grossly misbehaved.” (In this sense it inay be
followed by on or upon.)
(c) Actually to turn the back upon one in
the street, either undisguisedly or under the
pretence of not seeing him.
B. As adjective :
1. Pertaining to or supporting the back, as
the “back-bone.”
“... it shall he take off hard by the back-bone..."
-Lev. iii. 9.
2. Behind anything in situation, as a "back-
yard;" hence remote froin the accessible parts
of the country; up a country inland, as « the
back settlements of North America."
Back and bottom nails : Nails made with
flat shanks that they may hold fast, and yet
not open the grain of the wood. (Glossog. Nov.)
C. As adverb :
I. Of a person or place:
1. To the quarter behind a person or thing;
backward.
“And when Judah looked back, behold, the battle
was before and behind.”—2 Chron, xiii. 14.
2. To the direction opposite to that in
which motion has been made; to the place
whence one has departed or been taken away.
" and the Lord caused the sea to go back by a
strong east wind all that night, ..."-Exod. xiv. 2i.
“Why are ye the last to bring the king back to his
house?"-2 Sam. xix. 11.
T To give back in battle : To recede from a
position before occupied.
" This made Christian give a little back; Apollyon,
therefore, followed his work, amain ..."-Bunyan,
P. P., pt. i.
3. To a person or public body whence any-
thing has been obtained ; to one's self again;
again; in return.
“The labourers possess nothing but what he thinks
fit to give them, aud until he thinks fit to take it
back." J. S. Mill: Pol. Econ., vol. i., bk. ii., ch. V., § i.
4. So as to remain behind ; with no pro-
gression in any direction (lit. & fig.); re-
tained instead of being paid over.
"... but, lo, the Lord hath kept thee back from
honour."—Numb.
"... to keep back part of the price of the land."
Acts v. 3.
5. With progression, yet so as to fall more
and inore behind another body; as “Compared
with the Christian powers, the Mohammedans
are falling back in the world,” meaning not
that they are stationary or retrograde, but
that their forward motion is so slow in com-
parison with that of the Christian nations that
they are more and more falling behind.
II. Of time :
1. To or at a time gone by.
“I had always a curiosity to look back unto the
sources of things, and to view in my mind the begin-
ning and progress of a rising world."--Burnet.
2. A second time, anew, afresh again.
“The epistles being written froin ladies forsaken by
their lovers, many thoughts came back upon us in
divers letters."-Dryden.
III. Of state or condition : To a former state
or condition; again.
"For Israel slideth back as a backsliding heifer ...".
Hoseu iv. 16.
T Crabb thus distinguishes (a) between
the adverb back and backward :-Back de-
notes the situation of being and the direction
of going ; backward simply the manner of
going. A person stands back who would not
be in the way; he goes backward when he
would not turn his back to an object. (6) Be-
tween back and behind : Back marks the situa-
tion of a place ; behind, the situation of one
object with another. A person stands back
who stands in the back part of a place; he
stands behind who has any one in front of
him ; the back is opposed to the front, behind
to before. (Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
D. In composition : Back is generally an
adjective, as back-bone, back-yard, though in
some rare instances it is adverbial, as in the
case of back-filling, &c.
* back-band, s. [BACK-BOND.]
back-bedroom, s. A bedroom at the
back of a house.
back-board, s. & d.
1. As substantive :
(a) A board for the support of the back.
(6) A board across the stern of a boat for
the passengers to lean against.
(c) A board attached to the rim of a water-
wheel to prevent the water running off the
floats or paddles into the interior of the
wheel. (Nicholson.)
(11) A part of a lathe. (Goodrich & Porter.)
2. As adjective: Behind the ship. (Glossog.
Nov.)
back-bond, * back-band, * bak-
band, s.
Scots Law: A counter-bond rendering another
one null and void. It is a deed corresponding
to what is called in England a declaration of
trust. (Mackenzie : Institutes, &c.)
back-boxes, s. pl.
Typography: The boxes on the top of the
upper case used for printers' types, usually
appropriated to small capitals. (Webster.)
back-cast, a. & s. (Scotch.)
A. As adjective: Retrospective.
“I'll often kindly think on you
And on our happy days and nights,
With pleasing back-cast view.”
Tannanili : Poems, PP. 96, 97. (Jamieson.)
B. As substantive: Anything which throws
one back from a state of prosperity to one of
adversity.
- "They'll get a back-cast o' his hand yet, that think
so inuckle o' the creature and sae little o' the Creator."
-Scott: Tales of my Landlord.
back-chain, s. A chain which passes
over the cart-saddle of a horse to support the
shafts. (Booth, Worcester, &c.)
back-end, s. The latter part of any-
thing. Spec., the latter part of the year.
“... wheu you did me the honour to stop a day or
two at last back-end."-Blackwood's Mag., Oct., 1820, p.
3. (Jamieson.)
back-fear, S. An object of terror from
behind. [BACKCHALES,]
“He needed not to dread no back-foar in Scotland
as he was wont to do."-Pitscottie (ed. 1728), p. 105.
(Jamieson.)
back-filling, s.
1. The act or process of restoring to its
place, as in the case of a grave, for instance,
earth which has been removed. (Tanner,
Worcester, &c.)
2. The earth thus restored to its place.
(Tanner, Worcester, &c.)
back-leaning, a. Leaning towards the
hinder part. (Savage, Worcester, &c.)
back-light, S. A light reflected upon
the hinder part of anything. (Fenton, Wor-
cester, &c.)
back-look, s. A look to what is past in
time. (Chiefly Scotch.)
“After a serious back-look of all these forty-eight
years."—Walker : Peden, p. 71. (Jamieson.)
back-parlour, s. A parlour situated at
the back part of a house.
back-plate, s. A plate on the hinder part
of armour; the same as BACK-PIECE (q.v.).
back-spaul, s. The hinder part of the
shoulder. (Scotch.)
“... if sae muckle as a collier or a salter make a
moonlight flitting, ye will cleck him by the buck-
spaul in a minute of time ..."-Scott : Redgauntlet,
ch. vii.
back-tack, back-take, s.
In Scotland : A deed by which a wad-setter,
instead of himself possessing the lands which
he has in wadset, gives a lease of them to the
reverser, to continue in force till they are re-
deemed, on condition of the payınent of the
interest of the wadset sum as rent. [DUETY.]
“Where lands are affected with wadsets comprys-
ing assignments or back-takes, that the same may be
first compted in the burdens of the delinquent's
estate."-Acts Charles I. (ed. 1814), vi. 204.
back-tread, s. Retrogression. (Scotch.
“... followed the backtread of our defection."-
Manifesto of the Scots Army (1640).
back-trick, s. A mode of attacking
behind.
back-yard, s. A yard behind a house.
(Blomefield, Worcester, &c.)
Other compound words will be found
further on in their proper alphabetical order.
băck, v.t. & i. [From the substantive.]
A. Transitive :
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Literally :
(1) To get on, or to place on, the back of an
animal; to ride.
'... as I slept, methought
Great Jupiter, upon his eagle back'd,
Appear'd to me, with other spritely shows
Of mine own kindred.”
Shakesp.: Cymbeline, v. 5.
(2) To cause to move backwards. (Used of
horses, railway engines and the trains at-
tached to them, the engines in steam-boats, or
anything similar.) [See II. 2, where some
special phrases are given.]
"One of the alien mercenaries had backed his horse
against an honest citizen who pressed forward to catch
a glimpse of the royal canopy.”—Macaulay: Hist.
Eng. ch. xi.
(3) To write on the back of; to direct a
letter; to endorse a bill or other document.
[II. 1.)
2. Figuratively: To stand at the back of,
to aid, support.
(1) Of persons : To stand as a second or sup-
porter to one; to support or maintain one's
cause.
“I have not ridden in Scotland since
James back'd the cause of that mock p rince,
Warbeck, that Flemish counterfeit.
Who on the gibbet paid the cheat."
Scott: Marmion, i. 18.
. . doubt whether it would be possible for him to
contend against them when they were backed by an
English army.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv.
(2) Of things :
(a) To justify, to support.
"... endeavour to back their experiments with a
specious reason."-Boyle.
“We have I know not how many adages to back the
reason of this moral."-L'Estrange.
(6) To second.
“Factious, and fav'ring this or t'other side,
Their wagers back their wishes.” Dryden.
.. I am come forth to withstand them, and to
that end will back the lions."-Bunyan: Pilgrim's
Progress, pt. ii.
II. Technically :
1. Law. To back a warrant: To endorse a
warrant with the signature of a justice of the
peace, so as to give it force in the county or
other district over which his authority ex-
tends. This is done when an accused person,
for whose apprehension a warrant valid only
in one county is out, passes into another.
(Blackstone : Comment., bk. iv., ch. 21.)
2. Nautically:
To back the sails of a shin: To cause them
to press backwards on the masts instead of
forwards. The effect is to make the ship
move sternward.
To back the engine in a steamboat: To reverse
the action of the engine, with the effect of
making the vessel go backwards.
bóīl, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion = shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhún. tious, -sious, -cious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. =bel, del.

388
back-back-handed
lost in the Argyle Rooins several thousand pounds
To back a vessel : To make her go backwards. băck-bö'ne, s. [Eng. back; bone.] The “Far is our church from encroaching upon the civil
To back the oars of a boat: To reverse the bone, or rather the bony framework of the
power, as some, who are backfriends to both, would
maliciously insinuate."-South.
action of the cars and make the boat move
2. One who seconds or supports another;
stern foremost, the phrase for which is, to
an abettor. (Scotch.)
back astern.
“The people of God that's faithful to the cause has
To back an anchor : To lay down a small
ay a good back-friend.”—Mich. Bruce's Lectures, 60, 61.
anchor in advance of a large one, the cable of
VERTEBRAL COLUMN OF MAN.
(Jamieson.)
the former being fastened to the crown of the
II. Fig. Of things : A place of strength
back; the spine; the spinal column. It con-
latter one to prevent its coming home.
behind an army. (Monro: Exped., pt. ii.,
sists of numerous vertebræ. [VERTEBRÆ.]
3. Horse-racing :
140.) (Jamieson.)
“The backbone should be divided into many verte-
(a) To back a horse : To bet that one of the bres for commodious bending, and not to be one entire băck'-fû', s. [Eng back, and Scotch fu', con-
horses in a race shall outrun the rest.
rigid bone."-Ray.
tracted from Eng. full.] As much as can be
(6) To back the field : To support the aggre- băck-brēde, s. [BAKBREDE.]
carried on the back. [Cf. BACK-BERINDE.]
gate of the horses in a race against a particu-
“A backfu' of peals."-Blackwood's Mag., March,
lar horse.
băck'-căr-rý, s. [Eng. back ; carry.]
1823, p. 317. (Jamieson.)
B. Intransitive: To move backwards.
Law: The act of carrying on the back.
băck-gā'-in, băck-gā'-ěn, participial adj.
To back out of a promise, a project, or an “ Manwood, in his forest laws, noteth it for one of [Eng. back, and Scotch gain, gaen = going.]
enterprise : To retreat from the forward posi-
the four circumstances or cases wherein a forester
(Scotch.)
may arrest an offender against vert or venison in the
tion one formerly occupied with respect to it.
forest, viz., stable-stand, dog-draw, backcarry, and I. Of things : Going back; ebbing. (Used
bloody-hand.”—Cowel.
băck (2), băc, s. [In Sw. back =... a bowl;
of the tide, &c.)
Dut. bak = a bowl, a pan, a basin, the boot of băck'-câw, s. [Eng. back, and Scotch caw = II. Of persons :
a coach, the pit in a theatre, a trough, a crib, call.] A call back, a “back-cast" (q.v.). 1. Declining in health ; ill-grown.
a mess; Fr. bac = a large ferry-boat for men
(Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
and animals ; Arm. bak, bag = a bark.]
2. Declining in worldly circumstances.
A. Ord. Lang. : A wooden trough for carry-
băck'-châleş, s. [Eng. back, and 0. Scotch
“The backgaen tenants fell about
And couldna stand."
ing fuel; a “backet.” [BUCKET.] (Scotch.) chales, corrupted from Eng. call (?).] A call-
The Hurst Rig, st., 48. (Jamieson.)
"After narrowly escaping breaking my shins over
ing back.
a turf back and a salting tub ..."-Scott: Rob Roy,
"... so bandit with him, that he neidit not to fear
bắco-găm-môn, big-găm-môn, s, & C.
ch. xiii.
no backchales of thame as he had vont to do." - [Etymology somewhat doubtful. From Wel.
B. Technically :
Pitscottie : Cron., p. 251. (Jamieson.)
bach, bac = little, and cammawm, cammen =
I. Navigation: A ferry-boat or praam, spe băck'-come, v.i. [Eng. back ; come.] To
combat, fight; camp=a game. (Dr. Henry,
cially one of large size, moved by a rope or return. (Scotch.)
Johnson, Webster, & Mahn.) Or from (0.?) Dan.
bakke, or bakke-bord= a tray, and A.Š. gamen,
chain, for transporting animals, as well as
“If it happened Montrose to be overcome in battle
before that day, that they were then to be free of their
gomen = a game. (Wedgwood, &c.)
men, from one side of a river to the other.
The ex-
parole in back-coming to him."--Spalding, ii. 252. ceeding similarity between gammon, in back-
(Webster.)
(Jamieson.)
gammon, and A.Š. gamen is in favour of the
II. Brewing & Distilling:
băck'-come, s. [From BACKCOME, v. (q.v.).]
latter etymology.]
1. A cooler, a large flat vessel or tub in
Return.
A. As subst. : A game played by two per-
which the wort is cooled. (Webster.)
An ill-backcome: An unfortunate return.
“That the backs were about 120 inches deep."-State,
sons on a table divided into as many portions,
on which there are twenty-four black and
Leslie of Powis, &c. (1805), p. 166.
(Jamieson.)
white spaces, called “points.” Each player
2. A vessel into which the liquor designed
băck-com-îng, S. [Eng. back; coming.]
has at his disposal fifteen dice, black or white,
to be fermented is pumped from the cooler in
Return.
called “men,” which he manoeuvres upon the
order to be worked with the yeast. (Webster.)
"... how the army should be sustained at their
points.
back (3), s. [Ger. backen = to bake.] An
back-coming."-Spalding, i. 137. (Jamieson.)
“A gentleman, with whom I am slightly acquainted,
instrument for toasting bread above the fire. | băck'-döor, s. [Eng. back ; door.]
backgammon."-Byron : English Bards and Scotch
It is like a griddle, but is much thicker, and is
Reviewers (Note).
1. Lit. : A door at the back part of a house,
made of pot inetal. It is akin to the York-
B. As adj. & in compos. : Designed for the
leading generally to a garden or other enclosure
shire backstone. (Jamieson.) (Scotch.)
connected with the building.
playing of backgammon, as a backgammon-
board (q.v.).
* băck'-bēr-înde, băck’-vēr-inde, băck “The procession durst not return by the way it
came; but, after the devotion of the monks, passed
bēr'-end, a. [A.S. bæc-berende = taking on
backgammon-board, s. A board on
out at a back-door of the convent."- Addison.
the back; bæc= back, and berende, from beran 2. Fig. : An indirect or circuitous way,
which backgammon is played.
= to bear.]
"... neither the card-table nor the backgammon-.
course, or method.
board ..."-Macaulay : Hist. Eng. ch. xvi.
Old Law: Bearing upon the back. (Used “Popery, which is so far shut out as not to re-enter
specially when a man was apprehended bearing openly, is stealing in by the back-door of atheism." băck-gāne, participial adj. & s. [Eng. back,
upon his back a deer which he had illegally
Atterbury.
and Scotch gane = gone.]
shot.)
băck'-draught (ugh=f), s. [Eng. back ; A. As participial adj.: Ill-grown. (Jamie-
băck'-bīte (pret. băck’-bit, pa. par. băck draught.] The convulsive inspiration of a child son.)
bit-ten), v.t. & i. [Eng. back & bite.]
during a fit of whooping cough. (Jamieson.) B. As subst. : A decline, a consumption.
(Jamieson.)
A. Transitive:
* băcke, s. A bat. [BAT (3).]
Literally: To bite on the back, as a dog băcked (Eng.), băck'-ịt (Scotch), pa. par.,
băck'-gāte, s. {Eng. back, and gate.]
coming treacherously behind one might do;
I. Lit. : An entry to a house, court, or area
but used figuratively, meaning=to attack the
A., and in compos. [BACK, v.]
character of the absent, censuring or slander-
A. As adj. : Having a back of a particular
from behind.
“To try up their own backgates closer.”—Spalding,
ing them behind their backs.
type determined by the context.
i. 109.
“Most untruly and maliciously do these evil tongues
"Sharp-headed, barrel-bellied, broadly backed.”
II. Fig. Of conduct :
backbite and slander the sacred ashes of that person-
Dryden: Virgil, G. iii.
age."-Spenser.
B. In compos. : Having a back of a particu 1. Shuffling, underhand, not straightforward.
B. Intransitive: To speak disparagingly, if lar type settled by the word with which backed 2. Immoral. (Jamieson.)
not even slanderously, of the absent.
is in close conjunction.
băck'-ground, s. [From Eng. back, and
"He that backbiteth not with his tongue . .
"There, by the hump-back'd willow.'
Ps. xv. 3.
Tennyson : Walking to the Mail. ground. In Dan. baggrund.]
băck'-bī-ter, s. [Eng. backbite); -er.] One
A. Ordinary Language :
* băck'-ěn, v.t. [Eng. back ; -en.) To hinder.
who is given to backbiting ; one who censures
1. Lit. : The ground in a landscape situated
the actions or attacks the character of the băck'-ěr, s. [Eng. back ; -er.]
towards the horizon.
absent.
instead of the darkness of space as a back-
A. Ord. Lang. : One who backs.
"Nobody is bound to look upon his backbiter, or
ground, the colours were not much diminished in bril-
his underminer, his betrayer, or his oppressor, as his
B. Arch. : A small slate laid on the back of liancy.”-Tyndall : Frag. of Science (3rd ed.), x. 285.
friend." --South.
a large one at certain points. (Brande.)
2. Fig.: In obscurity, with some degree of
băcx-bi-ting, * bắck-bi-tng, * bách”- | băcx-et, S. [BUCKET.] (Scotch.)
darkness or indistinctness of outline; also in
an inferior position, as in such phrases as “to
by-tînge, * back'-by-tynge, pr. par. & d.
stand, or be left, in the background.”
[Eng. back; -biting.]
băck-et-stāne, s. A stone at the side of a
kitchen fire on which the saut-backet rests.
B, Painting, Photography, &c. : The repre-
A. & B. Corresponding in signification with
the verb. (Used specially of the tongue.)
sentation of the more remote portion of a
(Scotch.)
landscape, or of the space and objects behind
“The porth wind driveth away rain : so doth an * băck'-fâ11, s. [Eng. back; fall.) A falling the principal figures.
angry countenance a backbiting tongue.” – Prov.
back in spiritual matters; backsliding; also
băck-hănd'-ěd, adj. & adv. [Eng. back ;
C. As substantive: The act or habit of at-
used technically in wrestling.
tacking the character of the absent.
handed.]
* băck’-fâll-ěr, s. [Eng. backfall; -er.] A A. As adjective :
“Leasinges, backbytinges, and vain-glorious crakes,
Bad counsels, prayses, and false flatteries.”_
backslider, an apostate.
1. Having the hand directed backward ;
Spenser: F. Q., II. xi. 10.
"Onias, with many like backfallers from God, fled
delivered or given by means of the hand thus
“... debates, envyings, wraths, strifes, backbitings, into Egypte.”—Joye: Expos. of Daniel, ch. xi.
directed, as a back-handed blow.”
whisperings, swellings, tuinults.”—2 Cor. xii. 20.
băck'-friěnd, s. [Eng. back; friend.]
2. Oblique, indirect, not straightforward, as
back-bi-ting-ly, adv. [Eng. backbiting; -ly. ] I. Of persons :
"a back-handed compliment."
In a way to backbite. (Baret.) -
1. A so-called friend who, behind one's 1 B. As adv. : With the hand directed back-
băck’-bſt-ten, pa. par. & d. [BACKBITE.] back, becomes an enemy. (Eng.)
ward, as “the blow was given back-handed."
Xxv. 23.
fāte, fat, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hêr, thêre; pīne, pit, sïre, sīr, marîne; gó, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian. æ, oe=ē; õe=ě. qu= kwa

backhouse-backsword
389
băck'-house, s. [Eng. back; house.] A băck'-rôom, s. (Eng. back; room.]
băck'-slīd-îng-ness, s. [Eng. backsliding;
house at the back of another and more im-
1. A room in the back part of a house.
-ness.] The quality or state of backsliding.
portant one.
"If you have a fair prospect backwards of gardens,
(Webster.)
“Their backhouses, of more necessary than cleanly it may be convenient to make back-rooms the larger."
service, as kitchens, stables, are climbed up into by
-Moxon : Mechanical Exercises.
băck-spång, S. [Eng. back, and Scotch
steps."-Carew.
2. A room behind another one.
spang = to spring.] A trick or legal quirk
băck-how-sï-a, s. [Named after Mr. James
by which one takes the advantage of another
băcks, s. [In Sw. & Dut. balk = a beam, a
after the latter had thought that everything
Backhouse, a botanist and traveller in Aus partition, a joist, a rafter, a bar; Ger. balken
in a settlement was adjusted. (Jamieson.).
tralia and South Africa.] A genus of plants, (pl.) = a beam.]
with showy flowers, belonging to the order
Carpentry : The principal rafters of a roof. | băck'-späre, s. [Eng. back, and Scotch spare
Myrtaceæ. Backhousia myrtifolia is a small [RooF.]
=a hole.] A hole, a rent. “Backspare of
Leather-dealing : The thickest and stoutest
breeches, the cleft." (Jamieson.)
hides, used for sole leather.
băck'-spëar-ěr, s. [.Eng. back, and Scotch
băck'-scrătch-ěr, s. [Eng. back; scratcher. ]
spearer, from speir, spear, v. (q.v.).] A cross-
examination.
An instrument applied to the backs of people
“He has been several times affronted
by practical jokers wherever holiday crowds
By the backspearers, and accounted
assemble, as at races, fairs, or illuminations.
An empty rogue.”
čleland Poems, 101. (Jamieson.)
băck'-sét, a. [Eng. back ; set.] Set upon i băcki-spear băck-späir. v.t. [Eng. buck.
behind.
and Scotch speir= to ask.]
“He suffered the Israelites to be driven to the brink
of the seas, backset with Pharaoh's whole power.”—
1. To trace back a report with the view of
Anderson : Expos. upon Benedictus (1573), fol. 71, 6. ascertaining where and from whence it origi-
băck'-set, s. [Scotch set = a lease ; set = to
nated. (Jamieson.)
give in lease.]
2. To cross-question.
“Whilk maid me... to be greatly respected by
A. Ordinary Language:
the king and backspeer it by all meanes." — Melville:
1. Of persons : Whatever drives one back in Diary; Life of A. Melville, ii. 41. (Jamieson.)
any pursuit.
BACKHOUSIA MYRTIFOLIA.
"The people of God have got many backsets one after
băck'-sprent, s. [Eng. back, and Scotch
another."- Woodrow : Hist., ii. 555.
sprent = a spring; anything elastic.]
2. Of things : Anything which checks vege-
1. The backbone.
tree, with opposite ovate leaves and stalked
tation.
“And tou'lt worstle a fa' wi' I, tou sal kenn what
corymbs of whitish flowers.
chaunce too hess, far 1
“... even those [weeds] they leave cannot after maist part of a' the wooers she has."-Hogg: Wint.
such a backset and discouragement come to seed so
băck'-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [BACK, v.]
Tales, i. 272.
late in the season.”—Maxwell: Scl. Trans., 82.
A. & B. As present participle & adjective: B. Old Law : A “sub-tack” or sub-lease in
2. A reel for winding yarn, which rises as
the reel goes round and gives a check in fall-
In senses corresponding to those of the verb. which the possession is restored on certain
ing, to direct the person employed in reeling
C. As substantive :
conditions to those who were formerly in-
to distinguish the quantity by the regulated
I. Ord. Lang. : In senses corresponding to
terested in it or to some others.
knots.
“... having got this tack, sets the same cautions in
those of the present participle.
backset, to some well-affected burgesses of Aberdeen.”
3. The spring or catch which falls down
II. Technically :
-Spalding, i. 334. (Jamieson.)
and enters the lock of a chest.
1. Horsemanship : The operation of breaking băck-shîsh, s. [BAKSHEESH.]
4. The spring in the back of a clasp-knife.
a colt for the saddle. (Gilbert.)
(Jamieson.)
2. Book-binding : The preparation of the back-si'de, s. [Eng. back, and side. In Sw.
băck'-staff, s. [Eng. back; staff; the word
back of a book with glue, &c., before putting baksida ; Dan. bagside.]
back being used because the observer had to
on the cover. (Webster.)
A. Ordinary Language:
stand with his back to the sun.] An instru-
3. Stereotyping: A thick coating of type metal 1. Gen.: The back portion of anything, as ment invented by Captain Davies, about A.D.
affixed to the back of the thin shell of copper of a roll, a tract of country, &c.
1590, for taking the aītitude of the sun at sea.
deposited by means of a voltaic battery.
“... a book [books were formerly rolls) written
It consisted of two concentric arcs and three
within and on the backside, ..."- Rev. v. 1.
Backing-up (Cricket-playing): A term used
vanes. The arc of the longer radius was 30°,
“If the quicksilver were rubbed from the backside
when one fielder runs behind another, so as to
and that of the shorter, one 60°; thus both
of the speculum, ..."-Newton.
stop the ball, should the front one fail to do so.
together constituted 90°. It is now obsolete,
2. Spec. : The hinder part of an animal. being superseded by the quadrant. (QUAD-
băck'-lînş, adv. [A.S. on-bæcling = back-
(Vulgar.)
RANT.]
"A poor ant carries a grain of corn, climbing up a
wards.] (Scotch.)
wall with her head downwards and her backside up băck-stä'ir (plur. băck-stä'irş), s. & a.
wards."-Addison.
backlins-comin, particip. adj. Coming
[Eng. back; stairs. ]
backwards ; returning.
B. In old conveyances and pleadings : What
A. As substantive :
. "An' backlins-comin', to the leuk,
now is called a back-yard ; that is, a yard at
She grew mair bright.”
1. Lit. : In the sing., a stair; in the plur.,
Burns.
the back of a house.
stairs at the back of a house, whether inside
"The wash of pastures, fields, commons, roads,
bắck-man, * bắc-măn, s. [Eng. back ;
streets, or backsides are of great advantage to all sorts
of it or outside.
man.) A follower in war; a henchman. of land."--Mortimer.
2. Fig. : Circuitous, and perhaps not very
(Scotch.)
reputable means of benefiting a friend or gain-
“The lairds and ladyes ryde of the toun
băck'-slīde, v.i. [Eng. back; slide.]
ing a personal object.
For feir of hungerie bakmen."
+ 1. Lit.: To slide backwards, as a man or
Maitland : Poems, ii. 189. (Jamieson.)
"I condemn the practice which hath lately crept
an animal climbing a steep ascent might do. into the court at the backstairs, that some pricked for
băck-owre, s. [Eng. back, and Scotch owre [See ex. under BACKSLIDING, particip. adj.]
sheriffs get out of the bill.”—Bacon.
= over.] A considerable way back. (Scotch.) 2. Fig. : To slide or lapse gradually from
B. As adjective (fig.): Conducted by the
(Jamieson.)
the spiritual or moral position formerly at-
route of the backstairs ; tortuous, not straight-
tained.
forward. [BACKSTAIRS-INFLUENCE.]
băck-pāint-îng, s. [Eng. back; painting.]
“That such a doctrine should, through the grossness
A term sometimes applied to the painting of
backstairs-influence, s. Influence
and blindness of her professors, and the fraud of de-
mezzotinto prints pasted on glass of a size to ceivable traditions, drag so downward as to backslide exerted secretly, as in obtaining for one an
fit them.
one way into the Jewish beggary of old cast rudiments, office to which he is not entitled by merit.
and stumble forward another way,” &c.-Milton: Of
Ref. in Eng., bk. 1.
băck-piēçe, s. [Eng. back; piece.] The
băck'-stāyş, s. [Eng. back; stays.] Stays or
piece or plate, in a suit of armour, covering | băck-slī'd-ěr, s. [Eng. backslid(e); -er.] ropes which prevent the masts of a ship from
the back.
One who slides back or declines from a | being wrenched from their places.
“The morning that he was to join battle, his ar spiritual or moral position formerly reached;
mourer puton his backpiece before, and his breastplate
băck-stone, S. [Eng. bake, A.S. bacan;
behind." -Camden.
an apostate.
stone.) The heated stone or iron on which
“The backslider in heart shall be filled with his own
oat-cake is baked. (Scotch & N. of Eng.)
băck’-plāte. [See BACK-PLATE.]
ways..."-Prov. xiv. 14.
"As nimble as a cat on a hot backstone."-Yorkshire
băck-răck, s. Another form of BACHARACK | băck-sli'd-ing, pr. par., d., & s. [BACK-
Proverb.
(q.v.).
SLIDE.]
băck-stop, s. The same as LONG-STOP (q.v.).
A. & B. As present participle & participial
băck'-rent, s. [Eng. back ; rent.]
adj. : In senses corresponding to those of the băck'-string, s. [Eng. back ; string.] One
In Scotland : Rent paid by a tenant after
of the strings tied behind a young girl to keep
verb.
he has reaped the crop.
her pinafore in its proper place.
"... O backsliding daughter ..."-Jer. xlix. 4.
It is contradistin-
"... backsliding Israel ..."-Jer. iii. 6, 8.
“ Even misses, at whose age their mothers wore
guished from fore-rent, which has to be settled
The backstring and the bib.” Cowper : Task, bk. iv.
previous to his first harvest.
C. As substantive :
+ 1. Lit. : A sliding backwards. (Rare or băck-swö'rd (w silent), s. [Eng. back ;
băck'-rě-turn, s. [Eng. back; return.] A. unused.)
sword.]
return a second time, if not even more fre-
2. Declension from a spiritual or moral
1. A sword with one sharp edge.
quently.
position formerly reached.
“Bull dreaded not old Lewis at backsword.' - Ar-
... omit
All the occurrences, whatever chanc'd
“... because their transgressions are many, and
buthnot.
Till Harry's back-return again to France."
their backslidings are increased."-Jer. v. 6.
2. A stick with a basket handle, used in
Shakesp. : Hen. V., Chorus, v.
"... I will heal your backslidings. -Jer. iii. 22. rustic amusements. [BASKET-HILT.]
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -çion, -tion, -sion=shủn; -ţion, -şion=zhŭn. tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

390
backward-baculite
(a) From indolence.
"The mind is backward to undergo the fatigue of
weighing every argument."—Watts.
(6) From not having attained to complete
conviction of the expediency of doing what is
proposed.
“ All things are ready, if our minds be so:
Perish the man, whose mind is backward now !"
Shakesp. : Henry V., iv. 3.
“Our mutability makes the friends of our nation
backward to engage with us in alliances.”—Addison.
· (c) From possessing the strong conviction
that what is proposed is detrimental.
“Cities laid waste, they storm'd the dens and caves ;
For wiser brutes are backward to be slaves."— Pope.
C. As substantive : The space behind or the
time which has gone by.
" What seest thou else
In the dark backward or abysm of time?”
Shakesp.: Tempest, i. 2.
băck-ward-ā-tion, s. [Eng. backward ;
-ation.]
On the Stock Exchange: A consideration
given to keep back the delivery of stock when
bacon is considered the finest, but that pre-
pared in Ireland is almost equal to it. Bacon
may be called the poor as well as the rich
man's food. By the former it is prized as a
necessary of life; by the latter, for its exqui-
site flavour. The nitrogenous or flesh-forming
matter in bacon is small, one pound of bacon
yielding less than one ounce of dry muscular
substance, whilst the amount of carbon com-
pounds, or heat-givers, is large, exceeding sixty
per cent. Its digestibility, however, owing
to the large proportion of fat it contains, is
not less than that of beef or mutton, Bacon
is imported in large quantities from America,
but it is inferior in quality to that prepared
in many parts of England and Ireland.
“ High o'er the hearth a chine of bacon hung ;
Good old Philemon seiz'd it with a prong
Then cut a slice."- Dryden.
2. Fig. : One's own person. (Used in the
subjoined phrase.)
To save one's bacon: To save one's self from
sustaining bodily injury. The expression was
borrowed, according to Dr. Johnson, from the
care shown by housewives, in the unsettled
times, of which happily we now know so little,
to preserve the bacon, which formed the most
money.
| băck'-ward-ly, adv. [Eng. backward; -ly.]
I. Lit. : In a backward direction.
" Like Numid lions by the hunters chas'd,
Though they do fly, yet backwardly do go
Sidney : Arcadia, bk. i.
II. Figuratively:
1. In a backward manner; with an indispo-
sition to come to the front, or if brought
thither, then with a tendency to retreat; re-
luctantly, unwillingly.
2. Short of what might have been expected,
or is due ; perversely.
“I was the first man
That e'er receiv'd gift from him :
And does he think so backwardly of me,
That I'll requite it last."
Shakesp. : Timon, iii. 3.
băck'-ward-něss, s. [Eng. backward ;
-ness.] The quality of being backward.
1. Of persons : Reluctance, unwillingness ;
hesitancy to remain on the foreground of
being carried off by soldiers on their march.
“What frightens you thus, my good son? says the
priest;
You murder'd, are sorry, and have been confest.
O father! iny sorrow will scarce save my bacon:
For 'twas not that I murder'd, but that I was taken."
Prior.
Bā-co-ni-an, a. [From Eng. Bacon; -ian.
See def.7 Pertaining or relating to Francis
Bacon, Lord Verulam, who was born on the
22nd of January, 1561, was created Baron Veru-
lam on July 11, 1618, published his Novum
Organon in 1620, and died on 9th April, 1626.
Baconian philosophy. The inductive
philosophy of which it is sometimes said that
Lord Bacon was the founder. This, however,
băck'-ward, * băck'-warde, * băk'-
ward, băck'-wardş, adv., A., & s. [Eng.
back; -ward, or -wards.]
A. As adverb:
I. Of place :
1. With the back intentionally turned in the
direction towards which one is moving.
“... but I did not see a place where any one might
not have walked over backwards, ..."-Darwin :
Voyage round the World, ch. xv.
2. So that the body naturally moves in the
direction towards which one's back is situated.
Upon the back, or tending thereto; downward,
upon the back.
“... he fell from off the seat backward by the side
of the gate, and his neck brake, ..."-1 Sam. iv. 18.
3. Towards the back. (Used not of the
whole body, but of part of it.)
“In leaping with weights, the arms are first cast
backwards, and then forwards with so much the
greater force ; for the hands go backward before they
take their rise."- Bacon.
4. In the direction opposite that in which a
person or thing has been moving, so as to con-
vert a forward into a retrograde movement;
regressively, retrogressively.
“ The foremost, who rush on his strength but to die:
Thus the first were backward bent.”
Byron : The Siege of Corinth, 53.
“Are not the rays of light, in passing by the edges
and sides of bodies, bent several times backwards and
forwards with a motion like that of an eel?”-Newton.
5. Back to or towards the place whence a
person came, so as to compel retreat. Also to
the person or place whence a thing came.
(a) of persons :
“We might have met them dareful, beard to beard,
And beat them backward home."
Shakesp. : Macbeth, v. 5.
(6) Of things :
“Amendients and reasons were sent backward
and forward.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv.
“How under our feet the long, white road,
Backward like a river flowed."
Longfellow: The Golden Legend, iv.
II. Of time:
1. Towards bygone times.
"To prove the possibility of a thing, there is no
argument equal to that which looks backwaris : for
what has been done or suffered may certainly be done
or suffered again."-Souch.
2. In bygone times ; past; ago.
“They have spread one of the worst languages in the
world, if we look upon it some reigns backward."-
Locke.
III. More figuratively :
1. Reflexively. (Used of the mind turned
upon itself.)
“No, doubtless ; for the mind can backward cast
Upon herself her understanding light.”
Sir J. Davies.
2. So as to fail in an endeavour; into
failure, into foolishness, or into fools.
".. let them be driven backward and put to
shame that wish me evil.”—Ps. xl. 14.
"That frustrateth the tokens of the liars, and
maketh diviners mad ; that turneth wise men back-
ward, and maketh their knowledge foolish."-Isa.
xliv. 25.
3. From what is good towards what is bad.
Spec., so as to lose moral or spiritual attain-
ments already made.
“But they hearkened not, nor inclined their ear,
but walked in the counsels and in the imagination of
their evil heart, and went backward, and not forward."
-Jer. vii. 24. (See also xv. 6.)
4. In a perverse manner; with an intellec-
tual or moral twist, or with both.
"I never yet saw man,
But she would spell him backward ; if fair-fac'd,
She'd swear the gentleinan should be her sister;
If black, why nature, drawing of an antick,
Made a foul blot: if tall, a launce ill-headed."
Shakesp. : Much Ado about Nothing, iii. 1.
“And judgment is turned away backward, and
justice standeth afar off: for truth is fallen in the
street, and equity cannot enter.”—Isa. lix. 14.
B. As adjective:
1. Late in point of time. (Applied to flowers,
fruits, &c., expected to come to maturity at a
certain season of the year.)
2. Behind in progress. (Applied to mental or
other attainments, to institutions which have
not kept pace with the times, &c.)
“Yet, backward as they are, and long have been.”
Cowper : Tirocinium.
"In a very backward state of society, like that of
Europe in the middle ages, ..."-J. S. Mill: Polit.
Econ., vol. i., bk. i., ch. x., § 3.
3. Of dull comprehension; slow.
“It often falls out, that the backward learner makes
amends another way."-South.
"Nor are the slave-owners generally backward in
learning this lesson.”—J. S. Miūl: Polit. Econ., vol. i.,
bk, ii., ch. V., § 1.
the world, and in every country, men-nay,
even children-have, to a certain extent at
least, reasoned inductively. What Lord Bacon
did for this mode of ratiocination was to
elucidate and systematise it; to point out
its great value, and to bring it prominently
before men's notice ; lending it the support of
his great name at a time when most of his
contemporaries were satisfied with the barren
logic of the schools. The great triumphs of
modern science have arisen from a resolute ad-
herence on the part of its votaries to the
Baconian method of inquiry. [Ă POSTERIORI,
INDUCTION, INDUCTIVE.]
action at all.
“The thing by which we are apt to excuse our back-
wardness to good works, is the ill success that hath
been observed to attend well-designing charities." -
Atterbury.
2. Of things: The state of remaining behind
the development which might have been ex-
pected at the time; lateness. The opposite
of forwardness or precocity.
băck'-wards, adv. [BACKWARD.]
băck'-wa-ter, s. . [Eng. back (adv.), and
water. ]
1. Gen. : Water in a stream which, meeting
with some impediment in its progress, is
. thrown backward.
“... Mr. Temple, on reaching the backwater of a
river which had been quite shallow in the morning,
found it ten feet deep." —Reader, vol. ii., No. 47: Nov.
21, 1863.
2. Spec. : Water in a mill-race thrown back
by the turning of a waterwheel, by the over-
flow of the river below, or by ice, that it cannot
flow forward. When its course is unimpeded
it is called in Scotland tailwater.
staff or cane.]
Bot. : A plant of low organisation; either
an alga or a fungus.
băc-të'r-i-al, a. [Eng., &c., bacteria; and
Eng. suff. -al.] Pertaining to Bacteria (q.v.).
staff, also a cudgel, a club. The genus is so
called because the species which it contains
are made into walking-sticks.) A genus of
Palms (Palmaceæ), of the section Cocoinæ.
bắck-wồody-man, S. [Eng. back ; 10oods;
man.] One whose residence is in the wooded
parts of North America, and who has acquired
the characteristics which fit him for the situa-
tion in which he is placed. (Byron.)
băck'-worm, s. [Eng. back, and worm.] A
small worm found in a hawk's body near the
kidneys when the animal is labouring from
disease. [FILANDER.]
bā'-cón, *bā'-coun, *bā'-cún, s. [From
0. Fr. & Prov. bacon. In O. Dut. bake, bcec=
ham; O. H. Ger. backe (accus. bachen); Low
Lat. baco, bacco, bacho = a bacon hog, ham,
salt pork. Some connect the word with bee-
chen = fed on beech-mast.]
1. Int.: A term applied to the sides of a
pig which have been cured or preserved by
salting with salt and saltpetre, and afterwards
drying with or without wood-smoke. By the
old process of rubbing in the saline mixture,
the curing occupied from three to four months.
The method now generally adopted on a large
scale is to place the prepared flitches in a fluid
pickle. The pickling, drying, and smoking now
Occupy not more than six weeks. The Wiltshire
are slender in form, only about the height of
a man in stature, and so armed with thorns
that when growing together they constitute
an impenetrable thicket. They are found in
the West Indies, in Brazil, and the parts
adjacent. Bactris major, or Greater Bactris,
has a large nut with a solid kernel, eaten in
Carthagena, in South America, of which the
species is a native. B. minor, or Lesser
Bactris, also from South America, has a dark-
purple fruit about as large as a cherry, with
an acid juice, which is made into wine. It is
specially from this species that the walking-
sticks mentioned above are obtained. They
are sometimes imported from Jamaica under
the name of Tobago canes.
băc'-ūle, S. [Fr. bascule = see-saw,. .
weigh-bridge.]
Fort. : A kind of portcullis or gate made
like a pitfall, with a counterpoise, and sup-
ported by two large stakes. It is usually
erected before the corps de gard, not far from
the gate of a place.
bắc-u-lite (Eng), S. & a. ; bắc-u-li-tes
(Mod. Lat.), s. [In Ger. baculit. From Lat.
baculum or baculus = a stick, and -ite=Gr.
doos (lithos) =a stone.]
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whāt, fâli, father; wē, wet, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; trý, Sýrian. æ, o=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

baculometry-badger
391
A. As substantive. (Chiefly of the form
“ Thus will the latter, as the former, world
2. A characteristic mark or token by which
Still tend from bad to worse."
Baculites.)
anything is known.
Milton : P. L., bk. xii.
Palæont.: A genus of chambered shells be-
T Crabb thus distinguishes between bad,
“To clear this spot by death, at least I give
A badge of fame to slander's livery."
longing to the family Ammonitidæ. From
wicked, and evil. Bad respects moral and
Rape of Lucrece, p. 534.
the typical genus, Ammonites, it is at once
physical qualities in general ; wicked, only
“Sweet mercy is nobility's true badge."
distinguished by the form of the shell, which
moral qualities; evil, in its full extent, com-
Shakesp. : Titus Andron., i. 2.
is long and straight. The aperture is guarded prehends both badness and wickedness. What-
B. Her. : A cognizance. [COGNIZANCE.) A
by a dorsal process. In 1875, seventeen species ever offends the taste and sentiments of a mark of distinction somewhat similar to a
were known, all fossil. They extend from the
rational being is bad-e.g., bad food, bad air, crest, but not placed on a wreath, nor worn
Neocomian to the Chalk, and occur in Britain, bad books. Whatever is wicked offends the upon the helmet. Princes, noblemen, and
France, and India. There is a sub-genus
moral principles of a rational agent : e.g., any other gentlemen of rank had formerly, and still
called Baculina, with two known species from violation of the law is wicked ; an act of in retain, distinctive badges. Thus, the broom-
the French Neocomian rocks. (Tate.)
justice or cruelty is wicked-it opposes the plant (Planta genista) was the badge of the
B. As adjective. (Of the form Baculite.)
will of God and the feelings of humanity. royal house of Plantagenet, a red rose that of
Geol. : Containing numerous specimens of
Evil is either moral or natural, and applicable the line of Lancaster, and a white one that of
Baculites.
to every object contrary to good; but used the line of York. The four kingdoms, or old
only for what is in the highest degree bad or nationalities, the union
Baculite limestone : A name applied to the
wicked. When used in relation to persons, of which constitutes
chalk of Normandy on account of the abund-
bad is more general than wicked ; a bad man the home portion of
ance of baculites which it contains. (Wood-
is one who generally neglects his duty; a the British empire, and b.
ward : Manual of the Mollusca, 1851, p. 97.)
wicked man one chargeable with actual viola the nucleus of the rest,
băc-u-lõm'-ět-rý, s. [Lat. baculum, baculus
tions of the law, hunnan or Divine-such an have each a distinct
one has an evil mind. A bad character is the royal badge. These
= a stick; Gr. uétpov (metron)= a measure.]
consequence of iminoral conduct; but no man were formally settled
The act or process of measuring a distance by has the character of being wicked who has not by sign-manual in 1801,
means of a stick or rod. (Glossog. Nov.)
been guilty of some known and flagrant vices: and are the follow-
the inclinations of the best are evil at certain ing :-For England: A
băc'-ų-lům, accus. of Lat. s. [Accus. of Lat.
times. (Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
white rose within a red
baculus or baculum = a staff.]
one, barbed, seeded,
Humorously. Argumentum ad baculum.
bad-bread, s. To be in bad bread.
slipped, leaved proper,
[ARGUMENTUM.]
1. To be in necessitous circumstances in and ensigned with thé BADGE OF ARTHUR,
regard to the means of sustenance. (Scotch.) imperial crown.
PRINCE OF WALES.
For
băd', bădd'e, a. & s. [Etym. doubtful. Horne (Jamieson.)
Scotland: A thistle,
(1500.)
Tooke thinks it the pa. par. of bay = to bark 2. To be in a state of danger.
slipped and leaved pro-
at, to vilify. Junius derives it from Goth.
per, and ensigned with the imperial crown.
bauths = insipid; Johnson from “ quaad” (the bad-hearted, a. Having a bad heart; For Ireland : A harp or, stringed argent, and
best spelling is kwaad) = bad ; Richardson having bad hearts.
a trefoil vert, both ensigned with the imperial
from the pa. par. of A.S. beaten = to beat; “... his low-minded and bad-hearted foes."-
crown. For Wales : Upon a mount vert, a
Webster from Pers. būd= bad, evil, depraved
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv.
dragon passant, with wings expanded and en-
(in Hind. also būd is = bad). Mahn and
dorsed, gules. (Gloss. of Heraldry.) Formerly
Wedgwood, adopting Webster's view, add also
* băd, pret. of verb. [BADE.]
those who possessed badges had them em-
the cognate words, Dut. boos = wicked, evil,
broidered on the sleeves of their servants
angry; Ger. böse = bad; 0. H.Ger. bôsi, pôsi.
băd'-dér-locks, s. [Etymology doubtful.] and retainers [RETAINERS], and even yet the
In A.S. bad is = a pledge, a thing distrained ;
One of the names given to a sea-weed, Alaria practice is not extinct.
and beado is = battle, war, slaughter, both
esculenta. [ALARIA.] (Scotch.)
The history of the changes which badges
things bad in one point of view; whilst in the
have undergone is interesting. In the time
Semitic tongues, as pointed out by Webster,
+ băd'-dordş, s. [Corrupted from bad words. ] of Henry IV. the terms livery and badge seem
Bad words.
to have been synonymous. [LIVERY.]
Arab. bada, and Heb. Tax (âbăd), Chal., Syr.,
A
“To tell sic baddords till a bodie's face." —Ross :
badge consisted of the master's device, crest,
and Sam. Tax (ăbad) is = to perish ; and in
Helenore, p. 57. (Jamieson.)
or arms on a separate piece of cloth, or some-
the active conjugation, to destroy.]
times on silver in the form of a shield, fastened
A. As adjective: The opposite of good : a bāde, både, * băd, pret. of verb. [BID.]
to the left sleeve. In Queen Elizabeth's reign
word of very general application, signifying
“But bade them farewell, ..."-Acts xviii. 21.
the nobility placed silver badges on their ser-
whatever person or thing is so exceedingly
vants. The sleeve badge was left off in the
inferior to the average of his or its class as to
1 * bāde, bāid, s. [Old forms of ABIDE, ABODE. ] reign of James I., but its remains are still
require a positive word to express the notable
(Scotch.)
preserved in the dresses of porters, firemen,
deficiency.
1. Delay, tarrying.
and watermen, and possibly in the shoulder-
knots of footmen. During the period when
I. Of persons :
But bade : Without delay; immediately.
badges were worn the coat to which they were
1. Morally depraved.
"... and syne but bade
Fel in the bed ..
affixed was, as a rule, blue, and the blue coat
"Thou may'st repent,
Doug. : Virgil, 215, 43. and badge still may be seen on parish and.
And one bad act, with many deeds well done,
May'st cover."- Milton.
2. Place of residence, abode. (Gi. Sibb.) hospital boys. (Douce : Illustrations of Shake-
2. Very inferior in intellectual character-
(Jamieson.)
speare, 1839, pp. 205-7.)
istics, as in skill, knowledge, &c.
“In every age there will be twenty bad writers to
bădge, *băġġe, * băġe (Eng.), băd'-ġie, bådge, v. t. [From the substantive.] To in-
one good one; and every bad writer will think himself bâu'-ġie (Scotch), s. [In the Anglo-Saxon
vest with, or designate by, a badge; to blotch,
a good one."Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv.
beag is = a crown, and beah = a bracelet, a
to daub.
3. With marked physical defects.
neck-ring, a lace, garland, or crown; Dut. bag
“Their hands and faces were all badg'd with blood;
* 4. Sick. (Followed by of.)
So were their daggers."-Shakesp. : Macbeth, ii. 3.
=a pendant, an ear-drop, a ring ; Fr. bague =
“ Bad of a fever.”—Johnson.
a ring ; Lat. bacca =... the link of a chain.
bădġe'-less, a. [Eng. badge ;-less.] Destitute
II. Of things :
Skinner, Minsheu, Mahn, &c., connect badge
of a badge.
with these words. Mahn admits the affinity
1. Notably deficient in that which consti-
“While his light heels their fearful flight can take,
of badge to the A.S. beag and beah, and adds
tutes excellence in the thing specified. Thus
To get some badgeless blue upon his back.”
as cognate words, Fries. beage= bandage ;
Bp. Hall: Sat., iv. 5.
a bad road is one rough, muddy, stony, or
Low Lat. bauga, bauca, boga = bracelet, and
with other evil qualities ; bad weather is
* băd'-ger, båd-geard, * băg-eard, s.
bagia, bagea = sign. Webster ventures on no
weather unsuitable for out-door exercise and
hypothesis ; Johnson believes it to be from
[Fr. blaireau = a badger ; O. Fr. bladier=a
for agricultural labour, &c.; bad sight is sight
Lat. bajulo= to carry a heavy burden; and
corn dealer; Low Lat. bladarellus = a little
much beneath the average in power of defining
Wedgwood, with some misgiving, makes it one
corn-dealer; bladariusbladerius = a corn-
objects with clearness; a bad coin is one in
of a group with botch and patch.] [BADGE, v.]
dealer, a badger, from bladum, bladus, blada
some way debased, so as not to be worth
(See example.)
= corn, which the badger was evidently be-
the sum for which one attempts to pass it
lieved to carry away.]
current.
A. Ordinary Language:
* A. Of persons: A person who bought corn
“And therwithal it was ful pore and badde."
I. Lit. : A mark or cognizance worn on the
or other provisions in one place and carried
Chaucer : C. T., 15,908. dress to show the relation of the wearer to any
them to another, with the view of making
"And hast thou sworn on every slight pretence, person or thing. [B., Her.]
Till perjuries are common as bad pence."
profit on the transaction. [BADGERING.]
Cowper : Expostulation.
“ Yet now I spy, by yonder stone,
"Some exemption ought not to extend to badgers,
Five men-they mark us, and come on;
2. Pernicious, hurtful; producing noxious
And by their badge on bonnet borne,
or those who carry on a trade of buying of corn or
grain, selling it again without manufacturing, or of
effects. (Followed by for.)
I guess them of the land of Lorn."
other goods unmanufactured to sell the same again.
Scott: Lord of the Isles, iii. 18.
“Reading was bad for his eyes; writing made his
-Nicolson and Burn : Hist. of Cumberland, p. 312.
head ake.”-Addison.
“He wore the garter, a badge of honour which has
very seldom been conferred on aliens who were not
B. Of animals (believed to carry off corn
B. As substantive :
sovereign princes.”-Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xii. in the same manner as the persons now
I. Of persons : Wicked people.
II. Figuratively:
described).
"Our unhappy fates.
1. That by which any person, or any class
I. Ordinary Language :
Mix thee amongst the bad, ..."-Prior.
or rank of men, is conspicuously and charac 1. A mammalian animal found in England
II. Of things :
teristically marked out.
as well as on the Continent. It stands inter-
1. That which is bad or evil.
“Furthermore, he made two changes with respect to mediate between the weasels and the bears,
"... Take heed that thou speak not to Jacob either
the chief badge of the consular power."-Lewis : Early and was called by Linnæus Ursus meles, but is
good or bad.”—Gen. xxxi. 24.
Rom. Hist., ch. xii., pt. i., § 4.
termed by modern naturalists Meles vulgaris.
2. Badness, wickedness; a wicked, vicious,
“The outward splendour of his office is the badge
and token of that sacred character which he inwardly
[MELES.] It is a nocturnal and hybernating
or corrupt state.
bears." -Atterbury.
animal, with powerful claws, which enable it
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, çhin, bench; go, ģem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn-tion, -sion, -cioun =shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhŭn-tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del

392
badger-baffle
to burrow in the ground. It feeds chiefly on | băd-i-ā-gą, s. [Russ. badyaga.] A genus of “It was not your brother's evil disposition made
him seek his death ; but a provoking merit, set at
roots. It can bite fiercely when brought to
sea-weeds belonging to the family or section word by a reprovable badness in himself."-Shakesp.:
bay. It is of a light colour above, and dark
Amphibolæ. There is a species common in the Lear, iii. 5.
beneath. It secretes an oily matter of a very
north of Europe, the powder of which is used
offensive odour. Country people speak of a to take away the livid marks left by bruises.
ba'-doch, s. [Scotch.) A gull, the Arctic
dog and a hog badger, but they are not dis-
Skua (Cataractes parasiticus). (Scotch.)
tinct even as varieties.
Badiaga was considered by Linnæus a
“That a brock, or badger, hath legs of one side
sponge, and by others a fungus.
băd-rạnş, s. [BAUDRANS.]
shorter than the other, is received not only by
theorists and inexperienced believers, but most who
ba-di-a'-nē, t băd'-1-an, s. [From Fr. bāe, s. [BAA, s.] (Scotch.)
behold them daily."-Browne.
badiane, badian ; Ger. badian. Mahn thinks
2. The English designation of the genus
bāe, v.i. [BAA, v.] (Scotch.)
it is from Lat. badius= brown, the capsules
Meles, which contains one or two other being of this colour.) [BADIOUS.] A tree
bæck'-1-ą, s. [From Abraham Bäck, physi-
species.
(Illicium anisatum), belonging to the order
Magnoliacea (Magnoliads).
II. Technically:
cian to the king of Sweden, and a correspon-
It is called Star
1. Her.
dent of Linnæus.] A genus of plants belonging
Anise, or Chinese Anise.
The badger is often introduced in
The designation star
refers to the fact that the fruit is stellate in
to the order Myrtaceae, or Myrtle-blooms.
heraldic blazonry : it is sometimes called a
A
few have been introduced into British gardens
“brock ” (see example under B., I. 1), and
shape, and it is designated anise from its pos-
sessing a pungent aromatic flavour and smell,
from Australia and China.
sometimes a gray. (Gloss. of Her.)
like that of anise. Its native land is China,
2. The Badger of Scripture, Hebrew WIIA
*bæd'-ling (0. Eng.), * băd'-lyng (0. Scotch),
where it is used, as it is also in the countries
(tachhash), has not been identified with cer-
s. [A.S. bodling = a lazy fellow given to
adjacent, as a condiment in food, small quan-
tainty. The Septuagint translators render tities of it being also chewed after dinner.
lying in bed; from bædd = bed. ]
the Heb. tachhash, not by a substantive, but (Treas. of Bot.)
1. An effeminate, lazy person, of the kind
by the adjective takivoiva (huakinthina) =
referred to by St. Paul in 1 Cor. vi. 9.
hyacinthine, hyacinth-coloured : as, however,
băd-1-ër'-a, s. [From Badier, a French
2. A low scoundrel.
the word is at times used in the plural, it botanist, who collected plants in the Antilles.]
cannot be an adjective. It is probably an A genus of plants belonging to the order Poly- bæ-om'-y-çēş, s. [Gr. Bacós (baios) = small,
animal, but which is far from determined. galaceæ. Badiera diversifolia is the Bastard
and uúrns (mukēs) = mushroom fungus.] A
Gesenius thinks it the seal or badger itself; Lignum Vitæ of Jamaica.
genus of lichens much resembling minute
the Talmud an animal like a weasel or marten;
ba-dĩg'-e-on, s. [In Fr. badigeon.]
Col. Hamilton Smith a kind of antelope, such
fungi. Bæomyces roseus, or Rosy, and B. rufus,
or Rufous, Bæomyces are found in Britain.
as the tachmotse, tacasse, or pacasse of Eastern
1. Among Statuaries : A mixture of plaster
Africa. Other opinions make it a dolphin or a
and freestone ground together and sifted ; bā-ē-tis, s. [Lat. Baetis.) A genus of insects
sea-cow, or a dugong, or a halicore, or a kind used to fill the small holes and repair the belonging to the order Neuroptera and the
of hyæna. Such diversities of opinion make defects in the stones to be sculptured.
family Ephemeridæ. They have four wings
darkness visible instead of removing it.
2. Among Joiners: A mixture of sawdust and two seta. There are many British species.
“And thou shalt make a covering for the tent of and glue, used to remove or conceal defects
rams' skins dyed red, and a covering above of badgers' in the work done.
băff, s. [Etymology doubtful.] A blow, bang,
skins.”—Exod. xxvi. 14.
heavy thump. (Scotch.)
Cape-badger. (HYRAX.]
băd'-Ìn-aġe, s. [Fr. badinage; from badi "... they durstna on ony errand whatsoever gang
Honey-badger: A name sometimes given to
ower the door-stane after gloaming, for fear John
ner = to play ; badin = playful.] Light, jest- |
Heatherblutter, or some siccan dare-the-de'il, should
the ratel. [RATEL.]
ing, sportive, playful discourse.
tak a baff at them ..."-Scott : Waverley, ch. lxxi.
Pouched-badger: The English name of a
“When you find your antagonist beginning to grow
genus of Marsupial Mammalia. [PARAMELES.]
warm, put an end to the dispute by some genteel
* băf'fe, * băf'-fěn, * băf-fyn, v.i. [In
badinage.”—Lord Chesterfield.
Rock-badger : The rendering in Griffith's
Dut. baffen = to bark, to yelp; Low Lat.
Cuvier of Klep-daassie, the name given by the
* băd-în'-e-ríe, s. [From Fr. badinerie.] baffo = to bark.] To yell as hounds.
Dutch colonists at the Cape of Good Hope The same as BADINAGE (q.v.).
“Baffyn as howndys; Baulo, baffo, latro."-Prompt.
Parv.
to the Hyrax of Southern Africa. (Griffith : "The fund of sensible discourse is limited; that of
"Baffyn as houndes after their prey: Nicto." (Ibid.
jest and badinerie is infinite."-Shenstone.
Cuv., vol. iii., p. 429.).
| The word badger, in the general sense of bā'-dị-ods, a. [Lat. badius = brown and băf-fe-tăs, baf-tăs, bas'-tăs, s. [In
a hawker, still lingers in the Midland counties chestnut coloured (used only of horses). In Ger. baftas. Possibly from Pers. bafti = woven,
of England and some other localities, often Fr. bai = bay, light brown, bay-coloured ; Sp. wrought. (Mahn.)] A plain muslin brought
under the form bodger.
bayo; Port. & Ital. baio.] [BAY, a.]
from India.
In the following compounds badger uni Nat. Science : Chestnut-brown, dull brown,
* băf-finge, pr. par. & s. [BAFFE, v.]
formly means the animal and not the person a little tinged with red.
so called.
As substantive : “ Baffynge or bawlynge of
bą-dis'-tēr, s. [Gr. Badiotńs (badistēs) = a howndys." (Prompt. Parv.)
badger-baiting, s. A so-called “sport”
walker, a goer; Badíšw (badizo) = to walk or
of a cruel character—the setting of dogs to
băf-fle (file as fel), * băf-full, v.t. & i. [From
go slowly.) A genus of predatory beetles be-
fight a badger and attempt to draw it from its
Low Scotch bauchle. In Fr. bafouer= to treat
longing to the family Harpalidæ. Three or
hole.
more species occur in Britain, the best known
with derision, to scoff at, to baffle ; 0. Fr.
beffler, beffer; Sp. befar = to scoff, to jeer ; Ital.
being Badister bipustulatus, which, Stephens
badger-coloured, a. Coloured like a
says, is a common insect throughout the
beffare = to rally, to
badger (an epithet applied by Cowper to a cat).
cheat, to over-reach.
Comp. Dut. baffen=to bark, to yelp; Ger. baffen,
metropolitan district, abounding during the
“A beast forth sallied on the scout,
Long-back’d, long-tail'd, with whisker'd snout, winter months beneath the bark of felled
bafzen = to yelp ; Hind. befaida = to baffle.]
And badger-colour'd hide.”
A. Transitive :
trees.
Cowper : Mrs. Throckmorton's Bullfinch.
1. To subject to some public and degrading
badger-legged, a. Having legs like
băd-ly, * băd'-děl-ịche (che guttural), adv.
punishment. (Used specially of a knight who
those of a badger ; having legs of unequal
[Eng. bad; -ly.]
had shown cowardice or violated his pledged
length, as those of the badger are popularly
I. Gen. : Like something bad ; in a bad allegiance.)
supposed to be. (See the example from manner; evilly.
“And after all for greater infamie
Browne, under B., I. ì.)
II. Specially:
He by the heels him hung upon a tree,
And baffuld so, that all which passed by
“His body crooked all over, big-bellied, badger 1. Unskilfully.
The picture of his punishment might see."
legged, and his complexion swarthy."--L'Estrange.
"It is well known what has been the effect in Eng-
Spenser: F. Q., VI. vii. 27.
badger's-bane, s. The name of a plant
land of badly-administered poor laws, ..."-J. S. Mill:
"In this state I continued, 'till they hung me up by
Polit. Econ., vol. i., bk. i., ch. xii., $ 3.
th' heels, and beat me wi' hasle-sticks, as if they would
(Aconitum meloctonum).
have bak'd me. After this I railed and eat quietly:
2. Imperfectly; with notable deficiency of
for the whole kingdom took notice of me for a baffled
and whip'd fellow."-King and No King, ii. 2."
some kind.
băd'-ġer, v.t. [From the substantive.] To
worry, to tease, to annoy like a badger baited
“... badly armed ..."-Arnold: Hist. Rome, vol. 2. To elude, to escape from, especially by
iii., ch. xliii.
artifice.
by dogs. (Colloquial.)
3. Seriously, grievously, disastrously.
“By wily turns, by desperate bounds,
Had baffled Percy's best bloodhounds."
__“K. John. How goes the day with us? Oh, tell me,
băd'-gered, pa. par. [BADGER, v.]
Hubert.
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, i. 11.
Hubert. Badly, I fear. How fares your majesty ?”
3. To thwart, to defeat in any other way.
băd'-ger-îng, pr. par., A., & s. [BADGER, v.]
Shakesp. : King John, v. 3.
(In this case the baffler and the baffled may
A. & B. As pr. par. & participial adj. : In
Crabb thus distinguishes between badly
be a man, one of the inferior animals, or a
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
and ill: “These terms are both employed to
thing.)
C. As substantive :
modify the actions or qualities of things, but
“But, though the felon on his back could dare
* 1. The act of buying corn or other pro-
badly is always annexed to the action, and ill
The dreadful leap, more rational, his steed
vision in one place and carrying it to another
to the quality : as to do anything badly, the
Declined the death, and wheeling swiftly round,
thing is badly done; an ill-judged scheme, an
Or e'er his hoof had press'd the crumbling verge,
to sell it there for profit, as, on the principle
Baffled his rider, saved against his will."
of free trade, one is thoroughly entitled to
ill-contrived measure, an ill-disposed person."
Cowper : Task, bk, vi.
do. It was, however, deemed an offence, and
(Crabb: Eng. Synon.)
" Across a bare wide common I was toiling
With languid feet, which by the slippery ground
has been made legal only since the passing of * băd-lyng, s. [BÆDLING.]
Were bafled."-Wordsworth: Doccursion, bk. 1.
the 7 and 8 Vict., c. 24.
5. a universe which, though it baffles the intel-
2. The act of teasing, tormenting, or worry-
băd'-ness, s. [Eng. bad; -ness.] The quality lect, can elevate the heart, ..."-Tyndall : Frag. of
ing; or the state of being teased, tormented,
or state of being bad in any of the senses of Science, 3rd ed., V. 105.
or worried like a badger whom dogs are at-
that word.
“... baffle the microscope."-Ibid., xi. 306.
B. Intransitive:
tempting to
"The travelling was very tedious, both from the
draw.”
badness of the roads, and from the number of great
1. To practise deceit, with the view of elud-
fallen trees, . :."-Darwin : Voyage round the World,
băd'-gỉe, s. [BADGE.] (Scotch.)
T ing any being, person, or thing.
ch. xiv.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pſt, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, work, whô, son; māte, cũb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; try, Sýrian. De, ce=ē; pe=ě. qu= kw.

baffle-baggage
393
“Do we not palpably baffle, when, in respect to God,
for drawing it together at the mouth ; or any | bạ-găs'se, s. [In Fr. bagasse is = a slut, a
we pretend to deny ourselves, yet, upon urgent occa-
sion, allow him nothing?"-Burrow : Works, i. 437.
similar article.
hussy.] The sugar-cane when crushed and
"To what purpose can it be to juggle and baffle for a
"A wond'rous bag with both her hands she binds, dry. It is used as fuel in the hotter parts of
time?”-Ibid., iii. 180.
Like that where once Ulysses held the winds."
Pope : The Rape of the Lock, iv., 81-2.
2. To struggle ineffectually against, as when
America. (Ure.)
a ship is said to baffle ineffectually with the
2. A term used by sportsmen to signify the
băg-a-těl'le, băg'-a-tělle, s. [Fr. bagatelle
winds.
results of the day's sport. Thus, a good bag
=(1) a trinket, (2) a trifle, (3) the play ; Sp.
= a large quantity of game killed and brought
(a) Wedgwood believes that there are
home.
bagatela; Port. & Ital. bagatella; from Prov.
two distinct verbs spelled baffle, which have
& İtal. bagala = a trifle; O. Fr. bague; Prov.
been confounded together. Under the one he
| Bag and baggage. [BAGGAGE.]
bagua = bundle.] [BAG.)
would place the signification given above as 3. A purse or anything similar.
1. A trifle; anything of little importance.
No. 1, viz., to degrade, to insult. The second (a) Generally :
"One of those bagatelles which sometimes spring up
and third significations of the transitive verb,
"For some of them thought, because Judas had the like mushrooms in my imagination, either while I am
and that ranked under the intransitive one, bag, that Jesus had said unto him, Buy those things writing, or just before I begin.”- Cowper: Letter to
that we have need of against the feast; or, that he
he would relegate to his second verb, of which
Newton, Nov. 27, 1781.
The glory your malice denies :
should give something to the poor.”—John xiii. 29.
the primary form was intransitive, signifying
"... see thou shake the bags
Shall dignity give to my lay,
to act in an ineffective manner, and transi-
Of hoarding abbots; imprison'd
Although but a mere bagatelle;
tively to cause one to act in such a way. This
angels
And even a poet shall say,
second verb he connects with the Swiss baffeln
Nothing ever was written so well.”
Set at liberty.”
Cowper : To Mrs. Throckmorton.
=to chatter, to talk idly. (Wedgwood : Dict.
Shakesp. : King John, iii. 3.
* (6) Spec. (formerly): An or-
2. A game in which balls are struck by a
Eng. Etym., 2nd ed., p. 39.)
namental purse of silk tied to
rod and made to run along a board, the aim
(6) Crabb thus distinguishes between the
men's hair, as shown in the an-
being to send them into certain holes, of
verbs to baffle, to defeat, to disconcert, and to
nexed illustration.
which there are nine, towards its further end.
confound : “When applied to the derangement
“We saw a young fellow riding to-
of the mind or rational faculties, baffle and
băg'-a-věl, s. [From A.S. bycgan, bycgean =
wards us full gallop, with a bob
defeat respect the powers of argument, discon and black silken bug tied to it."-
to buy, and gavel = tax,] A tribute granted
cert and confound the thoughts and feelings.
Addison.
to the citizens of Exeter by a charter from
Baffle expresses less than defeat; disconcert less 4. A quiver. (Scotch.)
Edward I., empowering them to levy a duty
than confound. A person is baffled in argument
"Then bow and bag frae him he BAG-WIG.
upon all wares brought to that city for the
who is for the time discomposed and silenced
keist.”. Christ Kirk, i. 13.
purpose of sale, the produce of which was to
by the superior address of his opponent: he II. Of anything similar in nature :
be employed in paying the streets, repairing
is defeated in argument if his opponent has 1. Gen. : A minute sac in which some secre the walls, and the general maintenance of the
altogether the advantage of him in strength of tion is contained, as the honey-bag in a bee town. (Jacob : Law Dict.)
reasoning and justness of sentiment. A person and the poison-bag in a venomous serpent.
is disconcerted who loses his presence of mind (Lit. & fig.)
băg'-a-tý, băg'-get-ý, s. [From bag, sug-
for a moment, or has his feelings any way dis “The swelling poison of the several sects,
gested by the gibbous aspect of the fish.] The
composed; he is confounded when the powers
Which, wanting vent, the nation's health infects,
female of the Lump-fish, or Sea Owl (Cyclop-
of thought and consciousness become torpid
Shall burst its bag."
Dryden.
terus lumpus). (Scotch.)
or vanish.” “When applied to the derange-
* 2. Spec. : The udder of a cow.
"Lumpus alter, quibusdam piscis gibbosus dictus.
ment of plans, baffle expresses less than defeat;
."... onely her bag or udder would ever be white, I take it to be the same which our fishers call the
defeat less than confound; and disconcert less
with four teats and no more.”—Markham : Way to Hush-Padle, or Bagaty : they say it is the female of
Wealth (ed. 1657), p. 72. (s. in Boucher.)
the former."-Sibb: Fife, p. 126.
than all. Obstinacy, perseverance, skill, or
B. Technically :
“The fish caught here are cod, whiting, flounder,
art baffles; force or violence defeats; awkward
mackerel, baggety, Sandeel, crabs, and lobsters.”
circumstances disconcert; the visitation of
1. Weights and Measures (used as a measure
Statist. Acc. Fife, Dysart. (xii. 521.) (Jamieson.)
God confounds. When wicked men strive to
of capacity): A fixed or customary quantity of
obtain their ends, it is a happy thing when
goods in a sack.
* băg'e, * băğ'ġe, s. [BADGE.] A badge.
their adversaries have sufficient skill and ad 2. Law:
(Prompt. Parv.)
dress to bafle all their arts, and sufficient
(a) Petty Bag Ofice: An office in the Com | * băğ-zard, s. [BADGER.]
power to defeat all their projects ; but some-
mon Law jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery,
times when our best endeavours fail in our in which was a small sack or bag in which băgʻ-gạġe (1) (age = įġ), s. & a. [In Sw.,
own behalf, the devices of men are confounded
were formerly kept all writs relating to Crown Dan., Dut., Ger., Fr., & Sp. bagage; Prov.
by the interposition of Heaven." (Crabb: Eng. business.
bagatge ; Port. bagagem, bagajem ; Ital. bag-
Synon.)
* (6) Clerk of the Petty Bag : The functionary aglia, bagaglie (pl.), bagaglio (sing.). Probably
băf-fle (file = fel), s. [From the verb.) A
who had charge of the writs now described. from Sp. baga = a cord which ties the packs
defeat.
(See the subjoined example.)
upon horses. Or possibly, as Mahn thinks,
"It is the skill of the disputant that keeps off a
"The next clause ordains that at any time after the from 0. Fr. bague; Prov. bagua = a bundle.]
baffle.”-South.
commencement of the Act her Majesty's Treasury
A. As substantive :
may, with the concurrence of the Lord Chancellor and
“The authors having missed of their aims, are fain
the Master of ithe Rolls, abolish the office of Clerk of
to retreat with a frustration and a baffle.”-Ibid.
1. The tents, furniture, utensils, and what-
the Petty Bag, 'notwithstanding that there is no
vacancy in the office.'
ever else is indispensable to the comfort of an
... The oddest part of the
băf-fled (fled = feld), * băf'-fúld, pa. affair is that it has been universally supposed, at least army.
by lay men, that Petty Bag was 'abolished' some years
par. [BAFFLE, v.]
"... yet the baggage was left behind for want of
ago. His name is certainly not to be found in the
"Say, was it thus, with such a baffled mien
beasts to draw it..."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. XV.
list of officers of the Chancery given in the Solicitor's
You met the approaches of the Spartan queen ?”
Diary and Almanack for the current year...
2. The trunks, portmanteaus, and carpet-
Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. iii., 69, 70.
There were once three Clerks of the Petty Bag. The bags which a traveller carries with him on his
"And, by the broad imperious Mole repell’d,
sole survivor is doomed; but, Phoenix-like, he rises
again in the Clerk of the Crown."--Daily Telegraph,
Hark! how the buffled storm indignant roars."
journey; luggage.
Thomson: Liberty, pt. v.
August 4, 1874: The Great Seal.
“... the boiling waves of a torrent which suddenly
whirls away his baggage and forces him to run for his
băff-ler. s. [Eng. bafille): -er.) He who or băg, * băgge, v.t. & i. [From the substantive. ]
life ..."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. xiii.
that which baffles, humiliates, thwarts, or A. Transitive (of the form bag) :
B. As adjective: Used for carrying luggage.
defeats a person, or completely overcomes a 1. To put into a bag.
"... the baggage horses ..." - Macaulay: Hist.
thing.
"Hops ought not to be bagged up hot.”—Mortimer.
Eng., ch. xiii.
• "Experience, that great baffler of speculation, ..."
"A thousand baggage waggons ..."-Ibid., ch. xv.
2. Used by sportsmen of killing and carry-
-Government of the Tongue.
Bag and Baggage (generally used as an ad-
ing home game.
băff-ling, pr. par. & a. (BAFFLE, v.]
verb): With a person's all ; root and branch.
"It was a special sport to find and bag and mark
down the whirring coveys in such ground ..."—Daily
It seems to have been used originally of the
Naut. A baffling wind : One which fre-
Telegraph, Sept. 1, 1879.
defenders of a fort who have surrendered on
quently shifts from one point of the compass
3. To load with a bag. (Only in the pa. par. terms, being allowed to carry out with them
to another.
in the sense of laden.)
their knapsacks and other luggage. From
+ bằf-ling-lý, clo. [Eng. bufting ; -lu.] In
“Like a bee, bagg'd with his honey'd venom,
this it passed to other more or less analogous
Dryden.
He brings it to your hive."
cases.
a manner to baffle. (Webster.)
4. To cram the stomach by over-eating. “And the men were letten pass, bag and baggage,
+ băff-ling-něss, s. [Eng. bafling; -ness.] (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
and the castle casten down to the ground.”-Pitscottie :
James II., p. 34.
The quality of baffling. (Webster.)
5. To gather grain with a hook. [BAGGING.]
“Dolabella designed, when his affairs grew desperate
in Egypt, to pack up bag and baggage, and sail for
6. To distend like a bag.
* băf-fuld, pa. par. [BAFFLED.]
Italy."-Arbuthnot.
B. Intransitive (of the forms bag and bagge) :
The phrase bag and baggage, which had
băg, * băgge, s. [From Gael. bag, balg = a 1. Lit.: To be inflated so as to resemble a
long existed both in English and Scotch, ac-
bag; bag=a bag, a big belly ; bolg = a pair full bag ; to take the form of a full bag.
quired new vitality in 1876, when Mr. Glad-
of bellows, a quiver, a blister, a big belly; "The skin seemed much contracted, yet it bagged,
stone recommended, as a panacea for the
builg=to bubble, to blister ; Wel. balleg =a and had a porringer full of matter in it."— Wiseman.
woes of Bulgaria, that the official part of the
purse ; Norm. Fr. bage = a bag, a coffer ; Low 2. Fig. : To swell with arrogance.
Turkish population should be requested to
Lat. baga = a coffer. In A.S. bælg, bcelig,
“She goeth upright, and yet she halte;
bylig, belg=a bulge, budget, bag, purse, belly;
That baggith foule, and lokith faire.'
remove from that province “bag and baggage."
Chaucer : Dream, i. 1,624. His view on the subject was described by
Ger. balg = a skin, the paunch, a pair of
some newspaper writers as the “bag and
bellows; Goth. balgs = a skin, a pouch; Dan. | * băg pret. of v. big = to build. (0.- Scotch.) baggage " policy.
balf = a sheath, a scabbard.] [BELLY, BULGE.]
[Big, v.]..
A. Ordinary Language :
"My daddie bag his housie well.”
băg-gạģe (2) (aġe=ig), s. [In Fr. bagasse
I. Of sacks, pouches, or anything similar
Jacobite Relics, i. 58. (Jamieson.)
= baggage, worthless woman, harlot; Prov.
manufactured by art:
bạ-gas'-są, s. A genus of Artocarpaceæ baguassa ; Sp. bagasa; Ital. bagascia; from
1. A pouch or small sack, made usually of (Artocarpads). The fruit of one species is 0. Fr. bague, Prov. bagua =a bundle. Or the
cloth or leather, and generally with appliances | eaten in Guiana, where it grows wild.
word may be from baggage (1), implying that
boil, boy; póut, jówl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph= f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion, -cioun = shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhăn. -tious, -sious =shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, del.

394
baggager-baikerinite
băg'-rēef, s. [Eng. bag; reef.]
Naut. : A fourth and lower reef used in the
British Navy.
băg'-rie, s. [Etymology doubtful.] Trash.
(Scotch.)
"I sigh when I look on my thread bare coat,
And shame fa' the gear and the bagrie o't.”
Herd: Coll., ii. 19. (Jamieson.)
ba'-grus, s. [Latin Bagrus, a proper name.]
A genus of fishes of the order Malacopterygii
Abdominales, and the family Siluridæ. None
of the species occur in Britain.
Băg'-shot, s. & a. A village in Surrey, ten
miles south-west of Windsor, which gives its
name to the following.
Bagshot Sands.
Geol. : A series of strata now considered
Middle Eocene.- Mr. Prestwitch, who first gave
them this position, considered them coeval
with the Bracklesham beds. He divides them
into Lower, Middle, and Upper Bagshot Sands.
(Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 1847, vol. iii., pt. i.,
pp. 378 to 399.)
bạ-guết/te, f bạ-guết ( silent), S. [In
Fr. baguette = a switch, a rammer, a drum-
stick, a round moulding; Sp. & Port. baqueta ;
Ital. bacchetta = a rod or mace; from Lat.
baculum, baculus = a stick.] [BACULUM.]
Arch. : A round moulding, smaller in size
than an astragal. It is sometimes carved and
enriched, and is then generally known as a
chaplet. In its plain form it is often called a
bead. [BEAD.]
băg'-wŷn, s. [Etymology doubtful.]
Her.: An imaginary animal, like the heraldic
antelope, but having the tail of a horse and
long horns curved over the ears.
the women of loose character so designated baigner = to bathe ; Lat. balneum, a contrac-
follow among the “baggage” in the rear of an tion of balineum = a bath; Gr. Balavelov
army.]
(balaneion)= a bath or bathing-room. Liddell
1. With imputation on the moral character : and Scott consider it to have a connection
A woman of loose character, specially one
with Báravos (balanos) =an acorn, but do not
following an army.
know in what way.]
“ Hang thee, young baggage, disobedient wretch.” 1. A bath, a bathing establishment, house,
Shakesp. : Romeo and Juliet, iii. 5.
or room.
“When this baggage meets with a man who has
“I have known two instances of malignant fevers
vanity to credit relations, she turns him to account.”
oduced by the hot air of a bagnio."-Arbuthnot on
-Spectator.
Air.
2. Without imputation on the moral character
2. A brothel.
(familiarly): A young girl not worth much.
(Formerly used sometimes in mock censure as
+ 3. In Turkey: A prison for slaves, the
a term of affection.)
name apparently being given to it on account
of the baths which those places of confine-
"Olivia and Sophia, too, promised to write, but
seem to have forgotten me. Tell them they are two
ment contain.
arrant little baggages ..." - Goldsmith: Vicar of
Wakefield.
Băg'-no-lists, Băg-no-lěn'-sï-ans, or
* băg'-ga-ger, s. [Eng. baggag(e); -er.] One Baī-o-lěn'-si-anş, s. pl. [Froin Bagnoles,
engaged in carrying baggage. (Raleigh.)
in Provence.]
Ch. Hist. : A Christian sect existing in the
băg-ga-lą, * băg'-lo, s. [Arab.] [BUDGE twelfth century. They belonged to the branch
ROW.] A two-masted boat, more generally of the Cathari, whose great principle was to
called a dow, used by the Arabs for com admit only a single First Cause. They were
merce and also for piracy in the Indian Ocean. one of the bodies termed Albigenses. [ALBI-
They vary from 200 to 250 tons burthen.
GENSES.] (Mosheim : Ch. Hist., Cent. xii., pt.
ii., ch. 5.)
* băgge, v.i. [BAG, v.i.]
bạ-gô-ms, s. [Lat. Bagonus and Bagods ; Gr.
* băġġe, s. (BADGE.]
Βαγώας (Βαgδας); from a Persian proper name
băgged, pa. par. & a. [BAG, v.t.]
believed to signify an eunuch.) A genus of
1. Gen. : In senses corresponding to those
beetles of the family Curculionidæ, or Weevils.
The species, some of which are British, are
of the verb.
small insects found in marshes.
2. Bot., &c. : Resembling a bag or sack.
Example, the inflated petals of some plants. băg'-pīpe, s. [Eng. bag; pipe. So called
because the wind is received in a bag. A
big-get-ỹ, s. [BAGATY.]
musical instrument which has existed in
băg'-gie, s. [Eng. bag; ie, diminutive suffix.] various parts of the world from an unknown
A small bag.
period of antiquity, but is now associated in
“A guid New-year I wish thee, Maggie!
the minds of the English chiefly with the
Hae, there's a rip to thy auld baggie."
Highlands of Scotland. Though less known
Burns : Auld Farmer to His Auld Mare Maggie.
in Ireland, it is still in use there also. It
* băg'-gi-ěr, s. [Fr. baguier.] A casket.
consists of a large wind-bag made of greased
(Scotch.)
leather covered with woollen cloth, a valved
"A baggier conteining xiii ringis ..."-Inventories
mouth-tube, by which the player inflates it
(1578), p. 265. (Jamieson.)
with his breath, three reed drones, and a
reed chanter, with finger-holes on which the
băg-ging, pr. par., a., & s. [BAG, v.)
tunes are performed. The drones are for the
A. & B. As adj. & particip. adj. : In senses bass, and the chanter, which plays the melody,
corresponding to those of the verb. In the for the tenor or treble. The compass of the
following example with the sense of distended. bagpipe is three octaves.
[See BAG, V., B. 1.]
“And then the bagpipes he could blow.”
“Two kids that in the valley stray'd
Wordsworth: Blind Highland Boy.
I found by chance, and to my fold convey'd :
If we may judge from the following
They drain two bugging udders every day."
Dryden.
passage of Shakespeare, the nationality of this
C. As substantive :
instrument was not so limited in his time as
it is now.
1. The act of making into bags; the state
of being so made.
"... the drone of a Lincolnshire bagpipe.”—
1 Henry IV., i. 2.
2. The act of putting into bags.
3. Cloth, canvas, or other material designed | tbåg'-pipe, v.t. [From
to be made into bags. (Webster.)
the substantive.] To
cause, in some way or
4. A method of reaping grain by the hook,
other, to resemble a
by a striking instead of a drawing cut.
bag-pipe. (Used only
bagging-time, s. [Apparently from the
in the subjoined nauti-
practice of the country people working in the cal phrase.)
fields to have recourse to their bags at a To bagpipe the miz-
certain time for a collation.] Baiting time; zen : To lay the mizzen
feeding time.
aback by bringing it
“... on hoo'll naw cum agen till bagging-time.”
to the mizzen shrouds,
Tim Bobbin, p. 11. (s. in Boucher.) as shown in the accom-
* băg'-ging-ly, *băg'-gyng-ly, adv. [Eng.
panying engraving.
bagging; suff. -ly.] Often held to mean arro-
| băg'-pī-pěr, s. [Eng. BAGPIPING THE
gantly; in a swelling manner, boastfully; but
bag; piper. ] One who MIZZEN.
Tyrwhitt, Stevens, &c., consider it to mean
plays the bagpipe.
squintingly, and with the latter view the con-
“Some that will evermore peep through their eyes,
text is in harmony.
And laugh like parrots at a bagpiper."
"I saugh Envie in that peyntyng,
Shakesp.: Merch. of Venice, i. 1.
Hadde a wondirful lokyng;
For she ne lokide but awrie,
băg'-rāpe, s. [From Icel. baggera bundle (?),
Or overthart, alle baggyngly."
and Scotch rape = rope.] A rope of straw
Chaucer : Romaunt of the Rose, 289—292.
or heath, double the size of the cross-ropes
băg'-gît, pa. par., a., & s. [BAGGED.] (Scotch.)
used in fastening the thatch of a roof. This
A. & B. As participle & particip. adi. : In
is affixed to the cross-ropes, then tied to
senses corresponding to those of the verb in-
what is called the pan-rape, and fastened with
wooden pins to the easing or top of the wall
transitive.
on the other side. (Jamieson.)
B. As substantive (of persons):
1. A term of contempt for a child.
Bạ-grā'-tï-on-īte, s. [Named after its dis-
2. An insignificant little person, a “pesti coverer, P. R. Bagration.) A name given by
lent creature.”
Kokscharof to a mineral which occurs in black
3. A feeble sheep.
crystals at Achmatorsk, in the Ural Moun-
tains. Dana makes it identical with Allanite,
băg'-net, s. [Eng. bag; net.] A net in the and the British Museum Catalogue of Minerals
form of a bag. It is used for catching fish, ranks it as a variety of Orthite, under which
insects, &c.
it places also Allanite. The Bagrationite of
Hermann is the same as Epidote (q.v.).
bag'-ni-ō (g silent), s. [From Ital. bagno
=a bath; bagnio = cistern, bathing-tub. In ba'-gre (gre = ger), S. [BAGRUS. 1 Any
Sp. baño ; Port. banho; Fr. bains (plur.), from fish belonging to the genus Bagrus (q.v.).
WNNNIKALA.V.
WARMINIAIS
NINMI
INN
UA
Ba-ha'-ma, s. & a. [For etym. see def.]
As adjective: From the Bahama Islands in
the West Indies, between lat. 21° to 27° N.,
and long. 71° to 79° W.
Bahama red-wood. The English name
of a plant, Rhamnus colubrina.
bạ-har, barre, s. [Arab. balhân ; from ba-
hara = to charge with a load. (Mahn.). 7 Two
weights which are current in certain parts of
the East Indies.
The Great Bahar is 524 lbs. 9 oz. avoirdupois.
It is used for weighing pepper, cloves, nut-
megs, &c.
The Little Bahar weighs 437 lbs. 9 oz. avoir-
dupois, and is used for weighing quicksilver,
vermilion, ivory, silk, &c.
bahr'-geist (h silent), s. [BARGUEST.]
*bā'-re, s. [Etym. doubtful.] A chiding, a
reproof.
“Let baies amend Cisley or shift her aside.”
Tusser: Husbandry.
bāide, pret. of BIDE. [BIDE, ABIDE.] Waited,
stayed, lived, endured. (Scotch.)
“Oh, gif I kenn'd but where ye baide,
I'd send to you a marled plaid."
Burns: Guidwife of Wauchope House.
* baigne, v.t. [Fr. baigner = to bathe, to
wash.) To soak or drench.
“The women forslow not to baigne them, unless they
plead their heels, with a worse perfume than Jugurth
found in the dungeon."-Carew : Survey of Cornwall.
bağ'-ēr-īte, baī-ēr-īne, s. [From Bayern
or Bairen, the German name of Bavaria.] A
mineral, the same as Columbite (q.v.).
bāik, s. [BECK.] A beck, curtsey ; reverence.
(Scotch.)
“... when Mattie and I gae through, we are fain
to make a baik and a bow, ..."-Scott: Rob Roy, ch.
xxvi.
bāi'-kal-īte, s. [In Ger. Baikalit; from Lake
Baikal, near which it occurs.] A mineral
of a dark dingy-green colour. Dana makes
it a variety of Sahlite, which again is a variety
of Pyroxene. The British Museum Catalogue
classes it as a variety of Diopside.
bāi'-ker-in-īte, s. [Altered from Baikerite
(q.v.).] A mineral, one of the hydrocarbons.
It is' brown in colour, translucent, of a bal-
samic odour, and a taste like that of wood tar.
At 15° C. it is a thick, tar-like fluid, and at
10° C. a crystalline granular deposit in a
viscid, honey-like mass.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, work, whô, sõn; māte, cũb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; trý, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

baikerite-baillie
395
bāi-kēr-ite, s. (From Lake Baikal, near
which it is found.] A wax-like mineral, a
hydro-carbon compound. Besides occurring
in nature, it has been distilled artificially from
mineral coal, peat, petroleum, mineral tar,
&c. It is identical with Ozokerite, or it is a
variety of it.
bāil, * bāile, * bāyle, v.t. & i. [From Fr.
bailler = to give, deliver, put into the hands
of, deal, bestow ; Prov. bailar ; from Lat.
bajulo = (lit.) to bear a burden, to carry any-
thing heavy ; from bajulus = a carrier of a
burden. Blackstone considers that the idea
in bail is that of the Fr. bailer = to deliver,
because the defendant is bailed or delivered
to his sureties. Wedgwood shows that the
word bajulus in mediæval times became = the
bearer of a child, a nurse, and then a tutor, a
guardian. Hence, one bailing another was
assumed by a legal fiction to be his guardian,
who could produce him at will.]
A. Transitive:
I. Ordinary Language :
* 1. To deliver, to set free; to release, to
rescue.
"Ne none there was to reskue her, ne none to baile."
Spenser : F. Q., IV. ix. 7.
2. To deliver in the legal sense. [II. 1. (a), 2. ]
3. To deliver a boat from the unpleasant-
ness, inconvenience, and danger of being filled
with water, by shovelling the latter over-
board.
II. Law :
1. Of persons :
(a) To hand an accused person over to sure-
ties on their giving a bond [BAIL-BOND] that
he will surrender when required to take his
trial. [BAIL.]
“When they had bailed the twelve bishops who
were in the Tower, the House of Commons, in great
indignation, caused them immediately to be re-com-
mitted to the Tower."-Clarendon.
“... to refuse or delay to bail any person bailable
is an offence against the liberty of the subject in any
magistrate, by common law."-Blackstone : Comment.,
bk. iv., ch. 22.
(6) To give security for the appearance of
an accused person.
. what satisfaction or indemnity is it to the
to seize the effects of them who have bailed a
murderer, if the murderer himself be suffered to escape
with impunity?"-Blackstone: Comment., bk. iv., ch.
22.
2. Of things: To deliver anything to another
in trust for some purpose, as, for instance, to
give over to some Bethnal Green silk-weaver
material to be woven. The person who re-
ceives the trust is called the bailee (q.v.).
B. Intransitive: To admit to bail.
"Lastly, it is agreed that the Court of King's Bench
(or any judge thereof in time of vacation) may bail
for any crime whatsoever.”—Blackstone: Comment.,
bk. iv., ch. 22.
practice being to arrest persons who now
would only be summoned, an excuse was re-
quired for again letting those go against
whom the charge was trivial. So, with all
gravity, there were accepted as their securities
John Doe and Richard Roe, two mythic per-
sonages whom no one had ever seen in the
flesh, and who were known to be utterly un-
producible if the friend for whose appearance
they became responsible thought fit to decamp.
If the charge was a more serious one, Special
Bail, called also Bail above, was requisite;
it was that of substantial men, and in this
case no shadowy personages would do. The
Act 2 Will. IV., c. 39, § 2, so altered the form
of process that the necessity for Messrs. Doe
and Roe's services was at an end; and the
Common Procedure Act, 15 and 16 Vict., c. 76,
passed in 1852, completed the change which
the former Act had begun.
bail-court, s. Formerly, a court auxi-
liary to that of Queen's Bench. It was called
also the Practice Court.
bāil (2), s. [In Dut. balie = a bar, a tub; Ger.
balie = a half tub; Fr. balise = a sea-mark, a
buoy, a beacon, a floating-beacon, a quay, a
water-mark; baille = a barrier, a barricade, a
large sea tub or bucket. Wedgwood believes
it cognate with pale, s. Compare also bailey.]
1. Plural: Hoops to bear up the tilt of a
boat. (Glossog. Nov.).
2. The handle of a kettle or similar vessel.
According to Forby, it is used in Staffordshire
specially for the handle of a pail or the bow
of a scythe.
3. A certain limit within a forest. (Webster.)
4. A division between the stalls of a stable.
(Loudon, Worcester, &c.)
+ bāil (3), * bāyl, s. [From Lat. ballium.
(BAILEY.) Wedgwood conjoins this word
with the preceding one.] The same as BAILEY
(q.v.).
bāil (4), S. (Lat. baculus =a staff.] One of
the top or cross-pieces of the wicket in the
game of cricket.
"And do hereby grant full power and commission
to the sheriff-principal of Air and his deputies, the
Bailie-depute of the Bailiary of Cuningham, and
commanding officer of the forces ..."-Wodrow, ii.
236.
† 2. The extent of the jurisdiction of a
sheriff.
“That ilk schiref of the realme sould gar wapin-
schawing be maid foure tymes ilk yeir, in als mony
places as war speidfull within his Baillierie."--Acts,
Jas. I. (1425), ch. 67 (ed. 1566).
Letter of Bailiary: A commission by which
an heritable proprietor appointed a baron
baillie to office in the district over which the
proprietor had feudal sway.
bāi'-lìe, s. [BAILLIE.]
băi'-lịff, s. [In Dut. baljuw. From Old Fr.
bailiff ; Fr. bailli = bailiff, inferior judge, sene-
schal; bailleur = agent, governor; bailler =
to give, deliver, put into the hands of; Prov.
bailieu; Port. bailio =a bailiff; Ital. balivo;
Low Lat. baillivus, ballivus, bajulus= a peda-
gogue, a tutor of children; Class. Lat. bajulus
=a porter. Cognate with O. Fr. baillir; Prov.
bailir=to govern; Ital. balire=to bring up,
to govern; balidto, balia = power, authority;
also with bailo= a kind of magistrate, and
balia = a nurse. (BAIL, BAILLIE.) The es-
sential meaning is a person entrusted by a
superior with power of superintendence.]
I. Gen.: An officer appointed for the ad-
ministration of justice in a certain bailiwick
or district. The sheriff is the king's bailiff,
whose business it is to preserve the rights of
the king within his “bailiwick" or county.
[BAILIWICK.]
"... the hundred is governed by an high constable
or bailiff."-Blackstone : Comment., Introd., § 4. See
also bk. i., ch. 9.
II. Specially:
1. The governor of a castle belonging to the
king.
2. A sheriff's officer. Bailiffs are either
bailiffs of hundreds or special bailiffs.
(a) Bailiffs of Hundreds are officers appointed
by the sheriff over the districts so called, to
collect fines, to summon juries, to attend the
judges and justices at the assizes and quarter
sessions, and to execute writs and process.
(6) Special Bailiffs are men appointed for
their adroitness and dexterity in hunting and
seizing persons liable to arrest. They assist
the bailiffs of hundreds in important work for
which the latter have no natural aptitude or
acquired skill. Special bailiffs being com-
pelled to enter into an obligation for the
proper discharge of their duty are sometimes
called bound-bailiffs, a term which the com-
mon people have corrupted into a more homely
appellation. [BUM-BAILIFF.] (Blackstone: Com-
ment., bk. i., ch. 9.)
Formerly bailiffs of liberties, or franchises,
were functionaries appointed by each lord
within his liberty to execute process, and
generally to do such work as the bailiffs
errant were wont to do in larger districts.
bāi'-17-wick, s. [From 0. Fr. baillie = the
jurisdiction of a bailiff, and A.S. suff. -wic=a
dwelling, station, village, castle, or bay; as
Alnwick = the dwelling or village on the Aln;
Greenwich = the green village, and Norwich
= the north village or dwelling. (Bosworth.)
In Ger. baillift and Fr, bailliage are = a baili.
wick.] The precincts within which a bailiff
possesses jurisdiction. Specially-
1. A county.
“As the king's bailiff, it is his [the sheriff's] business
to preserve the rights of the king within his bailiwick :
for so his county is frequently called in the writs : a
word introduced by the princes of the Norman line,
in imitation of the French, whose territory is divided
into bailiwicks, as that of England into counties." -
Blackstone: Comment., bk. i., ch. 9.
2. A liberty exempted from the jurisdiction
of the sheriff of a county, and over which the
lord appoints his own bailiff, with the sanie
power within his precincts as that which
an under-sheriff exercises under the sheriff
of a county. (Blackstone : Comment., bk. ii.,
ch. 3.)
bāil-li-age (age=ig), s. [Fr.] The term
in French corresponding to BAILIWICK in
English.
bāil-lìe (1), bāi'-lìe, * bāi'-lý, s. [From
Fr. bailli.] [BAILIFF.]
* A. (Of the forms baily and baillie): A
bailiff; a steward.
"Also that the seriaunts be made by the Baillies
he same day of eleccyon."-Eng. Guilds (Early
Eng. Text Soc.), p. 395.
bāil (1), * bāile, * bāyle, s. [In Fr. bail=
a lease, tenure; O. Fr. bail, baile= a guar-
dian, an administrator.] [BAIL, V., BAILLIE,
BAILIFF.]
A. Ordinary Language:
* 1. Custody.
"So did Diana and her maydens all,
Use silly Faunus now within their baile."
Spenser: F. Q., VII. vi. 49.
2. In the same sense as B. 1, 2.
B. Law :
1. Of persons : Those who stand security for
the appearance of an accused person at the
fitting time to take his trial. The word is a
collective one, and not used in the plural.
They were so called because formerly the
person summoned was baillé, that is, given
into the custody of those who were security
for his appearance.
“And if required, the bait must justify themselves
in court."-Blackstone : Comment., bk. iii., ch. 19.
2. Pecuniary security given by responsible
persons that an individual charged with an
offence against the law will, if temporarily
released, surrender when required to take his
trial.
"... or give bait, that is, put in securities for his
appearance, to answer the charge against him.”-
Blackstone : Comment., bk, iv., ch. 22.
To admit to bail : To permit security to be
tendered for one, and, if sufficient, accept it.
“The trial of Käso for this new charge is postponed,
and he is admitted to bair.”—Lewis : Early Rom. Hist.,
ch. xii., pt. iii., § 37.
Several kinds of bail either exist or did so
formerly at common law. An important one,
of which much use was once made, was that
called Common Bail, or Bail below. The old
bāil'-a-ble, a. [Eng. bail; -able.]
1. Of persons : Having committed only such
an offence as to allow of one's being admitted
to bail.
“In civil cases we have seen that every defendant
is bailable."-Blackstone : Comment., bk. iv., ch. 22.
2. Of offences: Not so serious but that one
committing it may be admitted to bail.
"... which offences are not bailable."— Blackstone :
Conment., bk. iv., ch. 22.
bāil-bond, s. [Eng. bail; bond.]
Law : A bond or obligation entered into
before the sheriff by one or more sureties,
who by it engage that an accused person shall
surrender at the proper time to take his trial.
(Blackstone : Comment., bk. iii., ch. 19.)
* bāile, v. & s. [BAIL (1).]
bāiled, pa. par. & d. [BAIL, v.]
bāi-lēe, s. [Eng. bail; -ee.] One to whom
goods are entrusted for a specific purpose by
another person called the bailer or bailor.
“For as such bailee is responsible to the bailor, if the
goods are lost or damaged ..."-Blackstone : Com-
ment., bk. ii., ch. 30.
bāil-ěr, bāil-or, s. [Eng. bail; -er, -or.]
One who entrusts another person called the
bailee with goods for a specific purpose. (See
example under BAILEE.)
bāi'-ley, s. [In Fr. baille ; Low Lat. ballium
=(1) a work fenced with palisades, or some-
times with masonry, covering the suburbs of
a town to constitute a defence to it; (2) the
space immediately within the outer wall of a
castle. (James.).] [BAIL (3).]
* 1. Formerly: The courts of a castle formed
by the spaces between the outward wall and
the keep.
2. Now : A prison, or any modern structure
situated where such courts previously existed,
as the Old Bailey in London.
bail-\-ar-bãil-li-ễr-le, * bãyl-ễr-
ſe, s. [Scotch baillie ; Eng. suff. -ary.]
In Scotland:
1. The extent of a bailee's jurisdiction.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
cian=shạn. -cion, -tion, -sion=shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhŭn. tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

396
baillie-baiting
Spenser : F.Q.
B. (Of the form baillie or bailie):
bāin'-ly, adv. [Old Eng. bain ; and suff. -ly.] A. Transitive:
In Scots Law:
Readily.
I. Of a “bite” of food or other attraction,
"And he as bainly obeyed to the buerne his eme.".
† 1. An officer or other person named by a
given with insidious design:
Destruct. of Troye, f. 4, M.S. (S. in Boucher.)
proprietor to give infeftment.
1. Lit.: To place upon a hook some food
bai-ram, s. [Turk. baïram, beïram ; Pers.
2. A municipal functionary, in rank next
attractive to the fishes or other animals which
above a town-councillor. In most respects
bayrâm.] A great Mohammedan festival, it is designed to catch. Or similarly to place
following immediately on the Ramadan or food upon or in a trap, or otherwise expose it,
his functions are the same as those of an
Rhamazan, the month of fasting, and believed
alderman in England. He acts as a magistrate.
with the view of luring certain animals into
to have been instituted in imitation of the the loss of their lives or liberty.
Christian Easter. It is called also Id-al-Fitr
* bāil'-lïe (2), * bāi'-lýe, s. [Old Fr. baillie =
“Many sorts of fishes feed upon insects, as is well
= the Festival of the Interruption, as “inter known to anglers, who bait their hooks with them.”-
the jurisdiction of a bailiff; from O. & Mod.
rupting," or, more accurately, terminating, a
Ray.
Fr. bailler = to deliver; Ital. balia, baliato =
four-weeks' fast. The rejoicings should extend
2. Fig.: To put in one's way some object
power, authority ; Low Lat. bailia=guardian-
one day, but are generally run through a
of attraction with the object of gaining the
ship.] [BAIL, BAILIFF, BAILLIE (1).] Care,
second one. Seventy days later is held a
mastery over him.
management; government of, custody, guar-
lesser Bairam, called Id-al-Azha and Kurbân “O cunning enemy, that to catch a saint
dianship.
Bairâm = the Festival of the Sacrifices. It is
With saints doth bait thy hook ! Most dangerous
" Than drede had in her baillie
Is that temptation that dot h goad us on
The keeping of the constablerie
in commemoration of Abraham's willingness
To sin in loving virtue."
Toward the North."
to offer his son Isaac in sacrifice, and lasts
Shakesp. : Meas. for Meas., ii. 3.
Chaucer : Rom. of the Rose, 4,217. (Boucher.)
four days.
II. Of a “bite” of food given with no in-
bāil'-lì-ěr-ïe, s. [BAILIARY.] (Scotch.)
“Millions of lamps proclaim'd the feast
sidious design : To give provender for the
Of Bairam through the boundless East."
purpose of refreshment to horses or other
bāil-měnt, s. [Eng. bail; -ment. Not from
Byron : The Giaour.
animals at some halting-place on a journey.
Fr. bâillement, which is = yawning, gasping,
*bäir'-măn, s. [O. Eng. bair = bare ; and "In the middle of the day we baited our horses at
... hiatus.]
man.]
a little inn called the Weatherboard." --Darwin :
Old Law: A poor insolvent debtor, left Voyage round the World, ch. xix.
1. Of the delivery of things : The act of de-
“bare” of property, and who had to swear in III. Of the incitement of dogs to bite an
livering goods in trust, or the state of being
court that he was not worth more than 5s. 5d. animal :
so delivered, upon a contract expressed or
1. Lit.: To set dogs upon an animal to
implied that the trust shall be faithfully exe- bäirn (Scotch and 0. Eng.), * bärn, bärne,
cuted on the part of the bailee. Thus one (0. Eng.), s. [A.S. bearn. In Sw., Icel., Dan.,
worry it, perhaps to death.
may give cloth in bailment to a tailor to O.S., & Goth. barn = a child. From A.S.
“ Who seeming sorely chaffed at his band,
make into a coat, or a parcel to a carrier to beran = to bear.] [BEAR, BORN.] A child,
As chained bear whom cruel dogs do bait,
With idle force did fain them to withstand."
be delivered to a third party to whom it whether male or female.
is addressed.
A. Of the forms barn and barne:
2. Fig.: Greatly to harass or persecute.
"Baitment, from the French bailler, to deliver, is a
“And bringeth forth barnes ayens for-boden lawes."
hunted to the last asylum, and baited into a
delivery of goods in trust upon a contract expressed
Piers Plowman, p. 178. (S. in Boucher.)
mood in which men may be destroyed, but will not
or implied that the trust shall be faithfully executed
B. Of the form bairn (Old English & Scotch.)
easily be subjugated.”—Macaulay : Hist. Eng. ch. xii.
on the part of the bailee."-Blackstone : Comment.,
bk. ii., ch. 30.
B. Intrans. : To stop at an inn or any other
“Which they dig out fro’ the dells,
2. Of the delivery of persons : The act of
For their bairns' bread, wives' and sells'.”
place for the purpose of taking refreshment or
delivering an accused person to those who are
Ben Jonson, Underwoods, vii. 51. (S. in Boucher.) obtaining provender for man and beast.
"... the bonny bairn, grace be wi' it."-Scott :
responsible for his appearance; the state of
“In all our journey from London to his house, we
Guy Mannering, ch. iii.
did not so much as bait at a Whig inn."-Addison :
being so delivered.
Spectator.
"... a delivery or bailment of a person to his sure-
bairns' part, s.
ties upon their giving (together with himself) sufficien
Scots Law: A third part of a deceased per-| bait (2), v.i. [Fr. battre; Old Fr. batre=to
security for his appearance."-Blackstone : Comment.,
bk. iv., ch, 22.
son's movable effects, due to the children when beat; Sp. batir ; Port. bater; Ital. battere;
their mother survives. Should she be dead, Lat. battuo = to beat.] [BEAT, v.] To flap
bāil-or, s. [BAILER.]
they receive one-half in place of one-third.
the wings; to flutter. (Used of hawks or
other birds of prey.) [BAITING, s.]
bāil'-piēçe, s. [Eng. bail; piece.]
* bairn-team (Eng.), bairn-time
"Another way I have to man my haggard,
Law: The slip of parchment on which are
(Scotch), s. A progeny; a family of children ;
To make her come, and know her keeper's call
That is, to watch her as we watch these kites
a brood.
recorded the obligations under which those
That bait and beat and will not be obedient."
bailing an accused person come before he is
“Thae bonnie bairntime Heav'n has lent,
Still higher may they heeze ye.”
Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew, iv, 1.
surrendered to their custody. (Blackstone :
Burns : A Dream.
Comment., bk. iii., ch. 19.)
bairns-woman, s.
bāit, * bāite, * bāyte, * bāight, * bêyght
A child's maid; a
* bãi-lý, S. [BAILLIE.]
(gh silent), s. [In Sw. bete = pasture grazing,
dry nurse. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
bait, lure; Icel. beita = food ; beit = pasture.]
* bāin (1), bāyn (1), bāvne, a. Icelbeinn: bä'irn-li-ness, s. [Old. Eng. & Scotch
I. Of food or anything else attractive given
A.S. bugan = to bow, bend, stoop,... submit,
bairn ; suff. -i = ly; and -ness.] Childish-
with insidious design:
yield.]
ness. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
1. Literally: Whatever is used as an allure-
1. Lit. : Flexible. (Now only provincial.) bằirn-lý, a. [O. Eng. & Scotch bair ; ment to make fish or other animals take a
2. Figuratively :
-ly; In Sw. barnslig.] Childish; having the hook, or come within the operation of a net,
(1) Ready; prompt.
manners of a child. (Scotch.)
snare, or trap of any kind.
“Thinking the play of fortune bairnely sport.”
“The pleasant'st angling is to see the fish
.. that were bayn
To serve Sir Tristrem swithe."
*Muses Thren., p. 116. (Jamieson.)
Cut with her golden oars the silver stream,
And greedily devour the treacherous bait."
Sir Tristrem, i. 65. | bā'iş-dlie, adv. [Scotch bazed ; suff. -lie=
Shakesp. : Much Ado about Nothing, iii. 1.
(2) Obsequious, complying ; submissive. Eng. -lie. Like one bazed.] [BAZED.] In a (a) Gen.: Anything constituting the natural
• To me was he wont to be bain."
state of stupefaction or confusion. (Scotch.) | food of fishes ; a worm, for instance, put on a
Cursor Mundi. (S. in Boucher.)
(Jamieson.)
hook.
"To Goddez wylle I am ful baune
It is opposed to an artificial “fly.”
Gawayn and the Green Knyght, 3,879. (S. in Boucher.)
“Amaisdlie and the baisdlie,
(6) Spec. : A contraction for WHITEBAIT
Richt bissilie they ran."
* bāin (2), * bāyn (2), a. [Ger. ban=a smooth
Burel : Pilg. (Watson's Collec.), ii. 20.
(q.v.).
and beaten road; or Sw. bana = to clear, to
* bāişe-māins, s. [In Fr. baisemain = kiss-
2. Fig.: An allurement of any kind, de-
pave, to prepare the way.]
signed to ensnare one, or at least to bring his
ing of hands at a feudal ceremony, indicating
Of a road: Ready; near. (N. of England
will under the control of the person laying
affectionate loyalty: baiser = to kiss, and
the “bait.”
provincial dialect.)
mains = hands. 1 The act of kissing the hands
“Fruit like that
bāin, * bāine, * bāyne, * bāigne (9 to, the act of complimenting of an inferior to
Which grew in Paradise, the bait of Eve
Used by the tempter.”
silent), v.t. & i.
a superior. (Skinner.)
Milton: P. L., bk. x.
[Fr. baigner = to bathe,
“They at once applied goads to its anger, and held
swim, soak in; Sp. banar; Port. banhar ;
*bāiske, a. [Sw. barsh =stern, fierce, ter out baits to its cupidity."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch.
Ital. bagnare= to wet, to wash; bagnarsi =
rible; Ger. barsch ; Fr. brusque; Port. & Ital.
xxv.
to bathe, to wash one's self; Low Lat. balneo ;
brusco = sour, tart.] [BRUSQUE.] Sour.
II. Of food given or taken with no insidious
from Lat. balneum= a bath.]
"For the froite of itt is soure,
design : Food or drink taken on a journey for
A. Trans. : To wash, to bathe; to wet.
And baiske and bittere of odoure"
purpose of refreshment.
MS. Cott. Faust., bk. vi., f. 123 6. (s. in Boucher.)
“And when salt teares do bayne my breast.”.
Surry. (s. in Boucher.) | bāiss, v.t. [BASTE.] (Scotch.)
bā'it-ed, pa. par. & d. [BAIT, v.]
B. Intrans. : To bathe one's self.
“... and lead him on with a fine baited delay, till
| * bāist, * bāyst, s. [See ABASH.] Abashed, he hath pawn'd his horses to mine host of the Garter."
“In virgin's blood doth baine."
-Shakesp.: Merry Wives of Windsor, ii. 1.
Phaer: Virgil, p. 260. (Boucher.)
alarmed.
“Gawan gotz to the gome
* bāin (1), * bāine, * bāyne, * bāigne (g
With giserne in honde,
bāith, a. & pro. [BOTH.] (Scotch.)
And he baldly hym bydes
silent), s. [Fr. bain = bath, bathing, bathing-
He bayst neuer the helder."
bā'it-îng, pr. par., a., & s. [BAIT (1).]
tub, bathing-machine, bathing-place: Sp. baño;
Gawayn and the Green Knyght, 685. (S. in Boucher.)
A. & B. As present participle & participial
Ital. bagno = a bath ; bagnio =ą cistern, a bāit (1) * bāite, *bāyte, * bāight,
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
bathing-tub.] [BAIN, v.t.] A bath.
* bêyght (gh silent), v.t. & i. (A.S. batan the verb.
.. and never would leave it off but when he | (t.)= to lay a bait for a fish; beta = to pasture,
“But our desire's tyrannical extortion
went into the stew or bain."-Holland : ?liny, ii. 70. to feed, to graze, to unharness, to tan; Dan.
Doth force us there to set our chief delightfulness,
“... a bayne of things aperitive or opening, .
bede (i.)=to bait, to rest, to refresh ; Ger.
Where but a baiting place is all our portion.”
Vigoe : Anatomie. (Boucher.)
Sidney.
baizen = to bait. From A.S. bitan = to bite.
* bãin (2), s. [BAN.]
(BITE.) Wedgwood believes all the significa-
C. As substantive :
tions here given to be modifications of the 1. The act of placing bait upon a hook or
* bāineş, s. [BANNS.]
idea of biting.]
on or in a trap.
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whất, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pīne, pīt, sïre, sîr, marîne; gó, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cūr, rûle, full; trý, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

baittle-balænoptera
397
2. The act of harassing some large or power- | bā'-ker, s. [Eng. bak(e); -er: A.S. becere;
ful animal by means of dogs; the state of Icel. bakari; Sw. bagare; Dan. bager; Dut.
being so harassed.
bakker; Ger. bäcker, becker:] One whose occu-
pation is to bake bread, biscuits, &c.
bāit-tle (tle =tel), s. [BATTEL, a.] Rich
“There was not a baker's shop in the city round
pasture. (Scotch:)
which twenty or thirty soldiers were not constantly
prowling."- Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii.
bāize, * bāyeş, s. [In Sw. boj; Dan. bay;
Dut. baai ; Fr. bayette, baïette, apparently
* baker-foot, s. A foot like that of a
from baie = berry ; Sp. bayeta; Port. baeta;
baker, by which was meant a badly-shaped
Ital. baietta.] A coarse woollen stuff like
or distorted foot. (Bp. Taylor.)
flannel. Crabb says, “The name and the
* baker-legged, a. Having legs like
thing were introduced into England by the
those of a baker, by which was meant legs
Flemish refugees.”
bending forward at the knees. (Webster.)
“And I could mark they toiled to raise
A scaffold, hung with sable baize."
* baker's dozen. [Dr. Brewer (Dict.
Scott : Rokeby, vi. 10.
of Phrase and Fable) says, “When a heavy
baj'-ar-dôur, s. [Lat. bajulator.] A bearer penalty was inflicted for short weight, bakers
of any weight or burden. (Jacob.)
used to give a surplus number of loaves,
called the inbread, to avoid all risk of incur-
* băj'-u-lāte, v.t. [From Lat. bajulus = a
ring the fine.”] Thirteen, that being assumed
carrier, a porter.] Īo carry anything, and to be the number of witches who sat down
specially grain, from one place to another
together at dinner on the Lord's day, even
with the view of selling it at a profit. [BAD-
as it was the number who were at that last
GER, BADGERING.]
Passover supper which immediately preceded
“... they had provisions at reasonable prices, the betrayal of Christ. Thirteen was also
which, had the roads been better, higglers would have
called the “ devil's dozen."
bajulated to London."— Fuller : Worthies ; Sussex.
băj'-ų-rēe, baj'-rēe, baj'-rą, or baj'-
baker's-itch, s. A disease, a species of
ų-rý, s. [In Mahratta bajuree.] The name
tetter (Psoriasis pistoria = baker's psoriasis).
[PSORIASIS.] It is found on the backs of the
given in many parts of India to a kind of
hands of bakers and cooks, and arises partly
grain (Holcus spicatus), which is extensively
from exposure to the heat of the fire, and
cultivated.
partly from the irritation produced by the
bāke, * băkke, * băcke (pret. bāked, continued contact of flour upon the skin.
* boke; pa. par. bāked, † bā'-ken, bãº-kẽr-ỹ, * bãºk-kế-ỹ, S. [Eng. baker;
* bākt), v.t. & i. [A.S. bacan = to bake. -y. A.S. bæcern. In Sw. bageri ; Dut: bak-
In Sw. & Icel. baka; Dan. bage; Dut. bakken; kerij ; Ger, bäckerei.]
Ger. backen ; O. H. Ger. pachan; Russ. peshtshi
1. The trade or calling of a baker.
= to bake ; peku = I bake; Pol. piec = to
bake; Sansc. patsh = to bake.]
2. A bakehouse, a place where bread is
A. Transitive:
made.
1. To dry and harden in an oven, under + bā'ke-stēr, s. [Eng. bake, and suffix -ster.
which a fire has been lit, or by means of any A.S. becestre=(1) a woman who bakes, (2) a
similar appliance for imparting a regulated baker.]
amount of heat. (Used of bread, potatoes, or
1. Originally (fem. only): A female baker.
other articles of food.)
(Old English.)
“... yea, he kindleth it, and baketh bread; ..."-
Isa. xliv. 15.
2. Subsequently (masc: & fem.): A baker of
"And the people went about, and gathered it [the
either sex. (Obsolete in England, but still
manna), and ground it in inills, or beat it in a mortar, existing in parts of Scotland.)
and baked it in pans, ..."-Numb. xi, 8.
The name Baxter is simply bakester dif-
2. To harden by means of fire in a kiln, in a
ferently spelled.
pit, &c., or by the action of the sun. (Used
of bricks, earth, the ground, geological strata,
băk'-gard, s. [Scotch bak = Eng. back; and
or anything similar.)
Scotch gard=Eng. guard.] A rear-guard.
“ A hollow scoop'd, I judge, in ancient time,
(Scotch.)
For baking earth, or burning rock to lime."
Cowper : The Needless Alarm.
“The Erle Malcom he bad byd with the staill,
“The lower beds in this great pile of strata have
To folow thaim, a bakgarii for to be.".
been dislocated, baked,crystallised, and almost
Wallace, ix. 1,742, MS. (Jamieson.)
blended together.”—Darwin : Voyage round the World,
ch. xv.
bā'-kie, s. [Eng. bake; -ie.] The name given
3. To harden by means of cold.
to a kind of peat. (Scotch.)
"The earth ... is baked with frost."-Shakesp. :
“When brought to a proper consistence, a woman,
Tempest, i. 2.
on each side of the line, kueads or bakes this paste
B. Intransitive:
into masses of the shape and size of peats, and spreads
them in rows on the grass. From the manner of
1. To perform the operation of baking on the operation, these peats are called Bakies.”—Dr.
any one occasion or habitually.
Walker : Prize Essays, Highl. Soc., § ii., 124. (Jamie-
“I keep his house, and I wash, wring, brew, bake,
scour, dress meat, and make the beds, and do all my bā'-kững, pr. par., d., & s. [BAKE, v.]
self."-Shakesp. : Merry Wives, i. 4.
2. To become dry and hard through the
A. & B. As present participle & participial
action of heat, or from some similar cause.
adjective : In senses corresponding to those of
“ Fillet of a fenny snake,
the verb:
In the cauldron boil and bake."
B. As substantive :
Shakesp. : Macbeth, iv. 1.
1. The act or process of applying heat to
bāke, a. [Contracted from baked (q.v.).]
unfired bread, bricks, &c:
Baked. (An adjective existing only in com-
2. The quantity of bread produced at one
position.) [BAKEHOUSE, BAKE-MEATS.]
operation. [BATCH.]
bāked, pa. par. & a. [BAKE, v.]
“... hills of baked and altered clay-slate.”Darwin:
baking-dish, s. A dish for baking.
Voyage round the World, ch. x.
baking-pan, s. A pan for baking.
baked meats. The same as BAKE-
MEATS (q.v.).
baking-powder, s: A powder used in
“There be some houses wherein sweetmeats will
baking as a substitute for yeast. It consists
relent, and baked meats will mould, more than others." of tartaric acid, bicarbonate of soda, and rice
-Bacon.
or potato flour. These ingredients must be
bā'ke-house, * bā'k-howse, s. [Eng. bake;
powdered and dried separately, and then
house. A.S. buechus; Dan. bagerhuus.] A
thoroughly mixed together. The flour is
house in which baking operations are carried
added to keep the powder dry, and prevent it
on.
absorbing moisture from the atmosphere. As
“I have marked a willingness in the Italian artizans
the combination of tartaric acid with bicar-
to distribute the kitchen, pantry, and bake-house
bonate of soda produces tartrate of soda,
under ground."-Wotton.
which is an aperient, it would be better if
manufacturers of baking powders would sub-
bā'ke-mēats, s. pl. [Eng. bake, and meats.]
stitute sesquicarbonate of ammonia for the
Meats baked.
bicarbonate of soda. Baking powders are
"And in the uppermost basket there was of all
generally free from adulteration, although
manner of bake-meats for Pharaoh ...”—Gen. xl. 17.
alum has sometimes been found, but in very
ť bā'-ken, pa. par. & a. [BAKE, v.] (Obsoles minute quantity.
cent.)
“... a cake baken on the coals, ..."-1 Kings xix. 6. 1 * băkk, s. [In Ger. backe.] A check.
" Than brayde he brayn wod and alle his bakkes rente,
His beard and his bright fax for bale he to twight.”
William and the Werwolf, p. 76. (S. in Boucher.)
* băk-pan-êr, s. [O. Eng. bak = the back,
and paner = pannier.] A pannier carried on
the back.
“First xii. c. paneyres; cc. fyre panpes, and xxv.
other fyre pannes.... Item v.c. bakpaners al gar-
nished, cc. lauternes."-Caxton: Vegecius, Sig. i., v. b.
(S, in Boucher.)
băk'-shēesh, băk'-shîsh, būk'-shēish,
băck'-shîsh, băck'-shēesh (the vowel
of the first syllable has a sound intermediate
between a and u, nearer the latter than the
former), s. [Arab. & Pers. bakhshish = a
present; from bakhshidan = to give.] A gra-
tuity.
“... every fresh nomination is productive of fresh
baksheesh to the unworthy minions of the harem.”—
Times, 20th April, 1876.
In Egypt and other parts of the Turkish
empire (not, as is sometimes said, in India),
the traveller has scarcely set foot on shore
before clamours for “baksheesh” on the most
frivolous pretexts, or in simple beggary, with-
out pretext at all, assail his ears from every
quarter. “Baksheesh” is the first Arabic
word with which he becomes acquainted, and
he acquires it unwillingly. It will be for his
interest, as soon as possible, in self-defence,
to learn three words more—“lā shy hû,"
meaning, “there is none.”
* băk'-stāle, s. [O. Eng. bak = back, and
perhaps A.S. stellan = to spring, leap, or
• dance.] Backwards.
“Bakward or bakstale; a retro ..."-Prompt. Parv.
* băi, s. [A.S. bæl= (1) a funeral pile, (2) a
burning; Icel. baal = a strong fire.] [BAAL,
BELTANE.] A flame.
“Drif thaim down in to the hell,
And dunt the develes theder in,
In thair bal al for to brin."
Cursor Mundi, MS. Edin., f. 76. (S. in Boucher.)
ba'-lą, s. [Celt. bal = place (?). In Goth. also
hal is = domicile, a residence, a seat, a villa;
froin bo = to go.]
Geog.: A small market town in the north
of Wales, in the county of Merioneth.
Bala limestone, s.
Geol. : The appellation given by Professor
Sedgwick to a calcareous deposit occurring in
the vicinity of Bala. Its age is nearly that
of Murchison's Llandeilo Rocks in the older
part of the Lower Silurians. [LLANDEILO
Rocks.]
* băl'-ad, * băl'-ade, s. [BALLAD.]
ba-læ'-ną, s. [Lat. balana ; Ital. balena;
Port. balêa, boleia; Sp. ballena; Fr, baleine;
Gr. pádlalva (phallaina), bádalva (phalaina),
pálin (phallē), párn (phalé); O. H. Ger. wal;
Mod. Ger. walifisch; Dut. walvisch ; Dan.
hvalfisk ; Sw. hval; Icel. hvalr; A.S. hwal ;
Eng. whale (q.v.).]
son.)
THE GREENLAND WHALE.
Zool. : The typical genus of the family Balæ-
nidæ (q.v.). There is no fin on the back. B.
mysticetus is the common Greenland or Right
Whale ; B. australis is the corresponding
species in the Southern Hemisphere. [WHALE.]
bạ-la-ni-do, S. pl. [From Lat. balcen(a);
and suff. -idæ.]
Zool.: The true whales, the most typical
family of the order Cetacea and the sub-order
Cete. They are known by the absence of
teeth and the presence in their stead of a
horny substance called whalebone, or baleen.
The family contains two genera, Balæna and
Balænoptera (q.v.).
băl-æ-nop'-ter-ą, s. [Lat. balanara whale,
and Gr. Trepóv (pteron) = a feather, a wing,
or anything like one-a fin, for example.]
boil, boy; pout, jówl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion=shủn; -ţion, -şion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious, -cious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c.=bel, del.

398
balade-balance
Fin-backed Whales. A genus of Balænidæ, | the beam is horizontal, the centre of gravity that it did formerly. Those who advocate
characterised by the possession of a soft of the instrument should be in the same it have no other ambition than to maintain
dorsal fin, and by the shortness of the plates vertical line with the edge of the fulcrum, but the “status quo,” however arbitrary or ob-
of baleen. Balænoptera Boops, the Northern a little beneath the latter. A good balance solete. They are logically bound to condemn
Rorqual, or Fin-fish, called by sailors the possesses both sensibility and stability. A the resurrection of Italy, the unification of
Finner, is not rare in the British seas. It is balance is said to be sensible which so easily Germany, the destruction of the Pope's tem-
the largest of known animals, sometimes revolves upon its fulcrum that, when in equi poral power, and the curtailment of Turkey-
reaching 100 feet in length. A somewhat poise, the addition of the minutest particle of events which have reconstructed a great por-
smaller species, B. musculus, inhabits the matter to one scale makes it sensibly move. tion of Continental Europe on a basis more
Mediterranean.
It is stable when, owing to the low position of natural than that previously existing, and
the centre of gravity, it does not long oscillate therefore more likely to maintain itself spon-
* băl-ade, s. [BALLAD.]
on being disturbed. This first type of balance taneously, in place of requiring, at intervals,
băl'-ançe, * băl'-lâunce, s. [In Dut. ba may be modified in various ways.
a great expenditure of blood and treasure to
lans; Ger. (in Mech.) + balance ; Fr. balance ;
(a) A false balance of this type is one in prevent it from being overturned.
Prov. balans, balanza; Sp. balanza; Ital.
which the arms are unequal in length, the
balance-beams, s. pl. Beams consti-
bilancia ; Lat. bilan = having two scales :
longer one being on the side of the scale into
bi (in compos. only)= two, and lanx = (1) a
which the article to be weighed is to be put.
tuting part of the machinery for lowering a
plate, platter, dish, and specially (2) the scale
drawbridge, and which, moving upwards,
As the balance is really a lever [LEVER], it is
of a balance.
cause it to descend.
evident that a smaller weight than that in the
Compare also Low Lat. bal-
lancia, valentia = price or value.
“Full harshly up its groove of stone,
(See Du scale will put the beam into equilibrium. The
The balance-beams obeyed the blast,
cange.).]
fraud may at once be detected by putting the
And down the trembling drawbridge cast."
article to be weighed into the scale containing
A. Ordinary Language :
Scott: The Bridal of Triermain, i. 15.
the weight, and vice versa.
I. An instrument for weighing.
(6) Hydrostatic balance: A balance designed
balance-electrometer, s. An instru-
1. Lit.: That which has two scales ; viz.,
for the weighing of bodies in water, with the
ment invented by Cuthbertson for regulating
the instrument, described under B., I. 1, for
view of ascertaining their specific gravity.
the amount of the charge of electricity de-
weighing bodies. It is called “a balance," "a
signed to be sent through any substance.
2. A “Roman" balance, the same as the
pair of balances,” or, more rarely, “balances."
Essentially, it consists of a beam with both
steelyard. (STEELYARD.] Of this type the
"A just weight and balance are the Lord's : all the
its arms terminating in balls. One of these is
Chinese, the Danish or Swedish, and the bent
weights of the bag are his work."-Prov. xvi. 11.
in contact with a ball beneath it, supported
“... had a pair of balances in his hand."- Rev. vi.5.
lever balances are modifications.
by a bent metallic tube, proceeding from the
“Just balances, just weights, a just ephah, and a
II. Mechanics and Natural Philosophy :
same stand as that on which the beam rests.
just hin, shall ye have ..."-Lev. xix. 36.
Balance of Torsion : An instrument invented When electricity is sent through the instru-
2. Figuratively :
by Coulomb for comparing the intensities of ment, the two balls repel each other, and the
(a) What may be called mental scales; those very small forces. It consists of a metallic beam is knocked up. Its other extremity
powers or faculties which enable one to esti wire suspended vertically from a fixed point, consequently descends, the ball there coming
mate the relative weight, advantage, or im to the lower end of which a horizontal needle in contact with another one at the top of an
portance of two things, neither of which can is attached with a small weight designed to insulated column, and a discharge will there
be cast into material scales.
keep the wire stretched. The magnitude of a
take place. The weight, overcome by the
“If a person suffer much from sea-sickness, let him small force acting on the end of the needle is repulsive force, will measure the intensity of
weigh it heavily in the balance."-Darwin: Voyage measured by the amount of “torsion," or the latter. It has been superseded by instru-
round the World, ch. xxi.
(b) The emblem of justice, often figured as a
ments on other principles.
twisting of the wire—in other words, by the
arc which the needle passes over measured
bandaged person holding in equilibrio a pair
- from the point of repose.
balance-fish, S. A name sometimes
of scales.
given to a shark of the genus Zygæna. The
To sway the balance: To administer justice.
III. Mechanics and Horology:
more common appellation, however, for these
“Discernment, eloquence, and grace,
1. Balance of a Watch : The circular hoop fishes is Hammer-headed sharks.
Proclaim him born to sway
or ring which takes the place of the bob of a
The balance in the highest place,
pendulum in a clock. The action of the hair balance-knife, s. A table-knife with a
And bear the palm away.'
Cowper : Promotion of Thurlow.
spring causes it to vibrate.
handle which so balances the blade that it is
II. The state of being in equipoise.
"It is but supposing that all watches, whilst the kept from coming in contact with the table.
balance beats, think; and it is sufficiently proved,
1. Lit. : The equipoise between an article that my watch thought all last night."-Locke.
balance-reef, v.t.
and the weight in the opposite scale; or any 2. Compensating Balance of a Chronometer :
similar equipoise without actual scales being
Naut.: To reduce a sail to its last reef.
A balance or wheel furnished with a spiral
used.
spring, with metals of different expansibility
balance-step, s. [GOOSE-STEP.]
“And hung a bottle on each side,
so adjusted that, in alterations of tempera-
To make his balance true.”
Cowper : John Gilpin.
ture, they work against each other and render
| băl'-ançe, t băl'-lạnçe, * băl'-lâunçe,
"I found it very difficult to keep my balance."-
the movements of the chronometer uniform.
v.t. & i. [From the substantive. In Sw.
Darwin : Voyage round the World, ch. xvii.
IV. Astron.: A constellation, one of the
balansera; Dan. balancere; Fr. balancer; Prov.
2. Figuratively:
signs of the zodiac, generally designated by balansar, balanzar; Sp. & Port. balancear;
(a) The act of mentally comparing two
its Latin name, Libra. [LIBRA.]
Ital. bilanciare.] [BALANCE, s.]
things which cannot be weighed in a material V. Book & Account Keeping : The excess on A. Transitive :
balance.
the debtor or creditor side of an account,
I. Ordinary Language :
“Upon a fair balance of the advantages on either which requires to be met by an identical sum
side, it will appear that the rules of the gospel are
entered under some heading on the other side
1. Lit.: To adjust the scales of a balance so
more powerful means of conviction than such
that they may be equally poised ; to render
message.”- Atterbury.
if an equilibrium is to be established between
(6) Mental or moral equipoise or equili-
the two.
them what is called in Anglicised Latin in
equilibrium, or in classical Latin in equi-
brium; good sense, steadiness, discretion.
VI. Comm. & Polit. Econ. Balance of Trade :
"... the English workmen completely lose their
librio.
Properly an equilibrium between the value of
balance." - J. Š. Mill: Polit. Econ., vol. i., bk. i., the exports from and the imports into any 2. Figuratively :
ch. vii. (Note).
country, but more commonly the amount re (a) So to adjust powers or forces of any
III. That which is needful to be added to
quired on one side or other to constitute such kind as to make them constitute an equili-
one side or other to constitute an equilibrium;
an equilibrium.
brium ; to cause to be in equipoise; to render
also the preponderance one way or other before
“Nothing, however, can be more absurd than this equal. (Used whether this is done by man or
such adjustment is made.
whole doctrine of the balance of trade... When two
by nature.)
1. Lit.: Used in connexion with the weigh-
places trade with one another, this doctrine supposes
that if the balance be even, neither of them either "Now by some jutting stone, that seems to dwell
ing of articles or the making up of accounts. loses or gains ; but if it leans in any degree to one
Half in mid-air, as balanced by a spell."
side, that one of them loses and the other gains, in
Hemans : The Abencerrage, c. 3.
proportion to its declension from the exact equili-
“The forces were so evenly balanced that a very
2. Fig.: Used in the estimating of things brium."-Adam Smith : Wealth of Nations, bk. iv., slight accident might have turned the scale.'-Macau-
immaterial which cannot be literally weighed ch. iii., pt. ii.
lay: Hist. Eng. ch. xix.
or calculated.
VII. Politics. Balance of Power: Such a
“In the country, parties were more nearly balanced
“... the balance of hardship turns the other condition of things that the power of any one
than in the capital."-Ibid., ch. xxv.
way."-J. S. Mill: Polit. Econ., vol. i., bk. ii., ch. ii.,
state, however great, is balanced by that of
(6) To make the two sides of an account
the rest. To maintain such an equilibrium
agree with each other, or to do anything ana-
B. Technically :
all the nations jealously watch each other, and
logous. [II. 1.)
I. Mechanics, &c.:
if any powerful and ambitious one seek to "... his gain is balanced by their loss." —J. S. Mill:
1. Common balance: An instrument for de aggrandise itself at the expense of a weaker
Polit. Econ., bk. i., ch. iii., $ 4.
termining the relative weights or masses of neighbour, all the other states, parties to the
"Judging is balancing an account, and determining
on which side the odds lie."-Locke.
bodies. It consists of a beam with its fulcrum system, hold themselves bound to resist its
“Give him leave
in the middle, and its arms precisely equal. aggressions. The ancient Greek states thus
To balance the account of Blenheim's day."
From the extremities of the arms are sus combined first against Athenian and then
Prior.
pended two scales, the one to receive the against Spartan domination. Several of the (c) Mentally to compare two forces, magni-
object to be weighed, and the other the coun modern European states did so yet more sys tudes, &c., with the view of estimating their
terpoise. The fulcrum consists of a steel tematically, first against Spain, then against relative potency or importance.
prism, called the knife-edge, which passes France, and more recently against Russia. "A fair result can be obtained only by fully stating
through the beam, and rests, with its sharp Many of these wars have tended to the vindi and balancing the facts and arguments on both sides
edge or axis of suspension, upon two supports cation of international law and the preserva-
of each question."-Darwin : Origin of Species (ed.
1859), Introd., p. 2..
of agate or polished steel. A needle or tion and increase of human liberty; but
(d) To adjust one thing to another exactly.
pointer is fixed to the beam, and oscillates others have been detrimental to humanity,
with it in front of a graduated arc. It points and the “balance of power ” does not now
“While chief baron Ear sat to balance the laws,
So famed for his talent in nicely discerning.”
to zero when the balance is at rest. When override every consideration to the extent
Cowper: Report of an Adjudged Case.
[B.]
$ 2
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whất, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sire, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; müte, cũb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; trý, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē; õ=ě. qu=kw.

balanced-bald
399
+
ng it.
II. Technically:
1. Account and Book Keeping : To ascertain
and note down or pay the sum which is neces-
sary to make the debtor and creditor side of
an account equal.
2. Dancing : Reciprocally to move forward
to and backward from.
B. Intransitive:
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : To be in equilibrio; to be exactly
poised. (Used of scales.)
2. Figuratively :
(a) To be equal on the one side and the
other, as “the account balances.”
† (6) To hesitate between conflicting evidence
or motives.
“Were the satisfaction of lust, and the joys of
heaven, offered to any one's present possession, he
would not balance, or err in the determination of his
choice."-Locke.
"Since there is nothing that can offend, I see not
why you should balance a moment about pri
- Atterbury to Pope.
II. Dancing : To move forward to, or back-
ward from, a partner.
băl'-ançed, pa. par. & a. [BALANCE, V.)
"For England also the sanie sobering process of
balanced loss and gain will have the same salutary
effect."-Times, Nov. 16, 1877.
băl'-ançe-měnt, s. [Eng. balance; -ment.
In Fr. balancement.] The act of balancing;
the state of being balanced.
“The elder Geoffroy and Goethe propounded, at
about the saine period, their law of compensation or
balancement of growth."-Durwin: Origin of Species
(ed. 1859), ch. v., p. 147.
băl'-an-çēr, s. [Eng. balanc(e); -er.]
1. Ord. Lang. : He who or that which
balances or poises a pair of scales, or who, by
this or any other method, produces equili-
brium in anything.
2. Entom. (The balancers of a dipterous
insect): Those drumstick-like processes well
seen in the fly and other familiar species of
the order.
băl'-an-cing, pr. par., d., & s. [BALANCE, v.]
A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
C. As substantive :
1. The act of rendering equal or in equili-
brio or poised; the state of being thus equal
or in equipoise.
2. That which produces equilibrium, poise,
or equality.
"Dost thou know the balancings of the clouds ..."
-Job xxxvii. 16.
bạ-lăng-ra, S. [Sp. & Port. balandra. ] [BI-
LANDER.) A kind of vessel with one mast,
used in South America and elsewhere.
"I was compelled to return by a balandra, or one-
masted vessel of about a hundred tons' burden, which
was bound to Buenos Ayres."-Darwin: Voyage round
the World, ch. vii.
ba-lăn-i-đó, S. pl. [BALANUS.] One of the
two families into which the crustaceous order
called Cirrhopoda is divided. It includes
the animals popularly called Sea-acorns, from
the remote resemblance which their shells
bear to the fruit of the oak. They constitute
the fixed Cirrhopoda so frequently seen cover-
ing stakes and rocks within high-water mark.
[BALANUS, BARNACLE, CIRRHOPODA.]
băl-a-nī'-nús, s. [Lat. balaninus ; Gr. Ba-
λάνινος (balaninos) = made from the βάλανος
(balanos).] [BALANOS.]
Entom. : A genus of beetles belonging to
the family Curculionidæ. The species have
a long slender rostrum, furnished at the tip
· with a minute pair of sharp horizontal jaws,
which they use in depositing their eggs in the
kernels of certain fruits. Balaninus nucum
is the Nut-weevil. It attacks the hazel-nut
and the filbert, whilst B. glandium makes its
assaults on the acorn.
băl'-an-īte, s. [In Ger. balanit; Fr. balanite ;
Lat. balanites; Gr. Balavírns (balanitēs) = (as
adj.) acorn-shaped, as s.) a precious stone.
(Pliny.).]
- Palæont.: A fossil Cirripede of the genus
Balanus, or closely allied to it.
băl-an-oph-or-ą, s. [Gr. Bádavos (balanos)
= acorn, and dépw (phero)= to bear. Acorn-
bearing.] The typical genus of the above
order. The Himalayan species make great
knots on the roots of oaks and maples, scooped
by the natives into drinking-cups. In Java
the wax of Balanophora elongata is used in
making candles.
băl-ăn-o-phòr-ā'-çě_æ (Lindley), băl-an-
-phor'-ě-æ (Richard), s. pl. [BALANOPHORA.]
Cynomoriums. An order of plants placed by
Lindley under the class Rhizanths or Rhizo-
gens, but believed by Dr. Hooker to have an
affinity to the Exogenous order Halorageæ, or
Hippurids. They are succulent, fungus-like,
leafless plants, usually yellow or red, parasitical
upon roots. The flowers are inostly unisexual;
they are crowded together in heads or cones.
The perianth in the males is generally three or
six cleft; the ovary has one or two styles, but
only one cell and one pendulous ovule. Lindley
estimated the number known in 1846 at thirty.
They occur in America, at the Cape of Good
Hope and in other parts of Africa; also in Asia.
One species occurs in Malta. In properties
they seem to be styptic. Cynomorium cocci-
neum, called by apothecaries Fungus Melitensis,
is so, as are some species of Helosis. Embro-
phytum is eaten in Peru as if it were a fungus.
[BALANOPHORA, CYNOMORIUMS. ]
băl-an-o-phor'-e-æ, s. pl. [BALANOPHORA-
CEÆ.]
bắ1-an-ms, s. [Lat. bladas ; GT. BáÀavos
(balanos) = (1) an acorn, (2) any similar fruit.]
Acorn-shells. A genus of Crustaceous animals,
the typical one of the family Balanidæ (q.v.).
Their shell consists of six valves, firmly united
into a short tube, which is fixed by its base
to the object to which the animal seeks to
adhere. From two to four valves inore close
the upper portion of the tube, with the excep-
tion of a slit or orifice, through which the
inhabitant protrudes its cirri in quest of sus-
tenance. Though fixed when adult, it swims
about when immature, and in that state some-
what resembles an entomostracan. [ACORN-
SHELL.]
băi'-as, băl'-ass, a. & s. [In Ger. ballass;
Fr. balais and rubis balais; Prov. balais,
balach ; Sp. balax ; Port. balax, balais; Ital.
balascio; Low Lat. balascus. Named from
Balashon or Balaxiam, erroneous spelling of
Badakshan or Budakshan, a city of Uzbec
Tartary or Great Bokhara; capital of the
province of Kilan; lat. 37° 10' N., long. 68°
50' E.]
A. As adjective: Pertaining to the kind of
ruby described under B., as the Balas Ruby.
B. As substantive: A name given by lapi-
daries to the rose-red varieties of the Spinel
Ruby. These are not to be confounded with
the Oriental ruby, or sapphire, which is of
far greater value. (See RUBY and SPINEL, of
which the ruby is a variety.]
* bal-ăs-tre (tre=ter), s. [Lat. balista-
rius.] [ARBLESTRE.] A cross-bow.
“... a grete quantite of caltrappes, balastres,
quarelles, bowes and arrowes,..."-Caxton: Vegetius,
Sig. I., vi. b. (S. in Boucher.)
bal-âus-tą, s. [Lat. balaustium ; Gr. Ba-
daúotlov (balaustion) = the flower of the wild
pomegranate.]
Bot.: The name given by Richard, Lindley,
and others to the kind of fruit of which the
pomegranate is the type. It consists of a
mally-celled, many-seeded, inferior indehiscent
fleshy pericarp, the seeds in which have a
pulpy coat, and are distinctly attached to the
placenta. (Lindley: Introd. to Bot.)
bal-âus'-tīne, a. & s. Lat. balaustium ; Gr.
Baraúotlov (balaustion).] [BALAUSTA.]
A. As adjective: Pertaining to the pome-
granate-tree. (Coxe.)
B. As substantive: The pomegranate-tree.
*ba-lā'yn, s. [Fr. balain = a whale.] Whale-
bone was originally used for ivory, which is
no doubt meant in the example.
"Her baner whyt, withouten fable,
With thre Sarezynes hedes of sable,
That wer schapen noble and large
Of balaun, both scheeld and targe."
Richard, 2,982. (S. in Boucher.)
* băl-bū'-çîn-āte, * băl-bū'-tự-āte, v.i.
[In Fr. balbutier; Port. balbuciar; Ital. bal-
buzzare, balbuzzire, balbettare, balbutire ; Low
Lat. balbuzo; Class. Lat. balbutio = to stam-
nier; from balbus = stammering.] To stammer.
(Johnson.)
băl-bū'-t¡-ēs, s. [In Fr. balbutie = inarticu-
lateness, bad pronunciation; Port. balbucie ;
Ital. balbuzie = stammering, stuttering ; from
Lat. balbus = stammering.)
Med. : Stammering.
băl-bŭz-zard, s. [BALD-BUZZARD.] (Griffith's
Cuvier, vol. vi., 39, 231-233.)
t băl-căn´-ì-fěr, băl-da-kĩn'-1-fēr, s.
[From Low Lat. baldanum = a standard, and
fero = to bear. ]
Her., Hist., &c. : The standard-bearer of the
Knights Templars.
* bâl'-con, * bâl'-cône, s. [BALCONY.]
băl'-con-ſed, a. [Eng. balcon(y); -ied.]
Having balconies. (Sometimes used in com-
position.)
"The house was double-balconied in front.”—Roger
North.
bă1-cổn-ỷ, ý bặl-cô-nỹ, * bâ1-cồn,
* bâl'-cone, * běl'-cône, s. [In Sw., Dut.,
& Ger. balkon ; Dan. balkon, balcon; Fr.,
Prov., & Sp. balcon; Port. balcao; Ital. bal-
cone; Low Lat. balco. Cognate with Ital.
balco or palco = a floor, stage, scaffold, the
box of a theatre, the horns of a deer, and
Eng. balk = a beam.] [BALK.]
Ord. Lang. & Arch.: A gallery or projecting
framework of wood, iron, or stone, in front of
a house, generally on a level with the lower
part of the windows in one or more floors.
Balconies are supported on brackets, canti-
levers, rails, consoles, or pillars, and are often
surrounded by iron rails or by a balustrade
of stone. They are very common outside the
better houses in large towns. When they are
sufficiently strong the inmates of the house
can use them for standing or sitting in the
open air; when more feebly supported, they
may be employed as form-stands for plants in
flower-pots.
“The streets, the balconies, and the very housetops
were crowded with gazers.” — Macaulay : Hist. Eng.,
ch, xi.
(a) The form balcone occurs in Howell's
Letters (dated 1650.) (Halliwell : Contrib. to
Lexic.) It is found also in Holyday's Juvenal
(1618). This is probably the earliest instance.
(6) In 1836, Smart noted that the change of
accent from the second syllable of the word
to the first had taken place within the previous
twenty years.
* bâld (1), a. (BOLD.]
bâld (2), * bâlde, * bâlled, * bâllede,
* bâl-lid, a. [Richardson, looking at the
old forms balled, ballede, and ballid, thinks
the word bald comes from ball, and signifies
smooth and round like a ball. It seems, how-
ever, more akin to Sp. & Port. baldio=un-
tilled, uncultivated, vain, useless ; Gael. &
Irish maol; Wel moel; Arm. moal = bald.
Sw. kal ; Dut. kaal = bald, bare, leafless. ]
A. Ordinary Language :
I. Literally:
1. Of man : Without hair upon the crown
of the head, one of the characteristic marks
of approaching old age.
“Balled he was, and thycke of body .
Rob. Glouc. : Chron., p. 429. (S. in Boucher.)
“Both the great and the small shall die in this land:
they shall not be buried, neither shall men lament for
them, nor cut themselves, nor make themselves bald
for them.”—Jer. xvi. 6.
2. Of birds : Without feathers on the crown
of the head, a characteristic seen in some
vultures, which can in consequence bury their
head in the carcase of an animal without
having their feathers rendered clotted and
disagreeable by blood.
II. Figuratively:
1. Of covering or adornment essentially of a
material kind :
(a) of plants : Destitute of foliage, flowers,
or fruit. [See also B.]
“ Under an oak, whose houghs were moss'd with age,
And high top bald with dry antiquity.".
Shakesp. : As You Like It, iv. 3.
(6) of any inanimate part of nature : Desti-
tute of its natural covering. (Used of rocks,
the earth, &c.)
2. Of covering or adornment essentially of an
immaterial kind :
(a) of literary composition: Unadorned.
(Used both of original composition and of
translation.)
boìl, bóy; pout, jówl; cat, çell, chorus, çhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -çion, -tion, -sion=shủn; -țion, -şion=zhún. tious, -Sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, del.

400
baldachin-baldric
multipartite leaflets, yellowish flowers, and a
fusiform root eaten by the Highlanders as an
BALDMONEY (MEUM ATHAMANTICUM).
"Hobbes, in the preface to his own bald translation It is generally of a square form, covered with
of the Ilias, begins the praise of Homer where he
silk or other rich cloth, fringed at the margin.
should have ended it.”—Dryden : Fub., Pref.
“And that, though labour'd, line must bald appear,
It is supposed to be copied from a structure
That brings ungrateful musick to the ear."-Creech. called in Latin ciborium, and in Greek kışópcov
(6) Of a person's character, manners, or status :
(kibūrion), erected by the early Christians over
Unattractive, undignified.
tombs and altars. Baldachins were first in-
" What should the people do with these bald tribunes ?
troduced into the Western Church about
On whom depending their obedience fails
1130, and into England about 1279. Some
To the greater bench.” Shakesp. : Coriol., iii. 1. baldachins are of great size. That in St.
B. Agric. & Bot. Of grasses : Without a Peter's at Rome, the largest and finest known,
beard or awn.
reaches the elevation, including the cross, of
bald-buzzard, s. A name sometimes
126 feet. On the other hand, some are small
given to the Osprey, or Fishing-hawk (Pandion
enough to be removed from their places and
halicetus), and to the genus to which it
carried over the host in Roman Catholic pro-
belongs.
cessions.
Bald-buzzard is sometimes corrupted into
Efforts have been made to introduce
Balbuzzard.
baldachins into the Established Church of
England, but without success. A proposal to
bald coot, s. An English name for the erect one in St. Barnabas' Church, Pimlico,
Common Coot (Fulica atra).
was opposed in the Consistory Court, and on
the 15th of December, 1873, Dr. Tristram gave
bald-head, bald head, s.
his verdict against the introduction of the
1. A head which is bald, or destitute of hair.
baldachin.
2. An offensive designation for one affected
* bâlde-ly, * bâlde-lịche (ch guttural),
with baldness.
“... there came forth little children out of the
adv. (BOLDLY.]
city, and mocked him, and said unto him, Go up, thou
* bâld'e-moyne, s. (Etymology doubtful.]
bald head ; go up, thou bald head."-2 Kings ii. 23.
[BAWDMONEY.]
bald-locust, bald locust, s. [Heb.
DYD (salgham, saléam, or salam), from East bâl'-der-dăsh, s. [According to Malone,
Aram. Dyd (salgham, saléam, or salam) =
balder is from Eng. ball, and dash is also the
consumed.' In Sept. Gr. åttákns (attakēs);
ordinary English word, the reference being to
Lat. Vulg. attacus.] A winged and eatable
the practice of barber's dashing their “balls”
backwards and forwards in hot water. The
species of locust, not yet properly identified.
example from Nashe given below is in favour of
“... and the bald locust after his kind ..."-Lev.
xi. 22.
this etymology. But Joseph Hunter, writing
in Boucher, suggests that balderdash may be
bald-pate, s. & d.
from Wel. baldardd, baldordd = to babble, to
A. As substantive : A“pate," or head, desti prate, to talk idly ; baldarddus = prating,
tute of hair.
babbling, talking idly. With this view Wedg-
“Come hither, goodman baldpate ; do you know
wood agrees, and adds Teutonic and other
me?"-Shakesp. : Meas. for Meas., v. 1.
affinities. In Gael. ballartaich, ballardaich is
B. As adjective :
= a loud noise, shouting; Sw. buller = noise,
1. Having a head of this description.
clamour, bustle; Dan. bulder=noise, rumbling
2. Devoid of the accustomed covering of
noise, bustle, brawl; Dut. buldering = blus-
tering. ] [See the verb.]
anything.
“Nor with Dubartas bridle up the floods,
I. Lit. : Mixed, trashy, and worthless liquor.
Nor perriwig with snow the baldpate woods."
1. That used by barbers for washing the
Soame and Dryden : Art of Poetry.
head. [See etym.]
bald-pated, a. Having the “pate," or “They would no more live under the yoke of the
head, destitute of hair.
sea, or have their heads washed with his bubbly
spume or barber's balderdash.".-Nashe: Lenten Stuffe
"You baldpated, lying rascal, you must be hooded, (1599), p. 8.
must you?"-Shakesp. : Meas. for Meas., v. 1.
2. A liquor to be drunk.
bald-tyrants, s. pł. The English name “It is against my freehold, my inheritance,
of a genus of birds, Gymnocephalus, which
To drink such balderdash, or bonny clabber!”
belongs to the family Ampelidæ (Chatterers),
B. Jonson : New Inn, i. 2.
and the sub-family Gymnoderinæ, or Fruit-
“Mine is such a drench of balderdash.”
Beaum. & Flet.: Woman's Prize.
crows. Its habitat is South America. Its
II. Fig.: Confused speech or writing; a
name is derived from the absence of feathers
jargon of words without meaning, or if they
on a considerable portion of the face.
possess any, then it is something offensive
bă1-da-chin, băl-da-chi-no, bâu'-dě and indecent.
kịn, s. [In Dan, baldakin; Ger. baldachin ;
If the derivation of balderdash from the
Fr. baldaquin; Sp. baldaqui ; Ital. baldachino
Welsh, as suggested by Hunter, be preferred,
= canopy ; Low Lat. baldachinus, baldechinus then what is here marked II. Fig. must be-
= (1) rich silk, (2) baldachin; from Ital. come I. Lit., and vice versa.
Baldacco, Baldach = Bagdad, the well-known
city near the eastern limit of Turkey in Asia,
bâl’-dér-dăsh, v.t. [From the substantive.
whence the rich silk used for covering balda The people of Norfolk and Suffolk have a word
chins came.]
baldeo=to use coarse language. (Forby and
1. Properly: A rich silk cloth erected as a Stevens in Boucher.) In Wel. baldardd, bal-
canopy over a king, a saint, or other person
dordd is = to babble; Sw. bullra = to make a
of distinction, to increase his dignity.
noise ; Dan. buldre = to racket, rattle, make a
“No baldachino, no cloth of state, was there; the
noise, bustle, chide, scold, or bully; Dut.
king being absent."-Sir T. Herbert : Trav., p. 185. balderen = to thunder; bulderen = to bluster,
2. Eccles. Arch. : A canopy, generally sup-
rage, or roar.] To mix or adulterate liquor of
ported by pillars, but sometimes suspended any kind.
from above, placed over an altar in a Roman
“When monarchy began to bleed,
And treason had a fine new name;
When Thames was balderdash'd with Tweed,
And pulpits did like beacons flame.”
The Geneva Ballad (1674).
“Can wine or brandy receive any sanction by being
balderdashed with two or three sorts of simple
waters?”-Mandeville : Hypochondr. Dis. (1730), 279.
bâld'-ly, adv. [Eng. bald ; -ty.] In a bald
manner; nakedly, inelegantly. (Johnson.)
bala-môn-eỹ, * bala-môn-ỷ, bâwd-
mon-ey, * bâld'e-moyne, s. [A corrup-
tion of Lat. valde bona = exceedingly good
(Prior). A corruption of Balder, the name of
the person to whom the plant was dedicated
(Sir W. J. Hooker).]
- * A. Of the forms baldmony, * baldemoyne :
A gentian. (Johnson, &c.)
B. Of the forms baldmoney and bawd-
BALDACHINO (FROM ST. PETER'S, ROME).
money: An English name applied to the
Meum, a genus of umbelliferous plants. One
Catholic Church, not so much to protect it as species occurs in Britain, the M. athamanti-
to impart to it additional grace and dignity. I cum= Common Baldmoney or Meum. It has
aromatic and carminative. The whole plant
has a strong smell.
hâld'-ness, *bâi’-lěd-ness, s. [Eng. bald;
-ness.] The quality of being bald.
I. Literally:
1. Partial or total absence of hair on a
human being, whether arising from disease or
from old age. [ALOPECIA.]
“... his shode sbamed not the harme of ballednesse,
and whenne he is iclipped in squar the forhede, he
sheweth as a lyounus visage."-Rob. of Glouc., P482.
(S. in Boucher.)
“... on all their heads shall be baldness, and every
beard cut off."-Isa. xv. 2.
2. Absence of feathers from the crown and
back of the head in a vulture or other bird.
“Make thee bald, and poll thee for thy delicate
children ; enlarge thy baldness as the eagle."-Mic. i. 16.
I In the example from Micah the word
translated “eagle” is probably a species of
vulture.
II. Figuratively :
1. Such destruction as leaves a city bare of
inhabitants, if not even of edifices.
“Baldness is come upon Gaza; Ashkelon is cut off
with the remnant of their valley : how long wilt thou
cut thyself?"-Jer. xlvii. 5.
2. Absence of all ornament or even elegance.
(Specially of composition.)
“Borde has all the baldness of allusion, and bar-
barity of versification, belonging to Skelton, without
his strokes of satire and severity."-Warton : Hist. of
Eng. Poetry, jii. 74.
bâld'-ric, * bâld'-rick, * bâuld-rîck,
* baud-rick, * bâu-der-yk, bâwd-
rộck, * bâwd'-rýcke, *bâw'-der-ýke,
* bâw-dryk, * bâw'-drikke, bâld'-
reye, bow'-drėg, bâw'-drýg (au or aw
in some of these words is softened from ald.
which is the older form), s. [In M. & O. H.
Ger. balderich. According to Mudge, from
Low Lat. baldringus; according to Ducange,
from Low Lat. baldrellus. In either case,
remotely from Class. Lat. balteus = a girdle, a
belt, ... the zodiac. In A.S. belt; Sw. balte;
Icel. balti ; Dan. boelte; Fr. baudrier; 0. Fr.
baudrier, baudre; Ital. budriere.] [BELT.]
I. Literally:
1. A richly-
ornamented gir-
dle or belt, pass-
ing over one
shoulder and
around the op-
posite side, as
shown in the
accompanying
figure. It was
designed to be
ornamental and
to show the
rank of the
wearer, besides
being of use as
a sword - belt,
or, in some
BALDRIC.
cases, for carry-
ing a bugle.
“A radiant baldric, o'er his shoulder tied,
Sustain'd the sword that ylitter'd at his side."
Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. iii., 415-16.
“His bugle-horn hung by his side,
All in a wolf-skin baldric tied."
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, iii. 16.
“... from his baldric drew
His bugle ...". Byron: The Corsair, ii. 4.
* 2. A collar.
“A baldrick for a lady's neck."—Palsgrave.
OE
1
0211
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pſt, sïre, sīr, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; try, Sýrian. æ, o=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bale-balk
401
* 3. Any one of the subsidiary ropes used in balleog = a prickly skin (Pughe.).] De Can- / bā'-lửng (2), pr. par., a., & s. [BALE, v. (2).]
ringing church bells (Boucher); or the rope dolle's name for one of the bracts in the flower A. & B. As present par. & adj. : Freeing
by means of which a bell is rung.
of grasses called by him also glumella.
from water by throwing it out.
"... for making the bawdryk of the great belle,
+ Băl-e-är-1-an, a. (Lat. Balearis = Balearic,
xii d.” - Add. MSS., Mus. Brit., 6,761, f. 40. (S. in
C. As substantive: The act or process of
Boucher.)
from Baleares, S., or Baliares insulc; Gr.
freeing from water by throwing it out.
II. Fig.: The zodiac viewed as a gem-
Badcapeis (Baliareis).] Pertaining to the băl-1-sâur, s. [Apparently from Gr. Badiós
studded belt encircling the heavens. (See Balearic Isles. [BALEARIC.]
(balios) = spotted, dappled, and gaúpa (saura),
Lat. balteus in the etymology.)
"... the Balearian slingers slung their stones like
"That like the Twins of Jove, they seem'd in sight,
hail into the ranks of the Roman line."-Arnold :
gaūpos (sauros)=a lizard ; but it is a mammal,
Which deck the baldrick of the heavens bright."
Hist. Rome, vol. iii., ch. xliii., p. 140.
and not a lizard.] An Indian mammal (My-
Spenser: F. Q., V. i. 11.
daus collaris), allied to the badger.
Băl-e-ăr'-ịc, a. [Lat. Balearicus.] [BALEA-
baldric-wise, bauldrick-wise, d.
PIAN.1 Pertaining to the Balearic Isles in the ba-lìs'-ta, băl-lựs'-ta, s. [In Fr. baliste; Ger.
Resembling a baldric; ornamented like a
Mediterranean. In Sp. and Lat. Baleares, 'balliste; Port. balista; Lat. ballista, balista,
baldric.
probably from fáadw (ballo)= to throw, the and ballistra; from Gr. Bádlo (ballo) = to
“And not the meanst, but, bauldrick-wise, doth wear
throw.]
inhabitants anciently being excellent slingers.
Some goodly garland .
A large military engine used by the
Drayton, iv. 1,464. (Boucher.) There are five islands—viz., Majorca, Minorca, ancients for hurling stones, darts, and other
Iviza, Formentera, and Cabrera.
* bāle (1), s. & a.
They are
[A.S. bealu, bealo = (1) bale,
subject to Spain.
woe, evil, mischief ; (2) wickedness, depravity;
balewe = miserable, wicked; balewa = the Balearic crane, s. The Crowned Crane
baleful or wicked one, Satan; Icel. bal, böl;
(Balearica pavonina), found not merely in the
Dut. baal = misery ; 0. Sax. balu; 0.H. Ger.
balo; Goth. balos. In Ir. beala is = to die;
and abail = death.] _
A. As substantive :
1. Mischief, danger, calamity.
"Ac of sende thi son therfore,
And yif him respit of his bale.”
Sevyn Sages, ii. 704-5.
Sometimes, though rarely, used in the
plural.
"Of such false blisse as there is set for stales,
T entrap unwary fooles in their eternal bales."
BALISTA.
Spenser : F. Q., VI. X. 4.
2. Sorrow, misery.
... that much bale tholed.”—Gawayn and the
missiles by means of a spring tightly drawn
Green Knyght, 4,448. (8. in Boucher.)
and then let loose.
“For light she hated as the deadly bale."
2. Anat. : The bone of the tarsus, more
Spenser : F. Q., I. i. 16.
conimonly called the astragalus.
B. As adjective : Evil.
“... bring me forth toward blisse with se bale
BALEARIC CRANE.
* bạ-lis-tar, * ba-lẽs-tẼr, S. [Contracted
bere.”—MS. Cott., Titus, D. xviii., f. 146 6. (S. in
from ARBALISTER (q.v.).] A crossbow-man.
Boucher.)
"... two hundred men of armes, a hundred
bāle (2), s. [In Sw. bal; Icel. böllr; Dan.
islands after which it is named, but in North
balesters, and cc. carpenters.” - Caxton : Vegetius,
Africa. Its occiput is ornamented with a tuft
balle ; Ger. ball, balle, ballen ; M. H. Ger. bal,
Sig. I., vi. b. (S. in Boucher.)
balle ; 0. H. Ger. balla, palla, pallo; Fr. balle;
of yellowish filaments or feathers tipped with
0. Fr. bale ; Prov. balla ; Sp. & Port. bala;
blackish hairs.
bạ-is-tết, bắ1-listết, s. [In Prov. bales-
Its voice is like a trumpet.
tier, balestrier; Lat. balistarium, accus.= cross-
Ital. balla ; Low Lat. balla, bala = a bale, a
bą-lec-tion, bo-1ěc'-tion, a. [Etymology bow, from balista (q.v.).] A crossbow.
ball.] [BALL.]
not obvious.] Projecting.
"A spindle full of raw thread, to make a false string
1. A package or certain quantity of goods
for the king's balister, or crossbow.'- Blount : Tenures.
or merchandise, wrapped or packed up in balection mouldings, s.
ba-lis'-tēș, s. [Lat. ballista or balista (q.v.).
cloth, and corded round very tightly, marked
Architecture : Projecting mouldings, situ-
and numbered with figures corresponding to
The resemblance to the method of working
ated around the panels of a framing.
those in the bills of lading for the purpose of
(Gwilt.)
the balista is in the way the fishes to be de-
identification.
bā led, pa. par. [BALE, v. (1).]
scribed elevate a long spine which they have
“Every day ten or twelve bales of parchment covered
upon their backs.] A genus of fishes, the
with the signatures of associators were laid at his bāʻled, pa. par. [BALE, v. (2).]
typical one of the family Balistidæ. The
feet."- Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxi.
species are common in the tropics ; and on the
"... the most frequent object being a bullock ba-lē'en, s. [In Fr. baleine = (1) a whale, (2)
strength of a specimen taken off the Sussex
waggon piled up with bales of wool."-Darwin : Voyage
whalebone; Lat. balana; Dut. balein=whale-
round the World, ch. xix.
coast in August, 1827, the Balistes capriscus
* 2. A pair of dice.
bone (q.v.).] Whalebone.
(of Cuvier), the European File-fish, is now ac-
"... the family of the Balænidæ, or true Whales,
"It is a false die of the same bale, but not the same
corded a place in the British fauna.
in which the teeth are deficient, and the mouth is
cut."-Overbury : Charact., sign. Q. 2.
furnished with numerous plates of a horny subætance
ba-lìs'-tics, băl-lis'-tịcs, s. [In Fr. balis-
“For exercise of arms a bale of dice.”
well known as whalebone or baleen."-Dallas : Animal
B. Jonson : New Inn.
Kingdom, p. 677.
tique ; Port. balistica.] The science of throwing
bale-goods, s. pl. Goods done up in bales.
missile weapons by means of an engine.
bā'le-fúi, † bāʻle-full, a. [Eng. bale (1);
bāle (1), v.t. [From bale, s. (2). In Ger. em-
-full.]
ba-lis'-t¡-dæ, s. pl. [From the typical genus
ballen; Fr, emballer; Sp. embalar; Ital. im 1. Subjectively: Full of grief or misery ; sor balistes (q.v.).] File-fishes. A family of fishes
ballare.] To form into a bale or bales.
rowful, sad, woeful.
of the order Plectognathi. Their skin is
“Such stormy stoures do breede my balefuil smart, generally rough or clothed with hard scales.
bāle (2), v.t. [Johnson believes it to be from
As if my yeare were wast and woxen old."
They have a long muzzle, and few but dis-
Fr. bailler, in the sense of delivering from
Spenser : Shep. Cal., i.
tinct teeth.
hand to hand, an opinion with which Mahn,
... round he throws bis baleful eyes,
That witnessed huge affliction and dismay.
who considers the preferable spelling to be
| băl-is-trär'-1-ą, s. [From balista (q.v.).]
Milton : P. L., bk. i.
bail, agrees. On the other hand, as Wedgwood 2. Objectively: Pernicious, harmful, deadly.
The same as BARTIZAN (q.v.).
points out, it may be connected with Dan.
“He cast about, and searcht his baleful bokes againe." | ba-li'ze, s. [From Fr. balise=a sea-mark, buoy.
ballie, balje= a tub; Sw. balja = a sheath, a
Spenser : F. Q., I. ii. 2.
scabbard, a tub; Dut. balj = a skin, a slough
“... by baleful Furies led ..."
beacon, floating beacon, quay, water-mark;
(a skin being perhaps the oldest form of tub);
Pope : Thebais of Statius, 95. Sp. baliza; Prov, palisa; from Lat. palus = a
Fr, baille = a large sea-tub or bucket.]
“It is Count Hugo of the Rhine,
pale.] [PALE, S., PALING, PALISADE.] A pole
The deadliest foe of all our race,
Naut. : To free from water by throwing it
raised on a bank to constitute a sea-beacon ;
And baleful unto me and mine!"
out, as distinguished from pumping it out.
Longfellow : Golden Legend, iv. a sea-mark. (Webster.)
(Slinner.)
bāle-ful-ly, adv. [Eng. baleful; -ly.] In bâlk, * bâlke, * bâulk. * bầuk, * bâwk
a baleful manner; perniciously, harmfully.
bāle (3), s. [A. S. bcel=(1) a funeral pile, (2) a
(l usually mute), s. [A. S. balca =(1) a balk,
(Johnson.)
þurning.] [BELTANE.] A fire kindled upon an
heap, ridge, (2) a beam, roof, covering, bal-
eminence, on the border or coast of a country bā'le-fül-ness, s. [Eng. baleful; -ress.] Per-
cony; Dut. balk = a beam, joist, rafter, bar;
or elsewhere, to give warning of the approach
Sw. balk, bjelke = a beam ; Dan. bielke; Ger.
niciousness, harmfulness, ruin.
of danger.
balken ; Wel. balc = a ridge between furrows,
“But that their bliss be turned to balefulness."
“For, when they see the blazing bale,
Spenser: F. Q., II. xii. 83.
from bal = a prominence ; Fr. balk.] [BALK,
Elliots and Armstrongs never fail."
v., BALCONY.]
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, iii. 27.
A. (Apparently connected specially with
bale-fire, s. A fire of the kind now de- | * bă1 -ěs-tēr, s. [BALISTAR.]
Dut., &c., balk = a beam. See etym.) A
scribed.
beam, a rafter.
“Sweet Teviot! on thy silver tide
* băl'-ětte, s. (BALLAD.]
“There's some fat hens sits o' the bawls."
The glaring bale-fires blaze no more."
Taylor : Scotch Poems, p. 62. (Boucher.)
Scoit : Lay of the Last Minstrel, iv. 1. * băl-hew (ew as ū), a. [BALWE.]
“On Saturday last a heavy balk of timber, weighing
bale-hills, s. pl. Hillocks on which bale-
some three quarters of a ton, was being hoisted to the
bā-lựng (1), pr. par. & s. [BALE, v. (1).]
first floor of the building by means of a crank, when
fires were formerly kindled. (S. in Boucher.)
A. As present par.: Making up into bales.
the rope .... gave way and the timber fell ..."
Times, May 17, 1879.
bāle (4), s. [Fr. bale, bâle, balle, from Wel. B. As substantive: The act or process of B. (Apparently connected specially with
ballasg, ballau = a skin, a glume (Littré), | putting goods into bales. (Webster.)
Wel. balc = a ridge between furrows.)
boil, boy; póut, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
26
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion = shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhủn. -tious, -sious, -cious = shŭs. -ble, -dle, &c.=bel, del.

402
balk-ballad
Ball-and-socket joint: A joint constituted
by the insertion of the round end of one bone
in a socket
or cavity
formed for
its recep-
tion. It
is called
also an
enarthroi-
dal joint.
Those of
the shoul-
der and of
the hip are
BALL-AND-SOCKET JOINT.
of this con-
struction. [ENARTHROIDAL, ENARTHROSIS.)
“... an enarthroidal or ball-and-socket joint."-
Todd & Bowman : Physiol. Anat., vol. i., p. 71.
VII. Bot.: The round central part of the
flower of Stapelia.
For such compounds as foot-ball, snow-
ball, see the word with which ball is conjoined.
ball-cartridge, s. A cartridge contain-
ing a ball, as distinguished from one which
has only powder.
ball-cock, s. A water-cock furnished
with a ball, which allows the fluid freely to
enter till it rises to a certain line, when the
ball is floated to a level with the aperture by
which ingress is made, and closes it for a tinie.
ball-flower, s.
Arch.: A kind of ornament in Gothic archi-
tecture of the fourteenth century, in which
I. Literally:
1. A ridge of land left unploughed between
the furrows or at the end of a field ; land over
which the plough slips without turning it up.
"Dikers and delvers digged up the balkes."
Piers Plowman, f. 67. (Boucher.)
“Making no balkes, the plough was truly held.”
Bochas: Fall of Princes, f. 172. (Boucher.)
2. The boundary line between fields, con-
stituted, as is sometimes the case, by such an
unploughed furrow; or, in a more general
sense, a boundary made by a ridge or tract of
land of any kind. (This use of the word still
obtains in Suffolk.)
“Doles and marks, which of ancient time were laid
for the division of meres and balks in the fields, to
bring the owners to their right.”—Homilies, ii. 235.
“... who by his knightlie force
Had set from robbers clere the balke that makes the
straight divorce
Between the seas Ionian and Ægean."
Ovid : Metamorph., bk. vii. (J. H. in Boucher.)
II. Figuratively :
1. Anything passed by in the way that an
unploughed furrow is.
“The mad steele about doth fiercely fly,
Not sparing wight, ne leaving any balke,
But making way for death at large to walke."
Spenser : F. Q., VI. xi. 16.
2. The disappointment hence resulting;
frustration of plans or projects.
“There cannot be a greater balk to the tempter, nor
a more effectual defeat to all his temptations."-South.
3. A part of a billiard-table.
bâlk (1), *bâlke, *bâulk, * bâulke (1
usually mute), v.t. & i. [Eng. balk, s. (q.v.).]
A. Transitive:
I. Lit. Of land : To leave untouched by
the plough; to plough, leaving “ balks" or
furrows unturned up.
“So well halt no man the plough
That he ne balketh other whyle."- Gower.
II. Figuratively :
1. Of the dead in battle : To leave lying un-
touched (?). (Various authors consider it to
mean in the following example, "heap up.”)
“Ten thousand bold Scots, two and twenty knights,
Balk'd in their own blood, did Sir Walter see
On Holmedon's plains.”—Shakesp.: 1 Hen. IV., i. 1.
2. Of roads, paths, &c.; also of things imma-
terial : To avoid, to turn aside from, to miss,
to leave unmeddled with.
"... which made them baulk the beaten road, and
teach post-hackneys to leap hedges.”—Sir H. Wotton :
Rem., p. 213.
"I shall balk this theme.”—Bp. Hall: Rem., p. 233.
3. Of persons in friendly discussion : Coyly
to say the opposite of what one thinks, or
believes to be maintainable in argument, with
the view of drawing out a person with whom
the speaker wishes to be in friendly or loving
dispute.
“But to occasion him to further talke,
To feed her humor with his pleasing style,
Her list in stryfull termes with him to balke.
And thus replyde.” Spenser : F. Q., III. ii. 12.
4. Of persons having any wish, hope, or with
any aim or project in contemplation: To thwart,
to frustrate, to render nugatory, to disappoint.
“The thorny ground is sure to balk
All hopes of harvest there.”
Olney Hymns; The Sower.
“Their numbers balk their own retreat.”
Byron: The Siege of Corinth, 29.
B. Intrans. : To turn aside, to swerve, to
diverge.
“When as the ape him heard so much to talke
Of labour, that did from his liking balke."
Spenser: Mother Hubberd's Tale, v. 268.
* bâlk (2), * bólk, v.t. & i. (A.S. bealcan, beal-
cettan = to belch, emit, utter, pour out.] To
emit, to belch. (S. in Boucher.)
bâlked, * bâlkt, * bâlk, pa. par. [BALK (1), v.]
“This was looked for at your hand, and this was
balkt."--Shakesp. : Twelfth Night, iii. 2.
bâlk-ěr, s. [Eng. balk ; -er.]
A. Ord. Lang. : One who balks.
B. In fisheries: Men who stand on a cliff,
or high place on the shore, and give a sign to
the men in the fishing-boats which way the
shoal of herrings is passing. (Cowel.)
“The pilchards are pursued by a bigger fish, called a
plusher, who leapeth above water and bewrayeth them
to the balker."-Carew : Survey of Cornwali.
bâlk'-îng (), pr. par. [BALK, V. (1).]
* balk-ing (2), * bấIk-Vnge, * bölk-ing,
pr. par. & d. [BALK, v. (2).]
As substantive : Eructation.
"It is a balkynge of yesterdayes meel."
Horman: Vulg., Šig. G. 8. (S. in Boucher.)
bâlk'-îng-ly, adv. [Eng. balking ; -ly.] In
a manner to balk, so as to frustrate or disap-
point. (Webster.)
bâll (1), s. [In Sw. boll, bal; Dan. bold; Dut.
bal; Ger. ball; 0. H. Ger. balla, palla; Fr.
balle, boulet, boule, bille; Prov. & Sp. bola =
a ball; balla = bullet ; Port. bala; Ital. palla
= a ball, bowl, bullet; Lat. pila = a ball.]
[BALLOON, BALLOT, BOWL, BULLET, PILL.]
A. Ordinary Language :
I. Anything in art or nature which is globu-
lar or nearly so.
1. Of things made by art:
(a) A globular body for play. It may be
formed of leather and stuffing, or any hard
substance, or be inflated with air, and can be
used with the hand, the foot, or a racket.
“Those I have seen play at ball grow extremely
earnest who should have the ball.”-Sidney.
(b) A globular body of wood, ivory, or other
substance, used for voting by ballot or in any
other way. Also one of a similar character
for experiments in natural philosophy.
“Let lots decide it.
For every number'd captive put a bull
Into an urp, three only black be there.
The rest all white are safe."-Dryden.
“ Minos, the strict inquisitor, appears;
Round in his urn the blended balls he rowls,
Absolves the just, and dooms the guilty souls."
Dryden.
(c) A bullet, a globular piece of metal de-
signed as a projectile to be expelled from a
musket or rifle. Also one on a larger scale to
be ejected from a cannon. (Often used in the
singular as a noun of multitude to signify a
large number of balls.)
“Their powder and ball were spent. Cries were
heard of 'Ammunition ! for God's sake, ammunition !'"
-Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. v.
(d) A globe of metal carried as a symbol of
sovereign or other high authority.
“Hear the tragedy of a young man that by right
ought to hold the bail of a kingdom ; but by fortune is
made himself a ball, tossed from misery to misery,
from place to place."-Bacon.
2. Of objects existing in Nature :
(a) Gen.: Anything in nature which is
globular or nearly so.
"Like a ball of snow tumbling down a hill, he
gathered strength as he passed."—Howel.
(6) Spec. : The earth when viewed with re-
ference to its nearly spherical shape. It may
have some explanatory adjective, such as
“earthly” prefixed, or may have no such ad-
jective.
“ No compound of this earthly bali
Is like another, all in all."
Tennyson : The Two Voices.
“Ye gods, what justice rules the ball ?
Freedom and arts together fall."-Pope.
II. A game in which the globular body
described under I. 1. (a), or anything similar,
is used.
B. Technically :
I. Heraldry. Balls, occasionally tasselled,
are represented on some charges.
II. Mechanics :
1. Ball and socket: An instrument so ad-
justed that it can move in all directions,
horizontally, vertically, and obliquely, like the
ball-and-socket joint of the shoulders or of
the hip. It is used in trigonometrical survey-
ing and in astronomy. The theodolite ap-
proaches this construction.
2. The ball of a pendulum : The heavy piece
of metal at the bottom of a pendulum. The
name is not appropriate, for the “ball,” in-
stead of being globular, is much compressed
on two opposite sides. [BOB.]
III. Veterinary Science : A bolus of globular
shape administered as medicine to a horse.
IV. Pyrotechnics: A firework made in a
globular form, and consisting of combustible
materials of various kinds.
* V. Printing : A cushion covered with
leather or skin, and stuffed with hair or wool,
the whole affixed to a hollow piece of wood
called a ball-stock. It was formerly used by
printers for applying ink to the types, several
applications of the ball being necessary to
spread the ink over the entire surface when a
number of pages were printed at one time;
but now this is done much more rapidly and
efficiently by means of rollers made of a
composition of treacle, caoutchouc, and other
ingredients.
VI. Anatomy :
(a) Any part of the bodily frame globular
BALL-FLOWER ORNAMENT.
the petals of a moulded or sculptured flower
enclose, not stamens or pistils, but a ball.
The most numerous examples are found in
the diocese of Hereford.
* ball-stock, s.
Printing : The “stock” to which the cushion
was affixed in the old apparatus for applying
ink to the types. [BALL, B., V.] (Now
superseded by composition rollers.)
ball-vein, s. The appellation given by
miners to a particular kind of iron ore found
in balls or nodules.
bâll, v.i. [From Eng. ball (s.). In. Ger. ballen.]
1. To unite so as to form a ball.
2. To have a ball attached to it.
bâll (2), s. [In Sw., Dut., Fr., & Prov. bal; Ger.
ball; Sp. & Port. baile ; Ital. ballo. From
O. Fr. baler; Prov. balar, ballar ; Sp. & Port.
bailar ; Ital. ballare ; Low Lat. ballo = te
dance ; Gr. Badlíšw (ballizo)= to throw the
leg about, to dance ; Bádlo (ballo)=to throw.}
A dancing assembly, a social party at which
guests assemble, specially that they may spend
the evening in dancing.
“Of court, and ball, and play ; those venal souls,
Corruption's veteran unrelenting hands."
Thomson : Liberty, pt. v.
T To open a ball:
(a) Lit.: To lead off in the first dance.
(6) Fig. (among soldiers): To commence a
battle, or a cannonade against a fortification,
and thus set on foot a dance of death.
* băl-laçe, v.t. [BALLAST, v.]
băl'-ląd, * băl'-ad, * băl'-ade, * bă1 -1ět,
* băi-ette (Old Eng.), * băl-lant (Old
Scotch), s. [In Sw. ballad ; Dan., Dut., Ger.,
& Fr. ballade; Prov. ballada; Ital. baúlata =
a dance, a ballad; from ballare = to dance.]
[BALL (2), S., BALLET.]
Ballad and ballet were originally the same
word; afterwards they became specialized in
meaning-ballet being applied to a dance, and
ballad to a literary or musical composition.
A. Ordinary Language :
1. Originally: Any composition in verse, or
even in measured lines. Such a production
might be serious, or even religious. Thus in
in form.
"Be subject
To no sight but thine and mine, invisible
To every eye-ball else."-Shakesp. : Temp., i. 2.
(6) Any part sub-globular or protuberant.
.. pressed by the ball of the foot ...”-Todd &
Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i., p. 170. "
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sīr, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; try, Sýrian. æ, o=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

balladballet
403
Coverdale's Bible Solomon's Song is called
“Salomon's Balettes," and in Cranmer's and
the Bishops' Bibles - The Ballet of Ballets."
Harding also calls his Chronicle a “Balade."
(Boucher.)
“Ballad once signified a solemn and sacred song as
well as trivial, when Solomon's Song was called the
ballad of ballads; but now it is applied to nothing
but trifling verse."- Watts.
2. Next : A poem in spirited style, in most
cases celebrating some heroic exploits. It
was a much briefer and less elaborate compo-
sition than an epic. Ballads of this type have
existed in nearly all countries. They have
been used with great effect to perpetuate and
increase the martial spirit, besides furnishing
a tolerably authentic narrative of important
occurrences ere history of the ordinary kind
had arisen. Before the revival of letters had
directed attention to the great classic models
of epic poetry, native ballads were highly ap-
preciated, even by persons of rank and cul-
ture, and the bard was a welcome guest at
their social entertainments. This state of
things was in full force between the eleventh
and thirteen centuries, during which period
the ballad, though still mainly occupied in
celebrating heroic exploits, began to embrace
a wider range of subjects. [BARD.]
"A great part of their history is to be learned often
from their bullads."-Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. iii.
"I know a very wise man that believed that if a
man were permitted to make all the ballads, he need
not care who should make the laws of a nation.”-
Fletcher of Saltoun : Letter to the Marquis of Montrose.
3. Now: A more or less doggerel poem sung
for money in the street. (This is simply the
old ballad degenerated.)
B. Music:
1. A short simple air repeated in two or
more stanzas, with an accompaniment of a
strictly subordinate character. A more elabo-
rate composition of an analogous kind is called
a song or canzonet.
2. A piece of concerted vocal music of the
madrigal class, perhaps originally of a dance-
like rhythm, and generally having a short
“burden” such as fa, la, &c.
3. A term used by Bach and other writers
to designate one of a “suite de pièces."
ET A ballade in German music may be a long
dramatic and descriptive song, or even assume
the form of a cantata with solos and choruses
with orchestral accompaniments.
ballad-maker, s. A maker of ballads.
"Such a deal of wonder is broken out within this
hour', that ballad-makers cannot be able to express it."
-Shukesp.: Winter's Tale, v. 2.
ballad-making, s. The art of composing
ballads.
“How he found time for dress, politics, love-making,
and ballad-making was a wonder."-Macaulay: Hist.
Eng., ch. xi.
ballad-monger, s. A contemptuous
epithet for a composer of ballads.
"With eagle pinion soaring to the skies,
Behold the Ballad-monger Southey rise !"
Byron : English Bards.
ballad-opera, s. An opera, the musical
portion of which is not a connected and con-
secutive whole, but a series of ballads intro-
duced, as occasion arises, into the spoken
dialogue.
ballad-singer, s. One who sings ballads.
“ A famous man is Robin Hood,
The English ballad-singer's joy!"
Wordsworth : Rob Roy's Grave.
ballad-singing, s. The act or practice
of singing ballads. (Garrick, Worcester, &c.)
ballad-style, s. A style suitable to be
used in the composition of ballads.
"The familiarity which Dr. Milles assigns to the
ballad-style."-Warton : Rowley Enq., p. 46.
ballad-theory, s. A theory which ac-
counts for the prevalence of belief in certain
unsupported historical narratives by assuming
that they may have been derived from old and
veracious ballads.
1. "There is another circumstance which shows the
futility of Niebuhr's ballad-theory, as a historical hypo-
thesis, ..."-Lewis : Early Rom. Hist., ch. vi., $ 5.
ballad-tune, s. A tune to which a ballad
is set.
... and fitted to the ballad-tune which each liked
best."-Warton: Hist. of Eng. Poetry, iii. 163.
ballad-writer, s. A writer of ballads.
"Thomas Deloney, a famous ballad-writer of these
times, mentioned by Kemp, one of the original actors
in Shakespeare's plays."—Warton: Hist. of English
Poetry, iii. 430.
băl'-lad, v.t. & i. [From Eng. ballad, s. (q.v.).]
A. Transitive: To assail with or in ballads.
(Followed by the objective of the person
against whom the ballad is directed.)
“Saucy lictors
Will catch at us like strumpets, and scall'd rhimers
Ballad us out o' tune.".
Shakesp. : Ant. and Cleop., v. 2.
B. Intransitive: To compose or sing ballads.
“These envious libellers ballad against them."-
Donne : Pur., 1.
+ băl'-lad-ér, s. [Eng. ballad ; -er.] One
who composes or sings ballads ; a balladist.
"Poor verbal quips, outworn by serving-men, tap-
sters, and milkmaids; even laid aside by balladers." —
-Overbury : Character, Sign. G., 4.
băl'-lad-ing, pr. par. & d. [BALLAD, v.]
"A whining ballading lover.”—B. Jonson : Masques.
† băi’-lad-ist, s. [Eng. ballad ; -ist.] One
who composes or who sings ballads ; a
ballader. (Quart. Rev., Worcester, &c.)
băi'-lad-rý, s. [Eng. ballad ; -ry.]
1. The singing of ballads.
“Stay, till the abortive and extemporal din
Of balladry were understood a sin.”
B. Jonson : Masques.
2. The ballad style of composition.
“To bring the gravity and seriousness of that sort
of inusic Italian into vogue and reputation among
our countrymen, whose huinour it is time now should
begin to lose the levity and balladry of our neigh-
bours."-Purcell : Anthems, Pref.
3. Skill in composing ballads.
“To see this butterfly,
This windy bubble, task my balladry!"
Marston : Sc. of Vill., ii. 6.
băl-lăn, S. (Etymology doubtful.] The
English specific name applied to a fish, the
Ballan Wraase (Labrus bergylta). It is blue
or greenish above, white beneath, everywhere
chequered with fawn colour. It occurs in the
British seas. A fawn-colour variety was the
Labrus ballan of Pennant.
* băi'-lant, s. [BALLAD, s.] (0. Scotch.)
* băl'-la-răg, v.t. [BULLIRAG.]
băi'-last, * băl'-ast, s. [In Sw., Dut., Ger.,
& Russ. ballast; Dan. baglast ; apparently
from bag = the back, behind, and last = bur-
den, charge, load, weight; Sw. last = load,
cartload ; Icel. hláss; A.S. hlæst = a burden,
loading, the loading of a ship, freight, mer-
chandise ; 0. Fries. hlest; 0. H. Ger. hlast;
Dut. & Ger. last; Fr. balast, lest = ballast,
lastage, cargo ; Sp. lastre = ballast ; Port.
lastro. The second half of the word seems
plain. The import of the first half appears
suggested by the Dutch word bag = back.
Wedgwood believes the metaphor to be that
of a ship coming back in ballast when it is
unable to obtain cargo. Webster and Mahn
give as an alternative view Celt. beal = sand,
and suggest comparison with Wel. balasarn =
ballast. Or the substantive may be from the
verb to ballast, and it again from A.S, behlæstan
=to load a ship.] [BALLAST, v.t., LASTAGE.]
I. Literally :
1. Stones, iron, or other heavy substances
placed in the bottom of a ship or boat to lower
its centre of gravity and make it less liable to
be capsized when tossed by the wind and
B. Of the form ballast:
1. Lit. : To place stones, iron, or other heavy
substances in the bottom of a ship or boat to
diminish the risk of its being capsized.
“If this be so ballasted as to be of equal weight with
the like inagnitude of water, it will be moveable."--
Bp. Wilkins.
2. Fig. : To counteract the action of any-
thing too light by superadding something
solid to it; to impart stability to anything
liable to be overturned.
“Whilst thus to ballast love I thought,
And so more steddily t' have gone,
I saw I had Love's pinnace overfraught."
Donne.
“Now you have given me virtue for my guide,
And with true honour ballasted my pride."
Dryden.
băl'-last-age (age=1ğ), s. [Eng. ballast;
-age.] A toll paid for the privilege of taking
up ballast from the bottom of a port or
harbour. (Bouvier, &c.)
băl'-last-ed, pa. par., A., & s. [BALLAST, v.]
bă1-last-ing, pr. par., A., & s. [BALLAST, v.
In Dan. baglastning, s.]
A. As pr. par. & participial adjective: The
act of placing literal or figurative ballast in
anything; the state of being ballasted.
B. As substantive :
1. Ord. Lang. : The act of ballasting, the
state of being ballasted ; the ballast itself.
To thee, Posthumus.”
"... and so more equal ballusting
Shakesp.: Cymbeline, iii. 6.
2. Engineering : Gravel, pebbles, cinders,
slags, or similar material used as a founda-
tion on which to base the surface material of
a common road or of a railway.
băl'-lat-ed, a. [From Ital. ballata = a dance,
a ballad.] [BALLAD.] Sung in a ballad.
“I make but repetition
Of what is ordinary and Ryalto talk,
And ballated, and would be plaid o' the stage,
But that vice many times finds such loud friends,
That preachers are charm'd silent.”
Webster : Vittoria Corombona (1623).
bal'-la-tôon, s. A heavy luggage-boat em-
ployed in the transport of timber in Russia.
bal'-lat-ry, s. [From Ital. ballata = a dance,
a ballad. [BALLET.] A jig; a song.
The ballatry and the gammuth of every municipal
w fidler."— Milton: Areopagitica.
bâlled, pa. par. & a. [BALL, v.]
* bâll'-ed-ness, s. [BALDNESS.]
* băl-len-ģēr, * bål-en-gēr, * bă1'-lĩn-
ger, s. [In Fr. ballingier, which, in the
opinion of Stevens, is derived from Ger. bal =
the trunk of a tree (BOLE), and suff. -enger,
indicating the size of the vessel.] A small
sailing vessel, formerly in use in France,
England, and Scotland; a barge, a water-
vessel, a man-of-war,
"Quhen schippes of Tour and ballingeris of weir..
-Dissertation prefixed to the Complaynte of Scotland.
bâl1-er, s, [Eng. ball; -er.] One who makes
up thread into balls.
bal-lès-ter-7'-şīte, s. [Named after Lopez
Ballesteros.] A mineral, the stanniferous
variety of Pyrite or Pyrites, It contains tin
and zinc. It is found in Galicia.
băl-lêt (1) (t silent), + băl-lette, s. [In
Dan., Dut., Ger., & Fr. ballet ; Ital. balletto;
from ballare = to dance, to shake ; Lat. ballo
= to hop, to dance; Gr. pádliw (ballo) = to
throw, and Badlíšw (ballizo) = to throw the
leg about, to dance.] [BALL (2), BALLAD.]
Dramatic Art: A dramatic representation,
consisting of dancing and pantomime, regu-
lated by the strains of music, and generally
attended by the subordinate accessories of
scenery and decoration. It was first introduced
by the Greeks, was copied and developed by
the Romans, and was revived in more modern
times by the Italians, whose example diffused
it over most civilised countries. Our own
nation received it from the French. Till the
decline of the Roman empire, the performers
were men, then women were introduced, and
have since been the chief actors in the ballet.
The bad taste of the play-going public has
always tended to drag down the ballet to the
low level of a mere exhibition of gymnastic
skill in dancing, whereas its original and
specific aim was to act by gesture instead of
words a drama illustrative of the life, manners,
and costumes of foreign nations.
waves.
"They had scarcely time to hide themselves in a
dark hole among the gravel which was the ballast of
their smack.”—Macaulay: A
caulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xvi.
TA ship is said to be in ballast when she
has no cargo on board.
2. Gravel, shingle, or anything similar, laid
on a line of railway to make it solid. (Good-
rich & Porter.)
II. Fig. : Whatever is necessary to give
stability to the character of a person, of a
form of government, or anything similar.
"Why should he sink where nothing seem'd to press ?
His lading little, and his ballast less."-Swift.
“There must be middle counsellors to keep things
steady, for without that ballast the ship will roll too
much."-Bacon.
ballast-waggon, S. A waggon used
on railways for carrying ballast and other
materials for the construction or repair of the
permanent way.
băl'-last, * băl'-laçe, v.t. [From ballast, s.
(q.v.). In A.S. behlæstan = to load a ship ;-
Dan. baglaste; Dut. & Ger. ballasten.]
* A. Of the form ballace: To stuff.
“Neither to ballace the belly of Bacchus."
Reynold Scot : Dedication to ... a Hop
Garden (1578). (J. H. in Boucher.)
boil, boy: pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, çhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian =shạn. -tion, -sion, -cioun=shún; -ţion, -şion=zhŭn-tious, -Sious=shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

404
ballet-ballot
:
D.]
"The title of ballet was [also] often applied to poems
of considerable length." - Warton : Hist. of Eng.
Poetry, iii. 423.
băi?-lět (2), s. [Dimin. of BALL (1).]
Her.: A kind of bearing in coats-of-arms.
It consists of bezants, plates, hurts, &c., dis-
tinguished from each other by their colour.
ť ball-lì-aġe, s. A duty payable to the City
of London on the goods of aliens.
* băl'-li-ạrd, a. & s. [BILLIARD.]
băl-lış'-mús, s. (From Gr. Ball.couós (ballis-
mos) = a jumping about, a dancing; Bandico
(ballizā) = to throw the leg about, to dance.]
Med. : A variety of palsy, called by Parkin-
son Paralysis agitans, or shaking palsy, of
which the symptoms are the trembling of the
limbs even when they are supported. When
the patient tries to walk he is compelled to
adopt a running pace. The disease is a rare
one, and generally terminates in death.
băl-lis'-tą, s. [BALISTA.]
băl-lìs'-ter, s. [BALISTER.]
băl-lựs'-tic, a. (Lat, ballista ; Eng., &c., suff.
-ic. In Ger. ballistisch ; from Lat. ballista
(q.v.).] Pertaining to the ballista; pertaining
to the method of shooting missiles by means
of a ballista.
ballistic pendulum, S. A machine
invented by Mr. Benjamin Robins for ascer-
taining the force of projectiles. It consists of
a large block of wood affixed to the end of a
strong iron stem, having at the other end a
cross steel axis, placed horizontally, about
which the whole vibrates together like the
pendulum of a clock. When a projectile is
discharged against the wooden block or ball,
the pendulum is set in motion, and the arc
through which it vibrates measures the force
with which the machine has been struck.
băl-lựs'-tics, s. [In Ger. ballistik: Fr. bulis-
tique ; Port. balistica.] The art, or the prin-
ciple underlying the art, of shooting missiles
by means of a ballista. (Crabb.)
băi - lís-trär'-1-a, băl-ís-trär-y-a, s.
[From ballista, balista (q.v.).]
1. Cruciform apertures in the walls of a
fortress through which the crossbow-men dis-
charged their missiles. [ARBALESTENA.]
2. A bartizan ; a projecting turret on a
building.
băl-lì-um, s. [Corrupted from Lat. vallium.]
1. Originally: An outer bulwark.
2. Afterwards: The area or courtyard com-
prised within an outer bulwark. It contained
the barracks for the garrison, the chapel, and
sometimes other buildings.
“With battled walls and buttress fast
And barbican and ballium vast.'
Scott : Bridal of Triermain, iji. 9.
bal-lô on, * bằI-1ăn, * ba-lô on, * ba-
low'ne, s. [From Fr. ballon = (1) a football,
(2) a bladder, (3) a baloon, augmentative of
balle = a ball, a bullet. In Sw. ballong; Dan.
& Ger. ballon; Sp. balon ; Port. balao; Ital.
pallone; Wel. pelhen; from pel = a ball.]
A. Ordinary Language :
I. Originally :
* 1. A large as contradistinguished from a
small ball; baloon, as mentioned in the ety-
mology, being the augmentative of ball. Spec.,
the large ball called by Minsheu a “wind
ball,” used in the game defined under No. 2.
"Like balloones full of wind, the more they are
pressed down, the higher they rise."—Hewyt: Sermons
(1658), p. 115.
Todd thinks that the foregoing example
suggests the existence of a machine for tra-
versing the atmosphere as early as 1658. But
may it not refer to a ball pressed against the
ground, and again elastically springing up?
2. A kind of game somewhat resembling
tennis, played in a field with a large ball of
leather inflated with air, and driven to and
fro with the arm.
“We had a match at baloon, too, with my Lord
Whachum, for 4 crowns. Oh, sweet lady, 'tis a strong
play with the arm."-old Play, iv. 158. (Boucher.)
“Foot-ball, balloon, quintance, &c., which are the
common recreations of the country folks.”-Burton:
Anat. of Mel., p. 266.
II. Subsequently :
1. Gen.: Anything large and spherical, or
nearly so, especially if at the same time it is
hollow. [B.]
2. Spec. : The machine for aërial navigation
described under B. 4.
B. Technically :
* 1. Old Chem. : A large spherical receiver
with a short neck, used in distillation.
2. Arch. : A ball or globe placed on the top
of a pillar. (Johnson.)
3. Pyrotech.: A ball of pasteboard, stuffed
with combustible matter, which, when fired,
mounts to a considerable height in the air,
and then bursts into bright sparks of fire re-
sembling stars. (Johnson.)
4. Aeronautics : A machine designed for
aërial navigation. The sight of soap-bubbles
rising into the air, and of the flight of birds,
must have made men in all ages give at least
an occasional stray thought to the subject of
aërial navigation, but the first deliberately
considered scheme recorded seems to have
been that of Francis Lana, a Jesuit, who, in
1670, proposed to raise a vessel into the at-
mosphere by means of four metallic globes,
having a vacuum inside. The scheme, if tried,
would have failed; the globes of metal, if in-
tensely thin, would have been crushed in a
moment by the surrounding air ; whilst if
made thick enough to resist the pressure,
they would have been far too heavy to rise.
The only type of balloon which as yet has
succeeded was invented early in 1772, by the
brothers Stephen and Joseph Montgolfier,
paper-makers of Annonay, near Lyons, who
publicly exhibited at Annonay the first bal-
loon ascent ever witnessed, on June 5, 1783.
Their balloon was filled with air rarefied by a
fire lighted in the car. In December of the
same year, M. Charles, Professor of Physics in
Paris, substituted hydrogen gas for rarefied
atmospheric air. On November 21, 1783, the
Marquis d'Arlandes and M. Pilatre ascended
3,000 feet or more in a balloon, and, passing
over Paris, descended again in safety. Since
then many daring aëronautic feats have been
successfully achieved, while some fatal acci-
dents have occurred. M. Blanchard, ascend-
ing from Paris on March 2, 1784, was the first
to carry up with him a parachute to aid him
in his descent if a catastrophe occurred. On
November 25, 1783, the first English balloon
was sent up from London, with no person in
the car; on September 15, 1784, Vincentio
Lunardi ascended from London ; on January 7,
1785, M. Blanchard and Dr. Jeffries crossed the
English Channel from Dover to the forest of
Guiennes ; on September 21, 1802, M. Garnerin
safely descended in London from a parachute.
Twice in 1804 M. Gay-Lussac ascended from
Paris for meteorological and other scientific
research, the first time, accompanied by M.
Biot, 13,000 feet; the second time, alone,
23,000 feet. It will be observed that in the
early history of balloons France takes undis-
puted precedence of England. A few years
ago, however, this country gained a triumph
not yet paralleled on the Continent or else-
where, Mr. Glaisher, a celebrated aëronaut,
having ascended from Wolverhampton, on
September 5, 1862, to the amazing altitude of
37,000 feet. This was one of twenty-eight
ascents he made for scientific purposes, under
the auspices of the British Association, be-
tween July 17th, 1862, and May 26th, 1866.
Another of our most famous aëronauts is Mr.
Chas. Green, who made as many as 600 ascents
in about forty years,
A great drawback on the utility and safety
of aërial travelling is the inability, in the pre-
sent state of science, effectively to guide the
machine in the air.
A balloon of modern type is made of long
bands of silk sewed together, and rendered
air-tight by being covered with caoutchouc
varnish. It is filled with hydrogen or coal
gas. At the top there is a safety-valve, under
the aëronaut's control. He sits in a light
wicker-work boat or car, suspended by means
of cords from a network covering the balloon.
A balloon about forty-eight feet long by thirty-
six feet broad and thick will carry three
persons; with its car and other accessories it
weighs about 300 pounds.
Captive Balloon : A balloon fixed by a rope
or chain to the ground so that it is not free to
ascend beyond a certain height.
Fire Balloon : A balloon constructed of
paper or some light material, which, at pyro-
technic displays, is sent up into the air, carry-
ing a fire or light instead of an aëronaut..
bal-lôon'-îng, s. [Eng. balloon; -ing.] The
art of constructing balloons, or of using them
for the purpose of aërial navigation.
“Since then the art of ballooning has been greatly
extended, and many ascents have been made."-Atkin-
son : Ganot's Physics, 3rd ed. (1868), p. 134.
Military Ballooning : The art of using bal-
loons for military purposes. Sometimes
captive balloons have been employed to re-
connoitre the enemy in war; and on Friday,
October 7, 1870, during the investment of
Paris by the Germans, the celebrated French
deputy, Gambetta, escaped from the belea-
guered capital in a balloon, and used his
freedom to organise a large relieving army in
the provinces, with the intention, not ulti-
mately realised, of compelling the Germans
to raise the siege.
bal-lôon'-ist, s. [Eng. balloon ; -ist.] A per-
son who constructs or who steers a balloon,
or ascends in one from the earth; an aëro-
naut. (Knox, Worcester, &c.)
bal-lôon'-rý, s. [Eng. balloon ; -ry.] The
art or practice of ascending in a balloon;
aëronautics. (Quarterly Review.)
băi'-lot, s. [Fr. ballote = a ballot, a voting-
ball, a pannier, a basket ; Sp. balota; Port.
balote; Ital. ballotta = a little ball, dimin.
of balla = a ball. Thus, in one sense, ballotta
(a little ball) is the opposite of balloon, which
properly means a great one.]
1. A ball used for the purpose of voting.
In casting a ball for or against an individual,
the arrangement sometimes is that if the vote
be designed in his favour, then a white ball
is used; but if it be intended to be against
him, then one of a black colour is employed
-whence the phrase “to blackball one."
Other methods, however, may be adopted :
thus, a ball of any colour put through a hole
into one drawer may indicate a favourable
vote, and into another an unfavourable one.
Used in this sense, lit., for such a ball as that
described, or fig., for anything, even though
not a ball, employed in secret voting.
2. The method of voting in a secret manner,
by means of balls of different colours, or put
into different compartments, or in any other
way; secret as opposed to open voting. Ad-
mission into scientific societies, clubs, the
direction of banks and other large commercial
establishments, has long been conducted by
ballot. In ancient Athens and the other
Greek states it was in use when votes had to
be taken on political questions. It has long
been established in America, and for a shorter
period in France. In this country it consti-
tuted one of the five points in the Chartist
programme, both of the great political parties
in the state being at first opposed to it, as
deeming it a revolutionary project. Gradu-
ally, however, the mass of the Liberal party
ceased to fear the ballot, and opposition to it
on the part of the Conservatives became less
pronounced, till at last, while Mr. Gladstone
was in the plenitude of his power, a bill,
legalising it as an experiment for eight years,
was passed during the session of 1872. Its
merits are that it constitutes a considerable
barrier in the way both of intimidation and
bribery, and thus encourages the voter to
express his real sentiments, besides making
elections much less likely to result in riot
than when the old system prevailed. Its
chief disadvantage is that it affords an uncon-
scientious voter facility for saying that he has
voted one way when, in reality, he has secretly
done so in another. To this, however, it
should be added that when the legislature has
taken means to make a vote secret, there is an
obvious indelicacy in any one questioning a
voter as to how he recorded his suffrage at the
polling-booth.
“A motion was made that the committee should be
instructed to add a clause enacting that all elections
should be by ballot.”-Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xxi.
ballot-box, s. A box for the reception
of ballot-balls or papers when a secret vote
is being taken.
“A weapon that comes down as still
As snow-flakes fall upon the sod,
But executes a freeman's will
As lightning does the will of God;
And from its force nor doors nor locks
Can shield you :'tis the ballot-box.”
J. Pierpont: A Word from a Petitioner.
băi-lot, v.i. & t. [From ballot, s. In Sw.
ballotera; Dan, ballotere; Dut. balloteeren; Fr.
ballotter; Sp. balotar ; Ital. ballotare.]
A. Intransitive:
1. Specially: To vote by means of ballot-
balls. [BALLOT, s.]
2. Generally: To vote secretly, whatever be
the method adopted.
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; try, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē; š=ě. qu=kw.

ballota-balsam
405
B. Transitive: To submit to the operation
of the ballot.
“No competition arriving to a sufficient number of
balls, they fell to ballot soine others.”—Wotton.
bal-lo'-ta, s. [In Dut. & Fr. ballote ; Lat.
ballote; Gr. Ballwtń (ballōtē), from Báddw
(ballo)= to throw, to throw away, to reject,
the allusion being to its unpleasant smell.]
A genus of plants belonging to the order
Lamiaceæ, or Labiates. The calyx has ten
ribs. The plant is two or three feet high,
with whorls of purple or rarely of white
flowers. It flowers from July on almost to
winter, and is more frequent in the south
than in the north of Britain.
+ băl-lo-tā'de, + băl-o-tā'de, s. [In Ger. &
Fr. ballotade ; from Fr. ballotter, v.t.=to toss.]
In the Menage : The leap of a horse per-
formed between two pillars, and of such a
character that when his fore-feet are in the
air, he shows nothing but the shoes of his
hinder feet. It differs from a capriole, for
when a horse works at caprioles he jerks out
the hinder legs with all his force, whereas he
abstains from jerking them out when he makes
a ballotade.
băl-1o-tā'-tion, s. [Eng. ballot; -ation. In
Ital. ballottazione.] The act of voting by
ballot.
"The election is intricate and curious, consisting of
ten several ballotations."-Wotton.
băl-lot-er, s. [Eng. ballot; -er.] One who
votes by ballot, or conducts balloting opera-
tions. (Quart. Rev.)
băl-lot'-Ì-dæ, s. pl. [From ballota (q.v.).]
A family of Labiate plants, ranked under the
tribe Stacheæ. The only British genus is the
typical one, Ballota (q.v.).
t băl-lot--in, s. [Fr. ballottin =... a boy
who receives a voting ball.] One who collects
ballots.
băl-lot-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [BALLOT, v.]
A. & B. As. pr. par. & participial adj. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
C. As substantive : The act of voting by
ballot, or secretly.
"Giving their votes by balloting, they lie under no
awe."-Swift.
băl'-lot-ist, s. [Eng. ballot; -ist.] An advo-
cate for the ballot. (Quart. Rev.)
*bă1'-low, s. & a. [Akin to Eng. balk =...
a beain, and bole (q.v.).]
A. As substantive: A club, a cudgel.
"... your costard or my ballow."-Shakesp. : Lear,
iv. 6."
B. As adjective: Gaunt, bony, thin.
“Whereas the ballow nag outstrips the wind in
chase.”
Drayton : Polyolb., iii., p. 704. (Nares.)
bâll-rôom, s. [Eng. ball; room.] A room
used temporarily or permanently for balls, i.e.
for dancing assemblies.
“... the land of corn-fields and vineyards, of gilded
coaches and laced cravats, of ball-rooms and theatres.”
-- Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xvi.
balm (1 silent), * bâume, * bâwme, s. [In
Prov. balme; Fr. baume, from Lat. balsamum ;
0. Fr. bausme, basme; Sp., Port., & Ital. bal-
samo; Sw. & Ger. balsam ; Dan. balsom ; Dut.
balsem. Thus balm is a contraction of balsam
q.v.).]
A. Ordinary Language:
1. The juice, sap, or gum of highly odorifer-
ous trees, shrubs, or herbs.
“Balm trickles through the bleeding veins
Of happy shrubs in Idumean plains.” Dryden.
2. Anything possessed of a highly fragrant
and agreeable odour, as, for example, anointing
oil.
“ Thy place is fill'd, thy sceptre wrung from thee;
Thy balm wash'd off wherewith thou wast anointed."
Shakesp. : 3 Henry VI., iii. 1.
3. Anything soft and grateful to the feelings,
or which mitigates pain, irritation, or distress.
“Wide flush the fields; the softening air is balm.”
Thomson : Hymn.
"Nor steep our brows in slumber's holy balm.”
Tennyson : The Lotus-eaters : Choric Song, 2.
B. Botany, Horticulture, Commerce, &c. :
I. Generally: The English name of several
botanical genera.
II. Specially:
1. Loudon applies the term balm specially
to Melissa, which Arnott and others cail
bastard-balni.
2. Balm of Acouchi: The gum of the Icica
acuchini, a plant of the order Burseraceæ.
[ICICA.]
3. Balm of Gilead :
(1) Scripture : The gum of a tree and the tree
itself, the latter growing, as its name suggests,
in Gilead, a region east of Jordan, belonging
chiefly to the tribe of Gad. It is called 'n
(tsări) in Heb., and pntívn (rhētinē) in Septua-
gint Greek. It was used for healing wounds.
(For reference to it see Gen. xxxvii. 25 ; xliii.
il; Jer. viii. 22 ; xlvi. 11; Ezek. xxvii. 17.)
It has not been satisfactorily identified by
modern botanists. Royle thinks it may pos-
sibly have been the Elcugnus angustifolius of
Linnæus. [See (2) a.]
(2) Botany :
(a) A tree, Balsamodendron Gileadense, the
specific name being given because it was once
supposed to be the Scripture “Balm of Gilead”
-an opinion probably erroneous, for it does
not at present grow in Gilead, either wild or
in gardens, nor has it been satisfactorily
proved that it ever did. [(1) Scripture.] It is
called also B. opobalsamum. It is a shrub or
small-spreading spineless tree, ten or twelve
feet high, with trifoliate leaves in fascicles of
2-6, and reddish flowers having four petals.
It is found south of 22° N. lat. on both sides
of the Red Sea, in Arabia, Abyssinia, and
Nubia. It does not occur in Palestine. (Dr.
Trimen, &c.)
(6) Its gum : This is obtained from the trees
by incision. It is called also Balm of Mecca
and Opobalsamum. Two other kinds of gum
are obtained from the same tree : the first
(Xylobalsamum) by boiling the branches and
skimming off the resin, which rises to the
surface of the water; and the second (Carpo-
balsamum) by pressure upon the fruit.
Balm of Gilead Fir: A tree (Abies balsamea),
which furnishes a turpentine-like gum. It is
a North American fir, having no geographical
connection with Gilead.
4. Balm of Mecca : The same as Balm of
Gilead (2), b (q.v.).
balm-breathing, a. Breathing balm,
or producing a highly agreeable effect upon
the senses or heart.
"Since the balm-breathing kiss of this magical miss
Can such wonderful transports produce."
Byron : To the Sighing Strephon.
balm-cricket, s. A cricket whose carol
is fitted to soothe.
“The balm-cricket carols clear
In the green that folds thy grave."
Tennyson : A Dirge.
balm-dew, s. Odoriferous dews, or dew
fitted to soothe.
“All starry culmination drop
Balm-dews to bathe thy feet!"
Tennyson: The Talking Oak.
| balm (1 silent). * bâume *bâwme. v.t.
[From balm, s. (q.v.).]
1. Lit. : To anoint or impregnate with balm
or with any other odoriferous substance.
“Balm his foul head with warm distilled waters,
And burn sweet wood to make the lodging sweet."
Shakesp. : Taming of the Shrew, i., Induct.
2. Fig.: To soothe, to assuage.
"Opprest nature sleeps :
This rest might yet have balm'd thy senses."
Shakesp. : Lear, iii. 1.
+ balm-1-fy (1 silent), v.t. [Eng. balm(y), and
suffix -fy.] To make balmy.
"The fluids have been entirely sweetened and
balmified.”—Cheyne : English Malady (1733), p. 306.
balm-1-lý (1 silent), adv. In a balmy manner.
balm-ỷ (0 silent), đ. [Eng. balm; -9.]
1. Impregnated with balm ; having the
qualities of balm ; highly and pleasantly
odoriferous.
“Broke into hills with balmy odours crown'd.”
Thomson : Liberty, pt. ii.
“ Where, scatter'd wild, the lily of the vale
Its balmy essence breathes where cowslips hang
The dewy head, where purple violets lurk."
Thomson : Spring.
2. Producing balm.
“Let India boast her groves, nor envy we
The weeping amber, and the balmy tree."
Pope.
3. Mitigating or assuaging bodily pain or
mental distress; soft, soothing.
“The lamp of day is quench'd beneath the deep,
And soft approach the balmy hours of sleep."
Pope: Homer's Odyssey, bk. iii., 427-8.
băl-ně-al, a. [From Lat. balneum=a bath,
and Eng. suff. -al.] Pertaining to a bath.
băl-ne-a-ry, s. (From Lat. balnearia (pl.)
= a bathing-room; balnearis and balnearius
= pertaining to a bath ; Low Lat. balneo =
to bathe; balneum = a bath.] A bath-room.
“The balnearies, and bathing-places, he exposeth
unto the summer setting."-Browne : Vulgar Errours.
bål-ne-ā'-tion, s. [From Lat. balneum =a
bath.] The act or operation of bathing.
"As the head may be disturbed by the skin, it may
the same way be relieved, as is observable in balnea-
tions, and foinentations of that part."-Browne: Vulgar
Errours..
băl'-ně-a-tor-y, a. [Lat. balneatorius=per-
taining to a bath.] Pertaining to a bath.
(Cotgrave.)
băl-o-tā'de, s. - [BALLOTADE.]
*ba-lo'w, * ba-lô'o, interj.& s. [From Fr. en
bas le loup = the wolf below.] [HULLABALOO.
A. As interj.: A nursery term designed to
frighten children into silence, if not into sleep.
Originally it hinted that a wolf was waiting
below, but ultimately it lost definite meaning,
and only suggested that cause for terror ex-
isted without indicating the nature of the peril.
“Balow, iny babe, lie still and sleipe,
It grieves me sair to see thee weipe.
Lady Anne Bothwell's Lament. (Boucher.)
B. As substantive : The name of a tune re-
ferring to the above-mentioned exclamation.
“You musicians, play Baloo."
Knight of the Burning Pestle, ii. (Boucher.)
băl'-sa, băl-zą, s. [Sp. & Port. balsa, con-
sidered by Mahn to be of Iberian origin.] A
raft or fishing-boat, used chiefly on the Pacific
coast of South America.
bâil-sam, s. [In Sw. & Ger. balsam; Dan.
balsom ; Dut. balsem ; Fr. baume; O. Fr.
bausme, basme; Sp., Port., & Ital. balsamo;
Lat. balsamum ; Gr. Bátoauov (balsamon) =
(1) a fragrant gum from the balsam-tree, balm
of Gilead ; (2) the balsam-tree; also pároanos
(balsamos) = the balsam-tree.]
A. Ordinary Language :
I. Literally:
1. Any natural vegetable resin with a strong
and fragrant odour.
I Johnson defines it as “ointment, un-
guent, an unctuous application, thicker than
oil and softer than salve."
2. A well-known and beautiful plant, Im-
patiens balsamina, or any of its congeners.
II. Fig.: Anything agreeable to the re-
cipient, and which acts upon him with medi-
cinal effect.
“ Christ's blood our balsam; if that cure us here,
Him, when our judge, we shall not find severe."
Denham.
B. Technically :
I. Chemistry, Pharmacy, Botany, Comm., &c.:
1. Originally: A term for any strong-scented
vegetable resin. It was applied also to many
resinous and oleaceous compounds.
2. Then : It was next limited to those con-
taining, or supposed to contain, benzoic acid,
and specially to the Balsams of Tolu and Peru,
to storax, benzoin, and liquid amber.
3. Now : It has again been extended to sub-
stances not containing benzoic acid. Accord-
ing to the present use of the term, balsam in
Chemistry may be defined as a natural mix-
ture of resin with volatile oil.
0
1 Wo
mith
LIIT
BALSAM OF COPAIBA : PLANT, FLOWER, AND FRUIT.
9 Balsam of Capevi or Copaiba: A gum
which flows from incisions of the wood of
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, eşist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -çion, -tion, -sion=shủn; -țion, -şion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, del.
062.39: 2624,2mm, gent, sed diam non haben seitens centum hominem adjacent, Knopetan, et

406
balsam-Baltimore
The Tuscan olive . momson: Liberty, pt. v.
CZ
Henni
Copaifera officinalis, a South American tree. bâl-sam-ā'-tion, s. [Eng. balsam ; -ation.] + bâl'-sam-oủs, a. [Eng. balsam ; -ous.]
It is at first clear and colourless, but ac The act or operation of impregnating with
| Full of, or at least containing, balsam.
quires a yellowish tinge by age. [COPAIFERA.] balsam.
Balsam of Mecca, Balm of Mecca : The same “Mr. Hook produced a paper, which he had received
*bâl'-staff, *bâl'-staffe, s. [A.S. balca =
as Balm of Gilead, an odoriferous resin from
from Mr. Haak, being an account of the several things
affirmed to be performed by Dr. Elshot of Berlin :
balk, and Eng. staff.] A quarter-staff, a great
an Amyridaceous tree, Balsamodendron Gilea which paper was read. It contained an account of ... staff like a pole or beam.
dense. [BALM OF GILEAD, BALSAMODENDRON.] his universal balsamation.”-Hist. Roy. Soc., iv. 109.
"He berith a balstaffe ...
(Todd.)
Balsam of Peru: A balsam, the produce,
Prologue to Beryn, 163.
according to Mutis, of Myroxylon, or Myro bâl-săm'-ực, * bâl-săm-ck, a. & s. [Eng. * bâll'-stěli, * bâll-stěl, s. [Eng. ball (1),
spermum, an Amyridaceous genus.
balsam ; -ic. In Fr. balsamique; Ital. bal and stele = a handle.] A geometrical staff (in
Balsam of Tolu : A balsam, the produce of samico; from Lat. balsamicus.]
Latin “radius”). (Higgins: Nomenclator, 1585.)
Toluifera, or Myrospermum, already men A. As adjective : Pertaining to balsam.
tioned.
Specially-
* bâl-těr, v.t. [Perhaps from 0. Fr. baladeur,
* II. Old Pharmacy. Balsam of Sulphur : 1. Having the qualities of balsam.
Low Lat. balator = a dancer. ] [BALL (2).]
A solution of sulphur in oil.
"... with mild balsamic juice
1. To dance. (Old Scotch.)
III. Botany and Horticulture :
“Sum trottit Tras and Trenass;
Sum balterit The Bass."
1. Sing. : The English name of Impatiens, a 2. Mitigating, assuaging, or removing pain
Clolkelbie Sow, F. i., v. 302. (Jamieson.)
genus belonging to the order Balsaminaceæ,
or mental distress.
2. To stick together. (O. Eng.) (Holland.)
or Balsams. Impatiens balsamina is the much-
“... inedical men of high note believed, or affected
admired “balsam” so often grown in gardens, to believe, in the balsamic virtues of the royal hand." Bâl'-tic, * Bâl-tick, a. & s. [Etym. some-
in boxes, or pots in windows, and in other - Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xiv.
what doubtful. The word was first used by
B. As substantive: Anything having pro Adam, canon of Bremen, at the end of the
perties like those of balsam. (Berkeley.)
eleventh century. In Fr. Baltique ; Port.
bâl-săm'-ic-al, a. [Eng. balsamic; -al.] The
Baltico; Mod. Lat. Mare Balticum. Probably
from Sw. bält=a belt (Belt), in allusion to
same as BALSAMIC, adj. (q.v.). (Hale.)
its form, and also to the fact that two of the
bâl-săm'-ic-al-lý, adv. [Eng. balsamical ;
straits connecting it with the ocean are called
the Great and the Little“ Belt.” It has also
-ly.] After the manner of a balsamic. (Dr.
been derived from Sclav. or Lettonian balt=
Allen.)
white, from its being frozen part of the year;
bâl-sam-if'-ēr-oŭs, a. [Lat. balsamum, and
or from Baltus, an old king, or Baltea, the
old name of an island. ]
fero = to bear.] Bearing balsam. (Smith.)
A. As adjective: Pertaining to the sea de-
băl-sam-íf-lų-a, s. pl. [Lat. balsamum = scribed under B.
balsam, and fluo = to flow.]
“We know that it [the Scandinavian ice-sheet] not
only filled the Gulf of Bothnia, but Occupied the
Bot.: Blume's name for an order of plants whole area of the Baltic Sea." -Geikie: The Great Ice
more generally called Altinghiaceæ or Balsa Age, 2nd ed. (1877), p. 404.
maceæ (q. V.).
B. As substantive: An inland sea, enclosed
by Sweden, Russia, Germany, and Denmark,
băl-sam-1'-ną, s. [Lat. balsaminus; Gr. Bal and communicating with the German Ocean
cáuivos (balsaminos)= of balsam.] A genus by the “Sound” and the Great and Little
FLOWER OF THE GARDEN BALSAM.
of plants, in which some include the Garden Belts.
Balsam, which is called by them Balsamina "Hence we may confidently infer that in the days
hortensis, but is more appropriately designated
of the aboriginal hunters and fishers, the ocean had
places. Cultivation has made its colours now
freer access than now to the Baltic."-Lyell : Antiq.
by the name Linnæus gave it, Impatiens bal-
of Man, 4th ed. (1873), p. 14.
very diverse, and the plant has run into
samina.
many varieties, but none of them are per-
Bal-ti-möre, bai-ti-möre, s. & C. [Named
manent. The juice of the balsam, prepared băl-sam-in-ā'-çe-æ (Lindley), băl-sam-
after the second Lord Baltimore, a Roman
with alum, is used by the Japanese to dye în'-ě-a (Ach. Richard) (Latin), bâl'-sams Catholic nobleman of Yorkshire, in England,
their nails red. [IMPATIENS.]
(Eng.), s. pl. [BALSAMINA.]
and Longford in Ireland, who, in A.D. 1634,
2. Plural: Balsams. The English name of
Botany: An order of plants placed under founded the colony of Maryland, in North
the order Balsaminaceæ, in Lindley's nomen the Geranial Alliance. The flowers are very America.]
clature.
irregular. The sepals and petals are both A. As substantive :
coloured; the former are properly five in num-
balsam-apple, balsam apple, S.
1. (As Baltimore): A city and county in
ber, but generally by abortion three, one of
The fruit of a Cucurbitaceous plant, Momordica
Maryland, in the United States.
them spurred; the latter five, reduced to two
balsamina. It is a fleshy ovate fruit, partly
lateral ones, each really of two combined, and
2. (As baltimore) : The bird described under
smooth, partly with longitudinal rows of
a large broad concave one. Stamens five, un-
BALTIMORE BIRD (q.v.).
tubercles, and red in colour when ripe. In
combined. Fruit generally a five-celled cap-
“I have never met with anything of the kind in
Syria the unripe pulp, mixed with sweet oil,
the nest of the baltimore."-Wilson and Bonaparte :
sule, with one or more suspended seeds. No
and exposed to the sun for some days, is used
Americ. Ornith., ed. Jardine (1832), i. 19.
involucre. The large genus Impatiens is the
for curing wounds. It is applied in drops let
B. As adjective: Pertaining to Baltimore;
type of the order, which in 1846 contained 110
fall upon cotton wool
found at Baltimore.
described species, chiefly from the East Indies.
balsam-herb, balsam herb, s.
[BALSAMINA, IMPATIENS.) Some make the Baltimore bird, Baltimore oriole,
Balsaminaceæ only a sub-order of Geraniaceæ.
Among Gardeners: A plant, Justicia comata.
Baltimore hang-nest, baltimore. A
bâl'-sam-īne, s.
balsam-seed, s.
bird of the family Sturnidæ (Starlings), and
[In Ger. balsamine ; Fr.
the sub-family Oriolinæ (Orioles). It is the
Among Gardeners : Any plant of the genus
balsamine; Gr. Badcapívn (balsaminē) = the
balsam-plant.] A name sometimes given to a
Myrospermum.
plant, Impatiens balsamina.
balsam-sweating, a. Sweating or yield-
ing balsam.
băl-sam-în'-ě-æ, s. pl. [BALSAMINACEÆ.]
balsam-tree, s.
băl-sam-i'-tą, s. [In Port. balsamita; from
1. The English name of the Clusia, a genus
Lat. balsamu Gr. Bádoanov (balsamon), and
of plants constituting the typical one of the
Bároauos (balsamos) = the balsam-tree, called
from the balsamic smell.] A genus of plants
order Clusiaceæ, or Guttifers.
belonging to the order Asteraceae (Composites).
2. The “Balm of Gilead,” or any other tree
B. vulgaris is the Costmary or Ale-cost. [COST-
belonging to the genus Balsamodendron. (See
MARY, ALE-COST.] The species are plants of
BALM, B., II. 3; BALSAMODENDRON.]
no beauty from the south of Europe.
balsam-weed, s. The name given in
băl-sam-o-děn'-dron, s. [Gr. Bárcamov
America to a plant, Graphalium polycephalum,
used in the manufacture of paper.
(balsamon) = balsam, and dévepov (dendron)
= a tree. Balsam-tree.] A genus of plants
balsam-wood, s.
belonging to the order Amyridaceae. They
Among Gardeners : Any plant of the genus
have often pinnate leaves, spinous branches,
Myroxylon.
small green axillary, unisexual flowers, and
a two, or by abortion, one-celled fruit with
* bâl'-sam, v.t. [From balsam, s. (q.v.).]
solitary seeds. Balsamodendron myrrha, found
1. Lit. : To impregnate with balsam.
in Arabia Felix, yields the resin called Myrrh.
2. Fig.: To make agreeable, as if impreg-
B. Giteadense (Balm of Gilead), called also B.
opobalsamum, produces Balm of Gilead or
nated with balsam.
Balm of Mecca (q.v.). B. mukul yields a resin
“The gifts of our young and flourishing age are very
believed by Dr. Stocks to be the Bdellium of
sweet, when they are balsamed with discretion."-Bp.
Scripture and of Dioscorides.
Hackett: Life of Abp. Williams, pt. i., p. 57.
BALTIMORE BIRD AND NEST.
[BDELLIUM.]
B. africanum furnishes African Bdellium. B.
* băl-sam-ā'-çě-æ, s. pl. [From Lat. bal-
kataf furnishes a kind of myrrh, and B. pu Oriolus Baltimore of Catesby, now Icterus
scimum.] [BALSAM.] An order of plants, gene bescens yields Bayee Balsam. B. Zeylanicum is Baltimorii. The name Baltimore was applied
rally called Altinghiaceæ or Balsamifluæ (q.v.). | cultivated in Britain as a stove-plant. [BALM.] or attached to this bird not merely because it
UN
CREDITI
Autott
KINN INN
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whất, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, són; mūté, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian. ®, ce =ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

baltimorite-ban
407
boo.
60
occurs at the place so called, but according to
Catesby because its colours, which are black
and orange, were the same as those on the
coat of arms or livery of the Lord Baltimore
who was formerly proprietor of Maryland.
(See etym.) The appellation “Hang Nest,”
or sometimes “Hanging Bird,” is given be-
cause it builds a pendulous nest-that is, like
a cylindrical pouch, sometimes sewed with
horse hair; the curious structure being sus-
pended from the end of a branch or a twig.
Another name given to the baltimore is “ Fire
Bird,” because when its bright hue is seen
through the green leaves the appearance
somewhat resembles a flame of fire. Yet
another name is “Golden Robin." It extends
from Canada to Mexico, or even to Brazil,
migrating to the northern part of this area
about May, and to the southern one about the
end of August or in September. (Wilson and
Bonaparte, &c.)
bâl-ti-mör'-īte, s. [From Baltimore (q.v.),
where it occurs, and suff. -ite.] A. mineral,
considered by Dana as identical with Picrolite
(q.v.), and ranked in the British Museum
Catalogue as a variety of Serpentine (q.v.). It
is composed of longitudinal fibres, adhering to
one another. Its lustre is silky. When thick
it is opaque, but when thin it is transparent
on the edges.
băl'-us-tér, băl'-lŭs-tér, + băl'-lís-tēr,
+ băl'-las-ter, s. [In Dut. baluster; Fr.
balustre; Sp. balaustre; Port. balaustre, ba-
lauste ; Ital. balaustro. From Low Lat. balus-
trum, balustrium = a place with several baths
railed in. (Du Cange.) Or from Prov., Sp., &
Ital. balaustra ; Lat. balaustium ; Gr. Badato-
TLOV (balaustion)= a pomegranate flower, to
which balusters may in some cases have re-
semblance. Mahn accepts and Wedgwood re-
jects the latter etymology. It has also been
derived from Lat. balista (q.v.), and from Lat.
palus = a pale, a stake.] [PALE, S., PALING.]
In Architecture :
1. A small pilaster or column, often adorned
with mouldings. It is usually made circular,
and swelling towards the lower part. Rows
of such balusters are often placed in the front
of galleries in churches, on the outside of
terraces and bridges, or to support rails on
stairs. In the last case, the word is generally
corrupted into bannister [BANNISTER), whilst
a row of balusters constitutes a balustrade
(q.v.).
"Rayled with turned ballasters of free-stone, ..."
-Survey of Wimbledon (1649). (Archæol., vol. x, p.
404.)
“This should first have been planched over, and
railed about with balusters."-Carew.
"The use of the baluster was unknown to the an-
cients, ... Perhaps the most ancient are to be found
in Italy, and it may be considered an invention which
first appeared on the revival of the arts in that
country.”—Chambers : Civil Architect. (ed. Gwilt), p.
322.
2. The lateral part of the volute of an Ionic
capital. (Gwilt.)
ba-lūs'-tēred, băl-lŭs'-tred (tred as
terd), adj. [Eng. baluster ; -ed.] Having
balusters. (Soames.)
băl-üs-trāde. + băl-lūs-trāde, s. [In
Sw. & Dan, ballustrade; Dut. & Fr. balus.
trade; Sp. balaustrada; Port. balaustrada, ba-
laustada; Ital. balaustrata.] [BALUSTER.]
frequently used in their construction is stone, bamboo-rat, s. A rodent mammal be-
though iron and wood are also occasionally longing to Gray's genus Rhizomys, which is
employed.
placed under the Muridæ, or Mouse family.
* balwe, * balhew, * baly, a. [Etymology
bamboo-stage, s. A stage made of bam-
doubtful.] Plain, smooth.
"Balwe or playne.”—Prompt. Parv.
. . sitting on a bamboo-stage astern ; . . ."-
Hooker: Himalayan Journals, i. 70.
* bal'-we, * bal-lü, s. The same as BALE (1). băm'-bôo. v.t. [From bamboo. s. (a. y.).7 To
* bāl-yě, s. [BAILLIE (2).] Dominion, custody.
beat with a bamboo.
“To harl hinn til his balye.”
băm-bồo?-zle, * băm-bộu-zle (zle =
Cursor Mundi." (s. in Boucher.)
zel), v.i. & t. [Said to be of gipsy origin;
* bā'-ly-shịp, s. [O. Eng. baily = baillie but if so, then probably it originated since the
(q.v.), and suff. -ship.] The office and position gipses came to Europe from their former home
of a bailiff.
upon the Indus, for it does not appear to
"Balyship, baliatus.”—Prompt. Parv.
occur in the cognate Hindoo tongues. (GIPSY.)
(Bp. Nicolson, Boucher, &c.) Probably akin to
+ balz, s. [Ger.]
İtal. bamboccio=a simpleton; bamboleggiare=
Ornith.: The love-dance and love-song of
to do childish things; from bambolino, bam-
the blackcock.
bolo = an infant, a babe, and bambo = silly. In
Sp. bambarria is = a fool, an idiot; and in
“The elder Brehm gives a curious account of the
Balz, as the love-dance and love-song of the Blackcock
Sp. & Port. bambalear is = to stagger, to vacil-
is called in Germany."-Darwin: Descent of Man, pt. late. If derived from the Italian, the essential
ii., ch. xiii.
meaning is to make a grown-up man behave
balz-place, s.
in as silly a manner as a child could do.]
Ornith.: A place where blackcocks perform
+ A. Intrans. : Intentionally to involve a
their love courtships.
subject in mystery or perplexity. To do so
and the same blackcock, in order to prove his
especially in money matters for purposes of
strength over several antagonists, will visit in the
fraud.
course of one morning several balz-places, which re-
"After Nick had bamboozled about the money, John
main the same during successive years."-Darwin: called for counters."-Arbuthnot.
Descent of Man, pt. ii., ch, xiii.
B. Trans. : To mystify for purposes of
băl-za-rîne, s. (Fr.) A light mixed material
deceit; to cheat, to swindle.
"Let no one be bamboozled by this kind of talk, ..."
of worsted and cotton, used for ladies' dresses.
- Edward A. Freeman : Times, Feb. 10, 1877.
(Simmonds.)
Bamboozle is regarded as a vulgar word.
+ băm, s. Mahn thinks it a contraction of bam băm-boo-zled, * băm-bộu-zled (zled
boozlé (q.v.). Wedgwood derives it from Bret.
| as zeld), pa. par. [BAMBOOZLE, v.]
bamein = to enchant.] A sham; a quiz.
“The laird, whose humble efforts at jocularity were băm-bôoz-lér, s. [Eng. bamboozl(e); -er.]
chiefly confined to what was then called bites and
bams, since denominated hoaxes and quizzes, had the
One who bamboozles; a cheat, a swindler.
fairest possible subject of wit in the unsuspecting (Vulgar.)
Dominie.”—Guy Mannering, ch. iii.
“There are a set of fellows they call banterers and
bamboozlers that play such tricks."-Arbuthnot.
t băm, v.t. [From bam, s.) To cheat.
băm-bồoz-ling, * băm-bộuz-ling, pr.
băm-bốc,s. & c. [In Sw. bamborör ; Dan.band par. & a. [BAMBOOZLE.]
busrör; Ger. bambus-rohr and bambus; Dut.
bamboesriet and bamboes ; Fr. bambou; Sp.
băm-bus-a, * bămº-b5s, S. [Latinised
cana bambos ; Port. bambu; Ital. canna bambu.
from the Mahratta or Malay word bamboo.]
From Mahratta bamboo or bambî; or from [BAMBOO.] "A genus of grasses, the type of
Malay bamboo or bambú, also mambu.]
the section Bambuseæ. It contains the well-
A. As substantive : Any species of the
known Bamboo or Bamboo-cane (Bambusa
botanical genus Bambusa, and specially the
arundinacea). [BAMBOO.] Other species from
Asia and the adjacent islands are B. maxima,
best-known one, Bambusa arundinacea. [BAM-
BUSA.] It is a giant-grass, sometimes reach-
100 feet high, from the Malay archipelago ; B.
ing the height of forty or more feet, which
aspera, from Amboyna, 60 or 70 feet; and B.
is found everywhere in the tropics of the
apus, from Java, of as ample dimensions, with
Eastern Hemisphere, and has been introduced
many others. The American species are less
into the West Indies, the Southern States of
numerous, but B. latifolia, from the Orinoco,
America, and various other regions in the
is very fine.
Western world. It has the usual character-
băm-bu-gia-3, * băm-bus-8-, S. p.
istics of a grass-the cylindrical stem, of flinty
hardness externally, while soft or even hollow
[BAMBUSA.] The family of the order Grami-
within; the separation of the stem into nodes
naceæ, to which the Bamboos belong. It
and internodes; and the inflorescence of a
falls under the section Festuceæ. In most of
type found in many genera of the order,
the species there are six stamina instead of
namely, in great panicles made up of a series
three, the normal number. The genera are
of spikes of flowers. In some cases a sub-
but few, Bambusa (q. v.) being the chief.
stance called tabasheer [TABASHEER], consist-
ing of pure silica, is found secreted in the
| băm'-līte, s. [Named after Bamle, in Norway,
where it occurs.] A mineral, a variety of
nodes.
The uses to which the several species of
Fibrolite proper (q.v.). It is of a white or
bamboos are put in the regions where they
greyish colour and columnar in form.
grow are almost innumerable. In house băn (1), * bằnn, * bằnne, * bãin, * băne
building they furnish the framework of the
sides and roof, with the joists and other parts
(pl. bănnş, t bănş, * băneş, * bāineş),
of the flooring Villages of such materials are
s. [From A.S. bannan= to proclaim, sum-
in many cases rendered very difficult of attack mon. In Sw. bann = excommunication; Dan.
by being surrounded by a thick fence of spiny
band, ban =ban, excommunication, outlawry;
species. Bows, arrows, quivers, the shafts of
Dut. ban = excommunication, banishment,
lances, and other warlike weapons can be
jurisdiction ; Ger. barn ; O. H. Ger. ban = a
made from the stems of bamboo, as can ladders, public proclamation, spec., excommunication ;
rustic bridges, the masts of vessels, walking Wer. & Gael. ban =a proclamation; Fr. &
sticks, water-pipes, flutes, and many other
Prov. ban = banns, proclamation, publication,
objects. The leaves are everywhere used for ban, banishment, outlawry, exile, privilege;
weaving and for packing purposes. Finally,
Sp., Port., & Ital. bando. The word seems to
the seeds are eaten by the poorer classes in have come originally from the Teutonic
parts of India ; and in the West Indies the tongues. Low Lat. bannus, bannum, bandum.]
tops of the tender shoots are pickled and made [ABANDON, BANDIT, BANISH.]
to supply the place of asparagus.
T Essential meaning: A proclamation, public
B. As adjective: Pertaining to the bamboo ; notice, or edict respecting a person or thing.
made of bamboo, consisting of bamboo; re-
Wedgwood thinks that the original significa-
sembling the bamboo. (See the compounds tion was that given under B., I.
which follow.)
A. Ordinary Language :
bamboo - cane, bamboo cane, S.
I. Of persons :
Another name for the bamboo.
1. A public proclamation or edict respecting
a person, without its being in any way im-
bamboo-jungle, s: An Indian jungle plied that he has been named in order to be
in which the wild bamboo abounds.
denounced. [B., III.]
Tamming
ITA AMMU
NITION
LIITTITUT
EICIENDUSELE
BELLISSEME
TIENE
ATEUE
MOD
EIJELA JE
MONTE
ELDEN
MA
BALUSTRADE.
Arch.: A range of small pillars called balus-
ters, resting on a plinth, and supporting a
coping, cornice, or rail. They are frequently
employed to form a parapet around a flat-
roofed building, or along the sides of a bridge,
terrace, staircase, or balcony, or to fence
round an altar or a font. The material most
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shủn; -țion, -şion=zhŭn. tious, -sious, -cious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. =bęl, del.

408
ban-band
mean, and none but the most audacious ven-
tured to pronounce the word “Jellachich.”
(1.) Gen.: An edict or proclamation of any
kind.
“That was the ban of Keningwurthe; that was lo
this
That ther ne ssolde of heie meu deserited be none
That hadde iholde aye the king, bote the erl of
Leicetre one."
Rob. Gloucest., p. 568. (S. in Boucher.)
(2.) Specially :
(a) A summons; a citation.
"Ther come to thys rounde table as he sende ys ban,
Aunsel kyng of Scotlond, and also Uryan,
That was kyng of Muryfycens, and also of North
Walys,
Cadwal, and also Scater kyng of South Walys."
Rob. Gloucest., p. 188. (S. in Boucher.)
(6) Plur.: An announcement of an intended
marriage. [B., III.]
*He gan renew the late forbidden bains."
Spenser: F. Q., I. xii. 36.
“I bar it in the interest of my wife,
'Tis she is subcontracted to this lord,
And I, her husband, contradict your banns."
Shakesp.: King Lear, v. 3.
2. A proclamation or edict denouncing one,
and rendering him subject to penalties. Spe-
cially-
(1.) In civil matters. [B., II.]
“He proceeded so far by treaty, that he was proffered
to have the imperial ban taken off Altapinus upon
submission."—Howel.
(2.) In ecclesiastical matters : Excommunica-
tion, curse, anathema. [BAN, v.]
“A great oversight it was of St. Peter that he did
not accurse Nero, whereby the pope might have got
all; yet what need of such a ban, since friar Vincent
could tell Atabalipa that kingdoms were the pope's?"
-Raleigh.
(3.) Gen.: A curse of any kind by whom-
soever given forth.
“ Thou mixture rank, of midnight weeds collected,
With Hecate's ban thrice blasted, thrice infected.”
Shakesp.: Hamlet, iii. 2.
II. Of things :
1. A public proclamation or edict, com-
manding, permitting, forbidding, or announ-
cing anything [B., III.); hence any prohibition
or interdiction of a solemn kind, however
announced.
“... who thus hast dared,
Had it been only coveting to eye
That sacred fruit, sacred to abstinence,
Much more to taste it, under ban to touch ?”
Milton : P. L., bk. ix.
2. The penalty inflicted upon a person pub-
licly denounced.
B. Technically:
I. Military and Feudal :
1. A proclamation in time of war, summon-
ing the king's retainers to attend him on an
expedition.
2. The retainers thus suminoned. The vas-
sals of the feudal lords under the king were
called the arrière-ban. [ARRIÈRE-BAN.] (This
nomenclature was originally French.)
II. Hist. The Ban of the Empire: A penalty
occasionally put in force under the old Ger-
man empire against a prince who had given
some cause of offence to the supreme authority.
Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria, in the eleventh cen-
tury, and Otho, of Wittelspach, in the twelfth
century, were thus put under the ban of the
empire.
III. Law, &c. Banns (pl.): The publication
of intended marriages in the Church of Eng-
land; proclamation that certain parties named
intend to proceed to marriage, unless any in-
pediment to their union be proved to exist.
Banns of marriage have to be published for
three Sundays before the event in the church
or chapel where the ceremony is to take
place, unless a licence is obtained. [LICENCE,
MARRIAGE.]
bắn (2), 8. [Servian bam; Russ. & Pol. paum
= a master, a lord.]
In Austro-Hungary :
1. Formerly: A title belonging to the warden
of the eastern marshes of Hungary.
2. Now: The Viceroy of Temesvar, generally
called the “Ban of Croatia.” The territory
he rules over is called a banat or banate.
The name Ban in this latter sense was
brought prominently before the English public
during the war of independence waged by the
Magyars of Hungary against Austria in 1849.
In that struggle the Sclavonians, who con-
stituted nearly half the population of the
Austrian empire, sided with the Germans
against the Magyars, one of the most pro-
minent supporters of the Vienna Government
being the "Ban Jellachich” of Croatia. His
name impressed the English public with a
certain measure of awe, for people had but
vague conceptions as to what a “ Ban” might
băn (3), s. [Hind., &c., bao10, bum = cotton.]
Comm. : A kind of fine muslin brought from
the East Indies.
băn, 10.t. & i. [A.S. ba nam, batmam =to
command, to order. In Sw. banna = to re-
prove, to chide ; bannas = to ban, to curse ;
Dan. forbande=to excommunicate, to curse;
Dut. banden = to excommunicate.] [BAN, S.,
BANISH.]
A. Trans. : To make the subject of a public
proclamation. Specially-
1. Of persons : To excommunicate, to curse;
to imprecate evil upon.
"And bitter words to ban her cruel foes."
Shukesp. : Tarquin and Lucrece.
“Before these Moors went a Numidian priest, bellow-
ing out charms, and casting scrowls of paper on each
side, wherein he cursed and banned the Christiaus."-
Knolles.
2. Of things : To forbid ; to prohibit.
: “And mine has been the fate of those
To whom the goodly earth and air
Ale bann'ıl and barr'd-forbidden fare."
Byron : The Prisoner of Chillon.
B, Intransitive :
1. To imprecate vengeance upon a person;
to curse a person.
2. To curse and swear; to use more or less
profane or irreverent language. (English &
Scotch.)
“Ne'er curse, nor bann, I you implore,
In neither fun nor passion.”
A. Douglas : Poems, p. 75.
† bą-năi'-1-tý, s. [Fr. banalité = common-
place; from banal, adj. = (1. Of persons) mer-
cenary, (2. Of things) common to every one.)
A common place; a common-place compli-
ment, uttered to every one alike, and meaning
nothing.
"... his house and his heart are open to you. Civil
banalities are not at all in his line, his friendship is
solidly demonstrative, and you can do him no greater
favour than by frankly accepting the thousand kind-
nesses he is eager to proffer."-Daily Telegraph, Dec.
8, 1876.
bą-na'-ną, s. & a. [In Sw. bananasträd; Fr.
banane, the fruit, and bananier, the tree ; Sp.
banana, banano, bananas; Port. banana.]
A. As substantive :
1. A tree, the Musa sapientum of botanists.
To the superficial observer it looks like a
palm, but the leaves are essentially different.
Tearing in long stripes, like those of endogens
in general, they differ from the normal type in
doing so transversely on either side from the
midrib, instead of longitudinally. The flowers
also are different, and the nearest affinity of
the order Musaceæ, of which it or its congener,
the plantain, is the type, is with the gingers
and arrowroots, and not with the palms. The
banana is about twenty feet high. It re-
“ The dream is past; and thou hast found again
Thy cocoas and bananas, palms and yains,
And homestall thatched with leaves."
Cowper : Task, bk. i.
B. As adjective: Pertaining to the banana ;
feeding on the banana. (See the compounds.)
banana-bird, s. A bird, Xanthornus
icterus, belonging to the family Sturnidæ
(Starlings), and the sub-family Oriolinæ, or
Orioles. It is tawny and black, with white
bars on the wings. It is gregarious, a multi-
tude of individual nests hanging from the
ends of contiguous twigs. It occurs in the
West Indies and the warmer parts of Con-
tinental America. It has some affinity to the
Baltimore Bird (q.v.).
banana-leaf, s. The leaf of the banana.
[For its peculiar venation, see BANANA, A., 1.]
“Before morning it rained very heavily, but the
good thatch of banana-leaves kept us dry."-Darwin :
Voyage round the World, ch. xvíii.
banana-tree, s. [BANANA, A., 1.)
băn-ạt, băn-ạte, s. [In Ger. Baat ; from
| ba (2) (q.v.).]
1. The territory or jurisdiction of a ban.
2. Specially: An old province of Hungary,
of which the capital was Temesvar.
bănc, s. [A.S. benc; Fr. banc= a bench, ...
court.] [BANCO.]
Law. In banco. [BANCO, II.]
* băn-chis, S. [From Ital. ban co = a bank.]
[BANK.] Deeds of settlement. Money-deeds
(?). (Jamieson.) (Scotch.)
“Bot quhen my billis and my banchis was all selit,
I wald na langer beir on brydil, bot braid up my
heid.”—Dunbar : Maitland Poems, p. 57.
Altered in the edition of 1508 to bauchles,
which Jamieson considers still more unintelli-
gible.
* băncke (1), s. [BANK.]
* băncke (2), s. [In Dan. bank=drubbing,
cudgelling blows; banke = to beat, to knock.]
A ruff or roll on a drum (?). (0. Scotch.)
To beate a bancke: To beat a ruff or roll on
a drum.
“The drummer-major, accompanied with the rest of
the drummers of the regiment, being commanded,
beate a bancke in head of the regiment.”-Monro:
Exped., pt. ii., p. 33. (Jamieson.)
băn-c%. 8. [In Dan, bacco = a bank; Sp.
banco = bench, bank; Ital. banco= a bench, a
shop counter; metter banco = to be a banker.]
[BANK.]
I. Commerce :
1. A bank, especially that of Venice.
2. The difference between the price of money
at a bank and its value outside.
II. Law. Sittings in banco, or in banc:
Sittings of a Superior Court of Common Law
as a full court, as distinguished from the
sittings of the judges at Nisi Prius, or on
circuit. The judges sitting in banco wear a
robe of the time of Henry IV., of dark purple
and ermine, except on red-letter days, when
it is of scarlet.
+ băn-cour-is, S. pl. [In Ger, backuperc=
tapestry, the covering of a stool or bench:
Fr. banquier = “a bench-cloth, or a carpet for
a forme or bench.” (Cotgrave & Jamieson.).]
Covers. (O. Scotch.)
“Braid burdis and benkis, ourbeld with bancouris of
Cled our with grene clathis."
Houlate, iii. 3, MS. (Jamieson.)
bănd, * bănde, s. [In A. S. banda = a band,
a householder, a husband ; band= bound; pa.
par. of bindan=to bind. In Sw. band, Da.
baand ; Dut. band = a tie, a string; bende =
a troop, a company; Ger. bande, binde; Goth.
bandi; Fr. bande; Sp., Port., & Ital. banda ;
Hind. bund = an embankment, bund, band =
to confine. As Trench points out, band, bend,
and bond were not at first distinct words, but
only three different ways of spelling the same
word. (Trench : English Past and Present, p.
65.).7 [BEND, BIND, BOND.]
A. Ordinary Language:
(a) Of things :
I. Literally:
1. A fillet, tie, cord, chain, or other ligament
used for binding together things which else
would be separate, for ornament or for any
other purpose.
(1.) Gen. : With the foregoing signification.
LA
KM
gold,
THE BANANA AND ITS FRUIT.
sembles the plantain so closely that some
think it a mere variety of that species; but it
differs in having the stalk marked with dark-
purple stripes and spots, and possessing a
shorter, more rounded, and more luscious
fruit. Originally from the Eastern hemisphere,
but now cultivated also in the tropics of
America.
2. The fruit of the banana-tree. It grows in
clusters of long, angular, finger-like fruits,
some inches in length. When the rind, which
easily comes away, is stripped off, there is
found beneath it a soft pulp like that of a fine
pear, but more luscious. It and its congener
the plantain are, in the writer's opinion, the
finest of all tropical fruits.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, són; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; try, Sýrian, æ, o=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

band-banded
409
panee."
“So wild a beast, so tame ytaught to be,
And buxom to his bands, is joy to see."
Spenser : Mother Hubberd's Tale.
(2.) Spec. : The rope or tie by which black
cattle are fastened to the stake. (Scotch.)
(Jamieson.)
2. The hinge of a door. (Generally in the
pl.) (Scotch and North of England.) (Jamieson.)
3. Formerly sing. (band), now pl. (bands) :
A form of appendage to the collar or neck-
cloth formerly worn by clergymen, lawyers,
students in colleges, and others. It consists
of two broad stripes of muslin united above,
but separated below, their upper part tied by
a string around the neck, from or in front of
which they hang down. The use of bands has
been to a great extent discontinued by the
clergy, but they are still a recognised feature
of legal attire.
"For his mind I do not care,
That's a toy that I could spare ;
Let his title be but great,
His cloaths rich, and band sit neat."
Ben Jonson.
"He took his lodging at the mansion-house of a
taylor's widow, who washes, and can clear-starch his
bands."-Addison.
II. Figuratively :
1. Anything by which persons or things are
united together or restrained.
(1.) In a general sense :
"... and I have broken the bands of your yoke,
and made you go upright."--Lev. xxvi. 13.
“Here's eight that must take hands
To join in Hymen's bands."
the shakesp.: As You Like It, v. 4.
(2.) Specially:
(a) A money-bond. (Scotch.)
"Mr. Novit, ye'll no forget to draw the annual rent
that's due on the yerl's band-if I pay debt to other
folk, I think they should pay it to me, ..."-Scott:
Heart of Mid-Lothian, ch. viii.
(6) Any bond or obligation. (Scotch.)
“Thare may na band be maid so ferm,
Than thai can make thare will thare term."
Wyntoun, ix. 25, 77. (Jamieson.)
To make bund : To come under obligation;
to swear allegiance.
“... quhilk weld no langar bide
Vndir thrillage of segis of Ingland,
To that falss king he had neuir maid band."
Wallace, iii. 54, MS. (Jamieson.)
2. Union.
To take band : To unite.
“Lord make them corner-stones in Jerusalem, and
give them grace, in their youth, to take band with the
fair chief Corner-stone."-Rutherf.: Lett., p. iii., ep.
20. (Jamieson.)
(b) of persons. [Wedgwood considers that of
the words from the several languages given in
the etymology, Sp. banda, in the sense of side
(it means a scarf, a side, a bend, a band), is the
one from which the Eng. band, when used of
persons confederated, originally came.]
I. Gen. : A company of persons united to-
gether for any purpose, or held by any bond
of affinity.
1. Lit. : Persons so united.
“... I passed over this Jordan; and now I am
become two bands.”—Gen. xxxii. 10.
2. Fig. : A great assemblage of any species
of animal.
“... vast numbers of butterflies, in bands or flocks
of countless myriads, extended as far as the eye could
range." -Darwin : Voyage round the World, ch. viii.
II. Specially :
1. A number of soldiers, or at least of men
capable of bearing arms, united together for
military purposes.
“So the bands of Syria came no more into the land
of Israel.”—2 Kings vi. 23.
“And backed with such a band of horse,
As might less ample powers enforce."
Scott: Rokeby, vi. 34.
2. A number of trained musicians in a
regiment, intended to march in front of the
soldiers and play instruments, so as to enable
them to keep step as they move forward ; also
any similarly organised company of musicians,
even though they may in no way be connected
with the army; an orchestra. (The word
band is also applied to the subdivisions of an
orchestra, as string-band, wind-band, &c.)
"... the hereditary piper and his sons formed the
band.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. xiii.
T Crabb thus distinguishes between band,
company, crew, and gang :-"Each of these
terms denotes a small association for a parti-
cular object. A band is an association where
men are bound together by some strong obli-
gation, as a band of soldiers, a band of robbers.
A company marks an association for conveni-
ence, without any particular obligation, as a
company of travellers, a company of strolling
players. Crew marks an association collected
together by some external power, or by coin-
cidence of plan and motive; in the former B. Intransitive :
case it is used for a ship's crew; in the latter 1. To unite together; to enter into agree-
and bad sense it is employed for any number ment, alliance, or confederacy.
of evil-minded persons met together, from dif-
"And when it was day, certain of the Jews banded
ferent quarters, and co-operating for some bad together ..."-Acts xxiii. 12.
purpose. Gang is always used in a bad sense
2. To assemble.
for an association of thieves, murderers, and
“Huge routs of people did about them band.”
depredators in general. It is more in common
Spenser : F. Q., I. iv. 36.
use than band. In Germany the robbers used
* bănd (2), v.t. [Low Lat. bandire = to pro-
to form bands and set the Government at
claim, to denounce.] [BAN, BANISH.] To in-
defiance ; housebreakers and pickpockets com-
terdict, to banish, to forbid, to expel.
monly associate now in gangs." (Eng. Synon.) "Sweete love such lewdnes bands from his faire com-
B. Technically :
Spenser ; F. Q., III. ii. 41.
1. Saddlery. The bands of a saddle : Two
* bånd (1), pret. & pa. par. of BAN, v. (q.v.).
pieces of iron nailed upon the bows to hold
them in their proper place.
“And curs'd and band, and blasphemies forth threw."
Spenser: F. Q., V. xi. 12.
2. Naut.: A stripe of canvas sewed across a
* bånd (2), pret. & pa. par. of BAND, v. (q.v.).
sail to render it stronger. (Falconer.)
[A.S. band, pret. of bindan = to bind.]
3. Arch.: A fascia, face, or plinth; any flat
“His hors until a tre sho band.”
low member or moulding. (Johnson.)
Ywaine and Gawin, 1,776. (S. in Boucher.).
4. Anat. Flattened band : The name given
bănd'-aġe (ạğe=), s. [In Dan. & Fr.
by its discoverer, Remak, to what is better
called by Rosenthal and Purkinge the axis
bandage, from Fr. bander =to band or tie,
cylinder. It is a transparent material occupy-
&c.] [BAND, S. & v.]
ing the axis of the nerve-tube. (Todd & Bow A. Ordinary Language:
man : Physiol. Anat., vol. i., pp. 212, 228.)
I. Anything tied around another, as a piece
5. Botany : Bands or vittæ are the spaces
of cloth tied around the eyes to blindfold one,
between the elevated lines or ribs on the fruit or around a wound for surgical purposes.
of umbelliferous plants.
1. In a general sense :
6. Bookbinding : One of the cords at the (a) Literally:
back of a book to which the thread is attached
“Cords were fastened by hooks to my bandages,
in sewing.
which the workmen had girt round my neck."-Swift.
7. Mach.: A broad endless strap used for
(6) Figuratively:
communicating motion from one wheel, drum,
“Zeal too had a place among the rest, with a
or roller, to another.
bandage over her eyes ..."-Addison.
2. In a surgical sense. [B. 1.]
For such compounds as faggot-band, head-
“... my informer, putting his head out to see what
band, swathing-band, &c., see the word with
was the matter, received a severe cut, and now wore a
which band is in combination.
bandage."-Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. vi.
band-fish, s. The English designation of
† II. The act or operation of tying up
wounds.
Cepola, a genus of fishes ranked under the
Riband-shaped family of the order Acanthop-
B. Technically:
teri. The Red Band-fish ar Red Snake-fish 1. Surgery: A fillet, band, or stripe of
(Cepola rubescens, Linn.) occurs in Britain.
cloth, used in surgery for tying up wounds,
band-kitt, s. A large wooden vessel with
and thus stopping the effusion of blood, fur-
ther injury from the air, from accident, or
a cover to it. (Boucher.)
from violence. [A., I. 1, 2.]
band-master, s. The director of a 2. Arch. (Plur.): The iron rings or chains
(military) band. [BAND, II. 2.]
surrounding the springing of a dome or the
band-place, s. The part of the hat
circumference of a tower, to bind the structure
where the band was placed.
together.
band-pulley, s.
bănd-aġe (age=ig), v.t. [From bandage,
Mach.: A flat-faced wheel, fixed on a shaft
S. (q.v.).] To tie up with a bandage or
and driven by a band.
similar appliance.
band-saw, s.
bănd'-aged, pa. par. & d. [BANDAGE, v.]
Mach.: An endless steel belt, serrated on
| bănd'-ag-ing, pr. par. [BANDAGE, v.]
one of its edges, running over wheels, and
rapidly revolved.
bănd-a-lë'er, s. [BANDOLEER.]
band-shaped, a.
băn-da’-na, * băn-dan-na, s. [In Fr.
Bot. : Narrow and very long, and with the bandana; Sp. bandaña, bandaſo = a necker-
two opposite margins parallel. Example, the
chief made of bast. (Mahn.).] A kind of
leaves of Zostera marina.
calico-printing in which white or bright-
coloured spots are placed upon a Turkey-red
band-stane, s. A stone that goes through
or dark ground.
on both sides of a wall, and thus binds the
rest together. (Scotch.)
bandana handkerchief. A handker.
"I am amaist persuaded it's the ghaist of a stane-
chief printed as described above.
mason-see siccan band-stanes as he's laid !"-Scott :
Tales of my Landlord, i. 79. (Jamieson.)
bănd-box, s. [Eng. band ; box.] A box of
band-string, s.
thin card, used principally for enclosing hats,
caps, or similar articles of attire.
1. A string appended to a band; a string
“ With empty bandbox she delights to range."
going across the breast for tying in an orna-
Gay: Trivia.
mental way.
bande (băn-đê), có. [Fr. = banded.]
“He saw a weel-fa'ared auld gentleman standing by
his bedside, in the moonlight, in a queer-fashioned Her.: The same as Eng. IN BEND. (BEND.]
dress, wi' mony a button and a band-string about it."
-Scott: Antiquary, ch. ix.
băn-deau (eau as o), plur. băn'-deaux
2. The designation given to a species of con (eaux as oz), s. [Fr. =a fillet, frontlet,
fection of a long shape. (Jamieson.)
diadem, tiara, architrave.] A narrow band
band-wheel, s.
or fillet around a cap or other headdress.
"Around the edge of this cap was a stiff bandeau of
Mach.: A wheel with a face nearly flat or
leather."-Scott.
grooved to retain the band that drives it, as
in the lathe.
bănd'-ěd (1), * bănd, pa. par. & A. [BAND
(1), v.]
bănd (1), * bănde, v.t. & i. [From Eng. band, A. Ord. Lang. : In senses corresponding to
S. (q.v.). In Fr. bander = to bind, to tie; those of the verb.
Port. bandar.]
“ Secret and safe the banded chests,
A. Transitive :
In which the wealth of Mortham rests."
† 1. Of things : To tie with a band.
B. Technically:
" And by his mother stood an infant lover,
1. Bot. : A term applied to variegation or
With wings unfledg'd, his eyes were banded over."
Dryden.
marking when transverse stripes of one colour
2. Of persons : To unite together in confe cross another one.
deracy; to form into a band, troop, or society. 2. Her. When a garb is bound together
(In this sense often used reflectively.)
with a band of a different tincture, it is said
"As such, he might still be foremost among those to be banded of that tincture. (Gloss. of Her.)
who were banded together in defence of the liberties
of Europe.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. xv.
| bănd'-ěd (2), pa. par. [BAND, v.]
Scott: Rokeby, iv. 31.
boll, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion, -cioun=shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhŭn-tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bei, del.

410
bandelet-bandy
WILL
băn'-děl-ět, s. [BANDLET.]
1. Ord. Lang. : A small band for encircling 1. A small flag, pennant, or streamer in the
anything. (Francis.)
form of a guidon, longer than broad, usually
+ bănd'-ēr, s. [Eng. band; -er.] One who
2. Arch. : Any small band, moulding, or
borne at the mast-heads of vessels. (Johnson.)
bands; a person engaged to one or more in a
fillet.
2. The small silk flag which occasionally
bond or covenant. (Chiefly Scotch.)
(Johnson.)
hangs from a trumpet. (Johnson.)
“Montrose, and so many of the banders as happened bạnd-hôo'-ka, s. [Name in some languages
to be at home at that time, were cited to appear."--
3. A banner or in
Guthry: Mem., p. 90. (Jamieson.)
of India.] The name of an Indian shrub, the
flag, usually about
Ixora Bandhuca, sometimes called the Jungle
băn-dễr-öle, băn-để-ölle, s. [BANDROL.]
a yard square,
Geranium. It has scarlet or crimson flowers,
several of which
băn-di-chot, * băn-đi-cote, s. [Anglo-
and belongs to the order Cinchonaceæ, or Cin-
were borne at the
chonads.
Indian name. Compare Sansc. ûndar = rat,
funerals of the
and kût = house, ... heap of grain.]
băn-d8g, * bằnd-dög, * bằnd-dbgge,
great. The engray-
1. A name given to the Mus giganteus of
ing shows the ban-
* bond'e-dog, s. [O. Eng. band = bound,
Hardwicke. It is as large as a rabbit, and is
nerolle which was
and dog.] A dog of such a character as to
found in India. It feeds on grain.
placed at the head
require the restraint of a band; a large, fierce
of Cromwell at his
2. The English name given to a genus of dog requiring to be kept chained. Specially, funeral. (Fair-
BANDROL.
Marsupial quadrupeds, named from their re according to Harrison, a mastiff; and, ac-
holt.) (See also
semblance to the above species. They con cording to Bewick, a cross between the mastiff
example from Camden under BANNEROL.)
stitute the genus Parameles or the family and the bull-dog.
Paramelidæ, and are found in Australia. There
4. Her.: A small streamer depending from
“Bonde-dog : molossus."— Prompt. Parv.
are several species. They are sometimes
the crook of a crozier and folding over the
“Half a hundred good band-dogs
called Bandicoot Rats. [PARAMELIDÆ.]
Came running o'er the lea."
staff.
Robin Hood, ii. 64. (Boucher.)
5. Arch.: A flat band with an inscription,
băn-đied, pa. par. [BANDY, 0.]
“We have great ban-dogs will teare their skinne."
used in the decoration of buildings of the
- Spenser : Shep. Cal., ix.
băn-di-léer, S. [BANDOLEER.]
Renaissance period.
băn-dj-löer, bănº-de-lier, băn-di-
bănd'-îng, pr. par. & a. (BAND (1), v.]
lëer, s. [In Dut. and Ger. bandelier; Sw.
bănd'ş-man, s. [Eng. band; -man.) A
bantler ; Fr. bandoulière; Sp. bandolera ; Port. member of a (military) band. [BAND, II. 2.]
banding-plane, s. A plane used for
bandoleira ; Ital. bandoliera; from Fr. bande,
cutting out grooves and inlaying strings and
bằnd-stết, bắn-stèr, s. [Eng. band, and
Ital. banda = a band. Named from having
bands in straight and circular work. (Good-
suffix -ster.) One who binds sheaves after the
been fastened by a broad band of leather.) A
rich & Porter.)
reapers of the harvest-field. (Scotch.)
large leathern belt worn in mediæval times by
băn-dit, * băn-dite, * băn-dit-tô,
băn'-dy (1), s. [From Fr. bandé, pa. par. of
* băn-đặt-tô (p1. băn-dit-ti, + băn-
bander =... to bend, ... to bandy. Or, as
Wedgwood thinks, connected with Sp. banda
díts), a. & s. [In Sw., Dan., Ger., & Fr.
= a side.]
bandit; Dut. bandiet; Sp. & Port. bandido
= a highwayman. Ital. bandito, as adjective
1. A club bent and rounded at the lower
= published, banished; as substantive = an
part, designed for striking a ball.
outlaw, an exile, a highwayman; bandita,
2. A game played between two parties
bando =a proclamation; bandire = to pro-
equipped with such sticks or clubs, the one
claim, publish, tell, banish.] [BAN.]
side endeavouring to drive a small ball to a
* A. As adjective (of the old form banditto):
certain spot, and the others doing their best
to send it in the opposite direction. [HOCKEY.]
Pertaining to an outlaw, a highwayman, or
other robber. [B.]
"Are nothing but the games they lose at bandy."
0. Play, v. 162. (J. H. in Boucher.)
"A Roman sworder, and banditto slave,
Murder'd sweet Tully.”
bandy-wicket, s. An old name of a
Shakesp. : 2 Hen. VI., iv. 1.
BANDOLEER.
game like cricket. (J. H. in Boucher.)
B. As substantive (of the modern form
bandit):
băn’-đỡ (2), s. [Telegu and Karnata (Canarese)
ba
1. Properly: One who, besides having been
musketeers. One end passed over the right
banished, has been publicly proclaimed an
shoulder, whilst the other hung loose under
bandi, bundi.]
the left arm. It sustained the musket, and Among Anglo-Indians : A cart, a carriage,
outlaw, and, having nothing further to hope
had dependent from
from society, or at least from the government
a gig; any wheeled conveyance. [BULLOCK-
it twelve charges of
which has taken these decisive steps against
powder and shot put up in small wooden BANDY.]
him, has become a highwayman or robber of
boxes.
“He lighted the match of his bandelier,
băn'-dý, a. [From Fr. bandé, pa. par. of
some other type.
And wofully scorched the hack butteer.”
bander=... to bend, to bandy. [BAND,
2. More generally: Any robber, whatever
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, iii. 21.
BANDY, S. & v.]
may be the circumstances which have led to
* băn-đôn, * băn-đổun, * baun-đổun 1. Gen. (See the compounds.)
his adopting his evil mode of life.
(0. Emg.) băn-down (0. Scotch), s. [O. Fr. 2. Spec. (of cloth): Without substance, limp,
"No bandit fierce, no tyrant mad with pride,
No cavern'd hermit, rests self-satisfy'd.” Pope.
flexible.
& Prov. bandon=command, orders, dominion.]
As robbers generally find that they can
[ABANDON.]
“Soe as the same clothes beinge put in water are
found to shrincke, rewey, pursey, squattie cocklinge,
more easily carry out their nefarious plans if 1. Command, orders, dominion.
bandy, lighte, and notablie faultie."--Stat. 43 Eliz.,
they go in gangs, the word bandit often occurs
“Alangst the land of Ross he roars,
c. 10. (s. in Boucher.)
in the plural (banditti); there is, however, nɔ
And all obey'd at his bandown,
Evin frae the North to Suthren shoars."
bandy-leg, s. A crooked leg.
reason to believe that this is etymologically
Battle of Harlaw, st. 7. Evergreen, i. 81. (Jamieson.)
connected with band, in the sense of a com-
"Nor makes a scruple to expose.
2. Disposal.
Your bandyleg, or crooked nose."-Swift.
pany of people associated together for some
“For bothe the wise folke and unwise
end.
Were wholly to her bandon brought,
bandy-legged, a. Having crooked legs.
“They had contracted all the habits of banditti."-
So well with yeftes hath she wrought."
“The Ethiopians had an one-eyed bandy-legged
Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. xiv.
Chaucer : Rom. of the Rose, 1,163. prince: such a person would have made but an odd
figure.” (Johnson.)
bandit-saint (p1. banditti-saints), s. | : băn-đöre, f băn-đöre, 4 măn-döre,
A person combining the profession of a saint + pin-döre, ipăn-döre, s. [In Dan. | băn-đỷ, .t. & 1. [From banndy, S. (q.v.). In
with the practice of a bandit.
pandure; Ger. pandore; Fr. bandore, mandore, Fr. bander=... to bandy.]
“Banditti-saints disturbing distant lands,
mandole, pandore; Sp. bandurria, pandola = A. Transitive :
And unknown nations wandering for a home."
a lute with four strings, mandolin, pandurria;
Thomson : Liberty, pt. iv.
Port. bandurra; Ital. mandola = a cithern,
I. Literally : To toss backwards and for-
băn-đít-ti, S. pl. [BANDIT.]
pandora, pandura; Lat. pandura and pandu-
wards, as a ball in the game of tennis or any
similar play.
rium ; Gr. mavdoupa (pandoura) and navdovpis
* bănd'-kyn, s. [Apparently a misspelling
"They do cunningly, from one hand to another,
of baudekyn, which again is a corruption of
(pandouris= a musical instrument with three
bandy the service like a tennis ball.”-Spenser.
strings, said to have been invented by Pan.]
baldachin (q.v.).] A very precious kind of
“What from the tropicks can the earth repel ?
A musical instrument like a lute or guitar,
What vigorous arm, what repercussive blow,
cloth, the warp of which is thread of gold,
invented by John Ross or Rose, a famous
Bandies the mighty globe still to and fro?"
and the woof silk, adorned with raised figures.
violin-maker, about 1562. Boucher compares
Blackmore.
(Scotch.)
it to the negro "banjer,” or banjo.
II. Figuratively :
“For the banket mony rich claith of pall
"One Garchi Sanchez, a Spanish poet, became dis-
Was spred, and mony a bandkyn wounderly wrocht."
1. To exchange anything in a more or less
Doug.: Virgií, 33, 15. (Jamieson.)
traught of his wits with overmuch levitie, and at the similar way with another person.
time of his distraction was playing upon a bandore."-
f bănd-le (le as el), s. [Irish.] An Irish
(a) In a general sense :
Wits, Fits, and Fancies, K. 4 (1614).
“Had she affections and warm youthful blood,
measure of two feet in length. (Bailey.) * băn-ajun-lý, *bắn-down-lý, cdo. [O.
She'd be as swift in motion as a ball :
My words would bandy her to my sweet love,
+ bănd'-less-lie, adv. [Eng. band; -less, -ly.] Eng. & Scotch baudoun ; -ly.] Firmly, cou-
And his to me." Shakesp.: Rom. & Jul., ii. 5.
Without bands or vestments; regardlessly. rageously. (Scotch.)
(6) Spec. : Used of the exchange of words or
(Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
“The Sotheron saw how that so bandownly,
blows with an adversary.
Wallace abaid ner hand thair chewalry."
+ bănd'-less-něss, S. [Eng. band; -less,
Wallace, v. 881, MS. (Jamieson.)
“And bandied many a word of boast.”
Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, v. 14.
-ness.] The state of abandonment to wicked-
băng-rôi, băn-dễ-6le, băn-nền-õi, “While he and Musgrave bandied blows.".
ness. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
Ibid., 27.
băn'-něr-õlle, băn'-nőr-all, s. [In Fr.
2. To agitate, to toss about.
bănd'-lět, băn'-děl-ět, s. [In Fr, bande banderole =(1) a shoulder-belt; (2) a bandrol;
“This hath been so bandied amongst us, that on
lette.]
(3) (Naut.) a streamer.]
can hardly miss books of this kind."-Locke.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fall, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pſt, sire, sīr, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sön; mūte, cũb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; try, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu= kw.

bandying-banish
411
"Ever since men have been united into govern- | băng, v.t. & i. [Imitated from the sound. In
ments the endeavours after universal monarchy have
Sw. banka; Dan. banke = to beat, to knock;
been bandied among them."-Swift.
“Let not obvious and known truth, or some of the
Ir. beanaem=to beat.]
most plain and certain propositions, be bandied about A. Transitive:
in a disputation."—Watts.
B. Intransitive :
1. To beat, to thump. (Vulgar.)
“One receiving from them some affronts, met with
1. Lit.: To draw a ball backward and for-
them handsomely, and banged them to good purpose.”
ward in playing tennis.
-Howel.
“That while he had been bandying at tennis ..."
"He having got some iron out of the earth, put it
Webster : Vittoria Corombona. (Nares.)
into his servants' hands to fence with and bang one
another."-Locke.
2. Fig.: To drive anything to and fro;
specially, to exchange blows with an adversary.
2. To fire a gun, cannon, or anything which
makes a report; or, more loosely, to let off or
“A valiant son-in-law thou shalt enjoy ;
One fit to bandy with thy lawless sons,
shoot an arrow, or anything which goes more
To ruffle in the commonwealth of Rome."
noiselessly to its destination.
Shakesp. : Titus Andron., i. 1.
..". . . he gaed into the wood, and banged off a gun at
him."-Scott: Waverley, ch. lxiv.
băn-dj-ing, p. pur. & a. [BANDY, 0.]
3. To handle roughly.
“After all the bandying attempts of resolution, it is
as much a question as ever."-Glanville.
"The desperate tempest hath so bang'd the Turks."
Shukesp.: Othello, ii. 1.
* bāne (1), s. [BONE.] (0. Eng. & Scotch.)
4. To surpass.
"... not an England can bang them."-Anderson :
bāne (2), s. [A.S. bana = (1) a wound-maker, a
Cumberland Ballads, p. 25. (S. in Boucher.)
murderer (2) destruction, death, the undoing;
B. Intransitive: To change place with im-
bane, ben, benn = a wound; Sw. bane = bane, petuosity : as, “He bang'd to the door” = he
death ; Icel. bani= death, murder; in compos.
went hastily to the door. (Jamieson.) Cf.
bana, as bana-sott = death-sickness; bana-sar
“to bang to the door,” meaning to shut the
= death-wound, from bana = to slay, ben =
door so as to cause a bang.
a deadly wound ; Mid. H. Ger. & Flem. bane
T To bang out, v.t. & i.
= destruction ; 0. H. Ger. bana = death-blow,
murder; bano = murderer; Goth. banja = a (a) Transitive: To draw out hastily.
blow, a wound (BANG); Irish bana = death.
“Then I'll bang out my beggar-dish."
Bane may be connected with Arm. benyn,
Song. (Ross's Helenore, p. 143.)
vinym; Fr. venin ; Sp., Port., & Ital. veneno;
(6) Intransitive: To rush out. (Scotch.)
Lat. venenum = poison.] [BANE, v.]
"Blythly wald I bang out o'er the brae."
Ramsay: "Poems, ii. 393. (Jamieson.)
* A. Of persons: A murderer.
“And schulde have bane beon.
băng (1), s. [Imitated from the sound. In
MS. Cott., Titus, D. xviii., f. 147. (S. in Boucher.) Dan. bank=drubbing, cudgelling, blows.]
B. Of things :
1. A blow, a thump. (Vulgar.)
I. Lit. : Poison of a deadly kind. [BANE-
"With many a stiff twack, many a bang,
BERRY.]
Hard crabtree and old iron rang.” Hudibras.
2. An action expressive of haste; as “he
II. Figuratively :
came with a bang.” (Scotch.) :
1. Anything highly detrimental, noxious, or
fatal.
1 In a bang : Suddenly. (Scotch.)
"Thus am I doubly arm'd : my death and life.
"And syne be married with him in a bang."
My bane and antidote, are both before me:
Ross: Helenore, p. 69.
This, in a moment, brings me to an end;
3. A great number; a crowd. (Used of
But that informs me I shall never die."
persons or things.)
Addison.
“Of customers she had a bang ;
2. Anything detrimental to a lesser extent.
For lairds and souters a' did gang.”
"For mutability is Nature's bane."
Ramsay: Poems, i. 216.
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iii.
"A bang of fears into my breast has brought."
Crabb thus distinguishes between bane,
Ibid., ii. 15.
pest, and ruin :" Bane is said of things only;
băng (2), S. [BHANG.]
pest, of persons only. Whatever produces a
bănged, pa. par. [BANG, v.]
deadly corruption is the bane; whoever is as
obnoxious as the plague is a pest; ruin is that băn-ghỷ (h mute), s. [Compare Telegu ban-
which actually causes ruin; luxury is the gah = baggage in baskets, and bonga = a joint
bane of civil society ; gaming is the bane of of bamboo.]
youth; sycophants are the pests of society;
In India : Baggage suspended from a bam-
drinking is the ruin of all who indulge to
boo pole carried on a man's shoulders.
excess." (Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
băng'-1-ą, s. [Named after Christian Frederick
bane-berry, s. The English name of the
Actaea spicata, a plant of the order Ranuncu-
Bang, author of a dissertation upon the plants
laceæ, or Crowfoots. It is called also Herb
of sacred history (1767).] A genus of Algæ.
Christopher. It grows wild in Britain. The
The species are in broad or silky tufts.
berries are poisonous; with alum they yield
băng-ing, p. par. & a. [Eng. bang ; -ing.]
a black dye. [ACTÆA.]
A. As pr. par. : In senses corresponding to
* bane-wort, s. One of the old names of those of the verb.
a plant-the Deadly Nightshade (Atropa bella B. As adj.: Great, large, “beating" in the
donna, Linn.).
sense of exceeding anything else in magnitude.
*bāne, v.t. [From bane, s. (q.v.).
(s. in Boucher, &c.) (Vulgar.)
In Gr.
* pévw (pheno)=to slay.) To poison.
* băn-gle (n as ng; gle as gel), v.t. [From
“What if my house be troubled with a rat,
Eng. bang, v.] To waste by little and little ;
And I be pleas'd to give ten thousand ducats
To have it ban'd."
to squander recklessly.
Shakesp. : Merchant of Venice, iv. 1.
T Johnson calls the verb to bangle “a
*bā'ne-fire, s. [BONFIRE.]
word now used only in conversation.”
"If we bangle away the legacy of peace left us by
bā'ne--fúl, a. [Eng. bane ; -ful.] Poisonous,
Christ, it is a sign of our want of regard for him.”—
Duty of Man.
pernicious, deadly, noxious, harmful, destruc-
bangle-ear, s. A loose hanging ear; a
defective ear in a horse. (Rees.)
bangle-eared, a. Having the ears loose
and hanging like those of a dog. (J. H. in
Boucher.)
Băn-gör'--an, a. [From Bangor, a cathedral
city and parish in Carnarvon. The Rev. J.
Evans derives it from Wel. ban = superior,
and cor = a society. The chief choir.] Per-
taining to Bangor.
Bangorian controversy: A controversy raised
by Dr. Benjamin Hoadley, Bishop of Bangor,
through his publishing a sermon in 1717,
from the text, “My kingdom is not of this
world ” (John xviii. 36). His views, which
were Low Church with a dash of what is now
called Rationalism, gave much offence to the
High Churchmen of the day. Among Dr.
Hoadley's opponents was Dr. John Potter,
afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, and
author, among other works, of the well-
known Grecian Antiquities.
“They are informed of the excellence of the Ban-
gorian controversy ..."-Goldsmith : The Bee, No. vii.
băng-ra, S. [From Mahratta, &c., bhcmg =
hemp.] Coarse hempen cloth made in North
India.
băng-söme, a. [Eng. bang ; -some.] Quar-
relsome. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
t băng-stẼr, * bănge-is-tẽn, S. & cdj.
[Eng. bang ; -ster.]
A. As substantive. Properly: One capable of
inflicting “ banging" blows; a burly ruffian,
a rough, a bully, a quarrelsome person. (O.
Eng. & Scotch.)
"Ilk bangeister and limmer of this land
With frie brydell sall quham thai pleis molest."
Pinkerton : Scottish Poems, ii. 337. (Jamieson.)
B. As adjective: Violent, quarrelsome.
“A'kens they bangster chiels o'yore,
First amity an lüxrie tore."
Learmont : Poems, p. 29. (Jamieson.)
* băng'-strữe, s. [From bangster (q.v.), and
suffix -y.] Strength of hand; violence to
another in his person or property. (Scotch.)
“Persones wrangeouslie intrusing themselves in the
rowmes and possessiones of utheris, be bangstrie and
force, ..."-Acts Jas. VI. (1594).
* băngue, s. [BHANG.]
băn-1-ạn (1), băn-y-an (2), s. & C. [In
Ger. baniane, bandanen; Fr. banian ; Port.
baniano ; Sansc. banik= a merchant; panya
=saleable; pan = to sell. (Mahn, &c.).]
A. As substantive (among Anglo-Indians):
1. A Hindoo merchant or shopkeeper.
2. Spec. in Bengal : A native who manages
the money concerns of a European, and some-
times acts as his interpreter. (Gloss. to Mill's
Hist. of India.)
B. As adjective:
Banian days : Days on which sailors have
no meat given them in their rations. This for
the time being makes them, not wholly with
their own concurrence, vegetable feeders, like
the banians and many other natives of India.
băn-1-an (2), s. The same as BANYAN (1).
băn-ish, v.t. [In Ger. bannen, verbannen;
0. H. Ger. bannan ; Dut. verbannen; Fr.
bannir, pr. par. banissant; Port, banir; Prov.
& Ital. bandire; Low Lat. bannio.] [BAN,
BANDIT.]
I. Literally :
1. To sentence to exile ; to send away from
one's country by the verdict of a judicial
authority; to exile for a limited period or for
tive.
life.
“For sure one star its baneful beam display'd
On Priam's roof and Hippoplacia's shade.”
Pope: Homer's Īliad, bk. xxii., 610-11.
"And here to every thirsty wanderer
By sly enticement gives his baneful cup."
Milton: Comus.
bā'ne-fúl-ly, adv. [Eng. baneful; -ly.] Per-
niciously, noxiously, harmfully. (Webster.)
bā'ne-fúl-ness, S. [Eng. baneful; ness.]
The quality or state of being poisonous,
noxious, pernicious, or harmful. (Johnson.)
* băn-ễr (Scotch), * băn-ẽre (0. Eng.) S.
[BANNER.]
* băn-ễr-măn, s. An obsolete spelling of
BANNER-MAN (q.v.).
* băneg, S. pl. [BAN (1), 8.]
“... therefore we banish you our territories."
Shakesp. : Richard II., i. 3.
2. Reflectively : To send one's self abroad.
II. Fig.: To drive out or away; to expel.
“It is for wicked men only to dread God, and to
endeavour to banish the thoughts of Him out of their
minds.”—Tillotson.
"And bids the world take heart and banish fear."
Cowper : The Task, bk. ii.
Crabb thus distinguishes between the
verbs to banish, to exile, and to expel, and
between the corresponding nouns banishment,
excile, and expulsion. The idea of exclusion, or
coercive reinoval from a place, is common
to these terms.
(a) To banish and to exile are thus discrimi-
nated :-Banishment includes the removal from
BANGLES.
băn-gle (1 as ng; gle as gel), 3. [Hind.
bangri, bungree = a bracelet.] An ornament
of a ringed form, like a bracelet, worn on the
wrists and ankles of both sexes in India, in
parts of Africa, and other tropical countries.
boil, boy; póut, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=1.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -çion, -tion, -sion = shủn; -țion, -şion=zhŭn. tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

412
banished-bank
or the prohibition of access to some place ;
exile signifies the removal from one's home;
to exile, therefore, is to banish, but to banish
is not always to exile. Banishment follows
from a decree of justice ; exile either by the
necessity of circumstances or an order of au-
thority. Banishment is a disgraceful punish-
ment inflicted by tribunals upon delinquents;
exile is a disgrace incurred without dishonour :
exile removes us from our country ; banish-
ment drives us from it ignominiously. Ban-
ishment is a compulsory exercise of power
which must be submitted to ; exile is a state
into which we may go voluntarily.
(6) The following is the distinction between
to banish and to expel :-Banishment and ex-
pulsion both mark a disgraceful and coercive
exclusion, but banishment is authoritative; it
is a public act of government : expulsion is
simply coercive; it is the act of a private in-
dividual, or a small community. Banishment
always supposes a removal to a distant spot,
to another land; expulsion never reaches
beyond a particular house or society-e.g., a
university or public school, &c. Banishment
and expulsion are likewise used in a figurative
sense, although exile is not : in this sense,
banishment marks a distant and entire re-
moval; expulsion a violent removal: we banish
that which it is not prudent to retain-e.g.,
groundless hopes, fears, &c. ; we expel that
which is noxious-e.g., envy, hatred, and
every evil passion should be expelled from the
mind as disturbers of its peace.
băn-ished, * băn-ỳshed, pa. par. & a.
[BANISH.]
băn-ish–ẽm, S. [Eng. banish; -er.] One who
banishes. ]
"To be full quit of those my banishers,
Stand I before thee here.'
Shakesp. : Coriolanus, iv. 5.
băn-ish-ing, p. par. [BANISH.]
băn-ish-mănt, 8. [Eng. banish ; -met. In
Fr. banissement.] The act of banishing; the
state of being banished.
1. Lit. : The act of sending one from his
country into exile; the state of being sent
into exile.
" There was now no probability that he would be
recalled from banishment.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng.,
ch. v.
2. Fig. : The act of sending another away;
specially, the act of dismissing thought or
mental emotion. (Webster.)
băn-is-ter, S. [BALUSTER.]
băn-is-těr'-ě-æ, s. pl. [BANISTERIA, q.v.]
Bot. : A tribe or section of the order Mal-
pighiaceæ.
bă n-is-těr'-1-a, s. [Named after the Rev.
John Banister, who lost his life searching
for plants in Virginia.] A genus of plants
belonging to the order Malpighiaceæ, or Mal-
pighiads, and the tribe Banistereæ. The
species are evergreen twiners and climbers,
with fine leaves and flowers. They were in-
troduced from America.
băn-jõ, băn-iết, s. [Probably a corrup-
tion of bandore (q.v.).] A musical instrument
with five strings, having a head and neck
like a guitar, with a body or sounding-board
hollow at the back, and played with the hand
and fingers. It is the favourite instrument
of the plantation negroes of the Southern
States and their imitators.
bănk, *bănke, i * băncke, s. [In A.S.
banc = (1) a bench, (2) a bedstead; benc =
a bench, a table ; Sw. bank = a shelf, a bar;
Dan, bænk=a bench, a form, a seat; bank
=a bench, form, pew, bank, pawnbroker's
shop, shelf ; Ger. bank, banko; Dut. bank ;
Wel. & Arm. banc, bancq; Fr. & Prov. banc=
a bench, seat, pew, a bank, sand, a border-
shelf ; banque = bank, money agency, work-
man's salary, bench, block; Sp., Port., & Ital.
banco = a bench, a shop-counter, a bank;
Low Lat. bancus = a high seat. Hence it ap-
pears that bank and bench were originally the
same word.] [BENCH.]
A. As substantive:
I. Ordinary Language :
+ 1. Of a bench or seat: A bench, a desk, a
counter, or anything similar to these in form;
specially, one of the benches on which rowers
usually sit.
“Placed on their banks the lusty Trojans sweep.”
Waller.
2. Of a house fitted up with such benches or
seats ; of anything or any person connected with
such a building :
(a) A counting-house or office fitted up with
benches, desks, and counters ; specially one
for dealing in money. [B.]
“... a fairly good demand is maintained at the
Bank.”—Times, Dec. 28, 1878.
(6) The money dealt in at a bank.
(c) The persons who deal in it; specially the
manager or the directors of the business.
"... the Bank has been able to stem the torrent of
currency..."-Times, Dec. 28, 1878
(d) The operations carried on; the affairs
managed.
“... the foresight with which the Bank has for
some months past been managed.”—Times, Dec. 28,
1878.
3. Of anything in nature resembling a bench
or seat :
(1) A piece of ground rising above the rest,
and constituting either a long acclivity or an
elevation of some other form. This may be-
(a) A river-bank.
“... packs of wild dogs may be heard howling on
the wooded banks of the less frequented streams.”—
Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. Vi.
(b) Any slight eminence or knoll.
"With fragrant turf, and flowers as wild and fair
As ever dressed a bank or scented summer air.”
Cowper : Charity.
In East Yorkshire it is used for a hill.
(Prof. Phillips : Rivers, &c., of Yorkshire, p.
262.)
(c) An eminence rising from the sea-bottom,
even though it does not come near the surface,
as “the banks of Newfoundland.”
"And there is no danger of bank or breaker.
With the breeze behind us on we go."
Longfellow : Golden Legend, v.
(2) A cloud or fog shaped like a bench, or
like a river-bank or a knoll.
“... a heavy bank of clouds..."-Darwin: Voyage
round the World, ch. ix.
(4) Anything which, made by man, looks
like a natural river-bank, eminence, or knoll;
specially, a mound of earth or other material
throwii up with the view of aiding in the siege
of a fortified place.
“He shall not come into this city, nor shoot an arrow
there, nor come before it with shields, nor cast a bank
against it.”—Isa. xxxvii. 33.
II. Technically:
1. Law:
(a) Originally: The bench on which the
judges sat.
(6) The whole of the judges, or at least a
number of them sitting together, hearing argu-
ments involving questions in subtle points of
law, as distinguished from a smaller gather-
ing of them for hearing cases in Nisi Prius.
2. Printing : A flat table used by printers,
on which the printed sheets are laid as they
come froin the press.
3. Carpentry: A long piece of timber.
4. Comm. & Polit. Econ. : An institution in
the hands of a joint-stock company or of a
private person, for receiving money, keeping
it secure till required again by the owners,
and turning it meanwhile to profitable ac-
count. [BANKING.]
5. Mach.: A creel for holding rows of
bobbins of cotton.
6. The floor of a glass-melting furnace.
(Knight.)
7. Music: A row of keys of a stringed or
wind instrument. (Knight.)
8. Mining : The face of the coal at which
miners are working; the surface of the ground,
as in the phrase "so much coal came to bank.”
Also, the coal left standing between the ex-
cavations is bank.
9. Naut. : A tier of oars in a galley.
B. Attributively, as in the following com-
pounds :
bank-agent, s. A paid functionary em-
ployed to conduct banking operations in a
branch of the central office established as a
feeder in a provincial town.
bank-bill, s.
1. In England: A bill drawn on a bank or
a private individual. It is payable at sight,
or at a certain specified time after it becomes
due. [BILL.]
"Let three hundred pounds be paid her out of my
ready money, or bank-bills."-Swift.
2. In America: A promissory note ; a bank-
note.
bank-book, s. A book in which the
cashier or clerk enters the debt and credit of a
customer.
bank-credit, s.
In Scotland : A specified sum up to which
one will be allowed to draw money from a
bank upon proper security being given.
bank-fence, s. A bank of earth used as
a fence for a field or other piece of land.
bank-holidays, s.
Law & Ord. Lang.: Holidays upon which
banks are legally closed, so that the officers
of those establishments may obtain needed
rest. By the Bank Holidays Act, passed on
the 25th of May, 1871, the following holidays
became legal in the three kingdoms :-
1. In England and Ireland : (1) Easter
Monday ; (2) the Monday in Whitsun week,
generally called Whit Monday ; (3) the first
Monday in August ; (4) the 26th of December,
popularly called Boxing Day.
2. In Scotland : (1) New Year's Day ; (2)
the first Monday in May ; (3) the first Monday
in August ; (4) Christmas Day.
Of the above holidays Christmas Day, Box-
ing Day, and New Year's Day, fall on different
days of the week, and may in consequence
fall on Sunday. When any one of them does
so, the legal bank holiday is on the Monday
immediately following.
Most of the English had previously made
holiday on Easter Monday, Whit Monday, and
to a certain extent on Boxing Day; and the
Scotch had done so on New Year's Day, and
in a limited degree on Christmas ; but the
first Monday of August in the three king-
doins, and the first Monday of May in Scot-
land, were not observed before the passing of
the Act of 1871.
bank-interest, s. The interest allowed
on money deposited in a bank. The rate is
higher on deposit receipts than on current
accounts. Both, however, fluctuate within
certain considerable limits. Till lately the
joint-stock banks and discount offices regu-
lated their rate of interest by that of the Bank
of England, but recently they have showed
a disposition to adopt a more independent
course.
bank-martin, s.
Ornith. : A name for a bird, the Sand-
martin (Hirundo riparia). (Also called BANK-
SWALLOW.)
bank-money, s. The credit given by the
Bank of Amsterdam for worn coin received by
it at the intrinsic value of each piece. The
appellation was intended to distinguish it
from the current money of the place. (Penny
Cycl., iii. 377.)
bank-note, s. A note issued by a bank
legally empowered to send it forth. It pro-
mises to pay to the bearer a certain specific
sum of money conspicuously printed upon its
face. The Bank of England issues notes of
the value of £5 and upwards, which are legal
tender throughout England. Certain Scotch
banks send forth notes as low as £1, which
are legal for Scotland, and are so popular that
they have nearly banished gold from that
country. The Irish banks are banks of issue,
sending forth notes for £1 and above. The
English provincial banks are not banks of
issue.
“... that the parties present would engage to receive
bank-notes in all payments to be made to them."-
Prof. Leone Levi : Brit. Comm. (1872), p. 76.
bank-post, s.
Stationery : The name for three kinds of
paper used for foreign correspondence. Me-
dium Bank-post is 22 x 175 inches, and weighs
13 pounds per ream. Large Bank-post is 20%
x 167 inches, and weighs 11 pounds per ream.
Small Bank-post, a kind of paper now seldom
used, is 18 X 154 inches, and weighs about
9 pounds per ream.
bank-rate, s. The rate of discount at
the Bank of England on a particular day.
[DISCOUNT, INTEREST.]
"When the bank-rate remains apparently immov.
ably 1 per cent. above the highest open value of
money ..."-Times, Sept. 19, 1879.
bank-stock, s. A share or shares in the
capital of a joint-stock bank.
_“The sick man cried out with a feeble voice, ‘Pray,
Doctor, how went bank-stock to-day at 'Change?'"
Tatler, No. 243.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whát, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hộr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sön; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; try, Sýrian. , e=ē. ey=ā. qu = kw,

bank-bankrupt
413
bank-swallow, s.
Ornith.: A name for the Sand-martin
(Hirundo riparia.) [BANK-MARTIN.]
bănk, v.t. & i. [From bank, s.]
A. Transitive:
1. To pass by the banks or mounds of.
"... as I have banked their towns."
Shakesp. : King John, v. 2.
2. To place in a banking establishment
which invites the deposit of money. (Johnson.)
3. To surround with a bank; to embank, to
fortify with earthworks. (Johnson.)
TTo bank up a fire is to cover it thickly
with slack coal, which will keep alight but
burn slowly, as is done by engineers leaving
work for a time.
B. Intrans. : To place money in a bank.
bănk'-a-ble, a. [Eng. bank; able.] Of such
a character as to be capable of being received
at a bank. (Webster.)
bănked, pa. par. & d. [BANK, v.]
bằnk-ễr (1), * băng-uẼr (au silent), *băng-
qwěr (Eng.), bănk'-ěr, *bănk'-ure
(Scotch), s. [In Fr. banquier = a bench-cloth.]
[BANK, s.]
I. Of a literal bench or seat :
* 1. A cushion or covering for a seat
"One docer and a new bancqwer,..."- Cockyn:
Will of Wm. Askame (1389). Testam. Ebor., p. 129.
The form banker appears in Prompt. Parv.
(1440). It is still in use as a technical word
among artisans.
2. A stone bench on which masons place
the block of stone on which they are operating.
3. A bench used in bricklaying for prepar-
ing the bricks for gauged work.
II. Of that which pertains to anything in
nature in form like such a bench or seat: A
vessel used for cod-fishing on the banks of
Newfoundland.
bănk-er (2), s. [Eng. bank; -er. In Sw.
bankör; Dut. & Ger. bankier; Fr. banquier;
Sp. banquero; Port. bankueiro; Ital." ban-
chiere.] [BANK.]
1. One whose profession or occupation it is
to conduct banking operations. He takes in
money for safe keeping, and, as a rule, allows
interest on it, to repay which and obtain a
profit for himself or for his employers, he
seeks to place out a great part of what he has
received as advantageously as he can. He
prospers if his investments are good, but is
the cause of tremendous disaster if, lending
what has been entrusted to him on bad
security, he find it not again recoverable.
“Whole droves of lenders crowd the banker's doors,
To call in money.'
Dryden.
2. One who raises banks as a barrier against
river-floods, encroachments of the sea, &c.
3. A drain-digger, ditcher. (North.)
bănk'-et (1), s. [Fr. banquette.]
Brick-making : A wooden bench on which
bricks are cut.
* bănk'-et (2), s. [BANQUET. ]
bănk'-ing, pr. par., Q., & s. [BANK, v.]
A. & B. As present participle & participial
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
.. were paid by the quæstor in bills on the
banking commissioners, or triumviri mensarii,
--Arnold: Hist. Rome, vol. iii., ch. xliv., p. 207.
C. As substantive :
1. Engineering : The act or operation of
raising a bank against river-floods, the en-
croachments of the sea, or for other purposes.
2. Comm. & Polit. Econ. : The act or opera-
tion of dealing in money; the occupation or
business of a banker; the methods he adopts
in carrying on this occupation ; and the gene-
ral principles on which these methods are
founded.
Though banking cannot have been much
required, and in all likelihood did not arise till
society had made considerable advances, yet
its origin goes back to a remote period of
antiquity. The practice of taking interest for
money, which presupposes operations which,
by whatever name called, are really banking,
is alluded to in the Mosaic law (Exod. xxii.
25; Lev. xxv. 35-37; Deut. xxiii. 19, 20), as
it was in the New Testament by the Divine
Teacher in one of his parables (Matt. xxv. 27).
The highly interesting discovery has recently
been made that there was a banking establish-
ment in ancient Babylon, founded by a man
called Egibi, which lasted at least from the
first year of Nebuchadnezzar II. (B.C. 604) to
the end of the reign of Darius Hystaspis (B.C.
485), and conducted financial operations of a
magnitude which would have done no dis-
credit to the Bank of England. (Trans. Bib.
Archæol. Soc., vol. vi., 1879, p. 582.)
Banking was well understood at Athens ;
it was established also in the capital and the
provincial parts of the Roman empire, though
not just on the scale of magnitude which
might have been expected.
It languished through the Middle Ages, but
revived with commerce in general about the
middle of the twelfth century, Italy in this
as in many other respects leading the way.
Hence, as shown in the etymology, the Eny-
lish word bank comes from the Italian banco,
which primarily means a bench, and points
to the fact that the first bankers, while con-
ducting their business, sat upon a bench, as
the Hindoo money-changers do to this day.
[MONEY-CHANGER.] From Italy the revival of
banking spread to other civilised countries.
Omitting banks of lesser note, that of Venice
-the first public bank established in mediæval
times—arose in 1157, that of Genoa in 1945,
that of Barcelona about 1400, that of Amster-
dam in 1669, and that of Hamburg in 1619.
In 1694 the celebrated William Patterson
founded the world-renowned Bank of England,
its charter being dated July 27th of that year.
The Bank of Scotland followed in 1695. In
1703 arose the Bank of Vienna, in 1765 that
of Berlin, and in 1783 that of Ireland. The
United States Bank commenced in 1790,
though it was not incorporated till 1816; that
of France was instituted in 1803, and that of
Bengal in 1809.
To return to the British Isles. The first
notable traders in money in England were the
Jews; then followed, from about the middle
of the thirteenth century, Italians from Lom-
bardy and other parts of Italy, whence the
name Lombard Street for a well-known
thoroughfare in London still swarming with
bankers. The goldsmiths combined with
their more specific avocation, first the ex-
change of coins, next the borrowing and lend-
ing of money, and finally banking of the more
modern type came gradually into existence
about the middle of the seventeenth century.
The object of all bankers is to trade in
money. This may be done with capital which,
in the strictest sense, is their own ; or it may
be so that, while employing this, they may
invite deposits and current accounts from
the public, thus keeping money in safe cus-
tody, of which the owner might be robbed if
he retained it in his own possession, and
making payments for him more safely and
conveniently than he could do himself. [See
DEPOSIT, CURRENT ACCOUNT.] The last-inen-
tioned operation is generally carried out by
means of bills or cheques. [BILL, CHEQUE,
CLEARING-HOUSE.] The establishments now
described are banks of deposit and of discount.
To these functions some add that of being
banks of issue, i.e., a bank which issues notes.
[BANK-NOTE, ISSUE.]
The banks of the British Isles may be
otherwise classified :-
(a) The Bank of England stands in a cate-
gory by itself. It is ruled by a Governor,
Deputy-Governor, and twenty-four directors.
Its original capital of £1,200,000 was increased
by successive subscriptions till in 1816 it
reached £14,553,000. Its charter has frequently
been renewed. It is, of course, a bank of issue.
The £5 notes, by which it is best known to
the general public, were first sent forth in
1793. It has been helped by the Government,
and has helped the Government in return.
Though generally prosperous, it has had its
vicissitudes, having had to suspend payment
of its notes in 1696, and between 1797 and 1820
was restricted from making payments in gold,
though a first step towards the gradual re-
sumption of the normal system had been made
in 1817. The Act by which banking is now
regulated is Sir R. Peel's celebrated Bank Act
of 1844, one provision of which was that the
issues of the Bank of England on securities
should be limited to £14,000,000. The periodi-
cal settlement of dividends and annuities, con-
tracted for at the National Debt Office in Old
Jewry, is made at the Bank of England. The
directors of the Bank meet every Thursday,
and fix the rate of interest they will pay on
deposits till their next assembling. Till lately
other banks and discount houses were wont
to modify their own rate of interest by these
periodical announcements, but of late some of
them have acted more independently.
(b) The Joint-stock Banks of London and the
provincial parts of England. The capital of a
joint-stock bank is made up of the money sub-
scribed by its shareholders. Most of these
establishments are constituted on the prin-
ciple of unlimited liability, by which is meant
that if the bank become insolvent, the share-
holders are responsible to the last farthing
they have in the world for the debts of the
bank : sharing its profits in time of prosperity,
they must participate in its losses in days of
adversity. "Nay more, a trustee who holds
bank shares is responsible personally to the
extent of his private property, though he
could not without fraud have appropriated
any profits arising from the shares placed in
his name. By an Act of Parliament passed in
1879, these will be permitted on certain con-
ditions to diminish the excessive liability of
their shareholders. Most of the joint-stock
banks grant interest on the deposits. None
within sixty-five miles of London are allowed
to be banks of issue.
(C) Private Banks : Associations of private
persons for banking purposes, not incorpo-
rated under Act of Parliament. These, as a
rule, give no interest on deposits.
(d) Scotch Banks. These, as a rule, are joint-
stock banks, hitherto founded on the prin-
ciple of unlimited liability, with the great
risks to the shareholders (trustees included)
described under (6). The Scotch banks issue
notes as low as £1, which are so popular in
Scotland that they have all but displaced
gold from that country. Some of them have
branches in London. A Government bill in-
troduced into Parliament in the session of
1879 sought indirectly to compel their with-
drawal, but this part of the measure did not
become law.
(e) Irish Banks. These are conducted on a
system essentially the same as that pursued
in Scotland ; they are banks of issue, sending
forth notes for £1 and above.
(f) Savings Banks: Banks established for
the reception of small deposits from the
humbler classes of the community. In the
savings banks of ordinary type a larger sum
than the money is worth is paid for interest,
the considerable deficit being made good from
the consolidated fund.
I Post Office Savings Banks are established
at all the Money Order Offices of the United
Kingdom. Deposits are received from one
shilling up to a certain limit. Interest is paid
at the rate of 25 per cent. per annum.
“... in the business of bariking and that of insur-
ance: to both of which the joint-stock principle is
eminently adapted."-J. S. Mili: Polit. Econ., bk. i.,
ch, ix, $ 2.
banking-business, s. The business of
banking; the business of dealing in money;
bank business.
"... for the transaction of ordinary banking-
business."-Penny Cyclop., iii. 378.
banking-functions, s. pl. The func-
tions discharged by a bank; the operations of
a bank.
"... and of performing. the ordinary banking.
functions.”—Penny Cyclop., iii. 378.
banking-house, . A house in which
banking operations are carried on.
“The great banking-house at Benares."-Penny
Cyclop., iii. 378.
bănk'-lėss, a. [Eng. bank ; -less.] Without
a bank, not defined or limited by a bank ;
boundless.
bănk'-rúpt, * bănk'-rout, * bănk-uer-
out (u silent). (Eng.), * bănk-rout,
* bănk-rom-pûe (o. Scotch), s. & a. (O.Fr.
banquerouttier =a bankrupt (Cotgrave), from
banqueroutte = a becoming bankrupt. In Sw.
bankruttor; Dan. bankerotör; Dut. bankroe-
tier; Ger. bankerottirer; Fr. banqueroutier,
from banque = bank, and Norm. Fr. roupt,
Lat. ruptus = broken, pa. par. of rumpo =
to break.] (See below, the example from
Skene.)
A. As substantive:
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally:
(a) A trader or other person so deeply in-
debted that he has failed to meet his pecuniary
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian=shạn. -cion, -tion, -sion=shún; -țion, -şion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del..

414
bankrupt-banneret
of a nobleman from
1
obligations, and has had to surrender his
property to be proportionately divided among
his creditors ; more loosely, one who cannot
pay his debts, even if no arrangement has
been come to with his creditors.
“In Latine, Cedere bonis, quhilk is most commonly
vsed amongst merchandes to make bankrout, bank-
rupt, or bankrompue: because the doer thereof, as it
were, breakis his bank, stalle or seate, quhair he vsed
his trafficque of before."-Skene : Verb. Sign., under
the words Dyour, Dyvour.
“Every asylum was thronged with contraband
traders, fraudulent bankrupts, thieves and assassins."
- Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. ix.
*(6) (Оf the form bankrout): Bankruptcy.
(Nares.)
“An unhappy master is he, that is made cunning
by many shipwracks; a miserable merchant, that is
neither rich nor wise, but after some bankrouts."-
Ascham : Scholem., p. 59.
2. Fig.: Anything which promises more
than it can give. (Nares.)
"Time is a very bankrupt, and owes more than
he's worth to season.”—Shakesp. : Comedy of Errors,
iv. 2.
II. Law and Commerce :
*1. A trader plunged in debt who absconds
and hides himself, so as to defraud his credi-
tors; or does anything similar in order to
avoid meeting his obligations. (Blackstone :
Comment.)
2. A trader who fails to pay his debts, and
who, on the petition of some one of his cre-
ditors or his own, to the court of law which
has special cognisance of such cases, is re-
quired to give in a correct account of his
effects, which, after all expenses are paid, are
then divided among his creditors in shares
proportionate to the amount of their several
claims against him. No further legal demands
can be made against him, though, if strictly
honourable, he of course feels that, morally
viewed, his debts are still owing, and if at any
future time he obtain the requisite resources,
he is in conscience bound to liquidate them
with interest from the time when his failure
took place. (BANKRUPT LAWS.]
Strictly speaking, only a merchant or
other commercial man can become a bank-
rupt; any one else failing to pay his just
debts is said to be insolvent.
B. As adjective:
1. Lit. : Judicially declared unable to meet
one's liabilities.
"... the officers should not be bankrupt traders.” -
Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xv.
2. Fig.: Unable to do what is demanded or
expected of it.
"Nor shall I e'er believe or think thee dead,
Though mist, until our bankrout stage be sped,” &c.
Leon. Digges : Prolog. to Sh., p. 223. (Nares.)
" He gives, what bankrupt Nature never can,
Whose noblest coin is light and brittle man."
Cowper: Valediction.
bankrupt laws, bankruptcy laws.
Laws which have been formed with the view
of protecting a merchant who cannot pay his
debts from unduly harsh conduct on the part
of his creditors, and those creditors from any
fraudulent conduct on the part of their
debtor. [DEBT.] Experience has shown the
first object to be easy of attainment, the
second one difficult. The first English bank-
rupt law was that of the 34 & 35 Hen. VIII.,
C. 4, which was rendered necessary to protect
creditors from the shameless frauds to which
they were too frequently subjected. Other
statutes followed, which were consolidated by
the Act of Geo. IV., c. 16. The Act 1 & 2
Will. IV., c. 56, established the present Bank-
ruptcy Court.
| Bankruptcy laws were passed in England
in 1543 and 1571. These were consolidated
and amended in 1861, 1868, and 1869. The
subject was again before the House of Com-
mons in 1879.
bankrupt system. A system of laws
designed to regulate all cases relating to bank-
rupts or bankruptcy. [BANKRUPT Laws.]
bănk'-rúpt, * bănk-rout, v.t. & i. (From
the substantive.]
1. Trans. : To render or declare a merchant
unable to meet his liabilities.
† 2. Intrans. : To be unable to meet them.
“We cast off the care of all future thrift, because we
are already bankrupted."--Hammond.
“He that wins empire with the loss of faithe
Out-buies it, and will bankrout."
Thorpe : Byron's Conspiracy.
băng-ruot-g, S. [Eng. bulkerupt; -cu.] The
state of being bankrupt; the act of declaring
one's self bankrupt.
bankruptcy law. [BANKRUPT LAWS.) |
bănk'-rúpt-ěd, pa. par. [BANKRUPT, v.].
bănk'-rŭpt-îng, pr. par. [BANKRUPT, v.]
*bank'-ūre, s. [Fr. banquier=a bench-cloth,
a carpet for a form or bench (Cotgrave); Low
Lat. banquerium, bancale.] A covering for a
bench. [BANKER.]
“A pair of ffustiane blankatis, a bankure, four
cuschingis," &c. - Act. Dom. Conc., A. 1493, p. 33.
bănk'-si-ą, s. [Named by Linnæus after the
well-known Sir Joseph Banks, who was born
January 4, 1743, sailed froin Plymouth as
naturalist in the exploring expedition com-
manded by Captain Cook in 1768, became
President of the Royal Society in 1778, was
created a baronet in 1780, and died June 19,
1820.] A genus of plants, belonging to the
order Proteaceæ, or Proteads. The species,
which are somewhat numerous, are elegant
plants, scattered all over Australia, where they
are called Honeysuckle Trees. They have
umbellate flowers, with long, narrow tubular
coloured calyces, no corolla, four stamens,
and hard dry leaves, generally dull green
above, and white or pale green beneath. Many
species are now cultivated in England in
greenhouses.
banksia rose. A species of climbing
cluster rose with small buff or white scentless
blossoms.
bănk'-si-dæ, s. pl. [BANKSIA.]
Bot.: A tribe of plants belonging to the
order Proteaceæ and the section Folliculares.
Type, Banksia (q.v.).
băn'-lì-eūe, s. [Fr., from Low Lat. banleuca)
bannus = jurisdiction, proclamation, and leucá
= league.] A district or the districts situated
locally outside the walls of a city, but legally
within the limits; a suburb or suburbs
(Brande.)
* băn-nạt, * ban-nate, S. [BoNNET.] A
bonnet. (Scotch.) Spec., a bonnet of steel; a
skull cap. (Jamieson.)
Double bannate (double in the sense of plate
armour and bonnet): A skull cap; a steel
bonnet.
“That Lucas Broiss sall restore to Andrew Gude-
fallow a double bannate, price vi s. viii d., and certane
gudis of houshald."-Act. Dom. Conc., A. 1490, p. 157.
bănned, pa. par. & a. [BAN, v.]
* băn-neoũre, * băn-eoũr, s. [From Eng.
banner.] A standard-bearer. (Scotch.)
“He bad the banneoure be a sid,
Set his bannere, and wyth it bid."
Wyntown, ix. 27, 365. (Jamieson.)
băn-nặr, * bắn-ễr, * băn-ẽre, S. & a.
[In Dan. banner; Sw. and Wel. baner; Dut.
Tanier, vaan ; Ger. banner panier, fahne; Fr.
bannière = a banner, bandière = a file of sol-
diers with colours at their head; Prov. baneira,
banera, bandiera; Sp. bandera; Port. ban-
deira; Ital. bandiera, connected with bandire
= to proclaim, to publish ...; Low Lat.
banderia = a banner; bandum = a band, a
flag Comp. with Goth. bandva, bandvo = a
sign.] [BAND.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally: A flag or standard carried at
the head of a band marshalled for military
purposes. [B. 1.] It indicates the way to
be taken in marching, and is a conspicuous
rallying-point in case of defeat. There are
national, imperial, royal, ecclesiastical, and
more private banners. A banner generally
consists of a piece of taffeta or other rich
cloth, with one side of it attached to a pole,
while the rest of it is free to flutter in the
wind. Sometimes the word banner is used for
a streamer affixed to the end of a lance, or in
some similar position. [A., II. 1.]
“The baner wele that thou display."
+ Ywaine and Gawin, 476.
“All in a moment through the gloom were seen
Ten thousand banners rise into the air,
With orient colours waving.”
• Milton: P. L., bk. i.
“He said no more;
But left his sister and his queen behind,
And wav'd his royal banner in the wind."
this sense Banner is a name sometimes as-
sumed by particular newspapers, as the cor-
responding word Standard is by others.)
II. Technically:
1. Her.: A flag, generally square, painted or
embroidered with the arms of the person in
whose honour it is borne, and of such a size
as to be proportionate to his dignity. Theo-
retically, the banner
of an emperor should
be six feet square,
that of a king five
feet, that of a duke
four feet, and that
of a nobleman from
a marquis to a
knight banneret in-
clusive, three feet.
No one under the
rank of a knight
banneret is entitled
to a banner. [BAN-
NERET.] [For the
different kinds of
BANNER OF COUNT
banners, see COL- 1
DE BARRE.
OURS, FLAG, GON-
Temp. Edward I.
FANNON, GUIDON,
ORIFLAMME, PEN-
DANT, PENNON, and STREAMER.)
TT A Feudal Banner is a square flag in which
the arms of a deceased person are panelled,
but with the helmet, mantle, and supporters
absent. When all the quarterings of the
person who is dead are present, and the edge
fringed, it is called a Great Banner.
2. Botany : The vexillum—the standard or
upper expanded petal in the corolla of a
papilionaceous plant.
B. Attributively : In the sense of, in some
other way pertaining to, or being in connec-
tion with a banner; as in the following :
banner-cloth, s. The cloth of which a
banner is made.
“The banner-cloth was a yard broad and five
quarters deep."- Penny Cyclop., iii. 407.
banner-cry, s. A cry designed to sum-
mon troops and other combatants together as
around a banner.
“At once there rose so wild a yell
Within that dark and narrow dell,
As all the fiends, from heaven that fell,
Had pealed the banner-cry of hell!"
Scott : Lady of the Lake, vi. 17.
banner-man, s. A man who carries a
banner.
"My banner-man, advance !
I see,' he cried, 'their column shake.
Now, gallants ! for your ladies' sake.
Upon them with the lance !'"
Scott: Lady of the Lake, vi. 18.
banner-staff, s. A staff from the upper
part of which the cloth of a banner is un-
furled.
"The banner-staff was in his hand.
Wordsworth : White Doe of Rylstone, canto vi.
băn'-nered, a. [Eng. banner; -ed.] Furnished
or equipped with banners.
“By times from silken couch she rose,
While yet the banner'd hosts repose.'
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, v. 10.
“Stoop to the freshening gale her mast,
As if she veiled her banner'd pride."
Scott: Lord of the Isles, i. 12.
băn-nỹr-bt, * băn-nền- tte, * băn-ễr-
ette (Eng.), * bănº-rbute (0. Scotch), S.
[In Fr. banneret, banderet; Low Lat. 'ban-
neretus.] [BANNER.]
1. An abbreviation for Knight-Banneret; a
member of an ancient order of knighthood
which had the privilege of leading their re-
tainers to battle under their own flag. They
ranked as the next order below the Knights
of the Garter, only a few official dignitaries
intervening. This was not, however, unless
they were created by the king on the field of
battle, else they ranked after baronets. The
order is now extinct, the last banneret created
having been at the battle of Edgehill, in 1642,
for his gallantry in rescuing the standard of
Charles I.
"A gentleman told Henry, that Sir Richard Croftes,
made banneret at Stoke, was a wise man; the king
answered, he doubted not that, but marvelled how a
fool could know."-Camden.
2. A small banner or streamer.
"... yet the scarfs, and the bannerets about thee
did manifoldly dissuade me from believing thee a
vessel of too great a burthen." --Shakesp. : Ail's Well
that Ends Well, ii. 3.
3. A title given to the highest officer in
some of the Swiss Republics.
Dryden.
2. Fig.: Any Being, person, or thing to
which in moral struggles one can rally. (In
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, work, whô, son; müte, cúb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; try, Sýrian. , ce=ē; õ=ě. qu=kw.

bannerol-banyan
415
băn-nỹr-61, s. [BANDROL.]
banquet-house, s. [BANQUETING-HOUSE.]
"King Oswald had a bannerol of gold and purple "Now the queen by reason of the words of the king
set over his tomb."-Camden.
and his lords came into the banquet-house ..."-Dan.
V. 10.
băn-nét, s. [BONNET.] (Scotch.)
banquet-tent, s. A tent designed for
| Nuikit bannet: The square cap worn by the luxurious entertainments.
Roman Catholic clergy.
"... no bischopes, frieris, preistis, channones, durst
băn-quét (qu as kw), a.t. & . [In Ger.
weir nuikit-bannettes ..."-Pitscottie : Cron., p. 527. bankettiren; Fr. banqueter; Sp. & Port. ban-
(Jamieson.)
quetear.]
băn-ning, p. par., a., & S. [BAN, 0.]
A. Transitive: To make a sumptuous
As substantive : Cursing.
feast for ; to invite to or entertain at a
"Furthermore, who is ther that is not afraid of all
sumptuous feast.
maledictions and cursed execrations, and especially
"Jove feels himself the season, sports again
when the names of the infernal fiends or unluckie
With his fair spouse, and banquets all his train."
souls are used in such bannings."-Holland : Plinie,
Cowper : Transl. of Milton ("Approach of Spring”).
bk. xxviii., c. 2. (Richardson.)
B. Intransitive:
* băn-ni-tion, s. [From Eng. ba (q.v.).] 1. Lit. : To feast luxuriously.
[BANISH.]
"Born but to banquet and to drain the bowl."
Pope : Homer's Odyssey, bk. X., 662.
1. Outlawry.
"I purpos'd to unbend the evening hours,
2. Expulsion from a place. (Laud.)
And banquet private in the women's bowers."
Prior.
băn-nöck, * băn-njck, S. [I. boi meog ;
2. Fig.: To obtain luxurious food for the
Gael. bonnach. ]
mind or heart.
1. A flat round cake made of oat or barley
“The mind shall banquet, tho' the body pine:
Fat paunches have lean pates, and dainty bits
meal. (Scotch.)
Make rich the ribs, but bankerout the wits."
The dough of which bannocks are made
Shakesp. : Love's Labour's Lost, i. 1.
is generally better than that of which cakes + băn'-quět-ant (qu as kw), s. [From Fr.
are formed ; a bannock, as a rule, is toasted
banquetant, pr. par. of banqueter = to ban-
on a girdle, while a cake, after having been
quet.] One who banquets.
laid for some time on a girdle, is toasted
"And there not beside
before the fire ; a bannock, moreover, is
Other great banquetants, but you must ride
generally of barley-meal and a cake of oat-
At anchor still with us."
meal. (Jamieson.)
Chapman : Hom. Odyss., bk. xx. (Richardson.)
"... ye needna stick to gie them a waught o' drink băn'-quět-ěd (qu as kw), pa. par. & a.
and a bannock."-Scott: Old Mortality, ch. iv.
[BANQUET.]
2. Old Law : A duty exacted at a mill in
consequence of thirlage.
băn-quét-ẽm (qu as kw), * băn-quết-
“The sequels ... pass by the name of knaveship të'er, * bănc'-ket-tour, s. [Eng. ban-
and of bannock and lock on gowpen."-Erskine : quet, and suffix -er.]
Instit., bk. ii., t. ix., § 19.
1. One who is a guest at banquets, or at
bannock-fluke, s. A fish-the Common
home feasts luxuriously. (Johnson.)
Turbot (Pleuronectes maximus). (Scotch.)
2. One who is the entertainer at a banquet
"'What are ye for to-day, your honour?' she said,
or banquets. (Johnson.)
or rather screamed, to Oldbuck; 'Caller haddocks and
whitings, a bannock-fluke and a cock-pudle?'”-Scott:
Antiquary, ch, xi.
băn-quét-ing (qu as kw), băn-kết-
bannock-hive, s. [Scotch bannock, and
ting, pr. par., A., & s. [BANQUET, v.]
hive (q.v.).] Corpulency, induced by eating
A. & B. As pr. par. & participial adj. : In
plentifully.
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
“How great's my joy; it's sure beyond compare !
C. As substantive :
To see you look sae hale, sae plump an' square.
1. The act or operation of feasting luxu-
However ithers at the sea may thrive,
Ye've been nae stranger to the bannock-hive."
riously.
Morison : Poems, pp. 177, 178.
“... and talk'd in glee
Of long-past banquetings with high-born friends.".
bannock-stick, s. A wooden instru-
Wordsworth : The Æxcursion, bk. vii.
ment for rolling out bannocks.
2. The viands and liquors provided for such
“A bassie, and a bannock-stick ;
an entertainment.
There's gear enough to make ye sick."
Bogg: Jacobite Relics, i. 118.
banqueting-house, banquet-house,
bằnny, S. pl. [BAN.]
s. A house specially constructed or used for
luxurious entertainments.
băn-quết (qu as sw), * băn-kết, * băn "... presented his credentials in the Banqueting-
kette, s. [In Dan. & Dut. banket; Ger. ban-
house."- Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi.
kett; Fr. banquet; Sp. banquet = a banquet ; banqueting-room, S. A room con-
banqueta = a stool, a raised way ; Port. ban structed or used for luxurious entertainments.
queta =a banquet; Ital. banchetto = a feast,
a little seat; dimin. of banco = a bench.] banqu'-ět, bănqu’-ět (qu as k), s. (Fr.
[BANK, BANQUETTE.]
=a small bench, a long seat stuffed and
I. Literally:
covered ; a causeway, footpath, or pavement.]
*1. Formerly: A dessert after dinner; not
Fortif.: A small bank at the foot of a para-
the substantial meal itself.
pet, on which soldiers mount when they fire.
“We'll dine in the great room, but let the music + băng, S. pl. [BAN (1).]
and banquet be prepared here."- Massinger : The Un-
natural Combat, iii. 1. (Nares.)
ban'-shēe, běn'-shỉ, s. [Gael. bean-shith =
9 (a) “The common place of banqueting,
fairy; from Gael. & Ir. bean = woman, and
or eating the dessert," Giffard says, “was the
Gael. sith, Ir. sith, sigh, sighe, sighidh = fairy.]
garden-house or arbour, with which almost
Celt. Mythol.: A fay, elf, or other supernatural
every dwelling was furnished.”
being, supposed by some of the peasantry in
(6) Evelyn used banquet in the sense of a
Ireland and the Scottish Highlands to sing
dessert as late as 1685, though the modern
a mournful ditty under the windows of the
signification had already come into partial
house when one of the inmates is about to die.
use. (Nares.)
2. Now : An entertainment of a sumptuous
băn-stick-le (le=el) (Eng.), * băn-
character, at which choice viands and liquors styk-yll (0. Scotch), s. [A.S. ban = a bone,
are placed before the guests. (Used of the and stickel = a prick, a sting.] A name given
whole entertainment, and not simply of the in Scotland and in parts of England to a fish-
dessert.)
the Rough-tailed, Three-spined Stickle-back
"Shall the companions make a banquet of him?..." (Gasterosteus trachurus, Cuv.), in Suffolk a
Job xli. 6.
de tantickle." It is a common species in Britain,
II. Fig. : Anything on which the mind can occurring both in fresh water and in the sea.
feast with pleasure.
"Asperagus (quædam piscis), a banstykyli."
“In his commendations I am fed ;
Ortus Vocab. (S. in Boucher.)
It is a banquet to me.
Shakesp. : Macbeth, i. 4.
| băn'-tam, a. & s. [Probably from Bantam,
a decayed village in the north-west of Java,
banquet-hall, s. A hall for banqueting
formerly the seat of a Dutch residency.]
in, or a hall in which banqueting has actually
taken place.
A. As adjective. [From Bantam, or other-
“You shall attend me, when I call,
wise pertaining to it (see etymology).] Spec.,
In the ancestral banquet-hati."
pertaining to the fowl presumably from that
Longfellow : The Golden Legend, i. place. [B.]
B. As substantive :
1. A small variety of the domestic fowl. It
has feathered legs.
2. A kind of painted or carved work like
that from Japan, but more gaudy. (Goodrich
& Porter.)
băn'-tēr, v.t. [Etymology doubtful. Probably,
as Mahn thinks, it may be a corruption of Fr.
badiner=to sport, joke, rally, jest; or Old
Fr, baratar=to joke.] Mildly to rally one, to
make good-natured mirth at one's expense;
to utter mild raillery upon one; (vulgarly) to
chaff. It is quite consistent with respect and
affection for the individual bantered ; indeed,
there is in it a tacit compliment to his temper,
as it would not be ventured on were he deemed
likely to take fire at the remarks made.
“The magistrate took it that he bantered him, and
bade an officer take him into custody.”—L'Estrange.
Wedgwood quotes a passage from Swift,
in which this word is said to have come into
England first from the bullies of Whitefriars,
from whence it spread next to the footmen, and
finally to the pedants. It is not looked on as
pedantic now.
băn'-ter, s. [From the verb. In Fr. badi-
nerie.] Mild raillery, pleasantry at one's
expense; a joking upon one's weaknesses, pro-
cedure, or surroundings.
“This humour, let it look never so silly, as it passes
many times for frolic and banter, is one of the most
pernicious shares in human life.”—L'Estrange.
“... those who ridicule it will be supposed to make
their wit and banter a refuge and excuse for their own
laziness."- Watts.
băn-tẼred, pa. par. & a. [BANTER, 0.]
băn'-tér-ér, s. (Eng. banter; -er.] One who
banters.
... marked him out as an excellent subject for the
operations of swindlers and banterers.”-Macaulay:
Hist. Eng., ch. iii.
bănº-tỸr-ing, * bắn-tring, p. par., C., & S.
[BANTER, v.]
A. As pr. par. & participial adj. :
"It is no new thing for innocent simplicity to be the
subject of bantering drolls.”—L'Estrange.
B. As substantive: The act of rallying, or
treating with mild raillery ; the state of being
rallied or mildly jested upon; the remarks
constituting the raillery. (Webster.)
bănt'-lựng, s. [According to Mahn, from Ger.
bänkling=a bastard; according to Wedgwood,
from bandling, referring to the swaddling
clothes in which a young child is wrapped.]
A little child, a brat. (Used in contempt.)
(Vulgar.)
“If the object of their love
Chance by Lucina's aid to prove,
They seldom let the bantling roar,
In basket, at a neighbour's door.”—Prior.
bănx'-ring, s. [From a Sumatran language.]
The native name of a small insectivorous
mammal. [TUPAIA.]
băn-y-an (1), băn-1-ạn (2), băn-y-an-
trēe, s. & adj. [Probably from Eng. or Fr.
banian = a tribe of Hindu merchants ; a
broker.] [BANIAN.]
A. As substantive: A tree, the Ficus Indica,
or Indian fig-tree, celebrated for sending down
kids
BANYAN-TREE.
new stems from its spreading branches,
which, supporting those branches themselves,
make a living colonnade of great extent.
Colonel Sykes mentions a banyan-tree which
he saw at the village of Mhow, in the Poona
Collectorate, which had sixty-eight of the
descending stems just mentioned, and con-
stituted a grove capable, when the sun was
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, çhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion, -cioun = shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhún. tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, del.

416
banyan-baptist
vertical, of affording shade to 20,000 men.
The tree is well described by both Milton and
Southey, except that Milton, misled by Pliny,
makes the leaves larger than they are in
nature, and describes loopholes cut in the
banyan grove, which are wholly mythic-
"... there soon they chose
The fig-tree, not that kind for fruit renowned,
But such as at this day, to Indians known,
In Malabar or Deccan spreads her arms,
Branching so broad and long, that in the ground
The bended twigs take root, and daughters grow
About the mother tree, a pillared shade
High over-arched, and echoing walks between;
There oft the Indian herdsman, shunning heat,
Shelters in cool, and tends his pasturing herds
At loopholes cut thro' thickest shade: t
e leaves
They gathered, broad as Amazonian targe.”
Milton: P. L., bk, ix.
“It was a goodly sight to see
That venerable tree,
For o'er the lawn, irregularly spread,
Fifty straight columns propt its lofty head;
And many a long depending shoot,
Seeking to strike its root,
Straight like a plummet, grew towards the ground.
Some on the lower boughs which crest their way,
Fixing their bearded fibres round and round,
With many a ring and wild contortion wound;
Some to the passing wind at times, with sway
Of gentle motion swung ;
Others of younger growth, unmoved, were hung
Like stone-drops from the cavern's fretted height.
Beneath was smooth and fair to sight,
Nor weeds nor briars deformed the natural floor,
And through the leafy cope which bowered it o'er
Came gleams of chequer'd light.
So like a temple did it seem, that there
A pious heart's first impulse would be prayer."
Southey: Curse of Kenāma, bk, xiii.
B. As adjective: Pertaining to the tree now
described.
banyan-tree, banian-tree, s. [See
BANYAN (1).]
"Wide round the sheltering banian-tree."
Hemans : The Indian City.
* băn-y-ạn (2), s. & a. [BANIAN (1).]
ba'-o-bab. S. [Eth. baobab, abavo, abavi.]
One of the names for the Adansonia digitata,
called also the Monkey-bread Tree. [ADAN-
SONIA.]
(6) The initiatory rite of the Christian
Church, administered first by the apostles
(John iv. 2) whilst their Divine Master was on
earth, and which has continued to be dis-
pensed to the present time.
2. The act of “baptizing” a thing instead
of a person with water.
The washing of a ship with salt water
on passing the equinoctial line was formerly
called in cant and somewhat profane language
“her baptism."
3. A term employed by Protestant, not by
Roman Catholic, writers for the blessing of
bells designed for worship in the Church of
Rome. [BAPTIZE, A., I. 2.]
II. The state of being baptized.
B. Figuratively:
I. Scripture :
1. The doctrine, allegiance, or life into which
the initiatory rite introduces one.
“And he said unto them, Unto what then were ye
baptized ? And they said, Unto John's baptism." -
Acts xix. 3.
2. Death to sin and resurrection to newness
of life.
“Therefore we are buried with him by baptism into
death: that like as Christ was raised up from the
dead by the glory of the Father, even so we also
should walk in newness of life."-Rom. vi. 4.
3. Such a moral and spiritual state as war-
rants the answer of a good conscience towards
God.
“The like figure whereunto even baptism doth also
now save us (not the putting away of the filth of the
flesh, but the answer of a good conscience toward
God), ..."-1 Pet. iii. 21.
4. Suffering, specially that of Christ.
“But I have a baptism to be baptized with; and
how am I straitened till it be accomplished !"-Luke
xii. 50.
II. General Literature :
1. The act or process of refreshing the heart
by “sprinkling” it with something fitted to
effect that end.
“ If on the heart the freshness of the scene
Sprinkle its coolness, and from the dry dust
Of weary life a moment lave it clean
With Nature's baptism, ..
Byron : Childe Harold, ix. 68.
2. Initiation into any work or occupation
fitted to make a change upon the character,
and prevent the possibility of one's ever
being again what he was before. Thus, when
during the Franco-German war of 1870, Prince
Louis Napoleon, the same who perished so
tragically in Zululand, was first exposed, by
direction of his father, Napoleon III., and
with his own consent, to the fire of the enemy
at Saarbrück, the event was called a “baptism
of fire.” So also during the Indian mutinies of
1857, the revolted sepoys, who had by murder-
ing Europeans committed themselves to a
course of action from which there was no
return, were said to have undergone a “bap-
tism of blood.” Formerly, the term baptism
was also sometimes profanely applied in cant
language to the outrageous practical jokes
to which seamen or passengers in a vessel,
who for the first time crossed the equinoctial
line, were too frequently subjected, such pro-
cedure being deemed legitimate in that zero
of latitude.
båp (1), s. A term used in Leicestershire to
signify a dark bituminous shale. (Weale.)
båp (2), s. [Derivation uncertain.] A thick
cake baked in the oven, generally with yeast;
whether it be made of oatmeal, barley-meal,
flower of wheat, or a mixture. (Scotch.)
“There will be good lapperd-milk kebbucks,
And sowens, and fardles, and baps."
"Ritson : S. Songs, i. 211. (Jamieson.)
Băph'-o-met, s. [Corrupted from Mahomet,
the popular way of writing the name of the
Arabian “prophet,” more accurately desig-
nated Muhammad or Mohammed.] A real or
imaginary idol or symbol which the Knights
Templars were accused of worshipping.
băp'-tą, s. [Gr. Báttw (bapto)= to dip, to
dye.]
Entom. : A genus of moths of the family
Geometridæ. They are thin-bodied, and fly
during the day. Bapta bimaculata is the White
Pinion-spotted, and B. punctata the Clouded
Silver Moth.
* băp-tême, s. [BAPTISM.]
băp-tỉs'-1-a, s. [Gr. Bátw (bapto) = to dye,
for which some of the species are used.] A
genus of leguminous plants, ornamental às
border-flowers.
băp'-týsm, * băp'-tìşme, * băp-tême,
* băp'-tým, s. [In Fr. baptême ; 0. Fr. &
Prov. baptisme; Sp. bautismo; Port. baptismo;
Ital. battesimo; Lat. baptisma; Gr. Bátttioua
(baptisma) and Battlouós (baptismos); from
Battisw (baptizo) =... to baptize.] [BAPTIZE.]
A. Literally:
I. The act of baptizing any person or thing
in or with water.
1. The act of immersing any one in water,
or pouring or sprinkling it upon him or her
as a religious and symbolical rite.
“Baptym: Baptismus, baptisma.”—Prompt. Parv.
Two kinds of baptism by means of water are
mentioned in the New Testament:-
(a) “The baptism of repentance for the re-
mission of sins," administered by John the
Baptist in Jordan to those who, under the
influence of his preaching, made confession of
those sins.
"John did baptize in the wilderness, and preach the
baptism of repentance for the remission of sins.”_
Mark i. 4. (See also Matt. iii. 6.)
to Scripture to baptize infants, but that the
ordinance of baptism should be administered
only to adult believers in Christ, and in their
case not by sprinkling, or affusion, but by
immersion.
Whether the early Church did or did not
baptize infants has been, and still is, a matter
of dispute. It is universally admitted that
some of the so-called heretical sects of the
Middle Ages were opposed to infant baptism.
At the time of the Reformation the question
to whom baptism should be administered
came very prominently before the Church and
the world, owing to the fact that a considerable
number of those who, under the leadership of
Luther, Melanchthon, and other religious
chiefs, cast off their allegiance to Rome, ulti-
mately abandoned all belief in infant baptism.
Their opponents called them Anabaptists, im-
plying that they administered a second bap-
tism, the first one, that dispensed in infancy,
still remaining in force ; whilst they, of
course, repudiated this name, alleging that the
first baptism given in infancy being invalid,
that which they dispensed in adult life was
the first, and not the second. Their religious
fanaticism, coupled with the extreme and
dangerous political views which they adopted,
brought the whole Reformation into discredit,
and was one of the chief causes which operated
to create the powerful reaction, of which
Loyola became the leader, but which would
have arisen, even if Loyola had never lived.
[ANABAPTIST, JESUIT, REVOLUTION.]
The modern Baptists, quiet and law-abiding,
have little in common with the German fana-
tics now described ; moreover, they do not
come from them by historical descent. The
name Anabaptists is now confined, except by
extreme controversialists, to the Continental
fanatics of the sixteenth century, whilst the
term Baptists is accorded to the modern op-
ponents of infant baptism.
Baptist views first attracted public notice
in England in A.D. 1536, the Convocation
which met in that year having denounced
them as “detestable heresies utterly to be
condemned.” Those who upheld them were
subsequently banished the kingdom by pro-
clamation, a few even suffered at the stake;
but, as in other cases, persecution failed
to uproot the system of belief which it was
designed to eradicate. The first organised
Baptist congregation in England did not come
into existence till A.D. 1607 or 1608; the
pastor was the Rev. Mr. Smyth, a clergyman
who had resigned his living in the Church of
England. The first Baptist congregation in
Scotland was formed by the Rev. Mr. McLean
in 1765.
The Baptists are split into various sects. The
General Baptists are Arminians [ARMINIAN],
maintaining the doctrine that the atonement
made by Christ was for mankind generally, i.e.,
for all mankind. The Particular Baptists are
Calvinists, holding that the atonement was
only for a particular number of persons elected
from all eternity to be saved. The General
Baptists are divided into Old and New Con-
nexion: the former are Unitarian; the latter,
comprehending the great mass of the denomi-
nation, are Trinitarian. Some congregations,
both of the General and the Particular Bap-
tists, maintain close communion, i.e., will not
allow any to join them at the Lord's Supper
unless they have first been baptized as adults
by immersion. Seventh-Day Baptists, who
are not numerous, consider that as no express
command for the alteration of the Sabbath
from the seventh to the first day of the week
exists, they should observe the seventh instead
of the first day. The government of the Baptist
churches is generally on the Congregationalist
model [CONGREGATIONALIST), though a few
are Presbyterian. [PRESBYTERIAN.] In 1851
the number of worshippers in actual attend-
ance on the several Baptist churches was thus
stated :-
General Baptists
22,096
Particular
740,752
Seventh Day,
Scotch ,
1,947
New Connexion Baptists 64,321
Undefined Baptists
100,991
Total, 930,190
It has been disputed whether the method of
investigation adopted in 1851, and which was
not repeated in 1861 and 1871, was fitted to
attain to accurate results. Assuming the
numbers to be only approximately correct,
băp-tış-mal, a. [Eng. baptism; -al. In Fr.
& Port. baptismal; Sp. bautismal; Ital. bat-
tesimale.] Pertaining to baptism.
“When we undertake the baptismal vow, and enter
on their new life, it would be apt to discourage us.”-
Hammond
“The baptismal service was repeatedly discussed."-
Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xiv.
baptismal regeneration. [REGENE-
RATION.]
83
băp-tiş'-mal-ly, adv. [Eng. baptismal ; -ly.]
After the manner of baptism; through means
of baptism. (Quin.)
Băp-tist, băp'-tỉst, s. [In Ger. Baptist ;
Sp. baptista; Lat. Baptista ; Gr. BATTLOTÝS
(Baptistēs) (Matt. iii. 1) = the Baptizer.] [BAP-
TIZE, BAPTISM.]
1. Scripture : One who extensively adininis-
ters the rite of baptism. The term was and
is specially applied to John, the forerunner of
Jesus.
"In those days came John the Baptist, preaching in
the wilderness of Judæa, ... Then went out to him
Jerusalem, and all Judæa, and all the region round
about Jordan, and were baptized of him in Jordan,
confessing their sins.”—Matt. iii, 1–6.
2. Theol., Church Hist., & Ord. Lang. : A
Christian who holds that it is not according
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fall, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pỉt, sïre, sīr, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, work, whô, són; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; trý, Sýrian. a, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

baptistery-bar
417
they still are valuable, and show that were its name for the first time publicly announced
the several sections of the Baptist church at the time of baptism. This seems to have
embodied in one they would be, in point of been the case also with the initiatory rite of
numbers, the fourth denomination in England the Jewish Church-circumcision (Luke i. 59;
and Wales, the three surpassing them being but the naming of the child was no essential
(1) the Church of England, having in 1851 part either of the one rite or the other.
had actually present on the census Sunday,
2. Of the symbolical use of water or anything
5,292,551 worshippers ; (2) the Methodists (in-
similar in connexion with a thing : The cere-
cluding Wesleyans and Calvinistic Methodists,
mony which Protestant writers call “baptiz-
and their several divisions and sub-divisions),
ing” a bell, designed for the use of Roman
2,736,107; (3) the Congregationalists, 1,214,050.
Catholics in their worship, is carried out by
There were registered places of meeting for
blessing it and giving it the name of some
religious worship in 1878, certified by the
saint. Roman Catholics do not admit that
Registrar-General to be connected with the
the expression baptize is a legitimate one to
following among other religious sects :-(1)
employ in this case.
Baptists, (2) Baptised Believers, (3) Calvin-
istic Baptists, (4) General Baptists, (5) General
II. Fig.: Divinely to impart the Holy
Baptist New Connexion, (6) New Connexion,
Ghost to any one. [BAPTISM.]
(7) Old Baptists, (8) Open Baptists, (9) Par-
"... He shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost,
and with fire.”—Matt, iii. ii.
ticular Baptists, (10) Presbyterian Baptists,
B. Intransitive: To administer baptism.
(11) Scotch Baptists, (12) Seventh-Day Bap-
tists, (13) Strict Baptists, (14) Union Baptists,
"John did baptize in the wilderness.”—Mark i. 4.
(15) Unitarian Baptists. Nos. 5 and 7 are băp-tī’zed, băp-tī'şed, pa. par. & a. [BAP-
probably the same; the name of No. 8 figures
TIZE.]
for the first time in the Registrar-General's
book. In 1878 the Baptists claimed to have băp-ti'z-ēr, băp-ti'ş-ēr, s. [Eng. baptize);
2,587 churches in charge of 1,879 pastors or
-er.] One who administers the rite of baptism.
missionaries, 276,356 baptised members, and
"... his labours as a preacher of righteousness and
370,000 Sunday scholars. In the United States
a baptizer."-Strauss : Life of Jesus; Trans. (1846),
they are proportionally more numerous than vol. i., § 45, pp. 308, 309.
in Britain. Throughout the world, in 1878,
there were said to be 28,505 Baptist churches
băp-ti'z-ing, pr. par. & a. [BAPTIZE.] The
with 17,683 ministers or missionaries, and act of administering baptism; the baptismal
2,473,088 members. (Baptist Year-Book for rite. [BAPTISM.]
1878, p. 28.)
of the eminent ministers formerly or now
* bär, s. [A. S. bar.] An old spelling of BOAR
connected with the Baptist churches, may be (q.v.).
mentioned Robert Hall, John Foster, and
| bar, * barre, s. & a. [In Dan. barre; Dut.
more recently Charles H. Spurgeon. Of emi-
nent missionaries, Messrs. Carey, Marshman,
bciar =a wave, a bier, an ingot, a bar; Ger.
barrera bar, as of gold or silver; Fr. barre ;
and Ward of Serampore, and Adoniram Judson
of Burmah.
Prov., Sp., Ital., Gael. & Irish barra; Arm.
bar = branch; barren = bar; Wel. bar =
bắp-tin-tẼr-ỹ, bắp-tis-trỹ, s. [In Fr. branch, bar. Cognate with SPAR (q.v.). Pri-
baptistère; Sp. bautisterio; Port. baptisterio;
mary meaning, the branch of a tree; hence a
Ital. battisterio; Lat. baptisterium ; Gr. Batt-
bar.]
TOTÁplov (baptistērion)=(1) a bathing-place, A. As substantive :
a swimining-place; (2) the baptistery in a
(a) Ordinary Language:
church.] A place in a church or elsewhere
I. Literally :
for baptizing people. The part of a church in
which the font is placed.
1. Anything which, crossing another, hinders
“The baptisteries, or places of water for baptism, in
or obstructs progress.
those elder times, were not, as now our fonts are, (1.) A piece of wood, iron, or other material,
within the church, but without, and often in places
very remote from it.”- Mede : Churches, &c., p. 42.
long' in proportion to its breadth, placed
across anything open to entrance, and intended
bắp-tis-tic, bắp-tis-tic-al, a. [Eng. bap to prevent ingress or egress. Specially-
tist; -ic, -al.] Pertaining to John the Baptist, (a) The transverse bars of a gate ; the bolt
to a Baptist, or to baptism.
of a door.
“This baptistical profession, which he ignorantly
.. hewed asunder the bars of the main gates to
laughed at, is attested by fathers, by councils, by
admit the whole column of Africans ..."-Arnold :
liturgies.”—Bp. Bramhall : Schism Guarded, p. 205.
Hist. Rome, ch. xliv., vol. iii., p. 215.
(6) A boom across a river.
băp-tỉs'-tc-al-ly, adv. [Eng. baptistical ;
(2.) A:ny material body shaped like such a 1
-ly.] In a baptistical manner. (Dr. Allen, transverse beam or bolt, for whatever purpose
Worcester, &c.)
it may be designed. Spec., an ingot, wedge,
băp-tī'z-a-ble, a. [Eng. baptize; -able.1 or mass of metal, such as gold, silver, &c.
That may be baptized. (N. E. Elders, Wor-
(3.) Anything natural, in place of artificial,
cester, &c.)
constituting an obstruction. Spec., a bank
of silt, sand, or other material deposited by
bắp-ti-za-tion, s. [Eng. baptize), ratio, a river at its mouth, and, unless cleared away
from Lat. baptizatio.] The act of baptizing; from time to time, tending sooner or later to
the state of being baptized.
impede navigation. Also a similar bar laid
“... his first was his baptization with water.”—Bp. down by the sea, even where there is no
Hati: Contempl. Christ's Baptism.
river.
băp-tīze, băp-tī şe, v.t. & i. [In Fr. bap-
"A still salt pool, lock'd in with bars of sand.”
Tennyson : The Palace of Art.
tiser; Prov. bateiar; Sp. bautizar; Port. bap-
T The “bars of the ocean," in Job xxxviii.
tizar, bautizar; Ital. battezzare; Lat. baptizo;
10," are its shores. In Jonah ii. 6, the “bars
Gr. Battiğw (baptizo) = (1) to dip in or under
of the earth” are believed by Gesenius to
water, (2) to draw water or wine, (3) to bap-
mean imaginary bolts or bars descending deep
tize ; Bátttw (bapto) = (1) to dip, (2) to dye,
into its lower parts.
(3) to draw water.] (Liddell & Scott.)
(4.) Any line or mark in writing; printing:
A. Transitive :
painting, &c., laid across another one. (In
I. Lit. : Of the symbolical use of water or this sense bar was formerly used specially of
anything similar in connexion with a person cross cheques placed across garments, and
or a thing :
differing from themi in colour.)
1. Of the use of water in connexion with a
“Both the bárres of his belt
And other blythe stones,
person : To immerse the body in water, or pour
That were richely rayled
or sprinkle water upon the face, pronouncing
In his aray clene."
at the same time certain sacred words..
Gawayn & the Green Knyght, 292. (S. in Boucher.)
(a) To do so with some unknown formula, as 2. Anything fenced off by such pieces of
John the Baptist did.
wood, iron, or other obstruction. Spec., part
"I indeed baptize you with water unto repentance.”
of a room railed or partitioned off from the
-Matt. iii. 11.
rest to prevent intrusion.
(6) To do so in the name of the Father, of (a) In Inns, Taverns, Coffee-houses, and, Re-
the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. This is the freshment Rooms : An enclosed place in which
initiatory rite of the Christian Church.
the barman, bariaid, or similar person stands
"Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing to sell liquor or food.
them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and
"I was under some apprehension that they would
of the Holy Ghost.”—Matt. xxviii. 19.
appeal to me, and therefore laid down my penny at
TWhen the baptized person is an infant it the bar, and made the best of my way."-Addison.
generally receives its name, or, at least, has (6) In Courts of Law. [See A: (b), I. 1.]
(c) In the Houses of Parliament: A partition
dividing the body of both Houses, to which
only the members and clerks are admitted,
from a less sacred space just inside the door.
To the bar of the House of Lords the Com-
mons are summoned to hear the royal speech
read or the royal assent given to bills. When
the House of Lords acts as a judicial body,
counsel are heard at the bar. To the bar of
the House of Commons those are summoned
who are guilty of a breach of the privileges of
the House.
“The House of Commons agreed yesterday to the
motion of the Chancellor of the Exchequer to summ
... to appear at the bar. The Select Committee ap-
pointed to consider the conduct of these persons re-
ported that they ... were guilty of a breach of the
privileges of the House."-Daily News, July 23, 1879.
3. The persons thus protected from intru-
sion. [See (b), I. 2.]
II. Figuratively:
1. (Corresponding to A. (a), I. 1.): Any-
thing which hinders, prevents, obstructs, or
excludes ; also the act of hindering and the
state of being hindered.
T In this sense it may be followed by to,
against, between, &c.
“Must I new bars to my own joys create,
Refuse myself what I had forc'd from fate?”
Dryden.
“And had his heir surviv'd him in due course,
What limits, England, hadst thou found? what bar
What world could have resisted ?”
Daniel : Civil War.
. Fatal accidents have set
A most unhappy bar between your friendship."
Rowe.
“Lest examination should hinder and let your pro-
ceedings, behold for a bar, against that impediment,
one opinion newly added.”—Hooker.
2. (Corresponding to A. (a), I. 3, & (b), I. 2.)
A being, tribunal, or court of law with ability
and right authoritatively to judge of conduct.
(Poetic.)
“Say, to what bar amenable were man?
With nought in charge, he could betray no trust.”
Cowper : The Progress of Error.
(b) Technically :
I. Law:
1. Of places. In Courts of Law: A space
partitioned off from the rest by wooden barriers
so as to prevent intrusion from the crowd. It
is designed to accommodate the counsel for
and against the prisoner, and assign himself a
place, which he is required to occupy whilst
his case is being tried.
“ The great duke
Came to the bar, where to his accusations
He pleaded still Not guilty.”
Shakesp. : Hen. VIII., ii. 1.
“Some at the bar with subtlety defend,
Or on the bench the knotty laws untye.”
Dryden.
T Hence, to be called to the bar signifies to
obtain a licence to plead as a barrister in suit-
able law courts.
2. Of persons : A particular lawyer at the
bar pleading a cause ; or the lawyers of any
particular court, or of the whole country taken
collectively.
"... the storm of invective which burst upon him
from bar, bench, and witness-box, ..."-Macaulay:
Hist. Eng., ch. iv.
3. Of trials and pleas :
(a) A plea in bar means a plea in bar or pre-
vention of a plaintiff's demand. A release, a
fine, nonage, legal permission to do what was
done, the statute of limitation, &c., are all
pleas in bar. (Blackstone : Comment., bk. iii.,
ch. 20; bk. iv., ch. 26.) A plea may be in
bar not of an action, but of an execution.
(Ibid., ch. 31.)
"It is divided into a bar to common intent, and a
bar special ; a bar to a common intent is an ordinary
or general bar, that disables the declaration or plea of
the plaintiff; a bar special, is that which is more than
ordinary, and falls out in the case in hand, upon some
special circumstance of the fact.”—Cowel.
“Bastardy is laid in bar of something that is princi-
pally commenced."-Ayliffe.
(6) Trial at bar: A trial in the Courts of
Westminster instead of one at Nisi Prius in
the circuits. It is reserved for the more im-
portant cases. (Blackstone : Comment., bk. iii.,
ch. 28 ; iv., ch. 27.)
(c) Bar of dower: That which prevents a
widow obtaining or retaining her dower.
Jointure is the most frequent method of
achieving this result.
II. Commerce :
1. Gen. Bar of gold or silver: A lump or
wedge from the mines; melted down into a
sort of mould, and never wrought. (Johnson.)
2. Spec. (in African traffic): A denomination
of price; payment being formerly made to the
regroes almost wholly in iron bars. (Johnson.)
bóīl, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem, thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -cion, -tion, -sion=shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

418
bar-barb
III. Music:
1. A stroke, one of a series, drawn at right
angles across the five lines to show the posi-
tion of the primary accents. The position of
the bars is indicated by the time-signature,
which gives the contents of each bar. The
spaces between every two such strokes con-
tain notes of equal duration in the aggregate,
until a change is directed by a new time-signa-
ture. Bars were first introduced into musical
notation about A.D. 1574.
2. The portion of music contained between
two such strokes.
A double bar denotes the end of a complete
section or movement; or the introduction of
a change of time, or of key.
IV. Her. : An ordinary formed like a fesse,
but occupying only one-fifth of the field.
There is room for four bars, but not for more,
on a shield. [BARRULET, CLOSET.]
BARS.
BARS GEMELS.
Bar gemel. [From Lat. gemellus = double.]
A bar voided, a bar with closets placed in
couples. [CLOSET.]
In bar: With the charges arranged in two
or more rows. It is opposed to in fesse, that
is, having the charges in a single row only.
V. Mining: A vein running across a lode.
VI. Farriery:
1. The void space or interval on each side
between the molar and the canine teeth in
the upper jaw of a horse. It is into this
space that the bit is inserted, with the view
of governing the animal. (Generally used in
the plural.)
2. Part of a horse's hoof.
VII. Old Games :
To play, or “pley” at bar: To play at
prisoner's bars or base. [BASE (3).] (Jamie-
son.) The term occurs as early as 1275. See
also Myre's Instructions to Parish Priests
(E. E. T. S.), p. 11, 1.
"... nor pley at bar or any uther way in the oppres-
sionis of his nychbour.”—Acts Jas. IV. (1491), ed. 1814,
p. 227.
B. As adjective : Pertaining, relating to, or
connected with a bar of any kind. [BAR, S.]
Chiefly in composition, as below.
bar-cutter, s.
Metal-working : A shearing machine which
cuts metallic bars into lengths.
* bar-fee, s. A fee of twenty pence paid
to the jailor by prisoners acquitted of felony.
bar-frame, s. The frame which supports
the metallic bars of a furnace.
bar-gown, s. The gown worn by a lawyer
pleading at the bar.
bar-iron, s. Iron wrought into malleable
bars.
bar-keeper, s. One who keeps the bar
of a public-house, a toll-bar. &c.
... "The pretty bar-keeper of the Mitre."-Student,
ii. 224.
bar-loom, s. A loom for weaving ribbons.
(Knight.)
bar-magnet, s. A magnet in the form
of a bar.
“... the magnetic moment of a steel bar-magnet.”
-Everett: The C. G. S. System of Units (1875), ch. X.,
p. 60.
bar-maid, s. A female who sells liquor
and food at the bar of a public-house or re-
freshment-room.
bar-posts, s. pl. Posts affixed in the
ground into or to which transverse bars may
be affixed, with the view of hindering ingress
into the field or other space thus enclosed.
bar-share plough, s. A plough with a
bar extending backward from the point of the
share.
bar-shear, s.
Metal-working: A machine for cutting
metallic bars.
bar-shoe, s.
Logic: The first indirect Mode of the first
Farriery: A kind of horseshoe having a bar
Figure of Syllogisms. A syllogism in baralip-
across the hinder part—the open part—of the
ton is one in which the first two propositions
heel, to protect the tender frog of the foot
are universal affirmatives, and the third a
from injury.
particular affirmative; the middle term being
the subject of the first and the attribute of
bar-shot, s. Two half cannon-balls, joined the second. One example generally given of
together by an iron bar, and used in sea-fights the baralipton is the following: -
to cut across the masts or rigging of an adver-
BA. Every evil ought to be feared.
sary's vessel. (Johnson.)
RA. Every violent passion is an evil.
LIP. Therefore something that ought to be feared
is a violent passion.
bar (1), * barre, v.t. & i. [From bar, s. (q.v.).
The baralipton is an imperfect kind of syllo-
In Fr. barrer; Sp. barrear; Ital. sbarrare.]
gism.
A. Transitive:
I. Ordinary Language :
băr-a-līte, s. [A corruption of bavalite.] A
mineral, called also Bavalite, a variety of
1. Literally :
Chamoisite.
(a) To furnish with a bar or a series of bars ;
also to fasten anything with a bolt or bar, or băr’-a-nětz, s. [BAROMETZ.]
with a series of them.
“His steed was black, his helm was barred."
* bar'-a-toũre, s. [BARRATOR.]
Longfellow : The Elected Knight.
* bar'-a-trý, s. [BARRATRY.] (Scotch.)
“ The scouts had parted on their search,
The castle gates were barr'd.”
Scott: Marmion, i. 2. * băr’-ěyn, a. [BARREN.]
“Thy city against fierce besiegers barr'd."
Cowper : Transl. Milton's Elegy to his Tutor.
barb (1), * barbe, s. [In Fr. barbe; Sp.,
(6) To provide a garment with cross cheques | Port., Ital., & Lat. barba = beard.]
differing from it in colour.
A. Ordinary Language:
"... clene spures vnder,
I. Lit. : A beard, or anything in an animal
Of bryght golde vpon silke bordes
resembling it.
Barred ful ryche.”
Gawan & the Green Knyght, 287. (S. in Boucher.)
"The barba, or the barbe, or beard, is all the hair of
the higher and lower lips."-R. Holme: Acad. of
2. Figuratively :
Armory (1688).
(1) To hinder, to prevent, to obstruct; to II. Figuratively:
render impracticable. Used-
1. A kind of mask, hood, or muffler, worn by
(a) Of obstruction or prevention by physical women, and specially by widows. It covered
obstacles or force.
the lower part of the face and shoulders.
“Our hope of Italy not only lost,
"Do way your barbe, and shew your face bare."
But shut from ev'ry shore, and barr'd from ev'ry
Chaucer : Troilus & Cresside. (S. in Boucher.)
coast.”—Dryden.
2. The points standing backwards in an
“It came to pass, that when he did address
arrow or a fishing-hook, which are designed
Himself to quit at length this mountain land,
Combined marauders half-way barr'd egress,
to prevent its being easily extracted.
And wasted far and near with glaive and brand.”
“Nor less the Spartan fear'd, before he found
Byron : Childe Harold, ii. 69.
The shining barb appear above the wound."
(6) Of obstruction or prevention by moral
Pope: Homer's Iliad.
means, as prohibition by law, human or divine,
3. Armour for a horse.
by authority, or anything similar.
“And turning to that place, in which whylere
He left his loftie steed with golden sell
“For though the law of arms doth bar
And goodly gorgeous barbes ..."
The use of venom'd shot in war.”—Hudibras.
Spenser : F. Q., II. ii. 11.
" Bar him the playhouses, and you strike him
“Their horses were naked, without any barbs; for
dumb."-Addison.
albeit many brought barbs, few regarded to put them
“... nor have we herein barr'd
on."-Hayward.
Your better wisdoms, which have freely gone
B. Technically :
With this affair along.”
Shakesp. : Hamlet, i. 2.
1. Bot. (Plur.): Hairs dividing at the apex
“ While (still superior blest!) the dark abrupt
into forks, each prong of the fork being again
Is kindly barra, the precipice of ill.”
Thomson : Liberty, pt. iv.
hooked.
© Of obstruction to the ingress of emotion 2. Mil. : The same as A. II., 3 (q.v.).
into the heart through absence of the capacity
* barb, * barbe, v.t. [From barb, s. In Dan.
to feel
barbere; Ger. barbieren. ]
“Hearts firm as steel, as marble hard,
'Gainst faith, and love, and pity barr'd.”
1. To shave, to dress or trim the beard.
Scott : Rokeby, ii. 11.
“Shave the head and tie the beard, and say it was
(2) To except, to omit as an exception.
the desire of the penitent to be so barbed before his
death: you know the course is common."-Shakesp.:
(Often in the present participle, barring.)
Meas. for Meas., iv. 2.
II. Technically:
T In some editions the reading is bared, and
1. Law: To hinder-
not barbed.
(a) The process of a suit, cause, or action
2. To arm with a barb or prong. (Applied
from being carried out.
to fish-hooks, arrows, &c., lit. & fig., chiefly
“No time, nor trick of law, their action bars :
in pa. par.) [BARBED.]
Their cause they to an easier issue put.”—Dryden.
“... and it barbed the arrow to her womanly feel-
"From such delays as conduce to the finding out of
that Coleridge treated any sallies of resentment
truth, a criminal cause ought not to be barr'd.”— · which might sometimes escape her as narrow-minded-
Ayliffe.
ness ..."-De Quincey: Works, vol. ii., p. 65.
Or (b) a person from carrying out the pro-
3. To equip a horse with armour; to encase
cess of a suit.
a horse in armour. (Chiefly in pa. par.)
“If a bishop be a party to a suit, and excommuni-
[BARBED.]
cates his adversary, such excommunication shall not
disable or bar his adversary."-Ayliffe.
barb (2), s. [In Ger. berber, barbar; Fr. barbe;
2. Farriery. To bar a vein: To tie one of a Ital. barbero. Contracted from Barbary, a
horse's veins above and below, the skin being vast and somewhat undefined region in the
first opened for the purpose and the vein dis-
north of Africa. Either from Berber, the name
engaged. The portion of it confined between given by the Arabs, and still retained by ethno-
the two ligaments is then operated upon for logists, for the race inhabiting North Africa;
the removal of its malignant humours.
or from Lat. barbarus = a barbarian.] [BAR-
B. Intrans. : To make an exception.
BARIAN.]
“Nay, but I bar to-night; you shall not gage me
1. A fine variety of the horse, brought, as
By what we do to-night."
its name imports, from Barbary. It has a
Shakesp. : Mer. of Ven., ii. 2. large and clumsy head, a short and thick neck,
bar (2), v.t. [A contraction of barb (q.v.] To a broad and powerful chest, with long, slender
legs. It has great speed and endurance, and
adorn with armour. [BARD (2).]
fine temper. The breed has much degenerated
* bär, pret. of verb. [BORE.]
through neglect both in Barbary and also in
"A bow he bar, and arwes bright and kene.”
Spain, into which the Moors introduced it
Chaucer : 0. T., 6,963. during the period of their supremacy. Only
* bär, a. [BARE.]
some of the horses brought from Barbary are
really of the proper Barb breed.
băr-a-lịp'-ton, s. [The word is not an “The importance of improving our studs by an in-
ordinary one with an etymology; it is simply
fusion of new blond was strongly felt; and with this
view a considerable number of barbs had lately been
composed of symbolical letters, specially the
brought into the country.”-Macaulay: Hist. Eng.,
vowels. A is = a universal affirmative, I= ch. iii.
a particular affirmative, and ton is a termina 2. A kind of pigeon which originally came
tion given for euphony.]
from Barbary.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fall, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hễr, thêre; pīne, pỉt, sïre, sír, marine; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fuu; try. Sýrian. e, o=ē. ey=ā. qu= kw.

barbacan-barbarous
419
“The barb is allied to the carrier, but instead of a
long beak, has a very short and very broad one."-Dar-
win : Origin of Species, ch. i., p. 21.
barb-pigeon, s. The pigeon described
under No. 2.
“... it is probable that in each generation of the
barb-pigeon, which produces most rarely a blue and
black-barred bird, there has been a tendency in each
generation in the plumage to assume this colour."-
Darwin : Origin of Species, ch. v., p. 161.
bar-ba-căn, s. [BARBICAN.]
bar'-ba-că n-aġe, s. [BARBICANAGE.]
Bar-bā'-di-an, a. & s. [From Barbadoes
(q.v.).]
+ 1. As adjective: Pertaining to Barbadoes.
(The more common term used is Barbadoes, in
an adjectival sense.)
2. As substantive : A native of Barbadoes.
Bar-bā-dõeş, s. & a. [Probably from Port.
barbadas = bearded. A term applied to the
cacti, which the first Portuguese discoverers
found growing on the island abundantly.]
A. As substantive: An important West In-
dian island belonging to the Windward group,
and the most easterly of the whole. It con-
stituted the first West Indian colony founded
by Britain, being settled in A.D. 1624.
B. As adjective: From, in, or pertaining to
the island described under A. [See the words
which follow.]
Barbadoes cedar.
Bot.: The English name of a cedar or
Juniper (Juniperus barbadensis). It comes
from Florida and the other warm parts of
America.
Barbadoes cherry.
Botany : The English name of Malpighia, a
genus of plants constituting the typical one
of the order Malpighiaceæ (Malpighiads). The
term is specially applied to Malpighia urens
and its fruit, the latter, which sometimes re-
sembles a cherry but is far inferior to it, being
eaten in the West Indies ; so also is that of
M. glabra, cultivated for the purpose. [MAL-
PIGHIA.]
Barbadoes flower-fence, Barba-
does pride.
Bot. : A name given to the beautiful plant
Poinciana pulcherrima. It belongs to the
Leguminous order, and the sub-order Cæsal-
pinieæ. It is a low spiny tree with an odour
like savin. It is a native of the tropics of
both hemispheres, and has Barbadoes prefixed
to it because there specially it is used for
fences.
the first, and the predicate of the second. Or bar-băr'-ic, * bar-băr'-ick, a. [In Sp.,
it may be thus represented :-Bar = Every Port., & Ital. barbarico; Lat. barbaricus; Gr.
x is y; ba= Every z is y; therefore ra is = BapBapukós (barbarikos).]
Every z is X. Example-
I. Of persons : The same as BARBARIAN,
“BAR. All men must die.
adj. (1).
BA. But these are men.
RA. Therefore they must die."
II. Of things :
Whately : Logic, 9th ed. (1848), bk. ii., ch. iii., $ 4.
1. Foreign.
bar-băr'-ě-ą, s. [In Fr. barbarée; Port. bar-
“Or where the gorgeous East, with richest hand,
Showers on her kings barbaric pearl and gold.”
bora ; Ital. barborea; herba de Santa Barborg.]
Milton : P. L., bk. ii.
A genus of plants belonging to the order “Tall minarets, shining mosques, barbaric towers."
Hemans : The Abencerrage.
Brassicaceae (Crucifers). Barbarea vulgaris,
the Bitter Winter Cress or Yellow Rocket, is
2. Evincing the partial or total absence of
indigenous to Britain, &c. B. præcox, or Early
civilisation, such as might be expected from a
Winter Cress, called also the American or
sêmi-savage.
Belleisle Cress, has escaped from gardens.
bar'-bar-ışm, s. [In Sw. & Ger. barbarism ;
[WINTER-CRESS.]
Dan., Dut., & Fr. barbarisme; Sp., Port., &
bar'-bạr, * bar-boũr, a. & s. [In Sw., Dan.,
Ital. barbarismo.]
& Ger. barbar (s.); Dut. barbour (s.); Fr. bar-
I. Of deficiency in civilisation, education,
bare (a. & s.); Sp. barbaro (a. & s.); Port. &
culture, or polish :
Ital. barbaro (a.); Lat. barbarus ; Gr. Bápßapos
1. Of nations : Absence of civilisation.; ex-
(barbaros); Russ. varrar; Sansc. barbaras,
istence in the lowest stage with respect to
varvaras. The reduplication bar-bar is de-
culture that the human race is at present
signed to imitate and caricature the confused found. Example, the aborigines of Australia.
sound of unintelligible speech.] [BARBA-
"Divers great monarchies have risen from barbarism
RIAN (1).]
to civility, and fallen again to ruin.”—Sir J. Davies :
Ireland.
A. As adjective (of the forms barbar and 2. Of individuals : Absence of culture, great
barbour): Barbarous, savage.
ignorance, want of manners, incivility.
"Albeit the sayingis be barbour, and commoun, the
“Moderation ought to be had in tempering and
rycht vnderstanding of the samyn seruis mekle for
managing the Irish, to bring them from their delight
men vnlearnit, lyke as the wrang ledis mony in thir
of licentious barbarism unto the love of goodness and
dayis in gret errouris." - Kennedy of Crossraguell: civility."-Spenser : State of Ireland.
Compend. Tractiue, p. 50.
II. Of deficiency in humanity: Cruelty, re-
B. As substantive (of the form barbar): A
barbarian.
lentless hardness of heart, whatever be the
amount of external polish or intellectual
"Ah, Britain ! if thou, and thy houses and inhabi-
tants, would not be drowned in thy own blood shed
culture. In this sense, BARBARITY (q.v.) is
by these barbars and burriers, let the bleeding of thy the more common term.
soul be seen by him." --M. Ward : Contendings, p. 349.
“They must perforce have melted,
And barbarism itself have pitied him."
bar-bä'r-i-an, s. & d. [From Lat. barbar(us),
Shakesp. : Richard II., v. 2.
and Eng. suffix rian. The Latin is only a
III. Of deficiency in purity of speech : An
transliteration of the Greek Bápßapos (bar-
impropriety of speech; a form of speech con-
baros), of uncertain derivation.] [BARBAR.]
trary to the rules of a language, and which a
foreigner or uneducated person might be ex-
A. As substantive :
pected to use. Such improprieties may be in
1. Historically:
a phrase, in a word, in spelling, or in pronun-
1. Among the Greeks: A foreigner; one who ciation.
could not speak Greek. At first the Romans “The language is as near approaching to it, as our
were included by the Greeks under the term
modern bárbarism will allow ; which is all that can
be expected from any now extant.”—Dryden ; Juvenul
barbarian; but as the inhabitants of the great
(Dedication).
Italian city gradually gained imperial power,
and moreover began to consider the Greek bar-băr'--tý, s. [Formed by analogy, as if
language as a desirable if not even an indis from a Lat. barbaritas. In Sp. barbaridad;
pensable part of a liberal education, they were Port. barbaridade.]
no longer placed in the category of “barba-
1. Absence of civilisation.
rians," nor was their speech deemed “bar-
2. Cruelty, inhumanity.
barous.” When the Greeks became the most
"... treating Christians with a barbarity which
civilised pedple in the world the term bárba-
would have shocked the very Moslem.”—Macaulay :
rian came to be used with some reproach, but Hist. Eng., ch. xi.
less so than among ourselves now.
3. A barbarism in speech. [BARBARISM,
“Proud Greece all nations else barbarians held,
No. 1.]
Boasting her learning all the world excell’d.”
Denham.
“Next Petřarch follow'd, and in him we see
What rhyme, improv'd in all its height, can be ;
“There were not different gods among the Greeks At best a pleasing sound, and sweet barbarity.”.
and barbarians.”-Stillingfleet.
Dryden.
2. Among the Romans :
bar'-bar-īze, v.t. & i. [In Sp. barbarizar;
(1) Before the fall of the Empire: A term ap-
Port. barbarisar.]
plied to a foreigner who could speak neither
Latin nor Greek.
A. Transitive: To render barbarous.
“I would they were barbarians, as they are,
"Detested forms, that on the mind impress'd,
Though in Rome litter'd.”
Corrupt, confound, and barbarize an age.”
Shakesp. : Coriolanus, iii. 1.
Thomson : Liberty, 681.
(2) After the fall of the Empire:
B. Intransitive: To utter a barbarism in
speech.
(a) First: A person belonging to any of the
uncivilised Germanic tribes who long threat-
“Besides the ill habit which they got of barbarizing,
against the Latin and Greek idiom, with their un-
ened, and at last overthrew, the Roman tutored Anglicisms."-Milton : Education.
Empire.
(b) Subsequently: A Berber from Northern
bar'-bar-oủs, a. [From Lat. barbarus; Gr.
Africa.
Bápßapos (barbaros).]
II. At the present time:
I. Of persons :
1. A savage; a person belonging to some 1. Foreign, as opposed to Greek or Roman,
uncivilised race: In general, but not always, but without any reflection on the humanity of
it implies some cruelty or ferocity; a ruffian,
the person to whom the term was applied.
a cruel monster. (Sherborne.)
"And the barbarous people showed us no little
kindness."- Acts xxvii. 2.
2. A person of whatever race, civilised
Here the word barbarous is used partly in
or uncivilised, who is savage in manners or
the sense I. 1, and partly in I. 2.
conduct.
2. Uncivilised; without education or re-
“Europe has been threatened with subjugation by
barbarians, compared with whom the barbarians who
finement.
marched under Attila and Alboin were enlightened
"A barbarous country must be broken by war before
and humane." -Macaulay : Hist. Eng. ch. x.
it be capable of government; and when subdued, if it
B. As adjective:
be not well planted, it will eftsoons return to barbar-
ism."-Sir J. Davies : Ireland.
1. Pertaining to a barbarian in the Greek,
“He left governours to vex the nation : at Jeru-
the Roman, or the English sense. (See the salem, Philip, for his country a Phrygian, and for
substantive.] Specially in the last of these
manners more barbarous than he that set him there."
—2 Maccabees v. 22.
three, i.e., pertaining to a person belonging to
one of the uncivilised races of mankind.
3. Strange in conduct, cruel, inhuman.
" Some felt the silent stroke of mould'ring age,
II. Of things:
Barbarian blindness."
1. Emanating from some other people than
2. Barbarous, cruel:
the Greeks and Romans, and inferior to what
Barbadoes gooseberry.
Bot. : A name given to a species of cactus,
the C. Pereskia, Linn., which grows in the
West Indies.
Barbadoes leg.
Med. : A disease common in Barbadoes, the
prominent symptom of which is the swelling
to a large size of some portion of the body,
generally the leg. It is called also Elephant
Leg, or Yam, or Galle, or Cochin Leg, and is
the Elephantiasis Arabum of medical writers.
[ELEPHANTIASIS.]
Barbadoes lily.
Bot. & Hortic. : The English name of the
Amaryllis equestris, now called Hippeastrum
equestre, an ornamental plant from the West
Indies.
Barbadoes pride. (See BARBADOES
FLOWER-FENCE.]
Barbadoes tar.
Min.: All old name for a kind of mineral
pitch or petroleum, often of a greenish hue,
sent forth by bituininous springs in Barba-
does.
bar-ba-ra, s. [A word of Latin form con-
structed not for its etymology or signification
( barbarous things), but that its letters, and
specially its vowels, may stand as symbols.
(See definition.). ]
Logic: A mnemonic word intended to desig-
nate the first mode of the first figure of syllo-
gisms. A syllogism in barbara is one of which
all the three propositions are universal affirma-
tives, the middle term being the subject of
idʻring aspope.
boll, bóy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, =sion; -cioun=shŭn; -țion, -şion = zhŭn. -tious, -sious = shús. -ble; -dle; &c. = bel, del.

420
barbarously-barberry
occa
2
3
the last-named classic nation would have European quadrumanous animal. It is some "For to make a werrely holde that men calle a barbed-
catte and a bewfray that shal haue ix. fadome of
produced.
times called the Magot, and is the species
lengthe, and two fadome of brede, and the said catte
“Those who restored painting in Germany, not
occasionally exhibited, when young, by show-
six fadome of lengthe and two of brede, shall be or-
having those reliques of antiquity, retained that bar men in the streets. When adult, it becomes deyned alle squarre wode for the same aboute four
barous manner."-Dryden.
much less controllable. It has a full and
hondred fadom.”—Caxton : Vegecius, Sig. I., vi. b. (S.
2. Such as might be expected to emanate
in Boucher.)
moderately long muzzle, hair of a greenish-gray
from an uncivilised people or individual.
colour, and a small tubercle in place of a tail.
Used-
băr'-bel, băr'-ble, s. [In Sw. barb-fisk =
Barbary gum. The gum of the Acacia
barbel-fish; Dan. barbe-fish; Dut. barbeel;
(a) of anything confused in sound or tu-
Ger. barbe, bärbele ; 0. Fr. barbel; Fr. bar-
gummifera. The tree grows in Mogador, in
multuous.
beau = a barbel fish; barbelé = bearded ; Sp.
“When straight a barbarous noise environs me
Morocco.
& Port. barbo; Ital. barbio; Lat. barbellus,
Of owls and cuckoos, asses, apes, and dogs.
Milton : Sonnet, xi. Barbary horse. A barb. (BARBARY, dimin. of barbus, from barba = beard.]
(6) Of anything untrained or uncultured. A. 2.]
A. Of anything beardlike :
96 What need I say more to you? What ear is so bar.
barous but hath heard of Amphialus?"-Sydney.
* bar-bar-ýne, s. [From barberry (q. v.).]
1. A small fleshy thread or cord, of which
several hang from the mouth of certain fishes.
3. Savage, cruel, full of cruelty.
The fruit of the barberry-bush.
2. A knot of superfluous flesh growing in
"By their barbarous usage he died within a few
“Barbaryne frute : Berbeum.”—Prompt. Parv.
days, to the grief of all that knew him.”-Clarendon.
the channels of a horse's mouth.
“And barbarous climes, where violence prevails, bar'-bas-těl, bar'-bas-tělle, s. [In Fr. B. Of a fish looking as if it were bearded : A
And strength is lord of all ; but gentle, kind,
barbastelle ; according to Agassiz, from a proper
fish-the Barbus vulgaris of Fleming, the Cy-
By culture tamed, by liberty refresh'd,
And all her fruits by radiant truth matured.”
name, possibly Barbastro in Aragon.] A bat
prinus barbus of Linnæus, belonging to the
Cowper : Task, bk. i.
the Plecotus barbastellus. It is of a deep
bar-bar-ods-ly, adv. [Eng. barbarous; -ly.]
brown colour, with the end of each hair yellow.
Like a barbarian; as a barbarian might be
It is found in France and Germany. (Griffith's
expected to do; in a barbarous manner.
Cuvier, &c.)
Specially:
bar'-bāte, bar-bā-těd, a. [Lat. barbatus;
†1. Without knowledge, polish, or refine-
from barba = a beard.]
BARBEL.
ment.
Botany: A term
2. Cruelly, inhumanly, savagely. (Used of
applied to hairs
order Malacopterygii Abdominales and the
persons or things.)
when they are long
and arranged
“But yet you barbarously murdered him."
in
family Cyprinidæ. It occurs abundantly in
Dryden.
the Thames and Lea, spawning in May or June.
tufts, growing from
“The English law touching forgery became, at a
different parts of
It has been known to weigh 153 pounds, but is
later period, barbarously severe; but in 1698 it was the surface of a
not prized as food.
absurdly lax."-Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii.
plant, or in a soli-
"The barbel is so called from or by reason of the
3. In a way inconsistent with purity of
beard or wattels at his mouth, his mouth being under
tary parcel. The
his nose or chaps."-Walton : Angler.
idiom.
illustration shows
“We barbarously call them blest,
bar'-běl-lāte, adj. [Formed by analogy as
eight varieties :-
While swelling coffers break their owners' rest.”
(1) Hair of the
if from Lat. barbellatus, from barba =a beard.]
Stepney.
common cabbage ;
BARBATE.
bar'-bar-ods-ness, s. [Eng. barbarous ;
Bot. : Having barbed or bearded bristles.
(2) Virginian Spi-
-ness.] The quality of being barbarous.
derwort; (3) sting of nettle; (4) Whitlow | bar'-ber (1) (Eng.), * bar-bour (0. Se
1. Absence of civilisation or of polish.
Grass ; (5) Alyssum; (6) the fruit of Castanea
[In Sw. barber, barberare; Dan. barbeer; Dut.,
"... the ignorance of the friar, and the barbar vesca ; (V) leaf of the Prunella vulgaris; (8)
Ger., & Fr. barbier ;-Sp. barbero; Port. bar-
ousness of the Goths.”—Temple.
Epilobium hirsutum.
beiro; Ital. barbiere; from Lat. barba =beard.]
2. Cruelty.
A man who shaves the beard. Formerly a
“The barbarousness of the trial and the persuasives
* bărbe, s. [BARB.]
rude kind of surgery was combined with this
of the clergy prevailed to antiquate it.”-Hale: Com-
primary function. [BARBER-CHIRURGEON.]
mon Law.
băr'-be-cūe, s. [Mahn and others believe
“Thy boist'rous looks,
3. Such misuse of words as might be ex this to be a corruption of Fr. barbe-à-queue=
No worthy match for valour to assail,
pected from a foreigner; incorrectness in the (from) snout to tail; as cap-à-pie is = (from)
But by the barber's razor best subdued.”
Milton : Samson Agon.
head to foot.]
use of words; impurity in idiom.
“It is much degenerated as touching the pureness 1. A hog dressed whole, as is done in the barber-chirurgeon, barber-sur-
of speech; being overgrown with barbarousness.”— West Indies. To do this, the carcase of the geon, s. A man who combines the trim-
Brerewood.
animal, split to the backbone, is laid upon a ming of the beard with the practice of rude
Bar-bar-v, bar-bar-8, S. & C. [In Swa,
large gridiron, under and around which is surgery. The separation between the humbler
Dan., & Ger. Barbariet; Dut. Barbarije; Ger.
placed a charcoal fire.
calling and the more dignified profession was
made by 18 George II., but the memorial of
2. A large gathering of people, generally in
Berberei ; Fr. Barbarie; Ital. Barberia; from
Lat. barbaria, a foreign country_i.e., one out
the open air, for a social entertainment, one
the former union is still seen in the striped
of Italy. Or from Berber, the name given by leading feature of which is the roasting of
pole and bason sometimes projecting as sym-
the Arabs to the native inhabitants of North animals whole to furnish the numerous mem-
bols from the front of a barber's shop. The
Africa before the Mohammedan conquest.]
ribbon round the pole is said to represent the
bers of the party with needful food.
bandage for the arm, and the bason that for
A. As substantive :
băr'-be-cūe, v.t. [From the substantive.] the reception of the blood.
1. Geog.: An extensive region in the north To roast a hog or other animal whole, in the “He put himself into a barber-chirurgeons' hands,
of Africa, comprising Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, manner described under BARBECUE, S. (q.v.).
who, by unfit applications, rarefied the tumour."
and Tripoli to the north, with the Beled-ul-
“Oldfield, with more than harpy throat endued,
Wiseman : Surgery.
Jered, or Country of Dates, to the south of
Cries, Send me, gods, a whole hog barbecued.”
barber-monger, s. A term of reproach
the Atlas mountains.
Pope.
used in Shakespeare. It appears to mean one
+2. Ord. Lang. : A Barbary horse; a barb. | băr'-bě-cüed, pa. par. & d. [BARBECUE, v.]
who has large dealings with his barber or with
"They are ill-built,
barbers in general; a fop.
Pin-buttock'd, like your dainty barbaries,
barbed (1), pa. par. & A. [BARB (1), v.]
"Draw, you rogue; for though it be night, the moon
And weak i' the pasterns,”_
A. Ordinary Language :
shines : I'll make a sop of the moonshine of you:
Beaum. & Flet. : Wildgoose Chace.
draw, you whoreson cullionly barber-monger, draw."-
B. As adjective: Pertaining to the region
+ 1. Having the beard trimmed.
Shakesp.: King Lear, ii. 2.
described under A.
2. Bearded; furnished with jagged or arrowy
points like a hook.
bar-bér (2), s. [Etym. doubtful. Jamieson
Barbary ape (or Magot). A monkey
"The twanging bows
compares it with Icel. baer = abundant and
-the Macacus Inuus, found in the north of Send showers of shafts, that on their barbed points of good quality ; O. Sw. bara, baera = to shine
Alternate ruin bear."
Philips. forth.] That which is best or excellent of its
19 SET
“Then fix, with gentle twitch, the barbed hook."
Thomson : Seasons; Spring, 410.
kind. (Vulgar.) (Scotch.)
B. Her. : Bearded. Used chiefly-
bar-běr, v.t. [From barber (1), s.] To do a
C
ONTA
(a) of the five leaflets in the compound leaf barber's work; to shave or dress the hair.
of some roses.
“Our courteous Antony,
Whom ne'er the word of 'No'woman heard speak,
(6) Of the point of an arrow.
Being barber'd ten times o'er, goes to the feast.”
Shakesp. : Antony and Cleop., ii. 2.
barbed (2), pa. par. & a. [BARB, V. (3).] In
Wedgwood's opinion corrupted from Fr. Jardé bar'-ber-ess, S. [Eng. barber; -ess.] A
=... (of horses) covered with armour. female barber. (Minsheu.)
[BARDED.]
bar'-bēr-ry, bēr'-bēr-rý, s. [In Sw. ber-
Ord. Lang. & Her. : Furnished with armour.
berisbär; Ital. berbero, berberi ; Dan., Dut.,
(Used specially of a horse.)
Sp., Port., & Lat. berberis; from Arab. ber-
“ Barbed with frontlet of steel, I trow,
bêrys.] The English name of the Berberis,
And with Jedwood-axe at saddle-bow.”
Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, i. 5. a genus of plants constituting the typical one
“With his barbed horse, fresh tidings say,
of the order Berberidaceæ (Berberids). The
Stout Cromwell has redeemed the day.'
Common Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) is wild in
BARBARY APE.
Scott: Rokeby, i. 19.
Britain, and is also planted in gardens or in
barbed-catte, barbed catte, S. A hedges, being an ornamental shrub, especially
Africa, and of which a colony exists on the warlike engine. (For details see the example when covered with a profusion of flowers or
Rock of Gibraltar. It is the only recent from Caxton which follows.)
loaded with fruit. It has yellow flowers with
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sire, sīr, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, són; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian. æ, derē. ey=ā. qu = kw.

barbet-bard
421
i
USM
MITRUUTES
H
.
HY!
an unpleasant smell, which, however, are
tecting both from danger except for the brief
bar-bi-tir-fc ăc-id, s.
much frequented by bees. The berries are
period when the piece is being fired. The
ym. C4N2H403
oblong in form, red in colour, except at the
gun is raised to its proper elevation for firing
Chem. • CN HICHOJOMalomyl urea.
by the depression of certain weights which are By the action of bromine on hydurilic acid
attached to the rockers upon which it is dibromobarbituric acid is formed along with
supported.
alloxan. When this acid is heated with excess
bar'-bi-can, bar-ba-can, * bar-by-
of hydriodic acid it is reduced to barbituric
acid, which crystallises in prisms with two
can, s. [In Fr. & Ital. barbacane; Prov. &
molecules of water. It is bibasic, and forms
Sp. barbacana; Port. barbecan; Low Lat.
salts. Boiled with potash it gives off am-
barbacana, barbicana; from Arab. barbakhun
monia, and yields the potassium salt of
= aqueduct, sewer (?).]
malonic acid.
Old Fortification :
*1. A long narrow opening in the walls of a
bar-bleş, bar'-belş, s. [In Fr. barbes.] A
castle, to draw off the water falling on a plat-
white excrescence which grows under the
form or terrace.
tongue of some calves, and prevents them
from sucking. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
*2. A hole in the wall of a city or of a
castle, through which arrows and javelins or, * bar-blýt, particip. adj. [From Fr. barbelé
in later times, small firearms or cannon might = barbed; or = barbellate.] Barbed. [BAR-
be discharged. (Spelman.)
BELLATE.] (Scotch.)
BARBERRY AND FRUIT.
3. A small tower connected with the out-
"And sum, with armys barbłyt braid,
works of a city or castle, designed for the
Sa gret martyrdome on thaim has maid.
That thai gan draw to woyd the place."
defence of a solitary watchman or the ad-
top, where the stigma, which is black, re-
Barbour, viii. 57, M.S. (Jamieson.)
vanced guard of the garrison, or to be a cover
mains. Their juice is acid, which leads to
* bar-boūr, s. [BARBER.] (0. Scotch.)
to the inner works.
their being used for preserves, or put into
* barbour's knyf. A razor. (0. Scotch.)
sugar-plums or comfits. The root boiled in
"... a cais with thre barbouris knyffis, twa par of
lye, and the inner bark of the stem, dye a fine
barbouris, syssouris [scissors)."-Act. Dom. Conc., 1492.
yellow. [BERBERIS.]
bar-bų-la, bar-bule, s. [Lat. barbula =
barberry blight, berberry blight.
a little beard ; dimin. from barba = beard. ]
1. Botany. (Correctly): The English name
A. Ordinary Language. (Of the form bar-
of a minute fungal, the Æcidium Berberidis of
bule):
Persoon. It occurs on the leaves of the bar-
berry in roundish bright-red spots, a single
1. A small beard.
specimen being elongate in form, bursting
2. A small barb.
irregularly at the end, and passing into cups
B. Bot. (Of the form barbula): The beard-
with orange spores.
like apex of the peristome in Tortula, and
2. (Popular error): A blight or rust upon
some other genera of mosses.
corn, attributed to the above-mentioned
fungal, but really springing from another one,
* bar-bûl'-yữe, v.t. [Fr. barbouillé, pa. par.
the Uredo rubigo, or rust, which is parasitic
of barbouiller = to daub, to dribble, to speak
on the corn itself. Corn, therefore, is in no
badly or confusedly.] To disorder, to trouble.
danger of barberry-bushes that may grow in
(Scotch.)
its vicinity.
BARBICAN.
This word is still used in Perthshire in
(1) In Castles, the barbican was placed just
this sense.
barberry-bush, s. The barberry (q.v.).
“Where the tangled barberry-bushes
outside the gate, so that it might be used as a
"... Everything apperit twae
To my barbulyeit brain.'
Hang their tufts of crimson berries."
watch-tower.
Cherrie and Slae, st. 17. Evergreen, ii. 109. (Jamieson.)
Longfellow : Song of Hiawatha, Introd.
“Within the barbican a porter sate
Day and night duely keeping watch and ward;
bar-bus, s. [Lat. barbus = a barbel.] [BAR-
bar-bět. s. [In Fr. barbet, from barbe =
Nor wight nor word mote passe out of the gate,
BEL.] A genus of fishes of the order Mala-
But in good order and with dew regard."
beard ; or from Lat. barba = a beard.]
copterygii Abdominales, and the family Cypri-
Spenser : F. Q., II. ix. 25.
1. Any bird of the family Picidæ and the (2) In Cities :
nidæ (Carps). One species occurs in Britain,
sub-family Capitoninæ. The barbets have short
(a) An outwork of a city in advance of the
the B. vulgaris or Barbel, common in the
conical bills, with stiff bristles at the base,
other fortifications, and designed to cover or
Thames. [BARBEL.]
short wings, and broad and rounded tails. It
protect them.
is from the bristles, which have an analogy to
bar-ca-rolle, s. [Fr. barcarolle ; Ital. bar-
() A fort at the entrance of a bridge, or at
a beard, that the name is derived. These
carolo, barcaruolo, barcaiuolo = a waterman,
the place of exit from a city, having a double
birds are found in the warmer parts of both
from barca = a barge, a boat.] [BARK.] A
wall with towers.
hemispheres, the most typical coming from
kind of song sung by the Venetian gondoliers;
South America. (Dallas : Nat. Hist.)
+ bar-bi-can-hge, 1 bar-ba-căn-lge
a composition either in music or poetry, or
2. A dog, called also the poodle. It is the
both, similar in character to such songs.
(ạġe as iſ), s. [Low Lat. barbicaragium,
Canis familiaris, var. aquaticus. It has a
from barbican (q.v.).] Money paid for the bar-clāy-ą, s. [Named by Wallich after
large round head, with a more considerable
support of a barbican. (Bouvier.)
cerebral cavity than any other variety of dog,
Robert Barclay, of Bury Hill.] A genus of
pendent ears, long curly hair, white with
plants belonging to the order Nymphæaceæ
bar'-bi-ěrş, s. [A different pronunciation of
black patches, or vice versa. There is a large
and tribe Barclayidæ. They are aquatic plants
and a small barbet. (Griffith's Cuv., vol. v.,
Eng., &c., beriberi (q.v.).] According to Drs. with root-stocks like tubers; the flowers con-
Scott and Copland, a paralytic disease, which sist of five sepals, distinct from each other ;
p. 138.)
often arises on the Coromandel coast of India five red petals, united at the base into a tube;
3. A name given to a small worin that feeds
from sleeping in the open air exposed to the stamina and carpels, many. They are found
on the aphis.
land-winds, especially in January, February, in the East Indies.
bar-bett'e, S. (Fr.) A mound of earth on
and March. There are pain, numbness, and
partial paralysis of the extremities, with occa- 1 bar-clay-i-dæ, s. pl. [BARCLAYA.]
which guns are mounted to be fired over the
sional injury to the voice. It is an acute Bot. : A tribe belonging to the order Nym-
parapet.
disease, and different from beriberi (q.v.). phæaceæ, or Water-lilies. Type, Barclaya
Fortification. En barbette : Placed so as to
(Cyclop. of Pract. Med.) But the writers now (q.v.).
be fired over the top of a parapet, and not mentioned had not personal opportunities of
through embrasures.
seeing the disease. Dr. Malcolmson of Madras,
bard (1), * bäird, s. [In Sw. and Dut. bard ;
and Dr. Carter of Bombay,
Dan., Ger., & Fr. bårde : Port. bardo; Lat.
who have had this advan-
bardus; Gr. Bápdos (bardos), all from Irish
tage, consider barbiers the
& Gael. bard ; Wel, bardd, barz; Arm. barz.]
same as beriberi (q.v.).
Cognate with Ir. barda = a satire or lampoon;
Wel, bardhas=philosophy; bardgan =a song,
bar'-bî-tón, s. (Lat. bar-
bar = rage, enthusiasm ; Ir. & Arm. bar =
bitou & barbitos; Gr. Báp-
brilliant, glossy, learned, literary. ]
Bitos (barbătos).] A many-
1. Originally: A poet by profession, spe-
stringed instrument used
cially one whose calling it was to celebrate in
by the ancients. It is gene-
verse, song, and play the exploits of the chiefs
GUN EN BARBETTE.
rally said to have been
or others who patronised him, or those of con-
invented by the Greek poet
temporary heroes in general. Bards of this
“The hills are strongly entrenched, being fortified
Anacreon, but is more
character flourished from the earliest period
with redoubts en barbette."-Daily Telegraph, Oct. 8, probably of Eastern origin.
among the Greeks, and to a lesser extent among
1877.
It is not certainly known
the Romans. Diodorus and Strabo, in the
Moncrieffe barbette: A special form of the whether any representative
first century B.C., allude to them under the
barbette system invented by Col. Moncrieffe, of a barbiton is actually in
name of Bápdou (bardoj), and Lucan, in the first
by which a gun is elevated at the moment of existence, but it is proba-
century A.D., under that of bardi. Tacitus
firing, the recoil causing it to disappear, by a ble that it greatly resem-
seems to hint at their existence among the
movement like that of a child's rocking bled the instrument figured ANCIENT SEVEN Germanic tribes. It was, however, above all,
horse, into a circular pit sufficiently large to here, which is taken from STRINGED LYRE. among the Gauls and other Celtic nations that
accommodate it and the gunners, thus pro- | Blanchini's work.
they flourished most.
boil, boy; póūt, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ģem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion, -cioun=shŭn; -ţion, -şion = zhăn. -tious, -sious = shŭs. -ble, -dle, &c. =bel, del.

422
bard—bare
According to Warton, they were originally a
constitutional appendage of the Druid hier-
archy. At Llanidan, in Anglesea, formerly
inhabited by Druidical conventual societies,
vestiges exist of Tre'r Dryn = the Arch-Druid's
mansion ; Bodrudau=the abode of the inferior
Druids; and near them Bod-owyr = the abode
of the Ovades, i.e., of those passing through
their novitiate ; and Tre'v Beirdd = the hamlet
of the bards.
They may be even considered as essential
constituents of the hierarchy, if the division
of it into priests, philosophers, and poets be
accurate. The bards did not pass away with
the Druids, but flourished, especially in Wales,
honoured at the courts of princes, and figuring
up to the present day at the Eisteddfods or
gatherings of bards and minstrels. They were
similarly honoured throughout Ireland, and
indeed among the Celts everywhere.
“There is amongst the Irish a kind of people called
bards, which are to them instead of poets: whose pro-
fession is to set forth the praises or dispraises of men
in their poems or rhime; the which are had in high
regard and estimation among them."-Spenser : State
of Ireland.
† 2. Later: A vagrant beggar, who could not
or would not work, and who, moreover, pre-
tended to be wanting in understanding, if,
indeed, he were not so in reality. (0. Scotch.)
“... That nane sall be thoiled to beg, neither to
burgh nor to land betwixt fourteen and seventy yeares,
that sike as maks themselves fules or bairdes, or
uthers siklike runners about, being apprehended sall
be put in the king's ward or irones, sae lang as they
have any gudes of their awne to live on."-Scottish Acts,
i. 413. (S. in Boucher.)
3. Now: A synonym for a poet.
“Conquerors and kings,
Founders of sects and systems, to whom add
Sophists, bards, statesmen, all unquiet things
Which stir too strongly the soul's secret springs,
And are themselves the fools to those they fool;
Envied, yet how unenviable !
Byron : Childe Harold, iii. 43.
bard's-croft, s. The designation given to
a piece of land, on the property of a chieftain,
hereditarily appropriated to the bard of the
family.
... more seed-barley than would have sowed his
Highland Parnassus, the Bard's-Croft as it was called,
ten times over.”—Scott: Waverley, chap. xxi.
bard-like, a. Like a bard.
“ And all the keener rush of blood,
That throbs through bard in bard-like mood.
Scott: Marmion, Introd.
bard (2), s. [Fr. barde = scaly horse armour;
Sp., Port., & Ital. barda.] Defensive armour
for a horse. The same as BARBE (q.v.).
“Accept a Bardie's humble thanks !"
(6) of things :
Burns: Scotch Drink.
“Even from a bare treasury, my success has been
bar-dig-lì-7'-nê (gmute), S. [In Ital. contrary to that of Mr. Cowley."-- Dryden.
Marmo Bardiglio di Bergamo = marble bar (4) Mere, unsupported or unaccompanied by
diglio (the mineral anhydrite), from Bergamo, anything else.
in Italy.] A mineral, the same as Anhydrite “Those who lent him money lent it on no security
(q.v.).
but his bare word.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii.
Sometimes bare is succeeded by of placed
bard'-ï-lý, adv. [Scotch bardie; -ly.]
before that which is taken away.
1. Boldly, with intrepidity.
“Making a law to reduce interest, will not raise the
“ They bardily and hardily
price of land; it will only leave the country barer of
Fac'd home or foreign foe;
money."-Locke.
Though often forfoughten,
To lay bare: To uncover anything. (Used
They never grudg'd the blow.”
R. Galloway: Poems, p. 64.
literally and figuratively.)
2. Pertly. (Jamieson.)
(a) Literally:
“Therefore lay bare your bosom."
bard-in, * bard-ynge (plur. bard-ing,
Shakesp.: Merchant of Venice, iv. 1.
* bard'-yn-gis), s. [Fr. barde.] Trappings (6) Figuratively:
for horses. (Often in the plural.)
"... and he lays bare his disappointment..."-
Times, Nov. 5, 1875.
"Item,-thair, certane auld harnes with foir geir
and bak geir, with part of auld splentis, and bardin to
Bare poles : The masts and yards of a ship
hors."-Inventories, A. 1566, p. 170.
when no sails are set.
“At last be cumyng of Welchemen and Cornwal, sa
To run under bare poles : To run with no
huge nois rais be reird and sowne of bellis that hang
on thair bardyngis, that the ennymes war affrayt, and
sails hoisted, as during storms.
finaly put to flycht.”-Bellend. : Cron., fol. 25. (Jamie-
B. As substantive :
son.)
+ Sculpture : Those parts of an image which
bard'-1-ness, s. [Scotch bardie; -ness.] Petu-
represent the bare flesh.
lant frowardness, pertness and irascibility, as "To make the visages and hands, and all other bares
manifested in conversation.
of all the said images in most quick and fair wise."-
Contract for the Monument of Richard Beauchamp,
bard'-ish, a. [Eng. bard ; -ish.]
Earl of Warwick, in Blore's Monumental Remains.
(a) Crabb thus distinguishes the adjectives
1. Pertaining to a bard, or to the bards.
bare, naked, and uncovered :-“Bare marks the
2. Rude, insolent in language. (Scotch.)
condition of being without some necessary
“The rest of that day, and much also of posterior appendage; naked simply the absence of ex-
sessions, were mispent with the altercation of that
ternal covering ; bare is therefore often sub-
bardish man, Mr. D. Dogleish, and the yound constable
of Dundee."-Baillie: Lett., i. 311. (Jamieson.)
stituted for naked, yet not vice versa-e.g.,
bare-headed or bare-footed; but a figure or the
bard'-işm, s. [Eng. bard ; -ism.] The senti body is naked. Applied to other objects, bare
ments, maxims, or system of belief given
indicates want in general ; naked simply some-
forth by the bards in their verses.. (Elton,
thing external, wanting to the eye-e.g., bare
Reid, &c.)
walls, a bare house; naked fields, a naked ap-
pearance : bare in this sense is often followed
bard-lăng, S. [Dimin. of Eng. bard.] An by the object wanted; naked is mostly em-
inferior bard. (Cunningham, Worcester, &c.)
ployed as an adjunct-bare of leaves, a naked
tree. Naked and uncovered strongly resemble
* bard'-yn-gis, s. pl. [BARDIN.]
each other; to be naked is in fact to have the
body uncovered, but many things uncovered
bäre, * bär, a. & s. [A.S. bær, bare ; Sw. &
are not naked. Nothing is said to be naked
Dan. bar; Ger. bar, baar; Dut. baar; Icel. but what in the nature of things, or according
berr; O. H. Ger. par; Russ. bos; Lith. basas,
to the usages of men, ought to be covered.”
basus; Sansc. bhasad = the sun, and bhas =
(6) Bare, scanty, and destitute are thus dis-
to shine.]
criminated :"All these terms denote the ab-
A. As adjective:
sence or deprivation of some necessary. Bare
I. Literally:
and scanty have a relative sense; the former
1. Naked, without clothes. Used-
respects what serves for ourselves, the latter
(1) Of the whole of the human body.
what is provided by others : a subsistence is
“... and leave thee naked and bare.”—Ezek. xvi. 39.
bare, a supply is scanty. Bare is said of those
things which belong to corporeal sustenance;
(2) Of any portion of it:
destitute of one's outward circumstances in
(a) In a general sense. [BAREFOOT, BARE general : bare of clothes or money ; destitute of
HANDED.]
friends, resources, &c.”
(6) Spec. Of the head : Wanting the cover (C) The following is the distinction between
ing of their heads ; uncovered, as a token of bare and mere : -“ Bare is used positively, mere
respect or for ceremony's sake.
negatively. The bare recital of some events
“Though the Lords used to be covered whilst the brings tears; the mere attendance at a place
Commons were bare, yet the Commons would not be
of worship is the smallest part of a Christian's
bare before the Scottish commissioners; and so none
were covered.”—Clarendon.
duty.”
2. More loosely : Consisting of raw flesh.
bare-handed, a. Having the hands, or
II. Figuratively :
one of them, bare. (Butler, Worcester, &c.)
1. Of things material :
(1) Of the body : Lean. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
bare-toed, a. Having the toes bare.
Bare-toed Day Owl: A name given by Mac-
(2) Of clothes : Threadbare.
gillivray to an owl, Strix passerina, the Little
“You have an exchequer of words, and no other
Night Owl of Audubon and Selby, Syrnia
treasure for your followers; for it appears by their
bare liveries, that they live by your bare words." psilodactyla of Macgillivray. [NOCTUA.]
Shakesp. : Two Gent. of Verona, ii. 4. .
(3) Of trees or other plants : Destitute of bare-worn, a. Worn bare. (Goldsmith,
leaves.
Worcester, &c.)
“The trees are bare and naked, which use both to l höne
u to bäre, v.t. [BARE, A. & s.] To render bare. Used-
cloath and house the kern."-Spenser : Ireland.
(4) Of a rock, sea-shore, or anything similar: I. Literally : Of the human body or any
Without soil or verdure.
part of it.
“The booby lays her eggs on the bare rock, ..
“Since thy triumph was bought by thy vow-
Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. i,, p, 10.
Strike the bosom that's bared for thee now!”
Byron: Jephtha's Daughter.
2. Of things immaterial, abstract; or in a
II. Fig: Of anything else capable of being
more general sense :
denuded of its covering. Specially-
(1) Plain, simple, unadorned, without orna-
1. Of material things :
ment.
“Yet was their manners then but bare and plain ;
(a) Of a tree which has been divested of
For th' antique world excess and pride did hate."
its leaves or branches, or of grass nipped or
Spenser.
cut short.
(2) Detected; brought to light.
“Lopped of their boughs, their hoar trunks bared.
“ These false pretexts and varnish'd colours failing ;
And by the hatchet rudely squared."
Bare in thy guilt, how foul thou must appear!”
Milton: Samson Agon., 90.
Scott : Lady of the Lake, i. 26.
“There is a fabulous narration, that an herb groweth
(3) Poor, indigent; empty. Used
in the likeness of a lamb, and feedeth upon the grass
(a) Of persons :
in such sort as it will bare the grass round about."-
Bacon : Natural History.
“Were it for the glory of God, that the clergy should
be left as bare as the apostles, when they had neither
(6) Of a weapon unsheathed.
staff nor scrip; God would, I hope, endue them with
“But thundering as he came prepared,
the self-saine affection."--Hooker : Pref. to Ecclesias-
With ready arm and weapon bared."
tical Polity.
Scott: Lady of the Lake, i. 8.
bard, * bäird, v.t. From bard, . In Fr.
barder = to lard, to cover with a slice of
bacon, to cover a horse with armour; Sp.
bardar = to lay boards on a wall; Port.
bardar = to fence round.] To caparison, to
adorn with trappings.
“ His hors was bairdit full bravelie.”
Lyndsay : Squire Meldrum. (Jamieson.)
bar'-dăch (ch guttural), s. [From Eng., &c.,
bard, or from Icel. barda= pugnacious.] Im-
pudent boldness, the result of insensibility to
danger or shame.
“She never minds her, but tells on her tale
Right bauld and bardach, likely-like and hail."
Ross: Helenore, p. 81. (S. in Boucher.)
bard-ed, pa. par. & adj. (BARD.] Capa-
risoned ; defended by armour. (Used of horses
as equipped in mediæval times. The armour
covered the neck, breast, and shoulders.)
[BARB.]
Bar-děs'-a-nỉsts, s. pl. [Named after Bar-
desanes, a Syrian of Edessa, in the second
century.] A Christian sect which followed
the person above named. His tenets were
founded on the Oriental philosophy. He
supposed that God at first made men with
ethereal bodies, but Satan tempted these first
human beings to sin, and then put round them
the grosser bodies which we now possess ;
and that when Jesus descended on earth he
appeared in an ethereal body, and taught men
to subdue their carnal deprayity by absti-
nence, meditation, and fasting. Bardesanes
afterwards returned to the ordinary Christian
belief, but his followers long held the tenets
which he had abandoned. (Mosheim: Ch. Hist.,
Cent. ii.)
bard-ic, a. [Eng. bard; -ic.] Pertaining
to a bard, to the order of bards, or to their
poetry. (Warton.)
bard'-ỉe, s. [Diminutive of bard.] A little
bard. (Scotch.)
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whất, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pſt, sïre, sīr, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sön; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; try, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu= kw.

bare-bargain
423
(C) Of any other material thing divested of 2. Figuratively:
“A barful strife!
Whoe'er I woo, myself would be his wife.”
its covering.
“Thus did that poor soul wander in want and cheerless
Shukesp.: Twelfth Night, i. 4.
discomfort,
2. Of things immaterial or abstract :
Bleeding, barefooted, over the shards and thorns of
“For Virtue, when I point the pen,
existence."-Longfellow : Evangeline, ii. 1.
bar-gaźn, * bar-gạne, * bēr'-gạne, v.t.
Bare the mean heart that lurks beneath a star;
& i. [Fr. bargaigner = to bargain, haggle,
Can there be wanting to defend her cause,
băr'-êge, s. [From Barèges, a town in the
Lights of the church, or guardians of the laws ?”
boggle, waver, hesitate; O. Fr. bargaigner,
Pope.
Pyrenees.] A lady's thin dress goods, all barguiner, barginer, bargaigner, bargeigner ;
wool. (Knight.)
Prov. & Port. barganhar; Ital. bargagnare;
bäre, v. One of the preterites of the verb to
Low Lat. barcaniare = to traffic ; from barca
bear.
bä're-gnâwn (g silent), adj. (Eng. bare ;
= a bark. (BARK.) Compare also with O. Sw.
"... the Levites, which bare the ark of the covenant gnawn.] Gnawn or eaten bare ; gnawn or
of the Lord, ..."—Deut. xxxi. 25.
bæria, berja = to contend ; Icel. berja = to
eaten till no more flesh remains on the bones.
"... the daughter of Aiah, whom she bare unto
strike; berjast = to strive.] (0. Eng. & Scotch.)
Saul, ..."-2 Sam. xxi. 8.
“Know my name is lost,
By treason's tooth baregnawn and cankerbit.”
A. Transitive:
Shakesp.: King Lear, v. 3.
bä're-bõne, s. [Eng. bare ; bone.) A very
* 1. To fight, to contend. (0. Scotch.)
lean person, one who looks as if he had no bä're-hěad -ěd, a. [Eng. bare ; headed.]
“Wallace said, Nay, or that ilk tyme be went,
War all the men hyn till [the] orient,
flesh on his bones.
Having the head uncovered.
In till a will with Eduuard, quha had sworn,
“Here coines lean Jack, here comes barebone : ...
"Buchan escaped bareheaded, and without his
We sall bargane be ix. houris to morn."
how long is it ago, Jack, since thou sawest thy own sword. Cannon ran away in his shirt."--Macaulay :
Wallace, x. 516, MS. (Jamieson.)
knee?"--Shakesp. : 1 Henry IV., 11. 4.
Hist. Eng., ch. xvi.
2. To make a contract, agreement, or formal
Barebone's Parliament (Hist.): A derisive
stipulation for the purchase or sale of any-
nickname given to the first Parliament elected bäre-head'-ed-ness, s. [Eng. bareheaded ;
thing; to agree. (In general it has after it
under the auspices of Oliver Cromwell. It -ness.] The state or quality of being bare for, which is prefixed to the thing purchased
was so called because it had as one of its headed ; the state of having the head un or sold.)
members a Puritan leather-seller in Fleet covered.
“So worthless peasants bargain for their wives,
Street known as “Praise God Barebone." It
“Bareheadedness was in Corinth, as also in all Greece
As market-men for oxen, sheep or horse.”
was not a properly representative assembly.
and Rome, a token of honour and superiority ; and
Shakesp. : 1 Hen. VI., v. 5.
covering the head, a token of subjection."—Bp. Hall :
Cromwell having requested the several minis-
B. Intrans. : To transfer to another in con-
Rem., p. 237.
ters of religion to send in the names of the
sequence of a bargain.
most pious members of their several congre *băr-eigne (eigne as en), * băr-eine,
gations, he selected from the lists forwarded
* bar-rein, a. Various old spellings of bar-gain, * bar-gạn, * bar-gane,
to him 139 Englishmen, six Welshmen, four barren.
* bēr-gane, s. [O. Fr. bargaine, bargagne,
Scotsmen, and six Irishmen, and invited or
summoned them to the House of Commons.
* băr'-el, s. [BARREL.]
bargaigne; Prov. bargan, barganha ; Port.
barganha; Ital. bargagno. Compare also Icel.
On the appointed day of meeting (July 4,
bä’re-lègged, a. [Eng. bare; legged.] Having bardaga = battle.] [BARGAIN, v.]
1653), a hundred and twenty of the selected
the legs bare.]
A. Ordinary Language :
members actually presented themselves. Five
"He riseth out of his bed in his shirt, barefoot and
months subsequently, at the suggestion of
I. Originally : Contention, strife, quarrel-
barelegged, to see whether it be so; with a dark lantern
Colonel Sydenham, they resigned their au-
searching every corner.”-Burton : Anatomy of Melan-
ling. (o. Eng. & Scotch.)
thority into the hands of Cromwell, who choly, p. 116.
“ This is the strike, eke th' affraie,
And the battel that lasteth aie.
forthwith began to rule under the title of
This bargaine may never take,
bãºre-lý, cua. [Eng. bre ; -0.]
“His Highness the Lord Protector.” Bare-
But that if she thy pece will inake."
bone's was sometimes called also the “Little I. Literally : Nakedly.
Chaucer : Romaunt of the Rose, 2,551.
Parliament.” Some of its measures were en-
II. Figuratively :
" Thare was ane hidduous battal for to sene:
As thare nane uthir bargane are had bene."
lightened. It was economic of the public
1. Poorly.
Douglas: Æneid, bk. ii. (S. in Boucher.)
money; it desired the codification of English
law, an aim unhappily not yet accomplished ;
2. Without decoration.
II. Subsequently :
and it provided for the registration of births, 3. Merely; only ; without anything more. 1. Generally :
marriages, and deaths.
"Where the balance of trade barely pays for com (1) An agreement, stipulation, or contract
modities with commodities, there money must be
between two parties, the one of whom engages
bä're-bõned, a. [Eng. bare ; boned.] Having
sent, or else the debts cannot be paid."-Locke.
to part with certain property for a specified
the bones covered with but little flesh.
4. Hardly; scarcely.
price, and the other to give that price for it,
(Shakespeare.)
“So again the two main divisions of cirripedes, the
and accept the property as his own. In im-
ped mculated and sessile, which differ widely in ex-
ternal appearance, have larvæ in all their several
portant bargains or public treaties aniong the
bäred, pa. par. & a. [BARE, v.]
stages barely distinguishable."-Darwin : Origin of ancient Romans, a swine was sacrificed, the
Species, ch. xiii.
bä’re-fāçed, a. [Eng. bare; faced.]
person who gave it the death-blow formally
expressing the wish that Jupiter might simi-
1. Lit. : Having the face bare or uncovered. bä're-necked, a. [Eng. bare, and necked.]
larly strike or smite the Roman people if they
“Your French crowns have no hair at all, and then
Having the neck bare (lit. & fig.).
were unfaithful to their stipulations (see Livy,
you will play barefaced."-Shakesp. : Mid. Night's "All things are naked unto him, távta Tetpaxn-
Dream, i. 2.
i. 24). From this, perhaps, came the phrase
douéva, all things are bare-neckt unto him, 'tis in
2. Fig.: With shameless boldness in doing the original, being a metaphor taken from the mode
still common, “to strike a bargain,” meaning
what is evil, or avowing something which in the Eastern countrey, where they go bare-neckt." simply to make a bargain with due formalities.
Hewyt: Serm., p. 79.
might have been expected to be concealed.
Or there may be a reference to the striking
"The animosities increased, and the parties appeared
hands mentioned in Prov. xxii. 26; vi. 1; also
bä're-ness, s. [Eng. bare; -ness.]
barefuced against each other."-Clarendon.
xi. 15 (margin).
"... barefaced robberies of private property, ..." I. Literally: Nakedness of the body or any "A bargain was struck: a sixpence was broken;
-Arnold : Hist. Rome, ch. xli.
portion of it.
and all the arrangements were made for the voyage.”
-Macaulay: Hist. Eng., eh. xvi.
bãºre-fac-ẽa-ly, ada. [Eng. barefaced; -lg.
II. Figuratively:
Into the bargain: In addition, beyond what
1. Lit. : With the face bare.
1. Threadbareness or meanness of clothing. was stipulated for or expected.
2. Fig.: In a barefaced manner; with shame-
2. Leanness.
“Give me but my price for the other two, and you
.. 'but when you have our rases
shall even have that into the bargain."-L'Estrange.
less boldness in doing an evil deed or avowing
You barely leave our thorns to prick ourselves,
"He who is at the charge of a tutor at home, may
something disreputable.
And mock us with our bareness.'
give his son a more genteel carriage, with greater
Shakespa : Att's Well that Ends Wett, iv. 2.
"Though only some profligate wretches own it too
learning into the bargain, than any at school can do.'
barefacedly, yet, perhaps, we should hear more, did not 3. Poverty.
-Locke.
fear tie people's tongues."--Locke.
“Were it stripped of its privileges, and made as like
(2) Mercenariness; interested stipulation.
the primitive church for its bareness as its purity, it
"There was a difference between courtesies received
bä're-fāç-ěd-něss, s. [Eng. barefaced ; -ness.] could legally want all such privileges."--South.
from their master and the duke; for that the duke's
4. Absence of vegetation
The state or quality of being barefaced, either
might have ends of utility and bargain, whereas their
and warmth ;
nakedness.
literally or figuratively.
master's could not.”-Bacon.
(Lit. & fig.)
“How like a winter hath my absence been
2. Specially :
From thee, the pleasure of the fleeting year!
bä're-fīt, a. [From Scotch bare, and fit =
What freezings have I felt, what dark days seen!
(1) Lit. In a favourable sense : An article
Eng. foot.] Barefooted. (Scotch.)
What old December's bareness everywhere."
purchased at an advantageous rate.
“... its nae mair ferlie to see a woman greet than
Shakesp. : Sonnets, 97.
"As to bargains, few of them seem to be excellent,
to see a goose going barefit."-Scott : Rob Roy, ch. xxvii.
because they all terminate into one single point."-
bä're-picked, a. {Eng. bare; picked.] Picked Swift.
bä're-fôot, a. & adv. [Eng. bare, and foot. 11 bare; picked to the bone.
(2) Figuratively :
Not having boots, shoes, or stockings; bare-
“Now, for the bare-pick'd bone of majesty,
Doth dogged war bristle his angry crest,
(a) Chiefly in an unfavourable sense : An
footed.
And snarleth in the gentle eyes of peace.”
event affecting one's destiny or interests.
A. As adjective:
Shakesp.: King John, iv. 3.
“I am sorry for thy misfortune; however, we must
"... Lochiel took off what probably was the only | häne-rybbed.
make the best of a bad bargain."-Arbuthnot : History
pair of shoes in his clan, and charged barefoot at the
adi. Eng. bare: ribbed.] of John Bull.
head of his men.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii.
Having the ribs bare in the sense of possess (b) An indelicate repartee.
"That barefoot plod I the cold ground upon.”
ing but little flesh upon them.
“Where sold he bargains, whipstitch ?”—Dryden.
Shakesp. : All's Well that Ends Weli, iii. 4.
"... in his forehead sits
B. As adverb : Without boots, shoes, or
B. Law. Bargain and Sale : A kind of con-
A bare-ribb'd death, whose office is this day
To feast upon whole thousands of the French."
veyance introduced by the “ Statute of Uses."
stockings on the feet.
Shakesp. : King John, v. 2. It is a kind of real contract in which the
bä're-foot-ěd, a. [Eng. bare; footed.] With- * băr'-ět (1), * băr'-ette, s. [BARRAT. ]
“ bargainor” for some pecuniary transaction
out boots, shoes, or stockings on the feet.
bargains and sells, that is, contracts to con-
1. Literally:
* băr'-ěyn, a. [BARREN.]
vey, the land of the “bargainee,” and becomes
by such bargain a trustee for, or seised to the
“I know a lady in Venice, who would have walked bar-fùi, † barr-ful, a. [Eng. bar; -ful.] /
barefooted to Palestine, for a touch of his nether
use of, the bargainee. The Statute of Uses
lip."--Shakesp.: Othello, iv. 3.
Full of obstructions.
completes the purchase; in other words, the
ból, bóy; póut, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian=shạn. -cion, -tion, -sion=shŭn; -tion, -şion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -dle, &c. =bel, del.

424
bargainee-barium
bargain first vests the use, and then the barģe (2), s. & d. [Corrupted from verge (q.v.).] barytine, and barytite from the same subst.,
statute vests the possession. (See Blackstone's
the last two with suffixes -ine and -ite respec-
Comment., bk. ii., ch. 20.)
barge-board, s.
tively. In Ger. baryt; Fr. baryte.] [BARIUM,
In Architecture:
BARYTA.] A mineral, called also Baroselenite,
bar-gain-ēe, s. [Eng. bargain ; -ee.]
A projecting board
Sulphate of Baryta, Heavy Spar, and by the
Law: A person with whom a bargain is usually placed at
Derbyshire miners Cauk, Calk, or Cawk. It
made; the correlative term to bargainor. One the gable end of a
is placed by Dana in his Celestite group. It
who accepts a bargain; one who agrees to building, and con-
is orthorhombic, and has usually tabular
accept the property about which a bargain has cealing the horizon-
crystals, or is globular, fibrous, lamellar, or
been made.
tal timbers, laths,
granular. Its hardness is 2:5—35; spec.
"A lease, or rather bargain and sale, upon some pe and tiles of the
gr. as much as 43—4:72, whence the name
cuniary consideration, for one year, is made by the roof. It serves as a
Heavy-Spar; its lustre vitreous or slightly
tenant of the freehold to the lessee or bargainee."-
Blackstone : Comment., bk. ii., ch. 20.
protection against
resinous; its colour white, yellowish, grayish
driving rain, and
black, reddish or dark brown. It is some-
bar'-gain-ěr, * bar'-gạn-ěr, s. [Eng. bar is generally perfor- BARGE-BOARD.
times transparent, sometimes almost opaque.
gain ; -er.]
ated or scalloped
When rubbed it is occasionally fetid. Its
*1. (Chiefly of the form barganer): A fighter, to give it an ornamental appearance.
composition is : Sulphuric acid, 34.3 ; baryta
a bully. (0. Eng. & Scotch.)
(monoxide of barium), 65:7 = 100, whence the
"Than Yre com on with sturt and stryfe:
barge-couples, s. pl.
name Sulphate of Baryta. It is found as part
His hand wes ay upoun his knyfe,
Arch. : Two beams mortised into each other of the gangue of metallic ores in veins in
He brandeist lyke a beir,
Bostaris, braggaris, and barganeris,
to strengthen a building.
secondary limestones, &c. It occurs, among
Eftir him passit into pairis,
other places in England, in Westmoreland,
All bodin in feir of weir."
barge-course, s.
Durham, Derbyshire, Staffordshire, and Corn-
Dunbar : Bannatyne Poems, p. 28, st. 4.
Arch.: A part of the tiling projecting beyond wall; in Scotland, in Argyleshire, Perthshire,
2. (Chiefly of the form bargainer): A person
the principal rafters in buildings where there and Aberdeenshire; in many places on the
who bargains with another or others. [BAR-
is a gable.
Continent of Europe, in America, and other
GAINOR.]
parts of the world.
"See, if money is paid by one of the bargainers, ifbar-gē'e, s. [Eng. barge.] A man who man-
Dana thus subdivides Barite :-Var. 1.: (a)
that be not good also."-Clayton : Reports of, Pleas
(1651), p. 145.
ages a barge. [BARGER.]
Ordinary, (b) created, (c) columnar, (d) con-
cretionary, (é) lamellar, (f) granular, (g) com-
bar-gaining, * bar-gan-yng, pr. par.,
bar'-geist, s. [BARGHAIST.]
pact or cryptocrystalline, (h) earthy, (i) sta-
d., & s. (BARGAIN, v.]
barge'-man, s. [Eng. barge; man.) A man lactitic and stalagmitic. Bologna stone is
A. & B. As present participle & adjective :
who manages a barge. [BARGEE.]
included under (d). [BOLOGNA STONE.] 2.
In senses corresponding to those of the verb.
Fetid. 3. Allomorphite. 4. Calcareobarite.
“He knew that others, like sly bargemen, looked
C. As substantive :
that way when their stroke was bent another way.”—
5. Celestobarite. 6. Calstronbarite.
1. The act of fighting.
Lord Northampton : Proceed. against Garnet, sign. N. It is found altered into calcite, spathic iron,
“And backward yode, as bargemen wont to fare.”
“This Eneas, wyth hydduous barganyng,
and a variety of other minerals.
Spenser : F.Q., VII. vii. 35.
In Itale thrawart pepill sall doun thring."
Doug. : Virgil, 21, 9. Iharola_mas_tar
băr'-1-tone, băr-1-to-nő, s. [See BARY-
| barg'e-mas-tēr, s. [Eng. barge ; master.]
fino bardo
2. The act of making or attempting to make
TONE.]
The master of a barge.
a bargain. (Adam Smith.)
“There is in law an implied contract with a common bär'-1-úm, s. [In Ger. barym, from Gr. Bapús
carrier, or bargemaster, to be answerable for the goods
bar-gaîn-or, s. [Eng. bargain; -or.]
he carries.”-Blackstone.
(barus) = heavy. It is so named from the
great specific gravity of the native carbonate
In Law: On who bargains, stipulates,
tes, bar'-ġer, s. [Eng. barg(e); -er.] One who
agrees, or contracts to transfer property, for a
and sulphate.]
certain pecuniary or other consideration, to
manages a barge. [BARGEE.]
Chem. : A dyad metallic element; symb. Ba;
"... who again, like the Campellians in the north,
another person called the bargainee.
atomic weight, 137. Barium is prepared by the
and the London bargers, forsluw not to baigne them.”
"... a kind of real contract, whereby the bargainor,
decomposition of barium chloride, BaCl2, by
--Carew: Survey of Cornwall.
for some pecuniary consideration, bargains and sells,
the electric current, or by the vapour of potas-
that is, contracts to convey, the land to the bargainee.” * bar-ghāist, bar'-guěst, *bar'-găst, sium. It is a white malleable metal, which
-Blackstone: Comment., bk. ii., ch. 20.
* bahr'-gzist, s. [Eng. bar = a gate; and
melts at red heat, decomposes water, and
* bar-gạn, *bar-gạne, s. [BARGAIN.] guest, ghaist=ghost.]
oxidises in the air. Barium occurs in nature
băr-gan'-der, s. [According to Dr. Turner,
Myth. : A demon with frightful teeth, long
as barium carbonate and sulphate. Its salts
claws, and staring eyes, believed to have its
are prepared by dissolving the carbonate in
from Eng., &c., berg, and Eng. gander; berg
habitat in Yorkshire, said to appear near gates
acids, or by roasting the native sulphate of
referring to the fact that the bird sometimes
and stiles.
barium with one-third of its weight of coal,
builds in rocks, but it does not often do so.
More probably from Eng. bar and gander, the
"... needed not to care for ghaist or bar-ghaist,
which converts it into barium sulphide, Bas;
devil or dobbie.”—Scott : Rob Roy.
this is decomposed by hydrochloric or nitric
species so designated frequenting sandy bars,
"Thou art not. I presume, ignorant of the qualities
acid, according as a chloride or nitrate of
as well as flat shores and links.] One of of what the Saxons of this land call a bahr-geist." barium is required. All soluble salts of barium
the English names of a duck, the Sheldrake
Scott: Tales of the Crusaders, i. 294.
are very poisonous; the best antidotes are
(Tadorna vulpanser).
bär-1-a, s. [BARYTA.] A name for BARYTA
alkaline sulphates. The salts of barium are
employed as reagents in the laboratory, and
* bar-gane, v.t. [BARGAIN, v.t.]
(q.v.).
in the manufacture of fireworks to produce
* bar'-gan-ýng, pr. par., A., & s. [BARGAIN-
bą-rid'-1-ús, s. [From Gr. Bâpcs (baris) = a green light. Barium is precipitated as a
ING.]
an Egyptian boat, a kind of flat boat; eidos carbonate, BaCO3, along with carbonates of
(eidos) =... form, appearance.) A genus of strontium and calcium, by ammonia carbo-
* bar-ga-ret, * bar'-ga-rete, s. [From Fr. beetles belonging to the family Curculionidæ, nate. [See ANALYSIS.] Barium can be sepa-
bergerette = a shepherd-girl.] A kind of dance,
or Weevils. The species are generally small rated by dissolving the carbonates in acetic
with a song, supposed to have been popular
cylindrical insects, black, and covered with a acid, and adding potassium chromate, which
among shepherds.
whitish down. They feed on aquatic plants. gives a yellow precipitate of the insoluble
"... tho' began anon,
barium chromate. Barium salts give an im-
A lady for tesing, right womanly,
bą-rill-la, s. [In Fr. barille ; Sp. barrilla.] mediate white precipitate on the addition of
A bargaret in praising the daisie.”
The ash of sea-weeds and plants, as Salsola calcium sulphate, an insoluble precipitate
Chaucer : Floure and Leafe.
soda, which grow on the sea-side. It is pre with 4HF.SiF4 (hydrofluosilicic acid), and a
* bar-găst, s. [BARGHAIST.]
pared on the coast of Spain, and was formerly white precipitate insoluble in acids with sul-
the chief source of sodium carbonate. (Brande.) phuric acid or with soluble sulphates; this
barģe (1), s. [In Dut. bargie; Fr. barge = a
precipitate is not blackened by H,S. Barium
hay-stack, a flat-bottomed boat for pleasure barilla de cobre (copper barilla). The
chloride gives a green colour to the flame of
or burden, a pile of faggots ; berge= a beach, commercial name for native copper brought
alcohol, and the spectrum of barium salts
a steep bank, a shoal, a bank, a small boat; from Bolivia. [COPPER.]
contains a number of characteristic green
0. Fr. barge; Prov. barca, barga; Sp., Port.,
lines.
& Ital. barca ; Low Lat. barga. Bark aná | bär-is, S. [From Gr. Bápis (baris) = a row
barge were originally the same word.] [BARK.] boat. Probably in allusion to their shape.] barium carbonate.
1. A sea-commander's boat.
[BARIDIUS.] A genus of beetles belonging to
1. Chem. : A heavy white powder obtained
the family Curculionidæ. The species feed
"It was consulted, when I had taken my barge and
by precipitating barium chloride or nitrate
gone ashore, that my ship should have set sail and left
upon the dead parts of trees. Baris lignarius
with an alkaline carbonate. It is nearly in-
me."-Raleigh.
preys both in the larva and the perfect state
soluble in water. Formula, BaCO3.
2. A pleasure-boat. A boat fitted up with on the elm.
all necessary equipments for comfort, fes-
2. Min.: A mineral, called also Witherite
tivity, and show.
bą-ri-tą, s. [From Gr. Bapós (barus) = heavy.] (q.v.).
“They were put on board of a state barge, ..."-
A genus of birds, placed by Cuvier among the
barium chloride, BaCl2. A colourless
Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. v.
Laniadæ (Shrikes), but transferred by Vigors
transparent salt, crystallising with two mole-
3. A boat used on rivers for the conveyance to that of Corvida (Crows). The birds belong-
cules of water in flat four-sided tables. A
of goods.
ing to it are called by Buffon Cassicans. They
saturated solution boils at 104.5°, and con-
... getting into the large punts or barges, which are found in Australia and New Guinea.
tains 78 parts of the salt dissolved in 100 parts
were ordinarily used for ferrying men and cattle across Barita tibicen is the Piping Crow of New
the harbour, ..."-Arnold : Hist. Rome, ch. xxi.
South Wales.
of water.
“By the margin, willow-veiled,
Slide the heavy barges trailed.”
barium dioxide. BaOn, is obtained by
Tennyson: The Lady of Shalott.
băr'-īte, băr'-ýt, băr'-ýte, ba-ry'-tîne,
gently heating baryta in a current of oxygen
barge-laden, a. Laden with barges.
ba-rý-tīte, ba-rý'-tēş, s. [Barite is from gas. It is a grey powder, which when heated
“The Nen's barge-laden wave.”
Gr. Bapús (barus) = heavy; barytes from Gr. to a higher temperature gives off oxygen gas,
Cowper: Bill of Mortality, A.D. 1787. Bapúrns (barutēs) = weight, heaviness ; baryt, I and is re-converted into baryta.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, són; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; try, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bark-barley
425
bark-louse, s.
Entom. : A kind of Aphis infesting the bark
of trees.
bark-paper, s. Paper manufactured
from bark.
bark-pit, s. A pit with bark, &c.; water
into which hides are plunged that they may
be tanned.
bark-stove, s.
Hortic : The same as BARK-BED (q.v.).
bark (3), barque (que as k), s. [In Dan.
& Ger. barke = a bark, a lighter; Dut. bark =
a bark, boat, or barge ; barkasse = a long boat;
Sw. barkass = a long boat; Fr. barque = a
bark, a small ship, a craft, a large boat; Prov.,
Sp., Port., & Ital. barca ; Low Lat. barca,
barcha, barga ; Ir. barc; Russ. barka. Mahn
compares also with Walach. barcë; Icel. barlır
= skiff, barki = prow; Class. Lat. baris; Gr.
Bâpis (baris) = a small and flat Egyptian row-
boat ; Copt. barc= a small boat; barake = a
cart, a boat.] [BARGE.]
I. Ord. Lang. (spec. in Poetry): Any small
vessel. (Lit. & fig.)
“The Duke of Parma must have flown, if he would
have come into England; for he could neither get
bark nor inariner to put to sea."-Bacon : On the War
with Spain.
“Who to a woman trusts his peace of mind,
Trusts a frail bark with a tempestuous wind.”
Glanville.
II. Nautical:
1. A three-masted vessel, with her fore and
main masts rigged like those of a ship, and
her mizzen like the mainmast of a schooner,
with no sail upon it but a spanker.
bark'-ěr (1), s. [Eng. bark (1), and suffix -er.]
I. Lit. : A dog emitting the characteristic
sound of its voice.
II. Figuratively :
1. One who clamours loudly against a per-
son, an institution, &c.
"The other Spanish barker, raging and foaming,
was almost out of his wits.”-Foxe: Acts and Mon.;
Life of Archbishop Cranmer.
“But they are rather enemies of my fame than me,
these barkers."'-B. Jonson.
2. In London : A tout who, standing at the
door of an auction-room or shop, invites
passers-by to enter.
bark'-ěr (2), s. [Eng. bark (2), s., and suff. -er.]
1. One who strips the bark from a tree.
(Kersey.)
2. One who, whether he does this or not,
uses bark thus obtained in tanning; a tanner.
"I am a barker, sir, by my trade;
Nowe telle me what art thou?"
K. Edw. IV. and the Tanner of Tamworth.
Percy Reliques, ii. 85. (Boucher.)
Bar-ker's, possess. of s. [Connected with a
person of the name of Barker.]
Barker's mill, s. [MILL.]
barcº-ễr-ỹ, * bark-ar-7, S. [Eng. balo ;
-ery, -ary.] A tan-house. (Jacobs, Booth, &c.)
bark'-hâu-s¡-ą, s. [BORKHAUSIA.]
bark'-ing (1), pr. par., a., & s. [BARK (1), v.]
I. & II. As pr. par. & participial adj. : In
senses corresponding to that of the verb.
“... that barking dog of whom mention was made
before."-Bunyan: P. P., pt. ii.
Barking and fleeing : Spending one's pro-
perty in a prodigal way, and believed to be on
the eve of bankruptcy. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
III. As substantive :
1. The emission of the sound which consti-
tutes a dog's voice.
2. The sound thus emitted.
"... and anon the lowing of cattle
Came on the evening breeze; by the barking of dogs
interrupted.”—Longfellow : Evangeline, i. 5.
barking-bird, s. A bird—the Pterop-
tochos Tarnu—found in the islands of Chiloe
and Chonos off the west of Patagonia. It is
called by the natives “Guid-guid.” Its voice
is like the yelping of a small dog, whence its
English name. (See Darwin's Journal of Voy.
round the World, ch. xiii., p. 288.)
bark'-ing (2), pr. par. & d. [BARK (2), v.]
barking-irons, s. pl. Iron instruments
used for stripping the bark off trees.
| bark-it, pa. par. & A. [BARKED.] (Scotch.)
bark'-less, a. [Eng. bark; -less. ] Without a
bark. (Drayton.)
bark’-ý, a. [Eng. bark= the rind of a tree,
and suffix -y.] Consisting of bark; possessing
or containing bark; looking like or resembling
bark.
. the female ivy so
Enrings the barky fingers of the elm.”
Shakesp. : Midsummer Night's Dream, iv. 1.
* bar-lep, * bar-ley-lepe, s. [A.S. bere,
bærlic=barley, and leap= basket.] A basket
for keeping barley in.
"Barleylepe, to kepe yn corne (Barlep.) Cumera."
M.S. Harl. 221. (S. in Boucher.)
TULUI
barium monoxide (or baryta, BaO). A
grey porous mass obtained by heating barium
nitrate; it forms a hydrate with water (barium
hydrate), producing crystals, BaH202.8H20,
which dissolve in twenty parts of cold and
two of boiling water, forming an alkaline salt,
which rapidly absorbs CO2 from the air,
barium carbonate being precipitated. Barium
hydrate can also be obtained by decomposing
barium chloride in caustic soda.
barium nitrate, Ba(NO3)2. It crys-
tallises in anhydrous transparent colourless
octohedra; they dissolve in eight parts of cold
and three parts of boiling water, it is much
less soluble in dilute acids.
barium sulphate.
1. Chemistry: BaSO4, obtained by adding
sulphuric acid or a soluble sulphate to a
solution of a barium salt. It is a white heavy
powder, insoluble in water or dilute acids. It
is used, under the name of blanc fixe, as a
substitute for white lead in the manufacture
of oil paints.
2. Min.: A mineral (sp. gr. 4.5) called also
Heavy Spar or Barite (q.v.). The powdered
mineral is too crystalline to be used as a white
paint.
barium sulphato-carbonate. A
mineral, a variety of Witherite.
barium sulphide, Bas, is obtained
by roasting BaSO4 with charcoal. It decom-
poses by exposure to the air; boiled with
sulphur, it yields higher sulphides. Barium
sulphide is phosphorescent, and has been used
to render the dials of clocks luminous in the
dark.
bark (1), s. [From "bark, v. (q.v.).] The
peculiar utterance of a dog. (Hamilton Smith.)
bark (2), s. [In Sw. & Dan. bark = bark,
rind, Icel. börkr; Ger. borke.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. Generally:
(a) The rind or outer sheath enveloping a
tree. [B. 1.]
"Trees last according to the strength and quantity
of their sap and juice, being well munited by their
bark against the injuries of the air."-Bacon: Nat.
History.
(6) A tree itself. (Poet.)
" And rugged barks begin to bud."
Tennyson:
2. Spec. : Peruvian bark. [B. 2. ]
B. Technically:
1. Bot. : The outer sheath enveloping the
stem in an exogenous plant, and protecting
the wood, whilst the latter is young and
tender, from injury by cold or by external
violence. It also prepares the proper juices
of the plant, which have descended from the
leaves, for being transmitted through the
medullary rays to the wood. Bark consists
of four parts: (1) the epidermis constituting
its outer skin ; (2) the epiphloeum, phlæum
or peridermis within it; (3) the mesophloeum
or cellular integument; and (4) the innermost
of all, called endophloeum or liber. [See these
terms.]
2. Medicine. Spec.: Peruvian bark, formerly
administered, instead of its product, quinine,
in intermittent fevers. (JESUIT'S BARK.]
3. Tanning: The epidermis of the oak, used
in the preparation of leather.
4. Fishing: The epidermis of the birch,
used by fishermen for preserving their nets.
bark-bared, a. Bared or stripped of
bark.
"Excorticated and bark-bared trees..."-Mortimer.
bark-bed, s.
Hortic.: A bed formed beneath by bark
from a tannery; a bark-stove.
bark-bound, a. Bound by means of the
bark; having the bark so firmly set as to
constitute a restraint upon growth. In such
cases relief is generally afforded by slitting the
bark.
bark-feeder, s. An animal, and spe-
cially an insect, feeding upon bark.
“When we see leaf-eating insects green, and bark-
feeders mottled-grey..."-Darwin: Origin of Species,
ch. iv.
bark-galled, a. Having the bark galled
as with thorns. The binding on of clay will
remove this disease.
NOITA
AMPUTTIILIT
raad
ill
BARK.
2. Among coal-traders: A broad-sterned
ship, which bears no ornamental figure on the
stern or prow.
bark (1), v.i. A.S. beorcan. In Sw. barka.7
1. To emit the sound which dogs do when
they menace any other animal or man, or are
following prey. (Followed by the preposition
at.)
“Why do your dogs bark so? be there bears i' th’
town?”-Shakesp. : Merry Wives of Windsor, i. 1.
2. To clamour loudly against a person, an
institution, &c.
“Vile is the vengeance on the ashes cold,
And envy base, to bark at sleeping fame."
Spenser : F. Q.
bark (2), v.t. [From bark (2), s. In Sw. barka,
Dan. barke = to tan.]
1. To strip the bark from a tree, especially
for tanning purposes. (Eng. & Scotch.)
"The severest penalties ought to be put upon bark-
ing any tree that is not felled.”—Temple.
(See also example under BARKED.)
2. To cover with bark.
+ bark'-an-tîne, barqu'-an-tîne (qu
as k), s. [Comp. Sp. bergantin = brigantine.]
[BRIGANTINE.] A three-masted vessel.
* bark-ar-8, S. [Eng. bac ; -ag. A tan-
house. (Jacobs.)
barked (Eng.), bark-it (Scotch), pa. par. & a.
[BARK (2), v.]
"He'll glowr at an auld warld barkit aik snag as if
it were a queez-maddam in full bearing."-Scott : Rob
Roy, chap. xxi.
bark'-en, v.i. [Eng. bark; -en.] To form a
« bark ;” to become hard or indurated; to
become covered with some hard or compact
substance.
"The best way is to let the blood barken upon the
cut-that saves plasters.” — Scott : Guy Mannering,
ch. xxiii.
bar-lë'r-1-a, s. [Named after Rev. James
Barrelier, M.D., a Dominican traveller and
writer.] Agenus of plants, order Acanthaceæ ;
tribe or section, Echmatacanthi; family, Bar-
lerideæ. Various species are found in India,
armed or unarmed, shrubby or herbaceous,
with yellow, pink, blue, or white flowers.
Some have been introduced into Britain.
bar-ler-id-ě-æ, s. pl. [BARLERIA.] A family
of plants belonging to the order Acanthaceæ,
and the tribe or section Echmatacanthi; type,
Barleria.
bar-ley (1), * bar-lý, * bar-f, * bar-
lịche, * bar-lich, * bar-lic, * bar-lig,
* bær'-lie (0. Eng.), * bar-la (O. Scotch),
S. & a. [A.S. bere, bærlic= barley (BERE);
Wel. barlys (from bara = bread, and Ilye = a
plant) = corn, barley.]
A. As substantive : The seeds or grains of
various species and varieties of the genus
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion = shăn; -țion, -şion=zhŭn. tious, -sious, -cious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c.=bel, del..

426
barley-barmy
Hell."
bar'-lựng, s. A.S. barnen = to kindle, to
light (?).] A fire-pole. (Scotch.)
“Barlings or fire-poles the hundreth-XX. L."-
Rates, A. 1611, p. 2.
Bar-low lěnş, s. [Named from Mr. Peter
Barlow, Professor of Mathematics at Wool-
wich from 1806 to 1847.]
Among opticians:
1. Originally: A modification of the object-
glass of a telescope, suggested by Mr. Peter
Barlow, with the idea of avoiding the use
of flint glass in the construction of object-
glasses of large size; discs of flint glass suit-
able for optical purposes then being both
expensive and rare. He proposed to enclose
between two convex lenses a fluid lens equal
in refractive power to a flint glass of the same
dimensions. This proposal was not generally
adopted, and the term “Barlow lens” is 110W
mostly applied to the form of lens described
under No. 2.
----
------
BARLOW LENS.
A, B. Converging rays from object-glass. C. Barlow
lens. D. Focus of the object-glass without the
Barlow lens. E. Focus of the object-glass after re-
fraction through C. F, G. Size of image formed by
object-glass at D without the Barlow lens. H, I.
Enlarged image formed by object-glass and Barlow
lens at focus E. h, i. Size of image formed at E by
an object-glass of longer focus, and lengthened tube,
but without using the Barlow lens.
thorns,
Hordeum. That most commonly in cultiva dels; but the resemblance is far from being
tion is Hordeum vulgare, spring or two-rowed close. (Boucher, Nares, Gifford, &c.)
barley, especially the rath-ripe and Thanet
"At barley-break they play
sorts. H. hexastichon i.e., with the seeds
Merrily all the day.
growing in six rows) is the bear or bigg, culti-
The Muses' Elysium (Drayton), iv. 1,471. (Boucher.)
vated in the north of Scotland and elsewhere.
“... and with a lass
And give her a new garment on the grass,
H. distichon, two-rowed or common barley, is
After a course of barley-break or base."
preferred for malting, which is one of the
Ben Jonson : Sad Shepherd, v. 109.
chief purposes for which barley is cultivated. “He is at barli-break, and the last couple are now in
[MALT.] H. zeocriton, or sprat-barley, is more
The Virgin Martyr, v. 1.
rare. Perhaps the four so-called species now
II. In Scotland. The game is obsolete in the
enumerated may be only varieties of one plant.
south of Scotland, and is passing into disuse
Barley is the hardiest of all the cereals, and
also in the north, Aberdeenshire being the
was originally a native of Asia, but it is now
county in which it principally lingers. Jamie-
cultivated all over the world, even as far
son says that it is generally played by young
north as Lapland. In ancient times it was
people in a corn-yard, whence it is called
largely used as an article of food, but the
barla-bracks, signifying “about the stacks."
greater proportion of the barley grown in
“One stack is fixed on as the dule or goal ;
Great Britain is now used in the preparation
and one person is appointed to catch the rest
of malt and spirits. For culinary purposes it
of the company, who run out from the dule.
is sold in two forms, Scotch or pot barley,
He does not leave it till they are all out of
and pearl barley, the former being the grain
his sight. Then he sets out to catch them.
partially deprived of its husk; the latter, by
Any one who is taken cannot run out again
longer and closer grinding, being rounded and
with his former associates, being accounted a
having the entire husk removed.
prisoner ; but is obliged to assist his captor
Bread made from barley-meal is darker in
in pursuing the rest. When all are taken, the
colour and less nutritious than that made game is finished ; and he who is first taken is
from wheat flour; but it is cheaper and more
bound to act as catcher in the next game.”
easily digested. One pound of barley-meal
barley-bree, barley-brie, s. Liquor
contains one ounce of flesh-formers and four-
teen ounces of heat-givers.
distilled from barley. (Scotch.)
Barley-meal is sometimes adulterated with
“How easy can the barley-bree
Cement the quarrel !”
oat-husks, and is itself used to adulterate
Burns : Scotch Drink.
oatmeal, and occasionally wheat-flour, but
these admixtures are readily detected by the
barley-broth, s.
microscope.
1. Broth made with barley.
" .. borlio. -Sax. Chron., An. 1124.
72. A cant term for strong beer.
“Ich houhte hure barliche.”—Piers Plowman. (S. in
“Can sodden water,
Boucher.)
A drench for sur-reyn'd jades, their barley-broth,
| In Scripture “barley," Heb. 1779 (sčõrah),
Decoct their cold blood to such valiant heat?”.
Shukesp. : Hen. V., iii. 5.
Sept. Gr. kplOń (krithē), seems properly trans-
barley-cake, barley cake, s. A cake
lated. The Hebrew term is from 777 (săěrah)
made of barley-meal.
= hair, from yyip (saăr)= to be bristly; re-
"And thou shalt eat it as barley-cakes.”—Ezek.
ferring to the long awns of the barley.
iv. 12.
B. As adjective: Consisting of barley, or in
barley-corn, s. A “corn," or single
any other way connected with barley. (See
grain of barley.
the compounds which follow.)
In Measures : The third part of an inch in
barley-bird, s. A name for a bird—the length.
Wryneck (Yunx torquilla).
"A long, long journey, choak’d with brakes and
In the eastern counties of England the
Ill-measured by ten thousand barley-corns."
same appellation is given to the nightingale.
Tickelt.
+ barley-box, s. A small box of a cylin barley-flour, s. Flour made by grinding
drical form, called also barrel-box, made as a barley. It is used in Scotland for making a
toy for children. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
breakfast-bread, eaten hot with butter and
honey or cream and sugar.
barley-bread, barley bread, s.
“... Lo, a cake of barley-bread ...”—Judg. vii. 13. barley-harvest, barley harvest, s.
barley-break, barley-brake, barli-
A harvest for barley and that portion of the
general harvest of which the chief feature is
break, barli-breake, barly-break,
the reaping of barley.
barly-breake (0. Eng.), barla-breikis,
In Palestine the barley-harvest is gathered
barla-bracks (0. Scotch), s.
in chiefly in April; and in England about
I. In England: A game once common in
July
England, as shown by the frequency with
“... in the beginning of barley-harvest.”—2 Sam.
which it was alluded to by the old poets, but
xxi. 9.
which is now confined chiefly to Cumberland,
where it is denominated Burley-brigs. It was barley-loaf (plur. barley-loaves), s.
played by six young people, three of either "There is a lad here which hath five barley-loaves
sex, formed into couples, a young man and a
and two small fishes.”—John vi. 9. ,
young woman in each, it being decided by lot
barley-meal, s. Meal made of barley.
which individuals were to be paired together.
A piece of ground was then divided into three
"... the tenth part of an ephah of barley-meal."-
Numb. v. 15.
spaces, of which the central one was profanely
termed “Hell.” This was assigned to a couple barley-mili, s. A mill for making pot
as their appropriate place. The couples who and pearl barley.
occupied the other spaces then advanced as
near as they dared to the central one to tempt
barley-mow, s. A heap of barley; a
the doomed pair, who, with one of their hands
place where barley is stowed away. [Mow.]
locked in that of their partner, endeavoured
“Whenever by yon barley-mow I pass,
with the other to grasp them and draw them
Before my eyes will trip the tidý lass.”—Gay.
into the central space. If they succeeded, barley-sheaf (pl. barley-sheaves),
then they were allowed themselves to emerge s. A sheaf of barley.
from it, the couple caught taking their places.
“He rode between the barley-sheaves."
That the game might not be too speedily
Tennyson": Lady of Shalott.
finished, leave was given to the couple in
danger of being taken to break hands and in-
barley-sugar, s. A well-known sweet
dividually try to escape, while no such liberty
substance sold by confectioners and others.
It consists of a syrup from the refuse of sugar-
was accorded to those attempting to seize
them. Though the name does not occur in
candy, hardened in cylindrical moulds and
the subjoined lines, the game which they
usually twisted spirally.
describe is that of barley-break.
barley-water, s. A decoction of pearl
“Then couples three be straight allotted there,
barley used in medicine as a mucilaginous
They of both ends the middle two do fly :
The two that in mid place Hell called were,
drink. (Crabb.)
Must strive, with waiting foot and watching eye,
To catch of them, and them to Hell to bear,
bar'-ley (2), s. [Apparently corrupted from
That they, as well as they, Hell may supply."
Eng. parley.] A word used by boys in Scot-
Sir Philip Sydney: Arcadia, i. 153.
land and the north of England when they wish
I Most authorities consider barley-break
a temporary cessation of a sham-fight in which
identical with base, 3 (q.v.). Boucher regards
they are engaged.
it as identical with a game called in Cheshire
a round, and in Douglas ring-dancer and roun- | * bar'-liche, s. [BARLEY (1).]
2. Now: A concave lens inserted in the eye-
piece of a telescope before the rays come to a
focus, by means of which the focal length of
the object-glass or speculum is increased nearly
one-half, and the effect is the same as if the
tube were proportionally lengthened, the mag-
nifying power being considerably increased.
Another advantage of the Barlow lens is the
avoidance of the loss of light which would
take place if the same magnifying power were
produced by using an eye-glass of shorter focus.
* barm (1), * barme, s. [A.S. bearm = the
womb, the lap, the bosom ; from beran = to
bear, to produce, to bring forth ; Sw. & Goth.
barm.] The lap, the bosom. [BARM (2).]
"Till in his fadres barm adoun he lay.”
Chaucer : C. T., 15,926.
"And in hire barme this litel child she leid.”
Chaucer : C. T., 8, 428.
|_ * barme-cloth, s. [A.S. bearm; clath.]
A bosom-cloth; an apron. -
“A seint she wered, barred all of silk,
A barme-cloth eke as white as morowe milk."
Chaucer: 0. T., 3,287.
* barm-hatre, s. [O. Eng. barm; and
hatre = a garment.] A garment for the breast.
"Fair beth yur barm-hatres, yolowe beth yur fax."
M.S. Harl. 913, f. 7. (s. in Boucher.)
* barm-skin, * barme-skyn, s. A
leather apron.
“Barme-skyn: Melotes vel melota.”—Prompt. Parv.
barm (2), s. [A.S. beorma = barm, yeast; Sw.
berma; Dan. buerme.] [Compare BARM (1).7
The frothy scum which rises to the surface of
beer when it is undergoing the process of
fermentation, and is used in making bread.
The same as YEAST (q.v.).
Are you not he
That sometime make the drink to bear no barm,
Mislead night wand'rers, laughing at their harm ?"
Shakesp. : Midsum. Night's Dream, ii. 1.
“Try the force of imagination upon staying the work-
ing of beer, when the barm is put into it."-Bacon.
bar-man, s. A man who serves in the bar
of a public-house. (Formerly called a drawer,
q.v.)
* barm'-kîn, s. [BARNEKIN.]
* barm-ỷ (0. Emg.), * bậrm-xe (Scotch), a.
[O. Eng. & Scotch barm ; -y.]
1. Lit. : Pertaining to barm or yeast; con-
taining barm or yeast.
“Their jovial nights in frolicks and in play
They pass, to drive the tedious hours away ;.
And their cold stomachs with crown'd goblets cheer
Of windy cider, and of barmy beer."-Dryden.
2. Lit. : Acting like barm; fermenting with
thought; at work with creative effect.
"Just now I've taen the fit o' Thyme,
My barmie noddle's working prime."
Burns: To James Smith.
barmy-brained, adj. Volatile, giddy-
headed.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fall, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hếr, thêre; pīne, pắt, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, cũb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian. æ, o=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

barn-barometer
427
(b) Spec. : The English name of the pedun-
culated Cirripeds (Lepadidæ), as contra distin-
guished from those which are sessile (see
MUUTTUITOUUNDU WOUL
GROUP OF BARNACLES.
“ And broad and bloody rose the sun,
And on the barmkin shone.'
Border Minstrelsy, ii. 341. (Boucher.)
barn'-full, s. [Eng. barn ; full.] A barn
literally full of something, as wheat, hay, &c.;
or as much as a barn, if full, would hold.
barn-hard't-īte (t silent), s. [Named after
Dan Barnhardt's Land in North Carolina,
where it occurs.] A mineral, classified by
Dana under his Pyrite group. Composition :
Sulphur, 30:5; copper, 48.2 ; iron, 21:3; hard-
ness, 3.5; sp. gr. 4.321. Lustre, metallic ;
colour, bronze-yellow. Homichlin and Duck-
townite may be varieties.
* bärn'-hēde, s.TA.S. beam = a child, and
0. Eng. suffix -hede = Mod. Eng. suffix -hood.]
Childhood.
“Of alle ille tetches in worde and dede
That thine childer takis in barnhede.”
Hampole Myrrour, MS. Hunt., f. 60. (Boucher.)
* bar'-ni-cleş, s. pl. [BARNACLES.]
* barn'-kīne, s. [BARNEKIN.]
bą-ro'-cā, bạ-ro'-ko, s. [A word without
etymological meaning, but designed to have
the vowels symbolic. (See def.).]
Old Logic: A combination of letters collec-
tively destitute of meaning, but which, taken
separately, imply that the first proposition (A)
is an universal affirmative, the second and
third (O) particular negatives, and the middle
term the predicate in the first two proposi-
tions. Baroko is the fourth Mode of the
second Figure of Syllogisms. Example-
All scholars of the first rank have, as one essential
characteristic, intense love of knowledge.
But the mass of mankind do not possess this.
Therefore the mass of mankind cannot reach the
first rank of scholarship.
băr'-o-līte, s. [From Gr. Bápos (baros) =
weight, and didos (lithos) = a stone.] A
mineral, called also Witherite (q.v.).
“A wheen cork-headed barmy-brained gowks! that
winna let puir folk sae muckle as die in quiet.” —
Scott : St. Ronan, ch. xxxii.
barn, * barne, * bērne, s. [A.S. barn,
berern; from bere = barley, and ern, cern = a
place, secret place, a closet, an habitation, a
house, a cottage. (Bosworth.) Or from Bret.
bern=a heap. (Wedgwood.) In Sw. + barn.]
1. A house or other covered enclosure de-
signed for the storage of grain.
“The seed is rotten under their clods, the garners
are laid desolate, the barns are broken down; for the
corn is withered.”—Joel i. 17.
2. Anything like a barn in outward appear-
ance.
“In front there are a few cultivated fields, and be-
yond them the smooth hill of coloured rocks called
the Flagstaff, and the rugged square black mass of the
Barn." -Darwin : Voyage round the World, ch. xxi.
barn-door, s. The door of a barn.
“Heavily closed, with a jarring sound, the valves of
the barn doors,
Rattled the wooden bars, ..."
Longfellow : Evangeline, pt. i., 2.
barn-door fowl, s. A dung-hill cock or
hen.
“Never has there been such slaughtering of capons
and fat geese and barn-door fowls."-Scott : Bride of
Lammermoor, ch. xxvi.
barn-like, a. Like a barn.
... passing through several hamlets, each with
its large barn-like chapel built of wood."-Darwin:
Voyage round the World, ch. xvi.
barn-owl, s. Strix flammea, a British
bird of prey belonging to the family Strigidæ.
It is called also the White Owl, the Church
Owl, the Screech
Owl, the European
Screech Owl (Mac-
gillivray), the Hiss-
ing Owl, the Yellow
Owl, the Gillihow-
ther, the Howlet,
and the Hoolet.
Above it is light
reddish-yellow, mot-
tled with ash-grey
and black and white
spots ; beneath, it
is white with small
dusky spots. The
male is fourteen
inches long, and the
female fifteen. It
preys on the smaller BARN OWL.
mammalia and birds,
with beetles and other insects. It is perma-
nently resident, builds its nest in a steeple,
a dovecot, or a hollow tree, and lays from two
to five pure white eggs.
#barn-yard, s. A yard or enclosure, open
to the sky, attached to a barn.
" Barn-yard and dwelling, blazing bright,
Served to guide me on my flight."
Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, iv. 6.
* bärn, * bärne, s. [BAIRN.]
Bar'-na-bīte, s. & a. [Named after the
Church of St. Barnabas at Milan, given over
to the Barnabite order in 1535.]
I. As substantive. Ch. Hist. : Any member
of a certain religious order, properly called
the Regular Clerks of St. Paul. Its founders
belonged to Milan. It arose in the sixteenth
century, was approved by Clement VII. in
1532, and confirmed by Paul III. in 1535. The
principal occupation of the Barnabites was
preaching to sinners. (Mosheim : Ch. Hist.,
Cent. xvi., sect. iii., pt. i., ch. 1.)
II. As adjective: Pertaining to any member
of the order described under No. I., or to the
order itself.
bar'-na-cle, † bēr'-ni-cle (cle as cel), s.
[In Fr. barnacle, barnache; Sp.bernacho; Port.
bernaca, bernacha, bernicla; Low Lat. bar-
nicla, bernacula, bernicla, bernicha, bernaca,
bernas. Boucher derives it from Á.S. bearn
= child, and æc = oak; but if so, why does it
occur in Fr., Port., &c. ? Mahn thinks the
Low Lat. word a contraction for Lat. Hiber-
nicula (adj. f.) = found in Hibernia (Ireland);
whilst Wedgwood traces barnacle to the Manx
bayrn = a cap, believing it to be so named
from its conical shape.]
In Zoology:
1. Of Cirripeds :
(a) A general name for both pedunculated
and sessile Cirripeds. [LEPADIDÆ, BALANIDÆ.]
"Barnacle.--A name commonly given both to the
pedunculated and sessile Cirripeds."-Dana.
ACORN-SHELLS, BALANIDÆ], yet more specially
applied to the Lepas, the typical genus of the
family and order. [LEPAS.]
2. Of Birds: A name for the Bernicle Goose
(q.v.). Formerly the absurd belief was enter-
tained that these geese sprung from the bar-
nacles described under No. 1. Max Müller
believes that the bird was originally called
Hibernicula, which was converted into Ber-
nicula by the dropping of the first syllable,
after which the similarity of the name to the
Cirriped led to the two being confounded to-
gether and generated the myth. Two species
of the genus Lepas were called by Linnæus
Lepas anserifera and L. anatifera = goose-
bearing, of course with no belief in the fable
suggested by the name.
“There are found in the north parts of Scotland,
and islands adjacent called Orcades, certain trees,
whereon do grow certaine shells of a white colour tend-
ing to russet, wherein are contained little living crea-
tures : which shells in time of maturity doe open, and
out of them grow those little living things, which
falling into the water doe become fowles, which we
call barnacles, in the North of England brant geese,
but in Lancashire tree geese."-Gerard: Herbal, p.
1,858. (Boucher.)
“As barnacles turn soland geese."
Hudibras, III. ii. 657.
bar-na-cle, + bar'-ni-cle, * ber-na-kill,
* běr-nak (cle = cel), s. [Wedgwood be-
lieves the word to have come from the East,
and to have been used originally for some in-
strument of torture. Most writers, Mahn
included, consider it the same as the preceding
word. Latham derives it from binocle, and
Max Müller from Ger. brille, O. Ger. berulem,
a corruption of beryllus. Compare Dan. brems,
brandgars = barnacles as defined below, and
Fr. besicles = spectacles.)
Generally in plural :
1. Farriery: An instrument put upon the
nose of a horse when he will not stand to be
shod or surgically operated upon. It consists
of two branches, joined at one end with a
hinge, and is generally made of iron.
2. Ord. Lang. : A cant term for spectacles,
these resembling the instrument described
under No. 1.
"... they had barnacles on the handles of their
faces."-Transt. of Rabelais, v. 130. (Boucher.)
băr-na-dē-și-a, s. [Named after Michael
Barnadez, a Spanish botanist.] A genus of
Composite plants, the typical one of the
family Barnadesieæ (q.v.). The species are
spiny bushes with entire leaves and pink
florets. Barnadesia rosea is cultivated in
English hothouses.
băr-na-dē'-şi-ě-æ, s. pl. [BARNADESIA.] A
family of Composite plants belonging to the
order Asteraceæ, the sub-order Labiatiflora,
and the tribe or section Mutisiaceæ. Type,
Barnadesia (q.v.).
* barnde, pret. of v. The same as BURNT.
* bärne, s. [BAIRN.]
* barn'e-kĩn, * barn'-kīne, * barm'-kĩn,
S. [Etym. doubtful. Apparently from Eng.
barn, and cyn, as s. = kin, as adj. = akin,
suitable, fit, proper.] The outermost ward of
a castle, within which ward the barns, stables,
cowhouses, &c., were placed.
"... and next day lay siege to the castel of Norham,
and within short space wan the brayes, overthrew the
barnkine, and slue divers within the castel."--Holin-
shed: Hist. Scot., pp. 419, 434. (Boucher.)
+ bą-rol-o-gý, s. [From Gr. Bápos (baros)=
weight, and lóyos (logos) = a discourse.] The
department of science which treats of weight
or gravity.
băr-o-ma-crom'-et-ěr, s. [From Gr. Bápos
(baros) = weight, Makpós (makros) = long, and
Métpov (metron) = measure.] An instrument
for 'ascertaining the weight and length of new-
born infants.
bą-rom-ět-ér, s. [In Sw., Dan., Dut., &
Ger. barometer; Fr. baromètre; Sp., Port., &
Ital. barometro; Gr. Bápos (baros = weight, and
Métpov (metron) = a measure.] An instrument
used for measuring the atmospheric pressure.
The discovery that this pressure might be
counterpoised by a column of mercury stand-
ing as high in proportion to the thirty-four
feet that water in similar circumstances stands,
as the specific gravity of water is to that of
mercury (the ratio or proportion, it will be
perceived, is an inverse one), was made at
Florence in the year 1643 by one of Galileo's
pupils, the celebrated Torricelli, but was not
quite complete when he died, in 1647.
The most common
form of barometer
is what is called a
Cistern Barometer. It
consists essentially of
a straight glass tube
about thirty-three
inches long, filled
with mercury, and
dipping into a cistern
of the same metal.
It is affixed to a maho-
gany stand, on the
upper part of which
is a graduated scale
to mark the height
in inches at which
the mercury stands.
When complete, a
thermometer stands
side by side with it
to note the tempera-
ture at which the
pressure of the atmo-
sphere is tested. In
Fortin's barometer
CISTERN BAROMETER.
the base of the cistern
is made of leather, and can be raised or de-
pressed by means of a screw; a constant level
of the mercury from which to measure the zero
boil, bóy; póut, jówl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -çion, -tion, -sion=shún; -ţion, -şion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

428
barometric-baronet
of the scale, unattainable by the ordinary cis-
tern barometer, can be produced by this one ;
besides which the instrument is more portable.
Gay-Lussac's barometer is in the form of a
syphon. It has two scales with a common
zero point, and graduated in contrary direc-
tions. As the one branch, the shorter one,
corresponds to the cistern, and the other or
longer one to the tube, the difference between
the two levels is the true height of the mer-
cury. Bunter's barometer is a slight but
valuable modification on that of Gay-Lussac.
For the aneroid barometer (that « without
moisture”) see ANEROID. The general mean
at the level of the sea is 29.96 inches. A baro-
"Some that were honoured with the dignity of
baronady."-Sir John Ferne : Dedic. pref, to a Blazon
of Gentrie (1586). (J. H. in Boucher.)
ba'-rõn-aġe, * bar'-nąģe (aġe=iġ), s.
[Eng. baron; -age. In Fr. barronage ; 0. Fr.
barnage, barnaige, barnez; Prov. barnaige=
baronage ; Ital. baronnaggio = barony.]
1. The barons of England viewed collec-
tively; the whole body of barons.
“ Thus thai made the maryage
Omang al the riche burnage."
Ywaine and Gawin, 1,258. (S. in Boucher.)
. that authority which had belonged to the
baronage of England ever since the foundation of the
monarchy..."-Macaulay : Hist. Eng., chap. xix.
2. The dignity, status, or position of a
baron.
3. The land or territory from which a baron
In order to adapt it for this purpose Hooke
devised what is called the wheel-barometer.
It is a syphon barometer, having in its shorter
leg a float, a string from which passes over a
pulley, and is connected with a weight some-
what lighter than the float. To the pulley is
affixed a needle, which moves round a circle
graduated to represent the different variations
broadly, a barometer rises for good and falls
for bad weather, but there are exceptions to
this rule. The more accurate statement is
that with S. W., S.E., and W. winds the mer-
cury falls for rain. If it do so rapidly, the
probability is that a heavy storm is approach-
ing; if slowly, continued bad weather is to
be expected. It rises, if rapidly, for unsettled
weather; if gradually, for fine settled weather.
A rise, with wind veering N.E., may be indi-
cative of rain.
bằr-8-mặtº-ric, bằr-8-mặt-ric-al, .
[Eng. barometer; -ic, -ical. In Fr. baromé-
trique.] Pertaining or in any way relating to
the barometer.
“... the barometric column varies between these
limits ..."-Lardner : Heat, p. 160.
“He is very accurate in making barometrical and
thermometrical instruments."-Derh. : Physico-Theol.
băr-o-mět'-ric-al-ly, adv. [Eng. baromet-
rical; -ly.] By means of a barometer.
băr-o-mět'-ro-grăph, s. [Gr. (1) Bápos
(baros) = weight, (2) uétpov (metron) = mea-
sure, and (3) ypaoń (graphē) = a drawing, a
delineation, a picture, &c.] An instrument
used for automatically inscribing on paper the
variations of the barometer.
+ băn-8-mét?-rô-grinh-, băn-8-mắt-
rą-phý, s. [From Gr. Bápos (baros)=
weight, uétpov (metron) =a measure, ypaon
(graphe) =a description ; ypáow (grapho = to
scratch, to write.) The department of science
which treats of the barometer.
băr'-o-mětz, băr'-a-nětz, s. [Mahn sug-
gests for comparison Pers. barah = lamb, and
Russ. baranez = club-moss.] A fraudulently
constructed natural history specimen, called
also the Scythian Lamb, and represented as
husband and wife. (Blackstone : Comment.,
bk. i., ch. 15.)
II. History & Law:
* 1. Formerly:
(1) At first apparently every lord of a
manor, of which sense the expression court-
baron is still a memorial. [ČOURT-BARON.]
The Magna Charta granted in King John's
time seems to show that originally all lords
of manors, who held of the king in capite, had
seats in the Great Council or Parliament, but
their numbers becoming too large for proper
deliberation, the king summoned only the
greater barons in person, leaving it to the
sheriff to convene the smaller ones to another
house, which was a very important step in
making the separation which at present exists
between the Houses of Lords and Commons.
(Blackstone, bk. i., ch. 3.) [BARONY.]
Hence * (2) the term baron came to be
confined to the lords of manors summoned
by the royal writ in place of by the sheriff.
The writ ran “Hac vice tantum.” (Black-
stone : Ibid.)
Barons by ancient tenure were those who
held certain lands or territories from the king,
who, however, still reserved the tenure in
chief to himself.
Barons by temporal tenure were those who
held their honours, castles, and manors as
heads of their barony, that is, by grand ser-
jeantry. By their tenure they were sum-
moned to Parliament; now they are not
entitled to be there till a writ is issued in
their favour.
(3) Richard II. made the term baron a mere
title of honour, by conferring it on various
persons by letters patent. (Blackstone, bk. i.,
ch. 3.)
The first baron by patent was John Beau-
champ of Holt, who was raised to the peerage
by Richard II., in the eleventh year of his
reign, October 10, 1387, by the title of Baron
of Kidderminster. No other instance occurs
until 10 Henry VI.
2. Now :
(1) Any nobleman belonging to the lowest
order of the peerage—that immediately be-
neath the rank of viscount. His style is “The
Right Hon. Lord — ,"and he is addressed as
“My Lord.” In general, in place of being
băr'-on-ess, s. [Eng. baron; -ess. In Sw.
- baronessa ; Dan. and Ger. baronesse; Dut.
barones; Sp. baronesa ; Port. baroneza; Ital.
baronessa.] A female baron, the wife or lady
of a baron, or a lady who holds the baronial
dignity in her own right, as “ Angela Georgina
Burdett-Coutts, first Baroness."
băr-on-ět, * băr-ron-ětt, s. [In Sw.,
Dan., Dut., and Ger. baronet ; Fr, baronnet;
Ital. baronetto; Low Lat. baronettus, dimin.
of baron (q.v.).]
* I. Originally: A term apparently in use
as early as the time of Edward III. for certain
landed gentlemen not of the dignity of lords,
summoned to Parliament to counterbalance
the power of the clergy.
“... King Edward the Thirde (as I remember)
whoe, being greatly bearded and crossed by the lordes
of the cleargye ... was advised to directe out his
writtes to certayne gentellmen of the best abilitye
and trust, entitling them therein barrons, to serve
and sitt as barrons in the next Parliament. By which
meanes he had soe many barrons in his Parliament, as
were able to waigh doune the cleargye and theyr
frendes, the which barrons, they say, were not after-
wards lordes but only barronetts, as sundrye of them
doe yet retayne the name."-Spenser : State of Ireland.
II. Subsequently: The name given to three
titled orders.
1. Baronets of Great Britain : A titled order,
the lowest that is hereditary. Speaking
or"B." His coronet
has six large pearls
set at equal distances
on the chaplet. His
coronation robes are
like those of an earl,
except that he has CORONET OF A BARON.
only two rows of
spots on each shoulder. At present (1879)
there are 248 temporal barons in the House,
with 24 bishops, who are also regarded as
barons, and rank just above those formerly
described.
(2) Any one holding a particular office to
which the title baron is attached, as the Chief
Baron and the Barons of the Exchequer. [Ex-
CHEQUER.] Formerly there were also Barons
the nobility, or, more specifically, next after
the younger sons of viscounts and barons ;
but in reality they are inferior to the Knights
of the Order of St. George or of the Garter,
certain official dignitaries, and knights-ban-
nerets created on the actual field of battle.
The order was instituted by James I., on May
22nd, 1611, to raise money by fees paid for the
dignity, and thus obtain resources for the
settlement of Ulster. The number was to be
limited to 200 ; but a device for increasing an
honour so profitable to the Treasury was soon
found, so that before the death of Charles I.
458 patents for the creation of baronets had
been issued; and by the end of 1878 there were
698 baronets in existence. The dignity is
generally confined to the heirs male of the
grantee. The badge of a baronet is sinister,
it is a woolly-skinned fern (Cibotium baro-
metz), stripped of everything but its root-stock
and the stipes or stalks of four of its fronds,
and then turned upside down. Of course no
naturalist would for a moment be deceived
by a deception so easily detected. (Lindley.)
[See figure at p. 109, col. 3, of this work,
under the name Agnus Scythicus (Scythian
lamb). ]
bằr_ổn, * bằr-rôn, *bar-õ, *bar, * bẽn,
*par-o, * var, * viro, * virro, * viron, s.
[A.S. baron = a man (Bosworth); Sw., Dan.,
seven following towns : Hastings, Winchelsea,
Rye, Romney, Hythe, Dover, and Sandwich.
Till the Reform Bill of 1832 these had seats in
Parliament. Instead of these barons there is
now a Warden of the Cinque Ports.
“They that bear
The cloth of honour over her, are four barons
Of the cinque ports."
* Shakesp. : Henry VIII., iv. 1.
III. Heraldry. Baron and Feme is the term
argent. Etiquette requires that he be ad-
dressed as “Sir A. B., Bart.”
2. Baronets of Ireland: A titled order insti-
tuted by James I. in 1619. It is believed that
this dignity has not been conferred on any one
since the union of Great Britain and Ireland
in 1801, but many of the titles granted before
the union still remain in the British baro-
netage.
3. Baronets of Scotland: A titled order
planned by James I., but actually instituted,
not by him, but by Charles I. in 1625, just
after the accession of the latter monarch to
the throne. The object aimed at in the crea-
tion of the order was the planting of Nova
Scotia (New Scotland). Each baronet by his
patent received eighteen square miles of terri-
tory in that colony, with a sea-coast bounding
(acc. baron), bairon; Prov. bar (acc. baro); Sp.
baron, varon = (1) a male, (2) a full-grown
man, (3) a man of consideration, (4) a baron;
Port. varao= a male ; Ital. barone ; Low Lat.
baro, barus, varo, viro = man, husband, baron; |
but in Class. Lat. baro, which, according to
Menage, is the origin of baron, meant a simple-
ton, a blockhead, though sometimes it is said
to have been used for a brave man, a warrior.
Cognate with A.S. wer = a man; Goth. vair;
Gael. bar, ber = a hero, an eminent man;
Ir. fir, fear; Wel. guer, gevir; Lat. vir = á
man ; Lith. vyrus; Sansc. vîra. (VIRILE.) In
Sansc. also barrem and bharta are = husband,
and may be compared with baron in the
phrase baron and feme (see A., III.). Com-
pare, also Hebrew a (geber) = a man.)
A. Of persons :
+ I. Old Law: A husband in relation to his
wife, used in the old phrase baron and feme =
and his wife are borne per pale in the same
escutcheon. If the woman is not an heiress,
then the man's coat is on the dexter side, and
the woman's on the sinister; if she is, then
her coat must be borne by the husband on an
escutcheon of pretence.
B. Of things. Baron of Beef: Beef in which
the two sirloins are not cut asunder, but
joined together by the end of the backbone.
Dr. Brewer says that it is “ so called because
it is the baron (back part) of the ox, called in
Danish the rug. It is not so called because
it is 'greater' than the sir-loin."
baron-court, s. The same as COURT-
BARON (q.v.).
* băr'-on-a-dy, s. [Eng. baron, and suff.
ady = state or dignity of.] The dignity of a
baron.
for three miles along a navigable river, and
stretching for six miles inland. Since the
union between England and Scotland in 1707,
no baronets have been created holding rank
in the latter country alone, but some titles
existing previously still figure in the British
baronetage.
baronet-creation, S. The elevation,
by royal authority, of any one to the dignity
of a baronet.
"A glance over the names of Baronet-creations.”—
Burke's Peerage and Baronetage of England, 41st ed.
(1879).
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; gó, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, work, whô, sõn; müte, cúb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian æ, o=ē; če=ě. qu=kw.

baronetage-barrator
429
băr'-on-ět-aġe (age=iğ), s. [Eng. baro two-wheeled ; bis = twice, and rota = wheel.) fidelity of the British soldiers, so markedly
net, -age.]
A four-wheeled carriage with a falling top, contrasting with the frequent disloyalty of the
1. The whole baronets of Britain viewed with a seat outside for the driver, and two modern Spanish troops or of the old Roman
collectively; the order of baronets.
inside, each capable of accommodating two prætorian guards, has long since procured uni-
"Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 41st ed. (1879).”— persons, the two couples facing each other. versal tolerance in England both of a standing
Title of a well-known Book.
army and of barracks for its accommodation.
2. The dignity, status, or position of a
bằr-su-chết (t silent), S. [Dimin. of Eng.,
Barracks have more than once been con-
baronet.
&c., barouche.] A small light barouche.
structed to shelter men engaged in building a
"Privileges of the Baronetage."-Burke's Peerage
light-house, or other temporary, but extensive
barqu'-an-tîne (qu as k), s. [BARKANTINE.]
and Baronetage (1879), p. lxx.
works.
băr'-on-ět-çý, s. [Eng. baronet ; -cy.) The
barque (que as k), s. [Fr.] (1) A bark or barrack-master, s. An officer who has
boat ; (2) a barge. (BARK.]
title or dignity of a baronet.
charge of a soldier's barrack and its inmates.
“The false assumption of Baronetcies still con * barre, s. [BAR.]
tinues." - Burke's Peerage and Baronetage (1879),
barrack - master-general, S. An
Prefat. Note.
băr'-rą, s. [In Ger. barre ; from Sp. & Port.
officer, real or imaginary, who has charge of
all the barracks required for an army or
ba-ro'-ni-al, a. [In Fr. baronnial.] Per barra.]
existent within a kingdom. (Swift.)
taining or relating to a baron, or to the order
Weights & Measures : A measure of length
of barons.
used in Portugal and some parts of Spain for
băr'-ra-clāde, s. [From Dut. baar; 0. Dut.
"... wandering on from hall to hall,
measuring woollen and linen cloths and serges.
Baronial court or royal."
In Valentia, 13 barras are = 129 yards English
baer = bare, naked; and klaed = a garment.
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. ii.
measure ; in Castile, 7 barras are = 64 yards ;
Cloths undressed or without a nap.]
baronial service. Service by which a and in Aragon, 3 barras are =24 yards.
Comm. : a home-made woollen garment
barony was held. It was generally that of
without a nap. (New York.)
furnishing a specified number of knights to
bằr-ra-căn, S. [In Dan, barca; Ger. be-
aid the king in war.
kan ; M. H. Ger. barkan, barragan ; Fr: bar băr'-ra-côon, s. [From Sp. barraca = a bar-
racan, baracan, bouracan; Prov. barracan ;
bằr-ỏn-ỹ, * bằr-dn-ve, * bằr-rồn-nỹ, s.
rack.) [BARRACK.]
Sp. bárragan, baragan; Port. barregana ; Ital.
[In Sw. and Dan. baroni; Ger. baronie ; Fr.
Old Slave Trade : Any enclosed place, used
baracane; Low Lat. barracanus; from Arab.
for the detention of slaves till opportunity
baronnie; Sp. baronia, varonia = male line, barrakân, barkân = a kind of black gown.
a barony; Port. baronia = male line; Ital.
arose for shipping them off to America.
Mahn compares with this Pers. barak= a
& Low Lat. baronia.] The lordship or fee of
garment made of camel's hair; Arab. bark = a
a baron, either temporal or spiritual. Origi-
băr-ra-cū'-dą, s. [Sp. barrocuda.] A fish-
troop of camels ; bârik = camel.]
nally every peer of superior rank had also
Comm. : A kind of thick strong cloth or
the Sphyraena barracuda, found in the vicinity
a barony annexed to his other titles. But
of the Bahamas and other West Indian Islands.
stuff resembling camlet. It is used to make
now the rule is not universal. Baronies in
different kinds of outer garments. Barracans
their first creation emanated from the king.
are chiefly of French manufacture, being made
| băr-raġe, s. [Fr. barrage.]
[BARONIAL SERVICE.] Baronies appertain also
at Valenciennes, Lisle, Abbeville, Amiens, and
1. Engin.: An artificial obstruction placed
to bishops, as they formerly did to abbots,
Rouen.
in a water-course to obtain increased depth
William the Conqueror having changed the
of water.
spiritual tenure of frank-almoyn, or free alms, băr'-rạck, s. [In Sw. barack ; Dan. barrak; 2. Cloth Manuf. : A Normandy fabric made
by which they held their lands under the
Ger. barracke; Fr. baraque = a barrack, a of linen interwoven with worsted flowers.
Saxon government, to the Norman or feudal
hut, a hovel, a little paltry house, a room, a
tenure by barony. It was in virtue of this that
shop, a work-shop, a public-house; Sp. bar-
bạr-ră n'-dīte, s. [In Ger. barrandit. Named
they obtained seats in the House of Lords.
raca = a small cabin made by a Spanish fisher after Barrande, the distinguished geologist
Blackstone : Comment., bk. i., chaps. 2, 12.)
man on the sea-shore; Port. & Ital. barraca = of Bohemia.] A mineral occurring in sphe-
The word is common in Ireland for a sub-
a barrack ; Gael. barrachad= a hut or booth; roidal concentric concretions, with indis-
division of a county,
barrack = brushwood branches. If the Gaelic tinctly-radiated fibres. The hardness is 4.5 ;
băr'-o-scope, s. [In Fr. baroscope ; Ger. form of the word be the original one, then, as the sp. gr., 2:576; the lustre between vitreous
baroskop; from Gr. (1) Bápos (baros) = weight, Wedgwood thinks, a barrack was originally a and greasy; the colour pale-bluish, greenish,
and (2) OKOTTÉW (skopeo=to look at, to be-
booth made by branches of trees; if the or yellowish-gray. Composition : Phosphoric
hold.] An instrument designed to show that Spanish one be that from which the others acid, 39•68 ; alumina, 12:74; sesquioxide of
bodies in air lose as much of their weight as came, then the materials of the hut or cabin iron, 26.58; water, 21.00 = 100. Occurs at
that of the air which they displace. It con would probably be different.]
Przibram, in Bohemia. It is said sometimes
sists of the beam of a balance with a small + 1. A hut or small lodge. Formerly it to be allied to dufrenite and cacoxenite.
weight at one end and a hollow copper sphere was especially used for a humble temporary
at the other. If these exactly balance each - building of this character, one of many erected
băr'-ras, s. [Fr.] The French name for
other in the air, then the sphere preponderates to shelter horsemen, as contradistinguished the resinous gum of Pinus maritima, which is
in a vacuum.
from similar structures, called huts, for foot the basis of Burgundy pitch.
“... where the winds are not variable, the altera soldiers. Then it was extended to embrace
tions of the baroscope are very small."-Arbuthnot. any temporary erection for a soldier, to what-
* băr'-rat, * băr-ětte, * băr'-ět, s. [O. Fr.
barat, barate, barete = fraud, deceit, confusion;
băr-o-scop-ịc, băr-o-scop-ic-al, adj.
ever arm of the service belonging.
The sepoys of the Indian army are still
Prov. barat, barata; Sp. barata; O. Sp. ba-
[Eng. baroscope); -ic.] Pertaining or relating
rato, barata = fraud, deceit; Ital. baratto =
housed in this way, and the case was formerly
to a baroscope ; ascertained by means of a
the same with the ordinary English soldiers.
truck, exchange, deceit; baratta = a fight.
baroscope.
(See an example from Gibbon in Wedgwood's
Icel. & Goth. baratta = contest; Wel. barat-
"... that some inquisitive men would make
baroscopical observations in England."-Boyle: Works,
Dict. of Eng. Etym., 2nd ed. 1872), p. 49.)
ton.] [BARRATOR, BARRATRY, BARTER.]
ii. 798. *(Richardson.)
2. Generally in the plur., Barracks: A large 1. Strife, contest.
băr-7-se-le-nīte, s. [In Ger. baroselenit ;
“Ther nis baret, nother strif."
building erected to house soldiers or for some
from Gr. Bápos (baros) = weight, and Eng.
similar purpose ; also a large building used to
Hickes : Thesaurus, i. 231. (Boucher.)
2. Sorrow, grief.
selenite (q.v.).]
house soldiers, for whatever purpose it may at
À mineral, called also Barite
“And all the baret that he bar
and Barytes (q.v.).
first have been built.
It reseld in thin hert ful sar."
“He [Bishop Hall] lived to see his cathedral con-
Cursor Mundi, MS. Edin., f. 34 6. (S. in Boucher.)
bạr-oş'-mą, S. [Gr. (1) Bápos (baros) =
verted into a barrack, and his palace into an ale-
house."-T. Warton: Hist. of Eng. Poet., iv. 2.
weight, heaviness, and (2) ocuń (osmē)=smell.
băr'-rat-õr, +băr'-ret-õr, * băr'-rět-ér,
As a writer in the Penny Cyclop. shows,
Named from its heavy, offensive smell.]
the word barrack does not occur in our older
* băr'-ret-tēr, * băr'-a-tour, * băr'-a-
Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the
dictionaries, though it is found in Phillips's
toūre, s. [O. Fr. barateres ; Ital. barattiere,
order Rutaceæ (Rueworts), and the section World of Words, fol. (1706). In 1720 an barattiero = deceiver, cheat; barattatore = one
Eudiosmeæ. Barosma crenata is one of the effort was made to erect barracks in London,
who trucks; from O. Fr. baratar, bareter =
Bucku plants of the Cape. It has been re under the false pretence that they would be to barter, to cheat in bargaining; Prov. &
commended as anti-spasmodic and diuretic. used as hospitals for those who might be Sp. baratar; Ital. barattare=to barter, to ex-
(Lindley: Veg. Kingd.) B. crenulata and serra seized by the plague, which, though extinct in change, to cheat; Low Lat. barato = to cheat;
tifolia have also been used with the former as England, was then raging at Marseilles. The from O. Fr. barat, barate, barete = fraud, dis-
stimulants and tonics, as well as in diseases of device was, however, seen through, and had
cord, confusion. (BARRAT.) Diez considers
the bladder. (Treas. of Bot.)
to be abandoned. The first permanent bar-
that it is cognate with Gr. mpártelv (prattein)
racks were erected just before 1739 ; but even = to do, ... to use practices or tricks.
as late as the French revolutionary war,
(PRACTICE.) Barrater is etymologically con-
opposition was made to their being built on nected with BARTER (q.v.). See also BAR-
an extensive scale, their existence being con RATRY.]
sidered dangerous to civil liberty. At length +1. The master of a ship who deals fraudu-
the perilous character of the contest with
lently with goods put on board his vessel,
France made it absolutely essential that bar and therefore committed to his custody.
racks should at once be erected in various
2. One who, for his own purposes, stirs up
- places, and in 1792 the work was undertaken
litigation or private quarrels among his neigh-
in earnest. By the end of 1819 more than
bours.
three millions of pounds had been expended
BAROUCHE.
“Will it not reflect as much on thy character, Nic,
in carrying it out.
to turn barrator in thy old days, a stirrer-up of quar.
Shortly after the Revolution of 1688 more rels amongst thy neighbours ?"-Arbuthnot : History of
bar-ôu'che, s. [In Ger. barutsche; Ital. ba vehement resistance than that given to the
John Butt.
roccio, beroccio =a cart; Low Lat. barocia, erection of barracks had been offered to the
“... a barretor, who is thus able, as well as
willing, to do mischief."-Blackstone : Comment., bk.
barrotium, barrotum ; Class. Lat. birotus =) retention of a standing army. [ARMY.] The iv., ch. 10.
bóīl, boy; póūt, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion, -cioun=shún; -țion, -şion=zhăn. tious, -sious =shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

430
barratrous-barrenness
bằr-ra-trois, adj. [Eng. baratr(g); -ous.]
Pertaining to barratry; involving the com-
mission of barratry.
bằr-ra-troislý, ado. [Eng. baratros ;
-ly.] In a barratrous manner; as a barrator
would do; in a way to involve the crime of
barratry.
băr'-ra-try, băr'-rět-rý, *băr'-rět-rỉe,
băr'-a-trý, s. · [In Fr. barraterie; Prov.
barataria ; Ital. baratteria, bararia; Low
Lat. barataria.] [BARRAT, BARRATOR.] A
law term.
I. English Law:
1. The offence committed by the master of a
vessel of embezzling or injuring goods com-
mitted to his charge for a voyage.
2. The offence of frequently exciting and
stirring up law-suits or quarrels among one's
neighbours or in society generally.
“ 'Tis arrant barratry, that bears
Point blank an action 'gainst our laws.'
Hudibras.
II. Scots Law::
*1. The offence of sending money out of
Scotland to purchase benefices in that country
from the Popedom.
2. The acceptance of a bribe by a judge to
influence his judgment in a case before him.
“Corruption of Judges, Crimen repetundarum,
Baratry, Theft-bote.” . . ."This crime of exchanging
justice for money was afterwards called by the doctors
baratria, from the Italian barattare, to truck or
barter .:."-Erskine : Instit. Law Scotland (ed. 1838),
p. 1,091.
barred, pa. par. & d. [BAR, v.]
1. Ord. Lang. : In senses corresponding to
those of the verb.
“They [assemblies for divine worship] were very
properly forbidden to assemble with barred doors." —
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi.
“ And they drank the red wine through the helmet
barred."-Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, i. 4.
2. Bot., Entom., &c. : With bars of a paler
colour crossing a space of a darker hue.
* bar'-rein, † bar-reine. [BARREN.]
băr-rel, * băr'-rell, *băr'-el, s. [In Fr.
& Wel. baril; 0. Fr. bareil, bariel; Prov.
barril, barrial; Sp. & Port. barril = a barrel,
an earthenware vessel with a great body and
a narrow neck; Ital. barile; Gael. baraill.
Compare Fr. barrique; Sp. barrica=a hogs-
head. Generally assumed to be connected
with bar (q.v.). In this case it would mean a
vessel barred round with staves or hooped.]
A. Ordinary Language:
I. Of anything shaped like a cask :
1. A cask; a vessel bulging in the middle,
formed of staves, surrounded by hoops, and
with a bung-hole to afford egress to the gene-
rally liquid contents.
“... and [Elijah] said, Fill four barrels with
water.”—1 Kings xviii. 33.
"It hath been observed by one of the ancients that
an empty barrel, knocked upon with the finger, giveth
a diapason to the sound of the like barrel full."-
Bacon.
2. The capacity of such a cask, supposing
it to be of the normal magnitude. In one for
holding liquids the capacity is usually from
30 to 45 gallons. [B., I. 1.]
II. Of anything hollow and cylindrical : The
metallic tube which receives the charge in a
musket or rifle. With the stock and the lock,
it comprises the whole instrument.
"Take the barrel of a long gun perfectly bored, set
it upright, with the breech upon the ground, and take
a bullet exactly fit for it; then if you suck at the
mouth of the barrel ever so gently, the bullet will
come up so forcibly, that it will hazard the striking
out of your teeth."-Digby.
III. Of anything cylindrical, whether hollow
or not: A cylinder, and specially one about
which anything is wound. [B., III. 1.]
"Your string and bow must be accommodated to
your drill : if too weak, it will not carry about the
barrel.”-Moxon.
B. Technically:
I. Measures: As much as an ordinary barrel
will hold. Specially-
1. Liquid Measure. In this sense the several
liquids have each a different capacity of
barrel. “A barrel of wine is thirty-one gal-
lons and a half; of ale, thirty-two gallons ;
of beer, thirty-six gallons; and of beer-vinegar,
thirty-four gallons.” (Johnson.)
2. Dry Measure. In this case also different
articles have barrels of different capacity to
test their bulk. “A barrel of Essex butter
contains one hundred and six pounds; of
Suffolk butter, two hundred and fifty-six. A actually producing it; sterile, unfruitful, un-
barrel of herrings should contain thirty-two prolific.
gallons wine measure, holding usually a thou "... and his wife was barren, and bare not."-
sand herrings.” (Johnson.)
Judg. xiii. 2.
“ Several colleges, instead of limiting their rents to
“There shall not be male or female barren among
a certain sum, prevailed with their tenants to pay the you, or among your cattle."-Deut. vii. 14.
price of so many barrels of corn, as the market went." (2) Of plants : Not producing fruit; as “the
-Swift.
barren fig-tree.”
In America the contents of a barrel are
“ Violets, a barren kind,
regulated by statute. Thus, a barrel of flour
Wither'd on the ground must lie."
in New York contains 196 to 228 lbs., or
Wordsworth; Foresight.
228 lbs. net weight. Generally speaking, the (3) of the ground : Not fertile, sterile, not
American barrel contains from 28 to 31 gallons. yielding abundant crops.
II. Mech.: The cylindrical part of a pulley.
“... the situation of this city is pleasant; but the
water is naught, and the ground barren.”—2 Kings
III. Horology:
ii. 19.
1. The barrel of a watch : The hollow cylinder
“Telemachus is far from exalting the nature of his
or case in which the mainspring works. It is
country; he confesses it to be barren."-Pope.
connected with a chain by the fusee, by the
2. Figuratively :
winding of which the chain is unrolled from
(1) Of the mind : Not intellectually pro-
the cylinder, with the effect of winding the ductive, uninventive, dull.
mainspring.
“There be of them that will make themselves laugh,
to set on some quantity of barren spectators to laugh
2. The chamber of a spring balance.
too."-Shakesp. : Hamlet, iii. 2.
IV. Campanology: The sonorous portion of (2) Of things in general:
a bell.
(a) Unproductive, not bringing with it any-
V. Anatomy. Barrel of the Ear: A cavity thing beyond itself; not descending from
behind the tympanum, covered with a fine father to son.
membrane.
“Upon my head they plac'd a fruitless crown,
The belly and loins of a horse or cow are
And put a barren sceptre in my gripe."
Shakesp. : Macbeth, iii. 1.
technically spoken of as the barrel.
(6) Scanty, not copious; deficient; wanting
“The priceless animal of grand symmetrical form,
in number or quantity. (In construction fol-
short legs, a round barrel."-Sidney : Book of the Horse.
lowed by of.)
VI. Nautical :
“The forty-three years of his reign are as barren of
1. The main piece of a capstan.
events as they are of names.”—Lewis : Early Roman
Hist. (1855), chap. Xl., 8 13.
2. The cylinder around which the tiller-
II. Botany :
ropes are wound.
VII. Music: The cylinder studded with pins
A barren flower: (1) A flower which has
only stamina, without a pistil : example, the
by which the keys of a musical instrument
males of monocious and of dicecious plants.
are moved. [BARREL-ORGAN.]
(2) Having neither stamina nor pistil : ex-
barrel-bellied, barrel-belly'd, a. ample, some flowers in certain grasses and
Having a large and protuberant belly. (See V.)
sedges.
“Dauntless at empty noises, lofty neck'd,
B. As substantive :
Sharp-headed, barrel-belly'd, broadly-back'd.”
1. In the States west of the Alleghany: A
Dryden: Virgil, G. iii.
tract of land rising a few feet above the level
barrel-bulk, s. A measure of capacity. of a plain, and producing trees and grass.
[BARREL, B., 1. 2. ]
The soil of these “barrens” is not barren, as
barrel-drain, s. A cylindrical drain.
the name imports, but often very fertile. It
is usually alluvial, to a depth sometimes of
barrel-fever, s. Disease produced by
several feet. (Webster.)
immoderate drinking. (Vulgar.) (Scotch.)
2. Any unproductive tract of land, as “the
(Jamieson.)
pine-barrens of South Carolina." (Webster.)
barrel-head, s. The head of a barrel. [PINE-BARREN.]
barrel-organ, s. An organ consisting of
barren-flowered, adj. Having barren
a cylindrical barrel with pins, the revolution flowers.
of which opens the key-valves and plays the
instrument. The street-organ is of this type.
barren-ivy, s. Creeping ivy which does
not flower.
barrel-pen, s. A steel pen which has a
split cylindrical shank adapting it to slip barren-land, s. Unfertile land.
upon a round holder.
barren-money, s.
barrel-pump, s. The piston-chamber
Civil Law: Money not put out to interest
of a pump.
or so traded with as to yield an income.
băr'-rel, v.t. [From barrel, s. (q.v.) In Fr.
embariller.) To put in a barrel.
barren-spirited, adj. A person of a
spirit incapable of effecting anything high or
" Barrel up earth, and sow some seed in it, and put
important.
it in the bottom of a pond."-Bacon.
“A barren-spirited fellow; one that feeds
+ băr'-rel-ět, s. [BARRULET.]
On abjects, orts, and imitations :
Which, out of use, and stal'd by other men,
Begin his fashion."
băr'-relled, pa. par., adj., & in compos.
Shakesp. : Julius Cæsar, iv. 1.
[BARREL, v.]
| băr'-ren-ly, adv. [Eng. barren; -ly.] In a
A. & B. As past participle & adjective: Put
barren manner, with the absence of fertility,
in a barrel.
unfruitfully.
C. In compos. : Having a barrel in the three
senses, that is, a tube; as “a five-barrelled | băr'-ren-ness, * băr'-ren-něsse, s. [Eng.
revolver."
barren; -ness.]
bằr-rel-lăng, T. par., a., & 8. [BARREL, a.t.]
I. Literally:
A. & B. As pr. par. & a. : In senses corre-
1. Of the human race, the inferior animals, or
piants : The quality of being barren, inability
sponding to those of the verb.
to procreate offspring, or the state of being
C. As subst.: The act of putting in barrels;
without offspring.
the state of being put in barrels.
“I pray'd for children, and thought barrenness
In wedlock a reproach."-Milton: Samson Agon.
băr'-ren, * băr'-réin, * băr'-reine, 2. Of the ground : Infertility, sterility, in-
* băr'-eine, * băr'-ěyn, * băr'-eigne capability of yielding heavy crops.
(eigne as ěn), a. & s. [In Dut. bar = “Within the self-same hamlet lands have divers
degrees of value, through the diversity of their fer-
barren, unfruitful, naked, severe, nipping ;
tility or barrenness."-Bacon.
onvruchtbaar = unfruitful, barren. This would
II. Figuratively:
connect it with Eng. bare (q.v.). But the real
etym, is Norm. Fr. barein; 0. Fr. barraigne,
1. Of the mind : Want of inventiveness,
brahaigne, brehaigne, brehaine, brehange =
inability to produce anything intellectual.
sterile; Arm. brekhan = sterile.]
“... a total barrenness of invention.”-Dryden.
A. As adjective :
2. Of the heart: Absence of proper moral or
spiritual emotion.
I. Ordinary Language :
“The greatest saints sometimes are fervent, and
- 1. Literally:
sometimes feel a barrenness of devotion.”—Taylor.
(1) Of the human race, or of the inferior ani 3. Of things in general : Deficiency of matter
mals: Unable to produce one's kind, or not or of interest.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian. e, o=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

barrenwort-barrow
431
"The importunity of our adversaries hath con- | băr-rì-cā'd-ing. băr-rī-ca'-do-îng. pr.
strained us longer to dwell than the barrenness of so
poor a cause could have seemed either to require or to
par. [BARRICADE, v.]
admit."-Hooker.
băr'-rie, s. [A.S. bær = bare. In Sw. bar. So
băr-ren-wort, s. [Eng. barren, and wort called because it is placed next to the body.]
= herb.] The English name of Epimedium, a A kind of half-petticoat, or swaddling cloth of
genus of plants belonging to the order Ber flannel, in which the limbs of an infant are
beridaceae (Berberids). This is a nominally wrapped for defending them from the cold.
British species, the Alpine Barrenwort (Epi-
(Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
medium alpinum), which grows in some sub-
alpine woods, but only when planted. It
bằr-ri-ễr, * bằr-ri-tre, *bằr-re?re, s.
has a creeping rhizome, a twice ternate stem & a. Formerly pronounced sometimes with
leaf with cordate leaflets, reddish flowers in the accent on last syll. [In Fr. barrière;
panicles, with inflated nectaries, four sepals,
Prov. & Ital. barriera ; Sp. barrera.] [BAR.]
eight petals, four stamina, and curious anthers. A. As substantive :
băr'-ret, s. [In Fr. barrette; Prov. barreta,
I. Ordinary Language :
berreta, birret; Sp. birreta, birrete; Ital. ber 1. Literally :
retta; Low Lat. barretum, birretum, dimin. of (1) A physical obstruction of any kind
Lat. birrus = a woollen overcoat used to keep erected to bar the progress of a person or
off rain.] [BIRETTA.] A cap formerly worn thing, to constitute a boundary line, or for
by soldiers.
any similar purpose. Specially-
barret-cap, barret cap. The same as
+ (a) A fortification, a strong place; a wall
BARRET (q.v.)
raised for defence, a fortified boundary-line.
“Old England's sign, St. George's cross,
"The queen is guarantee of the Dutch, having pos-
His barret-cap did grace.”
session of the barrier, and the revenues thereof, before
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, iii. 16.
a peace.”-Swift.
băr-ret-tē'eş, s. A kind of plain silk.
(6) Any obstruction raised to prevent a foe,
(Knight.)
a crowd, &c., from passing a certain point;
anything designed to fence around a privileged
* băr'-rět-ér (1), s. [BARRATOR.]
spot, or to mark the limits of a place, as, e.g.,
a tiltyard, the gateway of a Continental town.
* băr'-rět-ěr (2), s. [BARRISTER.]
“ The lists' dread barriers to prepare,
Against the inorrow's dawn."
+ băr'-ret-rý, s. [BARRATRY.]
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, v. 9.
(2) Anything natural which similarly fur-
† bărr'-ful, a. [BARFUL.]
nishes defence, impedes movement, or pro-
băr-rì-cā'de, + băr-rķ-cā'-do, s. [In Sw. duces separation.
barrikad; Dut. & Ger. barrikade; Dan. &
“ Safe in the love of heav'n, an ocean flows
Around our realm, a barrier from the foes."
Fr. barricade; Sp. barricada; Ital. barricata.
Pope.
From Fr. barrique ; Prov. barriqua; Sp. &
an invisible barrier, two yards in width,
Port. barrica = a cask; casks having ap separated perfectly calm air froin a strong blast."-
parently formed the original barricades.]
Darwin : Voyage round the World, ch. xxi.
A. Ordinary Language :
2. Fig. : Anything immaterial which hinders
1. Lit. : A hastily-formed rampart of casks,
advance or produces separation.
earth, trees, logs of wood, paving-stones,
(1) A mentally-formed obstacle, obstruction,
waggons, or other vehicles, designed to im-
or hindrance.
pede the advance of a suddenly declared foe.
“If you value yourself as a man of learning, you are
building a most impassable barrier against improve-
T The word came into the language in the ment." - Watts.
form barricado, but is now more frequently (2) A mentally-formed boundary, limit, or
spoken and written barricade.
line of division or separation.
“... No barricado for a belly."
“And fix, O muse, the barrier of thy song
Shakesp.: Winter's Tale, i. 2.
At Edipus."— Pope : Statius.
"The access was by a neck of land, between the sea
“ How instinct varies in the grovelling swine,
on one part, and the harbour water, or inner sea, on
Compar'd, half-reas'ning elephant! with thine:
the other : fortified clean over with a strong rampier
'Twixt that and reason what a nice barrier !
and barricado."-Bacon.
For ever sep'rate, yet for ever near."-Pope.
“... to make the security still more complete by II. Fortification : À palisade, stockade, or
throwing a barricade across the stream ..."-Macau-
lay: Hist. Eng., chap. xii.
other obstacle raised in a passage or retrench-
2. Fig.: Anything designed to prove an
ment as a defence against an enemy. (James.)
obstruction, or which actually proves such.
B. As adjective : Impeding, standing in the
“There must be such a barricade as would greatly way ; intercepting anything.
annoy or absolutely stop the currents of the atmo-
"... the barrier mountains, by excluding the sun
sphere."- Derham.
for much of his daily course, strengthen the gloomy
B. Naval Architecture : A strong wooden impressions.”—De Quincey: Works (ed. 1863), vol. ii.,
rail supported by stanchions extending across
p. 83.
the fore-part of the quarter-deck in ships of barrier-gate, s. A heavy gate to close
war. The vacant spaces between the stan the opening through a barrier. (Goodrich &
chions are usually filled with rope mats, Porter.)
corks, or pieces of old cable; and the upper
part, which contains a double rope netting
barrier-like, s. Like a barier.
above the rail, is stuffed with hammocks, as a
“There is a simplicity in the barrier-like beach.”—
Darwin : Voyage round the World, ch. xx.
defence against small shot in a naval action.
barrier-reefs, s. pl. Darwin's second
băr-ri-cāde, + băr-ri-cā'-do, v.t. [From
great class of coral reefs. In these the wall
barricade, S. (q.v.). In Ger. barikadeeren;
of coral runs nearly parallel to the coast of a
Fr. barricader.]
continent or large island, but at some distance
1. Lit,: To form a barricade, to throw up
from the shore; in this latter respect differ-
a hastily-constructed rampart of earth, trees, ing from fringing or skirting reefs, which are
paving-stones, waggons, or other vehicles, with in contact with the land. There is a vast
The view of obstructing the progress of an
barrier-reef along the north-eastern coast of
enemy; any barrier raised for a defence; an
Australia.
obstruction raised to keep a crowd from press-
“Before explaining how atoll-formed reefs acquire
ing forward unduly, or to preserve a spot their peculiar structure, we must turn to the second
sacred from their intrusion.
great class, namely, Barrier-reefs."-Darwin : Voyage
round the World, ch. xx.
Like the substantive, this also first entered
the English language in the form barricado. | * băr'-rî-ket, s. Dimin. of Fr. barrique='a
Neither the substantive nor the verb burricado | hogshead, a tun, a butt.] A firkin.
is yet obsolete. The former seems passing
“Barrot, a ferkin or barriket."-Cotgrave.
away more rapidly than the latter.
“Fast we found, fast shut,
bar'-ring, pr. par., A., & s. [BAR, v.]
The dismal gates, and barricadoed strong."
A. & B. As present participle & participial
Milton : P. L., bk. viii.
“He had not time to barricado the doors ; so that
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
the enemy entered."-Clarendon...
the verh.
"All the great avenues were barricaded.”—Macau-
It is sometimes used in familiar language
lay: Hist. Eng. ch. X.
as a preposition ; for example, “barring (i.e.,
2. Fig. : To obstruct in any way by means excluding, excepting) undetected errors in
of physical obstacles.
the addition, the account should come to so
“A new volcano continually discharging that much.”
matter, which, being till then barricaded up and im-
prisoned in the bowels of the earth, was the occasion
C. As substantive:
of very great and frequent calamities."- Woodward.
I. Ordinary Language:
băr-ri-cā-děd, băr-rị-cā'-dõed, pa. par. 1. Lit. : Exclusion by means of a bar placed
& d. [BARRICADE, v.]
across a door.
2. Fig.: Exclusion of any kind, by what-
ever process effected.
II. Her.: The same as BARRY or BARRULY
(q.v.). (Chaucer.)
barring-out, s. An act of rebellion occa-
sionally committed by school-boys. It consists
in locking and, if need be, barricading the
door against the entry of the teacher.
“Not school-boys at a barring-out,
Rais'd ever such incessant rout.'
Swift: Journal of a Modern Fine Lady.
băr-ring-to-ni-a, s. [Named after the Hon.
Daines Barrington, F.R.S., &c.]
Bot.: A genus of plants, the type of the
order Barringtoniacea (Barringtoniads). Bar-
ringtonia speciosa is a splendid tree which
grows in the East Indies. It has long, wedge-
shaped coriaceous leaves, and large, handsome
purple-and-white flowers. The fruit is a
drupe, the seeds of which, mixed with bait,
inebriate fish in the same way that Cocculus
indicus does.
bằr-ring-to-ni-aº-ẹă– (Lindley), bằr-
rîng-to'-ni-ě-æ (De Cand.), (both Latin),
bằr-ring-tô-ni-ads (Eng.), S. pl. [BAR-
RINGTONIA.] An order of plants classed by
Lindley under his 53rd or Grossal Alliance.
Formerly they were regarded as a sub-order of
Myrtaceæ, from which, however, they differ
in having alternate undotted leaves. Sepals,
4–5; petals, 4–5; stamina indefinite; ovary
inferior, 2, 4–5 celled ; ovules, indefinite;
style, simple ; stigma, capitate; fruit, fleshy.
Habitat, the tropics of the Old and New
Worlds. In 1847, the known species were
twenty-eight. [For the properties of the
various species see STRAVADIUM, CUSTAVIA,
and CAREYA.]
băr'-ris-těr, *băr'-ras-tēr, * băr'-ret-ēr
(2), s. [Apparently from bar, referring to the
fact that a barrister pleads at the bar. Other
etymologies have been given.] A member of
the legal profession who has been admitted
to practise at the bar; a counsellor-at-law.
[COUNSELLOR, COUNSEL.] In old law books
barristers were styled apprentices, apprenticii
ad legem, being regarded as mere learners, and
not qualified to execute the full office of an
advocate till they were of sixteen years' stand-
ing ; now a barrister of ten years is held com-
petent to fill almost any kind of office. No
one who has not been called to the bar can
plead in the Superior Courts at Westminster,
or, as a rule, in any court presided over by
a superior judge. Formerly a distinction
was drawn between utter (souter) barristers,
who on public occasions in the Inns of
Court were called from the body of the hall
to the first place outside the bar, whilst
the benchers and readers were called inner.
In the Inns of Court a distinction was for-
merly drawn between Inner Barristers, who
on public occasions Occupied a place on a
raised dais separated from the rest of the hall
by a bar, and Utter (i.e., Outer) Barristers, who
were called from among the students to the
first place outside the bar. The distinction
has long been abolished, the term barrister
being now used for what were formerly termed
Inner Barristers, whilst the Outer Barristers
have sunk again into the rank of students,
from which they were taken. In Queen Eliza-
beth's reign the Outer Barristers were allowed
to practise in law courts, but under most
other English sovereigns they simply took
part in readings and moots at the Inns of
Court. A now obsolete regulation, made in
1603, required that no one should be allowed
to study for the bar unless he were a gentle-
man by descent; but at least since 1762,
study for the bar has been open, on certain
conditions, to any member of the community.
A barrister can be disbarred, appeal, however,
being allowed him to the judges. The Irish
bar is regulated almost exactly like that of
England. In Scotland there is a difference
of name, barristers being called advocates,
[ADVOCATE.]
* bằr-rồnỮ, s. [BARONY.]
băr'-row (1), * băr'-û, s. [A. S. bearh (genit,
bearges), bearug = a barrow pig, a porker; N.H
Ger." barch, borch; O.H. Ger. barch, barug;
Sp. verraco; Sansc. baráha, warâha = a
hog. (See also PORK.) Dr. Brewer, in his
Phrase and Fable, says : “A barrow pig: A
baronet; so called because he is not looked
boil, boy; powt, jówl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -šion, -cioun=shún; -țion, -şion=zhún. tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bei, dei.

432
barrow-Bartholomew
upon as a nobleman by the aristocracy, nor as have been practised as late as the 8th century (6) Half-figuratively:
a commoner by the people. In like manner a A.D. One of the finest barrows in the world “Convenience, plenty, elegance, and arts :
barrow pig is neither male nor female, neither is Silbury Hill, Wiltshire, near Marlborough.
But view them closer, craft and fraud appear,
hog nor sow."] A boar, especially if castrated. It is 170 feet in perpendicular height, 316
E'en liberty itself is bartered here."
Goldsmith : The Traveller.
(0. Eng.)
along the slope, and covers about five acres of
To barter away: Nearly the same as to
“... and hadde an vatte boru ynome.”
ground. [CAIRN, Cyst.]
Rob. Glouces., p. 207. (s. in Boucher.)
barter ; but special prominence is given to
"... where stillness dwells
| Webster says that although obsolete in
the fact that what one thus exchanges passes
'Midst the rude barrows and the moorland swells,
England, the word in this sense is still in
Thus undisturb'd.”
Hemans : Dartmoor.
out of his possession and is lost to him in
future. (Often used, but not always, when one
common use in America. The former asser-
bằr-rô-măn, s. [Eng. baroo ; mac. ]
tion is not quite accurate, for Stevens shows
sells what he should have retained, or has
that it figures in the glossaries of East Anglia
One who carries stones, mortar, &c., on a hand made a bad bargain.)
and Exmoor.
barrow, to masons when building. (Scotch.)
"If they will barter away their time, methinks
they should at least have some ease in exchange.”-
"I will give you to know that old masons are the
barrow-grease, * barrowes-greece,
Dr. H. More : Decay of Piety.
1 best barrowmen."-Perils of Man, ii. 326. (Jamieson.)
S. Hog's-lard.
“He also bartered away plums, that would have
rotted in a week, for nuts that would last good for his
“For a saws-fleame or a red-pimpled face, 4 oz. of
băr'-rul-ět, f băr'-rel-ět, s. [Dimin. of
eating a whole year."-Locke.
barrowes-greace are directed ” in a work called A
Eng. bar (q.v.). “A little bar.”]
Thousand Notable Things, p. 120).-Boucher : Suppl.
B. Intrans. : To exchange one thing for
to Dr. Johnson's Dict.
Heraldry: One-fourth of a bar; that is, a another. (See the verb transitive.] (Lit. &
* barrow-hogge, s. The same as BAR-
twentieth part of the field. It is seldom or half-figuratively.)
never borne singly. It is sometimes called
“As if they scorn'd to trade and barter,
ROW (1) (q.v.).
By giving or by taking quarter."-Hudibras.
“ His life was like a barrow-Rogge,
also a BRACELET. When they are disposed in
That liveth many a day,
"A man has not everything growing upon his soil,
couples, barrulets are bars-gemels (q.v.).
and therefore is willing to barter with his neighbour.“
Yet never once doth any good
-Collier.
Until men will him slay.”
+ băr-rul-ět'-tý, a. [From Eng. barrulet
Percy Reliques, i. 208. (Boucher.)
(q.v.).] Having the field horizontally divided
bar'-ter, s. [From Eng. barter, v. (q.v.). In
barrow-pig, s. The same as BARROW
into ten or any number of equal parts. Barry
Ital. baratto. Compare Sp. barata and bara-
(1) (q.v.).
is the term more commonly used. [BARRY.]
tura = a low price. ] [BARRATOR.]
“Gorret, a little sheat or barrow-pig.”—Cotgrave.
1. The act or operation of exchanging one
barrow-swine, s. The same as BARROW
băr'-rul-ý, a. [Dimin. of barry (q.v.).] The article for another, without the employment
(1) (q.v.).
same in signification as BARRY (q.v.).
of money as the medium of exchange.
. the gall of a barrow-swine.”-A Thousand
"... the operation of exchange, whether conducted
by barter or through the medium of money, ..."-J.
Notable Things, p. 88. (Boucher.)
bar'-ry, a. & s. [Eng. bar; -ry.]
S. Mill: Polit. Econ., bk. i., ch. v., $ 9.
băr'-row (2), s. [A.S. berewe = a wheel-bar-
A. As adjective (Her.): Having the field 2. The article which is given in exchange
"row ; from beren, beoran =... to bear, to
divided, by means of
for another.
carry. In Sw. bor = a barrow, a bier; Dan.
horizontal lines, into
“He who corrupteth English with foreign words is
bör = barrow; Dut. berrie; Ger. bahre. Com-
a certain number of
as wise as ladies that change plate for china ; for
which the laudable traffick of old clothes is much the
equal parts. [BAR.]
pare bier (q.v.).]
fairest barter."-Felton.
A. Ord. Lang. : Any kind of carriage moved
B. As substantive
3. A rule of arithmetic, by which the values
by the hand. Specially-
(Her.): The division of
of commodities of different kinds are com-
the field by horizontal
1. A hand-barrow, a frame of wood with
pared.
lines into a certain
two shafts or handles at each end, carried by
number of equal parts.
men; also as much as such a vehicle will
bar'-téred, pa. par. & a. [BARTER, v.t.]
It is called also BAR-
hold.
RULY. Chaucer terms
bar'-ter-ēr, s. [Eng. barter ; -er. ] One who
"Have I lived to be carried in a basket like a barrow
of butcher's offal, and thrown into the Thames?”—
it barring.
barters ; one who exchanges commodities for
BARRY BENDY.
Shakesp. : Merry Wives of Windsor, iii. 5.
The following are
each other. (Wakefield.)
2. A wheel-barrow, a small cart with one variations of this division of the field :-
bar'-tér-îng, pr. par. & a. [BARTER, v.]
wheel placed in front, and handles in the rear, Barry bendy: The term used when a field
by grasping which one can trundle the barrow
is divided bar-wise and bend-wise also, the 1 * bar'-ter-ý, s. [Eng. barter ; -Y.] The act
before him. It has two uprights to support tinctures being countercharged. (Gloss. of or operation of exchanging one article for
it when stationary.
Her.)
another.
“No barrow's wheel
"It is a received opinion, that in most ancient ages
Shall mark thy stocking with a miry trace.”—Gay.
Barry bendy sinister: A combination of barry
there was only bartery or exchange of commodities
B. Salt manufacture: A conical basket em and bendy sinister.
amongst most nations."-Camden : Remains.
ployed at Nantwich and Droitwich for the Barry bendy dexter and sinister : A combi-
reception of wet salt till the water has drained nation of barry and bendy dexter and sinister. | Bar-thol-o-mew (ew as ū), s. & a. (Gr.
from it.
It is called also BARRY LOZENGY.
Baplodouaios (Bartholomaios); Aram. 'em a
"A barrow containing six pecks..."-White: Ken Barry lozengy: The same as the last.
(Bar Tolmai) = son of Tolmai; or on a
net's MS. Gloss. (S. in Boucher.)
Barry pily: Divided into an equal number
Bar Talmai) = son of Talmai.]
barrow-tram, s. (Scotch.)
of pieces by piles placed horizontally across
A. As substantive :
1. Lit. : The shaft of a wheel-barrow.
the shield.
1. Theol. & Ch. Hist. : One of the twelve
2. Fig. (in a jocular sense): A raw-boned * bars, s. pl. The old name of a game. [BAR.]
apostles of Jesus. He was probably the same
person.
as Nathanael. (Matt. x. 3; Mark iii. 18; Luke
gather your wind and your senses. ve black * barse, s. [BASSE.]
vi. 14; Acts i. 13.)
barrow-tram o' the kirk that ye are."-Scott : Guy
Mannering, ch. xlvi.
2. Hist. The Bartholomew: A name often
barş'-ġěm-ělş, s. pl. [From Eng. bar (q.v.),
given to the Massacre of St. Bartholomew.
băr'-row (3), s. [A.S. beorh, beorg = a hill, a and gemels, pl. of Eng. gemel = a pair ; from
[BARTHOLOMEW'S TIDE.]
mountain, a rampart, a citadel, a heap, burrow Lat. gemellus = twin.] [BAR.]
B. As adjective: Pertaining to the apostle
or barrow, a heap of stones, a place of burial; Her.: A pair of bars ; two horizontal bars
Bartholomew, or to any institution, time, or
from beorgan= to protect or shelter, to fortify. on a field, at a short distance from each other. occurrence called after his name. [See the
Compare also bearo = a barrow, a high or hilly
compounds which follow.]
place, a grove, a wood, a hill covered with bar-sow-īte, s. [Named from Barsovskoi,
wood, &c.] An artificial mound or tumulus, in the auriferous sands of which it occurs.] Bartholomew Fair, Bartlemy
of stones or earth, piled up over the remains A mineral, a variety of Anorthite, of a granular Fair (Vulgar). A celebrated fair which was
of the dead. Such erections were frequently texture. Hardness, 5.5-6; sp. gr., 2.74–2:75 ; long held in Smithfield at Bartholomew-tide.
made in ancient times in our own land, and lustre, pearly; colour, snow-white. Compos.: The charter authorising it was granted by
they are met with also in many other countries, Silica, 48.71; alumina, 33.90; magnesia, 1.54; Henry I. in 1153, and it was proclaimed for
both in the Old and New Worlds. In Scotland lime, 15.29 = 99-44. (Dana.)
the last time in 1855.
they are called cairns. When opened they are
barst, * berst, pret. of v. [BURST.]
Bartholomew-pig.
“And slou to grounde vaste ynou and barste mony a
1. Literally: A roasted pig, sold piping hot
sselde."-Rob. Glouc., p. 437.
at Bartholomew Fair. The Puritans were
“Atte laste thoru stronge duntes hys suerd berstatuo."
against this feature of the fair as well as the
Ibid., p. 460.
fair itself.
Still used in North of England. (S. in
“For the very calling it a Bartholomew pig, and to
Boucher.)
eat it so, is a spice of idolatry."-Ben Jonson : Bart.
Fair, i. 6.
bar'-tér, v.t. & i. [In O. Fr. barater, bareter 2. Fig.: A fat, overgrown person.
=to truck, to exchange, to cheat in bargain-
"Thou . . • little tidy Bartholomew boar-pig.
ing or otherwise ; Sp. baratar = to truck; Shakesp. : 2 Hen. IV., ii. 4.
baratear = to bargain ; Ital. barattare.] [BAR-
TER, S.; BARRATOR.]
Bartholomew's Hospital, more gene-
rally St. Bartholomew's Hospital. A.
A. Transitive: To exchange one thing for
celebrated London hospital and medical
another. (It generally implies that this is not
school, on the south side of Smithfield, be-
BARROW. (SILBURY HILL, WILTS.)
done through the medium of money.)
lieved to have been founded as far back as
(a) Literally:
A.D. 1102, by Rahere, usually described as
often found to contain stone cysts, calcined
the inconvenience and delay (if not the im having been a minstrel in the court of Henry I.
bones, &c. Burial in barrows commencing
possibility) of finding some one who has what you
It is still a highly-flourishing institution. It
want, and is willing to barter it for what you have.”—
amid the mists of remote antiquity seems to I J. S. Mill : Polit. Econ.
has recently been enlarged.
bari.. gathe
.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, són; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; trý, Sýrian. æ, oe=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bartir-baryto-calcite
433
Bartholomew's tide. The festival of
St. Bartholomew is celebrated on the 24th of
August, and St. Bartholomew's tide is the term
most nearly coinciding with that date.
Two great historical events have occurred
on St. Bartholomew's day, one in France, the
other in England.
(a) On the 24th of August, 1572, Paris dis-
graced itself by the atrocious and treacherous
inassacre of the Admiral Coligny and an im-
mense multitude of less distinguished Hugue-
nots, one chief instigator of this crime being
the queen-mother, Catherine of Medicis, and
her son Charles IX., who became an accessory
before the event, lending it the sanction of
his royal name. A papal medal, with the in-
scription Hugenotorum strages, struck to com-
memorate the event, was obtainable at Rome
till a few years ago. The crime of the 24th of
August, 1572, is generally called by Protestant
writers“ the Massacre of St. Bartholomew,”
and sometimes in English narrative simply
“the Bartholomew.”
(6) On the 24th of August, 1662, about 2,000
clergymen, unable conscientiously to sign
adherence to the Act of Uniformity, had to
leave their livings in the Church of England
and make way for others who could accept
that Act.
* bar'-tir, v.t. [Ger. barteeren = to exact a
fine.] To lodge, properly on free quarters.
(0. Scotch.)
"In the most eminent parts of the city they placed
three great bodies of foot; the rest were put in small
parties and bartired in the several lanes and suspected
places."-Mercur. Caledon., Feb. 1, 1661, p. 21. (Jamie-
son.)
bar-ti-zăn (Eng. & Scotch), *bar-ti-se_ne,
* běr-tî-şě'ne (0. Scotch), s. [O.Fr. bretesche
= wooden towers ; Ital. bertesca = a kind of
rampart or fence of war, made upon towers,
to let down or be raised at pleasure ; a block-
house (Altieri); Low Lat. bretaschæ, bertesca
= wooden towers.] [BRATTICE.]
1. Of castles or houses : A battlement on the
top of a house or castle. (Jamieson.)
bar-tổn, * bẹr-tổn, * bỹr-tổne, s. [A.S. | have been the second century B.C., while the
beretun = court-yard; from bere=barley, and real Baruch lived in the latter part of the
tun = a plot of ground fenced round or en seventh-that is, about 500 years before.
closed by a hedge; hence (1) a close, a field, (6) The second epistle, or book, was nomin-
(2) a dwelling, house, yard, farm, (3) a village, ally designed to counsel those Jews who were
(4) a class, course, turn.]
left in Palestine, during the time that their
1. The part of a manorial estate which the brethren were in captivity abroad, to submit
lord of the manor kept in his own hand ; a to the Divine will. It was written probably
demesne. (Spelman.)
about the same date as the former one-i.e.,
q It is used in this sense in Devonshiro the second century B.C.
(Blount), and Cornwall (Carew). In the first-
bar-wīşe, adv. [From bar, and suff. -wise =
named county it also signifies a large as con-
tradistinguished from a small farm. (Mar-
manner or fashion.]
shall.)
Her.: Horizontally arranged in two or more
2. An area in the hinder part of a country
rows.
house where the granaries, barns, stables,
bar'-wôod, s. [Eng. bar; wood.] An African
and all the lower offices and places appro-
wood used in dyeing. It is the product of
priated to domestic animals belonging to a
Baphia nitida, a tree which belongs to the
faim are situated, and where the business of
sub-order Cæsalpinieæ.
the farm is transacted. (Spelman.)
3. A coop or place to keep poultry in. (Ker bằr-8-ẹăn-trắc, cdj. [Gr. Bapós (baurus)=
sey, Bailey, Phillips, &c.) (For the whole heavy, and KevtpiKÓS (kentrikos) = of or from
subject see Boucher.)
the centre.]
Bar'-ton, s. & a. [Compare barton (q.v.).]
Nat. Phil. & Geom. : Pertaining to the centre
of gravity.
A. As substantive :
Geog.: The name of many parishes and
barycentric calculus. A kind of
places in England.
calculus designed to apply the mechanical
theory of the centre of gravity to geometry.
B. As adjective:
It was first published by Möbius, Professor
Barton beds, Barton series : A series of beds of Astronomy at Leipsic. It is founded on
laid bare in Barton Cliff, in England, in Hamp the principle of defining a point as the centre
shire and the Isle of Wight. Lyell considers
of gravity of certain fixed points to which
them the equivalents in age and position of
co-efficients or weights are attached. It has
the French Grès de Beauchamp, or Sables
now been superseded by the method of tri-
Moyens. He places them at the base of the
linear and quadrilinear co-ordinates, to which
Upper Eocene, immediately below the Headon itself led the way.
series, and just above the Bracklesham series
of the Middle Eocene. The Barton sands have băr-y-pho-ni-a, s. [Gr. Bapuowvía (baru-
been classed by the Government surveyors as phonia); from Bapús (barus) = heavy, and
Upper Bagshot, and the Barton clay as Middle pwoń (phonē) = a sound, ... the voice. ]
Bagshot, but Lyell considers the evidence
Med. : Heaviness, i.e. hoarseness of voice.
insufficient as yet completely to bear out
these precise identifications. (Lyell : Student's bằr-v-străn-ti-an-ite, s. [In Ger. bang-
Manual of Geology, 1871, pp. 227, 233, &c.)
strontianit. From Eng. baryta, and strontian
* bar-ton-êr, s. [O. Eng. barton (q.v.), and
(q.v.).] A mineral, called also Stromnite, a
-er.] One who manages reserved manorial
variety of Strontianite. [See these words. ]
lands. [BARTON (1).]
bằr-yt, s. [In Ger. bag . ] [BARYTA, BARITE.]
"And the persons who took care of and managed
The same as Barite (q.v.).
such reserved lands were called bertonarii, i.e., bur-
toners or husbandmen."-Boucher.
baryt-harmotome, s. A mineral, the
bar-to'-ni-a, s. [Named after Dr. B. S. Barton
same as Harmotome (q.v.).
of Philadelphia, an American botanist.] A
ba-ry'-tą, s. [In Ger. baryt; Fr. baryte ; Gr.
genus of plants belonging to the order Loa-
Bapútns (barutēs) = weight, heaviness ; Bapós
saceæ, or Loasads. The species are fine plants
with large white odoriferous flowers, which
(barus) = heavy.]
open during the night.
Chemistry: The monoxide of barium, BaO.
[BARIUM.]
* bar'-trạm, s. [In Ger. bertram. Corrupted 1. Carbonate of Baryta :
from Lat. pyrethrum; Gr. Trúpeopov (purethron) (a) Chemistry. [BARIUM.]
= a hot spicy plant; from up (pur) = fire.
(6) Min.: The same as Witherite (q.v.).
(Skinner.).] A plant, the Pellitory (Parietaria
officinalis). [PARIETARIA, PELLITORY.] (Hig-
2. Carbonate of Lime and Baryta (Min.): The
gins : Adaptation of Junius's Nomenclator.)
same as Bromlite (q.v.).
I Parietaria has no botanical affinity to
3. Sulphate of Baryta :
Pyrethrum. [PYRETHRUM.]
(a) Chem. [BARIUM.]
(6) Min.: The same as Barite (q.v.).
bărt'-si-a, s. [Named by Linnæus after a
friend of his, Dr. John
4. Sulphato-carbonate of Baryta (Mineralogy):
Bartsch, M.D., a
Witherite encrusted by barite.
Prussian botanist.]
Botany: A genus of plants belonging toba-ry'-teş, s. [BARYTA.]
the order Scrophulariaceæ, or Figworts. The Min.: The same as Barite (q.v.).
calyx is four-cleft; there is no lateral com-
pression of the upper lip of the corolla, whilst bạr-ýt'-ic, a. [Eng. baryt; -ic.] Consisting
the lower lip has three equal reflexed lobes. | in whole or in part of barytes; pertaining to
Three species occur in Britain: the Bartsia barytes. (Watts : Chemistry.)
odontites, or Red Bartsia, which has reddish-
purple pubescent flowers, and is common; B. bạ-ry-tine, s. [Eng., &c., baºgt(a), and suff.
viscosa, or Yellow Viscid Bartsia ; and B.
-ine.]
alpina, Alpine Bartsia, which has large, deep | Min. : The same as Barite (q.v.).
purplish-blue flowers.
bạ-ry-tite, s. [Eng., &c., barut(a), and suf.
* băr'-û (1), s. [BARROW (1).]
-ite=Gr. dílos (lithos) = stone.]
ba'-rû (2), s. A woolly material found at the
Min. : The same as Barite (q. v.).
base of the leaves of a particular palm-tree, ba-ry-to-, in compos. Containing a certain
Saguerus saccharifer.
amount of barytum, now called Barium.
Bä'r-uch, s. [Heb. 777, Baruk (=blessed); [BARYTO-CALCITE, BARYTO-CELESTITE.]
Sept. Bapoúx (Barouch).]
ba-rý-to-călc'-īte, s. [In Ger. baryto-calcit ;
1. Script. Hist. : A son of Neriah, who was from baryto, the form in composition of baryta
a friend of Jeremiah's, and at least occasion or barytes, and calcite (q.v.), Ger. calcit.]
ally acted as his amanuensis (Jer. xxxii. 12;
1. A mineral, called also Bromlite (q.v.).
xxxvi. 4, 17, 32 ; xliii. 6; xlv. 1; li. 59.)
2. A monoclinic transparent or translu-
2. Bibliog. : Two apocryphal books or letters
cent mineral, with a hardness of 4, a sp. gr.
which have been attributed to the above-
of 3.63-3:66; vitreous lustre, a white, grayish,
mentioned Baruch.
greenish, or yellowish colour. Composition :
(a) The first of these was nominally designed Carbonate of baryta, 663; carbonate of liine,
to assure the tribes in exile of an ultimate 33.7 = 100. It occurs at Alston Moor, in
return to their own land. Its date seems to Cumberland.
Ell'
U
ll
BARTIZAN. (GLAMIS CASTLE.)
Specially: A small overhanging turret pro-
jecting from the angle on the top of a tower,
or from the parapet or other parts of a build-
ing. (Gloss. of Arch.)
“So near they were, that they might know
The straining harsh of each crossbow;
On battlement and bartizan
Gleamed axe, and spear, and partizan.”
Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, iv. 17.
2. Of cathedrals or churches : The battlement
surrounding a spire or steeple or the roof of a
cathedral or church.
“That the morn afternoon the town's colours be put
upon the bertisene of the steeple, that at three
o'clock the bells begin to ring, and ring on still, till
his Majesty comes hither, and passes on to Anstru-
ther."-Records Pittenweem, 1651. (Statist. Acc., iv.
376.) (Jamieson.)
..... while visitors found access to the court by a
projecting gateway, the bartizan or flat-leaved roof of
which was accessible from the terrace by an easy flight
of low and broad steps."-Scott: Bride of Lammer-
moor, ch. xxii.
"A native of Strasburg, thirty-six years old, formerly
a butcher, lately threw himself from the bartizan of
the cathedral, and fell on the roof of the aisle, being, of
course, killed on the spot."-Weekly Scotsman, Aug.
4, 1877.
bartizan-seat, s. A seat on the bartizan.
"He passed the court-gate, and he oped the tower
grate,
And he mounted the narrow stair
To the bartizan-seat, where, with maids that on her
wait,
He found his lady fair."
Scott : The Eve of St. John.
Bar'-tle-mý Fair (tle=tel). [BARTHOLO-
MEW FAIR.]
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=1
-cian=shạn. -cion, -tion, -sion=shủn; -ţion, -şion=zhŭn. tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

434
baryto-celestite-base
bạ-ty-t8-ọĂles-tite, s. [Eng. baruto ;
celestite.] A mineral, called by Thomson
Baryto-sulphate of Strontia. It is found near
Lake Erie, in North America.
băr'-y-tone, băr'-1-tone, a. & s. [In Ger.
bariton (s.) (Music), barytonum (Gram.); Fr.
baryton (s.), Port. bariton (s.); Sp. & Ital.
baritono. From Gr. Bapúrovos (barutonos) (adj.)
= (1) deep-sounding, (2) (Gram.) (see II.),
(3) (Rhet.) emphatic : Bapós (barus) = heavy,
and tóvos (tonos) = a tone.] [TONE.]
A. As adj.: Having a deep heavy tone of
voices or instruments ; having the character
described under B., I. 1.
B. As substantive :
I. Music :
1. A male voice intermediate between a
bass and a tenor.
* 2. A stringed instrument invented in 1700,
but not now in use. It resembled the viol
da Gamba. (Penny Cycl.)
II. Greek Grammar : Not marked with an
accent on the last syllable. In such a case
the grave accent is understood.
* ba-rý'-túm, s. An old name for barium.
[BARIUM.]
bā-sal, a. [Eng. bas(e); -al.] [BASE, S.]
A. Ord. Lang. : Pertaining to the base of
anything.
"... still continue to front exactly the upper parts
of those valleys, at the mouths of which the original
basal fringing-reef was breached.”—Darwin : Voyage
round the World, ch. xx.
B. Bot. : Situated at or springing from the
base of anything.
In botanical Latin it is rendered basilaris,
though the etymological affinity between this
and basal is not close.
ba-sâlt', s. [In Dut. & Ger. basalt; Fr. ha-
salte; Port. basaltes, basalta; from Lat.basaltes
(Pliny), said to have been derived from an
African word, and to have meant basaltoid
syenite, from Ethiopia or Upper Egypt.)
1. Gen.: Any trap rock of a black, bluish,
or leaden grey colour, and possessed of a
uniform and compact texture. (Lyell: Manual
of Geol., chap. xxviii.).
2. Spec. : A trap rock consisting of augite,
felspar, and iron intimately blended, olivine
also being not unfrequently present. The
augite is the predominant mineral; it is,
sometimes, however, exchanged for horn-
blende, to which it is much akin. The iron
is usually magnetic, and is, moreover, often
conjoined with titanium. Other minerals are
also occasionally present, one being labra-
dorite. It is distinguished from doleryte, or
dolerite, by its possessing chlorine dissemi-
nated through it in grains.
The specific gravity of basalt is 3:00. It
so much tends to become columnar that all
volcanic columnar rocks are by some people
called basalt, which is an error. There are
fine columnar basalts at the Giant's Cause-
way in the north of Ireland ; in Scotland at
measure of basalt; columnar, like basalt, or Mech. : A balancing lever ; a swing gate or
in any other way pertaining to basalt.
bridge.
“... which indicates with singular precision the
age of some, at least, of the basaltic sheets ... bāse (1), * bāçe, * bāas, a. & s. [In Wel.,
Duke of Argyll : Q. Jour. Geol. Soc., vii. (1851), pt. i.,
p. 100.
Fr., & Prov. bas; Sp. baxo; Port. baixo; Ital.
basso = low; Low Lat. hassus = thick, fat,
ba-sâlt'-1-form, a. [Eng. basalt, i, and form.
short, humble.]
In Ger. basaltiförmig.] Having the form of A. As adjective :
basalt; columnar. (Maunder.)
I. Ordinary Language :
bạ-sâl'-tỉne, s. [From Eng. Vasalt; -ine.] A *1. Literally : Low in place. (Applied to
mineral, which in the British Museum Cata the position of one thing with respect to
logue is made identical with Hornblende, another.)
whilst Dana considers it a synonym of Augite
“Hir nose baas, her browes hie."
and perhaps of Fassaite, two sub-varieties
Gower: Conf. Amant., bk. i. (Richardson.)
classed under his 8th variety of Pyroxene, 2. Figuratively:
that denominated “Aluminous Lime, Mag (1) Of individuals :
nesia, Iron Pyroxene."
(a) Occupying a humble position in society,
bạ-sâl'-toid, a. [Lat. basaltes (BASALT), and
being as it were at or near the base of the
Gr. eidos (eidos) = form, appearance.] Pre-
social pyramid.
senting the appearance of basalt; resembling
"If the lords and chief men degenerate, what shall
be hoped of the peasants and baser people? "--Spenser :
basalt; having basalt in its composition.
Ireland.
"... basaltoid syenite, black Egyptian basalt." (6) Illegitimate in birth, bastard.
Smith's Lat. Dict., Art.“ Basaltes.'
“Why bastard ? wherefore base
* bā'-san, * bā'-sen, s. [In Fr. basane; Low
When my dimensions are so well compact,
My inind as generous, and niy shape as true,
Lat. basanium, bazan, bazana, bazanna, ba-
As honest madam's issue."
zenna.] The skin of a sheep tanned. [BA-
Shakesp. : Lear, i. 2.
SIL (2).]
(c) With the slender influence or with the
moral qualities often seen in those who, being
băs'-an-īte, s. [Lat. basanites; Gr. Barav at the base of the social pyramid or of ille-
itys (basanitēs) = a touchstone, from Báoavos gitimate birth, are looked down upon by the
(basanos) = a touchstone.] A mineral, called proud and the unthinking. Mean, undigni-
also Lydian Stone. It is placed by Dana as fied, without independence of feeling.
one of his Crypto-crystalline varieties of Quartz.
"It could not else be, I should prove so base
It is a velvet black siliceous or flinty jasper.
To sue and be denied such common grace.
If an alloyed metal be rubbed across it, the
Shakesp. : T'imon, iii. 5.
colour left behind will indicate the nature and
“Unworthy, base, and insincere."
Cowper : Friendship.
the depth of the alloy; hence arises the name
(2) Of communities : Politically low, without
of Touchstone. [JASPER, QUARTZ.]
power.
bas'-a-no-měl-ạne, bas'-a-no-měl-ạn, "And I will bring again the captivity of Egypt, and
will cause them to return into the land of Pathros,
s. [Gr. Báoavos (basanos) = a touchstone, and into the land of their habitation; and they shall be
uédas (melas) = black.] A mineral, according there a base kingdom. It shall be the basest of the
kingdoms; neither shall it exalt itself any more above
to the British Museum Catalogue the same as
the nations : for I will diminish them, that they shall
Ilmenite. Dana makes it his seventh variety no more rule over the nations."-Ezek. xxix. 14, 15.
of Menaccanite, ranking Ilmenite as the third,
(3) Of things: Mean, vile, worthless. Spec. :
and Menaccanite proper as the fourth. Basa-
(a) of metals : Of little value. (Often used of
nomelane is a titaniferous hæmatite.
the less precious metals in coins or alloys.
bas bleû (s silent), s. [Fr. bas = a stocking; In the case of gold and silver coins or alloys,
bleu = blue.] A “blue-stocking,” originally all other metals combined with them are re-
a lady more attentive to literature than to garded as base, and a coin in which these
personal neatness; hence applied to any
other metals are in undue quantity is said to
literary lady. [BLUE-STOCKING.]
be debased.)
"A guinea is pure gold if it has nothing but gold in
băs'-çin-ět, băs'-in-ět, băs'-sĩn-ět, it, without any alloy or baser metal."-Watts.
* bằs'-sěn-ět, * băs'-sěn-ette, * băs'-
“He was robbed indirectly by a new issue of
counters, smaller in size and baser in material than
sạn- tte (0. Eug.), * bắs-san-ắt, * bắs any which had yet borne the image and superscription
of James.”-Macaulay : Hist. Eng. ch. xv.
sạn-ét, * bắs-net (0. Scotch), 8. [Fr. bas-
(6) Of any other material thing, whether
sinet, bacinet, dimin, of bassin, basin, bacin =a
occurring in nature or made by art: Inferior
basin. In Prov. basinet, basanet; Sp. basinejo; in quality, of little value.
Ital. bacinetto; Low Lat. bacinetum, basine "The harvest white pluinb is a base plumb, and the
tum.] [BASIN.)
white date plum are no very good plumbs."-Bacon.
1. A light
" Pyreicus was only famous for counterfeiting all
base things, as earthen pitchers, a scullery."- Peacham.
helmet, gene-
(c) Of deportment: Suitable to a humble
rally without a
position. [BASE-HUMILITY.]
visor, which
receives its ap-
(d) Of moral conduct : Such as to involve
pellation from
moral degradation.
the great simi-
“He had indeed atoned for many crimes by one
larity which it
crime baser than all the rest.” – Macaulay : Hist.
Eng. ch. xx.
presents to a
basin. The spe-
II. Law :
cimen shown
1. Suitable to be performed by persons of
in the illustra-
low rank. [BASE-SERVICES.]
tion is from the
2. Holding anything conditionally. Speci-
tomb of Sir H.
ally used of one holding land on some condi-
Stafford, A.D.
tion, not absolutely. [BASE-TENANT.] (Black-
1450, in Broms-
stone : Comment., ii. 9.)
grove Church,
(1) English Law:
and is adorned
(a) Base services : Under the feudal system
with a rich
base services were such as were fit only for
crest-wreath.
BASCINET.
peasants or persons of servile rank to perform,
(0. Eng. & Scotch.)
as to plough the lord's land, to make his
“A diadem of gold was set
hedges, &c. (Blackstone: Comment., ii. 5.)
Above his bright steel basinet,
And clasp'd within its glittering twine
(b) A base tenant is one holding land which
Was seen the glove of Argentine.”
he will lose if a certain contingent event occur.
Scott : Lord of the Isles, vi. 13.
“That ilke gentilman hafand ten pundis worth of
(Blackstone : Comment., bk. ii., ch. 9.)
land or mare be sufficiently harnest and anarmit with Base tenure is the tenure by which land in
bassanat sellat, quhite hat, gorgeat, or peissane, hale
such circumstances is held. A base fee, called
leg harnes, swerd, spere, and dager.”- Acts Ja. IV.,
1491 (ed. 1814), p. 226. (Basnet, in ed. 1566). (Skene.) also a qualified fee, is one with a qualification
(Jamieson.)
attached to it, and which must be determined
2. (Of the form bassinet):
whenever the qualification annexed to it is at
(a) A species of geranium. (Parkinson.) an end. If a grant be made to a person and
(6) A skin with which soldiers covered them-
his heirs so long as he or his family occupies
selves. (Blount.) (S. in Boucher.)
a certain farm, this is a base tenure, for the
grant ceases if the farm be no longer occu-
băs'-cüle. s. Fr. bascule = sweep. see-saw, 1 pied by the grantee or his heirs. (Blackstone :
counterpoise, equilibration.]
Comment., bk. ii., ch. 9.)
TUIN
90
BASALTIC COLUMNS.
Entrance to Fingal's Cave.
Fingal's Cave and other parts of the island
of Staffa ; and along the sides of many hills
in the old volcanic district of Western and
Central India. Non-columnar basalts may be
amorphous, or they may take the form of
volcanic bombs cemented together by a fer-
ruginous paste, or again they may be amygda-
loidal. (Lyell : Man. of Geol., chap. xxviii., &c.)
ba-sâl'-tịc, a. [Eng. basalt, suffix -ic; Fr.
basaltique.] Composed in greater or smaller
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sīr, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, work, whô, sõn; māte, cũb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian. a, oe =ē; še=ě. qu = kw.

base
435
(2) Scots Law. Base rights are those which
are possessed by a person who has had feudal
property disponed to him by one who arranges
that it shall be held under himself and not
under his superior.
B. As substantive: That which is physi-
cally, socially, morally, or otherwise base;
specially, that which is morally so.
“... Why brand they us
With base with baseness ? bastardy? vase, base?"
Shakesp. : Lear, i. 2.
Plural : Persons low or despised.
Crabb thus distinguishes the terms base,
vile, and mean :-“ Base is a stronger term
than vile, and vile than mean. Base marks a
high degree of moral turpitude : vile and mean
denote in different degrees the want of all
value or esteem. What is base excites our
abhorrence; what is vile provokes disgust;
what is mean awakens contempt. Base is
opposed to magnanimous ; vile to noble;
mean to generous. Ingratitude is base; it
does violence to the best affections of our
nature: flattery is vile; it violates truth in
the grossest manner for the lowest purposes
of gain; compliances are mean which are de-
rogatory to the rank or dignity of the indi-
vidual.
base-born, a.
1. Born out of wedlock.
“But see thy base-born child, thy babe of shame,
Who, left by thee, upon our parish came."--Gay.
2. Of humble, though legitimate birth.
“Better ten thousand base-born Cades miscarry
Than you should stoop unto a Frenchman's mercy."
Shakesp. ; 2 Henry VI., iv. 8.
3. Mean.
"Shamest thou not, knowing whence thou art extraught,
To let thy tongue detect thy base-born heart?"
Shakesp. : 3 Henry VI., ii. 2.
base-court, * base-courte, * basse-
courte, s. [In Fr. basse-cour.] The court
lower than another one in dignity; the outer
court of a mansion, the servants' court, the
back-yard, the farm-yard, the stable-yard.
The form basse-court is in Menage.
"Into the base-court she dyd me then lede.”
Percy Reliques, i. 105. (Boucher.)
“My lord, in the base-court he doth attend,
To speak with you."-Shakesp. : Rich. II., iii. 3.
* base-dance, * bass-daunce (O. Eng.
& Scotch), s. [Fr. basse-danse.] A kind of
dance slow and formal in its motions, and
probably in the minuet style; directly oppo-
site to what is called the high dance.
"It vas ane celest recreation to behald ther lycht
lopene, galmouding, stendling bakuart and forduart.
dansand base dances, pauuans, galyardis, turdions,
braulis and branglis buffons vitht mony lycht dancis,
the quhilk ar ouer prolixt to be rehersit."-Compl. of
Scotland, p. 102. (Jamieson.)
“Then came down the Lord Prince and the Ladye
Cecill, and daunced two bass-daunces."- Append. to
Leland's Coll., V. 361. (Boucher.)
base-hearted, a. Having a low, mean,
vile, or treacherous heart. (Webster.)
* base-humility, s. Subjection.
“But virtuous women wisely understand
That they were born to base-humility,
Unless the heavens them lift to lawful sovereignty.”
Spenser : F.Q., V. v. 25.
base-minded, a. Having a low, mean,
vicious mind, capable of morally low deeds.
“It signifieth, as it seemeth, no more than abject,
base-minded, false-hearted, coward, ornidget."-
Camden: Remains.
base-mindedly, adv. In a low, vile,
dishonourable manner. (Webster.)
base-mindedness, s. The quality of
being base-minded; vileness of mind. (Sandys.)
base-rocket or base dyer's-rocket,
s. The English name given to a species of
mignonette, the Reseda lutea. It is a British
plant, growing on waste plains and chalky
hills. It has yellow flowers.
base-souled, a. Having a low, mean
soul, capable of doing dishonourable deeds.
base-spirited, a. Having a low, mean,
vicious spirit. (Baxter, in Worcester's Dict.).
bāse (2), a. & s. [BASS (3).]
base-viol; s. [BASS-VIOL.]
bāse (1), s. & a. [In Sw. bas = base, pedestal ;
Dan., Dut., & Ger. † basis; Fr. & Port. base ;
Prov. baza ; Sp. & Ital. basa, base ; Lat. basis;
Gr. Báo Ls (basis)=(1) a stepping, a movement,
(2) a step, (3) that with which one steps, a
foot, or (4) that on which he steps, a base,
a pedestal, a foundation; Baivw (baino) = to 1 5. Fort. : The exterior side of a polygon, or
walk.] [Basis.]
the imaginary line connecting the salient
A. As substantive :
angles of two adjacent bastions.
I. Ordinary Language:
6. Ordnance : The protuberant rear-portion
of a gun, between the knot of the cascabel
1. The lowest part of anything, considered
and the base-ring.
as its support ; that part of anything on
which the remainder of it stands. (Used of
7. Military: That country or portion of a
the lower part of a hill, or of a pillar, the
country in which the chief strength of one
pedestal of a statue, &c.) [A., II. 1. (a).]
of the combatants lies, and from which he
... if this fail,
draws reinforcements of men, ammunition,
The pillar'd firmament is rottenness,
&c. During the Indian mutiny and war of
And earth's base built on stubble."
1857 and 1858, the base of the operations for
Milton: Comus.
the recovery of Delhi was the Punjaub.
“ Or to the dreadful summit of the cliff,
That beetles o'er his base into the sea."
8. Zool.: That portion of anything by which
Shakesp. : Hamlet, i. 4.
it is attached to anything else of higher value
“Firm Dorick pillars found your solid base ;
or signification. (Dana.)
The fair Corinthian crowns the higher space."
Dryden.
9. Bot. : A term applied to the part of a leaf
“Men of weak abilities in great places are like little adjoining the leaf-stalk, to that portion of a
statues set on great bases, made the less by their
pericarp which adjoins the peduncle, or to
advancement."-Bacon.
2. That end of anything which is broad and
anything similarly situated.
thick, as the base of a cone. [A., II. 3. (d).]
10. Her. : The lower part of a shield, or,
more specifically, the width of a bar parted
* 3. An apron.
off from the lower part of a shield by a hori-
“Bakers in their linen bases.”—Marston.
zontal line. It is called also base-bar, baste,
4. That part of any ornament which hangs
and plain point. (Gloss. of Her.)
down, as housings.
11. Chem.: A metallic oxide which is alka-
"Phalastus was all in white, having his bases and
caparison embroidered."-Sidney.
line, or capable of forming with an acid a salt,
5. The place from which racers or tilters
water being also formed, the metal replacing
run; the bottom of the field; the carcer, the
the hydrogen in the acid. Organic bases or
starting-post.
alkaloids are found in many plants; they con-
tain nitrogen, and are probably substitution
“... to their appointed base they went;
With heating heart th' expecting sign receive,
compounds of ammonia. Artificial organic
And, starting all at once, the barrier leave."
bases are called amines. Bases soluble in
Dryden.
II. Technically :
water render red litmus blue.
12. Dyeing : Any substance used as a mor-
1. Architecture :
dant. [MORDANT.]
(a) The part of a column between the
B. As adjective : Pertaining to the lower
bottom of the shaft and the top of the
part, the thickest end of anything, a mathe-
pedestal. In cases in which there is no
matical or trigonometrical base, or whatever
pedestal, then the base is the part between
else is similar, as a base-line. [A., II. 4.]
the bottom of the column and the plinth. [See
example from Dryden under A., I. 1.)
base-ball, s. A game carried on with a
ball, after striking which the player must
make a circuit of four or any other stipulated
number of “bases” or bounds.
base-bar, s.
Her. [BASE (1), A., II. 10.]
base-line, s.
Geom. & Trig. [BASE (1), A., II. 4.]
base-ring, s. A moulding on the breech
of a gun, between the base and the first rein-
force. (Knight.)
bāse (2) (plural bā'-ses), s. [Fr. bas =
Corinthian.
Tuscan.
bottom, feet, depth, end, lower part, ex-
BASES OF COLUMNS.
tremity; stocking, hose.]
(6) A plinth with its mouldings constituting
In the plural :
the lower part (that which slightly projects)
1. Armour for the legs.
of the wall of a room.
“And put before his lap a napron white,
Instead of curiets and bases fit for fight."
2. Sculp.: The pedestal of a statue. [See
Spenser : F. C., V. V. 20.
example from Bacon under A., I. 1.]
"Nor shall it e'er be said that wight,
With gauntlet blue and bases white,
3. Geometry:
And round blunt truncheon by his side,
(a) The base of an ordinary triangle is its
So great a man at arms defy'd."-Hudibras.
third side, not necessarily the one drawn at
2. Stockings.
the bottom of the diagram, but the one which "He had party-coloured silk bases of a rich mercer's
has not yet been mentioned whilst the two
stuffe.”—Monomachia (1613), p. 20.
others have. (Euclid, bk. i., Prop. 4, Enun * bāse (3), * bāys, * bars, *bar-rys, s. [The
ciation.)
form bars seems the older one, occurring as
(6) The base of an isosceles triangle is the
early as the reign of Edward I. Base is appa-
side which is not one of the equal two. rently a corruption of it. The name bars is said
(Prop. 5, Enunciation.)
to have been given because the place in which
(c) The base of a parallelogram is the straight it was first played was, figuratively speaking,
line on which in any particular proposition “barred” off from the intrusion of those who
the parallelogram is assumed to stand. (Prop. were not in the game.] Formerly a game for
35.) It also is not necessarily drawn the children, the full name of which was Prisoner's
lowest in the figure. (Prop. 47.)
Base or Prisoner's Bays. Two equal parties of
(d) The base of a cone is the circle described young people faced each other in line, each
by that side containing the right angle which line connected by a joining of hands. Behind
revolves. (Euclid, bk. xi., Def. 20.)
each line was a " base" or home, of which one
(e) The bases of a cylinder are the circles de kept hold. If any person breaking off from
scribed by the two rotatory opposite sides of
the line ran into the intermediate space, he
the parallelogram, by the revolution of which was immediately followed by an opponent
it is formed. (Def. 23.)
from the other side, who, if he caught him,
4. Trigonometry, Surveying, & Map-making.
gained a score for his own party. However
A base or base-line is a straight line measured
many such pursuits might take place, each
on the ground, from the two extremities
person giving chase had to stick to the fugitive
of which angles will be taken with the view
whom he had originally singled out. In some
of laying down a triangle or series of tri-
countries the game was called Prisoner's Bars,
angles, and so mapping out the country to
or Prison Bars, not base. [See etymology.]
be surveyed. The base or base-line, on the
“He wende in a day to plawe
The children ournen at the bars,
correctness of which the accurate fixing of
A cours he took with o felawe
nearly every place in Britain on the Ordnance
Gregorie the swiftere was,
Maps depends, was measured on the sands of
After hym he leop pas wel gode
With honden seyseth him with skept,
the sea-shore, along the east side of Loch
That other was yn blithe of inode,
Foyle, in the vicinity of Londonderry. (Airy's
For tene of herte sore he wept
Popular Astron., 6th ed., pp. 48, 49.) [MEA-
And ran home as he wer wode."
SURING-ROD.]
Legend of St. Gregory, MS. Cott., Cleop., D. 10, f. 156, 6.
(S. in Boucher.)
11111111111
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, çhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shăn; -ţion, -şion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious, -cious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. =bel, del.

436
base-basic
"... two striplings, lads more like to run
The country base than to cominit such slaughter."
Shakesp. : Cymbeline, v. 3.
bāse (1), v.t. [Contracted from Eng. debase
or from abase.] To debase ; to alloy by the
mixture of a less valuable metal.
"I am doubtful whether men have sufficiently re-
fined metals which we cannot base : as whether iron,
brass, and tin be refined to the height."--Bacon.
base (2), v. t. [From Eng. base, s.]
1. To make a pike stand upon its base or
lower part, by applying the latter to the
ground; or, more probably, to abase or lower it.
“Based his pyke." - Plutarch (1579). (Halliwell :
Cont. to Lexic.)"
2. To found.
"... to verify the report on which his statement
was based."-l'imes, Nov. 16, 1877.
* bāse (3), * basse, v.t. [From BASE (2), s.).]
To apparel, to equip.
... apparelled and bassed in lawny velvet."-
Hall: Henry VIII., an. 6. (Richardson.)
bāsed (1) (Eng.), bā'-sỉt (Scotch), pa. par. & a.
[BASE (1), v.t. ]
bāsed (2), pa. par. & A. [BASE (2), v.t.]
* bā'-sel, s. [From Eng. base = vile, worth-
less (?).] An old English coin abolished by
Henry II. in 1158. (S. in Boucher.)
* bā'se-lard, * băs'-la-ērd, s. [In O. Sw.
basslare; 0. Teut. baseler = a long dagger or
short sword.] A poniard or dagger, generally
worn dependent from the girdle. (S. in
Boucher.)
“ Bucklers brode and swerdis long
Baudrike with baselardis kene,
Suche toles about ther neck thei hong."
Ploughman's Tale, in Wright's Polit. Poems, i. 331.
“A baselard or a ballocke knife, with bottons over.
gilt.”—Piers Plowman, f. 79. (S. in Boucher.)
“Baselard : sica."-Prompt. Parv.
The weapon with which Sir William de
Walworth slew Wat Tyler was a baselard,
which is still preserved with veneration by
the Company of Fishmongers, of whom Wal-
worth was a member. (S. in Boucher.)
bā'se-less, * bā'se-lèsse, a. [Eng. base;
-less. Without a base, with nothing to stand
2. Arch. & Ord. Lang.: The lower storey of a
building, whether constituting a sunken storey
or a ground floor. In ancient architecture the
basement was generally low, and had above it
a row of columns. It is still low in most
churches and other public buildings, but high
in private houses.
B. As adjective: Lowest, outermost, most
fundamental.
"It consists, like the corresponding part of most
other glands, of two layers, an outer basement mem-
brane with which the vessels are in contact, and an
epithelium lining the interior."-Todd & Bowman :
Physiol. Anat., vol. i., chap. xiv., p. 423.
basement-membrane, s.
Anatomy: A membrane lying between the
cutis and the epidermis of the skin.
“This expanse consists of two elements, a basement-
tissue composed of simple membrane, uninterrupted,
homogeneous, and transparent, covered by an epithe-
lium or pavement of nucleated particles. Underneath
the busement-membrane vessels, nerves, and areolar
tissue are placed."-Todd & Bowman : Phys. Anat.,i. 404.
basement-tissue, s.
Anat. : The tissue of which basement-mem-
brane is composed. (See an example under
BASEMENT-MEMBRANE.)
ba'-sen, a. [From Eng. base, s., in the sense of
anything broad. Or from basin—“As large as
basins.”(Cf.Saucer-eyes.) (Herrtage.] Extended.
“Then gan the courtiers gaze on every side,
And stare on him, with big lookes basen wide."
Spenser : Mother Hubberd's Tale, i. 1.
bā'se-ness (1), * bā'se-nesse, S. [Eng.
base = low, and suffix -ness.] The quality of
being base or low, in place or in any other
respect. Specially--
I. Of lowness in place :
1. The state or quality of being low in social
standing.
(a) Without imputation on the legitimacy of
the birth : Humble rank.
"So seldome seene that one in basenesse set
Doth noble courage shew with curteous manners
net.”
Spenser : F. Q., VI. iii. 1.
(6) With such imputation : Illegitimacy of
birth, bastardy.
“Why brand they us
With base? with baseness ? bastardy? base? base ?”
Shakesp.: King Lear, i. 2.
II. Of the moral qualities likely to be produced
by such lowness in place : The state or quality
of possessing, or being supposed to possess,
the moral qualities likely to be found in the
low, the despised, and the illegitimately born;
meanness, vileness, deceit.
“Of crooked baseness an indignant scorn."
Thomson : Liberty, pt. V.
III. Of debasement in metals : Absence of
value; comparative worthlessness in a metal.
" We alleged the fraudulent obtaining his patent.
the baseness of his metal, and the prodigious sum to be
coined.” -Swift.
bā'se-ness (2), s. [Eng. base = deep in sound,
and suffix -ness. Deepness of sound.
"The just and measured proportion of the air per-
cussed towards the baseness or trebleness of tones, is
one of the greatest secrets in the contemplation of
sounds."-Bucon..
băs'-ěn-ět, s. [BASCINET.]
bā'-séş, s. (BASE (2), s.]
* băsh, v.i. [Shortened from abash (q.y.).
Comp. Heb. wia (bosh) = to be cast down,
confounded, or ashamed ; Ishbosheth = a man
of shame.] To be ashamed. [ABASH.]
“He soone approched, panting, breathlesse, whot,
And all so soyld that none could him descry:
His countenaunce was bold, and bashed not
For Guyons lookes, but scornefull eyeglaunce at him
Speiser : F. Q., II. iv. 37.
+ ba-shâw', s. [In Dut. & Ger. bassa ; Fr.
bacha; Sp. baxc.] [PACHA.]
1. The old way, still sometimes adopted, of
spelling pachu (q.v.).
"The Turks made an expedition into Persia; and
because of the straits of the mountains, the bashaw
consulted which way they should get in."-Bacon.
“The lady with the gay macaw,
The dancing-girl, the great bashaw
With bearded lip and chin."
Longfellow : To a Child.
2. A haughty, overbearing, and tyrannical
person. -
băsh'-fúil, a. [From bash, evidently = shame,
though nó noun, but only a verb of this form
now exists; and suffix -full.]
I. Literally (of persons):
1. Full of shame; having the eyes abased ;
having a downcast look from an excess of
modesty or consciousness of demerit. (Used
of single occasions or of the character in
general.)
"... the bold youth,
Of soul impetuous, and the bashfui maid."
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. v.
“And bashful in his first attempt to write."
Addison.
2. Sheepish, unduly and foolishly embar-
rassed in company, not from genuine modesty,
but from latent vanity.
II. Figuratively (of things) :
1. In the concrete. (Of things boldly personi-
fied and poetically assumed to feel like man):
(a) Feeling shame, and in consequence trying
to shun observation.
“The Ouse, dividing the well-water'd land,
Now glitters in the sun, and now retires,
As bashful, yet impatient to be seen."
Cowper : Task, bk. i.
(6) Shame-produced ; caused by shame.
"His bashful bonds disclosing Merit breaks."
Thomson : Liberty, pt. v.
2. In the abstract :
(a) In a good sense : Of natural shame,
modesty, or any similar quality.
"He burns with bashful shame."
Shakesp. : Venus and Adonis.
“No, Leonato,
I never tempted her with word too large,
• But, as a brother to his sister, shew'd
Bashful sincerity and comely love."
Ibid. : Much Ado, iv. 1.
(6) In a bad sense: Of cunning, or any
similar quality.
“Hence, bashful cunning!
And prompt me, plain and holy innocence."..
Shakesp. : Tempest, iii. 1.
băsh'-fúl-ly, adv. [Eng. bashful; -ly.] In a
bashful manner, whether-
(1) Modestly. (Sherwood.)
Or (2) Sheepishly.
băsh'-fül-něss, s. [Eng. bashful; -ness.]
The quality of being bashful; the disposition
to blush or show embarrassment in the pre-
sence of others.
(1) To a legitimate extent: Shame produced
by true modesty.
"So sweet the blush of Bashfulness,
Even Pity scarce can wish it less."
Byron: Bride of Abydos, i. 8.
(2) To an illegitimate extent : Sheepishness,
false modesty.
“For fear had bequeathed his room to his kinsman
bashfulness, to teach him good manners."-Sidney.
“There are others who have not altogether so muc
of this foolish bashfulness, and who ask every one's
opinion."-Dryden.
bash'-bą-zôuk', s. [Turk. bashi bozouk =
one who fights without science; an irregular
combatant.]
In Turkey: An irregular soldier of any kind.
Under the direction of British officers the
Bashi Bazouks acquired reputation in the
Crimean war; but under Turkish leadership
in the Bulgarian insurrection of 1876, they
acted with such inhumanity that the term
Bashi Bazouk became one of reproach, and
had to be exchanged for another-Mustehaiz
= Provincial militia.
“The troops hitherto known under the sinister ap-
pellation of Bashi Bazouks' will henceforth be called
Mustehaiz,' or Provincial Militia."-Peru Correspon-
dent of the Times, April 23, 1877.
* bash'-less, a. (Eng. bash (q.v.), and suffix
-less.] Without shame, shameless, unblushing.
(Spenser.)
bā-síc, a. [Eng. bas(e); -ic.]
1. Chem. : Pertaining to a base; constituting
a base and a salt.
2. Having the base in excess; having the
base atomically greater than that of the acid
or that of the related neutral salt; a direct
union of a basic oxide with an acid oxide.
(Todd & Bowman.)
basic rocks.
Lithology, Chem., & Geol. : In Bernard Von
Cotta's classification, one of the two leading
divisions of igneous rocks, whether volcanic
or plutonic. It comprises those which are
poor in silica, as distinguished from Acidic
Rocks, which are rich in that mineral con-
stituent. A somewhat analogous classification
had been previously adopted by Bunsen, who
called rocks akin to the Basic ones Pyroxenic
[PYROXENIC], and those allied to the Acidic
Rocks Trachytic [TRACHYTIC]; but while the
Pyroxenic division contains only 45 to 60 parts
of silica, the Basic one has 55 to 80 parts.
(Bernhard Von Cotta : Rocks, translated by
Lawrence, ed. 1878, pp. 120, 356.)
upon.
“It must be accepted ... as an historical fact, or
rejected as baseless fiction.”—Milman: Hist. of Jews,
3rd ed., Preface, vol. i., p. xvi.
bạ-sel-lạ, s. [Malabar name.] Malabar
Nightshade. A genus of plants belonging to
the order Chenopodiaceae (Chenopods). The
species Basella alba and B. rubra are twining
succulent plants, with smooth fleshy leaves,
used in China and India as spinach plants.
B. rubra yields a very rich purple dye, which,
however, is difficult to fix.
bą-sěl-lā'-çě-æ (Lat.), bą-sěl-lads (Eng.),
S. [BASELLA.] An order of perigynous exo-
gens, placed by Lindley in his Ficoidal Alli-
ance. It consists of plants like Ficoids, but
with distinct sepals, no petals, the fruit
enclosed in a membranous or succulent calyx,
a single solitary carpel, and an erect seed.
(Lindley.) All or nearly all tropical. In
1847 Lindley estimated the known species at
twelve.
bā'se-ly, adv. [Eng. base; -ly.] In a base
manner. Specially-
1. Born of low rank or out of wedlock, in
bastardy, illegitimately.
"These two Mitylene brethren, basely born, crept
out of a small galliot unto the majesty of great kings."
--Knolles.
2. In such a way as one looked down upon
in society might be expected to do ; meanly,
dishonourably.
“ The king is not himself, but basely led
By flatterers." Shakesp. : Rich. II., ii. 1.
“ A lieutenant basely gave it up as soon as Essex in
his passage demanded it."-Clarendon.
"... by him left
On whom he most depended, basely left,
Betray'd, deserted.”
"Cowper : On Finding the Heel of a Shoe.
bā'se-měnt, s. & d. [Eng. base ; -ment.]
A. As substantive :
1. Ord. Lang. & Med. : The lowest, outer-
inost, or most fundamental part of a struc-
ture; that above or outside of which anything
is reared.
"... the homogeneous simple membrane which
forms the basement of the skin and mucous inem-
brane."--Todd & Bowman : Physiol. Anat., vol. i.,
ch. i., p. 50.
shot.'
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fall, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hếr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wºlf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, cũb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; trý, Sýrian. æ, o=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

basicerine-basin
437
........
04
bā'-şi-çēr-îne, s. [Lat. basis ; Gr. Báois
“... at the posterior margin of the pons they [the | Ba-sil'-Ì-dans, s. [Named after Basilides.]
vertebral arteries coalesce to form a single vessel, the
(basis) = a base; and Mod. Lat. cerum.] A
isilar, which extends the whole length of the pons."
(See def.)
mineral, the same as Fluocerite, or Fluocerine -Todd & Bowman : Physiol. Anat., vol. i., p. 293.
Church Hist. : The followers of Basilides, an
(q.v.).
Ba-şil'-1-an, a. [Named after St. Basil, who
eminent Gnostic, who lived at Alexandria in
the early part of the second century A.D.
ba-sid'-1-a. s. [Gr. Báois (basis) = a base. founded a monastery in Pontus, and an order
and dimin, termination, frequent in Gr., Lolov.]
of monks, which soon spread over the East, băs-1-lìs'-cůs, s. [Lat. basiliscus, the fabul-
The cells on the apex of which the spores of
was introduced into the West in 1057, and
lous animal described under BASILISK (q.v.).]
reformed by Pope Gregory XIII. in 1569.]
fungi are formed.
Pertaining to the monks of the order of St.
Herpetology: A genus of Reptiles founded by
Daudin. It belongs to the family Iguanidæ.
bā-sï-fí'-ěr, 8. [Eng. basify; -er.]
Basil.
There is a fin-like elevation, capable of being
Chem. : That which basifies any substance ; , ba-sil-ic, * ba-sil-ick, a. & s. [In Sp. erected or depressed, running along the back
that which converts any substance into a
basilico; Lat. basilicus ; Gr. Baoiderós (basili and tail; there is no throat-pouch, and thigh-
salifiable base.
kos) = royal ; from Baoedeús (basileus) = a
pores are absent. On the occiput is a membra-
nous dilatable pouch.
bãº-si-fy, 0,t.
king.]
The species are partly
[Lat, basis, from Gr. Báơng
arboreal, partly aquatic. Basiliscus mitratus,
(basis) = a base (Basis), and facio = to make.]
A. As adjective:
the Hooded Basilisk, is from Guiana and other
Chem. : To convert into a salifiable base.
1. Pertaining to or resembling a basilica
parts of tropical America. B. Amboinensis,
(q.v.),
the Crested Basilisk, is from Amboyna and
bãº-si-fy-ing, pre par. & a. [BASIFY]
2. Anat.: Pertaining to the vein of the arm other parts of the Indian Archipelago. Their
bā-si-gỳn'-1-um, s. [Gr. Báois (basis) = a
called the basilic. [B. 2.]
habits are quite unlike those attributed to the
"These aneurisms following always upon bleeding
base, and yuvń (gunē) =... a female.]
fabulous basilisk of antiquity. [BASILISK.]
the basilick vein, inust be aneurisms of the humeral
Bot.: The same as GYNOPHORE (q.v.).
artery."-Sharp.
băş'-1-lîsk, * băş'--liske, s. [In Sw., Dan.,
B. As substantive :
băş'-il (1), s. [In Fr. biseau = bevelling.)
& Ger. basilisk; Fr. basilic; Sp., Port., & Ital.
1. Arch. [BASILICA.]
basilisco; Lat. basiliscus ; Gr. Baolliokos (ba-
Joinery : The sloping edge of a chisel or of
2. Anat.: A vein which crosses the radial siliskos) = (1) a little king or chieftain, (2) a
the iron of a plane. For soft wood it is
artery in the bend of the elbow, and is kind of serpent, so named, according to Pliny,
usually made 12°, and for hard wood, 18°.
separated from it by a tendinous expansion of from a spot upon its head like a crown. (See
"These chissels are not ground to such a basil as the
the biceps muscle. It is one of the two veins example under A. 1).]
joiner's chissels, on one of the sides, but are basiled
alway on both the flat sides, so that the edge lies most frequently opened in blood-letting.
A. Ordinary Language :
between both the sides in the middle of the tool."
-Moxon.
bą-şil-1-cą, bą-şil'-ſc, * bạ-şil'-ựck, s.
1. A fabulous animal, imagined by the an-
cients to be so deadly that its look, and much
băşt-il (2), s. [Possibly from
[In Fr. basilique ; Sp., Port., & Ital. basilica;
an Oriental
more its breath, was fatal to those who stood
word meaning to strip.] The skin of a sheep
| Gr. Baollikń (basilikē); from Baoldikós (basi-
near. When it hissed, other serpents fled from
tanned, used in bookbinding and for making
likos) = royal ; Baoldeús (basileus) = a king.)
it in alarm. [COCKATRICE.]
slippers.
I. In the Greek period : Apparently, as the
“Make me not sighted like the basilisk ;
etymology shows, a royal residence, though
I've looked on thousands who have sped the better
băş'-11 (3), s. [In Sw. basilika; Dan. basilike proof of the fact has not been obtained.
By my regard, but kill'd none so."
Shakesp. : Winter's Tale, i. 2.
nart; Dut. basilicum ; Ger. basilikum and basi II. In the Old Roman period :
“The basilisk was a serpent not above three palms
lienkraut; Fr. basilic; Ital. basilico; Lat. 1. A public building in the forum of Rome,
long, and differenced from other serpents by advancing
his head, and some white marks or coronary spots
basilicum ; from Gr. Baoidikós (basilikos) = furnished with double colonnades or aisles.
upon the crown."-Browne: Vulgur Errours.
royal ; Baoileús (basileus) = a king.) The
* 2. An obsolete kind of cannon, supposed
English name of the Ocymum, a genus of
to resemble the fabulous basilisk in its deadly
plants belonging to the order Lamiaceæ, or
effect. [BASIL (4).]
Labiates. The species are numerous ; many of
“We practise to make swifter motions than any you
them come from the East Indies. They are
have, and to make them stronger and more violent
fine-smelling plants.
than yours are; exceeding your greatest cannons and
basilisks.”—Bacon.
Sweet Basil or Basilicum is Ocymum ba-
silicum. It is an aromatic pot-herb.
B. Technically :
Wild Basil is Calamintha clinopodium.
1. Her.: The fabulous animal described
under A., 1. In most respects it resembles
PLAN OF TRAJAN'S BASILICA.
the cockatrice, from which, however, it is dis-
tinguishable by having an additional head at
It was used both as a court for the adininis-
the extremity of the tail. This peculiarity of
tration of justice and as an exchange for
its being two-headed makes it sometimes be
merchants.
called the Amphisien Cockatrice. [AMPHISIEN
COCKATRICE.]
2. Any similar building in other parts of
2. Zool. : The English name of the genus
Rome or in the provincial cities.
Basiliscus (q.v.).
III. In the Christian period :
1. A cathedral church. The name is given bā'-sîn (i mute, as if written basn), bā-son
because under Constantine many basilicas (Eng.), * bā'-sing, plur. * bā'-sing-is (0.
were changed into Christian churches, objec Scotch), s. [In Dan. & Fr. bassin; 0. Fr., O.
tion being felt to transforming the heathen Sp., & Prov. bacin ; Mod. Sp. & Port. bacia ;
temples, the associations of which had been Ital. bacino ; Low Lat. bacchinus; from bacca
always anti-Christian, and often immoral. =a vessel for water. Cognate with Ger. becken
(See Trench's Synon. of New Test., p. 139.)
= a basin, and Eng. bac, back (2) (q.v.). ]
2. A royal palace.
A. Ordinary Language :
The term was also applied in the Middle I. Of cavities artificially made :
WILD BASIL.
Ages to the large canopied tomb of persons of
1. A small vessel for holding water, designed
distinction. (See Parker's Glossary of Her.)
for washing or other purposes.
basil-thyme, s. Calamintha acinos.
bạ-şil'-ịc-al, d. [Eng. basilic ; -al.] The
"Hergest dotat this kirk with cowpis, challicis,
basingis, lawaris.”—Bellend. : Cron., bk. vi., ch. 15.
basil-weed, s. The same as Wild Basil same as BASILIC, adj. (q. v.).
Pelvibus, Boeth. (Jamieson.).
(Calamintha clinopodium).
“We behold a piece of silver in a basin, when water
basilical vein.
is put upon it, which we could not discover before, as
under the verge thereof."--Browne : Vulgar Errours.
* băşi-il (4), * băs'-sil, s. [Abbreviated from Anat. [BASILIC, B. 2.)
“And he made all the vessels of the altar, the pots,
Fr. basilic = a basilisk, a kind of cannon.]
bą-şil'-1c-an, a. (Eng. basilic (adj.), and suff.
and the shovels, and the basons, ..."- Exod. xxxviii. 3.
[BASILISK.] A long cannon, or piece of ord-
-an.] The vein of the arm described under
2. Anything of similar form artificially made
nance, carrying a ball of 160 lbs. weight, but
BASILIC, B. 2.
for holding water. Specially-
practically useless.
“She bare many canons, six on every side, with
(a) The cavity for receiving an ornamental
Soon after the execution of Charles I.,
sheet of water in a plantation, &c.
three great bassils, two behind in her dock, and one Howell made sarcastic allusion to the tragic
before."-Pitscottie, pp. 107, 108, (Jamieson.)
event, by using the word basilican at once in
(6) A dock in which vessels are received,
its anatomical and its etymological sense.
discharge their cargo, and, if need be, are
băş'-11, v.t. [From basil, s.) To grind the
“I will attend with patience how England will repaired.
edge of a tool to an angle. [For example, see thrive, now that she is let blood in the basilican vein." 3. Any hollow vessel, even though not
BASIL (1), s.]
-Howell : Lett., iii. 24.
designed for holding water. Thus the scales of
* ba-şil-1-cok, s. [From Eng. basili(sk), and a balance are sometimes, though rarely, called
băs'-1-lar, ba-sil-ar-y, do & s. [In Fr.
cock or cock(atrice).]
basilaire; Port. basilar; Mod. Lat. basilaris ;
[COCKATRICE.]
the basins of a balance. (Johnson.) [See also
A basi-
B.]
lisk. (Chaucer.)
from basis.] [BASE, BASIS.]
II. Of cavities existing in nature :
A. As adjective:
bą-şil'-1-con, s. [Gr. Baoldikóv (basilikon) = 1. The cavity naturally formed beneath a
1. Gen. : Situated at the base of anything. royal, from its “sovereign" virtue.] An oint waterfall.
2. Anat. : Pertaining to any portion of the
ment called also tetrapharmacon, from its
“Into a chasm a mighty block
frame which forms a basis to other portions.
being composed of four ingredients-yellow
Hath fallen, and made a bridge of rock:
The gulf is deep below;
B. As substantive :
wax, black pitch, resin, and olive oil. (Quincy.)
And in a basin black and small
"I made incision into the cavity, and put a pledget
Receives a lofty waterfall."
Anat. : An important artery.
of basilicon over it."—Wiseman.
Wordsworth : Idle Shepherd Boys.
TITY
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian = shạn. -cion, -tion, -sion=shủn; -ţion, -şion=zhŭn -tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

438
basined-Basquish
ITUD
VUITTI
2. A land-locked bay, or even a bay with a
wide entrance.
(a) With a narrow entrance.
“The jutting land two ample bays divides;
The spacious basins arching rocks inclose,
A sure defence froin every storm that blows."
Pope.
(6) With a wide entrance.
. which had assembled round the basin of
Torbay.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi.
3. The bed of the ocean.
“If this rotation does the seas affect,
The rapid motion rather would eject
The stores, the low capacious caves contain,
And from its ample būsin cast the main.”
Blackmore.
B. Technically:
I. Mechanical Arts :
1. Among opticians : A concave piece of
metal, in shape resembling a bason, on which
glass-grinders form their convex glasses.
2. Among hat-makers : A round shell or case
of iron placed over a furnace, in which hatters
mould a hat into form.
II. Nature :
1. Anat. : A round cavity situated between
the anterior ventricles of the brain.
2. Physical Geography:
(a) A circular or oval valley, generally form-
ing the bed of a lake, or, if not, then having a
river flowing through it.
(6) The entire area drained by a river, as
the basin of the Amazon; or the channel of
an ocean, as the Atlantic Ocean.
III. Geology :
1. In the same sense as B., II. 2. (a).
“... there was a point in connection with this
which Professor Rainsay said he claimed as his own
idea, and that was with regard to the origin of lake-
basins. His belief is that in all cases they have
originated from glaciers ; that is, that the basins have
been scooped out by glaciers."-Lecture at the London
Institution. (Times, March 7, 1878.)
2. A depression in strata in which beds of
later age have been deposited. Thus the
London basin consists of tertiary strata de-
posited in a large cavity in the chalk.
3. A circumscribed geological formation in
which the strata dip on all sides inward. Coal
frequently occurs in the Carboniferous forma-
tion in such a depression.
basin-shaped, a. Shaped like a basin.
bā'-sĩned (i mute), a. [Eng. basin ; -ed.] Situ-
ated in a basin; enclosed in a basin. (Young.)
bã-si-nỹrved, a. [Lat. basi(s), and Eng.
nerved.]
Botany. Of leaves : Having the nerves, or
“ribs,” all springing from the base.
băs'-in-ět, s. [BASCINET.]
* bā'-sîng, s. [BASIN.] (0. Scotch.)
bā-si-ros'-trąl, a. [Lat. basis (BASIS), and
rostralis = pertaining to the rostrum or bill of
a bird.] Situated at the base of the bill.
“Several persons have supposed or imagined it [the
serrated claw in the Goat-sucker] to be for the purpose
of enabling the bird to clear away from between its
basirostral bristles the fragments of wings or other
parts of lepidopterous insects, which by adhering have
clogged them."-Macgillivray: Brit. Birds, vol. iii.,
p. 643.
bā -sſs, s. [In Fr., Port., & Ital. base; Sp.
basa ; Dan., Dut., Ger., & Lat. basis ; Gr.
Báous (basis) = a stepping, a step, a foot, a
foundation ; Baivw (baino) = to walk, to step,
to go.]
A. Ordinary Language :
I. Lit. Of things which are or are assumed
to be material: That on which anything rests,
or is supposed to rest; the lowest part of any-
thing, as the foundation of a building, &c.
1. Generally:
“In altar-wise a stately pile they rear,
The basis broad below, and top advanc'd in air.”
Dryden.
“Ascend my chariot, guide the rapid wheels
That shake heaven's basis, .
Milton: P. L., bk. vi.
2. Specially. [B., I. 1. & 2.]
II. Of things immaterial : The fundamental
principle, groundwork, or support of anything.
"... build me thy fortunes upon the basis of
valour."-Shakesp. : Twelfth Night, iii. 2.
“... all parts of an author's work were, moreover,
supposed to rest on the same basis."-Lewis : Early
Rom. Hist., ch. i., $ 1.
"... the basis of the negotiations of the approach-
ing Conference, ..."-Times, Nov. 11, 1876.
† B. Technically:
I. Architecture:
1. The pedestal of a column; the lowest
part of a column, the other being the shaft basket-carriage, s. A small carriage
and the capital. [BASE.]
with a wicker bed, adapted to be drawn by
“Observing an English inscription upon the basis, ponies.
we read it over several times."-Addison.
2. The pedestal of a statue.
basket-fish, s. Not a genuine “fish,”
“How many times shall Cæsar bleed in sport,
but a “Star-fish." It is
That now on Pompey's basis lies along
of the genus Astrophyton,
No worthier than the dust!”
and the family Ophiuridæ.
Shakesp. : Julius Cæsur, iii. 1.
(ARGUS.]
II. Chem.: The same as BASE (q.v.).
III. Pros.: The smallest trochaic rhythm.
basket-hilt, S. The
hilt of a weapon, so called
bā'-si-so-lūte, d. [Lat. basis = a base, and because it is made in some-
solutus = unbound, loose, free; pa. par. of thing like the shape of a !
solvo = to loosen, to separate, to disengage.] basket, so as to contain the
Botany. Of leaves : Extended downwards
whole hand, and defend it
beyond the point at which theoretically they
from being wounded in
arise.
fighting or fencing. The BASKET-HILT.
basket-hilt of a single stick
+ bā'-sist, s. [From Eng. base in music.] One is usually made of wicker-work.
who sings base or bass.
“ With basket-hilt that would hold broth,
And serve for fight and dinner both."
* bā'-sit, pa. par. [BASED.) (Scotch.)
“ Hudibras.
bask, * baske, v.t. & i. [Etym. doubtful.
basket-hilted, a. Having a basket-hilt.
Probably from O. Sw. basa = to bask (Todd, basket-osier, basket osier, s. The
Wedgwood, &c.). Compare also Dut. bakeren English name of Salix Forbyana. It grows wild
= to swaddle, ... to bask in the sun. Cog in England, and is cultivated for purposes of
nate with Eng. bake (q.v.). Mahn suggests commerce, being inuch esteemed by basket-
also Ger. bächern, bächeln = to revive hy makers for the finer sorts of wicker-work.
warmth; and Wedgwood Eng. bathe (q.v.).]
basket-salt, S. Salt made from salt
A. Transitive: To place in the sun with
springs, of a finer quality than ordinary salt;
the view of being warmed by its heat.
so called from the shape or construction of the
“ 'Tis all thy business, business how to shun,
vessel in which the brine is evaporated.
To bask thy naked body in the sun.”—Dryden.
It is sometimes used reciprocally with
basket-woman, s. A woman who at-
the word self.
tends at markets with a basket, ready to carry
"He was basking himself in the gleam of the sun."-
home anything which is bought by customers.
L'Estranye.
basket-work, s.
B. Intransitive (now the more frequent):
1. Work or texture of plaited osiers or twigs.
1. Lit.: To repose in the sun for the purpose [WICKER-WORK.]
of feeling its genial warmth; to sun one's self.
2. Fortification : Work involving the inter-
(Used of man, of the inferior animals, or even
weaving of withes and stakes-e.g., fascines,
of plants.)
hurdles, &c.
“... a group of six or seven of these hideous reptiles
may oftentimes be seen on the black rocks, a few feet
bask'-ět, v.t. [From basket, s. (q.v.).] To put
above the surf, basking in the sun with outstretched
legs."-Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. xvii. in a basket. (Cowper.)
2. Fig.: To repose amid genial influences.
bask'-ět-ful, s. [Eng. basket; full.]
basked, pa. par. & a. [BASK.]
1. A basket literally full of any substance.
2. As much of anything as would fill an
bask'-ět, * bask'-ette, s. [A Celtic word.
ordinary basket.
In Corn. basket; Welsh basged, bascod, bas-
gawd, basgauda ; from basg = plaiting, net + bask-ět-rý, s. [Eng. basket; suff. -ry.] A.
work ; Irish bascaid, bascaied, basceid; Lat. number of baskets regarded collectively.
'bascauda, avowedly derived from the Old
British. (See the 1 below.).]
bask'-îng, pr. par. & a. [BASK, v.i.]
A. Ordinary Language :
basking-shark, s. A shark, called in
1. A light and airy vessel made of plaited English also the Sun-fish and the Sail-fish,
osiers, twigs, or similar flexible material, much and by zoologists Selachus maximus. As its
used in domestic arrangements.
name maximus imports, it is the largest known
The baskets made by the old inhabitants shark, sometimes reaching thirty-six feet in
of Britain were so good that they became
length, but it has little of the ferocity seen in
celebrated at Rome, and were called by a Latin its immediate allies. It is called “basking"
name which was confessedly only their native because it has a habit of lying motionless on
appellation pronounced by foreign lips. Mar-
the water, as if enjoying the warmth of the
tial thus speaks of them : “Barbara de pictis sun. It inhabits the Northern seas, but is
venit bascauda Britannis” (“The barbarian occasionally found on our shores. [SELACHUS.]
basket came from the painted Britons”'). By
“barbarian " he probably meant made by
* bās'-nat (pl. bās'-nat-is), s. [Fr. basinette,
foreigners, as contradistinguished from Ro-
dimin. from bassin =a bason.] A small basin;
mans, and did not mean in any way to im-
a little bowl. (Scotch.)
peach the excellence of the manufacture. Mr. "... twa blankatis, price viijs. : twa targeatis, price
Freeman (0. Eng. Hist. for Children) instances
of pece xs.: thre barnatis, price of the pece, xiijs. iiijd."
basket as one of the few Welsh words in Eng-
Act. Dom. Conc., A. 1491, p. 195. (Jamieson.)
lish, and points out that the small number * băs'-nět, s. [BASCINET.]
that do exist are mainly the sort of words
which the women, whether wives or slaves,
bā'-sön (1), s. [BASIN.]
would bring in. From this and other facts,
he infers that in what at the end of the sixth
| * bâ'-sön (2). [BAWSON.]
century had become England, the prior in- | Basque (que as k), a. & 3. [Fr. Basque =
habitants had been all but extirpated by the pertaining to Biscay or its inhabitants.]
Anglo-Saxon invaders.
A. As adjective: Pertaining to the Basque
“... a basket of unleavened bread."-Lev. viii. 2.
race or language.
"And they did all eat, and were filled : and they
B. As substantive :
took up of the fragments that remained twelve baskets
full."- Matt. xiv. 20.
1. One of the Basque race. This extremely
2. As a vague measure of capacity : As many antique race, which probably once occupied
of anything as the size of basket generally the whole Iberian peninsula, exists in the
used for containing that article will hold.
Spanish provinces of Guipuzcoa, Biscay, Alava,
"One brave soldier has recorded in his journal the and Navarre, and in France in Labourd, Basse
kind and courteous manner in which a basket of the
Navarre, and Soule.
first cherries of the year was accepted from him by the
king."-Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xvi.
2. The Basque language. It has no close
B. Technically :
affinity to any European tongue. Even the
1. Her. : Winnowing-basket. [WINNOWING,
numerals are unique, except sei (six), and bi
VANE.]
(two).
2. Mil. [GABION.]
3. A jacket with a short skirt worn by
3. Arch. : The base of a Corinthian capital.
ladies, copied probably from the Basque cos-
tume.
(Gwilt.)
4. Hat-making: A wicker-work or wire | † Băs'-quish (qu as k), a. [Eng. Basqu(e);
screen used in the process of bowing (q.v.). L -ish. In Ger. Baskisch.]
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pịt, sire, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sön; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; try, Sýrian. æ, e=ē. ey=ā. qu= kw.
bie
mener det er et stime, but sure, sir, marine je pšt.

bas-relief-bassil
439
sichord or organ. Hence, the art of adding
chords to a figured bass; the art of harmony.
[BASSO-CONTINUO.]
bass-horn, s. A wind instrument of low
tone, deeper than the bassoon.
bass-viol, + base-viol, s. [Eng. bass,
base ; viol. In Sw. & Dan. bas-fiol; Fr. basse
de viole; Port. baixo de violu.] A stringed
instrument for playing bass ; a violoncello.
"On the sweep of the arch lies one of the Muses,
playing on a base-viol."-Dryden.
“At the first grin he cast every human feature out
of his countenance, at the second he became the head
of a base-viol."-Addison.
+ bass, v.t. [From the substantive. Comp. Fr.
baisser = to lower, to sink, to depress.] To
sound in a deep grave tone.
“Methought the billows spoke and told me of it;
The winds did sing it to me, and the thunder,
That deep and dreadful organ-pipe, pronounc'd
The name of Prosper; it did bass my trespass."
Shakesp. : Tempest, iii. 3.
bàss, a. [Fr. bas =- low.] Low. (Used in com-
position, as in bass-relief, &c.)
bass-relief, bas - relief, basso -
relievo, s. [In Sw., Dut., & Ger. bas relief;
Fr. bas-relief; Sp. buxo relieve; Ital. basso-
rilievo. From Fr. bas, Sp. baxo, Ital. basso
=low; and Fr. relief, Sp. relieve, Ital. re-
lievo = (1) a relief, foil, set-off ; (2) relief in
painting and sculpture, (3) embossing. ] Low
relief; a kind of sculpture, a coin, medal,
&c., or embossing, in which the figures are
“in relief,” that is, are raised above the plane
in which they stand, but are raised only
slightly, this being implied by the French
word bas= low. More specifically, they stand
out less than half their proper proportions :
Percc labrax of Limæus. It is like the perch,
but is marine. It occurs in Britain. At
Ramsgate it is called the Sea-dace. It is used
for food. It has been known to weigh thirty
pounds.
"For catching of whiting and basse they use a
thread.”—Carew: Survey of Cornwall, p. 32. (Boucher.)
2. A sea-fish, caught particularly at the
Potomac and Chesapeak Bay. It is highly
esteemed in Virginia. (Boucher.)
+ bas'-sěn-ět, * bas'-san-ětte, s. [BAS-
CINET.]
bas'-sět, t bas-set', * bas-sett'e, s. & a.
[In Dan. bassetspil; Ger. bassetspiel; Fr. bas-
sette; Sp. baceta; Ital. bassetta = somewhat
less dimin. of basso = low.] [Bass, BASSE.]
A. As substantive: A game at cards, said
to have been invented by a Venetian noble.
It was introduced into France in 1674. The
parties to the game are nominally a dealer or
banker; his assistant, who supervises the
losing card ; and the punter, to play against
the banker.
“Soine dress, some dance, some play, not to forget
Your picquet parties, and your dear basset."
Rowe.
“... in another were gamblers playing deep at
basset ..."-Macaulay: Hist. of Eng. ch. iii.
B. As adjective: Pertaining to the game
described under A.
“Gamesters would no more blaspheme; and Lady
Dabcheek's basset bank would be broke."-Dennis.
basset-table, s. A table upon which
basset is played.
“The basset-table spread, the tallier come;
Why stays Smilinda in the dressing-room?"
Pope: Miscellanies, The Basset-table, i. 2.
+ bas'-set (1), a. & s. [Comp. Old Fr. basset,
dimin. of bas = low, as Ital. bassetto is dimin.
of basso = low.]
A. As adjective (among miners): Having a
direction at one side towards the surface of
the earth; tending to crop out.
B. As substantive (among miners): The out-
crop of strata at the surface of the ground.
băs'-set (2), a. [Comp. Ital. bassetto = some-
what low, dimin. of basso = low. In O. Fr. &
Prov. basset = somewhat low.] [BASSET, adj.
& s.] (Used in composition, as in Basset-horn,
q.v.)
basset-horn, s. [Ital. corno di basetto.]
A musical instrument, the tenor of the clarinet
family, having more than three octaves in its
stand, hosted abovenres are
July, this
ULLANILITETIN
1. After the manner of the Basques.
2. Pertaining to the Basque language.
.. their words were Basquish or Cantabrian."-
Sir T. Browne : Tracts, p. 136.
bas-ré-lî'ef (s mute), s. [Fr.] [BASS-RELIEF.]
bass (1), s. [A corruption or alteration of bast
(g.v.).]
. See also BAST (1).
1. The inner bark of the lime or linden-tree,
from which mats were once made in England,
as they still are in Russia. [See Nos. 2, 3.]
2. The lime or linden-tree itself (Tilia
Europea), also the American species (Tilia
Americana). [BASS-WOOD.)
3. A mat made of the inner bark of the lime
or linden-tree, or of any similar material.
Specially-
(1) In England: A hassock or thick mat on
which people kneel at church.
(2) In Scotland :
(a) A mat laid at a door for cleaning one's
feet. (Jamieson.)
(b) A mat used for packing bales of goods.
(Jamieson.)
(c) A sort of mat on which dishes are placed
at table, especially meant for preserving the
table from being stained by those that are hot.
(Jamieson.)
bass-wood, s.
1. The wood of the American lime or linden-
tree (Tilia Americana).
"All the bowls were made of bass-wood,
White and polished very smoothly."
Słongfellow : Song of Hiawatha, xi.
2. The tree itself.
+ bass (2), s. [BASSE.]
bāss (3), * bāse, * basse, a. & s. [In Sw.,
Dan., & Dut. bas; Ger. bass; Fr. basse ; Sp.
baxo; Port. baixo; Ital. basso.] [BASE.
A. As adj. (Music): Of a low or deep pitch;
grave, as opposed to acute. (The form base is
now obsolete, being superseded by bass.)
"In pipes, the lower the note-holes be, and the
further from the mouth of the pipe, the more base
3ound they yield.”—Bacon.
B. As subst. (Music):
1. The string which gives a base sound.
"At thy well-sharpen'd thumb, from shore to shore,
The trebles squeak for fear, the bases roar.'
Dryden.
2. An instrument which plays the bass
part; specially of the violoncello or bass-
viol, and the contrabasso or double bass. Both
this and the previous sense are found in the
following example.
“Now Mr. Fearing was one that played upon the
bass. He and his fellows sound the sackbut, whose
notes are more doleful than the notes of other music
are; though indeed some say the bass is the ground of
music. And for my part, I care not at all for that
profession which begins not in heaviness of mind.
The first string that the musician usually touches is
the bass, when he intends to put all in tune. God also
en he sets the soul in
tune for himself."-Bunyan: P. P., pt. ii.
3. The lowest of the principal human
voices; those higher in pitch being respec-
tively baritone, tenor, alto or contralto, mezzo-
soprano, soprano.
4. Plural: The portion of a choir singing
the bass part; also the portion of a string-
band playing the bass part.
5. In compound words: The lowest instru-
ment of any class or family of instruments;
as bass-clarinet, bass-flute, bass-horn, bass-
trombone, bass-tuba, bass-viot or base-viol.
6. Bass-string or base-string: The string of
lowest pitch on a string instrument having
deep sounds.
7. Bass-clef : The lowest sign of a
absolute pitch used in music; the
F clef.
TA fundamental bass : The supposed gene-
rator or foundation of any harmonic combina-
tion. Thus C is said to be the fundamental
base of the chord G, C, E.
WWW
MS
BASSET-HORN.
BAS-RELIEF. (ARCH OF TITUS.)
had they stood out half their proportions,
the term used would have been mezzo-relievo
(meaning, in middle relief); and had they done
so more than half, the word used would have
been alto-relievo, signifying = in high, bold,
or strong relief.
băs'-sa-nět, băs'-sa-năt, s. [BASCINET.)
(Scotch.)
basse, + bass, * base, * bar (Ord. Eng.),
barse, barçe (Provinc. Eng.), s. (From
A.S. bærs, bears, the kind of perch described
in the def. ; Dut. baars = a perch ; Ger. bars,
barsch, bärsich = the barse, a perch. Akin,
though not so closely, also to Eng. perch ; Fr.
perche; Ital. perticu; Low Lat. parca, porca;
Sp. & Lat. perca ; Gr. Tépkn (perkē), mépkos
(perkos)=dark-coloured, dusky.].
A. Formerly (with little precision): Either
the marine fish described under B., or some
freshwater perch resembling it.
“Bar, the fish called a base.”—Cotgrave.
“ Item, there is within the said manor a great tarne
or fish-pond, called Talken Tarn, wherein are good
store of pyke, barces, trowtes, and eyles."-Hutchison :
Hist. Cumberland, i. 149. (Boucher.)
B. Now more precisely):
1. A fish of the order Acanthopterygii and
family Percidæ. It was known to the Greeks
as láßpaš (labrax), and to the Romans as lupus,
compass, extending upwards from F below the
bass stave. It differs from the shape of the
clarinet mainly in having the bell-mouth,
which is made of metal, recurved.
† băs'-sět, v.i. [From basset, a. & s. (q. v.).]
Among miners : To rise to the surface of
the earth. (Applied specially to beds of coal,
which thus rise in a direction contrary to
that in which they dip.)
bạs-sět'te, s. [Fr.] The same as BASSET, s.
(q.v.). [BASSETTO.]
băs'-sět-ing, pr. par. & s. [BASSET, v.]
As substantive (among miners): The rise of
a vein of coal to the surface of the earth; the
cropping out of coal in the direction contrary
to its dip.
bas-sět'-to, bas-sett'e, s. [Ital. bassetto
(adj.) = somewhat low; (s.) counter-tenor.]
[BASSET, adj.] A tenor or small bass-viol.
băs'-si-ą, s. [Named after Fernando Bassi,
curator of the botanic gardens at Bologna.]
A genus of plants belonging to the order Sapo-
taceæ (Sapotads). It consists of large trees
which grow in the East Indies. Bassia lati-
folia (Broad-leaved Bassia) is common in some
parts of India. It is called the Mohra or
Moho-tree. The flowers have a heavy, sicken-
ing smell, and an intoxicating spirit is distilled
from them. B. butyracea is the Indian Butter-
tree. The African Butter-tree, that of Mungo
Park and Bruce, is also a Bassia.
* bas'-sil, s. [BASIL (4).]
er os
43
EXAMPLE OF FIGURED BASE FROM CORELLI.
Thorough or continuous bass : Originally
the bass part figured for the player on a harp-
boil, bóy; póūt, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, çhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious, -cious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, del.

440
bassinet-bastard
t băs'-sin-ět, s. [BASCINET.)
băs'-sï-nette, s. [Corrupted from Fr. ber-
ceaunette, dimin. of berceau = a cradle.) A
wicker basket with a covering or hood over
the end, in which young children are placed
as in a cradle.
băss-măt, s. [Scotch bass (BAST), and Eng.
mát.] Matting inade of bass, used for various
gardening purposes.
" Then you should provide a parcel of small osier
twigs or bass-mat to tie up some of the largest to
blanch.”-Miller : Gardening Dict., art. “Cichorium."
(Richardson.)
băs'-so, s. [Ital. bass.] [BASS.]
1. The bass in music.
2. One who sings or plays the bass part.
“Soprano, basso, even the contra-alto,
Wish'd him five fathom under the Rialto."
Byron : Beppo, v. 32.
basso-concertante, S. [Ital.] The
principal bass string-instrument; that which
accompanies recitatives and solos.
basso-continuo, s. [Ital. basso and con-
tinuo = continual.] Continued or thorough-
bass, i.e., the figured bass written continuously
throughout a movement, for the use of the
player on a harpsichord or organ. [BASS (3).]
basso - rilievo, basso-relievo, s.
[Ital.] [BAS-RELIEF.]
basso-ripieno, s. [Ital. basso, & ripieno
= full, filled.] The bass of the grand chorus,
which comes in only occasionally.
băs'-sock, băs'-soc, s. [From bass, and
dim. suff. -ock.] A bass, a mat.
bas-sôo'n, * bas-sô'n, s. [In Sw. bassong ;
Dan. & Dut. basson ; Fr. basson ; Sp. baxon ;
Port. baixao ; Ital. fagotto = a fagot, so called
from its similarity in appearance to a bundle
of sticks. ]
1. A reed instrument of the “double-reed"
class, forming in ordinary orchestras the
tenor and bass of the wood-wind band. It
băst (1), băss (1), s. [A.S. bæst = the inner
bark of the linden-tree, of which ropes were
mnade ; besten rap = a linden or bast rope ;
Icel., Sw., Dan., Dut., & Ger. bast; 0. H. Ger.
bast, past. In Dut. bast means also back, rind,
cod, husk, shell.]
1. Properly : The inner bark of the lime or
linden-tree, used in Russia and elsewhere for
making mats. [Bass.]
2. A rope made from this material.
3. Anything similar. Spec., a strong woody
fibre derived from two palms, Attalea funifera
and Leopoldiana Piassaba, and used for making
brooms and brushes.
Cuba bast: The fibres of Paritium elatum,
a Mallow-wort. It is used for tying up plants
in gardens, or binding together cigars. (Trea-
sury of Botany.)
bast-matting, bast matting, Rus-
sian matting, s. The matting formed
from the inner bark of the lime. (Hooker &
Arnott's Brit. Flora, ord. Tiliacece.)
bāst (2), s. (BASTE.]
băs'-tą, adv. [Ital. basta = enough.]
Music: Enough! stop! A term used when
the leader of a band wishes to stop a per-
former. (Crabb.)
* băs-tā'il-yỉe, s. [BASTILLE.] (0. Scotch.)
băs'-tant, a. [Fr. bastant, pr. par. of baster =
to be sufficient, to go on well ; Sp., Port., &
Ital. bastante = sufficient; Sp. & Port. bastar =
to suffice, to supply, to give; Ital. bastare =
to be sufficient; basta = enough.] Possessed
of ability.
“If we had been provided of ball, we were sufficiently
bastant to have kept the passe against our enemy."-
Monro: Exped., i. 20. (Jamieson.)
băs/-tard, * băs/-tarde, * băs'-tạrst, s.
& a. [Eng. bast(e)= illegitimacy (q.v.), and
suff. -ard. In Sw., Dan., & Ger. bastard; Dut.
bastaard ; Fr. bâtard; O. Fr. & Prov. bastard,
bastart; Sp., Port., & Ital. bastardo ; Low Lat.
bastardus. Mahn considers the ultimate etymo-
logy to be Fr. bât; 0. Fr. & Prov. bast; Low
Lat. basta, bastum = a packsaddle, muleteers
at the inns being accustomed to use their
packsaddles as beds. Wedgwood, again, re-
gards bastard as remotely derived from Celt.
baos = lust, fornication.] [BASTE.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : An illegitimate child. [A., II. 1.]
"To anounce Robert his sone, that bastarst, was
there ..
Rob. Glouces., p, 431. (s. in Boucher.)
“I laugh to think that babe a bastard."
e Shakesp.: Timon, i. 2.
2. Figuratively:
(a) Anything spurious, counterfeit, or false.
"... words that are but rooted in
Your tongue, though but bastards and syllables
Of no allowance to your bosom's truth."
Shakesp. : Coriol., iii. 2.
(b) The wine described under A., II. 3.
II. Technically :
1. Luw:
(a) English Law: One born out of lawful
wedlock. (A child begotten out of lawful wed-
lock may be legitimized if its parents marry
before its birth.)
A bastard, being looked on legally as no
one's son, cannot inherit property, though he
may acquire it by his own exertions. Other
disabilities under which he formerly laboured
have been removed.
When a man has a bastard son, and after-
wards marrying the mother has a legitimate
son by her, the former is called bastard eigne,
and the latter mulier puisne.
(6) Scots Law : In Scotland a child is legiti-
mized if its parents marry at any future
period; this was the case also in the Roman
law, which the Scotch in this respect followed.
2. Hist. (Plur. Bastards). [So called because
headed by the illegitimate sons of noblemen,
who, on account of being bastards, were in-
capable of inheriting property.] The name
given to certain bandits, who in the fourteenth
century rose in Guienne, and, joining with
the English, set fire to various towns.
* 3. Wine-making : A name formerly applied
to a foreign sweet wine sometimes called
muscadel (MUSCADEL). It came chiefly from
Candia.
“Why, then, your brown bastard is your only drink."
Shakesp. : 1 Hen. IV., ii. 4.
4. Sugar-refining:
(a) (Pl. Bastards): An impure, coarse brown
sugar, one of the refuse products in the manu-
facture of refined sugar. It is occasionally
used in brewing, and frequently by publicans
to bring up the colour and gravity of beers
which they have adulterated.
(b) Sing. : A large-sized mould in which
sugar is drained. (Ure.)
B. As adjective :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit.: Begotten out of wedlock ; illegiti-
mate ; natural.
"Peace is a very apoplexy, lethargy, insensible, ... a
getter of more bastard children than war 's a destroyer
of men.”-Shakesp. : Coriol., iv. 5.
2. Figuratively :
(a) Spurious, not genuine; adulterated, im-
plying inferiority to the thing counterfeited.
“That were a kind of bastard hope indeed."-
Shakesp.: Merch. of Ven., iii. 5.
"Men who, under the disguise of publick good, pursue
their own designs of power, and such bastard honours
as attend them.”—Temple.
(6) Resembling anything else, though not
identical with it. Not necessarily implying
inferiority to that which it is like. (Used
specially of plants or animals resembling
others, but not really identical with them, at
the same time they are just as perfect as the
species whose “ bastards” they are.) [See II.
6 & 7.]
II. Technically:
1. Military. Of cannon : Of an abnormal
type; for instance, longer or shorter than
ordinary.
2. Printing :
(a) Bastard or half-title : An abbreviated
title on a page preceding the full title-page
of a book.
(6) Bastard fount: A fount of type cast on
a smaller or larger body than that to which it
usually belongs. In the former case the lines
appear closer together, and in the latter wider
apart, than in type cast on the usual body.
3. Wine-making. Bastard wines (pl.): Those
partly sweet, partly astringent.
“Such wines are called mungrel or bastard wines,
which, betwixt the sweet and astringent ones, have
neither manifest sweetness nor manifest astriction,
but indeed participate and contain in them both
qualities."-Markham : Transl. of Maison Rustique
(1616), p. 635. (S. in Boucher.)
4. Plastering. Bastard stucco: A kind of
stucco, made two-thirds of lime and one-third
of fine pure sand; also, the finishing coat of
plastering when prepared for paint.
5. Painting. Bastard Scarlet : Of a red
colour dyed with madder.
6. Zool. Bastard Plover: An English name
for a bird, the Common Lapwing (Vanellus
cristatus).
7. Botany :
Bastard Alkanet, Bastard-alkanet: The bark
of Lithospermum arvense (Common Gromwell).
It abounds with a deep-red dye, which is
easily communicated to oily substances like
the true Alkanet (Anchusa tinctoria).
Bastard Balm, Bastard-balm : The English
name of Melittis, a genus of Lamiaceæ (La-
biates). Specially applied to the Melittis
melissophyllum, a plant found wild in the south
and south-west of England. It has beautiful
flowers of variegated colour, and in a her-
bariuin acquires and long retains a smell like
that of Anthoxanthum.
Bastard Cabbage-tree : The English name of
Geoffroya, an anomalous genus with papilio-
naceous flowers, and drupes instead of proper
legumes for fruit.
Bastard Cedar, Bastard-cedar :
(a) The English name of the Cedrela, a
genus constituting the typical one of the order
Cedrelaceæ (Cedrelads). [CEDRELA.] Also
the wood of various species of the genus.
One kind comes from Australia, and another
from the West Indies. The latter is of a
brown colour and a fragrant odour, whence
the name of cedar has been given to it. It is
light, soft, and well adapted for making canoes
and other purposes.
(6) The English name of the Bubroma, a
genus belonging to the order Byttneriaceæ
(Byttneriads). The Bubroma guazuma (Elm-
leaved Bastard Cedar) grows in Jamaica. The
"wood is light and easily wrought. The tree is
an umbrageous one, and supplies cattle not
merely with food, but with shelter from heat.
[BUBROMA.]
BASSOON.
has a compass of about three octaves, com-
mencing at the note B flat below the bass
stave.
"The wedding guest here beat his breast,
For he heard the loud bassoon.'
Coleridge : Ancient Mariner.
2. An organ-stop of a quality of tone similar
to the orchestral instrument.
3. A series of free reeds on a harmonium or
kindred instrument, of a like quality of tone
bas-sôon'-1st, s. [Eng. bassoon ; -ist.] A
musician whose instrument is the bassoon.
Băs'-sór-ą, Bŭs'-sór-ah, s. & a. [From
Arab. basra = a margin.]
A. As substantive: A frontier city of Asiatic
Turkey on the Shat-el Arab (river of the
Arabs), made by the junction of the Euphrates
and the Tigris into one stream. It is about
seventy miles from the Persian Gulf.
B. As adj. : Pertaining to Bassora.
Bassora-gum, s. Gum brought from
Bassora. It is supposed to be derived either
from a Cactus or a Mesembryanthemum.
băs'-sór-in, s. [In Fr. bassorine.]
Chem. : A kind of mucilage found in gum-
tragacanth, which forms a jelly with water,
but does not dissolve in it.
A clear, aqueous-looking liquid, appa-
rently of the nature of bassorin, exists in the
large cells of the tubercular roots of some
terrestrial Orchids of the section Ophyreæ.
It is formed of minute cells, each with its
cytoblast; the whole being compactly aggre-
gated in the interior of the parent cell.
băs'-sús, s. [Lat. Bassus, a proper name.] A
genus of hymenopterous insects, belonging to
the family Braconidæ. They have long narrow
bodies, and frequent umbelliferous flowers.
* bāst, v.t. [BASTE.] (Scotch.)
bāst (1), pa. par. [BASTED, BAST, v.) (Scotch.)
bāst (2), pa. par. [BASE, v. ; BASED, pa. par.]
(Scotch.)
I
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pine, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, són; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; trý, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu= kw.

bastard-bastinado
441
DESSA
AR
Bastard Cinnamon, Bastard-cinnamon: A 2. To render one a bastard by legislation, or Băs'-tîlle, * băs'-tîle, * băs-tylle (ylle
tree, Laurus cassia, which grows in Ceylon. to convict one of being a bastard; legally to
as 11), * băs'-tēli, * băs'-těl, * băs-ti-
It is decorticated like the True Cinnamon, but declare one a bastard. (Burn : Just. of Peace.)
of inferior value, being more largely imbued
li-an, * bằs-tin-li-ôn (Eng.), * bằs-tail-
II. With a thing for the object : To render
with mucilage.
vie (0. Scotch), s. [O. Fr. bastille = a fastness,
illegitimate or abnormal. [See example under
Bastard Dittany, Bastard-dittany : A Ruta-
a castle furnished with towers ; from bastir,
the participial adjective.]
Mod. Fr. bâtir = to build. In Port. bastilha;
ceous plant, Dictamnus Fraxinella.
Bastard Flower Fence : The English name of
Low Lat. bastellum, bastile, bastilia, bastia.]
băs-tard-ī'zed, pa. par. & a.
Adenanthera, a genus of plants belonging to
“... irregular, abbreviated, and bastardized lan I. Generally :
the Leguminous order and the Cæsalpineous
guages.”—Darwin : Descent of Man, vol. i., pt. i., ch. ii.
* 1. Originally: A temporary wooden tower
sub-order. [ADENANTHERA.]
băs-tard-ī'z-ing, pr. p.,s., & a. (BASTARDIZE.]
on wheels, constructed to enable besiegers
Bastard Hare's Ear: The English name of
safely to approach a town or fort which they
the Phyllis, a genus belonging to the order
bắs-tard-lẽ, ado. & C.
designed to attack.
Cinchonaceæ (Cinchonads). Phyllis nobla,
A. As adverb: Like a bastard ; after the “They had also towres of tymber goyng on wheles,
from the Canaries, is an evergreen shrub with
manner of a bastard. [Used (lit.) of persons
that we clepe bustiles or somer castelles, and, shortly,
alle thinges that nedfulle was in eny inaner kynde of
beautiful leaves.
or (fig.) of things.]
werres the legion had it."-Trevisa : Vegecius, MS.
Bastard Hemp : A plant, Datisca cannabina.
“Good seed degenerates, and oft obeys
Reg. 18, A. xii., ii. 2. (S. in Boucher.)
The soil's disease, and into cockle strays;
2. Later: A small antique castle fortified
It belongs to the Datiscaceæ, or Datiscads.
Let the mind's thoughts but be transplanted so
Bastard Indigo, Bastard-indigo: The English
Into the body, and bustardly they grow.”
with turrets, a blockhouse ; also the turrets,
"Donne. bulwarks, or other defences of such a struc-
name of a genus of plants belonging to the
B. As adjective: Spurious, counterfeit, not ture.
Leguminous order. There are several species,
all from
“Sone efter he gat syndry craftismen to clenge the
America.
really what it looks like or is called after.
Amorpha fruticosa, or
fowseis and to repair the said wall in all partis with
Shrubby Bastard Indigo, was once used in
"Bastardly tertian..."-Barrough : Method of
touris and bastailyies, rysyng in the strangest maner
Physick (1624). (Halliwell : Contr. to Lexicog.)
Carolina as an indigo-plant, but it is now
that mycht be deuisit.”- Bellend. : Cron., bk. v., c. 9
abandoned.
bắs-tard-ỹ, s. [Eng. bastard ; -. In Sp. &
II. Spec. (of the form Bastille): The cele-
Bastard Lupine, Bastard-lupine: The English Port. bastardia; Ital. bastardigia.]
brated Parisian state-prison and fortress called
by way of pre-eminence the Bastille. It was
name of Lupinaster, a genus of Leguminous A. Ord. Lang. : The state or condition of a
commenced in 1370 by order of Charles V. of
plants from Siberia.
bastard.
France, and was finished in 1382 under his
Bastard Manchineel : The English name of
“There, at your meetest advantage of the time,
Cameraria, a genus of plants belonging to the
Infer the bastardy of Edward's children."
order Apocynaceæ (Dog-banes).
Shakesp. : Richard III., iii. 5.
B. Scots Law:
Bastard Orpine : The English name of the
1. Declaration of Bastardy: An action raised
Andrachne, a genus of Euphorbiaceous plants.
in the Court of Session to obtain a declaration
Bastard Pimpernel: The English name of
that the plaintiff who has received from the
Centunculus, a genus of plants belonging to Crown “a gift of bastardy” (see 2] is lawfully
the order Primulaceæ (Primworts). The Least entitled to enter on possession of the lands or
Bastard Pimpernel (Centunculus minimus) is
other property bestowed.
found wild in Britain. It is a small plant
2. Gift of Bastardy: A gift from the Crown
with very minute solitary sessile, axillary,
to some one of the heritable or movable
pale rose-coloured flowers.
effects of a bastard who has died without law-
Bastard Quince : The English name of Pyrus ful issue. Before the donatory can enter upon
Chamamespilus, which grows in the Pyrenees. possession he must obtain a “declaration of
Bastard Rocket: A Cruciferous plant, Bras bastardy” (see 1].
sica Erucastrum.
* Bastard Star of Bethlehem : A name some. *båste (1), *băst, * baast, s. [From Celt.
times given to a liliaceous plant, a species of baos = lust, fornication.] [BASTARD.]
THE BASTILLE.
Albuca. The genuine Star of Bethlehem is 1. Fornication or adultery.
Ornithogalum umbellatum, which now grows
“For he was bigeten o baste, God it wot."
half-wild in Britain.
Artour in Merlin (Weber, iii. 360). (S. in Boucher.)
successor. Many victims of despotism were
Bastard Stone-parsley: The English name of
2. Illegitimacy.
immured within its gloomy walls. One of the
the Umbelliferous genus Sison. The Hedge
“Buast, not wedlock, bastardia ..."—Prompt Parv. earliest scenes in the great drama of the first
Bastard Stone-parsley (Sison amomum) grows
French revolution was the attack of the popu-
baste (2), s. [BASE (1), A., II. 10.)
wild in Britain. It has roundish ovate pun-
lace on the Bastille. It was captured by
gent aromatic fruit.
bāste (1) (Eng.), bāst (Scotch), v.t. [In Icel. them on the 14th of July, 1789, and soon after-
Bastard Toad-flax: The English name of
beysta = to strike, to powder; Sw. bösta = to wards demolished. None of the governments
baste, to whip, to flog, to beat, to lash ; Fr.
which have since succeeded to power in France
Thesiun, a genus of plants belonging to the
order Santalaceæ (Santalworts).
have ever proposed its restoration.
bastonner=to cudgel, to bastinado; Sp. bas-
The species
tear; Port. bastonar; Ital. bastonare. From
“For lo ! the dread Bastille,
are obscure weeds.
With all the chambers in its horrid towers,
0. Fr., Sp., & Prov. baston ; Mod. Fr. bâton;
Bastard Vervain : The English name of
Fell to the ground, by violence o'erthrown
Ital. bastone = a staff, a stick. Compare also
Of indignation ...'
Stachytarpheta, a genus belonging to the order
Dan. baske = to beat, strike, cudgel; bask =
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. iii.
Verbenaceæ, or Verbenes. Stachytarpheta mu-
a stripe, a blow.] [BASTINADO.]
tabilis, or Changing Flower, is a beautiful
* bastell-howse, * bastell-house, s.
shrub brought originally from South America.
1. To beat with a cudgel.
The same as BASTILLE, I. 2.
“Quoth she, I grant it is in vain
"And they burnte a stead called Farnelay, and won
Bastard Vetch : The English name of Phaca,
For one that's basted to feel pain;
a bastell-house in the same."--MS. Cott. Calig., bk. V.,
a genus of Leguminous plants, wild on the
Because the pangs his bones endure
f. 28. (S. in Boucher.)
continent of Europe and elsewhere. They are
Contribute nothing to the cure."-Hudibrus.
pretty herbaceous plants resembling Astra 2. To drip fat or anything similar on meat | băs'-ti-da, s. In the twelfth century, a place
galus.
when it is turning on the spit or roasting of defence; a fortress.
jack to be roasted ; to soften by means of
bastard file, s. One of a grade between such fat.
* băs'-tự-měnt, * păs-ti-měn'-tő, s. [From
the rough and the smooth in respect of the
Ital. bastimento = a ship, a vessel ; but in Sp.
“The fat of roasted mutton falling on the birds will
relative prominence and coarseness of the serve to baste them, and so save time and butter."-
=victuals, provision; and in 0. Fr.= a build-
teeth. (Knight.)
Swift.
ing.) A ship, a vessel, &c.
“ Then the bastimentos never
bastard-wing, s. Three or four quill-
four will. Ibāste (2) (Eng.), bāiss (Scotch), v.t. [From
baste (%) (Eng.)
Had our foul dishonour seen,
like feathers placed at a small joint in the
0. Fr. Bastir; Mod. Fr. bâtir = to build, ...
Nor the sea the sad receiver
to baste; Sp. bastear, embastar; Ital. imbas-
Of this gallant train had been."
middle of the wing.
tire = to sew with long stitches; from basta
Glover : Hosier's Ghost, st. 7.
"... I presume that the 'bastard-wing' in birds
may be safely considered as a digit in a rudimentary = a long stitch. Compare Dan. besye = to băs-ti-nā'-do, băs-tự-nā'de, s. [In Sw.
state ..."-Darwin: Origin of Species, ch. xiii.
sew, to stitch, to embroider; M. H. Ger. bestan bastonad ; Dan., Ger., & Fr. bastonnade ; Dut.
= to sew.] To sew slightly, with the view of bastinade; Sp. bastonazo, bastonada; Prov. &
#băs'-tard, v.t. [From bastard, s. (q.v.).] To
holding the portions of a dress in their proper Sp. bastonada ; Ital. bastonata. From 0. Fr.,
pronounce to be a bastard.
place till they can be sewed more thoroughly. Sp., & Prov. baston ; Mod. Fr. bâton; Ital.
"She lived to see her brother beheaded, and her two
(Lit. & fig.)
bastone = a staff, a stick.] [BASTINADO, V.,
sons deposed from the crown, bustarded in their blood,
and cruelly murdered."-Bacon.
“The body of your discourse is sometimes guarded BASTE, v. (1), BASTON, BATON.]
with fragments, and the guards are but slightly basted
t băs'-tạrd-ěd, pa. par. & a. [BASTARD, v.] on neither.”-Shakesp. : Much Ado, i. 1.
1. Gen.: A cudgelling, a beating inflicted
with a stick.
t băs-tard-îng, * băs'-tard-ýng, pr. par. | bā'st-ěd (1) (Eng.), * bäst (O. Scotch), pa. par.
“And all those harsh and rugged sounds
& s. [BASTARD, v.]
& a. [BASTE (1).]
Of bastinados, cuts, and wounds."—Hudibras.
2. Spec. : One administered with a stick on
băs-tard-ışm, s. [Eng. bastard ; -ism.] The
| bā'st-ěd (2), * bā'st-en, pa. par. & a. [BASTE the soles of the feet, as is usually done in the
(25.7
state or condition of a bastard. (Cotgrave.)
Turkish empire and in China.
* bā'st-en, pa. par. [Ger. basten.] [BASTE (1).] băs-ti-nā'-do, băs-tự-nā'de, v.t. [In Fr.
băs/-tard-īze, v.t. [Eng. bastard ; -ize.]
* bā'st-ér, s.
I. With a person for the object :
[Eng. bast(e); -er.]
bastonner; Port. bastonar; Ital. bastonare.]
A blow
with a stick or similar weapon. (Todd.)
[BASTINADO, S.]
* 1. To beget a bastard.
"Jack took up the poker, and gave me such a baster
1. Gen.: To beat with a stick.
“I should have been that I am, had the maidenliest upon my head, that it was two months before I per-
“Nick seized the longer end of the cudgel, and with
star in the firmament twinkled on my bastardizing." fectly recovered." - Dr. Wagstaffe : Miscell. Works it began to bastinado old Lewis, who had slunk into a
-Shakesp. : Lear, i. 2.
(1726), p. 48.
corner waiting the event of a squabble."- Arbuthnot.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -ţion, -sion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious, -cious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c.= bęl, del

442
basting-bat
2. Spec. : To do so on the soles of the feet. băs'-ti-oned, a. Furnished with bastions.
“The Sallee rover, who threatened to bastinado a “To try, at length, if tower and battlement
Christian captive to death unless a ransom was forth-
And bastion'd wall be not less hard to win,
coming, was an odious ruffian." — Macaulay: Hist. of
Less tough to break down than the hearts within."
Eng. ch. xv.
Moore : L. R.; The Veiled Prophet.
bāst'-ing (1), pr. par., a., & s. [BASTE, v. (1).] | băs'-tīte, s. [In Ger. bastit. From Baste, in
A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adjective : the Harz Mountains, where it was first dis-
In senses corresponding to those of the verb.
covered.) A mineral, called also Schiller Spar.
C. As substantive:
It is an inpure foliated serpentine. Its hard-
ness is 3.5-4 ; its spec. gravity 2.5-2.76 ; its
1. The act or operation of beating with a
lustre like that of bronze, whence the name
cudgel or similar weapon.
Schiller in Ger. = of shining lustre. Com-
“ Bastings heavy, dry, obtuse,
position : Silica, 42:36 to 43.90 ; alumina, 1:50
Only dulness can produce."-Swift.
to 6:10; magnesia, 26:00 to 30-92; protoxide
2. The operation of dripping butter or fat
of iron, 7.14 to 10:78; lime, 0.63 to 2.70; oxide
upon meat on the spit or roasting-jack to of chromium, 0-2:37; protoxide of manganese,
make it be the more satisfactorily roasted.
04.85 ; potassa or soda, 0-2-79; water, 8:51
“Sir, I think the meat wants what I have, a basting." to 12:42. Phæstine (q.v.) is an allied mineral.
-Shakesp. : Comedy of Errors, ii. 2.
(Dana.)
bāst'-îng (2), pr. par., A., & s. [BASTE, V. (2).]
băst'-mat, s. [In Sw. bastmatta.] The same
A. & B. As pr. par. & participial adjective :
as BAST (1), s. (q.v.).
In senses corresponding to those of the verb.
C. As substantive : The operation of slightly bast’-na-sīte, s. [From Bastnäs, in Sweden.]
stitching cloth together as a preparation for
A mineral, the same as Hamartite (q.v.).
more careful sewing of a permanent kind.
bas'-tő, s. [In Dan. & Dut. basta ; Ger. & Fr.
băs'-t-on, s. [In Sw., Dan., Dut., Ger., Fr., baste ; Sp. bastos (pl.) ; Port. basto; Ital. basto
& Sp. bastion ; Prov. bastio; Port. bastiao;
=(1) a pack-saddle, (2) the ace of clubs.] The
Ital. bastione. From Old Fr., Prov., & Sp. ace of clubs at quadrille and ombre. (Pope.)
bastir ; Mod. Fr. bâtir = to build.]
I. Literally :
bắstổn (1), bạ-tô on (Eng.), bắs-tổun
Fort. : A projecting mass of earth or
(Scotch), s. [O. Fr. & Sp. baston ; Mod. Fr.
masonry at the angle of a fortification having
bâton; Port. bastao ; Ital. bastone; Low Lat.
two faces and two flanks, and so constructed
basto.] [Baton.]
that every part of it may be defended by the A. Ordinary Language: A heavy staff, a
baton (q.v.).
“Quha best on fute can ryn lat se,
Or like ane douchty campioun in to fycht
With bustuous bastoun darren stryffe, or mais."
Douglas : Virgil, 129, 39. (Jamieson.)
B. Technically :
I. Of things :
1. Her.: A staff borne in English coats of
arms as a mark of illegitimacy. [BATON, B.]
2. Arch.: The round moulding at the base
of a column; a torus.
II. Of persons (only of the form baston) :
* Formerly: A servant of the Warden of the
Fleet; whose duty was to attend the King's
Courts with a red staff, for the purpose of
taking into custody such persons as were com-
mitted by the court. (Statutes 1 Rich. II.,
BASTION.
ch. 12; 5 Eliz., ch. 23.) (S. in Boucher.)
1. Modern hollow bastion, Belfort. a a, faces; bb,
flanks; cc, curtain. 2. Modern solid bastion,
* băs'-ton (2) * băs'-tún, s. [Etymology
Belfort. 3. Ancient Roman bastion.
doubtful. Not, as is said by Ritson, from
flank fire of some other part of the fort. The
Baston, an English poet taken by the Scotch
flanks of adjacent bastions are connected by
at Bannockburn, early in the fourteenth cen-
a curtain. The distance between two such
tury; for it occurs in a MS. attributed to the
flanks is termed the gorge. A detached bas-
end of the thirteenth. Stevenson thinks it
tion is called a lunette.
comes from Fr. baston = a stick (BASTON, 1),
and that this is a rendering of A.S. and Icel.
"... a fire from the nearest bastion."-Macaulay :
Hist. Eng. ch. xii.
stcef=a staff, . . stanza.] An old verse of
(a) A Composed Bastion is one which has
difficult construction, and possibly of a satiri-
two sides of the interior polygon very ir-
cal cast. (S. in Boucher.)
regular, with the effect of making the gorges
“Nis this bastun wel ifught.”.
Harleian MS., 913. (S. in Boucher.)
also irregular.
(6) A Cut Bastion is one which has a re-
băs'-tón (3), S. [Compare Sw. bast, baste bom
entering angle instead of a point.
= bombasin.] A kind of lace.
(C) A Deformed Bastion is one in which the
"For to make a lace baston, tak ..."-Harleian
MS., 2,320, f. 55. (8. in Boucher.)
irregularity of the lines and angles prevents
the structure from having a regular form.
I This MS. is probably of the time of
Henry VI.
(c) A Demi-bastion is a bastion composed of
one face only, with but a single flank and a băs'-ton-ite, s. [From Bastoigne, in Luxem-
demi-gorge.
burg, where it was found.] A mineral, a
(e) A Double Bastion is a bastion raised on
greenish-brown mica, in large foliated plates.
the plane of another one.
It is a variety of Lepidomelane (q.v.).
(f) A Flat Bastion is one erected in the băs'-yle (or bā'-syle), s. [Gr. Báous (basis)
middle of a curtain when the latter is too long
=... a base, and úan (hulē)= a wood ...,
to be protected by the bastions at its ends.
(Chem.) a base, a principle.]
(g) A Hollow Bastion is one hollow in the
Chem. : The same as a radical. [RADICAL.]
interior.
(h) A Regular Bastion is one so planned as băs'-ýl-ods (or bā'-syl-oŭs), d. [Eng. ba-
to possess the true proportion of its faces, syl(e); -ous.] Pertaining to basyle; of the
flanks, and gorges.
nature of basyle. (Graham.)
(0) A Solid Bastion is one solid throughout
băt (1), * bătte (pl. * băt-tỉs), s. [Fr. batte
its entire structure.
= a beater, battledore, ... a rammer, a ham-
II. Figuratively:
iner, &c. ; bâton = a baton, a stick, a staff ;
1. A person or thing defiant of attack.
Ir. bat, bata = a stick, a staff; Russ. bot; Fr.
“They build each other up with dreadful skill,
bâton. Connected with Fr. battre ; Prov.
As bastions set point-blank against God's will.”
batre; Sp. batir ; Port. bater ; Icel. battere;
Cowper : Conversation. Lat. battuo=to beat. The original root of
2. Poet.: An object in nature resembling a these verbs, as well as of the allied substantive
bastion in appearance.
bat is, without doubt, imitated from the sound
"... yonder cloud
of beating.) [BEAT.]
That rises upward always higher,
And onward drags a labouring breast,
A. Ordinary Language :
And topples round the dreary west
A looming bastion fringed with fire."
1. A club, stick, staff, or walking-stick of
Tennyson : In Memoriam. I any kind.
(a) In a general sense :
Still so used in many English dialects.
“The while he spake, lo, Judas, oon of the twelve,
came, and with him a greet company with swerdis and
battis."-Wickliffe : Mūtt. xxvi. 47.
“But, soon discovered by a sturdy clown,
He headed all the rabble of a town,
And finished them with bats or polled them down."
Dryden : The Hind and Panther, iii.
(6) Spec. : An instrument of wood, at one
end thin and cylindrical for a handle, at the
other more expanded, with which to drive a
cricket or other ball.
2. A substance used as a weapon, intended
to do execution by its weight or beating
power, as a brick-brt.
3. A sheet of cotton used for filling quilts ;
batting.
4. A staple, a loop of iron. (Scotch.) (Jamie-
son.)
B. Technically :
1, Arch.; A portion of a brick, constituting
less than half its length. (Gwilt.)
2. Mining: Bituminous or other shale.
(Kirwan.)
* båt (2), s. [A. S. bat = boat.] A boat.
bat-swain, s. [A.S. bat-swan.] A boat-
swain. [BOATSWAIN.]
bắt (3), * băck, * băcke (Eng.), * bắc,
* băk, * băck'-e, * bā'-kỉe, * bā'-kie-
bîrd (old Scotch), s. [In Sw. natt-backa =
night back” or bat; Dan. aftenbakke.
Wedgwood thinks the original word was blak,
which connects it with Mediæv. Lat. blatta,
blacta, batta.] [BLATTA.]
A. Ord. Lang. : The pipistrelle, or any
similar species of flying quadruped. [B. 1.]
“After the flitting of the bats,
When thickest dark did trance the sky."
Tennyson : Mariana.
B. Technically:
1. Zool.: Any animal belonging to the order
Cheiroptera (CHEIROPTERA), and especially to
the typical family Vespertilionidæ. [VESPER-
TILIONIDÆ.] There are about seventeen species
known to be wild in Britain. The Common
Bat is Vespertilio pipistrellus; it is called also
the Flitter Mouse, and the Pipistrelle. The
Great Bat is V. noctula; the Long-eared Bat,
Plecotus auritus; and the Greater Horse-shoe
Bat, Rhinolophus ferrum equinum.
2. Scripture: The Bat of Scripture, 709
(ătăllêplu), is correctly rendered, the Hebrew
being identical in meaning with the English
word. In Isa. ii. 20, the reference is to an
ordinary insect-eating bat; and in Lev. xi.
19, Deut. xiv. 18, the species meant is appa-
rently the Eleutherura Ægyptiaca figured on
the Egyptian monuments. It is a fruit-con-
suming species, similar to the Pteropus edulis,
eaten in the Eastern islands.
3. Her. A bat is often called a reremouse.
bat-fowler, s. One who practises bat-
fowling (q.v.).
"The birds of passage would, in a dark night, im-
mediately make for a lighthouse, and destroy them-
selves by flying with violence against it, as is well
known to bat-fowlers."-Barrington's Essays, Ess. 4.
bat-fowling, s. A method of catching
birds at the time when bats are out, that is,
during the night. The fowlers, proceeding
to the trees, shrubs, hedges, or other places
where the birds pass the night, light torches
or straw in the vicinity, and then beat the
bushes, upon which the birds, flying in their
fright towards the flames, are caught in nets
or by some other appliances.
"We should ... then go a bat-fowling."-Shakesp. :
Tempest, ii. 1.
bat-haunted, a. Haunted by bats.
* bat-in-water, bat in water, s. A
plant, the Water-mint (Mentha aquatica).
"Balsamita, menta aquatica : Bat in water.”—MS.
Sloane, 5, f. 3. (A little after A.D. 1300.) (S. in Boucher.)
bat-net, s. A net for catching bats.
bat-printing, s. A method of porcelain
printing
bat-shell, s. A species of volute (q.v.).
bat's-wing burner. A form of gas
burner from which gas issues at a slit so pro-
portioned as to give the flame the shape of a
bat's wing.
båt (4), s. [Siamese.] A silver coin, called also
Tical (q.v.), current in Siam. It is worth
about 2s. 6d. (Statesman's Year-Book.)
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hếr, thêre; pīne, pịt, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; try, Sýrian. x, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bat-bath
443
“ An' there a batch o' wabster lads
băt (1), v.i. [From bat, s. (q.v.).] To handle
Blackguarding frae Kilmarnock."
a bat in playing cricket or any similar game.
Burns : The Holy Fair.
"Another batch of 200 returned Communists arrived
băt (2), v.t. & i. (Scotch.) The same as Eng. here.”—Times, Sept. 10, 1879: French Corresp.
BATTEN (2), q.v.
* bătçh'-ěl-õr, s. [BACHELOR.]
bā'-tą-ble, a. [Abbreviated from debatable.]
Debatable, disputable.
* bāte (1), s. Old spelling of BOAT.
"Batable ground seems to be the ground heretofore
* bāte (2), s. [From A. S. bate = contention ;
in question, whether it belonged to England or Scot-
land, lying between both kingdoms."— Cowel.
or abbreviated from debate (q.v.). ]
“... and breeds no bute with telling ..."-
* bắt-ail, s. [BATTLE, s.]
Shakesp. : 2 Hen. IV., ii. 4.
* bắtº-ail, * bắtraile, * bắt-āil-ễn, ... bate-breeding, a. Breeding strife.
& t. [BATTLE (2), v.i. & t.]
“This sour informer, this bate-breeding spy."
Shakesp. : Ven. and Adonis.
* băt'-aill, s. [BATTLE (2).] (0. Scotch.)
* bāte (1), v.t. [Etyinology doubtful.] To go
* bā'-tånd, pr. par. [BATE (1), v.]
with rapidity.
“Batand to Canterbiri ..."
ba-ta’-rą, s. [Compare Port. bataria, bateriu
Rob. de Brunne, p. 145. (S. in Boucher.)
= battery; or batarda, abetarda = bustard.] bāte (2), v.t. & i. Abbreviated form of Eng.
Ornith.: D’Azara's name for the Bush ABATE (q.v.).
Shrikes, constituting the genus Thamnophilus A. Transitive:
of Vieillot. [Bush SHRIKES, THAMNOPHILUS.] I. Literally:
băt'-ar-deau, băt-ér-deau (eau as ā), 1. To beat down the price of anything from
s. [Fr. batardeau = a dam, mole. Mahn
the amount claimed by another, or to beat
thinks it may be contracted from bastarrie
down the amount of anything.
“When the landholder's rent falls, he inust either
d'eau = water-car.]
bate the labourer's wages, or not employ or not pay
1. Hydrostatics or Hydraulics: A coffer-dam. him."-Locke.
2. Fort. : A wall built across a moat or ditch
2. On one's own part to lower the price of
surrounding a fortification. It is provided
anything, whether because another has beaten
with a sluice-gate for regulating the height of
it down, or spontaneously ; also to lessen a
the water.
demand upon one.
“Nor, envious at the sight, will I forbear..
ba-tā'-tas, s. [In Ger. & Fr. batate, patate; My plenteous bowl, nor bate my plenteous cheer.”
Dryden.
Sp. batata, patata ; Port. batata ; Ital. patata ;
“... bate me some, and I will pay you some, and, as
Peruvian papa.] [POTATO.]
most debtors do, promise you infinitely.” -Shakesp.:
Bot. : A genus of Convolvulaceae, consisting
2 Hen. IV., Epilogue.
of plants with a four-celled ovary, one style,
II. Figuratively :
and two stigmas. They are creeping or twining
* 1. To deprive of.
herbaceous or shrubby plants. About twenty
“ When baseness is exalted, do not bate
species are known, chiefly from tropical
The place its honour for the person's sake.”
Herbert.
America. Batatas edulis (Convolvulus batatas,
Roxb.) is the sweet potato largely cultivated
2. To cut off, to remove, to take away..
for food in the hotter parts of both hemi-
"Bate but the last, and 'tis what I would say."
Dryden : Sp. Friar.
spheres. The edible part, the tubers, are from
3. To make an exception, either in favour
three to twelve pounds in weight. In the
East and West Indies, where they grow, our
of or against. (Used specially in pr. par.
common potato, Solanum tuberosum, is called
bating, q. v.)
the Irish potato, to distinguish it from the
B. Intransitive :
sweet potato or Batatas. B. jalapa, from 1. To become less, to diminish, to waste
Mexico, has purgative qualities, but is not away.
the true Jalap. [JALAP.] B. paniculata fur-
“Bardolph, am I not fallen away vilely since this
nishes Natal Cotton.
last action? Do I not bate? Do I not dwindle? Why,
my skin hangs about me like an old lady's loose gown."
Bạ-tãº-vi-an, a. & s. [Eng., &c., Baotao(a);
-Shakesp.: i Hen. IV., iii. 3.
-an. From Lat. Batavus, a. & s. = pertaining
2. To intermit, to remit, to retrench. (Fol-
to or one of the Batavi, a branch of the Catti,
lowed by of.)
a Germanic nation who, being expelled from
“Abate thy speed, and I will bate of inine."
Dryden.
their country through a domestic sedition,
settled on an island since called Betuwe or
* bāte, v.t. Old spelling of BAIT (3), v.
Betu, between the Rhine and the Waal. (In
* bāte, v.i. Old spelling of BAIT (4), v.
Mahratta and other Hindoo tongues bet =
island.). ]
* bāte, pret. of v. [Old pret. of b'ite (q.v.).]
A. As adjective: Pertaining (C) to the
Bit; did bite.
ancient Batavians. [See etym.]
" Yet there the steel stay'd not, but inly bate
Deep in his flesh and opened wide a red flood-gate."
(6) To the modern Dutch.
Spenser: F. Q., II. v. 7.
- () To Batavia, in Java, the capital of the | bắt-eau, t bắtº-teau (eau as 6) (p1. bắt-
Dutch possessions in the East, or to its inha-
bitants.
eaux) (eaux as āş), s. [Fr. bateau = a
boat, a vessel to cross the water, as a ferry-
B. As substantive :
boat, the body of a coach ; Prov. batelh ; Sp.
1. One of the ancient Batavi. [See etym.] & Port. batel; Ital. battello; Low Lat. batellus,
2. A native of Batavia in Java.
from battus = a boat.] [BOAT.] A light boat,
3. A Dutchman in general.
long in proportion to its breadth, and wide
in the middle as compared with what it is
* băt'-ayle, s. Old spelling of BATTLE, S. at the ends.
* băt'-ayl-oŭs, a. [BATTAILOUS.]
bateau-bridge, s. A floating bridge
supported by bateaux,
bătch, * bătche, s. [From Eng. bake; A.S.
bacan; as thatch comes through Old Eng.
bā'-těd, pa. par. & a. [BATE (2), v.]
thecchen, from A.S. theccan = to cover, to coll-
As participial adjective: Used specially in
ceal, to thatch. In Dan. bægt; Dut. baksel;
the expression,"bated breath,” meaning breath
Ger. geback.] [BAKE.]
artificially restrained.
"... in a bondman's key
I. Lit. : As much bread as a baker produces
With 'bated breath and whisp'ring humbleness."
at one operation.
Shakesp. : Mer. of Venice, i. 3.
"Bahche, or bakynge, batche: Pistura."-P. Par.
bā'te-fúl (1), a. [Eng., &c., bate, and full.]
"... waiting most earnestly for the hour when the
batch that was in the oven was to be drawn."-Transt. Full of strife, prone to strife ; contentious.
of Rabelais, iv. 199. (S. in Boucher.)
"He knew her haunt and haunted in the same.
II. Figuratively :
And taught his sheep her sheep in food to thwart:
Which soon as it did bateful question frame,
1. Of things : A quantity of anything made
He might on kuees confess his guilty part."
at once, and which may therefore be presumed
Sidney.
to have the same qualities throughout. * bā'te-fúl (2), d. [BATFUL.]
"Except he were of the same meal and batch."-Ben | bā'te-less. a. Eng. bate : less. Without
Jonson.
2. Of persons (somewhat disrespectfully): A
abatement, unabated; unblunted.
crew or gang of persons of the same profession
“Haply that name of chaste unhapp'ly set
This bateless edge on his keen appetite.
or proclivities.
Shakesp. : Tarquin and Lucrece.
* bắt-el-mănt, S. [BATTLEMENT.]
bā'te-ment, s. [Contracted from abatement.]
Among artificers : Diminution.
“To abate, is to waste a piece of stuff; instead of
asking how much was cut off, carpenters ask what
batement that piece of stuff had.”—Moxon : Mech. Ex.
Bā'-ten-īteş, Bā'-ten-ists, Bā-těn'-1-
anş, s. [Arab. (?)= esoteric (?). ] A sect
which came originally from the Mohamme-
dans. Their tenets resembled those of the
Assassins. [ASSASSIN.]
+ băt'-fúl, * bă'te-fúl, a. [From 0. Eng. v.
bat = increase.] [BAT (2), v.] [See also
BATTEL and BATTEN.] Fertile.
“The fertile land of bateful Brytannie."
Stowe: The Romanes.
“The batful pastures fenced.”
Drayton : Polyolbion, Song 3.
bath (1), * bathe (pl. bathş), s. [A.S. bæth
(pl. bathu). In O.S. bath ; Sw., Icel., Dan.,
Dut., & Ger. bad; 0. H. Ger. pad; Wel. badh,
baz= a bath; Sansc. bâd, vâd = to bathe.
Wedgwood thinks that the original sense is
to heat, and that bath is cognate with bake.]
A. Ordinary Language :
+ 1. The act of bathing; the act of immers-
ing the body in water, or applying water to
the body for the sake of cleanliness or of
health, or as a religious ceremony.
“... and the chimney-piece
Chaste Dian bathing."-Shakesp. : Cymbeline, ii. 4.
2. The water or other liquid used for bathing
purposes. (Lit. & fig.)
(a) Lit. : In the above sense.
“Why may not the cold bath, into which they
plunged themselves, have had some share in their
cure?"-Addison: Spectator.
T For hot bath, cold bath, &c., see B., I.
(6) Fig.: Anything which invigorates or
soothes and relieves the mind as a cold or hot
bath does the body.
“Sleep,
The death of each day's life, sore labour's bath,
Balın of hurt minds.”-Shakesp. : Macbeth, ii. 4.
3. The cavity or vessel in which water for
bathing purposes is held ; a building fitted up
with appliances for bathing purposes.
4. Baths were not much frequented in the
earlier period of Grecian history; they became
more common afterwards. The Romans during
the period of the empire gave much attention
to bathing, and not merely Rome but even the
provincial cities had public baths, often mag-
nificent. In our own country public baths
are of comparatively recent introduction,
though they are now completely rooted
throughout the several cities and towns.
"I was surprised to see several machines out, both
of the Municipal and Pavilion Baths.”—Times, Sept.
26, 1879: The Bathing Accident at Boulogne.
B. Technically:
I. Med.: Any substance which constitutes
the medium in which the human body, or a
part of it, is immersed for the maintenance or
recovery of health or strength. The most
common media are water of various tempera-
tures, watery vapours, and air.
1. A Water Bath. This may be natural or
artificial. Rivers, lakes, and the sea afford
facilities for a natural bath; various public
and private appliances are designed to furnish
an artificial one. In the latter case the tem-
perature of the water may be varied at plea-
sure. Arranged by temperature, six kinds of
baths are in use for medical or other purposes :
Name of Bath.
Temperature.
(a) A cold bath . . . 33° to 60° Fahr.
(6) A cool bath . .. 60° to 75°
C) A temperate bath 75° to 85°
(d) A tepid bath .. . 85° to 92°
(e) A warm bath . . . 92° to 98°
f) A hot bath . 98° to 106°
All baths below 88° in temperature in part
the sensation of cold, those above it of heat.
In an artificial bath, not merely can the tem-
perature be raised or lowered at pleasure, but
various methods inay be adopted of applying
the liquid. A bath may be taken by the per-
son walking or plunging into it; by his more
or less completely lying down in it; by the
sudden affusion of water upon him from
above, called the shower-bath ; or by his being
sprinkled with it, or applying it to himself by
means of a sponge. Or a stream of water may
be turned upon him, in which case the name
applied is a douche or douse, from Ital. doccia=
douche. Or only a part of the body may be
immersed, as in the hip-bath and the foot-bath.
Moreover, the water employed may be saline
or impregnated with other constituents, as
*
*
*
boil, bóý; póut, jówl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
, -cian, -tian=shạn. -çion, -tion, -sion=shủn; -țion, -şion=zhăn. -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

444
Bath-bathymetry
Wyo
sulphur, iodine, or, in the case of a foot-bath, bath (3), s. [Heb. na (bath) = measured ; from
“The three ladies betook themselves to a large
bathing-machine.”—Times, Sept. 26, 1879.
mustard.
nn (bathăth) = to measure.] A liquid mea-
2. A Watery-vapour Bath. If it is intended sure among the ancient Hebrews. It was the
bathing-place, s. A place for bathing.
that the vapour should be breathed, there are same as the ephah [EPHAH), each of these bathing-room, s. A room used for bath-
three grades of temperature in the vapour
containing the tenth part of an homer (Ezek.
ing purposes. (Congreve.)
bath : the first from 96° to 106°, the second
xlv. 11). [HOMER.) According to Josephus
from 1069 to 120°, and the third from 120° to (Antig., iii., § 3), it contained six hins. [HIN.]
bathing-tub, s. A tub or similar vessel
160°. If not intended to be breathed, there It has been calculated that it contained 1985:77 for holding water to be used for bathing pur-
are also three : the first from 90° to 100°, the Parisian cubic inches, but there are other poses. (Webster.)
second from 100° to 110°, and the third from estimates as well.
110° to 130°.
bath'-mis, s. [Gr. Baouis (bathmis).]
:: "Then made he ten lavers of brass : one laver con-
3. An Air Bath : The exposure of the naked tained forty baths ..."-1 Kings vii. 38.
Anat. : The cavity which receives the an-
body to the atmosphere of a room of a certain
terior extremity of another bone.
bath, v.t. [BATH (1), s.] To wash in a bath.
temperature varying from 90° to 130°.
(Used specially of children, and in the North bat-hörse (t silent), bắt-hors, t bấw-
4. Photography: A solution in which plates of England of sheep.)
horse, s. [Fr. bat = a pack-saddle, a pannel,
or papers are immersed or floated, or the
a saddle on which burdens are laid ; and Eng.
vessel holding such solution. Baths are bāthe, * bēath (preterite bathed, * bathud,
horse.] A horse which carries the baggage of
known as sensitizing [NITRATE OF SILVER), beathed), v.t. & i. [A.S. bathian = to bathe,
military officers during a campaign. (Macau-
fixing, toning, or washing.
wash, foment, cherish; from bad = a bath. |
lay.)
II. Chemistry:
In Sw. & Icel. bada; Dut. & Ger. baden ; 0.
1. Formerly (Spec.): A vessel of water in
H. Ger. padon ; Sansc. bâd, vâd = to bathe.] bā'-thos, s. [From Gr. Bálos (bathos) = depth
which another one was placed which required A. Transitive :
or height; Balús (bathus) = deep or high.]
a lesser amount of heat than that furnished by I. Ordinary Language :
The opposite of the sublime in poetry or in
the naked fire.
style; anti-climax.
• 1. Lit.: To immerse the body or any part
"The taste of the bathos is implanted by nature
“We see that the water of things distilled in water, of it in water, or to pour water upon it for itself in the soul of inan; till, perverted by custom or
which they called the bath, differeth not much from
example, he is taught, or rather compelled, to relish
the water of things distilled by fire."-Bacon; N. H.
the purpose of cleanliness, as a medical appli-
the sublime."-Arbuthnot and Pope: Mart. Scrib.
2. Now (Gen.): Any medium, such as heated
ance, or as a religious ceremony.
sand, ashes, or steam, through which heat is
“Then the priest shall wash his clothes, and he shall * bā'-thre (thre as ther), possessive case of
bathe his flesh in water, ..."-Numb. xix. 7.
applied to a body.
adj. [From A.S. begra = of both, from begen
T It is sometimes used reflectively with
III. Heraldry, &c. Order of the Bath : An
= both.] Of both. [Both, BOTHER.]
self or selves.
order of knighthood, so called because the
“Chancing to bathe himself in the river Cydnus, . .. bâth'-ronş, s. [BAUDRONS.] (Scotch.)
recipients of the honour were required formally. he fell sick, near unto death, for three days." --South.
to bathe the evening
2. Figuratively:
* bā'-thůd, pa. par. & adj. [BATHE, v.]
before their creation.
(a) To wash anything with water or any
“And bathud every veyne in swich licour,
It was instituted by
Of which vertue engendred is the flour."
Henry IV. in 1399,
similar liquid.
Chaucer : The Prologue, 3, 4.
and, having fallen
“... the lake which bathed the foot of the Alban
mountain, ..."-Arnold : Hist. of Rome, vol. i., ch.
bath'-vil-līte, S. [From Bathville, near
into disuse, was re-
xxiii.
Torbanehill in Scotland, where it occurs, and
vived by George I.
(6) To bring a thing in contact with some suff. -ite.] A mineral placed by Dana in his
in 1725. Under
liquid, or apply some liquid to it, without Succinite group of Oxygenated Hydrocarbons.
George IV. its regu-
the purpose of purification.
It is an amorphous fawn-coloured mineral,
lations were modi-
“And bathed thy sword in blood, whose spot
with an absence of lustre, and resembling
fied, and now there
Eternity shall cancel nut?
rotten wood. Sp. gr., about 1:01. Compos. :
are various sub-divi-
Hemans: Wallace's Invocation to Bruce.
Carbon, 58.89—78.86; hydrogen, 8.56–11:46;
sions of the order-
(c) To immerse in anything, though but oxygen, 7.23—9.68; ash, 0-25:32. It is akin
viz., Knights Grand
faintly analogous to water.
to Torbanite. (Dana.)
Cross of the Bath
“Each purple peak, each flinty spire,
(G.C.B.), Knights
Was bathed in floods of living fire."
bạ-thyl--ms, s. [From Gr. Baus (bathus)=
Scott: Lady of the Lake, i. 11.
Commanders of the
deep, and Bíos (bios) = life, course of life.
Bath (K.C.B.), and
II. Medicine & Surgery :
Lit. = deep life, life in the depths.]
Companions of the
1. To foment or moisten a wound for the
Biol.: A peculiar slimy matter dredged up
Bath (C.B.). Under BADGE OF THE BATH.
purpose of cleansing and soothing it.
in the North Atlantic, in 1857, from a depth
each of these classes
2. To supple or soften by the outward ap-
of 6,000 to 25,000 feet, by the crew of the
there are now a military and a “civil”. plication of warm liquors.
Cyclops, when examining what has since been
(meaning a civilian) sub-class. The ribbon
“Bathe them, and keep their bodies soluble the called the “ Telegraph Plateau,” for the depo-
worn by the Knights of the Bath is crimson,
while by clysters and lenitive boluses."-Wiseman :
sition of the Atlantic Telegraph Cable. Speci-
with the Latin motto, “Tria juncta in uno ”
Surgery.
mens of this viscous mud, examined by Prof.
B. Intransitive:
= three (England, Ireland, and Scotland, or
Huxley in 1858, were re-examined by him with
their emblems, the rose, shamrock, and thistle)
1. Lit.: To enter or lie in a bath, or otherwise
higher microscopic power in 1868, when he
joined in one.
take means for formal and thorough ablution.
came to the conclusion that they contained
“The gallants dancing by the river-side,
bath-room, s. A room erected to contain
a protoplasmic substance apparently existing
They bathe in summer, and in winter slide."
a public or private bath.
in masses over wide areas of ocean-bottom.
2. Fig. : To be immersed in anything.
Minute bodies, which he had before called
Bath (2), S. [A.S. Bathan, Bathan ceaster;
“Except they meant to bathe in reeking wounds,
from bathan = baths. Named from the baths
coccoliths, of two forms [COCCOLITH), were
Or memorize another Golgotha,
believed to stand to the gelatinous protoplasm
erected over the hot saline and chalybeate
I cannot tell."
Shakesp.: Macbeth, i. 2. in the same relation as the spicula of sponges
springs there existing, the result of old vol-
to the softer parts of the animal. Professor
canic action in the locality.)
* bathe, s. [BATH (1).]
Haeckel, after examining the slimy substance,
Geog. : A city, the capital of the county of 1 * bāthe, a. (Both.) (Scotch.)
adopted the views of Professor Huxley, and
Somerset.
bāthed, * bā'-thŭd, * bēathed, på. par. &
attributed the origin of the protoplasmic sub-
Bath-brick, s. An artificially-manufac-
stance, though not dogmatically, to sponta-
d. [BATHE, v.]
tured “brick” of the usual form, but formed
neous generation. It was named after him,
by Prof. Huxley, Bathybius Haeckelii. The
of calcareous earth. It is used for cleaning bā'-thér, s. [Eng. bath(e); -er. In Ger. bader.]
naturalists of the exploring vessel Porcupine,
knives and various kinds of metal work.
One who bathes. (Tooke.)
in 1868, stated that they had found Bathybius
Bath-bun, s. A bun richer than a com-
† bą-thět'-ſc, a. [From Eng., &c., bathos
alive, but considered it to be derived from
mon one, and generally without currants.
sponges, &c. Those of the Challenger, how-
(q.v.).] Having the character of bathos.
ever, failed to find it in the parts of the ocean
Bath-chair, s. A small carriage or chair (Coleridge.)
which they dredged over, and propounded the
on wheels, drawn by a chairman, and in-
tended for the conveyance of invalids or
hypothesis that the Bathybius was nothing
bā'-thỉe, s. [BOTHIE, BOOTH.] (Scotch.)
more than a precipitate from the sea-water by
others for short distances. So called because bā'-thing. pr. par., d., & s. [BATHE.]
the alcohol in which the specimens had been
either originally or principally used at Bath,
where the steepness of many of the streets
preserved. More recently, again, the Arctic
A. & B. As pr. par. and particip. adj.: In
navigator Bessels, of the Polaris, considered
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
rendered such conveyances especially useful.
that he had found masses of undifferentiated
C. As substantive : The act or operation of
Bath-chaps, s. Small pigs' cheeks cured
protoplasm in the Greenland seas. The sub-
immersing the body or part of it in water, or
for the table.
ject requires further investigation. (Q. J.
some other medium, for the purpose of ablu-
Microscop. Soc., 1868, p. 210; Proc. Roy. Soc.,
Bath-metal, s. An alloy consisting of
tion, as a medical appliance, or for ceremonial
vol. xvii., 190–1; Prof. Allman's Presidential
1 lb. of copper and 4 oz. of zinc, or at least purposes in connection with religion.
Report at British Association Meeting at Sheffield
more zinc than in brass.
“Their bathings and anointings before their feasts."
in 1879.)
-Hakewill: Apology, p. 390.
Bath Oolite, Bath-stone, s. A shelly
limestone belonging, with others of similar
băth-y-mět'-ric-al, a. (Eng. bathymetr(y);
bathing-machine, S. A vehicle con-
character, to the Great Oolite. It is much
sisting of a small room on wheels, provided -ical.] Pertaining to bathymetry. (Prestwich :
celebrated as a building stone. (Lyell: Elem.
for a sinall charge to accommodate persons Q. J. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii., p. xliii.)
of Geol., ch. xx.) [OOLITE.]
bathing in the sea. The bather undresses in
the machine, which is drawn out by horses bą-thịm'-ět-rý, s. [Gr. Báous (bathus) =
Bath-post, s. A term for letter paper, some distance among the breakers, so that a deep, and uétpov (metron)=a measure.] Mea-
now seldom used. It is a yellow wove post plunge, or even a gentle descent from the surement by sounding of the depth of the sea
quarto.
door-step, places him at once in the water. at various places. (Dana.)
Waller.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, work, whô, sõn; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; trý, Sýrian. , o=ē; =ě. qu=kw.

batideæ-battalion
445
NARARE
.
I RI
SESSISKE
Cibler
“SOOT
bạ-tid-Ă-, S. pl. [BATIS.] A doubtful order (6) Partly as a symbol of authority, and
of plants, of which the sole representative, as partly as an offensive weapon, as a policeman's
yet known, is the Batis maritima, described baton.
under Batis (q.v.). Lindley placed it with (c) For giving directions, as the baton of one
hesitation, and without numbering it, under who conducts a musical entertainment.
his Euphorbial Alliance. It has solitary as B. Her.: A diminu-
cending ovules, the female flowers being naked
tive of the bend sinister,
and combined into a succulent cone.
of which it is one-fourth
*bā'-tỉe-bům, * bā-tie-bŭm'-mìl, s. [Ety-
part the width. It is
mology doubtful.] A simpleton; an inactive
called more fully a sin-
fellow. (Scotch.)
ister baton, and occa-
"Bot thane am I comptit ane batie-bum,
sionally, though not
And all men thinks a play me till injure."
with correctness, a
Maitland : Poems, p. 153. fissure. It is invariably
“He was na batie-bummil."
a mark that its first
Chr. Kirk, st. 16. Chron. S.P., ii. 367. (Jamieson.)
bearer was illegitimate.
* bắt-il-ba-lý, s. [Probably the same as A sinister is distin-
battle-baly; battle = to fatten.] An officer in guished from a dexter
BATON.
forests, the duties of which are unknown.
baton. [DEXTER.] [For Arms of Fitzrov. Duke
"It appears from the Harleian MS. 433, f. 39, that cross baton see CROSS.] of Grafton. .
in the 1st of Richard III., William Staverton received
a confirmation of his graunts of the office of batil-baly bạt-raº-chi-a, S. p. [Gr. Ba-Toáxedos batra-
in the forest of Wyndesore.” (s. in Boucher.)
cheios) = pertaining to a frog, from Bátpaxos
bāt'-ing, pr. par. (used as a prep.). [BATE, v.t.] (batrachos)= a frog.] According to Brongniart
Excepting, except.
and Cuvier, the last of the four orders of
"If we consider children. we have little reason to
"If we consider children, .we Day
Reptiles.
them bating,
In Prof. Owen's classification, the
think that they bring many ideas with them, bating,
thirteenth and last order of the class Reptilia,
perhaps, some faint ideas of hunger and thirst."
Locke.
or Reptiles. He places under it the frogs,
toads, and newts. (Prof. Owen : Palæontology.)
bā'-tỉs, s. [Gr. Batís (batis) = a fish, ... a
Huxley makes the Batrachia the second of his
plant described by Pliny as akin to a bramble-
four orders of Amphibia. It contains the
bush.] A genus of plants, the typical one of
frogs and toads.
the order or sub-order Batideæ. The species
Batis maritima grows in salt marshes in the bạt-ra-chi-an, * bạt-ra-xi-an, adj. & s.
West Indies. It is a low, shrubby, succulent
[In Fr. batracien.] [BATRACHIA.]
plant, with opposite leaves. The ashes yield
barilla in large quantities, and the plant is
A. As adj. : Pertaining to any member of
sometimes used in the West Indies in the
the order Batrachia. (Lyell.)
making of pickles.
B. As subst. : A member of the order
Batrachia.
băt'-1st, băt'-iste, s. [In Sw. & Dan. battist ;
“... these formidable Batrachians.”—Lyell.
Ger. batist, battist ; Sp. batista ; Fr. batiste,
from baptiste ; Lat. baptista; Gr. Bantuotºs bắtº-ra-chite, s. [In Ger. batrachit ; Lat.
baptistēs) = a baptiser (BAPTIST). Named, ac batrachites; Gr. Batpaxitys (batrachitēs), a
cording to Mahn and others, either from mineral of a frog-green colour, described by
Baptiste Chambray, who claimed to have been
Pliny; Bátpaxos (batrachos) = a frog.) A
the first manufacturer of batist; or because it
mineral, according to the British Museum
was used to wipe the heads of infants after
Catalogue a variety of Olivine (q.v.); but
their baptism.] A fine description of cloth
Dana makes it a variety of Monticellite (q.v.).
of mixed silk and woollen, manufactured in
Flanders and Picardy.
băt'-ra-choid, a. [Gr. Bátpaxos (batrachos) =
a frog, and eidos (eidos) = appearance.] Re-
bắtº-lết, *bắtt-lết, s. [Dimin. of Eng. bat
sembling a frog.
(1). 7 A small bat, a flat wooden mallet, con-
sisting of a square piece of wood with a handle, bắt-ra-chố-my-5m-a-chẽ, s. [Gr. Bátpa-
used to beat linen when taken out of the
xos (batrachos)= a frog ; ulls (mnus), genit. uvos
buck, with the view of whitening it. It is
(muos)= a mouse, and uáxn (mache) = battle,
called also a batting staff and battledoor (q.v.). fight.] The battle between the frogs and the
"I remember the kissing of her batlet, and the cow's mice, a burlesque poem, sometimes ascribed
dugs that her pretty chopt hands had milked.”—
Shakesp.: As Yoù Like It, ii. 4.
to Homer.
bat-man (1)(t silent), or bắt-mạn,s. [From
bắt-ra-chỗ-spèr-mi-do, s. pl. [BATRA-
Fr. bât = a pack-saddle, and Eng. man.] A
CHOSPERMUM.] The fourth tribe of the Vau-
man having charge of a bat-horse and its
cheriæ, which again are the first sub-order of
load. (Macaulay.) [BATHORSE.]
the order Fucaceæ, or Seawracks. The frond
is polysiphonous, composed of a primary
băt-man (2), S. [Pers. ba'tman.] A weight thread with parallel accessary ones around
used in Persia and Turkey, and varying in
it. The vesicles, which are clustered, are
weight according to the locality.
terminal or lateral.
I. In Persia, the batman usually weighs băt-ra-cho-spěr'-mum, s. [Gr. Bátpaxos
from 6 lbs. to 10 lbs. avoirdupois.
(batrachos) =a frog, and otépua (sperma) = a
II. In the Turkish Empire:
seed.] A genus of plants belonging to the
1. At Smyrna and Aleppo it usually con alliance Algales and the order Confervaceæ, or
tains 6 okes, or 400 drachms = about 17 lbs. Confervas. They are found in marshes, and
avoirdupois.
more rarely in the sea.
2. In the other parts of the Turkish empire
there are two batmans : (a) The greater batman
bắtº-ra-chis, S. [Lat. batrachassa frog-
= about 157 lbs. avoirdupois; (b) the lesser fish ; Gr. Bátpaxos (batrachos) = a frog, a frog-
batman = about 39 lbs. avoirdupois.
fish.]
Ichthy. : A genus of fishes of the order
ba'-to-līte, s. [Fr. baton (q.v.), and Gr.
Acanthopterygii, and the family with the pec-
dioos = a stone.) What was considered by toral fins feet-like. None are found in Britain.
Montfort a new genus of fossil shells, but was
regarded by Cuvier as only Hippurites (q.v.), | bắt-ra-coph-a-gois, cdj. [G. Bánpagos
formerly described by Lamarck.
(batrachos) = a frog; and payeiv (phagein),
bắtº-õn, * bạ-tô on, * bắtº-tôon, * bắt-
infin.= to eat.] Feeding on frogs.
une, băs'-ton, s. [Fr. bâton = a batoon, a bats'-chỉ-ą, s. [Named after John George
staff, a walking-stick, a club, a cudgel, a
Batsch, a professor of botany in the University
truncheon, a field-marshal's staff; 0. Fr. &
of Jena in the latter half of the eighteenth
Sp. baston ; Ital. bastine = a staff, a support,
century.]
a prop; Low Lat. basto.] [BASTON.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
A. Ordinary Language:
order Boraginaceæ (Borageworts). The few
1. Gen.: A staff or club.
species known are pretty American plants.
"We came close to the shore, and offered to land;
but straightways we saw divers of the people with băts'-man, s. [Eng. bat's, poss. of bat (1),
bastons in their hands, as it were, forbidding us to and man.] The person who handles the bat
land.”-Bacon : New Atlantis.
2. Spec. : A truncheon, or anything similar.
in cricket.
It may be used-
* bătt. S. [Fr. batte =... the bolster of a
(a) As a badge or symbol of authority, as a
saddle.] The bolster of a saddle. (Scotch.)
field-marshal's baton.
To keep one at the batt = to keep one steady.
"I hae had eneuch ado wi' John Gray ; for though
he's nae had hand when he's on the loom, it is nae easy
matter to keep him at the batt."-Hogg: Winter
Tales, i. 377. (Jamieson.)
băt'-ta, s. [Hind.] Allowance supplement-
ing the ordinary pay given to the East Indian
regiments, whether European or sepoy, when
they are on a campaign or occupying a half-
conquered country.
* băt-ta-ble, a. [Comp. battel (q.v.); Eng.
suffix -able.] Capable of cultivation.
"Masinissa made many inward parts of Barbary and
Numidia, before his time incult and horrid, fruitful
and battable."-Burton : Anat. of Mel. (To the Reader.)
* bạt-tail-ant, * bắt-teil-ằnt, S. [Fr.
bataillant, pr. par. of batailler = to fight,
struggle, dispute, contest hard.] [BATTLE, v.)
A combatant.
"Soon after this I saw an elephant
Adorned with bells and bosses gorgeouslie,
That on his backe did beare (as batteilant)
A golden towre, which shone exceedinglie."
Spenser : Visions of the World's Vanitie.
* bắtº-tạile, s. [BATTLE (2).]
+ bắt’-tail-ols, * bắt-al-ois (English),
* băt'-ta-loŭss (Scotch), a. [Fr. bataille ;
Eng. suffix -ous.]
I. Of persons :
1. Of armies : Full of fight; eager for fight;
quarrelsome.
"The French came foremost, battailous and bold."
Fairfax.
2. Of individuals :
(a) Disposed to fight; quarrelsome.
“A cruell inan, a bataylous."
Gower : Conf. Amant., b. v.
(6) Brave in fight.
“At schreftis evin sum wes so battalouss,
That he wald win to his maister in field
Fourty florans.
* Colkelbie Sow, 879. (Jamieson.)
II. Of things:
1. Constituting one of the operations of
battle; involving battle; warlike.
“Those same against the bulwarke of the sight
Did lay strong siege and battailous assault.”
Spenser: F. Q., II. xi. 9.
2. Constituting preparation for battle; such
as is adopted in battle.
“He started up, and did himself prepare
In sun-bright arms and battailous array."
Fairfax.
+ bạt-tā’-lì-ą, s. [From Class. & Low Lat.
battalia, batalia. In Ital. battaglia = a battle,
a fight; Port. batalha; Prov. batalha, batailla;
Sp. batalla ; Fr. bataille. Wachter calls bat-
talia originally a Burgundian word.] [BATTLE.]
1. Order of battle, battle-array.
“Both armies being drawn out in battalia, that of
the king's, trusting to their numbers, began the charge
with great fury, but without any order."-Swift :
Reign of King Henry I.
2. An army, or portions of it, arranged in
order of battle : spec., the main body as dis-
tinguished from the wings.
“ Arm'd and array'd for instant fight,
Rose archer, spearman, squire, and knight,
And in the pomp of battle bright
The dread battalia frowu'd.”
Scott: Lord of the Isles, vi. 20.
băt'-ta-līne, s. [Compare battlement.] A
projection, or kind of veranda, of stone.
“The great steeple had some windows, and the two
lesser ones have battalines, slits, windows, and but-
trages yet to be seen. The passage to the bells in the
great steeple was from the south lesser steeple, by a
õattaline under the easing of the slates of said church:
and there was another battaline under the easing of
the slates."—Orem : Descrip. Chanonry of Aberd., p. 64.
(Jamieson.)
bat-tăl'-1-on, s. [In Sw. & Dut. bataljon;
Dan., Ger., and Fr. bataillon; Sp. batallon;
Port. batalhao ; Ital. battaglione. From Class.
& Low Lat. battalia, batalia.] [BATTALIA.]
I. Literally. (Military & Ord. Language):
*1. An army drawn up for battle.
“Why, our battalion trebles that amount."
Shakesp. : Richurd III, V. 3.
In some editions it is “battalia trebles."
2. An assemblage of companies ; the tactical
and administrative unit of infantry—that is,
the first body that is, as a rule, used inde-
pendently, and commanded by a field officer
(major or lieutenant-colonel). It consists of
from four to ten companies, and is generally
about 1,000 strong on a war footing.
(a) English battalions are formed of ten com-
panies for administrative and eight for tacti-
cal purposes. The first twenty-five regiments
have two battalions, the remainder one bat-
talion, except that the two regiments of Rifles
have four battalions each, and the three regi-
ments of the Guards seven battalions in all.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion, -cioun = shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious=shús. -ble, -dle, &c. =bel, del.

446
battalioned-batter
The peace strength of a battalion is about 400 [BATTELER.] (In this sense Skinner and
“ We drove afield,
men, but varies; its war strength in the field Boucher derive battel from Dut. betaalen = to
Batt'ning our flock with the fresh dews of night.”
Milton : Lycidas, i. 26.
is 1,000 men, with one lieutenant-colonel, two pay, whence may be derived the Eng. tale = a
majors, eight captains, sixteen subalterns,
2. Of land : To fertilise, to render fertile
reckoning, tell = reckon, and tally. In Todd's
four officers of the regimental staff (adjutant,
[For example, see BATTENING (1).]
Johnson it is derived from Sax. tellan = count,
paymaster, quartermaster, and medical officer), with the prefix be.)
B. Intrans. : To grow fat through gluttony
and fifty sergeants. The corporals and lance-
and sloth. (Lit. and fig.)
corporals fall in with the privates in the
* băt'-tel (1), s. [BATTLE (1).] An old spelling
“Hopes rashly, in disgust as rash recoils :
ranks, and therefore number among the "rank of the substantive BATTLE. (Used specially in
Battens on spleen, or moulders in despair."
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. v.
and file."
Old Law for the absurd practice of settling
(6) French battalions. By the laws of the
legal innocence or guilt by single combat.) bắt’-tened (1), pc. par. & C. [BATTEN (1), .t.]
2nd of December, 1874, and January 20 and [BATTLE, S., B, 1.]
bắtº-tened (2), pa. par. & Q. [BATTEN (2), .t.]
March 13, 1875, the French Infantry is divided "... the barbarous and Norman trial by battel."-
into (1) Infantry of the Line, (2) Regiments of
Blackstone : Comment., bk, iv., ch. 33.
bắtº-ten-ing(1), p. par. & Q. [BATTEN (1), 0.]
Zouaves, (3) Regiments of Tirailleurs Algé-
* bắt-tel (2) (0. Eng.), * bắtº-tell (0. Scotch), 1. In a transitive sense : Imparting fatness
riens, and (4) Battalions of Chasseurs à Pied.
a. & s.
The 144 Regiments of Infantry of the Line
or fertility.
[From BATTEL, v. (q.v.).]
“ The meadows here, with batt'ning ooze enrich'd,
have each four battalions; a battalion (which
A. As adjective: Fertile, fruitful. (Used Give spirit to the grass ; three cubits high
is divided into four field companies) consist specially of soil.)
The jointed herbage shoots."
5 Philips.
ing of 12 commissioned officers, 54 non-com-
"... is like unto a fruitful field or battel soil."-
2. In an intransitive sense: Becoming fat.
missioned officers, and 264 soldiers—in all 330
Holland : Plutarch, p. 943.
“While paddling ducks the standing lake desire,
men, raised in time of war to 1,000 men. The
B. As substantive (in the plural):
Or batt'ning hogs roll in the sinking mire."
Gay: Pastorals.
Regiments of Zouaves have, in peace, 612 men 1. At Oxford: Provisions purchased at the
in a battalion, and in war 1,000. The Tirail college buttery; the expenses incurred by the
bắt-ten-ing (2), p. par., C., & s. [BATTEN (2),
student in connection with them; the bills or
leurs Algériens, who in time of peace are
v.t. 1
always in Algeria, or at least have been so for accounts for such expenses.
As subst. : Narrow battens nailed to a wall
the last eight years, have, in peace, 652 men
" Bring my kinsman's battels with you, and you to which the laths for the plastering are fixed.
in a battalion, and in war 1,000 men. Finally, shall have money to discharge them."-Letters (Cherry
the Chasseurs à Pied have, in peace, 468 men,
bít-tết (1), a.t. [Fr. battre =to beat ; Prov.
to Hearne), i. 119.
and in war 1,000 men.
2. At Eton (formerly): A small portion of batre ; Sp. batir; Port. bater; Ital. battere;
food given the students by their dames in from Lat. batuo and battuo = to beat.]
(c) German battalions. With the exception
addition to the college allowance.
of the 116th (Hesse) Regiment, the 148 Line
A. Ordinary Language :
Regiments have three battalions. The Yägers * bắt – tel-ẽ, bắt –tlẽ, s. [From Eng.
I. To inflict upon any thing or upon any
are formed into twenty-six separate battalions.
battel ; -er.]
person a succession of heavy blows.
To each line regiment is attached a Landwehr
In Oxford :
1. In a general sense :
regiment of two battalions, and these latter
1. Originally: A student at the university,
"And clattering flints batter'd with clanging hoofs."
bear the same number as the regular regi-
Tennyson : A Dream of Fair Women.
ments to which they are affiliated. The five
who paid for nothing except what he called
2. Spec. : In the military sense defined under
Prussian Guard Regiments have 22 officers
for. He corresponded to what was called at
B.
Cambridge a sizar.
and 678 men per battalion in peace time, the
(Lit. & fig.)
“... these haughty words of hers
remaining regiments having 18 officers and 526 2. Later: A semi-commoner, the lowest
Have batter'd me like roaring cannon shot."
men per battalion, and the Yägers 22 officers grade of student, whose parents wholly paid
Shakesp. : 1 Hen. VI., iil. 3.
his way in the university.
and 526 men. On mobilisation for war all
“Now that those institutions have fallen we must
hasten to prop the edifice which it was lately our duty
battalions are raised to a strength of 22 officers
“Though in the meanest condition of those that
to batter."-Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. i.
and 1,000 men, with a regimental statf of one
were wholly maintained in the University of Oxford]
by their parents, a battler, or semi-commoner, he was
II. To inflict upon a person or thing a con-
commandant, one extra field officer, and one admitted to the conversation and friendship of the tinued assault or hard usage, not necessarily
aide-de-camp. Pioneer battalions are practi gentlemen-commoners.”—Life of Bishop Kennett, p. 4.
taking the form of actual blows. (In this sense
cally field engineer bodies, and are divided into 3. In a more general sense : Any student
the assailant may be man, one of the inferior
Pontoniers (for bridging), and Sappers and keeping terms or residing at the University of
animals, wind, rain, and storm, or time.)
Miners (for siege operations, demolitions, or Oxford.
" Batter'd and blackened and worn by all the storms
the construction of artificial defences). They “... became a battler or student at Oxford."-
of the winter."
have each three field and one depôt company; Wood : Athence Oxon.
Longfellow: The Courtship of Miles Standish.
the former comprising fifteen officers and 650
T For other examples see under BATTERED.
* băt'-tell, s. [BATTLE.]
men,
Fig.: Of the effect of passion upon the mind.
II. Figuratively: A great number of any | * băt'-te-ment, s. [Fr. battement = a beat-
"Kingdom'd Achilles in commotion rages
And batters down himself.”
ing; from battre = to beat.) A beating.
Shakesp. : Troilus and Cressida, ii. 3.
“When sorrows come, they come not single spies,
But in battalions." Shakesp. : Hamlet, iv. 5. 1 băt'-těn, † băt'-tón, s. & a. [Fr. bâton =a B. Technically:
bạt tăI-1-õned, a. [Eng. battalion; -ed. ]
stick, a staff, or Eng. bat (1) (q.v.).]
1. Military: To inflict a succession of heavy
Formed into battalions. (Barlow.)
A. As substantive :
blows on a wall or other defence with the view
of breaking it down. This was of old done
1. Carp.: A plank of wood from 2 to 7 inches
by means of a battering-ram, and now by
* băt-tall, s. [From Fr. bataill.] [BATTLE, wide, 24 inches thick, and from 6 to 50 feet long.
They are used for floors, and, reared upright
s.) A battalion. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
artillery. [BATTERING-RAM.] :
on the inner face of walls, afford supports to
2. Forging: To spread metal out by ham-
* bắt-tai-ling, * bắtº-tế1-ling, S. [From which the laths for the plastering may be mering on the end.
Fr. bastillé, batillé.] [BASTILLE, BATTLEMENT.]
affixed. Battens differ from deals in never I băt'-tér (2), v.i. [Fr. battre = to beat, ...
A battlement.
being so much, while deals are never so little, to shake.]
"Skarsement, reprise, corbell, and battellingis.”—
as seven inches wide.
Arch.: (Formerly) To bulge out as a badly-
Palice of Honour, iii. 17. (Jamieson.)
“A batten is a scantling of wood, two, three, or four
inches broad, seldom above one thick, and the length
built wall; (now) to slope. [BATTER (1), s.)
* bắt-tay-ăx, S. [BATTLE-AXE.] (0. Scotch.) unlimited.”—Moxon.
“The side of a wall, or any timber, that bulges from
2. The movable bar of a loom which strikes
its bottom or foundation, is said to batter."— Moxon.
* bắt? -tart, * bắt –tirt, * bắt? -tard,
in or closes the threads of a woof. (Francis.)
9 Johnson says, “A word used only by
* băt' - tēr, s. [Fr. bastarde. O“A demie-
3. Naut. : Thin pieces of wood nailed to the
workmen.” But Joseph Hunter, writing in
cannon, or dernie-culverin ; a smaller piece of
Boucher's Dict., gives an example of its occur-
mast-head and to the midship post of the yard.
any kind” (Cotgrave).] (0. Scotch.) A cannon
rence in general literature (derived, however,
Battens of the hatches : Scantlings of wood
of a smaller size.
evidently from the language of carpenters): -
or cask-hoops rendered straight, which are
“ Item, tua pair of irne calmes for moyan and
“... the plom-line whereby the evenes of the
battard."-Ibid., p. 169. (Jamieson.)
used to keep the margin of the tarpaulins close squares be tried, whether they batter or hang over.”—
to the hatches during storms at sea.
Transl. of Polydore, Virgil, p. 77. (J. H. in Boucher.)
* bắt-tel, 8. [BATTLE.]
B. As adjective: Of or pertaining to battens. băt-těr (3), v.t. [From batter (2), s. (q.v.).]
* băt'-teil-ant, s. [BATTAILANT.]
batten-end, s. A batten less than six
To paste; to cause one body to adhere to
another by means of a viscous substance.
* bắt-tel, * bắt-till, * bắt-tle (1), 9., & . |
feet in length.
[From O. Eng. & Scotch bat = to fatten, to
băt'-tér (1), s. [From batter (2), v.]
be fat; and, according to Mahn, A.S. doel =
| băt'-ten (1), v.t. [From batten, s. & a. (q.v.).]
Arch. : A backward slope in a wall to make
deal, portion.] [BAT, V., BATFUL, BATTEN.)
1. To form with battens.
the plumb-line fall within the base; as in
A. Transitive: To make fat.
2. To fasten with battens.
railway cuttings, embankments, &c. (Weale.)
“Ashes are a marvellous improvement to battle
Naut.: To batten down the hatches of a
barren land, by reason of the fixed salt which they
batter-rule, s.
ship. To fasten them down with battens,
contain.”-Ray: Proverbs.
which is generally done when a storm arises.
Arch. : A plumb-line designed to regulate
B. Intransitive :
[BATTEN, S., A. 3.)
the “batter” or slope of a wall not meant to
I. Ordinary Language : To become fat, to
be vertical. The pluinb-line itself is perpen-
gain flesh.
bắt-ten (2) (Eng.), bắt (ola Eng. & Modern
dicular, but the edge is as much to the side of
“The best advizement was, of bad, to let her
Scotch), v.t. & i. [Comp. with A.S. bet=better;
this as th wall is intended to slope. (Francis.)
Sleep out her fill without encomberment;
Dut. bat, bet = better; A.S. betan, and Icel. | băt'-tér (2), s. [From Fr. battre = to beat, to
For sleep, they said, would make her battiti better.”
Spenser: F.Q., VI. viii. 38.
batna = to grow better; Goth. gabatnan = to agitate, to stir; that which is beaten, agi-
II. In Oxford : To stand indebted in the profit.] [BATFUL, BATTEL (1), BETTER.]
tated, or stirred.]
college books for what is expended in pur A. Transitive:
1. A mixture of several ingredients beaten
chasing provisions at the buttery (size is the 1. Of persons, or of the lower animals : To together with some liquor; so called from its
corresponding term at Cambridge). (Todd.) | cause to become fat, to fatten.
being so much beaten.
thing.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöro, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúli; trý, Sýrian. a, o=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

batter-battery
447
17. A certain number of artillerymen united
under the command of a field officer. As a
battalion is the lowest tactical unit in the
infantry, so a battery is the lowest in the
artillery. In a battery there are gunners who
work the guns, and drivers who drive the
horses by which these guns are transported
from place to place. Batteries are usually
distinguished as Horse, Field, and Garrison.
(1) Horse batteries are those in which the
gunners are carried partly on the carriages
and partly on horses.
(2) Field batteries are those in which all the
gunners are carried on the carriages; and
these are divided again into (a) Mountain and
(6) Position Batteries.
(3) Garrison batteries are those bodies of foot
artillerymen who have to serve and mount
the heavy guns in forts or coast batteries.
III. Physics :
1. An Electric Battery: One consisting of a
series of Leyden jars [LEYDEN JAR), the ex-
UOMUS
“One would have all things little, hence has try'd
Turkey poults fresh from th' egg in batter fry'd."
King.
2. A glutinous substance used for producing
adhesion; paste used for sticking papers, &c.,
together. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
3. Printing : A bruise of the face of the
type, when arranged in pages for printing;
also a similar defacement of a stereotyped plate.
batter-pudding, s. A pudding made
of flour, milk, eggs, butter, and salt. It is
either baked or boiled.
* băt'-tőr (3), s. [Corrupted from Fr. bas-
tarde.] A species of artillery. [BATTART.]
(0. Scotch.)
băt'-tőr (4), s. [BATTER (1), v.t.]
Pottery: A plaster mallet used to flatten out
a lump of clay which is to be laid and formed
upon the whirling table.
băt'-tér (5), s. [BATSMAN.]
bít-tếted, * bắtº-red, * V-bit-red (red
as ērd), pa. par. &. a. (BATTER (1), v.]
A. As past participle : In senses correspond-
ing to those of the verb.
B. As participial adjective. Specially-
I. Of things : Having marks indicating that
it has been subjected to blows.
"But sparely form'd, and lean withal :
A battered morion on his brow.”
Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, iv. 5.
II. Of persons : Affording obvious indica-
tions that time has done its work upon their
physical frame. Used
(a) Of old men :
“I am a poor old battered fellow, and I would will-
ingly end my days in peace.”-Arbuth.: Hist. of J. Bull.
Or (6) of old women:
“In di'monds, pearls, and rich brocades,
She shines the first of batter'd jades.”—Pope.
băt'-tēr-ěr, s. [Eng. batter; -er.] One who
batters. (Johnson.)
bắtº-tẼr-ing, pr. pur. & a. [BATTER (1), 0.]
battering-ram, s. An ancient military
engine used for battering down walls. It
existed among the Assyrians. See the engrav-
ing, taken from a tablet dated about 880 B.C.
In its most perfect form among the Romans it
consisted of a pole or beam of wood sometimes
as much as 80, 100, or even 120 feet in length.
It was suspended by its extremities from a
single point or from two points in another
beam above, which lay horizontally across
two posts. When at rest it was level, like
unt
BATTERY OF LEYDEN JARS.
A. Ordinary Language :
† I. The act of beating or battering.
+ II. The state of being beaten or battered ;
a legal action raised in consequence of having
been beaten. [B., I.]
+ III. The wound or other injury produced
by a beating.
1. Lit.: A wound or other injury of the
body. [B., I.]
"... may increase the damages at their own discre-
tion; as may also be the case upon view of an atrocious
battery. But then the battery must likewise be alleged
so certainly in the declaration that it may appear to
be the same with the battery inspected."-Blackstone:
Comment., bk. iii., ch. 22.
2. Fig. : A wound or impression on the heart.
“For where a heart is hard, they make no battery."
Shakesp.: Venus and Adonis.
IV. Apparatus by which the act or opera-
tion of battering is effected.
1. Lit. : In the military sense. [B., II. 1, 2.]
“All the southern bank of the river was lined by the
camp and batteries of the hostile army.”-Macaulay:
Hist. Eng., ch. xvi.
2. Figuratively :
(a) Heaven's artillery ; lightning, with the
accompanying thunder,
“A dreadful fire the floating batt'ries make,
O'erturn the mountain, and the forest shake."
Blackmore.
(6) An argument.
"Earthly minds, like mud walls, resist the strongest
batteries."-Locke.
B. Technically:
I. Law: The unlawful beating of another,
or even the touching him with hostile intent.
It is legitimate for a parent or a master to
give moderate correction to his child, his
scholar, or his apprentice. A church warden
or beadle may gently lay hands on a person
disturbing a congregation. A person, also,
who is violently assailed by another may
strike back in self-defence. He may do so
also in defence of his property. But to strike
any one in anger, however gently, without
these justifications, exposes one to the liability
to be prosecuted for assault and battery, the
assault being the menacing gesture and the
battery the actual blow. [ASSAULT.] Wound-
ing and mayhem are a more aggravated kind of
battery. (Blackstone : Comment., bk. iii., ch. 8.)
II. Military :
1. Breaching (siege) battery: One placed as
close as possible to the object to be destroyed;
as the stone revetment of a fortress.
2. Counter or direct (siege) battery : One in-
tended to crush the opponent's fire by an
equal number of heavy guns.
3. Cross batteries : Two batteries playing on
the same point from two different positions.
4. Elevated . (siege) battery: One in which
the gun platforms are on the natural level of
the ground.
5. Enfilading battery : One which is placed
on the prolongation of the line occupied by
the enemy.
6. Fascine battery: One made of fascines.
7. Floating battery: A heavily armed and
armoured vessel intended for bombarding
fortresses and not for sea cruising.
8. A gabion battery: One built up of gabions.
9. Half-sunken battery: One in which the
terreplein is sunk two feet below the level of
the ground.
10. Masked battery: One that is concealed
from view of the enemy by brushwood or the
non-removal of natural obstacles in front
until it is ready to open fire.
11. Mortar battery: One without embrasures
in the parapets, and the platform is hori-
zontal. The shells are fired over the parapet
at an angle of 45°.
12. Open batteries : Those which are not
protected by earthen or other fortifications.
13. Ricochet battery: One in which the guns
are placed on the prolongation of the front
of an enemy's battery, so that by firing low
charges the shot or shell may be made to
bound along inside the work and dismount
the guns.
14. Sand-bag battery: One constructed in
rocky or sandy sites of sand-bags filled with
earth or sand.
15. Screen (siege) battery : One in which the
actual gun battery is protected by a low
earthen screen placed parallel to and a short
distance from the main battery.
16. Sunken (siege) battery: One in which
the gun platforms are sunk three feet below
the surface.
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10. LETI DI INDI
ternal and internal coatings of which are
respectively connected with each other.
2. A Magnetic Battery or Magazine: One
consisting of a number of magnets joined to-
gether by their similar poles.
3. A Thermo-electric Battery : One in which
a number of thermo-electric couples are so
joined together that the second copper of the
first is soldered to the bismuth of the second,
the second copper of this to the bismuth of
the third, and so on. It is worked by keeping
the odd solderings, for instance, in ice, and
the even ones in water at a temperature of
100° Fahr.
4. A Voltaic Battery or
Voltaic Pile : A battery
or pile constructed by
arranging a series of
voltaic elements or pairs
in such a way that the
zinc of one element is
connected with the cop-
per of another, and so
on through the whole
series. The first feeble
one was made by Volta,
who used only a single
pair. [VOLTAIC PILE.]
There are two forins of
it, a Constant Battery and
a Gravity Battery.
VOLTAIC PILE.
(a) A Constant Battery,
or Constant Voltaic Battery: One in which the
action continues without material alteration
for a considerable portion of time. This is
effected by employ-
ing two liquids
instead of one.
The first and best
form of constant
battery is called a
Danieil's battery,
after its inventor,
who devised it in
the year 1836. It
consists of a glass
or porcelain vessel
containing a satu-
rated solution of
sulphate of copper,
immersed in which
is a copper cylinder
open at both ends DANIELL BATTERY.
and perforated by
holes. At the upper part of the cylinder is an
annular shelf perforated by holes, and below
ASSYRIAN BATTERING-RAM (ABOUT 880 B.C.).
the beam above it. When put in action
against a wall, it was swung horizontally by
men who succeeded each other in constant
relays, the blow which it gave to the masonry
at each vibration being rendered all the more
effective that one end of it was armed with
iron. This, being generally formed like a ram's
head, originated the name aries (ram), by
which it was known among the Romans, and
battering-ram, which it obtains among our-
selves. A roof or shed covered it to protect
the soldiers who worked it from hostile mis-
siles, and to facilitate locomotion it was placed
on wheels.
bắt tér-ỹ, S. [In Sw. batteri; Dan, Ger., &
Fr. batterie; Dut. batterij; Sp. & Port. bateria ;
Ital. batteria. From Fr. battre, Prov. bataria
=to beat. (BATTER.) Essential signification,
a beating; hence apparatus for inflicting one.]
bol, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -çion, -tion, -sion = shŭn; -ţion, -şion = zhŭn. -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

448
battie-battle
the level of the solution. Inside the cylinder
is a thin porous vessel of unglazed earthenware,
and inside this last a bar of zinc is suspended.
Two thin strips of copper are fixed by bind-
ing-screws to the copper and to the zinc; and
several of these cylinders, connected together
by uniting the zinc of one to the copper of the
next, form a battery. To keep it in action,
crystals of sulphate of copper to replace those
consumed are placed on the annular shelf, and
in the porous vessel is placed a solution of
salt or diluted sulphuric acid along with the
bars of amalgamated zinc. As the several
chemical elements now mentioned act on each
other, a constant stream of electricity is
evolved. To this type belong Grove's, Bun-
sen's, Callan's, Smee's, Walker's, and Marié
Davy's batteries.
(b) A Gravity Battery: One in which the
separation is produced by the difference of
gravity in the substances themselves. To
this type belong Calliaud's and Menotti's
batteries. (Atkinson : Ganot's Physics, bk. x.,
ch. 1.)
battery-resistance, s. Resistance oc-
curring in connection with a voltaic or other
battery.
“... when low battery-resistances have to be mea-
sured, ..."-Proceedings of the Physical Society of
London, pt. ii., p. 107.
* bắt-tie, a. [BATTY.]
* băt'-til, v.i. [BATTLE, v. (1).]
bắtº-ting, pr. par., C., & s. [BAT, 2.]
A. & B. As present participle & participial
adjective: In a sense corresponding to that of
the verb.
C. As substantive: The use and manage-
ment of a bat in cricket and other games.
bắtº-ting, s. [BAT (1). A sheet of cotton
prepared for stuffing quilts.
* bắt-tirt, s. [BATTART.] (0. Scotc.)
bắt-tish, a. [Eng. bat (2); -ish.] Resem-
bling a bat.
"To be out late in a battish humour.”
Gent. Instructed.
bắt-tle (tle as tel), * bắtº-tel, * bắt-tell,
* băt-teil, * battail, * battaile, * bat-
ail, * bataile (Eng.), * bataill, * battali,
* battayle (Old Scotch), s. [Wel. batel = a
drawing of a bow, a battle. In Sw. batalj;
Dan. & Fr. bataillé = battle, fight, encounter,
body of forces, main body of an army; Prov.
batailla; Sp. batalla; Port. batalha; Ital.
battaglia, all from Low Lat. batalia = battle.]
[BATTALIA, BATTALION, BEAT. ]
A. Ordinary Language :
I. Of array or equipment for fighting purposes :
1. Order of battle, battle-array.
"And in bataill in gud aray,
Befor Sanct Jhonystoun com thai,
And bad Schyr Amery isch to fycht."
Barbour, ii. 246. (Jamieson.)
2. Military equipment (?).
“Quhan he wald our folk assaill,
Durst nane of Walis in bataill ride.'
Barbour, i. 105, MS. (Jamieson.)
II. Of the combatants engaged in fighting, or
equipped for it: An army in part or in whole.
Specially-
1. A division of an army, a battalion.
" To ilk lord, and his bataill,
Wes ordanyt, quhar he suld assaill."
Barbour, xvii. 345, MS. (Jamieson.)
I Still used in poetry :
“In battles four beneath their eye,
The forces of King Robert lie."
Scott : Lord of the Isles, vi. 10.
2. The main body of an army as contradis-
tinguished from its van and rear.
“Angus led the avant-guard, himself followed with
the battle a good distance behind, and after came the
arrier."-Hayward.
Not quite obsolete yet.
"... and it chanced that Brutus with the Roman
horsemen, and Aruns, the son of King Tarquinius, with
the Etruscan horse, met each other in advance of the
inain battles.”-Arnold : Hist. of Rome, vol. i., chap.
vii., p. 108.
3. The whole of an army opposed to another
in the field.
“Each battle sees the other's umbered face.”
Shakesp. : Henry V., iv., Chorus.
III. Of a hostile encounter between two or more
armies, or between two or more individuals, or
anything analogous to it:
1. Literally:
(1) Between armies or other large bodies of
men, or between beings of any kind.
(a) Between armies.
"And the king of Israel disguised himself, and went
into the battle.”—1 Kings xxii. 30.
(6) Between beings.
“Foolhardy as th' Earthes children, the which made
Batteill against the Gods, so we a God in vade."
Spenser : F. Q., III. xi. 22.
A pitched battle: A battle in which all the
forces on both sides are engaged.
To give battle of an attacking force) : To
take the initiative in fighting ; also (of a force
on the defensive) to be prepared for an attack.
"The English army, that divided was
Into two parts, is now conjoin'd in one, ..
And means to give you battle presently."
Shakesp.: 1 Hen. VI., v. 2.
To join battle : Mutually to engage in
battle.
Either (a) the name of one of the comba-
tants may be a nominative before the verb,
and that of the other an objective governed by
with :
“... and they joined battle with them in the vale
of Siddim” (Gen. xiv. 8)
Or (6) the names of both combatants may be
nominatives before the verb.
“Then the Romans and the Latins joined battle by
the Lake Regillus."- Arnold: Hist. of Rome, vol. i.,
chap. vii., p. 116.
To offer battle : To give the enemy an oppor-
tunity if not even a temptation to fight.
According to Sir Edward Creasy, the fol-
lowing were the fifteen “Decisive Battles of
the World”:-
1. The Battle of Marathon, B.C. 490.
2. The Defeat of the Athenians at Syracuse, B.C. 413.
3. The Battle of Arbela, B.C. 331.
4. The Battle of the Metaurus, B.C. 207.
5. The Victory of Arminius over the Roman legions
under Varus, A.D. 9.
6. The Battle of Chalons, A.D. 451.
7. The Battle of Tours, A.D. 732.
8. The Battle of Hastings, A.D. 1066.
9. Joan of Arc's victory over the English at Orleans,
A.D. 1429.
10. The Defeat of the Spanish Armada, A.D. 1588.
11. The Battle of Blenheim, A.D. 1704.
12. The Battle of Pultowa, A.D. 1709.
13. The Victory of the Americans over Burgoyne at
Saratoga, A.D. 1777.
14. The Battle of Valmy, A.D. 1792.
15. The Battle of Waterloo, A.D. 1815.
(2) Between individuals. (In this case the
word more commonly employed is combat.)
[B. 1.)
2. Figuratively :
(1) Of a struggle of any kind :
(a) A long protracted military, political,
social, or other struggle.
“For Freedom's battle once begun,
Bequeathed from bleeding sire to son,
Though vanquished oft is ever won.""
Byron.
(6) The struggle for existence which every
human being, as also every animal and plant,
must carry on during the whole period of his
or its life.
"... other variations useful in some way to each
being in the great and complex battle of life."-Dar-
win: Origin of Species (ed. 1859), chap. iv., p. 80.
(2) Of success in a fight or struggle : Victory
in battle.
“... the race is not to the swift, nor the battle to
the strong.”—Eccles. ix. 11.
B. Technically :
1. Law. Trial by battle, or wager of battle
(or battel, as the spelling was): A barbarous
method of deciding in the court of last resort,
by personal combat, all civil and criminal
questions turning on disputed matters of fact.
The practice seems to have been immemorially
in use among the Northern nations; the Bur-
gundians reduced it to stated forms about the
end of the fifth century; from them it passed
to the Franks and Norinans, and through
William the Conqueror came to be established
in England. It was used (1) in courts-martial,
or courts of chivalry and honour; (2) in
appeals of felony; and (3) upon cases joined
in a writ of right the last and most solemn
decision of real property. In civil actions the
parties at variance appointed champions to
fight for them, but in appeals of felony they
had to do so themselves. The weapons were
batons of an ell long, and a four-cornered
target. The combat went on till the stars
appeared in the evening, unless one of the
combatants proved recreant and cried craven.
If he did so, or if his champion lost the battle,
Divine Providence was supposed to have de-
cided that his cause was bad. If the one who
thus failed was appellant against a charge of
murder, he was held to have done the felonious
deed, and without more ado was hanged.
Henry II. struck the first blow at the system
of trial by battle by giving the defendant in a
case of property the option of the grand
assize, then newly introduced. The last trial
by battle in the Court of Common Pleas at
Westminster was in the year 1571, the last
in the provinces in 1638. The case of Ash-
ford v. Thornton, in 1818, having nearly led
to a judicial duel of the old type, the Act 59
Geo. III., chap. 46, passed in 1819, finally
abolished trial by battle. Montesquieu traces
both duelling and knight-errantry back to the
trial by battle. (Blackstone : Comment., bk. iii.,
chap. 22, and bk. iv., chaps. 27, 33, &c.)
2. Nat. Science. Battle of life. [A., III. 2
(6). ]
Crabb thus distinguishes the words battle,
combat, and engagement :-“ Battle is a general
action requiring some preparation; combat is
only particular and sometimes unexpected.
Combat has more relation to the act of fighting
than battle, which is used with more propriety
simply to denominate the action. In the
battle the combat was obstinate and bloody.'
In this sense engagement and combat are analo-
gous, but the former has a specific relation to
the agents and parties engaged, which is not
implied in the latter term. We speak of a
person being present, or wounded, or fighting
desperately in an engagement; on the other
hand, we speak of engaging in a combat, chal-
lenging to single combat, &c. ' Battles are
fought between armies only; they are gained
or lost. Combats are entered into between
individuals, in which they seek to destroy or
excel. Engagements are confined to no par-
ticular number, only to such as are engaged.
A general engagement is said of an army when
the whole body is engaged ; partial engage-
ments respect only such as are fought by small
parties or companies of an army.'
battle-array, s. The array or order of
battle.
“ Two parties of fine women, placed in the opposite
side boxes, seemed drawn up in battle-array one
against the other."-Addison.
battle-axe (Eng.), * battar-ax (old
Scotch), s.
1. Lit.: A weapon like an axe, formerly
used in battle.
“But littil effect of speir or battar-ax."
Dunbar : Bannatyne Poems, p. 43, st. 8.
"Four men-at-arins came at their backs,
With halbert, bill, and battle-axe."
Scott : Marmion, i. 8.
In the first example Jamieson considers
that battar-ax may be an error of an early
transcriber for battal-ax; if not, then it is
directly from Fr. battre = to beat.
2. Fig.: Military power. The battle-ax in
Jer. li. 20 is the military power by the instru-
mentality of which God should execute his
judgment on Babylon.
battle-bed, s. The “bed” on which a
slain soldier is left to repose after a battle.
“In the strong faith which brings the viewless nigh,
And pour'd rich odours on their battle-bed."
Hemans : The Bowl of Liberty.
battle-bell, s. A bell used to summon
people to battle, or for some similar purpose.
“I hear the Florentine, who from his palace
Wheels out his battle-bell with dreadful din."
Longfellow: The Arsenal at Springfield.
battle-brand, s. A “brand” or sword
used in battle. [BRAND.]
“Thy father's battle-brand .
Scott : Lady of the Lake, ii. 15.
battle-broil, s. Broil or contention of
battle.
"When falls a mate in battle-broil.”.
Scott : Rokeby, i. 21.
battle-call, s. A call or summons to
battle.
“ Valencia roused her at the battle-cali."
Scott : Vision of Don Roderick, st. xlvi.
battle-cry, s. A cry given forth by troops
of certain nations when engaging in battle.
“How shall she bear that voice's tone,
At whose loud battle-cry alone
Whole squadrons oft in panic ran."
Moore : Lalla Rookh ; Fire-Worshippers.
Occasionally used figuratively for the
watchword of parties engaged in warfare of
another kind-e.g., political or social.
battle-day, s. The day of battle.
“The beetle with his radiance mauifold,
A mailed angel on a battle-day.”
Wordsworth : Stanzas on Thomson's Castle of Indol.
battle-dell, s. A dell in which a battle
has occurred.
“ The faithful band, our sires, who fell
Here in the narrow battle-dell !
Hemans : Swiss Song.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pīne, păt, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sön; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; trý, Sýrian. 2, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

battle-batyldore
449
battle-field, s. A "field,” plain, or other A. Intransitive :
II. Fig. : A high and dangerous social or
extended area on which hostile armies fight
I. Lit. Of a conflict between physical forces : political elevation.
with each other.
1. To fight a battle; to take part in a battle.
“That stands upon the battlements of state;
"... the coalition of clans would last only while
I'd rather be secure than great.”—Norris.
they were impatiently pushing forward from battle-
“Oh ! more or less than man-in high or low,
B. In an attributive sense in such a com-
field to battle-field.”-Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xiii.
Buttling with nations, flying from the field.”
Byron : Childe Harold, iii. 38. pound as the following :-
battle-fray, s. The fray, affray, or col 2. To struggle ; to contend in a conflict of
battlement-wall, s. A wall forming the
lision of battle.
any kind, even though unworthy the name of
“And my free spirit burst away,
a battle.
battlement to a building.
As if it soared from battle-fray."
“ And the moonbeam was bright on his battlement
“Her ragged and starving soldiers often mingled
Scott : Lady of the Lake, vi. 14.
walls."
Hemans : Guerilla Song.
with the crowd of beggars at the doors of couvents,
battle-front, s. The front presented by
and battled there for a mess of pottage and a crust of
bread.”—Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xx.
bắt-tle-mbnt-ed (tle as tel), a. [Eng.
an army drawn up in order of battle.
II. Fig. Of a conflict between moral forces :
battlement; -ed.] Furnished with battle-
“With plumes and pennons waving fair,
To be in conflict or antagonism with anything;
ments; defended by battlements.
Was that bright battle-front! for there
Rode England's king and peers."
“So broad [the wall of Babylon] that six chariots
to struggle against anything.
could well drive together at the top, and so battle-
Scott : Lord of the Isles, vi. 14.
“I own he hates an action base,
mented that they could not fall."-Sir T. Herbert :
battle-ground, s. The ground or “field"
His virtues battling with his place."
Travels, p. 228.
** Swift.
selected for battle, or on which battle actually
B. Transitive: To contest, to dispute by 1 * băt-tler, s. [BATTELER.]
takes place.
force of arms, or in any other hostile way.
“Upon its midnight battle-ground
(Followed by it, which gives the ordinary in-
* bătt-1ět, s. [BATLET.]
The spectral camp is seen."
* Longfellow : The Beleaguered City. transitive verb a transitive character.)
* bắtº-tling (1), * bắtº-ling, * bat’-le-ing
“I battle it against Him, as I battled
battle-heath, s. A heath on which a
(le=el), pr. par. [BATTLE (1), v., BATTEL, v.]
In highest heaven.”—Byron : Cain, ii. 2.
battle takes place.
bắtº-tled (tled as teld), * bắtº-teled, a.
bătt'-lîng (2), pr. par., adj., & s. [BATTLE (2),
"Far on the future battle-heath
2.] The act or operation of fighting, in a
His eyes beheld the ranks of death.”
[Contracted from Eng. embattled, or from bat-
Scott : Lady of the Lake, iii. 7.
literal or figurative sense ; contest, fight,
Elemented (q.v.).]
struggle.
battle-horn, s. A horn summoning men 1. Ord. Lang. : Possessed of battlements.
“The livid Fury spread-
to battle.
[EMBATTLED.]
She blaz'd in omens, swell'd the groaning winds
“Heard you not the battle-horn ?-
With wild surmises, battlings, sounds of war.”
“So thou, fair city ! disarrayed
Reaper! leave thy golden corn."
Thomson : Liberty, pt. 4.
Of battled wall and rampart's aid.”
Hemans: The Bended Bow.
Scott : Marmion, Introd. to canto v. 1 + băt-tol-o-gist, s. [See BATTOLOGIZE, v.t.]
battle-piece, s. A piece or picture, or
2. Her. : Having the chief, chevron, fesse, or One who repeats his words unnecessarily.
occasionally a musical composition, repre anything similar borne on one side in the form
“Should a truly dull battologist, that is of Auso-
senting a battle.
of the battlements of a castle or fort.
nius's character, quam pauca, quam diu loquuntur
Attici ? that an hour by the glass speaketh nothing ;
battle-plain, S. A plain on which a | bắtº-tle-döor, bắtº-tle döre, * bắtº-tle-
..."-Whitlock : Manners of the English, p. 209.
battle takes place.
der, * băt'-yl-döre, * batyldoure (tle
“ Hear ye my vows, O spirits of the slain !
+ bắt-t81-6-gize, 10,t. [Gr. BaTTOÀoyéo (bat-
Hear, and be with me on the battle-plain."
as tel), s. [Generally considered a corrup-
tologeo) (Matt. vi. 7, Gr. Test.) = to stammer,
Hemans : The Abencerrage. tion of Spanish batallador = a combatant, a
to repeat the same syllable, word, clause, or
battle-royal, s.
fencing master, a gladiator; Port. & Prov.
sentence over and over again : Bártos (battos)
batalhador; Ital. battagliatore, all = a com-
1. A battle of game cocks, in which more
= a stammerer, dóyos (logos) = discourse, and
batant; these words being akin also to Fr.
than two are engaged. (Grose.)
Eng. suff. -ize=to make.] To repeat the same
batailleur ; 0. Fr. batailleur, bataillier; Prov.
word or idea with unnecessary frequency.
2. A mêlée, in which more than two persons batalhier = a warrior. [BATTLE (2), v.] But
"After the Eastern mode, they wagged their bodies,
fight each other with fists and cudgels. Wedgwood derives it from Sp. batidor = a bowing their heads, and battologizing the names
(Thackeray.) (Goodrich and Porter.)
washing beetle.] [BEETLE (1). I
Allough Whoddaw, and Mahumet very often."-Sir T.
Herbert : Travels, p. 191.
battle-shout, s. A shout raised in battle.
*1. A washing beetle.
“And the laurel groves, as on they pass'd,
“Batyldoure or wasshynge betyl, Feritorium.”— + băt-toll-o-gý, s. [Fr. battologie; from Gr.
Rang with no battle-shout !”
Prompt. Parv.
Bartodoxia (battologia) = stammering. ] [See
Hemans : The Spartan's March.
2. The instrument with which a shuttlecock v.t.] The repetition of the same word or idea
battle-sign, s. A sign or signal given
is struck. It consists of a handle and a flat with unnecessary frequency. (Milton.)
for battle.
expanded board or palm at the top; a racket.
“On all her olive-hills
"Playthings which are above their skill, as tops,
* băt'-ton, s. & d. [BATTEN, S. & a.]
Shall men set up the battle-sign of fire.”
gigs, battledoors, and the like, which are to be used
i emans: The šiege of Valencia. with labour, should indeed be procured them."-Locke. * bạt-tô on, s. [BATON.]
battle-signal, s. A signal given for
* 3. A child's hornbook. (Todd.)
băt'-tor-ý, s. A name given by the Hanse
battle.
bắt –tle-mănt (tle as tel), * bắt -el Towns to their magazines or factories abroad.
“For those who wait the morn's awakening beams,
The battle-signal to decide their doom.”
ment, s. [From 0. Fr. bastillé = made like
bătts, s. [BOTTS.] Colic. (Scotch.)
Hemans: Last Banquet of Antony and Cleopatra. a fortress, bastille; Low Lat. bastilla, bastillus
"... the last thing ye sent Cuddie when he had the
= tower, fortification.] [BASTILLE.]
battle-song, s. A song sung by troops
batts e'en wrought like a charm."-Scott: Old Mor-
to animate them when proceeding to battle.
A. As substantive :
tality, ch. vii.
“Ye know his battle-song?
I. Lit. (Arch. & Ord. Lang.):
băt'-tûe, s. [Fr. battue=beating ; from battre
The old rude strain wherewith his bands went
1. A wall or rampart built around the top =to beat.]
Hemans: The Siege of Valencia.
of a fortified building, with interstices or ein-
Among sportsmen : The process or operation
battle-strife, s. The strife of battle.
of beating the bushes to start game, or drive
“Since thou hast been, in battle-strife,
it within prescribed limits, where it may be
So prodigal of health and life,
more easily shot.
For earthly fame."
Longfellow : (Translation), Coplas de Manrique.
* băt'-tų-lāte, v.t. [A Levantine word.
battle-target, s. A round target for-
Etymology doubtful.]
merly used in battle.
“ With disk like battle-target red,
Comm. : To prohibit commerce.
He rushes to his burning bed."
Scott: Rokeby, vi. 21.
* băt-tų-lā-tion, s. [From Eng. battulate
battle-thunder. S. The thunder-like
(q.v.).] A prohibition of commerce.
sound given forth by the cannon and lesser
băt-tû-tą, s. [Ital. battuta = time in music,
guns in battle.
... the beating of the pulse; from battere =
“ Soon murkier clouds the hall enfold,
to beat.]
Than e'er from battle-thunders rolled."
Scott : Rokeby, v. 34.
Music: The measurement of time by beat-
battle-word, s. The “word,” signal, or
BATTLEMENTS.
ing. [A BATTUTA.]
watchword given forth by a leader to his
bắt-tv, * bắtº-tle, a. [Eng. bat(c); -9.] Bat-
followers when engaging in battle.
brasures to discharge arrows or darts, or fire
"Alla and Mahomet their battle-word.”
like ; pertaining to a bat.
Scott : Vision of Don Roderick, 20.
guns through.
“Till o'er their brows death-counterfeiting sleep,
“We heard but the battle-word given by the chief,
“Go ye up upon her walls, and destroy; but make
With leaden legs and butty wings doth creep."
'To-day for revenge, and to-morrow for grief !'”.
not a full end : take away her battlements; for they
Shakesp. : Mið. Night's Dream, iii. 2.
Hemans: The Death of clanronald.
are not the Lord's.”—Jer. v. 10.
* băt'-ŭne, s. Old form of BATON.
“What though thy name, through distant empires
2. A similar erection around the roofs of
heard,
churches and other Gothic buildings, where
Bade the heart bound, as doth a battle-word ?” :
băt'-wârd, s. [From A.S. bat = boat; and
the object was principally ornamental. They
Ibid. : The Sceptic.
Eng. ward, A.S. weard = a keeper.] [BOAT,
are found not only upon parapets, but as orna-
* bắtº-tle (1) (tle as tel), * bắtº-ti, .t. & ..
WARD.] A “boatkeeper,” i.e., a boatman.
ments on the transoms of windows, &c.
[BATTEL (1).
(Scotch.)
3. A wall built around a flat-roofed house in
“ Bot scho a batward eftyr that
băt-tle (2) (tle as tęl), * batail, * bat the East and elsewhere to prevent any one
Til hyr spowsyd husband gat,
ailen, v.i. & t. [From battle (2), s. (q.v.). In from falling into the street, area, or garden.
Eftyr that mony a day
Fr. batailler ; Prov. & Port. batalhar; Sp.
“When thou buildest a new house, then thou shalt
The Batwardis land that callyd thai."
batallar = to fight, to fence; Ital. battagliare
make a battlement for thy roof, that thou bring not
Wyntown, vi. 16, 63.
blood upon thine house, if any man fall from thence.”
=to fight, to skirmish.]
-Deut. xxii. 8.
* bắt-vi-döre, S. [BATTLEDOOR.]
forth."
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çeli, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
29
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shủn; -ţion, -şion=zhủn. -tious, -sious, -cious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. =bel, del

450
batz-bavaroy
prized.”
batz, batze, s. [In Ger. batz, batze, batzen ;
Low Lat. båcco, bacius, bacenus = of the
Swiss canton of Berne, having on it the figure
of a bear; from Ger. bätz, betz= bear.] A coin
of copper with a slight admixture of silver,
formerly current in parts of Switzerland and
Germany. Its value was about a halfpenny
sterling.
† bâub, s. [Apparently imitated from the
sound.] Beat of drum. (Scotch.)
“... for that effect, ordains a baub to be beatt throw
the town, that none may pretend ignorant.”-Deed of
Town Council of Jedburgh (1714). Petition of Fleshers,
A. 1814. (Jamieson.)
bâu-bē'e, s. [BAWBEE.] (Scotch.)
bâu'-ble (1), * babulle, * bable, s. [From
Eng. bob ; Scotch bab, as v.= to move smartly
up and down; as s. =a lump, a bunch.
(BOB.) Wedgwood sets the example of sepa-
rating this from BAUBLE (2), with which it is
generally united.]
1. Originally: A stick with a lump of lead
hanging from its summit, used to beat dogs
with.
"Babutle or bable: Librilla pegma.” “Librilla dici-
tur instrumentum librandi: à bable or a dogge
malyote.” “Pegma, baculus cum massa plumbi in sum-
mitate pendent."-Prompt. Parv., and Footnotes to it.
2. Later: A short
stick or wand, with
a head with asses'"
ears carved at the
end of it; this was
carried by the fools
or jesters of former
times. (Malone's
Shakespeare, iii. 455.)
(Jamieson.)
(a) Perhaps this
second meaning of
BAUBLE.
the word should go
under BAUBLE (2).
(6) When Oliver Cromwell, losing patience
with the then existing House of Commons, and
with parliamentary government in general,
turned the members unceremoniously out of
doors, feeling himself-
"Forced (though it grieved his soul) to rule alone,
his words were but few, but among those
few (as all will remember) there came forth
the notable direction as to the disposal of
the parliamentary mace—“Take away that
bauble;” or, by other accounts, his language
was, “What shall be done (or, What shall we
do) with these fool's baubles? Here, carry it
away !”
bâu'-ble (2), bâw'-ble, * bable, s. [From
Fr. babiole =a toy, a bauble, a trifle, a gew-
gaw, a plaything.]
A. As substantive :
I. Lit.: A gewgaw, a tinsel or other orna-
ment of trifling value; any material thing
which is showy but useless.
“This shall be writ to fright the fry away,
Who draw their little bawbles when they play."
Dryden.
"... almost every great house in the kingdom con-
tained a museum of these grotesque baubles."--Ma-
caulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi.
II. Figuratively :
1. Of things : Anything not material which
is specious or showy, but worthless. Speci-
ally-
(a) Trifling conversation ; pretentious non-
sense.
"If, in our contest, we do not interchange useful
notions, we shall traffick toys and baubles." -Govern-
ment of the Tongue.
(6) A composition of little value.
bâu'-bling, * bâw'-blîng, a. [From Eng. ornament, as a ring, a bracelet, or anything
bauble (2), and -ing, dimin. suffix.] Trifling; similar ; an ensign. [BADGE.]
contemptible.
“A bawbling vessel was he captain of,
Douglas : Virgil, 52, 13. (Jamieson.)
For shallow draught and bulk unprized.”
1. | bau-hin-1-a, s. [Dut. baima ; Fr. babie.
Shakesp.: Twelfth Night, v. 1.
Named by Blumier after John and Caspar
bâu-ºe-ant, s. [BAUSEANT.]
Bauhin, the plants which have two-lobed
* bâu'-chle, bâ'-chle, bâ'-chel (ch guttural,
leaves being deemed suitable for rendering
honour to two brothers, instead of to one
chle as chel), s.. (Apparently from Celtic person simply.) Mountain-Ebony. A genus
bacach = mutilated, halted, lame.] (Scotch.) of plants belonging to the order Fabacea, or
1. Lit. : An old shoe used as a slipper.
Leguminosæ, and the sub-order Cæsalpineæ.
“Through my auld bachle peep'd my muckle toe.”
The species, which are mostly climbers be-
Taylor : Poems, p. 4. (Jamieson.) longing to the East or West Indies, have
2. Fig.: Whatsoever is treated with con beautiful flowers.
tempt or disregard.
bầu-hin-1-8-m, S. pl. [BAUHINIA.]
(a) To mak a bauchle of anything = to use
Bot. : A tribe of the sub-order Cæsalpineæ.
it so frequently and familiarly as to show that
one has no respect for it.
*bâuk, bâulk (I usually mute), s. [BALK, s.]
(6) To mak a bauchle of a person = to treat (Scotch.) Uncultivated places between ridges
him as the butt or the laughing-stock of a of land. (Scotch.)
company.
“Upon a baulk, that is, an unplonghed ridge of land
interposed among the corn..." Scott: Heart of
bâu'-chle, bâ'-chle (chle as chel), v.t. Mid-Lothian, ch. xxvi.
[BAUCHLE, s.) To distort, to vilify. (Jamieson.)
* bauk-height, bawk-height, adv.
As high as the bauk (i.e. balk) or beam of a
* bâ'uch-ling, s. [BAUCHLE.) Taunting, scorn house or barn.
ful and contumelious rallying; “chaff.”
“And alswa because that bauchling and reproving bâuk, v.i. [BALK, v.]
at the assemblies ...na persoun or persounis, of
ather of the saidis realmis, beir, schaw, or declair * bâuld, a. A form of BALD, a.
ony sign or taikin of repruif or bauchling, againis ony
subject of the opposite realine..."-Borbour Mat bâuld, a. [BOLD.) (Scotch.)
teris : Balfour's Pract., p. 606. (Jamieson.)
bauch-lý, ad. [BAUCHLE.] Sorrily, in-
differently.
bâuld'-ness, s. [BOLDNESS.] (Scotch.)
"Compard with hers, their lustre fa',
And bauchly tell
*bâuld'-rựck, s. (BALDRIC.]
Her beauties, she excels them a?"
Ramsay: Poems, ii. 397.
bâu'-līte, s. [From Mount Baula, in Iceland. ]
bâuch'-ness, s. [BAUCHLE.] Want; defect A mineral, a variety of Orthoclase. It is
of any kind. (Jamieson.)
called also Krablite. It is a siliceous felspa-
thic species, forming the basis of the Trachyte
Bâu'-cis, s. [Lat. Baucis, (1) the wife of Phi Pitchstone and Obsidian.
lemon, a Phrygian; (2) any pious old woman
who is poor.]
bâulk, s. [BAUK, s.]
Astronomy: An asteroid, the 172nd found.
| bâun'-seỹ, s. [BAWSON.] A badger.
It was discovered by Borelli, on the 5th of
"Baunsey or bauston best: Taxus, melota." -
February, 1877.
bâu'-cle (cle as cel), s. [BYWD.]
bâu'-sě-ant, beau'-sé-ant (eau as 7),
* bâu'-çě-ant, s. [Fr.; from beau = well,
bâu'-dě-kịn, s. [BALDACHIN.)
and seant = sitting.]
* bâud'-ēr-ie, * bâud'-rỉe, s. (BAWDRY.] 1. The banner borne by the Knights Tem-
plars in the thirteenth century. It was of
bâu-dis'-ser-īte, s. [From Baudissero, near
cloth, striped black and white; or in heraldic
Turin, where it occurs.] A mineral of chalky
language, sable and argent.
appearance and adhering to the tongue. Dana
places it under his Earthy Sub-variety of Ordi-
2. The Templars' battle-cry.
nary Magnesite. [MAGNESITE.]
bâu?-sön, s. [BAWSON.]
* baud-rick, * baud-ễr-VE, * baud bauson-faced, a. [BAWSON-FACED.]
Prompt. Parv.
Presents you now a bawble of a play,
In gingling rhyme."-Granville.
© A sham virtue; a virtue attributed to
one by people who look from a distance, but
which would on closer inspection prove coun-
terfeit.
“A prince, the moment he is crown'd,
Inherits every virtue round,
As emblems of the sovereign pow'r,
Like other bawbles of the Tow'r.” -Swift.
2. Of persons: One small in size and unim-
portant. A contemptuous or pretendedly con-
temptuous term for a wife or other female.
“She haunts me in every place. I was the other
day talking on the sea-bank with some Venetians;
and thither comes the bauble, and, by this hand, falls
me thus about my neck."-Shakesp. : Othello, iv. 1.
B. Attributively: Toy, miniature; showy,
but not much worth.
“And where the gardener Robin, day by day,
Drew me to school along the public way,
Delighted with my bauble coach, ...
Cowper : On the Receipt of my Mother's Picture.
BALDRIC.
Big, strong. (Scotch.)
bâud'-rönş, bâud'-rạnş, bâd'-rạnş,
... and henches narrow,
And bausy hands to ber a barrow.”
bâth'-ronş, s. A nick-name for a cat, like
Dunbar : Maitland Poems, p. 110. (Jamieson.)
“grimalkin” in England. (Scotch.)
bâu'-tēr, v.i. [Etymology doubtful.] To be-
The term is appreciative rather than come hardened. (S. in Boucher.)
contemptuous.
"He had a beard too, and whiskers turned upwards
* bâut'e-rõll, s. [BOTTE-ROL.]
on his upper lip, as long as baudrons' ..."-Scott:
Antiquary, ch. ix.
baux-ite, s. [BEAUXITE.]
* baud-, a. [BAWDY.]
ba'-va-līte, s. [Etymology doubtful. It has
been derived from Fr. bas vallon = a low vale
bâu'-ér-a, s. [Named after two brothers,
or dale.]
Francis and Ferdinand Bauer, highly eminent Min. : A variety of Chamoisite.
botanical draughtsmen.) A genus of plants
belonging to the order Hydrangeaceæ, or | Bą-vär-1-an, a. & s. [From Eng. Bavariſan).
Hydrangeads. It consists of small Australian In Fr. Bavarien, adj.]
shrubs with opposite sessile trifoliolate leaves
1. Pertaining to Bavaria, now a kingdom
and handsome rose-coloured or purple flowers.
constituting a portion of the German empire.
* bâu-ễr-a-cà-9, * bâu-ẽr-8-9, S. p. (Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii.)
[BAUERA.) According to some botanists, an
2. A native of Bavaria. (Stanhope : Hist.
order of Exogens akin to Hydrangeads ; but
Eng., 1870, p. 153.)
băv'-a-roy (Eng.), băv'-a-ry, băv'-a-rie
* bâu-freý, s. [BERFRAY.]
(Scotch), s. (From Fr. Bavarois = Bavarian.]
bâu-gê', s. [Named from Bauge, a town of
1. Lit. : A great-coat; properly, one made
France, in the department of Maine-et-Loire.]
meet for the body.
A drugget of thick-spun thread and coarse
“Let the loop'd bavaroy the fop embrace,
Or his deep cloak be spatter'd o'er with lace."-Gay.
wool, manufactured in Burgundy.
“We war, wi rain, maist drown't to death,
Though we had on bavaries
* bâu'-gěr, a. [Etymology doubtful.] Bald,
Fu side, that day."
barbarous, bad.
Picken : Poems (1788), p. 177.
“... and that also he rede in his bauger Latine." - 2. Fig. : A disguise ; anything employed to
Bale: Brief Chron. of Sir John Oldcastell." (Boucher.) cover moral turpitude.
* bâu'-gie, s. [A.S. beag, beah, beg = a brace-
Hypocrisy's bavary.".
let, a collar, a crown; Fr. bague = a ring. ] An
Picken : Poems, p. 90.
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian. æ, o=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bavens—bawling
451
* bā'-věnş, s. [Ètymology doubtful.] A kind “On bawburd fast in inner way he lete ship,
2. Illicit commerce of the sexes ; obscenity
And wan before the formest schip in hy."
of cake. (Howell.) (J. H. in Boucher.)
in composition or otherwise; unchaste lan-
Douglas : Virgil, 133, 12.
guage.
băv'-in, * băv'-ěn, * bauen, s. & adj. * bâw'-bũrd (2), * bâw-brět, s. [BAKE “I have no salt: no bawdry he doth mean;
[Deriv. uncertain. Mahn compares it with BOARD.] The board on which bread is baked.
For witty, in his language, is obscene."
Ben Jonson.
Gael. & Ir. baban = a tuft or tassel. Wedg-
wood suggests also bab, bob = a cluster (BAB,
* bâw'-cock, s. [From Fr. beau=fine, and bấwd-ỹ, * bầua-ỷ, . [Eng. board, or
BOB), and Fr. bobine = a bobbin (BOBBIN), Eng. cock.] A fine fellow.
bawd ; -Y.]
besides quoting from Lacombe 0. Fr. baffe = a “Why, how now, my bawcock ? how dost thon,
* 1. Of garments : Foul, dirty, defiled in a
faggot.]
chuck?"--Shakesp.: Twelfth Night, iii. 4.
physical sense.
A. As substantive: A word used in the + bâwd, a. A corruption of bald (q.v.).]
“... of his worship rekketh he so lite
timber trade, with different meanings in (Occurs only in the expression bawd or bald
His overest slippe it is not worth a mite
As i effect to him, so mote I go;
different parts of the country.
money, q.v.)
It is all baudy and to-tore also.”
1. Brushwood in general.
Chaucer: C. T., 16,103.
bawd-money, S. A name given to
2. A faggot of the type of which bundles are Meum athamanticum, a well-known umbelli-
2. Of words, writings, conduct, or places :
used for the heating of bakers' ovens or the
Obscene, unchaste.
ferous plant. [BALDMONEY, MEUM.]
"Only they
kindling of ordinary fires.
That come to hear a merry bawdy play,
“He's mounted on a hazel bavăn,
bâwd, * bâud, * bâude, s. [O. Fr. baud (in.),
Will be deceiv'd.”
A crop'd malignant baker gave him."
baudé (f.) = bold, wanton, merry ; Prov. baut;
Shakesp. : Henry VIII., Prologue.
Hudibras.
Ital. baldo = bold. (BOLD.) (Mahn.) From
"Not one poor bawdy jest shall dare appear;
"The truncheons make billet, bavin, and coals.”
For now the batter'd veteran strumpets here
baw, interj. (q. v.). (Wedgwood.) That in Old
Mortimer.
Pretend at least to bring a modest ear."
3. In Warwickshire, it is used for the chips
Eng. bawdry is sometimes spelled baldrye, is
Southern.
of wood, scraps, and refuse of brushwood and
in favour of Mahn's etymology; and that 3. Of things inanimate (in o highly-figurative
baudy in Chaucer means dirty as applied to
faggots which are either given to the poor, or
sense): Unchaste.
are gathered together to be burnt as useless.
a garment, is in favour of Wedgwood's. Web-
“ The bawdy wind that kisses all it meets,
John Floris, William Lily, and Shakespeare
ster suggests a comparison (1) with Ital. bada-
Is hush'd within the hollow mine of earth,
(BAVIN, a.) used it in this sense.
And will not hear it.”
lona = a good jolly woman, baderla= a silly
(Timber
Shakesp. : Othello, iv. 2.
Trade Journal, &c.)
woman, badare = to amuse one's self, to stand
trifling, to look amorously upon; and (2) with bawdy-house, s. A house of evil repu-
B. As adj.: Like faggots, or like chips of
Eng. bad. (Originally masculine as well as tation; a house in which, for lucre's sake,
wood, easily kindled but soon burnt out.
feminine.). ]
unchaste persons of opposite sexes are allowed
"He ambled up and down
With shallow jesters and rash bavin wits
opportunities and facilities for illicit inter-
I. Literally (of persons) : One who procures
Soon kindled and soon burnt."
females for an immoral purpose; one who
course.
Shakesp.: 1 Henry IV., ii. 2.
brings together lewd persons of different sexes
“Has the pope lately shut up the bawdy-houses, or
does he continue to lay a tax upon sin?"-Dennis.
with vicious intent. (Formerly masculine as
† bâw, v.t. [Fr. bas = low.) To hush, to lull.
(Scotch.)
well as feminine.)
* bâwe (1), s. [Bow.]
“They grap it, they grip it, it greets and they grain;
*1. (Masc.) A procurer.
They bed it, they baw it, they bind it, they brace it."
* bawe-line, s. [BOWLINE.]
“ He was if I shal veven him his laud
Watson: Coii., iii. 21. (Jamieson.)
A theef, and eke a sompnour and a baud."
* bawe-man, s. [BOWMAN.]
+ bầw, in compos. [Probably from Goth. bag,
Chaucer : 0. T., 6,936.
2. (Fem.) A procuress.
O. Sw. bak = left.] Left; to the left hand, as
* bâwe (2), s. [Wel. bàw=filth (?).] A kind
"If your worship will take order for the drabs and
bawburd = larboard. (Scotch.)
of worm formerly used as bait in fishing; per-
the knaves, you need not to fear the bawds. "-Shakesp.:
Meas for Meas., ii. 1.
haps a maggot of some Musca or other dip-
* bâw, s. [Bow, s.]
II. Figuratively (of things) :
terous insect.
"The bayts in May and June ... also the worme
* bâw, * bâwe, interj. [Wedgwood considers
1. Whatever renders anything else more
that ys callyd a bawe and bredythe yn a donghylle.”—
this word formed by the expiration naturally
attractive than it otherwise would be, with MS. Šloane. (S. in Boucher.)
had recourse to as a defence against a bad
the view of gaining the favour of spectators.
bâw-gie, s. [Norse.] One of the Norse
smell. In Welsh baw is = dirt, filth, excre-
“Our author calls colouring lena sororis, the bawd of
names of the Black-backed Gull (Larus
ment.] An expression used to signify con-
her sister design ; she dresses her up, she paints her,
she procures for the design, and inakes lovers for her.” marinus).
tempt and disgust.
-Dryden.
“Ye baw for bookes ..."-Piers Plowman, p. 205.
Whatever involves the taking of a bribe * bâw-horse, s. [BATHORSE, S.]
“Ye bawe, quath a brewere ..."-Ibid., p. 387. (s. for perpetrating wickedness.
in Boucher.)
bâwk, s. [BALK, s.] (Scotch and N. of Eng.
"This commodity,
dialects.)
* bâw-wâw, s. An oblique look, implying
This bawd, this broker, this all-changing word,
Hath drawn him from his own determin'd aid."
"A rose-bud by my early walk,
contempt or scorn.
Adown a corn-inclosed bawk."
Shakesp.: King John, ii. 1.
Burns: A Rosebud.
“But she was shy, and held her head askew,
Looks at him with the baw-waw of her ee.'
bawd-born, a. Born of a bawd.
bâwl, v. i. & t. [In Icel. baula = to bellow, to
Ross : Helenore, p. 82. (Jamieson.)
"Bawd is he doubtless, and of antiquity too; bawd low, as a cow does; Sw. böla; A.S. bellan;
bâw-bē'e, bâu-bē'e, bâw-bî'e, bâ-bē'e,
born." --Shakesp. : Meas. for Meas., iii. 2.
Ger. bellen = to bark; Dut. balderen = to
bâ-bîre, bâ-bē'i, s. [Etymology doubtful. bâwd, * baude, v.t. & i. [From bawd, s.
roar; Wel. ballaw; Fr. piauler = to squall, to
bawl, to scold; Low Lat. baulo = to bark ;
From a Scottish mis-pronunciation of Fr. (q.v.).]
Class. Lat. balo = to bleat. Imitated from the
bds-piece = a low piece. (Pinkerton.) From * A. Trans. : To foul, to dirty, to defile.
sound.] [BELLOW.]
Scotch babby= baby, infant, because first
“Her shoone smered with tallow
struck in the reign of James II. of Scotland,
Gresed upon dyrt,
A. Intransitive :
who, on his accession, was only six years old.
That baudeth her skyrt."
Skelton : Poems, p. 126.
1. To emit a loud sound with the voice ; to
(Boucher.) Possibly from Fr. bas = low, and
shout.
õillon = copper coin, debased coin. (Webster.)
B. Intrans. : To act as a procuress or as a
“And every soul cried out "Well done!'
A corruption of Eng. halfpenny. (Mohn.)
procurer.
As loud as he could bawi."
(Scotch and N. of England dialects.).] An old
“And in four months a battera harridan;
Cowper : John Gilpin.
Now nothing's left, but wither'd, pale, and shrunk,
2. To cry loudly as a child.
Scotch copper coin, equivalent to the English
To bawd for others.”
*A little child was bawling, and a woman chiding
halfpenny. Jamieson says that the first men-
it.”—L'Estrange.
tion he had found made of it in Scottish litera-
| *bâwd-ě-kỳn, s. old form of BALDACHINO.
B. Transitive :
ture was in Acts James VI., 1584 (see first (Scotch.)
example), and that then the term was applied
1. To shout; to shout against a hostile
measure ; to effect by clamour.
not to a purely copper coin, but to one of
copper mixed with silver.
scenely. (Johnson.)
"To cry the cause up heretofore,
According to Sir James Balfour, it was first I hâwd-i-ness, s. [Eng. Baudy: -ness.]
And bawl the bishops out of door."--Hudibras.
2. To proclaim or advertise with a loud
introduced in the reign of James V., and was
then worth three farthings. In the reign of
*1. Greasiness or filthiness of apparel or voice, as a town-crier does.
James VI. it was valued at six, and continued
body. (Bullokar and Baret.)
"It grieved me when I saw labours which had
to be of the same value as long as Scottish 2. Obscenity, lewdness. (Johnson.)
cost so much bawted about by common hawkers.”—
Swift.
money was coined.
* bâwd’-rick, * bâwd-rýcke, * bâwd'-
Barol is always used in a contemptuous
.."... of the tuelf pennie peceis, babeas, and auld
plakis ..."-Acts James VI. (1584).
sense.
ēr-ýke, * bâwd-rýk, * bâwd'-rỉkke,
The
"... ye ken weel enough there's mony o'them * bâwd'-ryg, s. [From Old Fr. baudric, bâwl, s. [Eng. bawl, v.i. & t.] A loud shout
wadna mind a bawbee the weising a ball through the
baldret.] [BALDRIC.]
or cry.
Prince himsell, an the Chief gae them the wink
-Scott: Waverley, ch. lviii.
“ Fresh garlands too the virgins' temples crown'd;
The youths gilt swords wore at their thighs with | bâwled, pa. par. [BAWL, .t.]
bawbee-row, S. A half-penny roll.
silver baudricks bound." Chapman: Iliad.
(Scotch.)
bâwl'-ěr, s. [Eng. bawl, v., and suffix -er.]
bâwd’-ry, * bâud'-rie, * bâwd'-ěr-re,
“... they may bide in her shop-window wi' the
One who bawls.
maps and bawbee-rows, till Beltane, or I loose them."
+ bâud'-ēr-že, * bâld'-rye, s. [Eng. band; "It had been much better for such an imprudent
Scott: St. Ronar's Weiz, ch. ii.
-ry. In 0. Fr. bauderie, balderie = boldness, I
and ridiculous bawler, as this, to have been condemned
o have cried oysters and brooms !"-Echard : Grounds,
bâw'-ble, s. [BAUBLE (2). ]
joy.] [BAWD.]
&c., of the Contempt of the Clergy, 10th ed., p. 69.
1. The practice of a bawd-that of procuring
bâwl'-ing. * bâi-ling, pr. par., adj., & s.
bâw-bling, a. (BAUBLING.]
females for an immoral purpose, or of bringing
together vicious persons of different sexes with
bâw'-bũrd (1), s. [Scotch baw, in compos.
[BAWL, v. i. &t.]
evil intent.
A. & B. As present participle or partici-
=left; A.S. bord = a board.] The larboard,
.“ Cheating and bawdry go together in the world."-
or the left side of a ship.
pial adjective: In senses corresponding to
L'Estrange.
those of the verb.
din
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian=shạn. -cion, -tion, -sion=shŭn; -tion, -şion=zhăn. -tious, -sious, -cions=shús. -ble, -dle, &c.= bęl, del.

452
bawme bay
“From his loved home no lucre him can draw;
The senate's mad decrees he never saw,
Nor heard at bawling bars corrupted law.”
Dryden.
C. As substantive: Loud shouting, crying,
or clamour.
“We have at the Muzzy Club,' says he, 'no riotous
mirth nor awkward ribaldry; no confusion or bawl-
ing.'”—Goldsmith: Essays, i.
"All eruptions of air, though small and slight, give
sound, which we call crackling, puffing, spitting, &c.,
as in bay salt and bay leaves, cast into fire."--Bacon.
bay-window, s.
Arch.: A window projecting beyond the
line of the front of a house, generally either
in a semi-hexagon or semi-octagon. Strictly
LILI
LAMI
demus
L11
1
BE
BAY WINDOW.
bâwme, v.t. [Fr. embaumer = to embalm.]
(Scotch.)
1. To embalm.
" That ilk hart than, as men sayd,
Scho bawmyd, and gert it be layd
In-til a cophyn of evore."
Wyntown, viii. 8, 18. (Jamieson.)
2. To cherish, to warm.
“ We strike at nicht, and on the dry sandis
Did bawme and beik oure bodyis, fete and handis."
Doug. : Virgil, 85, 31. (Jamieson.)
bâwn, bâwne, * bân, s. [In Ger. bauen;
Goth, bauan = to build.]
A. As an ordinary Old English word:
1. Gen.: Any habitation, dwelling, or edifice,
of whatever materials constructed. (Richard-
son.)
2. Specially: A quadrangle or base-court.
(French.)
B. As a word used by the English living
within the Irish pale. (See Trench's Eng. Past
and Present.)
1. A hill.
“These round hills and square bawnes, which you
see so strongly trenched and throwne up, were (they
say) at first ordained for the same purpose, that people
might assemble themselves therein, and therefore
aunciently they were called folkmotes, that is, a place
of people, to meete, or talke of anything that con-
cerned any difference betweene parties and towne-
ships."-Spenser : Ireland.
2. A house.
"This Hamilton's bawn, whilst it sticks on my hand,
I lose by the house what I get by the land;
But how to dispose of it to the best bidder
For a barrack or malthouse, I now must consider.'
Swift : The Grand Question Debated. (Richardson.)
It is still used in connection with Irish
history.
"... he had wandered about from bawn to bawn
and from cabin to cabin.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng.,
ch. xii., p. 205.
3. A place near the house enclosed with
mud or stone walls to keep the cattle from
being stolen in the night. (Notes to Swift's
Grand Question Debated.)
* bâw'-rel, s. [Compare Ital. barletta = a
tree-falcon, a hobby.] A kind of hawk. (John-
son.)
* bâw'-şand, * bâu'-zêyn, * bâu'-zain,
* bâu'-zein, a. [From Fr. balzan, bauzan
= a black or bay horse with white legs above
the hoof; balzane = a white spot or mark in
any part of (a horse's) body (Cotgrave); Prov.
bausan, and Ital. balzano = a horse marked
with white; from Breton bal= (1) a white
mark on an animal, (2) an animal with a white
mark upon it.]
Of horses and cattle only : Streaked with
white upon the face.
“ Apoun ane hors of Trace dappill gray
Herand, quhais formest feit bayth tuay
War mylk quhyte, and his creist on hicht bare he
With bawsand face ryngit the forthir E.”
Dougl. : Virg., f. 110 (ed. 1553). (S. in Boucher.)
* bấw-sồn, * bâw-söne, * bâu sồn,
* bấ-sồn, * bâw-sin, * bâu?-sene,
* bâu-ọne, * bâw-stồn, * bâu-stồn,
* bâuồn, * bâu-zăn, * byun-sey, s.
[In 0. Fr. bauzan, baucant, bauchant=spotted
with white, pied.] Originally, no doubt, the
same as the preceding word.
A. As substantive :
1. Lit. : One of the English names of the
badger (Meles tacus). It is given on account
of the streaks of white on the face of the
animal. (See etym.)
“Bedoue: a Gray, Brock, Bason, Badger.”—Cot-
grave.
2. Fig. : A large or fat person. (Coles.)
It is still used in the dialect of Craven, in
Yorkshire, in which it signifies an imperious,
noisy fellow.
B. Attributively: Pertaining to or taken
from the badger.
“His mittens were of bauzen skinne."
Drayton : Dowsabett (1593), st. 10.
bawson-faced, bauson-faced, baw-
sint-faced, a. Having a white oblong spot
on the face.
"Ye might try it on the bauson-faced year-auld
grey ; ..."-Scott : Heart of Mid-Lothian, ch. xxviii.
bâw'-sy-brown, S. [Probably from A.S.
basu=purple, and Eng. brown.] A hobgoblin.
(Jamieson.) This “seems to be the English
Robin Goodfellow, known in Scotland by the
name of Brownie” (Lord Hailes).
“ Than all the feynds lewche, and maid gekks,
Black-belly, and Bawsy-brown."
Bannatyne Poems, p. 27, st. 3. (Jamieson.)
băx'-tēr, S. [Old form of BAKER (q.v.);
originally a female baker; A.S. bæcestre, from
bocere.] [BAKESTER.] A baker.
“Ye breed of the baxters, ye loo your neighbour's
browst better than your ain batch."-Ramsay: S.
Prov., p. 80.
Băx-tër'-1-an, a. [From the proper name
Baxter (see def.). 7 Pertaining to Richard
Baxter, the eminent Puritan leader, who was
born in 1615, and died in 1691.
bāy, * bāye, a. & s. [O. Fr., Mod. Fr., and
Prov. bai; Sp. bayo; Port. baio; Ital. bajo,
baio; from Lat. badius = chestnut coloured.
Compare Gael. buidhe = yellow.]
A. As adjective: Of a reddish-brown, ap-
proaching to a chestnut colour. (Applied
chiefly to horses, many of whom are of the
hue now described, with a black mane and
tail.)
“... my lord, you gave
Good words the other day of a bay courser
I rode on. 'Tis yours because you liked it.”
Shakesp. : Tim. of Athens, i. 2.
B. As substantive :
1. The colour described under A.
“A bay horse is what is inclining to a chestnut: and
this colour is various, either a light bay or a dark bay,
according as it is less or more deep. There are also
coloured horses that are called dappled bays. All bay
horses are commonly called brown by the common
people.
"All bay horses have black manes, which distin-
guish them from the sorrel that have red or white
manes.
“There are light bays and gilded bays which are
somewhat of a yellowish colour. The chestnut bay is
that which comes nearest to the colour of the chest-
nut.”—Farrier's Dict.
2. A horse of that colour.
" he steps into the welcome chaise.
Lolls at his ease behind four handsome bays,
That whirl away from business and debate,
The disencumber'd Atlas of the state."
Cowper : Retirement.
(See also the example under B. 1.)
bāy (1), * bāye, s. [In Fr. baie ; Prov., Sp.,
& Port. bahia ; Ital. baia, baja ; Low Lat.
baia ; Ir. & Gael. badh, bagh; Bisc. baid, baiya
= harbour. Wedgwood considers Sp., &c.,
bahia the original form, and derives it from
Catalan badia = a bay, and badar = to open,
to gape.]
A. As substantive :
1. Geog. & Ord. Lang. : An arm or inlet of
the sea extending into the land with a wider
mouth proportionally than a gulf. Compare
in this respect the Bay of Biscay with the
Gulf of Venice.
“And as the ocean many bays will make.”
Byron : Childe Harold, iv. 157.
2. Hydraulics & Ord. Lang. : A pond-head
raised to keep a store of water for driving a
mill.
3. Arch. & Ord. Lang.: A term used to
signify the magnitude of a building. Thus,
“if a barn consists of a floor and two heads,
where they lay corn, they call it a barn of two
bays. These days are from fourteen to twenty
feet long, and floors from ten to twelve broad,
and usually twenty feet long, which is the
breadth of the barn." (Builder's Dict., John-
son, &c.)
“If this law hold in Vienna ten years, I'll rent the
fairest house in it after threepence a bay."-Shakesp. :
Meas. for Meas., ii. 1.
"There may be kept one thousand bushels in each
bay, there being sixteen bays, each eighteen feet long,
about seventeen wide, or three hundred square feet in
each bay.”—Mortimer : Art of Husbandry.
B. Attributively: As in the following com-
pounds :-
bay-like, a. Like a bay.
“In this island there is a large bay-like space, com.
posed of the finest white sand.”—Darwin : Voyage
round the World, ch. xx.
bay-salt, bay salt, s.
In Chem., Manuf., & Commerce
1. Originally: Salt obtained by evaporating
water taken from a “bay” or other part of the
sea. This was done by conducting the water
into a shallow pit or basin, and then leaving
it to be acted upon by the heat of the sun.
2. Now : Coarse-grained crystals obtained
by slow evaporation of a saturated solution of
chloride of sodium.
speaking, a bay window rises from the ground
or basement, while an oriel is supported on
a corbel or brackets, and a bow window is
always a segment of an arch; but in ordinary
use these distinctions are seldom accurately
observed, all three words being used as
synonymous
"...it hath bay windows transparent as barrica-
does."—Shakesp. : Twelfth Night, iv. 2.
bāy (2), s. [Fr. abois, abbois = barkings, bay-
ings; abbayer = to bark or bay at. The origi-
nal form of the word was abay, abaye, or
abey.)
1. The state of being stopped by anything,
as by amorous feeling or by some restraint on
motion interposed by others; a standstill.
"Euere the dogge at the hole held it at abaye."-
William of Palerne (ed. Skeat), 46.
“When as by chaunce a comely squire he found
That thorough some more mighty enemies wrong,
Both hand and foote unto a tree was bound.
Unhappy Squire! what hard mishap thee brought
Into this bay of perill and disgrace ?"
Spenser : F. Q., VI. i. 11, 12.
2. The act or the state, position, or attitude
of standing fiercely facing one's foes after
having vainly attempted to escape from them
by flight. (Úsed in the expressions at bay, at
the bay, and to bay.)
(1) At bay, * at abay, at the bay:
(a) of a stag or other animal: The state,
position, or attitude of a stag or other animal
hunted by hounds when, despairing of escape,
it turns round and faces its pursuers.
“Like as a mastiffe having at abay
A salvage bull, whose cruell hornes doe threat
Desperate daunger, if he them assay."
Spenser: F. Q., VI. vii. 47.
“This ship, for fifteen hours, sate like a stag among
hounds at the bay, and was sieged and fought with
in turn by fifteen great ships."-Bacon: War with
Spain.
(6) Of men : In the state of men driven to
desperation, who, having turned, now fiercely
face their assailants, resolved to sell their
lives as dearly as possible.
"... they still stood at bay in a mood so savage
that the boldest and mightiest oppressor could not
but dread the audacity of their despair.”-Macaulay :
Hist. Eng., ch. ii.
(c) Fig. (of things) : Warded off.
“The most terrible evils are just kept at bay by in-
cessant evils.”—Isaac Taylor. (Goodrich & Porter.)
(2) To bay: From a state of flight into one
like that described under At bay (6).
"... the imperial race turned desperately to bay."
-Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii.
bāy (3), s. [From bay, v. (q.v.).] Barking; a
bark.
“From such unpleasant sounds as haunt the ear
In village or in town, the bay of curs ..
Cowper : Task, bk, i.
bāy (4), * būve, s. (Probably from Fr, baie :
Sp. baya = a berry. Remotely from Lat. bacca
(q.v.).]
A. As substantive :
+ 1. A berry, and specially one from some
species of the laurel. [See No. 2.)
2. The English name of the Laurus nobilis.
A fine tree with deep-green foliage and a pro-
fusion of dark-purple or black berries. Both
of these have a sweet, fragrant odour, and an
aromatic, astringent taste. The leaves, the
berries, and the oil made from the latter are
narcotic and carminative. The leaves were
anciently used to form wreaths or garlands
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pſt, sïre, sīr, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; try, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bay-bazat
453
with which to encircle the brows of victors.
The bay is common in Spain, Italy, Greece,
and the Levant. [LAUREL.] It is cominon in
English gardens, the leaves being often used
D1
BAY.
1. Branch of Laurus nobilis, in male flower (one-fifth
natural size). 2. Male flower (natural size). 3.
Female flower (natural size). 4. Berry (natural
size).
for flavouring certain dishes. There are several
trees called by the same name. The Red Bay
of the Southern States of America is Laurus
Caroliniensis. The White Bay is Magnolia
glauca.
In the United States bay is locally used
also for a tract of land covered with bay-
trees. (Drayton : S. Carolina.)
3. Plur. (Poetic.): An honorary crown, gar-
land, or any similar reward bestowed as a
prize for excellence. [See No. 2.]
(a) Such a reward, literally, of bay-leaves.
(6) An honorary reward of another kind.
“Shall royal institutions miss the bays.
And small academies win all the praise?”
Cowper : Tirocinium.
4. Of the Scripture Bay-tree. [BAY-TREE, 2.]
B. Attributively : In such compounds as
the fɔllowing :-
bay-laurel, s. A name sometimes given
to the coinmon laurel, Prunus laurocerasus.
bay-rum, s. An aromatic, spirituous
liquid, used by hair-dressers and perfumers,
prepared in the West Indies by distilling rum
in which bay leaves have been steeped. As
imported it is almost colourless, and contains
eighty-six per cent. of proof-spirit. It is diffi-
cult to obtain genuine bay-rum, except directly
from the importer, more than one-half of that
consumed in Great Britain being an artificial
mixture of oil of bay, alcohol, and water.
bay-tree, bay tree, s.
1. Ord. Lang. : The same as BAY (4), No. 2.
It is sometimes called also the Sweet Bay-tree.
2. Scripture. The bay-tree of Ps. xxxvii.
35, Heb. (ezrachh), from my (zarachh) =
to spring up, may be the Laurus nobilis,
though this is by no means certain. Gesenius
makes it simply an indigenous tree, as dis-
tinguished from one transplanted. The Sep-
tuagint translators, mistaking my (arzachh)
for T N (ezracch), called the tree “the cedar
of Lebanon.”
“I have seen the wicked in great power, and spread-
ing himself like a green bay-tree.”—Ps. xxxvii. 35.
bāy (1), v.t. [From Eng. bay (1)=an arm of
the sea.) To embay, to shut in, to enclose, to
encompass, to surround, as a bay is enclosed
to a certain extent by land.
"... we are at the stake,
And bay'd about with many enemies."
Shakesp. : Julius Cæsar, iv. 1.
bāy (2), v.i. & t. [In Fr. aboyer ; 0. Fr. abbayer;
Ital. abbaicre, abbajare, baiare, bajare = to
bark ; Lat. baubor = to bark gently ; Gr.
Baúśw (bauzo) = to bark, to cry Bâv Bâv (bau
bau), corresponding to the bow Wow of English
children, imitated from the sound of a dog's
barking. ]
A. Intrans. : To bark like a dog. Used-
1. With at of the person or thing barked at.
“ While her vexed spaniel, from the beach,
Bayed at the prize beyond his reach.".
Scott : Lady of the Lake, ii. 5.
2. Without a preposition following.
“The watchdog bay'd beyond the Tiber.”
Byron: Manfred, iii. 4.
B. Transitive: To pursue with barking ; to
bark at. Used-
1. Lit. : Of dogs pursuing an animal.
2. Fig. : Of human enemies pursuing a | composition is : Arsenic acid, 31•76 ; oxide of
person or an army.
copper, 30.88; oxide of lead, 30.13; water,
" He leaves his back unarm'd, the French and Welsh 4:58. It is found in Cornwall.
Baying him at the heels.”-Shakesp. : 2 Hen. IV., i. 3.
Also ſfrom BAY (2), s., 2] to drive to bay. * bāyl'-ler-ie, S. The same as BAILIARY
“When in the wood of Crete they bay'd the bear.” (q.v.). (Scotch.)
Shakesp. : Mids. Night's Dream, iv. 1.
bāy'-ly-shịp, s. [Old Eng. bayly = baillie ;
bẫy-ard, * bãi-arde, s. [O. Fr. ba gard; -ship.] The office or jurisdiction of a baillie.
from bay, a., and suffix -ard (q.v.).]
* bāyne, s. [BAIN, S.]
1. Literally: A bay horse. (Often applied
specially to an old blind horse frequently * bāyne, v. [BAIN, v.]
mentioned in old poetry.)
"Blind Bayard moves the mill."- Philips. * bāyne, a. [BAIN, a. ]
2. Figuratively :
bây-ônết (or as băn- t), * big-5-nét,
(a) A man blinded with self-conceit.
s. [In Sw. bajonett; Dan. & Dut. bajonet ;
"Onely the bald and blind bawards (who usually out
Fr. baionette, bayonette; Sp. bayoneta; Port.
of self-conceit are so exceedingly confident of their
baioneta; Ital. baionetta. From Bayonne, a
election and salvation)..."-Barrow, vol. iii., Ser. 42.
(Richardson.)
French city in the Basses Pyrénées, near
(6) An unmannerly beholder. [Fr. bayer =
which bayonets were first manufactured in
to gape.]
1640. Derived from Basque baia = good, and
ona = bay, port.]
bāy'-ard-ly, a. [Eng. bayard ; -ly.) Done 1. Military & Ord. Lang. : A military weapon
in a blind or stupid manner.
formerly called a dagger, made to be fitted to
“... not a formal and bayardly round of duties." - the muzzle of a gun or rifle, to convert the
Goodman : Winter Evening Conference. (Richardson.) latter into a kind of pike. At first it was so
bāy'-bēr-rý, s. [Eng. bay ; berry.]
fixed that it required to be taken off before the
gun was fired; but since the battle of Killie-
1. The berry of the bay, Laurus nobilis.
crankie showed the danger of such an arrange-
2. One of the names given to the Myrica ment, it has been screwed on in such a way as
cerifera, or Wax Myrtle of North America, a not to interfere with the firing of the weapon.
shrub or small tree bearing berries used for “The musketeer was generally provided with a
making into candles, soap, or sealing-wax. weapon which had, during many years, been gradually
coming into use, and which the English then called a
The root is used to remove toothache. The
dagger, but which, from the time of William III.,
name is said to be derived from the fact that has been known among us by the French name of
the plant is found on the shores of bays.
bayonet.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii.
2. Mech. : A pin which plays in and out of
bayberry-bush, s. The same as BAY-
holes formed for its reception, and which by
BERRY (q.v.).
its movements engages or disengages parts of
bayberry-tallow, s. Tallow for candles a machine.
made from the fruit of the bayberry.
bayonet-clasp, s. A movable ring of
* bāye, v.t. [BATHE.] To bathe.
metal surrounding the socket of a bayonet to
strengthen it.
“Hee feedes upon the cooling shade, and bayes
His sweatie forehead in the breathing wynd.”
bayonet-clutch, s. A clutch, usually
Spenser : F. Q., 1. vii. 3.
with two prongs, attached by a feather-key to
bāyed, a. [From bay (1), s., and a., A. 3.]
a shaft-driving machinery. When in gear the
Having a bay or bays.
prongs of the clutch are made to act upon the
"The large bayed barn.”—Drayton.
ends of a friction-strap in contact with the side
boss of the wheel to be driven.
* bā'ye-lý, s. Old spelling of BAILLIE.
bayonet-joint, s. A kind of coupling,
* bāyeş, s. [BAIZE.]
the two pieces of which are so interlocked by
the turning of the complex apparatus that
Bāy'-eux (eux as ū), s. & a. [Fr. Bayeux (see they cannot be disengaged by a longitudinal
def.), O. Fr. & Low Lat. Baiocas, Baiocce, and movement.
Baiocasses, from a tribe formerly inhabiting
it.] A French town, capital of an arrondisse-
bāy'-on-ět (or as bān'-ět), v.t. [From bayo-
ment of the same name in the department net, s. (q.v.).]
of Calvados.
1. “To put to the bayonet," to stab with
Bayeux-tapestry, Bayeux tapes-
the bayonet.
try, s. Tapestry preserved in the Cathedral 2. To compel by hostile exhibition of the
of Bayeux, representing the events in William
bayonet.
“You send troops to sabre and bayonet us into
submission.". – Burke: To the Sheriffs of Bristol.
(Richardson.)
ORVM ETSVI MILITES EQVI TANT: AD
bā'-yoû, s. [Fr. boyau = (1) a gut, (2) a long
and narrow place.] A word used in Louisiana
(which belonged to the French before 1803,
when the United States purchased it), and
signifying (1) the outlet of a lake; (2) a
channel for water.
*bāyt, * bāyte, s. The same as BAIT, s.
* bāyt, v.t. The same as BAIT, V. (Scotch.)
*bāyte, a. [Both.] (Scotch.)
* bāyte, v.t. & i. [BATE, v.]
BAYEUX TAPESTRY.
bāy-ya'rn, s. [From Eng. bay, a., or bay, s. (1)
(it is doubtful which), and yarn.] The same
of Normandy's conquest of England, and said, as woollen yarn. (Chambers.)
apparently with correctness, to have been
wrought by his queen Matilda.
* bāyze, s. [BAIZE.]
| bāy-ing (1), pr. par. & d. [BAY (1), v.]
bā'-zą, s. [BAZAT.]
bay-ing (2), * bãi-vnge, * bẫy-inge, Dr. | ba-zaar, bạ-Zar, s. [In Dut., Ger., Fr., &
par., d., & s. [BAY (2), v.]
Port. bazar; Ital. bazar, bazari, all from Pers.
A. & B. As adj. and particip. adj.: In senses
bazâr = sale, exchange of goods, market.]
corresponding to those of the verb.
1. In Persia, Turkey, India, &c. : An Eastern
market, whether in the open air or roofed in.
C. As substantive : The barking of a dog.
“Attached to the barracks (in Madras] is a bazar for
“Until he heard the mountains round
the supply of the troops." - Thornton : Gazetteer of
Ring to the baying of a hound.”
India (1857), p. 579.
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstret, iii. 14.
2. In England :
bāvl-don-īte, s. [Named after Dr. John (a) An establishment for selling various
Bayldon.] A mineral occurring as minute kinds of fancy goods for personal profit.
mammillary concretions, with a dingy surface. (6) A sale for some benevolent object.
It is sometimes reticulated. Its hardness is
4.5; its sp. gr. 5.35; its lustre strong resinous; | băzi-at, băz'-a, s. [In Ger. bazak. Apparently
its colour grass-green to blackish-green. Its | from Arab. t busr = cotton.]
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion, -cioun=shŭn; -tion, -şion=zhủn. -tious, -sious=shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

454
bazed-beach
Comm.: A long fine-spun cotton, often called
Jerusalem cotton, as being brought from that
city.
bāzed, bāşed, bā'-sīt, particip. adj. [Dut.
verbazen = to astonish, to amaze.] Confused,
stupid, stupefied, dazed (q.v.).
“ Into his face she glour'd and gazed,
And wist not well, she was so bazed,
To what hand for to turn her.”
Watson : Coll. i. 47.
* bā'-zen (Old Eng.), băs'-sîn (Scotch), a.
[BASS (1).] Of or belonging to rushes.
“ Under the feit of this ilk bysnyng jaip;
About the nek knyt mony bassin raip.“
Doug.: Virgil, 46, 38. (Jamieson.)
B.C. Initials and abbreviations of Before Christ.
(Used in chronology and ordinary language.)
bděl'-lì-dæ, s. pl. [From Gr. Bréla (bdella)
= a leech; Bráciw (bdallo) = to milk cows, to
suck.]
Zoology: A family of Arachnida (Spiders), of
the order Acarina. They have a rostrum and
palpi of extreme length, have their bodies
divided by a constriction, and live among
damp moss.
bděl-lï-üm (silent), s. [In Ger. and Fr.
bdellium ; Port. bdellio; Lat. bdellium and
bedella ; Gr. Bdéldcov (bdellion). Apparently
akin also to Heb. 1?ta (bedholachh), from 57
(badhăl) = to separate, to select.]
I. Scripture. The “bdellium” of Scripture
is in Heb. 1979 (bedholachh) (see etym.), ren-
dered in the Septuagint of Gen. ii. 12 ävepaś
(anthrax) (literally, burning coal) =... the
carbuncle, ruby, and garnet (Liddell and Scott),
the red sapphire (Dana); whilst in Numb. xi.
it is translated kpúrraldos (krustallos) =...
rock crystal. Some modern writers, following
the Septuagint translation, make it a mineral,
as are the gold "and the “ onyx stone" with
which it is associated in Gen. ii. 12. Others
think that it was the gum described under II.
and III. 2; while the Rabbins, Bochart, and
Gesenius consider that it was a pearl or pearls.
" And the gold of that land is good : there is bdellium
and the onyx-stone."--Gen. ii. 12.
"And the manna was as coriander-seed, and the
colour thereof as the colour of bdellium.”—Numb. xi. 7.
IL Class. Nat. Hist. The bdellium of Pliny
was once supposed to have been the gum of
the Palmyra Palm, Borassus flabelliformis, but
was more probably a Balsamodendron, appa-
rently B. Mukul (III. 2).
III. Modern Botany, Old Pharmacy, and
Commerce :
1. Indian bdellium or False Myrrh: A gum
resin produced by Balsamodendron Roxburghii
or Amyris Bdellium. It appears in light-
coloured pellicles in the bark of the tree,
which peel off from time to time; they diffuse
for some distance round a fragrance of a de-
lightful kind, but not equal to that of myrrh.
It was formerly used in plasters.
2. The bdellium of the Persian Gulf: A gum
resin derived from Balsamodendron Mukul.
3. African bdellium : Two gum resins, the
one from Balsamodendron Africanum, which
grows in Abyssinia and Western Africa; the
other from a composite plant, Ceradia furcata.
(Treas. of Bot.)
4. Sicilian bdellium : A gum resin produced
by a species of carrot, Daucus Hispanicus (De
Cand.), D. gummifer (Lamarck), or by D. gin-
gidium (Linn.).
bděl-tõm'-ět-ěr, s. [From Gr. Bréxda (bdella)
= a leech, and touchs (tomeus) = one that cuts ;
a shoemaker's knife ; Téuvo (temno) = to cut.]
Surgery: A cupping-glass, to which are
attached an exhausting syringe and a scarifi-
cator.
bē, * bī, * běn (pr. par. beang, * beeing, * be-
ynge (Eng.); * beand (O. Scotch) (pa. par. been,
* ben, * be), v.i. [A.Š. beon, beonne = to be,
to exist, to become. It is thus declined: ic
beo = I am ; thu beost, best, byst = thou art; he
byth, bith, we beoth, beo, &c. Gael bi= to be ;
Ger. ich bin = I am ; 0. H. Ger. bun, bin =
to be; Goth. banan; Slav. byti ; Lith. buti;
Sansc. bhú = to be. Compare also Lat. fui=
I was ; Gr. pów (phuo = to bring forth, to
produce.] The substantive verb. It is used-
I. As a copula connecting the subject and
its predicate: in which case it denotes exist-
ence in relation to that predicate; existence,
the character of which is to be explained by
the word with which the substantive verb is
connected; to be; to continue, to remain; to qualified in a compound form is preferable, as
be present in a place; to happen in a par our well-being. Subsist is properly a species
ticular way; to happen according to ordina of existing; it denotes temporary or partial
tion or appointment; to become; to aim; existence. Every thing exists by the creative
with various other shades of meaning. Rank and preservative power of the Almighty ;
ing as a copula or apposition verb, now that which subsists depends for its existence
technically viewed as one of incomplete pre upon the chances and changes of this mortal
dication (see Bain's Higher Eng. Gram.), it is life. To exist therefore designates simply the
followed by a nominative in apposition with event of being or existing ; to subsist conveys
it, and not with an objective as would be the the accessory ideas of the mode and duration
case were it a transitive verb. Thus in the of existing. Man exists while the vital or
example from Acts xii. 15, given below, “It is spiritual part of him remains ; he subsists by
his angel,” the noun angel is in the nominative what he obtains to support life.”
and not in the objective case.
(6) To be, to become, to grow, are thus dis-
Be is defective, the omissions being sup criminated :-“ Be is positive; become is rela-
plied by parts from other verbs not in the
tive : a person is what he is without regard
least resembling it in sound, as am, art, are to what he was; he becomes that which he was
(from A. S. com = to be), were, was (from A.S.
not before. We judge of a man by what he
wesan = to be). [BEAND, Is.]
is, but we cannot judge of him by what he
1. In a general sense, in which case it may
will become. To become includes no idea of
be joined with an adjective, an adverb, a sub-
the mode or circumstance of its becoming ; to
stantive, a pronoun, &c.
grow is to become by a gradual process : a man
may become a good man from a vicious one, in
“... I was envious at the foolish."-Ps. lxxiii. 3.
consequence of a sudden action on his mind;
“... lo, he is there ..."-Mark xiii. 21.
but he grows in wisdom and virtue by means
“... it is his angel."- Acts xii. 15.
of an increase in knowledge and experience."
“... Lord, is it I?"-Matt. xxvi. 22.
(Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
2. Specially: As an auxiliary verb, used
(a) Before a past (properly a perfect) parti- | bē, prep. [Be as a prefix = by.] By, to,
ciple, so as to constitute the passive voice. towards. (Scotch.)
"Blessed shall be thy basket and thy store.”-Deut.
xxviii. 5.
be-east, adv. Towards the east. (Scotch.)
(6) Before the present (properly the im-
be-than, adv. By that time.
perfect) participle, so as to constitute a form
“Sternys, be-than, began for till apper."
of the active, implying that an action has
Wallace, v. 135, MS.
commenced to be performed, that the doing
of it is in progress, but is not yet completed.
be as a prefix. [A.S. be, bi, big; O.S. be, bi:
Sw., Dan., & Dut. be; N. H. Ger. be, bei; M.
“... the oxen were ploughing, and the asses feeding
beside them.”-Job i. 12.
H. Ġer. be, bi ; 0. H. Ger. bi, pi, pî; Goth. bi.]
II. In an abstract sense denoting simple
1. Denoting nearness to; as beside.
existence. This is the reason why it is called
Originally it was the same as by, and
the substantive verb. If the being existent beside in Old English is often written biside or
be a living one, then the substantive verb byside.
denotes to live.
2. Denoting a surrounding of any person or
“To be or not to be, that is the question.".
thing, as beset = to set on one all round; or a
Shakesp. : Hamlet, iii. 1.
doing of anything all over a person or thing,
III. Special phrases :
as beslaver = to slaver all over.
1. * Be als mekil = forasmuch.
3. Denoting priority; as bespeak = to speak
“Alle so it is ordeyned, be on assent of the brethren,
be als meckil as the lyght fornseide ne may nout be
beforehand for anything.
meyntened in the tyme for to come."-English Gilds 4. Denoting causation or generation, as beget
(Ear. Eng. Text Soc.), pp. 49, 50.
compared with get; or converting a simple
2. Be it so = let it be so. A phrase used (a) verb generally intransitive into a transitive
by one giving authority to do anything which
one, as to moan, to bemoan one's hard lot.
he has the power to permit or refuse to have
5. Adding intensity to a simple verb, though
done, or (6) by one conceding what an oppo-
in some cases the meaning seems scarcely
nent in argument has demanded.
“My gracious duke,
altered. It is difficult to say how much or
Be't so she will not here, before your grace,
how little intensity is added in the case of
Consent to marry with Demetrius.”
each of the words bedeafen, bedraggle, begrudge,
Shakesp. : Mids. Night's Dream, ii. 1.
and becalm, as compared with deafen, draggle,
3. Let be= let alone, leave unmeddled with. grudge, and calm. Prof. Craik, Eng. of Shakes-
“Let be, said he, my prey.”—Dryden.
peare, considers that in most cases be is the
The following examples illustrate how relic of the prefix ge, which was the favourite
interchangeably be, bi, and ben were once used: and most distinguishing peculiarity of the
(a) Be, used where been would now be em-
language in what is called “the Anglo-Saxon
ployed.
period.”
“ Fenyeand ane oblatione, as it had be
Be. In Chemistry, the initial letters and
For prosper returnyng hame in thare cuntré.”
Doug.: Virgil, 39, 10.
symbol for the element Beryllium.
(6) Ben (= beon) for be.
“A manly man, to ben an abbot able.”
bēach, s. [Of doubtful etymology. Not in
Chaucer : 0. T., Prol. 167.
A.S., Sw., Dan., Dut., or Ger., in which the
Be was also used where we now employ are. word for what we call a beach is strand; nor
“Be they better than these kingdoms?”-Amos vi. 2. is it in the Celtic nor in the Italic languages.
It was also used in 0. Scotch for let or let be = Compare with Dan. bakke, Sw. backe = ascent,
not to mention, not to speak of, to except. acclivity, rising ground, hill, hillock.] A
(Jamieson.)
sandy or pebbly sea-shore, the strand on which
(a) Crabb thus distinguishes between the
the waves break. (Used also for the shore of
verbs to be, to esist, and to subsist:—"To be is
a lake or of a large river.)
applicable either to the accidents of things, or
“Hail to the welcome shout !the friendly speech !
to the substances themselves; to exist only to
When hand grasps hand uniting on the beach.”
Byron: The Corsair, i. 4.
substances or things that stand or exist of
themselves. We say of qualities, of forms,
beach-head, s. The beach at the head
of actions, of arrangement, of movement, and
of a creek.
of every different relation, whether real, ideal,
“... their detritus on the beach-heads of long
or qualificative, that they are; we say of
narrow arms of the sea, first high up the valleys, then
lower and lower down as the land slowly rose.” -
matter, of spirit of body, and of all sub Darwin : Voyage round the World, ch. xv.
stances, that they exist. Man is man, and
will be man under all circumstances ; he
beach-line, s. The line marked out by
exists under every known climate, &c. Of
the waves on a beach.
being and existence as nouns, the former not
“...such deposits, consequently, would have a
only designates the abstract action of being,
good chance of resisting the wear and tear of successive
beach-lines, and of lasting to a future epoch." -Dar-
but is metaphorically employed for the sen win: Voyage round the World, ch. xvi.
sible object that is, the latter is confined
altogether to the abstract sense. Hence, 1 bēach, v.t. [From beach, s. (q.v.).] To run,
human beings; beings animate and inanimate; drive, or drag upon a beach. (Used specially
the supreme Being ; but the existence of a of boats, or of ſeaky and sinking vessels, or
God, of innumerable worlds, of evil. Being of vessels which have sunk in a river and
may in some cases be indifferently employed are impeding navigation. Thus the ill-fated
for existence, particularly in the grave style ; Princess Alice steamboat, sunk in the Thames
when speaking of animate objects, as the in a collision with the Bywell Castle, on the
being of a God; our frail being; and when 3rd of September, 1878, was said to be
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hếr, thêre; pīne, pīt, sire, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; try, Sýrian, æ, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

beached-beading
455
“beached” when her broken hull was hauled |
"And in the fortress of his power
a guide for the sash. There are inside, outside,
or driven ashore.
• The owl usurps the beacon-iower."
Byron : The Giaour.
and parting beads.
bēached, pa. par. & a. [BEACH, v.]
bēa'-cón, v.t. [From beacon, s.) To light up
| Bead and butt (Carp.): Framing in which
the pearls are flush, having beads stuck or
As participial adjective. Spec. : Exposed to with beacon fires.
run upon the two edges.
the action of the waves on a beach.
“ As up the vale of Tees they wind,
"Upon the beached verge of the salt flood."
Where far the mansion of her sires
Bead and quirk : A bead stuck upon the
Shakesp. : T'imon, v. 1.
Beaconed the dale with midnight fires."
Scott: Rokeby, v. 37.
edge of a piece of stuff flush with its surface.
bēach'-ing, pr. par., a., & s. (BEACH, v.]
5. Astronomy. Baily's Beads. [Named after
bēa'-con-age (age=ſg), s. [From Eng.
A. & B. As participle & participial adjective:
Francis Baily, an Englishman, who discovered
In a sense corresponding to that of the verb.
beacon ; -age.] Money paid for the mainten them during the
ance of a beacon.
solar - eclipse of
C. As substantive: The act or operation of
“... a suit for beaconage of a beacon standing on a 1836. (Mem. As-
running a leaky vessel on the beach, or of rock in the sea."-Blackstone : Comment., bk. iii., ch. 7. tron. Soc., vol. x.).]
hauling a ship or boat up upon the beach to
bēa'-côned, pa. par. & d. [BEACON, v.]
repair her, or to afford her shelter till the
Certain luminous
bead-like promi-
time arrives for her again putting to sea.
As participial adjective: Having a beacon.
nences arranged
“The foss that skirts the beacon'd hill.”
bē'ach-ý, * bē'ach-ïe, a. [Eng. beach; -y.]
T. Warton : Ode x.
in a curved line
round the margin
Having a beach or beaches.
bēa'-con-less, a. [Eng. beacon ; -less.] With of the moon's disk
“The beachy girdle of the ocean
Too wide for Neptune's hips."
out a beacon. (Dr. Allen.)
upon that of the
Shakesp. : 2 Hen. IV., iii. 1.
bēad, * bēade, * bēde, * bēd, s. [A.S. bed,
sun towards the
Beachy Head, the loftiest headland on the
gebed = a prayer. In Dut. bede; Ger. bitte ;
commencement
southern coast of England, does not take its
and towards the BAILY'S BEADS.
Low Ger. bede, bete, bethe, all meaning, not a
name from the above, but from a corruption of
close of complete
bead, but a prayer. From the Roman Catholic
beau chef (see Isaac Taylor's Words and Places).
obscuration in a total or annular eclipse of the
practice of counting off a bead upon a rosary
latter luminary. Once attributed to the pro-
bēa'-con (or o silent, as if bē'cn), * bēa'-
when one of a series of prayers has been
jection of a range of lunar mountains on the
offered, the word has obtained its modern
kon, * bē'-kön, * bekne (ne=en), s.
face of the sun, they are now supposed to
[A.S. beacen, becun, becen, been = a beacon, a
ineaning of a perforated ball.]
proceed from irradiation.
sign, a token ; connected with beacnian, bic-
A. Ordinary Language :
nian, bycnian = (1) to beckon, (2) to nod, to
* I. Prayer.
bead-butt, s.
show, signify form. (BECKON.) In O.S. bokan; “And also it is ordeynede, yat yis bede and preyer
Carpentry : Formed with bead and butt.
Fries. baken, beken =sign, signal; Dut. baak shal bene reherside and seyde at euery tyme yat ye
[BUTT.] Doors have a combination of bead-
alderman and ye bretheren bene togedere."-English
= a beacon. Compare with Eng. beck and
butt and square-work.
Gilds (Ear. Eng. Text Soc.), p. 23.
beckon (q. v.).]
II. One of a number of small globular
bead-furnace, s. A furnace in which
A. As substantive:
bodies of glass, coral, metal, or other material,
beads, first cut into short cylinders, are
I. Literally :
perforated so as to be hung on a string.
rounded.
1. Ignited combustible materials placed in Specially-
bead-like, d. Like a bead.
an iron cage, ele-
1. Those for keeping count of prayers “... the spaces bead-like, ..."-Todd & Bowman:
vated upon a pole
offered. [See etym.] These are strung thirty Physiol. Anat., i. 152.
or any other natu-
or sixty together. Every tenth one is larger
bead-loom, s. A gauze loom in which
ral elevation, so as
and more embellished than the rest; it is
there are beads strung at the spots where the
to be seen from a
called a gaude. The gaudes are used for count-
threads intersect each other.
distance. Beacons
ing paternosters, and the ordinary beads for
were used to guide
Ave Marias. [GAUDE.]
bead-maker, s. A maker of beads.
travellers across
“Ere yet, in scorn of Peter's pence,
bead-mould, s. A fungus of low organi-
unfrequented parts
And number'd bead, and shrift."
sation, the stems of which consist of cells
Tennyson : The Talking Oak.
of the country, and
to alarm
loosely joined together so as to resemble a
To bid one's beads : To pray one's prayers,
the in-
specially when use is made of beads to keep string of beads.
habitants on the
occurrence of an
count of them. [BID.]
bead-plane, s.
invasion or a re-
"Bidding his beades all day for his trespas.".
Špenser : F. Q., I. i. 30.
Carpentry: A semi-circular moulding plane.
bellion. The "cres-
"... as will appear by the form of bidding the
sets" formerly used
bead-proof, a. A term formerly used
beads in King Henry the Seventh's time. The way
in London and
was first for the preacher to name and open his text,
among distillers to mean that the spirit was
other cities to light
and then to call on the people to go to their prayers, of a certain density, as ascertained by throw-
and to tell them what they were to pray for; after
the streets were
ing into it Wilson's or Lovis's beads, which
which all the people said their beads in a general
beacons of the type
BEACON.
silence, and the minister kneeled down also and said
were all of different densities, and ascertaining
first described.
his."-Burnet: Hist. Reformat., bk. i., pt. ii., an. 1547. which bead remained suspended instead of
“As less and less the distance grows,
To tell one's beads : To number one's beads floating or sinking.
High and more high the beacon rose.".
for the purpose of numbering one's prayers ;
bead-snake, s. A beautiful little snake
Scott: Lord of the Isles, v. 13.
(less specifically) to be at prayer.
(Elips fulvius), variegated with yellow, car-
2. A signal, specially by means of fire, to
“The wits of modern time had told their beads,
mine, and jet black. It belongs to the family
warn mariners of danger.
And monkish legends been their only strains."
Elapidæ of the Colubrine sub-order of Snakes.
Thomson : Castle of Indolence, ii. 52.
II. Fig. : Anything calculated to give light
Though venomous, it rarely uses its fangs.
2. Those worn round the necks of children,
to those who are in darkness, perplexity, and
It
of women, and in the East of men, for orna-
is about two feet long.
danger, re-animating their courage, while
Its chosen habitat is
warning them of the perils they should avoid.
in the sweet-potato fields of America. [See
ment.
“He that in mountain-holds hath sought
“ With scarfs and fans, and double change of brav'ry,
BATATAS.]
With amber bracelets, beads, and all such knav'ry.
A refuge for unconquer'd thought,
bead-tool, s. A tool for turning convex
A charter'd home where Freedom's child
Shakesp.: Taming of Shrew, iv. 3.
Might rear her altars in the wild,
III. Anything artificial or natural resem-
mouldings.
And fix her quenchless torch on high,
bling a bead in its globularity, even if it differ bead-tree, s. The English name of the
A beacon for eternity."
Hemans: A Tale of the Secret Tribunal.
in being imperforate; as, for instance, those Melia, a genus of plants constituting the type
B. Attributively: Constituting a beacon ;
glass globules which, before the abolition of of the order Meliaceæ (Meliads). Melia azeda-
supporting a beacon; proceeding from or
the slave trade, were used in bartering with rach has compound leaves ; flowers not very
otherwise pertaining to a beacon. (See the
the natives of Africa.
unlike those of the orange-tree, but smaller
examples which follow.)
1. Artificial. [See B., 1, and BEAD-PROOF.]
and bluish in colour; and yellow berries with
poisonous pulp. It is indigenous to the
beacon-blaze, s. The blaze made by a
2. Natural. [See the examples.]
countries bordering on the Mediterranean,
beacon. (Used literally or figuratively.)
“ Thy spirit within thee hath been so at war,
And thus hath so bestirr'd thee in thy sleep,
and has been introduced into India and other
“Is yon red glare the western star ?-
That beads of sweat have stood upon thy brow."
warm countries as an ornamental tree. The
Oh, 'tis the beacon-blaze of war!”
Shakesp. : 1 Hen. IV., ii. 3. Indian Neem-tree, or Ash-leaved Bead-tree, is
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, iii. 25.
“Several yellow lumps of amber, almost like beads, sometimes called Melia azedirachta, but more
beacon-fire, s. The fire of a beacon.
with one side flat, had fastened themselves to the
bottom."-Boyle.
“ With me must die the beacon-fires
frequently Azadiracta Indica. [NEEM.]
That stream'd at midnight from the mountain-hold.” B. Technically :
bead-work, s. Ornamental work in
Hemans : The Chieftain's Son.
1. Distillation. Wilson or Lovis's Beads. beads.
beacon-flame, s. The flame of a beacon. [BEAD-PROOF.]
+ bēad, v.t. [From Eng. bead, s.] To orna-
“ Cuthbert had seen that beacon-flame,
2. Gun-making: A small piece of metal on
Unwitting from what source it came.
ment or distinguish with beads or beading.
Scott : Lord of the Isles, v. 15.
a gun-barrel, used for taking a sight before
firing
bēad-ěd, pa. par. & a. [BEAD, v.]
beacon-light, s. The light of a beacon.
3. Bookbinding: A roll on the head-band of
" "Tis beaded with bubbles."
(a) Literally:
a book.
H. Smith. (Goodrich & Porter.)
“ By thee, as by the beacon-light,
Our pilots had kept course aright."
4. Architecture :
beaded wire.
Scott: Marmion, Introd. to c. i.
(a) A round moulding, cut or carved in Metal-working : Wire with bead-like protu-
(b) Figuratively:
"By the bright lamp of thought thy care had fed
berances placed upon it at intervals for the
short embossments, like beads in necklaces,
From the far beacon-lights of ages fled."
occurring chiefly in the Corinthian and Roman purpose of ornament.
Hemans: The Sceptic. orders of architecture. It is called also As-
beacon-tower, s. A tower on or from
t bēad'-house, s. [BEDEHOUSE.]
TRAGAL (q.v.).
which a beacon is displayed.
(6) The strip on a sash-frame which forms bēad'-îng, pr. par. & a. [BEAD, v.]
MWINTY
vil.l.1
..
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian =shạn. -tion, -sion, -cioun=shún; -ţion, -şion=zhún. tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

456
beadle-beaker
bēa'-dle, bē-del, bē'-dell, * bē'-dele,
* běd'-děl, * běd'-dělle, s. [A.S. bydel
= a beadle, crier, officer, messenger, herald,
or preacher; from beodan = to command,
order, bid (BID). Sw. & Ger. pedell; Dan.
pedel; Dut. bode, pedel ; Fr. bedeau ; 0. Fr.
badel, bedel, bedeax, Prov., Sp., & Port. bedel;
Ital. bidello; Low Lat. bedellus, pedellus.]
1. In Law Courts : An apparitor, a sum-
moner; one who carries citations to the per-
sons who are required to present themselves
in the court.
2. In Parochial Economy: A petty officer,
now in most cases inaintained as much for
show as use, but who in former times had the
substantial duty of flogging offenders.
“May. Sirrah, go fetch the beadle hither straight.”
(Enter a Beadle with whips.)
Shakesp. : 2 Hen. VI., ii. 1.
3. In Universities (with the spelling bedel
or bedells): An officer who carries a mace
before the vice-chancellor and the university
preachers. They are of two grades-esquire
bedels, who are graduates of the university,
and yeomen bedels, of a lower social grade.
"He procured an addition of £20 per annum to each
of the inferiour beadles; he restored the practice of
the vice-chancellor's court; and added several other
mprovements in the academical economy."—Warton.
Life of Bathurst, p. 89.
"If the university would bring in some bachelors of
art to be yeomen-bedels, which are well grounded, and
towardly to serve that press as composers ;-they,
which thrived well and did good service, might after
be preferred to be esquire-bedels; and so the press
would ever train up able men for itself."-Abp. Laud :
Hist. of his Chan. at Oxford, p. 132.
4. In old Guilds: A similar functionary,
used as a messenger or to keep up the dignity
of the body employing him.
"... and he ssal sende forthe the bedel to alle the
bretheren and the systeren, that they bien at the
derge of the body, ..!"-English Gilds (Ear. Eng. Text
Soc.), p. 35.
"And to the beddetle of the seid Gilde, ij d., ..."-
Ibid., p. 145.
bēa'-dle-ry, s. [Eng. beadle; -ry.) The
office or jurisdiction of a beadle. (Blount.)
bēa'-dle-shịp, s. [Eng. beadle, and suffix
-ship.] The office or functions of a beadle.
“There was convocation for the election of his suc-
cessor in the beadleship."-A. Wood : Athen. Oxon.
bē'ad-let, s. [Eng. bead, and dimin. suff. -let.]
1. Gen. : A little bead.
2. Zool.: A name for the most common
Actinia on the British shores (A. mesembryan-
themumn). [ACTINIA.]
bē'ad-roll, * bē'de-roll, s.
Among Roman Catholics :
1. Lit. : A catalogue of those for the repose
of whose souls a certain number of prayers
are to be offered, the count being kept by the
telling of beads.
“... prayng for the saules of the seid John Tanfield
and Agnes hys wyff yerely vppon Sondays by hys bede-
rolle in the pulpitt, ..."-English Gilds (Early Eng.
Text Soc.), p. 145.
2. Figuratively :
(a) A catalogue of men worthy of enduring
queen."
3. Now: One who resides in an almshouse, 4. Carpentry: The crooked end of the hold-
formerly called a bede-house, or is supported fast of a carpenter's bench.
from the funds left for the purpose of main-
5. Forging : The point of an anvil. [BEAK-
taining poor or decayed persons. (Jamieson.)
IRON, BICKIRON.]
“... think on your poor bedesman the day.”-
Scott : Antiquary, ch. xxiii.
6. Farriery: A little shoe, at the toe about
King's bedesmen: What were sometimes
an inch long, turned up and fastened in upon
called “ blue-gowns.” [BLUE-GOWN.]
the fore-part of the hoof.
7. Chem.: The rostrum of an alembic by
bē'ads-wom-an, * bēdes wom'-an, S. which the vapour is transferred to the worm.
[From plural of Eng. bead (q.v.), and woman.] 8. Gas-fitting : A gas-burner with a circular
A woman similarly engaged, and still more hole as of an inch in diameter.
frequently than in the case of the opposite
sex, living in an almshouse.
beak-head, s. & a.
"And honour done to your poor bedes-woman."
A. As substantive :
Ben Jonson : Sad Shepherd, ii. 6. (Richardson.) 1. The same as BEAK, B. 3.
“By shooting a piece out of our forecastle. being
bēa'-gle (gle as gel), * bē'-gele, s. [Etym.
close by her, we fired a mat on her beak-head, which
doubtful. In Fr. bigle, as adj. = squint-eyed ;
more and more kindled, and ran from thence to the
as s. = a beagle; but it is believed to be the
mat on the bowsprit.”-Hackluyt's Voyages, vol. ii.,
p. 200.
English word a little altered. Mahn believes
2. Arch.: An architectural ornament, espe-
it is from Irish & Gael. beag = small, but in
cially of the Norman and Early English style,
Gaelic there is a word-cu-luirge—for beagle.
resembling the head of a beast united to the
Compare Welsh bach = little; Eng. boy, and
beak of a bird.
possibly pug. Skinner derives it from the
corresponding word in Italian piccolo =small,
B. As adjective:
but again there is a word bracco for beagle.] Beak-head beam : The largest beam in a ship.
A small hunting-dog, a sub-variety of Canis
beak-rush, s. [The English name of
gallicus venatorius = the hunting hound. It
Rhyncospora, a genus of plants belonging to
was formerly much used for hunting hares,
the order Cyperacea (Sedges). It is called
which it pursued slowly but surely to their
from the beaked tips of the "seed," or rather
fate. There are several sub-varieties : (1) the
Southern, smaller and shorter, but at the same
the fruit. There are two British species, the
White Beak-rush (Rhyncospora alba), and the
time thicker than the deep-mouthed hound;
brown one (R. fusca). The former is common,
(2) the Northern or Cat Beagle, smaller and
the latter principally confined to the south-
finer in form, and a more untiring runner ; (3)
west of England and to Ireland.
a cross between these two; and (4) a dwarf
variety used for hunting rabbits or young | bēak (1), v.t. [From BEAK, S. (q.v.).]
hares. Queen Elizabeth had little “singing
In Cockfighting: To seize with the beak.
beagles " so small that they could be placed
in a man's glove. Col. Hamilton Smith Thinks
(Vulgar.)
the beagle the same with the Brachet of the bēak (2), * bēek, * bēyke (Old Eng. &
Middle Ages [BRACHET) and the Agasseus of Scotch), v.t. & i. [BAKE.]
Oppian.
A. Trans. : To bask, to warm.
“About her feet were little beagles seen,
That watch'd with upward eyes the motions of their
"I made the fire and beked me aboute."
Chaucer : Creseides Testament, 36.
Dryden: Fables.
“And beeking my cauld limbs afore the sin."
bēak, * bēake, * běcke (English), bēik
Ailan Ramsay : Gentle Shepherd, ii. 3.
(Scotch), s. [Ir., Gael., Fr., & Prov. bec = a B. Intrans. : To warm one's self, to bask.
point, a beak; Arm. & Dut. bek; Ital. becco; “ To shun the storm thei drove they carefu' steeke
Port. bico; Sp. pico; Wel. piq. Compare also
And mang the auld fowk round the ingle beek.”
A.S. becca = a beck, a pickaxe, a mattock;
Marion : A Pastoral. Hawick Collection. (š. in Boucher.)
piic, a little needle or pin; and pic = a point, bēaked, pa. par. & d. [BEAK (1), v.]
a top, a head.] [PEAK.]
A. As participial adjective :
A. Ordinary Language :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. The bill of a bird.
1. Having a beak. (Used of birds or other
“Headed like owles with beckes uncomely bent."
animals.)
Spenser: F. Q., II. xi. 8.
“... he feeds a long and a short-beaked pigeon on
“ Their smoke assail'd his startled beak,
the same food."-Darwin: Origin of Species (ed. 1859),
And made him higher soar and shriek.”
chap. iv., p. 83.
Byron : Siege of Corinth, 33.
2. Anything pointed like the bill of a bird,
2. Having a sharp-pointed prow. (Used of
as the prow of an ancient war-vessel, a pro-
ships.)
"... the floating vessel swum
montory of land, &c.
Uplifted, and secure, with beaked prow,
“ With boiling pitch, another near at hand,
Rode tilting o'er the waves.”
From friendly Sweden brought, the seams instops,
Milton: P. L., bk. xi.
Which well laid o'er, the salt sea waves withstand,
3. Running to a point or tip.
And shakes them from the rising beak in drops.”
Dryden.
"And question'd every gust, of rugged wings,
That blows from off each beaked promontory:
B. Technically:
They knew not of his story." Milton : Lycidas.
1. Zoology:
B. Technically:
(a) The bill of a bird. [A. 2.]
1. Heraldry: Having the beak and legs of a
(6) Anything in another animal similar. bird of a different tincture from the body. In
Thus, in describing a genus (Chelys) of tor such a case the bird is said to be beaked and
toises, Gray says, “The beak very broad."
membered of that tincture.
(c) The snout or the elongated termination 2. Botany (applied to fruits): Having a long
of the head in the Curculionidæ, or Weevil hard terminal, straight, horn-like projection.
fainily of beetles. (The term more frequently
beaked-parsley, s.
used for this is rostrum.)
Bot. : The English name of the umbelliferous
(d) The part of some univalve shell which
It is so called from
genus Anthriscus.
its
runs into a point and contains a canal.
fruit terminating in a beak. There are two
(e) The umbo or apex of a bivalve shell. wild British species, the Wild Beaked Parsley
(S. P. Woodward.)
(Anthriscus sylvestris), which has smooth fruit,
2. Botany: Any projection resembling the and the Common Beaked Parsley (A. vulgaris),
beak of a bird ; any short and hard-pointed of which the fruit is muricated. Both are
projection, as the apex of the fruit in the common. Besides these the Garden Beaked
genus Anthriscus. [BEAKED PARSLEY.]
Parsley, or Chervil (A. cerifolium), has escaped
3. Naut. Arch. : A
from cultivation.
piece of brass shaped
bē'ak-ēr, s. [From O.S. bikeri. In Sw. bä-
like a beak, terminat-
gare; Dan. boeger ; Icel. bikarr; Dut. beker;
ing the prow of an
Ger. becher; 0. H. Ger. bechar, pechar, pechare;
ancient galley; it was
Ital. bichiere; Lat. bicarium = a wine-vessel,
designed to pierce a
a wine-glass.]
hostile vessel, like the
similar weapon of
1. A large drinking-vessel, a tumbler.
offence in a modern
“He lives, and o'er his brimming beaker boasts."
Cowper : Task, bk. vi.
“ram.” Now the beak
2. A vessel used for experiments in natural
or beak-head is the
external part of a ship
philosophy, chemistry, or any other science.
before the forecastle, BEAK OF A SHIP.
It has an open mouth, and a lip for pouring.
which is fastened to
“ Various quantities of distilled water were weighed
into beakers."-Proceedings of the Physical Society of
1 the stem and supported by the main-knee.
London, pt. ii., p. 56.
fame.
“Dan Chaucer, well of English undefyled
On fame's eternall beudroll worthy to be fyled.”
Spenser : É. Q., IV. ii. 32.
(6) A catalogue of those who are execrated,
instead of being prayed for.
"The king, for the better credit of his espials abroad,
did use to have them cursed by name amongst the
bead-roll of the king's enemies."-Bacon: Henry VII.
t bē'adş-bìd-dîng, * bēdeş * býd'-dyng,
S. [Eng. bead (q.v.).] The act of saying
“bedes,” i.e. prayers, specially when the
memory is assisted by the use of material
beads. [BEAD, BID.]
"God of hus goodnesse, sech hus grete wil
With oute mo bedes byddyng.
Piers Plowman, p. 205. (Richardson.)
bē'adş-mạn, bē'de-man, bē'deş-man,
* bēd'-man, s. [Eng. bead, s. (q.v.), and
man.] A man who prays for another person.
Specially -
*1. A priest, whose duty it was to pray for
the souls of the dead.
"... and the bedeman shall pray for the soul of
the dead, and for the souls of all Christians, at the
cost of the gild."-English Gilds (Ear. Eng. Text Soc.),
p. 230.
* 2. A man who resided in a hospital or
almshouse, who was supposed to be praying
for the soul of the “pious founder."
"Commend thy grievance to my holy prayers ;
For I will be thy beadsman, Valentine."
Shakesp. : Two Gent. of Verona, i. 1.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pìt, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; try, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

beaking-beaming
457
bē'ak-ing, a. [Eng. beak; -ing.]
beaking-joint, s.
Carpentry & joinery: A joint formed by
the meeting, in a floor or door, of several
heading joints in a line.
bē'ak-ïr-on, s. [The same as BICKERN (q.v.). ]
bēal, s. [In A.S. byl, bil = a boil, blotch, sore;
Sw. bulnad, blimma = a swelling, a morbid
tumour, from bulna = to swell, to become
filled with matter; Dan. byld, blegn; Fries.
beil; Dut. beul; Ger. beule = a swelling or
protuberance; Ital. bolla = a bubble, blister,
pimple.] A pimple, an inflammatory tumour.
(Scotch and North of England dialect.)
+ bēal, v.i. [From the substantive. In Sw.
bulna = to swell, to become filled with matter;
Dan. buldne.] To gather matter or pus. (Scotch
and North of England dialect.)
beal-fire, s. [BELTANE.]
Beāle līght, s. [LIGHT.]
† bē'al-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [BEAL, v.]
A. & B. As present participle & participial
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
C. As subst. : An inflammatory swelling
containing matter or pus.
bē-â 11, s. [Eng. be; all.] All that is to be.
"... that but this blow
Might be the be-all and the end-all here."
po Shakesp.: Macbeth, i. 7.
bēam (1), * bēame, * bēem, * bēme,
* bēm, * bealme, s. [A.S. beam = (1) a
tree; (2) a beam-post, a stock of a tree, a
splint; (3) anything proceeding in a straight
line, a sunbeam; (4) a wind instrument, a
horn, a trumpet (Bosworth, &c.). O. Sax. bom,
bam ; 0. Fries. bam; Sw. & Dan. bom = a bar,
a boom ; Ger. baum = a tree, a beam, a bar, a
boom ; 0. H. Ger. baum, boum, poum ; 0. L.
Ger. bôm; O. Icel. badhmr = a beam; Goth.
bagms = a tree.] [Boom.]
I. Ordinary Language :
* 1. Of trees : A tree, i.e. one living, and not
dead and cut up. The same as the Ger. baum.
(See etym.) This sense of the word is obsolete,
except in the compound Horn-beam (“horn-
tree") (q.v.). (Trench.)
2. Of wood from trees, or anything similar :
(1) A large, long piece of timber “squared ”
or rather made rectangular on its several
sides ; specially one used to aid in supporting
the ordinary rafters in a building. It is dis-
tinguished from a block by being longer than
broad.
“A beam is the largest piece of wood in a building,
which always lies cross the building or the walls.
serving to support the principal rafters of the roof,
and into which the feet of the principal rafters are
framed. No building has less than two beams, one
at each head. Into these the girders of the garret
floor are also framed; and if the building be of timber,
the teazel-tenons of the posts are framed. The propor-
tions of beams, in or near London, are fixed by Act of
Parliament. A beam fifteen feet long must be seven
inches on one side its square, and five on the other ;
if it be sixteen feet long, one side must be eight inches,
the other six, and so proportionable to their lengths.”
-Builder's Dictionary.
“For many a busy hand toiled there,
Strong pales to shape and beams to square."
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, v. 9.
In Matt. vii. 3—5 the word is used in this sense.
The expression was made designedly hyper-
bolical, that the dullest perception might dis-
cern the meaning.
(2) A similar support to rafters, though
made of iron and not of wood.
(3) The pole of a carriage which passes be-
tween the horses.
“Juturna heard, and, seiz'd with mortal fear,
Forc'd from the beam her brother's charioteer.”
Dryden.
(4) The transverse iron rod or bar in a
balance, from the extremities of which the
scales are suspended.
“If thus th' important cause is to be tried,
Suppose the beam should dip on the wrong side."
Cowper: Hope.
To kick the becom : To be outweighed, sur-
passed.
(5) A cylindrical piece of wood belonging to
a weaver's loom, on which the web is gradu-
ally rolled as it is woven. This is called the
cloth-beam, or breast-beam. A similar one, on
which the yarn is wound, is called the yarn-
beam.
"... and in the Egyptian's hand was a spear like a
weaver's beam."-1 Chron. xi. 28.
(6) The main part of a plough, that to which
the handles are attached, and to which also
the animals designed to draw it are yoked.
3. Of what is branched : The third and fourth
antlers of a stag's horns. (The metaphor seems
to be that of a branching tree.) (See No. 1.)
"And taught the woods to echo to the stream
His dreadful challenge, and his clashing beam."
Denham.
4. Of what radiates or is radiated :
(1) Lit.: A ray of light emitted from a
luminous body.
(a) Of one emitted from the sun.
“ To make the sun a bauble without use,
Save for the fruits his heavenly beams produce."
Cowper : Hope.
(6) Of an electric spark or flash of light.
“The effects. moreover. obtained with the electric
beam are also produced by the beams of the sun.”—
Tyndall: Frag. of Science (3rd ed.), x. 260.
(2) Fig.: Anything imparting intellectual,
moral, or spiritual light.
“Where fancy's fire, affection's mental beam,
Thought, genius, passion, reign in turn supreme."
Hemans : To the Eye.
It is a question whether beam, in the
sense No. 4, is not a distinct word; but in A.S.
it is the same as beam = wood. (See etym.)
In Latin also the somewhat corresponding
word radius is = staff, a rod, i.e., a ray, a
beam of light.
II. Technically :
1. Arch. There are many kinds of architec-
tural beams, such as a tie-beam, a collar-beam,
a dragon-beam, &c. [See these words.]
2. Naval Arch. & Naut. Language :
(1) The beams of a ship are the great main
cross-timbers which prevent the sides of the
ship from falling together, and which also
support the deck and orlops.
Broad in the beam : Broad from the bulwarks
on one side to those on the other.
“Broad in the beam, that the stress of the blast,
Pressing down upon sail and mast,
Might not the sharp bows overwhelm."
Longfellow: Building of the ship.
T Beam is also used technically for the
width of a ship.
The beam nearest the mainmast is called
the main beam, the next to it the second beam,
the next again the third beam; and so on with
the rest.
The midship beam is the one, as its name
indicates, situated in midships. It is the
greatest one in the vessel.
Abaft the beam : In an arc of the horizon
subtended by the angle of which one side is
constituted by a line crossing the ship trans-
versely from beam to beam at right angles,
and the other by a line running from the stem
to the stern of the vessel.
Before the beam: In an arc of the horizon
intervening between that now described and
the bow of the vessel.
(2) The beam of an anchor: The straight part
or shank of an anchor, to which the hooks are
fastened.
3. Mach. : A heavy iron lever in a steam-
engine, one end of which is connected with the
piston, and the other with the crank of the
wheel-shaft. It transmits motion from the
piston to the wheel-shaft.
4. Curriery: The board on which skins are
laid to be shaved.
III. Beam is used attributively in compounds
like the following :-
beam-bird, s. A bird so called from
often building its nest on a beam or rafter be-
longing to a house. It is better known as the
Spotted Flycatcher (Muscicapa grisola).
beam-board, s. The platform of a steel-
yard or balance.
beam-centre, s. The pin on which the
working beam in a steam-engine vibrates.
beam-compass, s. An instrument used
in describing larger circles than can conve-
niently be done by means of common com-
passes. It consists of a beam of wood or
brass, with sliding sockets bearing steel or
pencil points. It is called also a trammel.
beam-ends, s. pl.
Naut. : The ends of the beams of a ship.
A ship is on her beam-ends when she is so
far driven over on her side that the ends of
the beams, horizontal when the vessel is at
rest, are thrust more or less nearly into a
vertical position.
beam-engine, s.
Mech.: A steam-engine, in which power is
transmitted by a working beam, in contra-
distinction to one in which the piston-rod is
attached directly to the crank of the wheel-
shaft. Newcomen's atmospheric engine is an
example of this form of engine.
beam-feather, s. One of the long fea-
thers in the wing of a hawk. (Booth.)
beam-filling, s.
Building : The filling-in of mason-work be-
tween beams or joists.
beam-gudgeons, s. pl. The bearings on
the centre of the beam, or the central pivot
upon which it vibrates.
beam-knife, s.
Curriery: A two-handled knife used to
shave hides stretched upon a beam.
beam-line, s.
Ship-carpentry : The line showing where the
tops of the beams and the frames meet.
beam-shind, a. [Eng. beam; shin (not
shine).] Having the shin, or bone of the leg,
rising with a sort of curve. (Jamieson.)
beam-tree, s. A species of wild Service,
so called probably from the beam-like aspects
of its corymbiferous flowers. Its full name is
the White Beam-tree. It is Pyrus aria. It has
downy leaves and red fruit, larger than that of
its near ally, P. aucuparia, the Mountain Ash,
or Rowan-tree. The wood is extremely hard.
* bēam (2), s. [Etymology doubtful.] Diffi-
culty, misfortune (?).
“Dunkan sauh his eme had his heritage,
Ther he wist bote of beam ..
Rob. de Brunne. (s. in Boucher.)
bēam, v.t. & i. [From beam, s. (q.v.). A.S.
beamian = to shine, to emit beams. ]
A. Transitive: To emit, to send. (Chiefly
used of mental, moral, or spiritual sight.)
“God beams this light into man's understanding."-
South.
“Eyes beaming courtesy and mild regard."
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. v.
B. Intransitive :
1. Lit.: To send forth rays of light; to show
forth. (Used of the sun, or other luminous
body, or of the morning.)
“But slowly fade the stars—the night is o'er-
Morn beains on those who hail her light no more.”
Hemans : The Abencerrage.
2. Fig.: To shine forth. (Used of intel.
lectual, moral, or spiritual light; the light of
happiness, the radiance of beauty, or anything
similar.)
“... the interest high
Which genius beams from beauty's eye.".
Scott: Rokeby, ii. 3.
"To paint those charms which varied as they beam d.”
Byron: To Ianthe.
“His speech, his form, his action full of grace,
And all his country beaming in his face.”
Cowper : Table Talk.
bēamed, pa. par. & a. [BEAM, v.]
“Like crested leader proud and high,
Tossed his beamed frontlet to the sky.”
Scott: Lady of the Lake, i. 2.
bē'am-fúi, a. [Eng. beam ; full.]. Full of
beams, beaming.
“And beautify'd with beamful lamps above."
Drayton : Noah's Flood, iv. 525. (Boucher.)
bē'am-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [BEAM, v.]
A. & B. As pr. par. & participial adj. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
“Where ruddy fire and beaming tapers join
To cheer the gloom."
Thomson: The Seasons ; Winter.
"And robed the Holy One's benignant mien
In beaming mercy, majesty serene."
Hemans : Restoration of Works of Art to Italy.
“Come, to the beaming God your heart unfold !"
Thomson: Castle of Indolence, ii. 48.
C. As substantive:
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Lit. : The state or quality of emitting
light, in a literal or figurative sense.
2. Fig. : The emission of intellectual, moral,
or spiritual light.
“The doubtful beamings of his prince's soul."
Thomson: Liberty, pt. v.
II. Technically:
1. Weaving: The operation of winding yarn
upon the beam of a loom.
2. Curriery: The operation of washing hides
with a slicker over a beam.
beaming-machine, s. A machine for
currying hides on a carriage, and thus effecting
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian= shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious, -cious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c.=bel, del.

458
beamless-bear
the operation more usually performed during
the time that they are stretched upon a beam.
bē'am-less, a. [Eng. beam; -less.] Without
a beam. (Thomson : Seasons ; Summer.)
bē'am-y, Q. & ado. [Eng. beam ; -y.]
A. As adjective:
1. Having the massiveness or weight of a
beam.
“ His double-biting axe, and beamy spear ;
Each asking a gigantic force to rear."
Dryden : Fables.
2. Having horns or antlers.
“Rouse from their desert dens the bristled rage
Of boars, and beamy stags in toils engage."
Dryden : Virgil.
3. Emitting beams; shining, radiant, bril-
liant.
(1) Literally :
“All-seeing sun !
Hide, hide in shameful night thy beamy head."...
Smith.
(2) Figuratively:
“So I with animated hopes behold,
And many an aching wish, your beamy fires."
Cowper: Task, bk. v.
B. As adv.: In a more shining or radiant
manner, so as to cast a brighter light.
“Colours from the trying fire more beamy come."
Cartwright : Poems (1651). (Halliwell : Cont. to Lexicog.)
bēan, * bēane, * bēene, * bēne, s. [A.S.
bean, bien = a bean, all sorts of pulse; O.
Icel. baun; Sw. böna; Dan. bönne; Dut.
boon; N. H. Ger. bohne; M. H. Ger. bône;
0. H. Ger. ponâ; Russ. bob; Gael. ponar;
Ir. ponaire ; Wel. faen ; Lat. faba. All these
words, though many of them so dissimilar to
each other, are considered to be etyinologically
connected.]
A. As substantive :
I. Botany and Horticulture :
1. A well-known cultivated plant, Vicia
faba of Linnæus, now called Faba vulgaris.
It belongs to the order Leguminosæ. The
stem is quadrangular and hollow; the leaves
are alternate; they are pinnate with two
to four leaflets. The flowers, which are
fragrant, are papilionaceous, white, with
violet-coloured veins and blotches looking
almost black. The seeds are partly kidney-
shaped. The native country of Faba vulgaris
is believed to be the regions near the Caspian
Sea, the Levant, and Egypt. The word bean
occurs twice in Scripture (in 2 Sam. xvii. 28,
and Ezek. iv. 9). The Hebrew terni is 533
(pâl), Septuagint Greek kúamos (kuamos) (see
etymology), and seems correctly translated.
Pythagoras and his followers would not eat
it, and the flamen Dialis, or priest of Jupiter at
Rome, was forbidden to touch it. Faba vul-
garis may be primarily divided into the Garden
Bean and the Field Bean. Of the former
there are numerous sub-varieties. The earliest
is the Mazagan, which is small-seeded; whilst
the largest is the Windsor. The Field Bean
runs into two leading sub-varieties, a larger
and a smaller one; the latter is called Ticks.
The horse-bean is the variety equina.
2. (Popularly.) Any leguminous plant resem-
bling a bean, though not of the genuine genus
Faba. (See French or Haricot bean, under
No. II.)
3. (Popularly.) Any plant with some vague
resemblance to a bean in fruit, even though
it be not even leguminous. Thus the Buck
Bean, Menyanthes trifoliata, is properly of the
Gentian order, and has no real affinity to Faba.
[BUCK-BEAN.]
II. Commerce, &c. : The name given to the
seeds of certain plants belonging to the natural
order Leguminosæ. The Common Field Bean
is the seed of the Faba vulgaris, the Broad or
Windsor Bean, being a cultivated variety of
the same plant. The
French or Haricot
Bean is the seed of
Phaseolus multiflo-
rus, and the Scarlet
Runner (which is
closely akin to the
former) is Phaseolus
vulgaris.
Beans are used
for feeding horses,
as also for fattening
hogs. When fresh
they also sometimes GRANULES OF BEAN-
appear at table as a
STARCH.
culinary vegetable; Magnified about 120 diameters.
but dried beans are
seldom used in this country as an article of
food, partly owing to their strong flavour, and l
partly to the difficulty with which they are
digested. Scarlet-runners and French beans
are used in the pod, in the green state, and
eaten as a vegetable. Bean-meal, which is more
easily digested than whole beans, contains
twice as much nitrogenous matter as wheat-
flour, and is more nutritious. It is sometimes
used to adulterate flour and bread : this can be
readily detected by the microscope. The cells
of the bean are larger, and the ceil-walls much
thicker, than those of the wheat. The starch
granules are also different, being oval or
kidney-shaped, and having an irregular, deep
cleft down the centre. Roasted beans were
formerly used to adulterate coffee.
B. Attributively: Pertaining to the bean;
consisting of plants allied to the bean.
“Order Cx.: 'Leguminosæ or Fabaceæ, the Bean
Tribe.”—Lindley : Nat. Syst. Bot., 2nd ed. (1836), p. 148.
bean-caper, bean caper, s. [Eng.
bean, and caper (q.v.). 7 The English name of
the genus Zygophyllunı, the typical one of the
botanical order Zygophyllaceæ. The species,
which are not particularly ornamental, have
fleshy leaves and yellow or whitish-yellow
flowers. They come from the Cape of Good
Hope and other places.
In the Plural (Bean Capers): The name given
by Lindley to the order Zygophyllaceæ (q.v.).
bean-cod, bean cod, s. The legume of
a bean. [COD.]
"Argent, three bean-cods ..."-Gloss. of Heraldry.
bean-crake, s. A local name for a bird,
the Corncrake (Ortygometra crex).
bean-feast, s. A dinner in the country
given by an employer to his workmen. The
name may be held to imply that originally
beans were really the chief dish on the table;
but the term “bean-feast,” which comes from
the Northern counties, where the bean-goose
is common, refers to that bird and not to the
vegetable bean (see Brewer's Phrase and Fable).
[BEAN-GOOSE, WAYZ-GOOSE.]
bean-fed, a. Fed on beans.
“... a fat and bean-fed horse, ...”
Shakesp. : Mids. Night's Dream, ii. 1.
bean-fly, s. “A beautiful fly of a pale-
purple colour found on beans, produced from
a maggot called Mida." (Webster.) The term
Mida is from Gr. uídas (midas), an insect stated
by Theophrastus to be destructive to pulse.
bean-goose, s. A kind of goose, the
Anser segetum. It is so called from the re-
semblance which the upper mandible of the
bill bears to a horse-bean. It is a migratory
bird, coming to this country from the North
in autumn, and returning thither again in
spring.
bean-harvester, s. A machine for cut-
ting and heaping together bean-haulm when
ready to be gathered. There are various kinds.
bean-meal, s. [See BEAN, II.]
bean-ore, s.
Mining: Brown iron ore, occurring in
ellipsoidal concretions.
bean-sheller, s. A machine for shelling
beans.
bean-shot, s.
Metal-working: Copper formed into shot
like gravel by being poured in a melted state
into water.
bean-stalk, s. The stalk of a bean.
“Taking this ground, a man may maintain the
story of Jack and the Bean-stalk' in the face of all
the science in the world."-Tyndall: Frag. of Science,
3rd ed., xiv. 435.
bean-tree, s.
1. The Swedish bean-tree, Pyrus intermedia.
2. The bean-tree of Australia, Castanosper-
mum australe, a leguminous species belonging
to the section Sophoreæ.
bean-trefoil, s.
1. The English name of Anagyris, a genus
of plants belonging to the Papilionaceous sub-
order of the Leguminosæ. The species are
small trees with legumes curved inward at
the extremity. They grow in the south of
Europe, North America, and perhaps else-
where.
2. A name sometimes given to Menyanthes
trifoliata. [MENYANTHES.]
3. A name formerly applied to the Labur-
num (Cytisus laburnum). [Cytisus.]
bēan (1), bāne, a. [Gael. ban = white; baine
= whiteness.] White. (Scotch.)
"... with light sandy-coloured hair, and small,
pale features, from which he derived his agnomen of
Bean, or white. ..."-Scott : Waverley, ch. xvii.
* bēan (2), d. [Probably from Fr. bien (as
subst.) = wealth, property, ... comfort ; (as
adj.) = well.] [BENE.] Comfortable, snug.
(Old Scotch.)
* beand. [BEYOND.]
* bē-and, pr. par. [A.S. beand, pr. par. of beon
= to be.] Being. (0. Scotch.)
"Bath the partiis beand personaly present,-the
lordis auditoris decretis,” &c. -Act. Audit., A. 1476, p.
43. (Jamieson.)
bē'an-shâw, s. [BENSHAW.] (Scotch.)
beär (1), * bêre, * bære, * beore, * bær'-ěn,
* bêr'-ěn, * beir'-ěn, * bueren (pret.
bore, † bare, * bar, * bear, * bær, * ber; pa. par.
born, borne) (ære, eore, eir, and uer as
är), v.t. & i. [A.S. beran, beoran (pret. ber;
pa. par. boren) = to bear ; geberan = to bear;
gebæran = to behave, to conduct one's self;
aberan = to bear, carry, suffer; 0.8. beran,
giberan ; 0. Fries, and O. Icel. bera; Sw. bära;
Dan. bære; Dut. baren = to give birth to,
to bring forth; beuren = to lift ; bæren = to
carry, to bear ; Goth. bairan = to carry ; Ger.
gebaren = to bring forth ; führen = to carry ;
0. L. Ger. beran; O. H. Ger. beran, peran =
to bear; Fr. porter = to carry ; Sp. & Port.
parer = to bring forth; Ital. portare = to
carry; Lat. fero = to bear or carry; pario =
to bear; porto = to carry what is heavy ; Gr.
dépw (phero), popów (phoreo)=to bear or carry;
cognate with Bapós (barus) = heavy, and Bápos
(baros) = weight; Ir. berradh, beirim = to bear
or bring forth, &c. ; Russ. beru = to take, to
carry; Pers. ber; Sansc. bhar, bharâmi, bibhar-
mi=to carry, to sustain. Occurs in Semitic as
Heb. 7? (parah), rarely 79 (para)=(1) to
carry, (2) to be fruitful, (3) to run as a chariot.
Possibly connected also with 7 (bara) =
(1) to cut out, (2) to create, to produce.]
[BAIRN, BARINDE, BERINDE, BEAR (2), BERE,
BIER, BIRTH, BURDEN.] A word of very
various significations. Thus Watts says-
“We say, to bear a burden, to bear sorrow or re-
proach, to bear a name, to bear a grudge, to bear fruit,
or to bear children. The word bear is used in very
different senses.”
A. Transitive :
I. To support or to carry as a burden.
1. Literally :
(1) To support, sustain, or carry any person
or thing possessing a greater or less amount
of material weight.
“... that thou shouldest say unto ine, Carry them
in thy bosom, as a nursing father beareth the sucking
child, unto the land which thou swarest unto their
fathers?"-Numb. xi. 12.
(2) To cause any person or thing to be sus-
tained or carried, or conveyed, without literally
bearing the burden one's self.
“A guest like him, a Trojan guest before,
In shew of friendship, sought the Spartan shore,
And ravish'd Helen from her husband bore.”
Garth.
2. Figuratively:
(1) (Оf any mental or moral instead of any
physical burden): To support, sustain, or
carry.
(a) To sustain, to maintain, to support.
“For he always saw passing events, not in the point
of view in which they commonly appear to one who
bears a part in them, ..."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng.,
ch. ii.
(6) To endure, to suffer to stand, to tolerate,
without giving way under the load, or being
otherwise injured by it.
"I have fed you with milk, and not with meat: for
hitherto ye were not able to bear it, neither yet now
are ye able."-1 Cor. iii. 2.
"... he could not bear the eyes of the bar and of
the audience.”-Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. V.
(c) To endure without resentment; to tole-
rate, to stand.
“Not the gods, nor angry Jove will bear
Thy lawless wand'ring walks in upper air.”
Dryden.
(d) To suffer, to undergo; to be subjected to
as a punishment, sickness, calamity, or loss.
“I have borne chastisement, I will not offend any
more.”—Job xxxiv. 31.
"That which was torn of beasts I brought not unto
thee; I bare the loss of it; of my hand didst thou re-
quire it.”-Gen. xxxi. 39.
(e) To stand the temptation resulting from
anything.
"I was carried on to observe, how they did bear
their fortunes, and how they did employ their times."
- Bacon.
TE
2
10
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pſt, sïre, sīr, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; trý, Sýrian. æ, =ē; ã=ě. qu = kw.

bear
459
B. Intransitive:
1. To suffer.
“ They bore as heroes, but they felt as men.”—Pope.
2. To be patient; to endure without mur-
muring.
(f) To be responsible for ; to be answerable
for.
. they shall even bear their iniquity." - Ezek.
xliv. io.
“If I bring him not unto thee, then I shall bear
the blame to my father for ever."-Gen. xliv. 32.
"... that which thou puttest on me will I bear."-
2 Kings xviii. 14.
(g) To carry or convey an immaterial bur-
den or anything similar.
“My message to the ghost of Priam bear :
Tell him a new Achilles sent thee there."
Dryden: Æneid.
(2) (When no idea of burden is implied, but
in many cases the reverse): To sustain, support,
possess, or carry anything. Specially-
(a) To possess a name.
“ His pious brother, sure the best
Who ever bore that name."-Dryden.
(6) To possess a title or other mark of
honourable distinction, as “to bear arms."
“He may not bear so fair and so noble an image of
the divine glory, as the universe in its full system.”-
Hale.
“I write the falsehood on their crest.
If by the blaze I mark aright,
Thou bear'st the belt and spur of knight."
Scott : Lady of the Lake, iv. 30.
t() To possess in the sense of being the
object of.
“I'll be your father, and your brother too;
Let me but bear your love, I'll bear your cares."
Shakesp. : 2 Hen. IV., v. 2.
(d) To possess as power. (Used specially
in such phrases as “to bear sway.")
“ When vice prevails, and impious men bear sway,
The post of honour is a private station."
Addison : Cato.
(e) To carry in the mind, to entertain, to
harbour. (Used of good and of bad and in-
different emotions.)
“That inviolable love I bear to the land of my
nativity, prevailed upon me to engage in so bold an
attempt."-Swift.
“As for this gentleman, who is fond of her, she
beareth him an invincible hatred.”—Ibid.
(3) Used of things :
(a) To be capable of, to admit, to be suffi-
cient for.
"Had he not been eager to find mistakes, he would
not have strained my works to such a sense as they
will not bear."-Atterbury.
(6) To supply.
(c) To tolerate, admit of.
... than either the judgment of wise men al-
loweth, or the law of God itself will bear."—Hooker.
II. To produce, to bring forth.
1. Lit. : To give birth to, to produce, to
bring forth. Used-
(a) of the female sex of man or that of the
inferior animals.
"... Isaac, which Sarah shall bear unto thee ..."
-Gen. xvii. 21.
(6) Of plants.
“Nor yet the hawthorn bore her berries red."
Cowper : Needless Alarm.
2. Figuratively :
(a) To give birth to, as the earth is poetically
said to do to the animals and plants generated
upon it, or as one's natal spot is said to give
him birth.
“Here dwelt the man divine whom Samos bore.”
Dryden.
(6) To bring forth, produce, adduce, give.
"There is another that beareth witness of me ..."
-John v. 32.
III. Reflectively: To act; to behave. (The
radical signification probably is to support
or to carry one's self.)
“... some good instruction give,
How I may bear me here."
Shakesp. : Temp., i. 2.
“Hath he borne himself penitently in prison?"-
Shakesp. : Meas. for Meas., iv. 2.
This sense appears to have been derived
from A.S. bæran = to behave, to conduct one's
self. (See etym.)
IV. To weigh down, press upon, drive, or
urge. (Here the signification points not at
the person sustaining the burden, but at the
burden viewed as weighing down the person.)
1. To press upon, even when motion or
action on the part of the person thus pressed
does not follow.
“ Cæsar doth bear me hard ; but he loves Brutus."
Shakesp. : Jul. Cæsar, i. 2.
“These men bear hard upon the suspected party,
pursue her close through all her windings."-Addison.
2. To drive or urge in some direction, as
forward or backward.
(a) Chiefly by physical means. [See C. 3,
“I cannot, cannot bear : 'tis past, 'tis done ;
Perish this impious, this detested son!”
Dryden.
3. To act upon, or against. [See C. 15.]
“Spinola, with his shot, did bear upon those within,
who appeared upon the wall.”—Hayward.
4. To produce, to bring forth its like ; to be
fruitful.
“A fruit-tree hath been blown up almost by the
roots, and set up again, and the next year bear ex-
ceedingly."-Bacon.
5. To succeed, to take effect.
“Having pawned a full suit of clothes for a sum of
money, which my operator assured me was the last
he should want to bring all our matters to bear."-
Guardian.
6. To be situated with respect to.
“At noon we perceived a low double land, bearing
W.S. W., about ten leagues distant..." - Walter :
Anson's Voyage, 15th ed. (1780), p. 53.
7. To move in the direction of.
C. In phrases in some of which bear is tran-
sitive, in others intransitive.
1. To bear against :
(a) To be in contact with; to press more or
less forcibly against.
“Because the operations to be performed by the teeth
require a considerable strength in the instruments
which move the lower jaw, nature hath provided this
with strong muscles, to make it bear forcibly against
the upper jaw."-Ray.
“Upon the tops of mountains, the air which bears
against the restagnant quicksilver is less pressed."-
Boyle.
(6) To move towards, to approach.
2. To bear away:
(a) Trans. : To win, to carry away; as, for
instance, a prize.
“Because the Greek and Latin have ever borne away
the prerogative from all other tongues, they shall
serve as touchstones to make our trials by.”—Camden.
(6) Intrans. : To move one's self off; to
depart, to flee.
“ Never did men more joyfully obey,
Or sooner understand the sign to fly:
With such alacrity they bore away."
Dryden.
3. To bear back or backward (trans.): To
thrust or drive back or backward by physical
force.
“ Their broken oars, and floating planks, withstand
Their passage, while they labour to the land;
And ebbing tides bear back upon th’uncertain sand.”
Dryden.
“Clan-Alpine's best are backward borne."
Scott: Lady of the Lake, vi. 18.
4. To bear down (trans.):
(a) Lit.: To thrust down by physical force.
“... on land they were at first borne down by irre-
sistible force.”—Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. ii.
(b) Fig.: To do so by other means.
“Truth is borne down, attestations neglected, the
testimony of sober persons despised."-Swift.
(c) Naut.: To sail towards. (Followed by
upon.)
5. To bear hand to: To support, to lend
assistance to. (Scotch.)
"... to beare hand to the trueth ..."-Bruce :
Eleven Serm., F. 3, b.
Bear a hand (without to) is very common
in English in the sense of help: “Bear a hand
here !”
6. To bear in: To move in.
“Whose navy like a stiff stretch'd cord did shew,
Till he bore in, and bent them into flight."
Dryden.
7. To bear in hand : To amuse with false
pretences; to deceive; to accuse.
“Your daughter, whom she bore in hand to love
With such integrity, she did confess
Was as a scorpion to her sight.”
Shakesp. : Cymb., v. 5.
“... his sickness, age, and impotence,
Was falsely borne in hand.”
Shakesp. : Hamlet, ii. 2.
8. To bear of (trans.):
(a) Lit.: To carry away.
“Give but the word, we'll snatch this damsel up,
And bear her off.".
Addison : Cato.
(6) To hold ; to restrain.
“Do you suppose the state of this realm to be now
so feeble, that it cannot bear off a greater blow than
this ?”-Hayward.
9. To bear on hand ; * to bar on hand :
(a) Trans. : To tell, to inform, to apprise.
(Scotch.)
“In till this tyme that Umphraweill,
As I bar yow on hand er quhill,
Come till the King of Ingland.
Barbour, xix. 142, MS. (Jamieson.)
(b) (Intrans.): To affirm, to relate.
“Syn the Balliol and his folk were
Arywyd in to Scotland,
As I have herd men bere on hand."
Wyntown, viii. 33, 64. (Jamieson.)
10. To bear out (trans.):
(a) To afford a warrant for ; to give legiti-
mate defence, or at least excuse, for.
“I hope your warrant will bear out the deed."
Shakesp.: King John, iv. 1.
(6) To support; to sustain by power or any
other way than by legal or moral warrant.
“Quoth Sidrophel, I do not doubt
To find friends that will bear me out."
Hudibras.
“Company only can bear a man out in an ill thing."
-South.
(c) Intrans.: To stand forth.
“In a convex mirrour, we view the figures and all
other things, which bear out with more life and
strength than nature itself.”—Dryden.
11. To bear the bell : To lead. [BELL, A.,
III., 4.]
12. To bear the cross; to bear one's cross :
(a) Lit. (of Christ) : To endure the agonising
physical and mental sufferings of which the
cross was the symbol.
“Submits to death, nay, bears the cross,
In all its shame and woe.”
Cameron.
(6) Fig. (of His followers): To endure suffer-
ings, especially those to which their devotion
to their Divine Master may expose them.
"And whosoever doth not bear his cross, and come
after me, cannot be my disciple."-Luke xiv. 27.
13. To bear the sword :
(a) Lit.: To carry or bear a sword for a
longer or shorter time as the emblem of
authority.
“I do commit into your hand
The unstain'd sword that you have us'd to bear.”
Shakesp. : 2 Hen. IV., V. 2.
(6) Fig.: To be in an office conferring
authority, even when no sword is carried.
"... for he [the magistrate] beareth not the sword
in vain ..."-Rom. xiii. 4.
14. To bear up (trans. & intrans.):
(1) Transitive :
(a) Lit.: To sustain anything by physical
means, so that it cannot fall or sink.
“... the waters increased, and bare up the ark,
and it was lift up above the earth.”—Gen. vii. 17.
“And Samson took hold of the two middle pillars
upon which the house stood, and on which it was
borne up."-Judg. xvi. 29.
(6) Fig.: To sustain any immaterial thing
by suitable means.
“A religious hope does not only bear up the mind
under her sufferings, but makes her rejoice in them."
-Addison.
(2) Intransitive :
(a) Lit.: To move upwards or onwards.
“The oily drops swimming on the spirit of wine,
moved restlessly to and fro, sometimes bearing up to
one another, as if all were to unite into one body; and
then falling off, and continuing to shift places."
Boyle.
(b) Fig.: To manifest fortitude, to be un-
moved ; to retain composure under calamity.
“Yet, even against such accumulated disasters and
disgraces, his vigorous and inspiring mind bore up."-
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. XXV.
15. To bear upon :
(a) Lit. : To carry upon, as a ship upon a
rock.
“We were encounter'd by a mighty rock,
Which being violently borne upon,
Our helpless ship was splitted in the midst."
Shakesp. : Com. of Errors, i. 1.
(6) Fig.: To have a certain reference to ; to
restrain one's self.
“ And sae for fear he clean sud spoil the sport
Gin anes his shepherdess sud tak the dort,
He boore upon him, and ne'er loot her ken,
That he was ony ways about her fain.”
Ross : Helenore, p. 33.
16. To bear with : To endure something dis-
tasteful to one.
"If he is willing to bear with their scrupulosity..."
-Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. xi.
(a) Crabb thus distinguishes between to
bear and to yield :-“ Bear conveys the idea
of creating within itself; yield, that of giving
from itself. Animals bear their young; in-
animate objects yield their produce. An
apple-tree bears apples; the earth yields fruits.
Bear marks properly the natural power of
bringing forth something of its own kind;
yield is said of the result or quantum brought
forth. Shrubs bear leaves, flowers, or berries,
according to their natural properties ; flowers
yield seeds plentifully or otherwise as they are
favoured by circumstances."
(6) To bear, to carry, to convey, and to
transport are thus discriminated :-"To bear
is simply to put the weight of any substance
upon one's self; to carry is to remove it from
the spot where it was : we always bear in
(6) Chiefly or wholly by moral means.
“But confidence then bore thee on; secure,
Either to meet no danger, or to find
Matter of glorious trial.”
Milton : P. L., bk. ix.
boil, boy; pout, jówl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-olan, -tian =shạn. -tion, -sion, -cioun=shún; -ţion, -şion=zhún. tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

460
bear—bearably
certain stock not belonging to him, at the
market price then prevailing, on receiving
imaginary payment for them at the rate which
obtains when the promise was made. It now
becomes his interest that the stock on which
he has speculated should fall in price; and he
carrying, but not vice versâ. That which I
cannot be easily borne must be burdensome
to carry. Since bear is confined to personal
service, it may be used in the sense of carry,
when the latter implies the removal of any.
thing by any other body. The bearer of a
letter or parcel is he who carries it in his
hand; the carrier of parcels is he who em-
ploys a conveyance. Convey and transport are
species of carrying. Carry in its particular
sense is employed either for personal exertions
or actions performed by the help of other
means. Convey and transport are employed
for such actions as are performed not by im-
mediate personal intervention or exertion : a
porter carries goods on his knot; goods are
conveyed in a waggon or cart; they are trans-
ported in a vessel. Convey expresses simply
the mode of removing ; transport annexes the
ideas of place and distance. Merchants get
conveyed into their warehouses goods which
have been transported from distant countries.”
(Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
beär (2), v.t. [BEAR, S., II. 1.]
On the Stock Exchange : A cant phrase mean-
2. An assembly in which those present
behave with bear-like rudeness.
B. Attributively : Resembling the manners
of a bear-garden ; rude, turbulent, uproarious.
“... a bear-garden fellow : that is, a man rude
enough to be a proper frequenter of the bear-garden.
Bear-garden sport is used for inelegant entertain-
ment."-Johnson.
bear-oak, s. Quercus ilicfolia.
bear's-breech, S. The English name
of the Acanthus, the typical genus of the
botanical order Acanthaceæ. [ACANTHUS.]
bear's-ear, s. The ordinary English name
of the Cortusa, a genus of plants belonging to
the order Primulaceæ. Another English ap-
pellation for it is Sanicle. C. Matthioli, the
Common Bear's Ear Sanicle, is a handsome
little plant from the Alps.
adverse rumours regarding it; whilst the pur-
chaser, called a “bull," sees it to his advan-
tage to make the stock rise. The origin of
the term is uncertain. Dr. Warton derives it
from the proverbial expression of selling the
skin before the bear is caught, but he does
not assign any explanation to the contrary
term bull; others point out that the action of
the former is like that of a bear pulling down
something with his paws, while that of the
latter is suggestive of a bull tossing a person
up with his horns. [BULL.]
2. Astron.: One or other of two constella-
tions, Ursa Major and Ursa Minor, called
respectively the Great Bear and the Little
Bear. [URSA.] When the word Bear stands
alone, it signifies Ursa Major.
"E'en then when Troy was by the Greeks o'erthrown,
The Bear oppos'd to bright Orion shone."-Creech.
3. Naut. : A block, shaggy below with mat-
ting, used to scrub the decks of vessels.
The word bear is used in an attributive
sense in compounds like the following :-
bear - baiting, * bear-bayting, S.
The sport of baiting bears by dogs set upon
them. [BAITING.]
"But bear-baiting, then a favourite diversion of
high and low, was the abomination which most
strongly stirred the wrath of the austere sectaries." -
Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. ii.
bear-berry, s. The English name of the
Arctostaphylos, a genus of plants belonging
to the order Ericaceæ (Heathworts). Two
species occur in Britain, Arctostaphylos Uva
ursi and A. alpina. They are sometimes
ranked under the genus Arbutus. The flowers
are rose-coloured, the berry of the Uva ursi is
red, whilst that of the other is black. They
afford food for moor-fowl. The former is used
in nephritic and calculous cases, and some-
times even in pulmonary diseases; it more-
over dyes an ash colour, and can be used in
tanning leather. It is found on the Continent,
especially in alpine regions, while its chosen
habitat in the British Isles is in the Scottish
Highlands.
bear-bind, s. The English name of the
Calystegia, a genus of plants belonging to the
plant (Helleborus foetidus). It is a bushy plant,
two feet high, with evergreen palmate leaves,
globose flowers, fetid smell, and powerfully
cathartic properties. It is wild in Hamp-
shire and elsewhere in Southern England, but
in the Scottish localities where it occurs it
has escaped from gardens.
bear's-grape, s. A plant, Arctostaphylos
Uva ursi. [ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. ]
bear's-grease, s. The grease or fat of
bears, used extensively as an ointment for the
hair.
bear-skin, s.
1. The skin of a bear.
2. A shaggy kind of woollen cloth used for
overcoats.
bear's-whortleberry, s. A name for
the bear-berry (Arctostaphylos). [See BEAR-
BERRY, ARCTOSTAPHYLOS.]
bear-whelp, s. The whelp of a bear.
bear-wort, s. An umbelliferous plant,
Meum athamanticum, called also Meu, Bald-
money or Bawdmoney. [See these words.]
bëar (2), bëre, bëir, bëer. s. [BERE.
1. As subst. : A cereal, “ six-rowed barley"
(Hordeum hexastichum). [BERE.]
“Our kintra's rife wi' bear and corn,
Wheat, beans, and pease.'
Galloway Poems, p. 104. (Boucher.)
called also Hooded Bindweed. The Calystegia
sepium and C. soldanella occur in Britain.
beär (1),* bêare, * bêre, * bê-ore, s. [A.S.
bera = bear ; Dut. beer; Ger. bär; M. H. Ger.
ber; O. H. Ger. bero, pero; Icel. & Sw. biörn,
björn; Lat. fera = a wild beast.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally:
(1) Zool. : The English name of the various
species of Plantigrade mammals belonging to
the Ursus and some neighbouring genera. The
term plantigrade, applied to the bears, inti-
mates that they walk on the soles of their feet;
not, like the digitigrade animals, on their toes.
Though having six incisor teeth in each jaw,
like the rest of the Carnivora, yet the tuber-
cular crowns of the molar teeth show that
their food is partly vegetable. They grub up
roots, and, when they can obtain it, greedily
devour honey. They hybernate in winter.
The best-known species is Ursus arctos, the
Brown Bear, the one sometimes seen dancing
to the amusement of children in the streets.
They are wild on the continent of Europe, in
Asia, and in part of America ; formerly they
were found also in Britain. Other species are
the Syrian Bear (Ursus Syriacus, which is the
bear of Scripture); the American Black Bear
(U. Americanus); the Grizzly Bear of the same
continent (U. ferox); and the Polar Bear, U.
or Thalassarctos maritimus, and others.
“... they be chafed in their minds, as a bear robbed
of her whelps in the field.”—2 Sam. xvii. 8.
(2) Palceontology:
(i.) The Family Ursidae. The earliest repre-
sentative of the Ursidæ, or Bear family, known
at present, does not belong to the typical
genus Ursus. It is called Amphicyon, and is
of Miocene age.
(ii.) The Genus Ursus. Of the True Bears
belonging to the Ursus genus none have as
yet been found earlier than the Pliocene.
(a) Pliocene Bears. The best known species
is Ursus arvernensis.
(6) Post-pliocene Bears. One of these, Ursus
priscus, seems the same as U. ferox (the Grizzly
Bear). [A., I. 1.] Several bears, Ursus speldus,
arctos, and others, have been found in caves in
England and elsewhere. Of these, U. spelceus,
from Gr. Ondalos (spēlaios) = a grotto, cave,
cavern, or pit, is the one called specially the
Cave-bear. It is a giant species, occurring in
the later rather than the earlier Post-pliocene
beds. (Nicolson : Palæont., &c.)
2. Figuratively :
(a) A person brave, fierce, and rough in his
treatment of others, whom one holds in his
control.
“ York. Call hither to the stake my two brave bears,
That with the very shaking of their chains
They may astonish these fell lurking curs :
Bid Salisbury and Warwick come to me.
(Enter the Earls of Warwick and Salisbury.)
Olif. Are these thy bears we'll bait thy bears to
death,
And manacle the bear-ward in their chains,
If thou darest bring them to the baiting-place."
Shakesp. : 2 Hen. VI., v. 1.
(6) The Northern Bear : Russia. The points
of resemblance are probably that, like the
Polar Bear, its habitat is far north amid snow
described under A.
bear-land, S. Land appropriated for a
crop of barley. (Jamieson.) (See example
under BEAR-SEED.)
bear-meal, s. & a.
1. As subst. : Meal composed of bear.
2. As adj. : Pertaining to such meal.
"... and feed him, as they did me, on bear-meal
ch. xii.
BEARBIND.
1. Calystegia sepium. 2. Calyx, with its leafy
bracts (natural size).
bear-mell, s. A mallet for beating the
hulls off barley. (It is called in Scotch also
knockin mell.) (Jamieson.)
bear-seed, beer-seed, beir-seed, s.
1. Barley, or big.
“The shower'll do muckle guid to the beer-seed. It's
been a sair drowth this three weeks.” — Tennant's
Card. Beaton, p. 113.
2. That portion of agricultural labour which
is appropriated to the raising of barley.
"... vacance to be for the beirseid during the
moneth of Maij." -Acts Ja. VI., 1587 (ed. 1814), p. 447.
3. The season for sowing barley.
“A dry season is not at all desirable for ploughing
and sowing bear-land, because it directly encourages
want of solidity. That defect is much supplied by a
rainy bear-seed."-Survey of Banffshire, App., p. 49.
(Jamieson.)
bear-stane, s. A hollow stone, anciently
used for removing the husks of bear or barley.
"It is what was formerly called in this country a
bear-stane, hollow like a large mortar ; and was made
use of to unhusk the bear of barley, as a preparation
for the pot, with a large wooden mell, long before
barley-mills were known.” - Stat. Acc., xix., 561-2.
Jamieson.)
The former has large showy flowers, pure
white, or sometimes rose-coloured or striped
with pink; it is found in moist woods and
hedges. The latter, which has large rose-
coloured flowers, is usually found on sandy
sea-shores.
bear-fly, s. An insect.
“There be of flies, caterpillars, canker-flies, and bear.
flies ..."-Bacon: Natural History.
bear-garden, s.
A. As substantive :
1. A garden or other place in which bears
are kept for "sport” or exhibition.
“Hurrying me from the play-house, and the scenes
there, to the bear-garden, to the apes, and asses, an
tygers."-Stittingfleet.
"I could not forbear going to a place of renown for
the gallantry of Britons, namely, to the bear-garden."
-Spectator.
meddle with it are apt to perish in its fatal
embrace.
II. Technically:
1. On the Stock Exchange: A cant phrase for
one who contracts to sell on a specified day
beär-a-ble, a. [Eng. bear; -able.] Able to
be borne. (Edinburgh Review.)
beär'-a-bly, adv. [Eng. bearable) -y.] In a
bearable manner; in a manner to be endured ;
tolerably, endurably. (Westminster Review.)
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, şîr, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, són; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian. , ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bearance-bearer
461
bêar'-ạnçe, s. [Eng. bear; -ance.]. Tolera-
tion. (Scotch.)
“Whan for your lies you ask a bearance,
They soud, at least, hae truth's appearance."
Rev. J. Nicol's Poems, ii. 96. (Jamieson.)
* beard (1), * bærd, s. A reproach, taunt.
“Heo bi nithinges beard
Driuen heom on-yeinwærd.”
Layamon, i. 71.
bëard (2), * beärd, * bërd, * bërde, s.
[A.S. beard ; Fries. berd; Dut. baard ; Ġer.
bart; Fr. barbe ; Sp., Port., Ital., & Lat.
barba; Wel. barf ; Pol. broda ; Russ. boroda;
Lith. barzda.]
A. Ordinary Language :
I. Of man :
1. Lit.: The hair on the lower parts of the
face of man, constituting one of the most
noticeable marks by which he is distinguished
from the opposite sex.
"Ere on thy chin the springing beard began
To spread a doubtful down, and promise man."
Prior.
2. Figuratively :
(1) The face (in phrases implying to the
face); openly, defiantly.
(a) To do anything offensive to a man's
“beard”: To his face, for the sake of affront;
in open defiance of.
“Rail'd at their covenant, and jeer'd
Their rev'rend persons to my beard."
Hudibras.
(6) To make the beard of: To outwit, to de-
ceive, to overreach.
“He sayd, I trow the clerkes were aferde,
Yet can a miller make a clerke's berde."
Chaucer : C. T., 4,093-4.
(c) Maugre one's beard : In spite of one.
(2) Time of life.
(a) Without a beard : Not yet having
reached manhood; without virility.
“Some thin remains of chastity appeared
Ev'n under Jove, but Jove without a beard.”
Dryden.
(6) A grey beard, literally = a beard that is
grey, and figuratively = an old man in most
cases contemptuously); and a reverend beard is
literally = a beard white with age, and figura-
tively = a very old man (respectfully).
"The ancient ruffian, sir, whose life I have spar'd
at suit of his grey beard."-Shakesp. : Lear, ii. 2.
“We'll overreach the greybeard, Gremio,
The narrow-prying father, Minola."
Shakesp. : Tam. of the Shrew, iii. 2.
“Would it not be insufferable for a professor to have
his authority of forty years' standing, confirmed by
general tradition and a reverend beard, overturned by
an upstart novelist?"-Locke.
II. Of the inferior animals : Anything bear-
ing a more or less close analogy, or even a
remote similarity, to the hirsute appendage
of the chin in man. [B. 1.]
“... and when he ſeither a lion or a bear] arose
against me, I caught him by his beard, and smote hin
and slew him."-1 Sam. xvii. 35.
III. Of plants : The awns in cereal or other
grasses.
“A certain farmer complained that the beards of
his corn cut the reapers" and threshers' fingers." -
L'Estrange.
IV. Of things inanimate. Specially
1. The barb of an arrow. [BEARDED, B., I.
3, 6.]
2. The tail of a comet. [BEARDED, B., I. 3, a.]
3. The foam on the sea.
"The ocean old,
And far and wide
With ceaseless flow,
His beard of snow
Heaves with the heaving of his breast.
Longfellow : The Building of the ship.
B, Technically :
I. Anthropology: The hirsute appendage of
the chin in man. [A., I. 1.]
II. Zoology:
1. Among mammals :
(a) The hirsute appendages of the lower
part of the face in some genera and species.
[A., II., and BEARDED (B., I. 1, example).]
(6) The appendages, though not hirsute, to
the mouth of some Cetacea.
E 2. Among birds : The small feathers at the
base of the bill. [BEARDED TIT, BEARDY.]
3. Among fishes : The appendages to the
mouth of some fishes. [BEARDIE.]
4. Among insects : Two small oblong fleshy
bodies placed just above the antlia, or spiral
sucker, in the Lepidoptera, and the corre-
sponding part of the mouth in some Diptera,
like the gnat.
5. Among molluscs :
the wings variegated with black and white;
(a) The byssus by which some genera affix
mystachial bands and lower tail-coverts black.
themselves to the rock. Example, the byssus
The female is lighter, with the head merely
in the genus Pinna.
tipped with grey, no mystachial bands, and
(6) The gills in some genera.
the lower tail-coverts light red. Young like
Example,
the female, but with the head and back black.
Ostrea (the oyster).
Male : length 67 inches; extent of wings, 74 ;
III. Botany:
female, 64 inches. It lives among reeds and
1. The arista, or awn, of grasses; the bristle aquatic plants in the southern counties of
into which the midrib of the bracts in the England. Its nest, made of reeds, sedges, &c.,
flowers of many grasses is prolonged.
and lined with reed-tops, is placed in a tuft
2. Long hairs occurring in tufts.
of grass or rushes near the ground. Its eggs
are five or six, white, with a few light-red
IV. Farriery : The beurd or chuck of a horse
lines and dots.
is that part which bears the curb of the bridle.
2. Botany: Having long hairs occurring in
V. Printing : That part of the type above
tufts ; barbate.
and below the face which allows for ascend-
ing and descending letters, such as h and y, I bë'ard-ie, s. [Dimin. of Eng. beard.] A name
and prevents them from coming in contact
given to a fish, the Loach (Cobitis barbatula,
with adjacent letters in the preceding or fol-
Linn.). [COBITIS, LOACH.]
lowing line. Many types, mostly capitals,
are cast with very little beard.
bë'ard-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [BEARD, v.t.]
VI. Carpentry: The sharp edge of a board. As substantive (Nautical): The angular fore-
VII. Mechanics :
part of the rudder in juxtaposition with the
stern-post; also the corresponding bevel of
1. The hook at the end of a knitting needle
the stern-post.
in a knitting machine. It is designed to hold
the yarn.
bearding-line, s.
2. A spring-piece at the back of a lock to Ship-building : A curved line made by
prevent the internal parts from rattling.
bearding the dead-wood to the shape of the
beard-grass, s. The English name of
ship’s body.
Polypogon, a genus of grasses. Two species bë'ard-less, * bë'ard-lès, * bë'rd-lès, a.
the annual Beard-grass (Polypogon Monospeli-
[A. S. beardleas; Dut. baardloos; Ger. bartlos. ]
ensis), and the perennial Beard-grass (P. lit-
toralis)-occur wild in Britain. Both are rare.
1. Without a beard.
[POLYPOGON.]
“There are some coins of Cunobelin, king of Essex
and Middlesex, with a beardless image, inscribed
beard-moss, s. A botanical name for
Cunobelin."-Camden.
a lichen, Usnea barbata, found in Britain.
2. Youthful, immature.
This or some other species of Usnea is believed "To scoff at withered age and beardless youth.”
to be Milton's
Cowper : Hope.
"..humble shrub
bë'ard-less-ness, s. [Eng. beardless ; -ness. ]
And bush with frizi'd hair implicit.”
The quality of being beardless. (Smart.)
beard-tree, s. The hazel-tree. [FILBERT.)
bë'ard-let, s. [Eng. beard, and dimin.-let.]
bëard, v.t. [From beard, s. (q.v.).]
Bot. : A little beard.
I. To provide or furnish with a beard.
bë'ard-lět-těd, a. [From Eng. beardlet
(Generally in the pa. par., bearded.)
(q.v.).]
“The youth now bearded, and yet pert and raw."
Cowper : Tirocinium.
Bot. : Furnished with small awns, as Cinna
II. To take or pluck by the beard in con arundinacea.
temptuous defiance or uncontrollable anger. |
bºard-ỹ, s. [Dimin. of Eng. beard. Beardy
1. Lit. : With the foregoing meaning.
and beardie are etymologically the same, but
2. Fig.: To defy, to oppose to the face, to the meaning happens to be different,] A name
affront. Used-
for a bird, the White-throated Warbler, or
(a) of persons:
White-throat (Sylvia cinerea).
"No man so potent breathes upon the ground + bëare (1), s. [Eng. bear.) A burthen.
But I will beard him.”
Shakesp.: 1 Henry IV., iv. 1.
“The dolefulst beare that ever man did see,
(6) of things : 1
Was Astrophel, but dearest unto mee !"
Spenser : Astrophet.
“The meanest weed the soil there bare
* bëare (2), s. [BIER.]
Her breath did so refine,
That it with woodbine durst
And beard the eglantine.'
beär'-ēr, s. [Eng. bear; -er. In Sw. bärare;
Drayton: Question of Cynthia, p. 624. Dan. bærer.]
III. Carpentry: To chip or plane away A. Ordinary Language :
timber, so as to reduce the concavity of a
I. Lit. : One who bears or carries anything.
curve, to modify a straight line, &c.
1. One who carries any material thing, as
bë'ard-ěd, pa. par. & a. [BEARD, V.]
a body to the grave, a palanquin, a pall, or
a letter. Hence the compounds pall-bearer,
A. As pa. par. : In senses corresponding to
those of the verb.
palanquin-bearer, standard-bearer, &c.
B. As participial adjective :
(a) In a general sense. [I., 1.1
“... the packet of which he was the bearer.”_
I. Ordinary Language :
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi.
1. Of man or the inferior animals: Having a (6) Plural: Those who carry a body to the
beard.
grave upon their shoulders. This was once
“The bearded Turk, that rarely deigns to speak."
the universal practice, and is still seen in
Byron : Childe Harold, ii. 58. many parts of the country. (Boucher.)
“... two large bearded monkeys." — Darwin:
Voyage round the World, ch. 2.
(C) In India : A palanquin-bearer; also a
2. Of plants : Having awns, as barley and
native servant who carries about a child ; a
nurse.
other grain, and some grasses. [See also II.2.]
"In among the bearded barley."
2. One who bears or carries any intangible
Tennyson : Lady of Shalott. thing, such as a verbal message.
“On the chalk-hill the bearded grass
"No gentleman sends a servant with a message,
Is dry and dewless."
without endeavouring to put it into terms brought
Tennyson : The Miller's Daughter. down to the capacity of the bearer."-Swift.
3. Of things inanimate :
II. Fig.: One who wears or supports any-
(a) Having anything long and hair-like con thing, as an office or dignity.
nected with it.
"O majesty!
When thou dost pinch thy bearer, thou dost sit
"Some bearded meteor, trailing light.”
Like a rich armour worn in heat of day,
e Tennyson: Lady of Shalott, pt. iii.
That scalds with safety.”
(6) Barbed, jagged.
Shakesp.: 2 Hen. IV., iv. 4.
“Thou should'st have pull'd the secret from my breast, III. An animal or plant producing its kind.
Torn out the bearded steel to give me rest.'
Dryden.
“This way of procuring autumnal roses, in some
II. Technically:
that are good bearers, will succeed."-Boyle.
“Re-prune apricots, saving the young shoots; for
1. Zool.: Possessed of a "beard.” [A. 1.] the raw bearers commonly perish."-Evelyn.
T The Bearded Tit, Bearded Titmouse, Bearded
B. Technically:
Pinnock: A bird, called also the Least Butcher 1. Comm., Banking, &c. : One who bears or
bird. It is the Calamophilus biarmicus of carries, and specially who presents for pay-
Jenyns. The male has the head a light ment a draft, cheque, bill, or note, entitling
greyish-blue-the general colour light red ; him to receive a certain sum of money.
boil, bóy; póut, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -çion, -tion, -sion = shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhăn. -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

462
bearherd-beastish
7, 8.
2. Arch.: A post or brick wall raised up bearing-binnacle, s.
2. A quadruped, especially a wild one, and
between the ends of a piece of timber, to Naut. : A small binnacle on the fife-rail on of a kind usually hunted. [B. 2.]
shorten its bearing, or to prevent its bearing
the forward part of the poop.
“The man that once did sell the lion's skin
with the whole weight at the ends only.
While the beast liv'd, was kill'd with hunting him."
3. Her.: The supporter of a shield on an
bearing-chair, s. A chair in which an
Shakesp. : Hen. V., iv. 3.
escutcheon Animals generally figure in such
invalid, a lady, a dignitary, or other person is 3. Scripture : A quadruped, as distinguished
carried in semi-civilised states of society.
from a bird, a fish, and a creeping thing; a
a case.
“... Agrippina ... caused herself to be carried to quadruped which is wild, in contradistinction
4. Turnery: The part of the lathe support Baias in a bearing-chair."-Greenway: Tacitus, p. 200. to cattle or other domesticated animals; a
ing the puppets.
(Richardson.)
horse, or ass, or other animal for drawing a
5. Machinery:
bearing-cloth, * bearing cloath, s. carriage or for riding on, as distinguished from
(a) A bar beneath the ordinary bars of a The cloth or mantle with which a child is animals, like oxen, kept primarily for food or
furnace, and designed for their support.
usually covered when carried to the church to dairy purposes, though in fact frequently used
(6) The housings or standards of a rolling-
be baptized, or shown to the godfather and also for draught, or even occasionally for
mill in which the gudgeons of the rollers
godmother by the nurse..
riding on.
revolve.
"Here's a sight for thee; look thee, a bearing-cloth
"But ask now the beasts, and they shall teach thee:
for a squire's child ! look thee here, take up, take up,
and the fowls of the air, and they shall tell thee:.
6. Printing : Small pieces of metal, wood, boy; open 't."-Shakesp.: Winter's Tale, iii. 3.
the fishes of the sea shall declare unto thee."-Job xii.
or cork used to “bear off” the impression
bearing-neck, s.
from those parts of the type where it would
“Beasts, and all cattle; creeping things, and flying
Mech. : The journal of a shaft, the part of a
fowl."-Ps. cxlviii. 10.
otherwise be too heavy.
shaft which revolves.
"... and his cattle, and all his beasts, ...”—Gen.
7. Stereotyping : Borders of metal or wood
Xxxvi. 6.
placed around a page of type for the purpose bearing-partition, s. A partition sup-
::.. bind the chariot to the swift beast ..."-
of forming a boundary to receive the mould porting a structure above it.
from which the metal fac-simile cast is to be
“... and set him on his own beast, ..."-Luke x. 34.
bearing-pier, s. A pier supporting a 4. Among farmers the term is applied spe-
taken.
structure above it.
cially to cattle as distinguished from other
8. Music: One of the thin pieces of hard
bearing-pile, s. A pile driven into the
wood fastened to the upper side of the sound-
kinds of live stock.
board in an organ. It is designed to form a
ground to support a structure.
To put the beast on one's self: To take shame
to one's self.
guide to the regular slides commanding the bearing-rein, s.
(O. Scotch.)
apertures in the top of a wind-chest with
“... putting the beast upon ourselves, for having
Saddlery: A rein attached to the bit, and
been so base ..."-M. Ward's Contendings, p. 15.
which the pipes forming stops are connected.
looped over the check-hook in carriage-harness
Beasts of the field : Quadrupeds which
9. Horticulture. [A., III.]
or the hames in waggon-harness.
walk as distinguished from birds which fly.
beär'-hẽrd, s. (Eng. bear, and herd.] One bearing-wall, s.
“Upon his rain shall all the fowls of the heaven
who herds or looks after bears.
remain, and all the beasts of the field shall be upon his
Arch.: A wall supporting a beam some branches."— Ezek. xxxi. 13.
“He that is more than a youth, is not for me; and where between the ends, and thus rendering Wild beasts of the field : Those of the former
be that is less than a man, I am not for him : therefore
it much more secure than it would otherwise
I will even take sixpence in earnest of the bearherd,
class which have remained undomesticated.
and lead his apes into hell."-Shakesp. : Much Ado, ii. 1. be. [BEARER, B. 2.]
“I know all the fowls of the mountains: and the
In some of the editions it is bearward,
wild beasts of the field are mine.”—Ps. 1. 11.
which is the more common form.
beär-ing (2), pr. par., A., & s. [BEAR (2), v.]
In various prophetic passages in the Book
A. & B. As present participle & participial of Revelation the Greek word Śwov (zoon),
beär'-ing (1), * ber' -ing, * ber'-òng, adjective: In a sense corresponding to that of which is translated “beast,” should rather be
* ber-ụnge (Eng.), * ber'-inde(er as är), the verb.
rendered “living being" or "living creature.”
* bär-înde (0. Scotch), pr. par., d., & s. [In
C. As substantive. On the Stock Exchange : "And the four beasts said, Amen."-Rev. v. 14.
A.S. berende=bearing, fruitful.] [BEAR, v.]
A cant term for the practice of depreciating II. Figuratively :
A. & B. As present participle & participial
the value of certain stocks for one's own pe-
1. A man destitute of intellect, of brutal
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
cuniary advantage.
cruelty, of filthy habits, or in any other
“The stoppage of the system of 'bulling' and 'bear-
the verb.
ing' on the Stock Exchange would be of immense
respect approaching the inferior animals in
C. As substantive :
benefit to the community."-- Times, July 14, 1874.
mind, conduct, or habits.
“Were not his words delicious, I a beast
I. Ordinary Language:
* beär-is be-fö'r, S. pl. [Scotch bearis,
To take them as I did.
1. Capability or possibility of being borne ;
from A.S. beran= to bear; and befor = be-
de Tennyson : Edwin Morris.
endurance, toleration.
fore.] Ancestors. The same as Scotch FOR B. Technically :
“Well, I protest, 'tis past all bearing."
BEARS (q.v.). (Scotch.)
* 1. Old Natural Science: A heterogeneous
Cowper: Mutual Forbearance.
"Yhit we suld thynk one our bearis befor, ..." “ genus,” or “ order” (it would now be called
2. The way in which one bears himself ; Wallace, i. 15, MS.
“ class "), comprehending quadruped warm-
mien, port, manner, conduct, or behaviour. beär-ish, a. [Eng. bear; -ish.] Having some
blooded mammals, quadruped reptiles, and
(Used specially of one's manner or carriage as
of the qualities of a bear, as, for instance, its
even serpents.
seen by beholders.)
roughness of procedure.
"Animate bodies are divided into four great genera
• Another tablet register'd the death,
or orders: Beasts, Birds, Fishes, and Insects. The
"... we call men, by way of reproach, sheepish, species of Beasts, including also Serpents, are not very
And praised the gallant bearing of a knight,
Tried in the sea-fights of the second Charles.”
bearish,” &c.—Harris: Three Treatises, Notes, p. 344. numerous."--Ray: Wisdom of God in Creation, 7th
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. V.
ed. (1717), p. 21.
beär-less, a. [Eng. bear (1), v.t.; -less. ]
"He hath a stately bearing, ..."
2. Law: A wild quadruped, especially one
Hemans: The Vespers of Palermo.
Barren, unfruitful.
of a kind usually hunted.
3. Relation to; connection with.
beär-like, d. [Eng. bear, s.; like.) Like a
· "Beasts of chase are the buck, the doe, the fox, the
"... by patiently accumulating and reflecting on
martern, and the roe. Beasts of the forest are the
all sorts of facts which could possibly have any bearing
hart, the hind, the hare, the boar, and the wolf. Beasts
"They have tied me to a stake: I cannot fly,
on it."-Darwin : Origin of Species (ed. 1859), Introd.,
of warren are the hare and cony.”- Cowel.
But, beartike, I must fight the course."
p. 1.
Shakesp.: Macbeth, v. 7. 3. Gaming : A game at cards similar to loo.
4. The act of producing or giving birth to.
* beärn, s. The same as BARNE, BAIRN (q.v.). beast-fly, s. A gadfly.
II. Technically:
beast-milk, * biest-milk, s. The first
1. Arch.: The space between the two fixed | beär-wârd, * beär'e-wârd, * beär'-ârd,
extremities of a piece of timber, or between
milk given by a cow after her calving. [BEEST-
S. (Eng. bear; ward.]
INGS.]
one of the extremities and a post or wall 1. Lit. : A keeper of a bear or bears; a pro-
"The head o''t was as yallow as biest-milk."-Rev.
placed so as to diminish the upsupported tector of a bear. [See also BEARHERD.]
David Fergusson : Poems; Journey from London to
length. Also and commonly used for the “The bear is led after one manner, the multitude Portsmouth.
“ distance or length which the ends of a piece after another; the bearward leads but one brute, and
of timber lie upon or are inserted into the
the mountebank leads a thousand.”-L'Estrange.
* bēast, v.i. & t. [From beast, s.)
walls or piers" (Gwilt).
2. Fig. : One who takes charge of a human A. Intransitive :
bear.
2. Mechanics :
1. To hunt beasts.
3. The star Arcturus, fancifully supposed to
“Dian beasts with Cupid's darts."-Spenser.
(a) The portion of an axle or shaft in contact
follow Ursa Major, the Great Bear, and look
with the collar or boxing.
2. Gaming : To play at beast, a game at
after its safety. This notion may be found in cards like loo.
(6) The portion of the support on which a
Sanscrit, Greek, Latin, and other languages.
gudgeon rests and revolves.
B. Trans. : To vanquish. (Scotch.) (Jamie-
[ARCTURUS.]
(c) One of the pieces resting on the axle and
son.)
“PAPKTOūpos, ó (oupos, guard): Arcturus, Bear-
supporting the framework of a carriage.
ward, -Lidden & Scott: Gr. and Eng. Lex., 5th bē'ast-ēe, s. [BHEESTIE.) (Anglo-Indian.)
(d) One of the chairs supporting the frame-
work of a railway carriage or truck.
bēast, * bēeste, * bēste, * bēst, s. [In Sw.
| * bē'ast-i-al, a. & S. [BESTIAL.)
3. Ship-carpentry (plur.): The widest part
best; Dan. bæst; Dut. & L. Ger. beest; H. Ger.
of a vessel below the plank-shear.
bēast-1-1-1-tý, s. [BESTIALITY.]
bestie ; Fr. bête; Old Fr. best, beeste ; Port.
4. Her.: A charge; anything included within bêsta ; Sp., Prov., Ital., & Lat. bestia = a beast, bē'ast-ſe, s. [Dimin. of Eng. beast.] Little
the escutcheon. (Generally in the plural, as an irrational creature opposed to man. It beast. (Generally used as expressive of affec-
armorial bearings.)
differs from animal, which includes man. tion or sympathy.)
5. Naut., &c. : Observation as to the direc Corn. best = a beast; Gael. biast. ]
“Wee, sleekit, cowrin', tim'rous beastie,
tion by the compass in which an object lies A. Ordinary Language :
Oh, what a panic's in thy breastie."
Burns : To a Mouse.
from the vessel, or the direction thus ascer-
I. Literally :
tained. (Sometimes in the plural.)
* bē'ast-ings, s. pl. [BEESTINGS. )
1. Any of the inferior animals as contradis-
"Captain Fitz Roy being anxious that some bearings
tinguished from man. [See above the etym. bē'ast-ish, a. [Eng. beast; -ish.] Partaking
should be taken on the outer coast of Chiloe, ...
Darwin : Voyage round the World, ch. xiv.
of Lat. bestia.]
of the qualities of a beast. (Webster.)
bear..
ed. (1863), p. 183."
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fàli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sire, sír, marine; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; trý, Sýrian. æ, oe=ē. ey=ās qu=kw.

beastlihead-beat
463
* bē'ast-li-head, * bē'ast-ly-head, s.
[Eng. beastly, and suff. -head.] An epithet
designed to be a respectful or flattering appel-
lation for a beast. In the subjoined: example
the “Foxe” thus addresses the “Kidd.'
“Sicke, sicke, alas ! and little lack of dead.
But I be relieved by your beastlyhead.”
Spenser : Shep. Cal., v.
bē'ast-lıke, a. [Eng. beast; like.] Like a
beast.
“Her life was beast-like, and devoid of pity.”
Shakesp.: Titus Andronicus, v. 3.
bē'ast-lĩ-ness, * bē'ast-ly-ness, s. [Eng.
beast; -ly, -ness.]
* 1. Brutal want of intellect. [See example
from North's Plutarch, p. 763, in Trench's Sel.
Gloss., pp. 20, 21.)
2. A beast-like act; an act, practice, or
conduct in any respect resembling that of
the brutes rather than that of man; or in
which it is supposed, perhaps erroneously, that
brutes would shamelessly indulge, if they had
the opportunity.
"... beastliness of drunken men.”—North : Plutarch,
p. 782.
“They held this land, and with their filthiness
Polluted this same gentle soil long time,
That their own mother loath'd their beastliness,
And 'gan abhor her brood's unkindly crime."
Spenser: F. Q., II. x. 9.
bē'ast-11-wīşe, adv. [BESTLYWISE.)
bē'ast-lý, * bē'est-lĩ, * bē'ste-ly, a. &
adv. [Eng. beast; -ly.]
A. As adjective:
1. Resembling an animal, or anything pos-
sessed by an animal.
* 2. Like anything possessed by an animal.
"It is sown a beestli bodi, it shall rise a spiritual
bodi.”—1 Cor. xv. 44 (Wiclif). (Trench.)
“Beastly divinities, and droves of gods."-Prior.
3. Possessed of animal rather than human
qualities, or at least supposed to be so; acting
like the brutes.
“... the herdsman of the beastly plebeians ..."-
Shakesp.: Coriolanus, ii. 1.
B. As adverb : As if a beast had done it; as
by a beast.
“ Who neigh'd so high, that what I would have spoke
Was beastly dumb'd by him.”
Shakesp. : Antony and Cleopatra, i. 5.
bē'ast-u-al, a. [BESTIAL.]
bēat, * bēte (pret. beat, * beot; pa. par. beaten,
beat, * beten, * beoten), v.t. & i. (A.S. beatan
(pret. beot, pa. par. beaten); O. Icel. bauta;
Sw. bulta; O. Sw. beta; Fr. battre; Prov.
batre; Sp. batir; Port. bater; Ital. battere;
Lat. batuo, battuo; Pol. bic; Russ. bitj;
Serv. batati. Imitated from the sound of a
smart blow.)
A. Transitive:
I. Literally: To inflict blows on a person or
thing.
1. To give to a human or other sentient
being repeated blows with an instrument, or
with the closed or open hand ; in fighting, for
the sake of assault, for punishment, or for any
other object.
“And that servant, which knew his lord's will, and
prepared not himself, neither did according to his
will, shall be beaten with many stripes."-Luke xii. 47.
... make them of no more voice
Than dogs, that are as often beat for barking."
Shakesp. : Coriolanus, ii. 2.
2. To give successive blows to such an
instrument as a drum, to elicit from it music.
“Or at their chamber-door I'll beat the drum,
Till it cry sleep to death."
Shakesp. : Lear, ii. 4.
3. To give blows to anything to modify
its form or consistency, or for any similar
purpose. Specially-
(a) To hammer a metal into a required
form, as gold into wire or leaf, or heated iron
on an anvil.
"They did beat the gold into thin plates, and cut it
into wires to work it ..."-Exod. xxxix. 3.
(6) To pound any substance in a mortar.
“The people gathered manna, and ground it in mills,
or beat it in a mortar, and baked it."-Numb. xi. 8.
(c) To thresh out corn or any other cereal,
or such a plant as hemp, by means of a flail or
a threshing machine.
“They save the laborious work of beating of hemp,
by making the axle-tree of the main wheel of their
corn mills longer than ordinary, and placing of pins in
them, to raise large hammers like those used for paper
and fulling mills, with which they beat most of their
hemp."-Mortimer.
(d) To give blows to trees or brushwood,
with the view of shaking down fruit or starting
game. [BEAT Down.]
“ When thou beatest thine olive-tree, thou shalt not
go over the boughs again : it shall be for the stranger,
for the fatherless, and for the widow."— Deut. xxiv. 20.
“ When from the cave thou risest with the day
To beat the woods, and rouse the bounding prey."
Prior.
(e) Gently to strike by means of a spoon, or
to agitate a liquid by means of a tremulous, a
rotatory, or any other motion.
“By long beating the white of an egg with a lump
of alúm, you may bring it into white curds.”—Boyle.
4. To strike with the feet in place of the
hands. (Used of walking, dancing, &c.; or of
treading the ground till a path is formed.)
“Come knit hands, and beat the ground
In a light fantastic round."- Milton: Comus.
“ While I this unexampled task essay,
Pass awful gulfs, and beat my painful way,
Celestial dove! divine assistance bring."
Blackmore.
5. To cause to pulsate or throb.
“I would gladly understand the formation of a soul,
and see it beat the first conscious pulse.”-Collier.
6. To strike against by means of wind,
water, or other natural agency.
“I saw a crag, a lofty stone
As ever tempest beat."
Wordsworth: The Oak and the Broom.
II. Figuratively :
1. To overcome by means of a beating ad-
ministered to a person, an army, &c.; to
overcome in a contest of any kind, physical,
mental, or moral; to surpass, to leave behind.
“Both armies, however, were unsuccessful; and
both, after having been beaten by the enemy, fled."-
Arnold : Hist. Rome, vol. i., ch. xv., p. 303.
“You souls of geese,
That bear the shapes of men, how have you run
From slaves that apes would beat."
- Shakesp.: Coriol. i. 4.
" Hence, the more common forms, in the race for
life, will tend to beat and supplant the less common
forms."-Darwin: Origin of Species (ed. 1859), ch. vi.,
p. 177.
2. To stimulate. (See also C. 10.)
B. Intransitive:
I. Ordinary Language:
1. To strike against anything.
(1) With man for the agent: To strike upon
anything with the hand or with a weapon ; to
knock at a door.
“... the men of the city beset the house round
about, and beat at the door, and spake to the master
of the house ..."-Judg. xix. *22.
(2) With a thing for the agent: To strike
against, as a storm of wind or rain, the agi-
tated waves of the ocean, or the rays of the
sun during fierce heat. (Lit. or fig.)
(a) Literally :
“Your brow, which does no fear of thunder know,
Sees rowling tempests vainly beat below.”
Dryden.
"... the sun beat upon the head of Jonah, that he
fainted, and wished in himself to die.”—Jonah iv. 8.
(b) Figuratively:
“Public envy seemeth to beat chiefly upon minis-
ters." -Bucon.
(3) To vibrate, giving a succession of blows,
as a clock striking, or a bell tolling.
“But I heard a heart of iron beating in the ancient
tower." Longfellow: Belfry of Bruges.
In (1), though the form of the verb is in-
transitive, the sense is almost transitive; in
(3) it is almost passive in reality. So we
speak of drums beating, meaning really being
beaten.
2. Of the heart or veins : To pulsate or throb,
especially when one is mentally agitated;
also of a swelling containing pus. (Literally
and figuratively.).
"No pulse shall keep
His nat'ral progress, but surcease to beat."
Shakesp. : Romeo and Juliet, iv. 1.
There is a different reading in some other
editions.
“Thy heart these two weeks has been beating fast
With many hopes ..."
Wordsworth : Michael.
II. Naut.: To make way against the wind
by tacking to and fro.
C. In compound terms or special phrases :
1. To beat a path is, by means of frequent
walking in a particular direction, to beat down
herbage, the mud, or inequalities of surface,
so as to make a path where none existed
before. [BEATEN, 4.]
2. To beat about: To search for, like a person
going through bushes and beating them for
game.
"I am always beating about in my thoughts for
something that may turn to the benefit of my dear
countrymen."-Addison.
To beat about the bush is to approach a
question in a cautious and roundabout way.
3. To beat back: To draw back by violence,
or to compel by some insurmountable diffi-
culty in the way to return. (Applied to men,
to the ocean beaten back from the shore, &c.)
“ Twice have I sally'd, and was twice beat back."
Dryden.
“ Above the brine, where Caledonia's rocks
Beat back the surge,—and where Hibernia shoots."
Cowper : To the Immortal Memory of the Halibut.
4. To beat down :
(a) To knock down by literal blows inflicted
on the body of a sentient being, or by engines
of war used to batter forts.
“... and, behold, the multitude melted away, and
they went op beating down one another."-1 Sam.
xiv. 16.
“And he beat down the tower of Penuel, and slew
the men of the city.”—Judg. viii. 17.
(6) To terminate, or to render powerless by
active effort of an antagonistic kind.
“... the party which had long thwarted him had
been beaten dowon.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. iv.
(c) To endeavour by stipulation or by hag-
gling to reduce the price asked for an article.
“Surveys rich moveables with curious eye,
Beats down the price, and threatens still 'to buy."
Dryden.
(d) To lessen price in some other way.
“Usury beats down the price of land; for the em-
ployment of money is chiefly either merchandizing or
purchasing : and usury waylays both."-Bacon.
5. To beat hollow : So completely to beat,
distance, or surpass, that the reputation of the
vanquished person or thing, formerly looked
on as solid, is now seen to be hollow. (Collo-
quial & vulgar.)
6. To beat into:
(a) Literally: To beat till an entrance is
effected.
"And there arose a great storm of wind, and the
waves beat into the ship, so that it was now full.” —
Mark iv. 37.
(6) Figuratively: To introduce into by con-
stant repetition. (Used specially of the pain-
ful effort to introduce knowledge into a dull
brain.)
7. To beat off :
(a) To drive away by blows, or less accu-
rately by threats of blows.
“... and an attempt to beat off the lictors, and
to rescue her from the hands of M. Claudius, is
threatened ..."-Lewis : Early Rom. Hist., ch. xii.,
pt. iii., $ 51.
(6) To drive away by anything unpleasant
for the mind or heart to endure.
“The younger part of mankind might be beat off
from the belief of the most important points even of
natural religion, by the impudent jests of a profane
wit."—Watts.
(c) To separate mechanically. (Used of
things.)
“And it shall come to pass in that day, that the
Lord shall beat off from the channel of the river unto
the stream of Egypt..."-Isa. xxvii. 12.
8. To beat out :
(a) To compel one to quit a place by beating
him; to drive out, to expel. (Lit. and fig.)
"He that proceeds upon other principles in his in-
quiry does at least post himself in a party, which he
will not quit till he be beaten out."-Locke.
“He cannot beat it out of his head, but that it was a
cardinal who picked his pocket."-Addison.
(6) To overcome with fatigue. [Generally
in the passive, to be beaten out (Colloquial).
Very common also in the phrase “dead beat."]
(© To thresh out, to separate from the husk
by blows. (Used of the threshing of grain.)
"So she gleaned in the field until even, and beat out
that she had gleaned.”-Ruth ii. 17.
(d) To beat something which is malleable-a
metal, for instance, till it takes a more ex-
tended form than that previously possessed.
“And he made two cherubims of gold, beaten out of
one piece ..."-Exod. xxxvii. 7.
(e) Fig.: To count out or mark, as by the
beat of a pendulum or anything by which
time is noted; hence to define clearly.
"In the dusk of thee the clock
Beats out the little lives of men."
Tennyson: In Memoriam.
“Perplexed in faith, but pure in deeds,
At last he beat his music out."-Ibid.
9. To beat the air:
(a) Literally: To aim a blow which strikes
only the air. A pugilist might do this in
private exercise, as a preliminary flourish to
serious fighting, or in that serious fighting
itself, by missing his antagonist.
(6) Figuratively: To put forth fruitless aims
in spiritual or other contests. (See also C. 14.)
"I therefore so run, not as uncertainly; so fight I,
not as one that beateth the air."-1 Cor. ix. 26.
10. To beat the brains: To attempt to stimu-
late the brain to exertion beyond what is
natural to it; to “cudgel" the brains.
"It is no point of wisdom for a man to beat his
brains, and spend his spirits, about things impos-
sible."-Hakewiti.
boll, boy; póut, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn, -tion, -sion, -cioun = shŭn; -țion, -şion = zhún. tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. =bel, del.

464
beat-beatified
11. To beat the chest (in the menage): A term bēat, s. [From beat, v. (q.v.). See also BAT.]
used of a horse, when at each motion he fails
I A. Ordinary Language :
to take in ground enough with his fore-legs,
I. The act of beating ; the state of being
or when he makes curvets too precipitately or
beaten :
too low.
1. A stroke with the hand or with a weapon
12. To beat the head : The same as to beat
for the purpose of assault.
the brains (q. v.).
2. A stroke with a hammer or similar in-
“Why any one should waste his time and beat his
head about the Latin grammar, who does not intend strument for forcing a metal into the required
to be a critick.”-Locke.
shape. (Lit. and fig.)
13. To beat the hoof: To walk; to go on
“He with a careless beat
foot. (Johnson.)
Struck out the mute creation at a heat."
Dryden: Hind and Panther, pt. i.
14. To beat the wind : To strike at the air
3. A series of strokes on a drum or similar
with a sword. In ancient trials by combat,
when one of the parties did not appear, the
instrument, to play a tune or make a signal.
other was simply required to make some
“... the beat of the drum was heard.”—Macaulay :
Hist. Eng., ch. xii.
flourishes in the air with his weapon, on
4. A pulsation of the heart or wrist, or the
executing which he was entitled to all the
throbbing of a swelling produced by inflam-
honours of victory.
ination.
15. To beat the wing: To strike the air with
(a) Lit. : In the sense here defined.
the wings.
“When one beat among a certain number of strokes
“Thrice have I beat the wing, and rid with night
is omitted, as in the intermitting pulse ..."-Cyclop.
About the world.”
Dryden.
Pract. Med.
16. To beat time : To note time in music by
(6) Fig.: The House of Commons as throb-
a movement of the hand or baton.
bing responsive to the vibrations of the nation's
17. To beat to arms: To beat a drum with heart.
the view of assembling the soldiers or armed
“Nobody could mistake the beat of that wonderful
citizens of a town. (James.)
pulse which had recently begun, and has during five
generations continued, to indicate the variations of
18. To beat to quarters : The signal on board the body politic.”-Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv.
war-ships for every man to go to his proper II. That which is beaten, trod over, or per-
station.
ambulated.
19. To beat up : To attack suddenly, or to 1. A certain assigned space, regularly tra-
alarm. (Used specially in the phrase "to beat versed at more or less stated intervals. (Used
up the quarters of an enemy.” (See also No.
specially of the space prescribed to a police-
20.)
man to be perambulated in the interests of
" They lay in that quiet posture, without making the public.)
the least impression upon the enemy by beating up
his quarters, which might easily have been done.”—
"Every part of the metropolis is divided into beats,
Clarendon.
and is watched day and night.”—Penny Cyclop., xviii.
335, article “Police.”
20. To beat up for: To go hither and thither
in quest of. (Used specially in the expres-
2. The round taken when people beat up for
game.
sion “to beat up for recruits," to search
through markets or other places for them,
B. Technically :
formerly with actual beat of drum.)
I. Music:
Beat up is also used in the same sense 1. The rise or fall of the hand or foot in
without for; as “he is beating up recruits regulating time.
for the society," &c.
2. A transient grace-note struck immediately
21. To beat upon :
before the one of which it is designed to
(a) Lit.: To strike upon, as a person may heighten the effect.
do with his hand or a weapon, or a tempest by 3. The pulsation of two notes not completely
the air which it sets in motion..
in unison.
(6) Fig.: To revert to repeatedly.
II. Mil. Beat of drum : A series of strokes
“We are drawn on into a larger speech, by reason of upon a drum, so varied as to convey different
their so great earnestness, who beat more and more
military orders to the soldiers who have been
upon these last alleged words."—Hooker.
previously instructed as to the meaning of
“How frequently and fervently doth the Scripture
beat upon this cause."-Hakewiii.
each.
22. To beat upon a walk in the menage): III. Horology. Beat of a clock or watch :
A term used of a horse when he walks too A ticking sound made by the action of the
short.
escapement.
(a) Crabb thus distinguishes between the In beat: With such action at intervals of
verbs to beat, to strike, and to hit. To beat is equal length.
to redouble blows; to strike is to give one Out of beat : With the action at intervals of
single blow; but the bare touching in conse unequal length.
quence of an effort constitutes hitting. We
never beat but with design, nor hit without an bē'at-en, † bēat, *bē't-en, pa. par. & adj.
aim, but we may strike by accident. It is the [BEAT, v.t.]
part of the strong to beat; of the most vehe-
As participial adj. : In senses corresponding
ment to strike; of the most sure-sighted to
to those of the verb. Specially-
hit.
1. Subjected to blows. (Used of persons
(6) To beat, to defeat, to overpower, to rout,
struck, or of metals hammered out.) -
and to overthrow are thus discriminated :-“To
“And thou shalt make two cherubims of gold, of
beat is an indefinite term expressive of no
beaten work shalt thou make them ..."-Exod. xxv. 18.
particular degree: the being beaten may be
2. Defeated, vanquished.
attended with greater or less damage. To be
“... covered the flight of the beaten army.”—
defeated is a specific disadvantage; it is a
Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. xxi.
failure in a particular object of more or less
3. Pressed or squeezed between rollers or in
importance. To be overpowered is a positive
some similar way.
loss; it is a loss of the power of acting which
“... the fourth part of an hin of beaten oil.”-
may be of longer or shorter duration. To be
Exod. xxix. 40 ; Numb. xxviii. 5.
routed is a temporary disadvantage; a rout
4. Rendered smooth by the tramping of
alters the course of proceeding, but does not
disable. To be overthrown is the greatest of
multitudinous feet (lit. or fig.).
all mischiefs, and is applicable only to great
(a) Literally :
armies and great concerns : an overthrow com-
.“What makes you, sir, so late abroad
monly decides a contest.
Without a guide, and this no beaten road?”
Beat is a term
Dryden.
which reflects more or less dishonour on the (6) Figuratively :
general or the army, or on both. Defeat is an “He that will know the truth of things, must leave
indifferent term; the best generals may some the common and beaten track."-Locke.
times be defeated by circumstances which are
"We are,' he said, "at this moment out of the
above human control. Overpowering is coupled
beaten path.'"-Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xi.
with no particular honour to the winner, nor
5. Prostrated by the wind.
disgrace to the loser; superior power is
“Her own shall bless her ;
oftener the result of good fortune than of
Her foes shake like a field of beaten corn,
And hang their heads with sorrow."
skill: the bravest and finest troops may be
Shakesp. : Hen. VIII., v. 4.
overpowered in cases which exceed human
T Beaten is sometimes used as the latter
power. A rout is always disgraceful, particu-
part of a compound word, as "weather-beaten."
larly to the army; it always arises from want
of firmness. An overthrow is fatal rather than bē'at-ěr, s. [Eng. beat; -er. A. S. beatere = a
dishonourable; it excites pity rather than con beater, á fighter, a champion ; Fr. batteur ; Sp.
tempt.” (Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
batidor ; Port. batedor; Ital. battitore.]
1. Of persons :
(a) One who is addicted to the practice of
inflicting blows.
“The best schoolmaster of our time was the greatest
beuter."- Ascham : Schoolmaster.
(6) One who is employed by sportsmen to
beat up covers for game.
2. Of things : An instrument for beating or
comminuting anything.
"Beat all your mortar with a beater three or four
times over before you use it; for thereby you incorpo-
rate the sand and lime well together."- Moxon.
Specially (Machinery):
(a) The portion of a thrashing-machine
which strikes.
(6) A beating machine or scutcher used in
the cotton manufacture. [BEATING-MACHINE.]
(c) A blade used for breaking flax and hemp.
(d) The lathe or batten of a loom for driving
the weft into the shed; the movable bar which
closes up the woolshed ; a beating-bracket.
(e) A hatter's mallet.
(f) The sack in a knitting machine. [See
SACK.] (Knight.)
beater-press, s. A press for beating
bales into smaller bulk, they being packed first
by beating, and then by continued pressure.
beater-up, s. A person who or a thing
which beats up.
* bēath, v.t. [O. Icel. bada= to dry.] [BATHE.]
1. To straighten by heating at a fire.
“Yokes, forkes, and such other let bailiff spy out,
And gather the same as he walketh about;
And after at leisure let this be his hire-
To beath them and trim them at home by the fire."
Tusser : Husbandry, p. 60. (S. in Boucher.)
2. To plunge into the fire for the purpose of
hardening
“Whose knottie snags were sharpned all afore,
And beath'd in fire for steele to be in sted."
Spenser : F. Q., IV. vii. 7.
* bēathed, pa. par. [BEATH.]
bē-a-tựf'-ic, * bē-a-tif'-ựck, bē-a-tựf-1c-
al, a. [In Fr. béatifique ; Sp., Port., & Ital.
beatifico, beatificus ; from Lat. beatifico= to
make blessed or happy; beatus = happy, and
facio = to make.] Having the power of
making one supremely blessed or happy.
Beatific or Beatifical Vision: The over-
poweringly glorious sight which shall break on
those human beings who shall enter heaven,
or which is at all times visible to angels in-
habiting that place of bliss.
“We may conteniplate upon the greatness and
strangeness of the beatifick vision; how a created eye
should be so fortified, as to bear all those glories that
stream from the fountain of uncreated light."-South,
“... enjoying the beatifical vision ..."- Browne:
Vulgar Errours.
bē-a-tif-ſc-al-ly, adv. [Eng. beatifical ;- ly.]
In a beatifical manner; so as to produce
supreme or unalloyed happiness.
“ Beatifically to behold the face of God, in the fulness
of wisdom, righteousness, and peace, is blessedness no
way incident unto the creatures beneath man.”—
Häkewill.
bē-at-if-1-cā'-tion, s. [Eng. beatific, -ation;
Fr. béatification ; Sp. beatificacion ; Port. beati-
ficaçao ; Ital. beatificazione; from Lat. beatifico,
v.] [BEATIFIC.]
1. Gen. : The act of rendering supremely
blessed ; the state of being rendered supreinely
blessed.
2. Spec. (in the Church of Rome): An act by
which the Pope declares, on evidence which
he considers himself to possess, that a cer-
tain deceased person is in the enjoyment of
supreme felicity in heaven. It is the first step
towards canonization, but is not canonization
itself.
Crabb thus distinguishes between beatifi-
cation and canonization :-“In the act of beati-
fication the Pope pronounces only as a private
person, and uses his own authority only in
granting to certain persons, or to a religious
order, the privilege of paying a particular
worship to a beatified object. In the act of
canonization, the Pope speaks as a judge after
a judicial examination on the state, and de-
cides the sort of worship which ought to be
paid by the whole church." (Crabb : Eng.
Synon.)
bē-at-1-fied, pa. par. & a. [BEATIFY.]
“I wish I had the wings of an angel, to have as-
cended into Paradise, and to have beheld the forms of
those beatified spirits, from which I might have copied
my archangel."-Dryden.
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pine, pît, sīre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sön; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē; še=ě. qu=kw.

beatify-beautiful
465
B. Jonson
bē-ăt'-1-fy, v.t. (In Fr. béatifier; Sp. & Port. 1. Ordinary Language : Supreme felicity, beau'-se-ant (beau as bo), s. Another
beatificar; Ital. beatificare ; Lat. beatifico, from great happiness.
form of BAUSEANT.
beatus = blessed, and facio = to make.]
“... then my spirit was entranced
1. Gen. : To render supremely blessed or
With joy exalted to beatitude."
beau'-shịp (beau as bo), s. [Fr. beau (q.v.),
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. iv. L and Eng. suffix -ship.] The procedure or the
happy.
2. Theology: The nine intimations in the qualities of a beau. (Dryden.)
“We shall know him to be the fullest good, the
Sermon on the Mount, each of which begins
nearest to us, and the most certain ; and consequently
beauté (bő-tā or bū'-tā), s. [Fr. beauté.]
the most beatifying of all others."-Browne.
with the words “Blessed are ..." (Matt. v.).
2. Spec. (in the Church of Rome): To declare, "... the beatitudes must not be parallelised with
[BEAUTY.]
the blessings which, along with the curses, accom-
on the Pope's authority, that a certain de-
panied the legislation of Sinai."- Tholuck: Sermon on
beaū'-tě-oús, * bew'-tě-oŭs (bew as
ceased person is supremely happy in the un the Mount, Transl. by Menzies, vol. i., p. 78.
bū), a. [From Eng. beauty, -ous; or 0. Eng.
seen world. [BEATIFICATION, 2.]
Be-ā'-trix, S.
beauté, &c.]
"Over against this church stands an hospital,
(Low Latin, from Classical
Full of beauty; beautiful.
Lat. beata, fem. of beatus = happy ; beo = to
(Chiefly poetic.)
erected by a shoemaker, who has been beatified, though
(Used either of a living
never sainted.”-Addison.
bless.] An asteroid, the 83rd found. It was
being, of inanimate nature, or even of any-
thing abstract, as order.)
bē'at-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [BEAT, v.t.]
discovered by De Gasparis, at Naples, on
“ He was among the prime in worth.
April 26, 1865.
A. As pr. par. : In senses corresponding
An object beauteous to behold:
Well born, well bred; I sent him forth
to those of the v.t. and of the v.i.
beau (bo), s.; plur. beaus, beaux (boş).
Ingenuous, innocent, and bold.”.
B. As participial adjective : Chiefly in senses [From Fr. adj. beau, bel (m.), belle (f.)= fine.]
Wordsworth: Affliction of Margaret.
corresponding to those of the v.i.
“Now, would you see this aged Thorn,
[BELLE.]
This pond, and beauteous hill of moss."
“... whom forest trees
1. A gentleman whose chief occupation in
Wordsworth: Thorn.
Protect from beating sunbeams..."
Wordsworth : White Doe of Rylstone.
life is to dress well or fashionably, or in whose “And what is that, which binds the radiant sky,
Where twelve fair signs in beauteous order lie?"
“... a turn or two I'll walk
thoughts dress holds an undue place.
To still my beating m
Pope : Pastorals ; Spring, 39, 40.
“You will become the delight of nine ladies in ten,
Shakesp. : Tempest, iv. 1.
and the envy of ninety-nine beaux in a hundred.” | beau'-te-ous-ly, adv. [Eng. beauteous : -tul
C. As substantive :
-Swift.
In a beauteous manner; beautifully.
I. Ordinary Language :
2. A gentleman who is escorting a lady..
“Look (upon pleasures not upon that side that is
1. The act of beating.
next the sun, or where they look beauteously ..."-
beau-clerk, or beau-clerc, S. [Fr. Taylor.
(1) The act of striking a sensitive being with (lit.) = a fine scholar.] A name given to King
the hand closed or open, or with a weapon.
beaū'-tě-oŭs-ness, S.
Henry I. of England.
[Eng. beauteous;
"... beatings of freemen, expulsions from the city,
-ness.] The quality of being beauteous ; great
beau-esprit, s. [Fr. (lit.) = a fine spirit ;
were the order of the day.”-Lewis : Early Rom. Hist.,
beauty.
ch. xii., pt. iii., $ 54.
a man of fine spirit.] A man of a gay and
“From less virtue and less beauteousness,
(2) The act or operation of striking any witty spirit. [BEL ESPRIT.]
The Gentiles fram'd them gods and goddesses."
Donne.
thing, as part of some manufacturing process. beau-ideal, s. [Fr. beau idéal.]
[II., 1, 2.]
beaū'-tỉed, a. [Eng. beauty.] Beautified,
1. A faultless ideal; an ideal of beauty, in
adorned.
2. The state of being beaten.
which the excellences of all individuals are
“The harlot's cheek, beautied with plastring art,
3. The succession of blows inflicted.
conceived as combined, while their defects
Is not more ugly to the thing that helps it,
Than is my deed to my most painted word.”.
"Playwright, convict of public wrongs to men,
are omitted.
Shakesp. : Hamlet, iii. 1.
Takes private beatings, and begins again."
2. The highest conceivable perfection of any-
II. Technically:
thing, whether beautiful or not.
beau'-tî-fied, pa. par. & d. [BEAUTIFY, v.]
“... a most pleasant, mountainous country, beau-
1. Bookbinding : Formerly, the act of beat-
"A discussion on the beau-ideal of the liver, lungs,
tified with woods, vineyards, fruits of all sorts, flowers
kidneys, &c., as of the human face divine, sounds
ing with a broad heavy-headed hammer a
also, with springs and fountains, very delectable to
strange in our ears."-Darwin : The Descent of Man, behold (Isa. xxxiii. 16, 17).”—Bunyan : P. P., pt. i.
block placed above the folded sheets of a vol. i. (1871), pt. i., ch. iv., p. 109.
“And those bright twins were side by side,
book to make it more easy to bind them beau-monde, s. [Fr. beau = fine, and
And there, by fresh hopes beautified."
neatly, and to open the several pages after
Wordsworth : White Doe of Rylstone, ii.
monde = world.] The fashionable world.
they are in use.
“She courted the beau-monde to-night.”—Prior..
beaū'-tî-fī-ēr, S. [Eng. beautif(y); -er.]
2. Flax and Hemp Manufacture : The beating
One who beautifies ; one who renders any-
of rolls of flax or hemp, placed for the purpose
beau (bo), v.t. [From beau s. (q.v.).] To act
thing beautiful.
in a trough. This operation renders them
as beau to, to escort. (Used of a gentleman
“O Time! the beautifier of the dead,
more flexible.
escorting a lady.)
Adorner of the ruin, comforter
And only healer when the heart hath bled.”
3. Gold or Silver-working: The operation of
beaufet (boʻ-fā), s. [BUFFET.]
Byron: Childe Harold, iv. 130.
hammering gold or silver into thin leaves.
4. (Music) Beats : The alternate reinforce beau-för-ti-ą (beau as bo), s. [Named
beau’-tî-fúi, * bew'-ty-fúl (bew as bū),
ment and interference of sound heard when after Mary, Duchess of Beaufort, who died
(. & S. [Eng. beauty ; -ful.]
two sounds are nearly, but not quite, con in 1714, and who, while her husband lived,
A. As adjective: Full of beauty. [BEAUTY.]
sonant. The wave-lengths of the two notes had possessed a fine collection of plants.] A
Used
being slightly different while the velocity of genus of plants belonging to the order Myr-
(1) Of the human (and specially of the
propagation is the same, the phase will alter taceæ (Myrtleblooms). The species, which are female) face or figure, or of both combined.
nately agree and disagree in their course. not numerous, come from Australia. They
“Young and beautiful was Wabun."
The number of beats is equal to the difference are splendid evergreen shrubs.
Longfellow : The Song of Hiawatha, ii.
in the frequencies of vibration of the two
(2) Of anything in art or in nature taste-
sounds producing the beats.
beau'-frey (beau= bo),'s. A beam or joist. fully coloured, finely symmetrical, or both.
5. Her.: An achievement.
(Weale.)
“Awake, awake ; put on thy strength, o Zion; put
“He won his rank and lands again,
on thy beautiful garments, ...”—Isa, lii. i. .
* beaugle, s. Old spelling of BUGLE.
"Although the scenery is nowhere beautiful, and
And charged his old paternal shield
only occasionally pretty, I enjoyed my walk.”_
With beatings won on Flodden field.”
beau'-ish (beau as bo), a. [Fr. beau, and Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. xviii.
Scott: Marmion, vi. 38.
6. Naut. : The operation of making way at
Eng. suffix -ish.] After the manner of a beau, (3) Of anything which finely illustrates a
sea against the wind by tacking backwards
like a beau, foppish.
principle. Thus medical men sometimes allow
and forwards.
“He was led into it by a natural, beauish, trifling themselves to speak of a “beautiful case,”
fancy of his own."-Stephens: Abridg. of Hackett's
meaning one specially worth study, from the
beating - bracket, S. The same as
Life of Archbp. Williams (1715), Pref.
light which it throws on physiology or patho-
BEATER, 2 (d) (q.v.).
Beaumaris (Bo-mor'-is), S. & d. [Fr. logy; and they are not deterred from using
beau = fine, and marais = marsh.]
the term even if the case is one which the
beating-engine, s.
1. Paper Manuf.: An engine for cutting
untrained eye regards as horrible to behold.
A. As substàntive : A town, the capital of
T Crabb thus distinguishes between the
rags to pieces that they may be converted into
Anglesea.
words beautiful, fine, handsome, and pretty :
pulp. It consists of two concentric cylinders,
B. As adj. : Pertaining to the town men-
“Of these epithets, which denote what is pleas-
the outer one hollow, each armed with knives
tioned under A.; as Beaumaris Bay.
ing to the eye, beautiful conveys the strongest
to operate as they revolve.
Beaumaris shark. [Named from Beau meaning; it marks the possession of that in
2. Cotton Manuf. : The same as BEATING maris Bay, at the northern entrance to the its fullest extent, of which the other terms
MACHINE (q.v.).
Menai Straits.] The English name of the denote the possession in part only. Fineness,
Lamna Monensis of Cuvier, a shark occasion handsomeness, and prettiness are to beauty as
beating-machine, s.
ally caught in the Menai Straits.
parts to a whole. When taken in relation to
Cotton Manuf.: A machine for opening, Theaul-món_tite (beau as bo), s. [Named
persons, a woman is beautiful who in feature
loosening, and cleaning cotton from dust or
and complexion possesses a grand assemblage
other rubbish before commencing to operate
after the celebrated Elie de Beaumont, Pro-
of graces; a woman is fine who with a striking
upon it. It is called also a scutcher, a wil-
fessor of Geology in the School of Mines at
figure unites shape and symmetry; a woman
lower, an opener, a wolf, and a devil. (Knight's
Paris, born 1798.] A mineral, a variety of
is handsome who has good features, and pretty
Dict. of Mechanics.)
Heulandite found near Baltimore, U.S.
if with symmetry of feature be united delicacy.
bě-ăt-1-tūde, s. [In Fr. béatitude; Sp. be-
The beautiful comprehends regularity, pro-
* beau-pere * beau-phere (bo'-pär), s.
atitud; Ital. beatitudine ; Lat. beatitudo; from
[Not from
portion, and a due distribution of colour, and
Fr. beaupère, which is = wife's
father, but from
beatus = happy ; beatum, sup. of beo = to make
every particular which can engage the atten-
Fr. beau = fine, and pair,
happy. Trench says of the Latin beatitudo
O. Fr. peer, per, par = peer, equal, companion ;
tion; the fine must be coupled with grandeur,
majesty, and strength of figure; it is incom-
that it was a word coined by Cicero (Nat.
from Lat. par = equal, or from A.S. fera =
companion.] A fair companion.
patible with that which is small : a little
Deor., i. 34), which scarcely rooted itself in
woman can never be fine. The handsome is a
Latin, but was adopted by the Christian
“Now leading him into a secret shade
From his beauperes."
general assemblage of what is agreeable ; it is
Church. (Study of Words.).]
Spenser : F.Q., III. i. 35. marked by no particular characteristic but
PUFFET.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
30
-cian =shạn. -cion, -tion, -sion=shủn; -țion, -şion=zhăn. -tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

466
beautifully-beaver
the absence of all deformity. Prettiness is
always coupled with simplicity; it is incom-
patible with what is large : a tall woman with
masculine features cannot be pretty. Beauty
is peculiarly a female perfection; in the male
sex it is rather a defect; but though a male
may not be beautiful or pretty, he may be fine
or handsome. When relating to other objects,
beautiful, fine, pretty, have a strong analogy ;
but handsome differs too essentially from the
rest to admit of comparison. With respect
to the objects of nature, the beautiful is dis-
played in the works of creation, and wherever
it appears it is marked by elegance, variety,
harmony, proportion, but above all, that soft-
ness which is peculiar to female beauty; the
fine, on the contrary, is associated with the
grand, and the pretty with the simple. The
sky presents either a beautiful aspect, or a
fine aspect; but not a pretty aspect. A rural
scene is beautiful when it unites richness and
diversity of natural objects with superior cul-
tivation; it is fine when it presents the bolder
and more impressive features of nature, con-
sisting of rocks and mountains ; it is pretty
when, divested of all that is extraordinary, it
presents a smiling view of nature in the gay
attire of shrubs and many coloured flowers
and verdant meadows and luxuriant fields.
Beautiful sentiments have much in them to
interest the affections, as well as the under-
standing; they make a vivid impression. Fine
sentiments mark an elevated mind and a lofti-
ness of conception; they occupy the under-
standing, and afford scope for reflection; they
make a strong impression. Pretty ideas are
but pleasing associations or combinations that
only amuse for the time being, without pro-
ducing any lasting impression. We may
speak of a beautiful poem, although not a
beautiful tragedy ; but a fine tragedy, and a
pretty comedy. Imagery may be beautiful
and fine, but seldom pretty." (Crabb : Eng.
Synonyms.)
beautiful-browed, a. Having a beau-
tiful brow or forehead.
“Beautiful-browd Enone, my own soul.”
Tennyson : Enone.
beau-ti-ti-lý, ado. [Eng. beautiful; -lg.]
In a beautiful manner.
“Yet pull not down my palace towers, that are
So lightly, beautifully built.
Tennyson : The Palace of Art.
beaū'-tự-fúl-ness, * beaū'-tî-ful-něsse,
* bew'-ty-fül-něs (bew as bū), s. [Eng.
beautiful, -ness.] The quality of being beauti-
ful; beauty.
and restored their armour to the former
beautifulnesse and excellencye.” — Brende: Quintus
Curtius, fol. 285. (Richardson.)
beaū'-tî-fy, v.t. & i. [Eng. beauty; -fy.]
A. Trans.: To make beautiful.
“ Time, which had thus afforded willing help
To beautify with Nature's fairest growth
This rustic tenement..
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. vii.
B, Intrans. : To become beautiful.
"It must be a prospect pleasing to God himself, to
see His creation for ever beautifying in His eyes, and
drawing nearer to Him by greater degrees of resem-
blance."-Addison.
beaūP-tî-fy-ing, pr. par. & d. [BEAUTIFY.]
f beau-ti-less, * beau-ty-less, a. [Eng.
beauty, and suff. -less.] Without beauty.
"The Barabbas, ... the only unamiable, undesir-
able, formless, beautiless reprobate in the mass."-
Hammond : Works, vol. iv., Ser. 7. (Richardson.)
beaū'-tý, * beaūP-tēe, * beauté, s. [Fr.
beauté; 0. Fr. beaulté; from beau or bel (m.),
belle (f.) = beautiful. In Sp. & Port. belleza =
beauty; bello= beautiful; Ital.bella= beauty;
bello = beautiful; Lat. bellitas = beauty; bellus
=goodly, handsome; contracted from benu-
tus, dimin. of benus, another form of bonus =
good.)
I. In the abstract: That quality or assem-
blage of qualities in an object which gives the
eye or the ear intense pleasure ; or that cha-
racteristic in an object or in an abstraction
which gratifies the intellect or the moral
feeling.
1. The assemblage of qualities in a person
or thing which greatly pleases the eye.
(1) In a person :
(a) Manly beauty.
This must be of a kind to suggest that
the individual possessing it is endowed with
the higher qualities of manhood-intellect,
courage, strength of will, and capacity for
ruling other men. Rosy cheeks and faultless
symmetry of feature do not constitute manly
beauty if they are of a kind to suggest that
the person possessing them is effeminate in
character.
“But in all Israel there was none to be so much
praised as Absalom for his beauty ; from the sole of his
foot even to the crown of his head there was no blemish
in him.”—2 Sam. xiv. 25.
(6) Womanly beauty.
This must indicate that the person pos-
sessing it belongs to a high type of woman,
with no commingling of masculine character-
istics. In this case the excellences to be
looked for are faultless symmetry of form and
of feature and complexion, varying in hue as
the inind is affected by internal emotion, but
with an expression of purity, gentleness,
sensibility, refinement, and intelligence.
“But if that thou wilt praysen my beauté.”
Chaucer : C. T., 5,876.
“This was not the beauty-Oh, nothing like this,
That to young Nourmahal gave such magic of bliss ;
But that loveliness, ever in motion, which plays
Like the light upon autumn's soft shadowy days.
“Now here and now there, giving warmth as it flies
From the lips to the cheek, from the cheek to the eyes ;
Now melting in mist, and now breaking in gleams
Like the glimpses a saint has of heaven in his dreams."
Moore: L. R.; Light of the Haram.
(c) Similarly, boyish beauty must suggest
that the person possessing it is of the highest
type of boyhood, girlish beauty of girlhood,
and childish beauty of childhood. To ap-
proach perfection each type must be itself
and no other.
(2) In one of the inferior animals : This con-
sists of colour, symmetry, form, grace, and
everything else that shows the adaptation of
the structure of the animal to the purposes of
its being.
“... yet both must fail in conveying to the mind
an adequate idea of their surpassing beauty (that of
the Trochilidæ, or Humming Birds). The rainbow
colours of the most resplendent gems are here super-
added to a living form, which in itself is exquisitely
graceful and animated in all its movements; the flight
of these pigmy birds is so rapid as to elude the eye
..."-Swainson: Birds, ii. 147.
(3) In a place or thing: This consists of
colour, symmetry, and adaptation to the end
for which it was erected or made.
“The uncertain glory of an April day,
Which now shows all the beauty of the sun,
And by and by a cloud takes all away.”
Shakesp. : Two Gent. of Verona, i. 3.
2. The assemblage of qualities in an object
which are fitted to inspire analogous though
not identical pleasure to the ear.
"Recognising the simple æsthetic pleasure deriv-
able from rhythms and euphony, ... the feelings of
beauty yielded by poetry are feelings remotely repre-
sented.”—Herbert Spencer : Psychol., p. 642.
3. That characteristic in an object or in
an abstract conception which gratifies the in-
tellect.
“With incredible pains have I endeavoured to copy
the several beauties of the ancient and modern his-
torians.”-Arbuthnot.
4. That characteristic in an object, in an
action, or in an abstract conception which
gratifies the moral feeling. This is generally
called moral beauty.
“He hath a daily beauty in his life
That makes me ugly, : ..
me " Shakesp. : Othello, v. 1.
II. In the concrete : A person or thing fitted
to inspire the delight referred to under No. I.
1. A person or persons fitted to do so.
Specially-
* (a) A beautiful woman, individually.
“ Patroclus now th' unwilling beauty brought.”
Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. i., 450.
(6) The same, taken collectively.
“And Belgium's capital had gathered then
Her Beauty and her Chivalry, and bright
The lamps shone o'er fair women and brave men."
Byron : Childe Harold, iii. 21.
2. A thing or things attractive to the eye,
to the ear, or to the love of order, symmetry,
and grace existing in the mind.
“The beauties of that country are indeed too often
hidden in the mist and rain ..."-Macaulay : Hist.
Eng., ch. xii.
beauty - beaming, a. Beaming with
beauty.
.. by myriads, forth at once.
Swarming they pour; of all the varied hues
Their beauty-beaming parent can disclose."
Thomson: Seasons ; Summer.
beauty-breathing, a. Breathing beauty.
“When from his beauty-breathing pencil born
_(Except that thou hast nothing to repent),
The Magdalen of Guido saw the morn."
Byron: To Genevra.
beauty-spot, s. A spot placed upon the
face to direct the eye to something else, or to
heighten some beauty; a patch; a foil (lit. &
fig.).
“The filthiness of swine inakes them the beauty.
spot of the animal creation."-Grew.
beauty-waning, a. Waning in respect
of beauty ; declining in beauty.
"A beauty-waning and distressed widow,
Even in the afternoon of her best days.”
Shakesp. : Richard III., iii. 7.
beauty-wash, s. A wash designed to
increase or preserve beauty; a cosmetic.
"... the only true cosmetick or beauty-wash in the
world ..."—Tatler, No. 34.
* beaū'-tý-lèss, a. [BEAUTILESS.]
beau'-voir (böy'-wâr), s. An old spelling
of BEAVER (2).
beaux (boş), s. pl. [BEAU.]
beaux esprits, s. pl. [BEAU ESPRIT, BEL
ESPRIT.]
beaux'-īte, baux'-ite (beaux or baux as
bos), s. [From Beaux or Baux, near Arles in
France, where it occurs. A mineral placed by
Dana among his Hydrous Oxides. Its sp. gr.
is 2.551 ; its colour from whitish or grayish to
ochre yellow, brown and red; its composition
-alumina 52.0, sesquioxide of iron 27:6, and
water 20:4. It occurs at Beaux and some
other parts of France in concretionary grains
or oolitic. An earthy and clay-like variety
from Lake Wochein in Styria is called Wach-
enite (q.v.).
bē'a-vér (1), * bē'-vēr, * biē'-vēr, s. [A.S.
beofer, befer, befor, beber; Icel. biofrr; 0.
Icel. bior, biur; Sw. bäfver; Dan. bæver; Dut.
bever; Ger. biber; 0. H. Ger. biber, piber;
Fr. bièvre ; Sp. bibaro, tbevaro, befre; Port.
bivaro; Ital. hivaro, bevero; Lat. fiber; Gael.
beabhar; Russ. bobr; Lith. bebru, bebras.
Wedgwood thinks it may be from Pol. babraé
= to dabble, which it does in water.]
A. As substantive :
1. The English name of the well-known
rodent mammal Castor fiber, or, more loosely,
of any species belonging to the genus Castor.
[CASTOR.] The animal so designated has in
each jaw two powerful incisor teeth, coated
with hard enamel, by means of which it is
enabled to cut across the trunks of the trees
which it requires for its engineering schemes.
[BEAVER-DAM.] The hind feet are webbed,
and one of the five toes has a double nail.
The tail is flattened horizontally, and covered
with scales. Large glandular pouches secrete
an odoriferous substance called Castoreum,
much prized by the ancients, who regarded it
as of high medical value. [CASTOREUM.] The
Castor fiber exists through the temperate and
colder parts of North America. A species
generally believed to be the same one (though
this has been doubted) exists in Europe on the
various European rivers, such as the Rhine,
the Danube, and the Weser, and has attracted
admiring notice since the days of Herodotus.
It formerly existed in historic times in Britain.
Beverley in Yorkshire (in Anglo-Saxon Befor-
leag or Before lagu = Beaver place (Bosworth),
or Beafarlai = Beaver's lea, or Beverlac =
Beaver's lake) has still a beaver on its coat of
arms, the tradition being that the animal in-
habited the river Hull in the vicinity. In
Wales it existed as late as A.D. 1188, on the
Teify. In Scotland it was found to or beyond
the fifteenth century on Loch Ness.
For an excellent account of the living
beaver see The American Beaver and his Works,
by Lewis H. Morgan, Philadelphia, 1868, Svo.
Remains of the common beaver have been
met with in this country in post-tertiary peat-
beds in Cambridgeshire and Essex. In 1870,
when excavations were being made for the
East London Waterworks Company's new re-
servoirs, a little north of the Lea, between the
stations of Clapton and St. James's Street,
Walthamstow, on the Chingford Branch of
the Great Eastern Railway, abundant remains
of the beaver were discovered, whilst the
accumulations of fallen timber favoured the
conclusion drawn by Dr. H. Woodward that
formerly ancient beaver-dams existed on the
Lea, then (as now in America) causing floods,
which inundated and destroyed much of the
forest. (See Brit. Assoc. Rep. for 1869, ii. 104.)
An allied but much larger species, Trogonthe-
rium Cuvieri (Owen), has been found fossil in
the Norfolk Forest bed, and another in North
America, the Castoroides Ohioensis (Foster).
2. The fur of the animal just described.
3. A hat made of such fur or hair.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whất, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hỗr, thêre; pīnę, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; try, Sýrian. æ, cerē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

beaver-bechamel
467
“The broker here his spacious beaver wears,
Upon his brow sit jealousies and cares.”—Gay.
4. A heavy-milled woollen cloth, sometimes
felted, used for making overcoats, hats, &c.
(Simmonds, &c.).
B. Attributively in compounds like the fol-
lowing :-
beaver-dam, s. A dam built by a beaver
across a stream likely to run off in summer.
It is generally formed of drift-wood, green
willows, birch, poplars, and similar materials.
The simple method by which a beaver makes
BEAVER-DAM.
“His beaver'd brow a birchen garland bears,
pé-ca'lm (1 silent), v.t. [Eng. de; calm.] To
Dropping with infants' blood, and mother's tears."
render calm or still, to quiet, to tranquillise
Pope.
by removing the cause of agitation. Used
bē'a-vēr-tēen, s. [From beaver, the animal.]
1. Literally :
Manufactures and Commerce :
(a) Of the rendering water, as that of the
1. A cotton twilled cloth in which the warp
ocean or of a lake, calm by stilling the wind
is drawn up into loops, forming a pile, thus
which sweeps over its surface. [See example
distinguishing the fabric from velvet, in
under the participial adjective BECALMED.]
which the pile is cut.
(6) Of a sailing vessel made to lie nearly
2. A kind of fustian made of coarse twilled motionless by the stilling of the wind which
cotton, shorn after it has been dyed. If shorn
formerly filled its sails.
before being dyed it is called mole-skin, (Sim-
“During many hours the fleet was becalmed off the
monds in Goodrich and Porter's Dict.)
Godwin Sands."--Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xvii.
(c) Of a man who cannot proceed on his
be-băl'-ly, a.
voyage through the motionless state of the
Her.: A word used by some old writers for ship on board of which he is.
party per pale. (Parker : Gloss. of Her.)
“A man becalmed at sea, out of sight of land, in a
fair day, may look on the sun or sea, or ship, a whole
* běb'-běr, s. [BIBBER.]
hour, and perceive no motion."-Locke.
2. Fig. : Of the passions or other emotions
beb'-ble, v.t. & i. [Apparently from Latin
which at times agitate the human soul, which
bibulus = drinking readily ; bibo = to drink.]
are quieted by removing their exciting causes.
(Scotch.)
“Soft whisp'ring air, and the lark's matin song,
A. Trans. : To swallow any liquid, whether
Then woo to musing, and becalm the mind
intoxicating or not, in small but frequent
Perplex'd with irksome thoughts." Philips.
draughts. (Jamieson.)
“Banish his sorrows, and becalm his soul
With easy dreams.'
Addison.
B. Intrans. : To tipple. “He's ay bebbling "Perhaps prosperity becalm'd his breast,
and drinking”= he is much given to tippling.
Perhaps the wind just shifted from the east."
(Jamieson.)
Pope.
bě-ca'lmed (1 silent), pa. par. & a. [BECALM.]
bě-bë'er-īne, bě-bî'r-ine, bì-bî'r-ine, s.
"The moon shone clear on the becalmed flood."
[From bebeeru (q.v.). ]
Dryden.
1. Chem. An uncrystallisable basic sub | bě-ca Im-ïng (1 silent), pr. par., A., & s.
stance, C19H2NO3, extracted from the bark
of the Greenheart Tree of Guiana, Nectandra
[BECALM.]
Rodici. [BEBEERU.]
A. & B. As pr. par. and particip. adj.: In
2. Pharm. The sulphate of bibirine is a
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
very valuable medicine, being used like qui-
C. As subst. : The act or operation of making
nine as a tonic and febrifuge. It can be given
calm; the state of being made calm ; a calm
with advantage to patients who are unable
at sea.
to take sulphate of quinine. Unfortunately,
“Thou art a merchant: what tellest thou me of
crosse winds, of Michaelmas flaws, of ill weathers, of
owing to the supplies of the bark being very
tedious becalmings, of piraticall hazards?”- Season-
uncertain, this drug is at times scarce and able Serm., p. 30.
difficult to obtain.
bě-cā'me, pret. of BECOME.
bě-bë'er-û, bě-bë'ar-û, S. [A Guiana "For such an high priest became us ..."-Heb. vii. 26.
word.] A tree, the Nectandra Rodiæi or N.
leucantha, var. Rodici, a species belonging to
bě-câ'uşe, * bě-câ'uşs, * bicause, * by-
the Lauraceæ (Laurels). It is called also the
cause, *biecause, conj. [Eng. by cause.]
Greenheart Tree. It grows to about seventy A. Ordinary Language:
feet high, and has strong, durable timber,
much prized for shipbuilding. The bark is a
1. By cause of, by reason of, on account of,
tonic and a febrifuge. [BEBEERINE, 2.]
“God persecuteth vs bycause we abuse his Holy
Testament, and bycause when we knowe the truth we
* bě-blē'ed (pa. par. * bebled, * bebledde), v.t.
folowe it not."-Tyndall: Works, p. 7. (Richardson.)
[Eng. pref. be, and bleed. In Dut, bebloeden =
“... but bicause she hath refused it afore."-Bale :
to ensanguine, to stain with blood; beblood Apologue, fol. 82. (Richardson.)
= bloody; Ger. bebluten.] To make bloody, “We love him, because he first loved us."-1 John
to stain with blood, to “beblood.”
iv. 19.
“ The open war, with woundës all bebledde."
It is correlative with therefore. The normal
Chaucer : C. T., 2,004. position of the clause containing because is
" The feast....
All was tourned into bloud:
before that of the one having therefore in it;
The dishe forth with, the cuppe and all,
more rarely the positions of the two are re-
Bebled they weren over all."
versed.
Gower : Conf. Am., bk. ii.
“Because sentence against an evil work is not ex-
ecuted speedily, therefore the heart of the sons of men
* bě-blī'nd, v.t. [Eng. pref. be, and blind.]
is fully set in them to do evil.”—Eccles. viii. 11.
To make blind, to blind.
"... therefore the Levites shall be mine : because
"Home courage quailes where love beblindes the sense.” all the first-born are mine."-Numb. iii. 12, 13.
Gascoigne : Works, p. 103. It is often followed by of, and a noun, which
* bě-blood', * be-blood'-ý, v.t. [Eng. be,
because of governs, almost like a preposition.
“... all ye shall be offended because of me this
and blood, bloody. In Dut. bebloeden; Ger.
night.”—Matt. xxvi. 31.
bebluten.] [BEBLEED.] To make bloody, to
* 2. That, in order that.
stain with blood, to “bebleed.”
"And the multitude rebuked them, because they
“ You will not admit, I trow, that he was so be-
should hold their peace.”—Matt. xx. 31.
blooded with the blood of your sacrament god."-
B. Grammar. Because is classed as one of
Sheldon : Mir. of Antich., p. 90.
the Conjunctions of Reason and Cause, which
* bě-blot', * bě-blot'te, v.t. [Eng. pref. be, again are placed in the category of Subordi-
and blot.] To blot.
nating Conjunctions. (Bain : Eng. Gram.,
“Beblotte it with thy tearis eke a lite."
1874, p. 68.)
Chaucer : Tr. and Cress., ii. 1,027.
běc-ca-băng'-ą, s. [From Low Lat. becca-
bě-blúb'-ber, v.t. [Eng. pref. be, and blubber.] bunga; Ital. beccabunga, beccabungra; Sp.
To cause to blubber, to make to swell with beccabunga ; H. Ger. & Sw. backbunge, bach-
weeping.
bohne; L. Ger. beckabunge; Dut. beckbunge;
from O. & Provinc. Eng. beck, Dut. beek, Dan.
bě-blúb'-bered, pa. par. & a. [BEBLUBBER.] boek, Sw. back, H. Ger. bach, all meaning=a
"A very beautiful lady did call him from a certain brook, a rill, a rivulet; and H. Ger. bunge,
window, her eyes all beblubbered with tears.” -Shelton :
O. H. Ger. bungo = bulb.] A name for a
Tr. of Don Quixote, I. iii. 13.
plant—the Brooklime (Veronica beccabunga).
běc-a-fa-cā, bēc-ca-fi'-c0, s. [Ital. = fig-
[BECK (2), BROOKLIME, VERONICA.]
eater.] [FICEDULA.]
* běc'-co, s. [Ital. becco = a bill or beak; a
1. Gen. : Various species of birds belonging mouth; the helm of a ship; the pipe of a
to the genus Sylvia.
still; a buck, a goat; a cuckold.] A cuckold.
“ The robin-redbreast, till of late, had rest,
“Duke, thou art a becco, a cornuto.
And children sacred held a martin's nest:
P. How?
Till becaficos sold so... dear,
M, Thou art a cuckold.”
To one that was, or would have been, a peer."
Malcontent (Old Play), iv. 20.
Pope.
2. Spec. : The Sylvia hortensis of Bechstein.
běch'-a-mel, s. [From Fr. bechamelle ; Ger.
bechamel = a kind of broth or sauce (see defi-
* bě-câli, v.t. To challenge.
nition), called after the Marquis de Bechamel,
a tree fall in a particular direction across a
stream, is by nibbling it round, not horizon-
tally, but so as to slope or dip in the direction
in which it intends the tree to fall.
“ The author expressed his belief that the deposits
indicated, at places, the effects of beaver-works, tracts
of forest having been, to all appearance, submerged
and destroyed by the action of beaver-dams.”-H.
Woodward, in Brit. Assoc. Rep. for 1869, pt. ii., p. 104.
beaver-house, s. A “house” built by
a beaver. It is made of wood, mud, and
stones. When a beaver finds that its openly
inhabiting such an edifice in the vicinity of a
human settlement exposes it to unnecessary
risk, it abandons it, burrows in a hole which
it has dug, and is in consequence called a
“terrier," in the broad sense of an earth
animal or burrowing animal. Whilst the
beavers inhabiting “houses” are social, the
terriers are solitary.
“The situation of the beaver-houses is various."-
Hearne.
beaver-rat, s. A name sometimes given
to a small species of beaver, Castor Zibethicus
(Linn.), one of the animals called Musk Rat.
It is only the size of a rabbit, and inhabits
Canada.
beaver-skin, s. The skin of the beaver.
The beaver has been so ruthlessly slaughtered
in British North America to obtain this, that
now it is much rarer than it was a century ago.
beaver-tooth, s. The enamelled tooth of
the beaver, once used by the North American
Indians as a cutting instrument.
"... the beaver-tooth was succeeded by the English
file.”—Eng. Cycl., Nat. Hist., i. 416.
beaver-tree, s. The English name of
the Magnolia glauca, a fine fragrant and or-
namental tree growing in swamps in North
America, and so attractive to beavers that
they are caught by means of it. It is called
also the White Laurel and the Swamp Sas-
safras.
beaver-works, s. pl. Either the engineer-
ing or the architectural works of the beaver.
[See example under BEAVER-DAM.]
bē'a-věr (2), * bē'e-vor, * bē-võr, * bē-
věr, * bā'-vi-ěr, * beau'-voir (bov'-
wâr), . [Fr. Bavière = the bib put before
a slavering infant (Cotgrave); bavette = a
slavering-cloth; baver = to slabber, slaver,
drivel, dribble, foam; Fr. bave; Ital. bava ;
Sp. and Port.' baba = foam ; Ital. baviera =
the vizor of a head-piece.] The part of a
helmet which, being made movable, can be
raised to show the face or be put down to
protect it.
“So beene they both at one, and doen upreare
Their bevers brigbt each other for to greet."
Spenser: F. Q., II. i. 29.
"Oh, yes, my lord, he wore his beaver up."
Shakesp. : Hamlet, i. 2.
bē'a-vēred, * bē-vēred, a. [Eng. beaver ;
-ed.] Covered or protected by a beaver ;
wearing a beaver.
for.
böìl, boy; póut, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion, -cioun=shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhủn. tious, -sious =shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

468
bechance-becoming
steward of Louis XIV., by whom it was first A. Intransitive :
concocted.]
I. To make obeisance; to cringe. (Scotch.)
Cookery: A kind of fine white broth or sauce 1. Gen. : Of the obeisance made by either
thickened with cream. (Cooley, in Goodrich
sex indiscriminately.
& Porter's Dict.)
“ Thay lute thy lieges pray to stokkis and stanes.
And paintit paiparis, wattis nocht quhat thay
bě-chan'çe, v.i. & t. [Eng. be; chance.]
meine;
1. To chance to, to happen to.
Thay bad thame bek and bynge at deid mennis
banes.”
“All happiness bechance to thee in Milan."
Bannatyne Poems, 198, st. 11. (Jamieson.)
Shakesp. : Two Gent. of Verona, i. 1.
2. To befall.
2. Spec. : To curtsey (restricted to the obei-
sance made by a woman, as distinguished from
“My sons, God knows what hath bechanced them.”
Shakesp. : 3 Henry VI., i. 4.
the bowing practised by a man).
II. To give a nod of the head for command
* bě-chan'çe, adv. [O. Eng. be = by, and Eng.
or other purpose.
chance.] By chance ; perhaps.
B. Trans. : To call or command, as by
* bě-chan'çed, pa. par. [BECHANCE, 2..] means of a nod (lit. & fig.).
"Bell, book, and candle shall not drive me back,
* bě-chan'ç-ing, pr. par. [BECHANCE, v.]
When gold and silver beck me to come on."
Shakesp. : King John, iii. 3.
+ bě-charm', v.t. [Eng. pref. be, and charm.] * becke, s. [BEAK.]
To charm, to fascinate; to attract and subdue “Headed like owles, with beckes uncomely bent."
by exciting intensely pleasurable feeling.
Spenser : F. Q., II. xi. 8.
“I am awak'd, and with clear eyes behold
běck-ěr, s. [Possibly a corruption of Lat.
The lethargy wherein my reason long
Hath been becharm'd."
pager, pagur, or pagrus; Gr. Táypos (pagros),
Beaumont and Fletcher : Laws of Candy. páypos (phagros), the fish described in the
definition.] A name of the braize (Pagrus
be-charm'ed, pa. par. & d. [BECHARM.]
vulgaris), a fish of the family Sparidæ. [See
bêche, s. [Fr. bèche = a spade ; bècher = to
BRAIZE.
dig, pierce, or turn up with a spade.]
běck'-et, s. [Etym. doubtful. Compare A.S.
Well-boring: An instrument for seizing and
becca = a pickaxe, a mattock ; or Old Eng.
recovering a rod used in boring when it has becke = a beak.]
become broken in the process.
Naut. : Anything used to confine loose
bêche-de-mêr, s. [Fr. = a spade of the sea;
ropes, tackles, or spars, as a large hook, a
rope with an eye at one end; a bracket,
a sea spade.] The Sea-slug or Trepang, a
marine animal, Holothuria edulis, eaten as a
pocket, loop, &c. (Generally in the plural,
beckets.)
luxury by the Chinese.
+ bēch'-ic, s. [In Fr. béchique; Port. bechico;
běck'-îng, pr. par. [BECK, v.]
Gr. Brxikós (bēchikos) = suffering from cough; běck-īte, bē'ek-īte, s. [Named after Dr.
Bnxós (bēchos), genitive of Bńě (bēx) = a cough ; Beeke, Dean of Bristol, by whom it was first
Bňoow (bēsso)=to cough.]
discovered.] A mineral, a variety of pseudo-
Pharmacy: A medicine fitted to relieve a morphous quartz. It consists of altered coral
cough.
in which a portion of the original carbonate of
lime may yet be detected, though most of it
běch'-1-līte, s. [From Bechi, an Italian min has been replaced by chalcedony. It occurs
eralogist.] A mineral classed by Dana with
in Devonshire.
his Borates. It consists of boric acid, 51:13;
lime, 20.85 ; water, 26.25 ; with 1.75 of silica. | beck'-let, bāik-let, s. [Scotch beck, etym.
alumina, and magnesia. It was found by doubtful; -let = little.] An under-waistcoat.
Bechi as an incrustation at the backs of the (Scotch.)
boric acid lagoons of Tuscany, being formed
probably by the action of hot vapour on lime.
běck'-on, * běck'-en, * běc'-ne, bekne
The South American mineral Hayesite may be
(ne=en), v.i. & t. [A.S. beacnan, becnian,
the same species.
bycnan, bycnian=to beckon; Icel. bakna = to
nod; O. H. Ger. bauhnjan, pauhnen, pauhan.
běch'-le (le as el) (ch guttural), s. (From Comp. also Sw. peka; Dan. pege=to point
Gr. Bņš (bēc), genit. Bnxós (bēchos) = a cough. ] at with the finger.] [BECK (1), s., BEACON.]
A settled cough. (Scotch.)
A. Intransitive :
* běck (1), * běcke (1) (Eng.), běck, * běk,
1. To make a signal to one, as by a motion
* bāik (Scotch), s.
of the hand or of a finger, or the nodding of
[A contraction of Eng.
the head.
beckon. (Mahn.). ] [BECKON, BEACON, BEAK.]
“Yonder snow-white cloud, that floats in the ether
1. A bow or curtsey. (0. Eng. &0. Scotch).
above me,
“Bek or lowte: Conquiniscio, inclinacio.”—Prompt.
Seems like a hand that is pointing and beckoning
over the ocean."
Parv.
Longfellow : The Courtship of Miles Standish, v.
2. Any nod of the head.
2. With the preposition to.
(a) In a general sense.
B. Transitive: To summon or signal to by
“ Haste thee, nymph, and bring with thee
means of a motion of the hand, a nod, &c.
Quips and cranks and wanton wiles,
Nods and becks and wreathed smiles.”
(Followed by the objective of the person
Milton : L'Allegro. signalled to.)
(6) Spec. : A nod of command.
“It beckons you to go away with it,
“Theu forthwith to him takes a chosen band
As if it soine impartment did desire
Of spirits, likest to himself in guile,
To you alone." Shakesp. : Hamlet, i. 4.
To be at hand, and at his beck appear.”
Märton : P. R. bk i beck-on, s. [From beckon, v.1 A signal con-
T To be at any one's beck and call : To be
veyed to one by a movement of the hand, the
entirely at his service and disposal.
head, or in some similar way.
“So she came forth, and entered the river, with a
běck (2), s. [Icel. bekkr =a brook, a rivulet,
beckon of farewell to those that followed her.”-
a small rapid stream; Sw. bäck; Dan. bæk;
Bunyan : P. P., pt. ii.
Dut. beek; Ger. bach.) A brook, a rivulet. běck'-oned, pa. par. & a. [BECKON, v.]
Used—
+1. As an ordinary word, chiefly in poetry.
běck-on-îng, pr. par. & a. (BECKON, v.]
“ As when a sunbeam wavers warm
* bě-clịp', * biclip, v.t. [A.S. beclyppan.]
Within the dark and dimpled beck."
Tennyson : The Miller's Daughter.
To embrace.
2. As entering into the composition of
"And he took a child, and sett him in the myddil
of hem, and when he hadde biclipped him, he sayde
various geographical names in East Yorkshire
to hem, Whoever reseyveth oon of siche children in
and in the North of England generally, viz.,
Millbeck, Grysdale Beck, Goldsil Beck, &c. (See
ix. 36.
Boucher. See also Prof. Phillips' Rivers, &c.,
* bě-clịp'ped, * bě-clipt'e, * biclipped,
of Yorkshire, p. 262.)
* biclupte, pa. par. [BECLIP.]
beck (3), s. [BAC, BACK, S.] The same as back
(2) is used in such compounds as a dye-beck
be-cloud', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and cloud, v.]
or a soap-beck. (Knight.)
To cloud ; to cover as with a cloud.
“Storms of tears
běck, * běcke (Eng.), běck, * běk (Scotch), Becloud his eyes, which soon forc'd smiling clears."
v.i. & t. [See BECK, S., also BECKON and
P. Fletcher: Pisc. Eccl. 5, st. 15.
BEACON.]
| bě-cloud'-ěd, pa. par. & d. [BECLOUD.]
“Stella oft sees the very face of woe
Painted in my beclouded stormy face."
Sidney : Astrophel and Stella.
bě-cloud'-ing, pr. par. & a. [BECLOUD.]
bě-com'e, * bě-com'me, * bì-com'e, bi
come, by come, v.i. & t. [Eng. pref. be,
and come. The v.i. is from A.S. becuman (pret.
becom, becomon ; pa. par. becumen) = (1) to go
or enter into, to meet with, to come to, to
come together; (2) to come, to happen, to fall
out, to befall. In Sw. bekomma, Dan. be-
komme, Dut. bekomen, Ger. bekommen all
= to get, to receive, to obtain ; the German
verb also being = to have; O. H. Ger. piquë-
man ; Goth. bikwiman. From A.S. cuman;
0. H. Ger. queman, chueman , Goth. beqviman.
(COME.) Comp. also Sw. beqvam = fit, con-
venient, apt, proper, qualified, easy ; Dan.
bequemmelig ; Ger. beem = commodious, easy.]
[COMELY.]
A. Intransitive, or more exactly, a Copula or
Apposition Verb like the verb to be. [Directly
from A.S. becuman. (See etym.).] In a general
sense to pass from one state or condition into
another, more especially to grow into some-
thing more developed, greater, more powerful,
or in other respects more satisfactory, or to
recede into something smaller, more degene-
rate, more withered and decaying.
“And unto the Jews I became as a Jew, that I might
gain the Jews.”—1 Cor. ix. 20.
“... the Campbells, the children of Diarmid, had
become in the Highlands what the Bourbons had
become in Europe.”—Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch, xiii.
“... for all thy blessed youth
Becomes as aged, and doth beg the alms
Of palsied eld.”'
Shakesp. : Meas. for Meas., iii. 1.
To become of: To be the final state, con-
dition, or place into or to which any specified
person or thing has as yet passed; to be the
present fate of. (Used only after the interro-
gation what, which may refer to a person or a
thing.)
“The first hints of the circulation of the blood were
taken from a common person's wondering what became
of all the blood which issued out of the heart."-
Graunt.
We very frequently find such a phrase as
“where is he become " = to our “what has
become of him." Thus in Gower's Conf. Amant.
ii. 120,“ per wiste non wher he becam.” See
also Joseph of Arimathie, 607, &c.
B. Transitive. [Directly from A.S. becuman
=to please. (See etym.).]
1. To be suitable for, to befit, to be con-
gruous with, to be proper to or for, to be in
harmony with. Used-
(a) As an ordinary personal verb.
"If I become not a cart as well as another man ..
-Shakesp. : 1 Hen. IV., ii. 4.
“But speak thou the things which become sound
doctrine.”—Titus ii. 1.
(6) As an impersonal verb.
“Only let your conversation be as it becometh the
gospel of Christ ..."-Phil. i. 27.
2. To be the present fate of, to have become
of. (See v.i.) (In the subjoined example,
Where is become = what has become of.)
"I cannot joy, until I be resolv'd
Where our right valiant father is become.”
Shakesp: 3 Hen. VI., ii. 1.
I To become of (nominally as v.t.): To be the
present fate of. The expression “What is
become of you ?” is a less proper way of saying
“What has become of you?”
bě-com'e, * bě-com'ed, *bě-com'-en,
* bě-com'-in, * bicomen, pa. par. & a.
[BECOME, v.]
A. As pa. par. (Of all forms except be-
comed) : In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
B. As participial adj. (Of the form become) :
Becoming, fit, suitable, appropriate.
bě-com-ing, * bě-com'-ming, pr. par., a.,
& s. [BECOME, v.]
A. As pr. par.: In senses corresponding
to those of the verb, whether intransitive or
transitive.
"This is, sir, a doubt
In such a time nothing becoming you,
Nor satisfying us.”
Shakesp. : Cymbeline, iv. 4.
B. As participial adj.: Befitting, suitable,
proper; in harmony or keeping with ; graceful
in conduct, in attire, &c.
“And many a compliment politely penn'd;
But unattired in that becoming vest
Religion weaves for her. .
Cowper : Table Talk.
It is sometimes followed by in, for, or of,
the last being obsolete.
my name, he reseyveth me.”
Wicliffe: St. Mark,
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pît, sire, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sön; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; try, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

becomingly-bed
469
“Their discourses are such as belong to their age,
"Those whom you bedwarf and becripple by your
their calling, and their breeding ; such as are becoming poisonous medicines."-More: Mystery of Godliness
of them, and of them only."-Dryden.
(1660), p. 277.
C. As substantive :
1. In the abstract: That which is befitting,
bě-cuī-bą (cu as kw), s. [BICUIBA.]
suitable, proper, in harmony with, or graceful.
* bě-cūrl', v.t. [Eng. pref. be, and curl.] To
“Self-respect and a fine sense of the becoming were
not to be expected from one who had led a life of
curl ; to cover or adorn with curls.
mendicancy and adulation.”-Mucaulay: Hist. Eng.,
"Is the beau compelled against his will to practise
ch. vii.
winning airs before the glass, or employ for whole
* 2. In the concrete: Ornament.
hours all the thought withinside his noddle to be-
powder and becurl the outside?"-Search: Freewill,
“Sir, forgive me,
Foreknowledge, and Fate, p. 98.
Since my becomings kill me when they not
Eye well to you." Shakesp. : Ant. & Cleop., i. 3. 1 hod (1) *hědde (1) AS bed bred bedd.
| (a) Crabb thus distinguishes the terms
= a bed, couch, pallet, tick of a bed, bed in
becoming, decent, fit, and suitable :-"What is
a garden; O.S., Icel., Dan., & O. Fries. bed ;
becoming respects the manner of being in
Dut. bed, and in compos. bedde; Ger. bett;
society, such as it ought, as to person, time,
M. H. Ger. bette; O. H. Ger. betti, petti = a
and place. Decency regards the manner of
bed.]
displaying one's self, so as to be approved
and respected. Fitness and suitableness relate
A. As substantive :
to the disposition, arrangement, and order of I. Ordinary Language :
either being or doing, according to persons,
1. Lit. : An article of domestic furniture to
things, or circumstances. The becoming con-
sleep upon. Originally a bed was the skin of
sists of an exterior that is pleasing to the
a beast stretched upon the floor; then rushes,
view : decency involves moral propriety ;
heath, and after a time straw were substituted.
it is regulated by the fixed rules of good
A modern bed consists of a large mattress
breeding : fitness is regulated by local circum-
stuffed with feathers, hair, or other materials,
stances, and suitableness by the established
with bolster, pillow, sheets, blankets, &c., the
customs and usages of society. The dress of
whole raised from the ground on a bedstead.
a woman is becoming that renders her person
The term bed sometimes excludes and some-
more agreeable to the eye; it is decent if it
times includes the bedstead. In India, and
no wise offend modesty ; it is fit if it be what
other Eastern countries, the bed of a native,
the occasion requires ; it is suitable if it be
at least on his travels, is simply a mat, a rug,
according to the rank and character of the
or a bit of old carpet; his bed-clothes are his
wearer. What is becoming varies for every
scarf or plaid. “Bed” and bed-clothes he has
individual; the age, the complexion, the
no difficulty in carrying with him as he goes.
stature, and the habits of the person must be
consulted in order to obtain the appearance
"I say unto thee, Arise, and take up thy bed, and
go thy way into thine house. And immediately he
which is becoming; what becomes a young arose, took up the bed, and went forth before them
female, or one of fair complexion, may not
all. . ..”—Mark ii. 11, 12.
become one who is farther advanced in life, or
To make a bed : To put a bed in order after
who has dark features. Decency is one and the
it has been used.
same for all ; all civilized nations have drawn
"...I keep his house; and I wash, wring, brew,
the exact line between the decent and indecent,
bake, scour, dress meat and drink, make the beds, and
do all myself."-Shakesp. : Merry Wives, i. 4.
although fashion may sometimes draw females
aside from this line. Fitness varies with the
2. Half figuratively :
seasons, or the circumstances of persons ; (a) A sleeping-place, a lodging.
what is fit for the winter is unfit for the
"On my knees I beg
summer, or what is fit for dry weather is unfit
That you'll vouchsafe me raiment, bed, and food.”
Shakesp. : Lear, ii. 4.
for the wet; what is fit for town is not fit for
the country ; what is fit for a healthy person
(6) Marriage, or its lawful use.
is not fit for one that is infirm. Suitableness
“George, the eldest son of this second bed, was, after
the death of his father, by the singular care and affec-
accommodates itself to the external circum tion of his mother, well brought up.”—Clarendon.
stances and conditions of persons; the house,
(c) Child-birth.
the furniture, the equipage of a prince, must
be suitable to his rank; the retinue of an
To be brought to bed : To be delivered of a
ambassador must be suitable to the character
child. It is often used with the particle of;
which he has to maintain, and to the wealth,
as “she was brought to bed of a daughter."
dignity, and importance of the nation whose
“Ten months after Florimel happen'd to wed,
And was brought in a laudable manner to bed."
monarch he represents."
Prior.
(6) Becoming, comely, and graceful are thus To put to bed : Either to do so in a general
discriminated :These epithets “are employed sense, or, spec., to aid in child-birth, to de-
to mark in general what is agreeable to the liver of a child.
eye. Becoming denotes less than comely, and
3. Quite figuratively :
this less than graceful : nothing can be comely
or graceful which is unbecoming ; although
(a) The grave in which the body reposes in
many things are becoming which are neither
death. (Used specially of the calm sleep of
comely nor graceful. Becoming respects the
death, appropriate to the righteous as distin-
decorations of the person, and the exterior
guished from the wicked.)
deportment; comely respects natural embel-
"... this bed of death.”—Shakesp. : Rom. & Jul., V. 3.
lishments ; graceful natural or artificial ac-
“ We thought as we hollowed his narrow bed,
And smoothed down his lonely pillow,
complishments : manner is becoming ; figure
That the foe and the stranger would tread o'er his
is comely; air, figure, or attitude is graceful.
head,
Becoming is relative; it depends on taste and
And we far away on the billow.”
Wolfe : Buriat of Sir John Moore.
opinion, on accordance with the prevailing
(6) In a more general sense : That in which
sentiments or particular circumstances of
society. Comely and graceful are absolute;
anything lies.
they are qualities felt and acknowledged by
“See hoary Albula's infected tide
O'er the warm bed of smoaking sulphur glide."
all.” (Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
Addison.
(c) A bank of earth raised slightly above the
bě-com'-îng-ly, adv. [Eng. becoming ; -ty.] ordinary level in a garden, and planted with
In a becoming manner; suitably, properly, flowers or whatever other vegetable produc-
befittingly.
tions it was designed to receive.
..“... expediently, piously, and prudently, con-
“Herbs will be tenderer and fairer, if you take them
scientiously, and becomingly."-Bp. Taylor : Artif.
out of beds when they are newly come up, and remove
Hands, p. 74.
them into pots with better earth."-Bacon.
bě-com'-ing-ness, s. [Eng. becoming ; -ness. ] (d) The channel of a river.
The quality of being proper or becoming ; “The great magazine for all kinds of treasure is
propriety.
supposed to be the bed of the Tiber."- Addison.
“Nor is the majesty of the divine government (e) A layer. [II. 8.]
greater in its extent than the becomingness hereof is
(f) Sorrow, pain, affliction, judgments.
in its manner and form.”—Grew.
(Rev. ii. 22.)
* bě-com'me, v.i. & t. [BECOME.]
II. Technically
* bě-com'-mựng, pr. par., A., & s. [BECOME.]
1. Law. Divorce from bed and board (in
Lat. a mensa et thoro): Divorce of a husband
* běc'-que (que as kwā), d. [Fr. becquée,
and wife, to the extent of separating them for
bequée.]
a time, the wife receiving support, under the
Heraldry: Beaked.
name of alimony, during the severance.
2. Roman Archæol. Dining bed, discubitory
bě-crịp'-ple (ple as pel), v.t. [Eng. pref. bed: An article of domestic furniture among
be, and cripple.] To cripple, to lame.
the Romans, upon which they reclined at
meals. Three such “beds” were generally
placed around three sides of a table, the
attendants having access to the fourth. [TRI-
CLINIUM.]
3. French History. Bed of justice :
(a) Lit. : The throne on which, before the
revolution of 1789, the king used to sit when
he went to Parliament to look after the affairs
of State, the officers of Parliament attending
him in scarlet robes.
(6) Fig. As this interference of the king
with the Parliament was not compatible with
free government, sitting on the bed of justice
came to signify the exertion of arbitrary power.
4. Mach. : The foundation-piece or portion
of anything on which the body of it rests, as
the bed-piece of a steam-engine; the lower
stone of a grinding mill; or the box, body, or
receptacle of a vehicle.
5. Gunnery :
(a) Bed of a mortar: A solid piece of oak,
hollowed in the middle to receive the breech
and half the trunnions.
(6) Bed of a great gun: The thick plank
which lies immediately under the piece, and
constitutes the body of the carriage.
(c) In a rifle : The hollow stock designed for
the reception of the barrel.
6. Printing : The level surface of a printing
press on which the forme of type is laid. In
the old wooden presses, now superseded by
iron, the bed was usually of stone.
-7. Ship or other Carpentry:
(a) The cradle of a ship on the stocks.
(6) The thickest part of a bowsprit.
(C) The surface in a plane-stock on which
the plane-iron is supported. (Knight.)
8. Masonry:
(a) The direction in which the several layers
of stone lie in a quarry; also a course of stones
or bricks in a wall. In the case of bricks or
tiles in position the side specially called the
bed is the lower one.
(6) The top and bottom surface of stones
when worked for building.
(c) A place on which a brick or tile is laid,
or a place prepared for the rearing upon it of
a wall.
9. Geol. : A stratuin, a layer of rock.
"Among the English Pliocene beds the next in
antiquity is the Red Crag. ..."-Lyell : Student's
Elements of Geol. (1871), p. 170.
10. Billiards : The flat surface of a billiard
table, covered with green cloth. Formerly it
was of wood; now nearly all billiard tables
have slate beds.
11. Nautical : The impression or “form"
made by a ship's bottom on mud after being
left by an ebb-tide. (Smyth : Sailor's Word-
Book.)
B. Attributively in the sense of, pertaining
to, or connected with a bed, as in the follow-
ing compounds :-
* bed-ale, S. An entertainment at a
country wedding among poor people; chris-
tening ale.
bed-bottom, s. The sacking, iron spring
bars, or anything similar, affixed interiorly to
the framework of a bedstead to support the
bed.
bed-bug. s. The Cimex lectularius, in
some places a too well-known insect. [BUG,
CIMEX.]
"... the disgusting animal in question, namely,
the bed-bug or Cimex lectutarius." Griffith's Cuvier,
XV: 237.
bed-chair, s. A chair with a movable
back, intended to support a sick person
sitting up in bed.
bed-chamber, s. & a.
1. As substantive: A chamber containing a
bed or beds.
"For when they came into the house, he lay on his
bed in his bedchamber, ..."-2 Sam. iv. 7.
* (a) Grooms of the Bedchamber : Certain
functionaries in the Lord Chamberlain's de-
partment of the Royal Household. These are
now called Grooms in Waiting. Besides them
there are five "Extra Grooms in Waiting.”
[GROOM.]
(6) Ladies of the Bedchamber: Certain ladies
who render service, under the Mistress of the
Robes, to her Majesty the Queen. There are
eight "Ladies of the Bedchainber," all titled,
two of them being duchesses, one a marchio-
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -çion, -tion, -sion=shăn;--țion, -şion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious = shŭs. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

470
bed-bedaring
downward, upon
he turf with the grass sa te bed your quick
ness, and one a countess ; six “Extra Ladies
of the Bedchamber,” four countesses and two
viscountesses ; eight “ Bedchamber Women,"
one a viscountess, and even the humblest with
“Honourable” prefixed to their names; and,
finally, three Extra Bedchamber Women, one
designated “Lady” and the other “Honour-
able.” These are not to be confounded with
the Maids of Honour, of whom there are at
present eight, all with the official title “Hon.”
before their names. Similarly, in the Princess
of Wales's household there are four Ladies of
the Bedchamber, four Bedchamber Women,
and two Extra Bedchamber Women ; in that
of Princess Christian two Honorary Bed-
chamber Women; and in that of the Princess
Louise (Marchioness of Lorne) one Lady of
the Bedchamber.
+(c) Lords of the Bedchamber: Certain officers
belonging to the Royal Household, under the
Groom of the Stole, or, as he is now desig-
nated, the Groom of the Robes. They are now
generally called Lords in Waiting. They are
eight in number, all members of the nobility.
They wait in turn. They are not the same as
Grooms of the Bedchamber. [See A., TT (a)
above.]
.. to frequent the Court, and to discharge the
duties of a Lord of the Bedchamber.”-Macaulay:
Hist. Eng. ch. xv.
2. As adjective: Pertaining to a bedcham-
ber, attached to a bedchamber, or performing
service in one, as “a bedchamber woman.”
bed-clothes, s. pl. “Clothes” or cover-
lets, such as sheets, blankets, and a counter-
pane spread over a bed for warmth's sake.
“For he will be swine-drunk, and in his sleep he
does little harm, save to his bed-clothes about him."
-Shakesp. : All's Well, iv. 3.
Bed-clothes clasp : A clasp for keeping the
bed-clothes from being to any extent dis-
placed.
bed-curtains, s. pl. Curtains partly or
entirely surrounding a bed to keep the sleeper
from draughts of air.
bed-evil, s. Sickness or indisposition
which confines a person to bed. (Scotch.)
“Gif ony persoun essonyies himself be ressoun of
bodilie seiknes, of bed-evil, ..."-Balfour : Pract.,
pp. 349-50. (Jamieson.)
bed-hangings, s. pl. Hangings or cur-
tains for a bed.
“... the story of the prodigal, or the German hunt-
ing in water-work, is worth a thousand of these bed-
hangings ..."-Shakesp. : 2 Hen. IV., ii. 1.
bed-head, s. The head of a bed.
+ bed-lare, s. & a. [Eng. bed, and O.
Scotch lare = bed; from A.S. leger = (1) a
lying down, (2) cause of lying down, a disease,
(3) place of lying down, a bed.) (Scotch.)
1. As substantive : A bed.
| Cheld bed-lare : Child-bed.
“... and becauss his wiff wes liand in cheld bed-
Tare abidand the will of God."-Act. Dom. Conc., A.
1494, p. 372.
2. As adjective: Bedridden; confined to bed.
"... to pruft that Johne of Kerss wes seke and
bedlare the tyme of the alienatioun of the said land,
and how sone he deit thereftir,” &c.-Act. Audit., A.
1474, p. 36.
bed-lathe, s. A lathe of the normal
type in which the puppets and rest are sup-
ported upon two parallel and horizontal beams
or shears.
bed-linen, S. Linen, i.e., sheets and
pillow-cases for a bed.
bed-pan, s.
* 1. A warming-pan.
2. A pan or utensil for one confined to bed.
bed-piece, bed-plate, s.
Mech. : The foundation piece, plate, or
framing by which the other parts are held in
place. It is called also a sole-plate.
bed-post, s. One of the posts of a bed,
supporting the canopy or curtains.
“... her head leaning to a bed-post . . ."-Wise-
man: Surg.
* bed-presser, s. A great lazy person.
«... this sanguine coward, this bed-presser, this
horseback breaker, this huge hill of flesh.”-Shakesp. :
1 Hen. IV., ii. 4.
bed-quilt, s. A quilt for a bed. [QUILT.]
bed-rid, bed-ridden, a. [Eng. bed ; and
rid, ridden, pa. par. of ride. In A. S. bedrida,
beddrida, bedreda, beddredda.]
1. Of persons : Confined to bed by age or
sickness.
“Better at home lie bedrid, not only idle,
" The still and mental parts
Inglorious, unemploy'd, with age outworn." .
That do contrive how many hands shall strike
Milton : Samson Agonistes.
When fitness calls them on, and know, by measure
"He might be bedridden.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng.,
Of their observant toil, the enemy's weight;
ch. xii.
Why, this hath not a finger's dignity,
They call this bedwork, mappery, closet war."
2. Of things : Characteristic of a person con-
Shakesp. : Troil. & Cres., i. 3.
fined to bed by sickness.
* bēd (2), s. [BEAD, s.]
“Disturb his hours of rest with restless trances,
Afflict him in his bed with bedrid groans.
Shakesp. : Tarquin and Lucrece.
* bed-howse, s. [BEDEHOUSE.]
bed-rite, s. The rite, ceremony, or privi- *bed-roll, s. [BEAD-ROLL.]
lege of the marriage-bed.
“Whose vows are that no bed-rite shall be paid,
běd, * bědde, v.t. & i. [From bed, s. (q.v.).
Till Hymen's torch be lighted.”
In Ger. betten.]
Shakesp.: Tempest, iv. 1. (Editions consulted by
A. Transitive:
Dr. Johnson, Mrs. Cowden Clarke, &c.)
| Bed-rite gives a more logical meaning to
I. Of a literal bed, or of literal bedding, for
the passage than bed-right (q.v.).
inan or for beast :
† 1. To place in a bed.
bed-room, s.
* 1. Room in a bed.
(a) In a general sense :
“She was publickly contracted, stated as a bride,
2. A room designed for the accommodation
and solemuly bedded.”—Bacon.
of a bed, to be occupied during the night.
† (6) Spec. : To cohabit with.
" The collectors were empowered to examine the
“They have married me:
interior of every house in the realın, to disturb families
I'll to the Tuscan wars, and never bed her."
at meals, to force the doors of bed-rooms ..."-Macau-
Shakesp. : All's Well, ii. 3.
lay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi.
2. To make partaker of the bed.
bed-screw, s. A screw used to put and “There was a doubt ripped up, whether Arthur was
hold together the framework of wooden bed bedded with his lady."-Bacon.
steads and bedposts. Also a powerful machine 3. Reflectively: To make one's self a bed or
for lifting large bodies, and placed against the
place of rest anywhere.
gripe of a ship to be launched for starting her. "A snake bedded himself under the threshold of a
(Smyth : Sailor's Word-Book.)
country house."--L'Estrange.
bed-sick, * bed-seik, s. Confined to
4. To supply a horse or cow with litter.
bed by indisposition.
II. Of a plant-bed in a garden :
"It is enjoined, that if one be prevented from obey 1. To lay out plants in rectangular or other
ing a legal summons by sickness, it be provin be a plots.
testimonial ... with twa witnessis, that he is bed-
seik, and may not travel, ..."-Balfour : Pract., p. 2. To sow or plant in earth.
361, A. 1568.
which lay some of your best mould to bed your quick
bed-side, s. The side of a bed.
in, and lay your quick upon it.”—Mortimer.
"When I was thus dressed, I was carried to a bed-
III. Of anything hollow and bed-like : To lay
side."-Tatler, No. 15.
in anything hollow and bed-like.
bed-sore, s. A sore produced by long
IV. Of anything which lies flat: To lay in
lying in bed. Usually a result of careless
order; to stratify ; specially of laying a course
nursing.
of bricks or stones in mortar or cement.
* bed-staff, * bedd-staff, s. A wooden B. Intransitive: To cohabit.
pin formerly affixed to the sides of a bed-
"If he be married, and bed with his wife, ..."-
stead, to hold the clothes from slipping on
Wiseman.
either side.
* běd (1), pret. of BID (q.v.).
"Give her a remembrance with a bedd-staff, that
she is forced to wear the Northumberland-arms a week
“ Nor leave his stand untill his Captaine bed."
after.”—Twelve Ingenious Characters (1686). (Halli-
Spenser: F. Q., I. ix. 41.
well : Contrib. to Lexicog.)
“Hostess, accommodate us with a bed-staff.”
* běd (2), pret. of BIDE (q.v.). [A. S. bad; from
Ben Jonson: Every Man in his Humour.
bidan = to abide.] Abode.
“Then sped up to Cabrach sone,
bed-steps, s. pl. Steps for ascending a
Whair they bed all that night.”
bed.
Batteti of Batrinnes. (Poems 16th Cent., p. 350.)
bed-stock, s. A bedstead.
bě-dăb'-ble, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and dabble.]
bed-straw. [BEDSTRAW.]
To sprinkle over; to wet.
* bed-stre, s. Materials of a bed.
bě-dăb'-bled, pa. par. & a. [BEDABBLE.]
“Y schal moiste my bedstre with my teeris."-
“Bedabbled with the dew, and torn with briars."
Wyclif: Psalm vii. 7.
Shakesp. : Mids. Night's Dream, iii. 2.
+ bed-swerver, s. One who swerves
“Idols of gold from heathen temples torn,
Bedabbled all with blood.”
from faithfulness with regard to marriage
Scott : Vision of Don Roderick, 31.
vows.
“ She's a bed-swerver, even as bad as those
bě-dăb'-blựng, pr. par. & d. [BEDARBLE.]
That vulgars give the boldest titles to."
5 Shakesp. : Winter's Tal
* bě-dăff, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and 0. Eng.
bed-tick, s. [In Dut. beddetijk.) Cloth
daff = a fool.] To make a fool of.
made into a huge bag to contain the feathers
"Be not beda.ffed for your innocence."
Chaucer: 0. T., 9,067.
or other material of a mattress ; a mattress,
without the material used for stuffing it. * bě-daff'ed, pa. par. [BEDAFF.]
(Pennant.)
* bě-daf-fựng, pr. par. [BEDAFF.]
bed-time, s. The time for retiring to bed.
“ Bell! thou soundest merrily;
+ bě-dăg'-gie (gle as gel), v.t. [Eng. prefix
Tellest thou at evening,
Bed-time draweth nigb.
be, and daggle.] To soil the clothes by allow-
Longfellow: Translations ; Song of the Bett. ing them to touch the mud in walking, or by
+ bed'-ward, adv.
bespattering them as one moves forward.
As adjective: Towards bed or rest, or the
(Now generally spelt bedraggle, q.v.)
time of resting.
“The pure ermine had rather die than be bedaggled
with filth."-Wodroephe : French and Eng. Grammar
“ Couch'd, and now fill'd with pasture gazing sat,
(1626), p. 324.
Or bed-ward ruminating.”-Milton : P. L., iv. 350.
In the examples which follow bedward | bě-dăg-gled (gled as geld), pa. par. & a.
looks like a substantive; but in reality toward [BEDAGGLE.]
is split into two words, to and ward, and the
bě-dăg'-gling, pr. par. [BEDAGGLE.]
substantive is only bed.
“ While your poor fool and clown, for fear of peril, * bě-da'gh, v.i. [A.S. prefix be, and dagian =
Sweats hourly for a dry brown crust to bedward."
Albumazar (0. Pl.), vii. 160. to dawn, to become day.) To dawn upon.
“ As merry as when our nuptial day was done,
"Lest the day vs bedaghe and our deedes knowen."
And tapers burned to bedward."
Destruction of Troy, MS. (S. in Boucher.)
Shakesp. : Coriol., i. 6.
* bě-dä're, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and dare.] ,
bed-winch, s. An implement used to
To dare.
tighten up or to loosen and extract bedscrews
“The eagle ... is emboldened
in wooden bedsteads. (Frequently spelt and
With eyes intentive to bedare the sun."
pronounced bed-wrench.)
Peele: David and Bethsabe.
bed-work, s. Work done in bed without | * bě-dä'red, pa. par. [BEDARE.]
any great exertion of energy; work performed
with no toil of the hands.
* bě-dä'r-ing, pr. par. (BEDARE.]
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, work, whô, son; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; trý, Sýrian. e, =ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bedark-bedight
471
* bě-dark', * bě-derk', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, běd'-ding, pr. par., a., & s. [BED, v.]
and dark.] To darken.
A. & B. As present participle and participial
“Whan the blacke winter nighte,
adjective : In senses corresponding to those of
Without moone or sterre 1
Bederked hath the water stronde."
the verb.
Gower : Conf. Amant., bk. i.
C. As substantive. [From Eng. bed, -ing.
* bě-dark'ed, pa. par. [BEDARK.]
In Dut. bedding = bed, layer, stratum ; Sw.
bäddning ; Ger. bettung.]
bě-dark'-en, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and darken.] I. Ordinary Language :
To darken ; to cover with gloom.
1. A bed with the clothes upon it; materials
"... when this gloomy day of misfortune bedark-
for rendering a bedstead comfortable to a
ened him."-Bp. Hackett : Life of Archbp. Williams,
pt. i., p. 65.
sleeper.
“The disease had generally spared those who had
bě-dark'-ened, pa. par. & d. [BEDARKEN.] warm garments and bedding."- Macaulay : Hist. Eng.,
ch. xv.
bě-dark'-en-ing, pr. par. [BEDARKEN.] 2. Litter for the domestic animals to lie
upon.
* bě-dark'-ing, pr. par. [BEDARK.]
“ First, with assiduous care from winter keep,
Well fother'd in the stall, thy tender sheep;
bě-dăsh', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and dash.] To
Then spread with straw the bedding of thy fold."
dash over; to wet by dashing a liquid over or
Dryden.
against.
II. Technically:
“When thy warlike father, like a child,
1. Geol. : Stratification, or the line or plane
Told the sad story of my father's death,
of stratification.
And twenty times made pause to sob and weep,
That all the standers-by had wet their cheeks,
“The planes of cleavage stand in most cases at a
Like trees bedash'd with rain ..
high angle to the bedding." -- Tyndall : Frag. of
Shakesp. : Rich. III., i. 2.
Science, 3rd ed., xiv. 410.
2. Mech. : The seat on which a boiler or any-
bě-dăshed', * bě-dăsht'e, pa. par. & a.
thing similar rests.
[BEDASH.]
bedding-mouldings, s. pl. [BED-
bě-dăsh-îng, pr. par. [BEDASH.]
MOULDINGS.]
bě-dâ'ub, * bě-dâ'wb, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, bedding - plants, bedding - out-
and daub.]
plants, s. pl. Plants intended to be set in
1. Lit. : To daub over, to besmear. (Fol beds in the open air.
lowed by with, more rarely by in.)
bedding-stone, s.
“A piteous corse, a bloody piteous corse,
Bricklaying: A level marble slab on which
Pale, pale as ashes, all bedaub'd in blood,
All in gore blood."
the rubbed side of a brick is tested to prove
Shakesp. : Rom. and Jul., iii. 2. the truth of its face. (Knight.)
“Here, therefore, they wallowed for a time, being
grievously bedaub'd with the dirt ..."-Bunyan: * běd'-dy, a. [Etym. doubtful.] Eager to
P. P., pt. i.
seize prey. (Used of greyhounds.) (Scotch
2. Figuratively :
& North of England dialect.)
(a) To disfigure by unsuitable vestments.
“But if my puppies ance were ready,
“Every moderate man is bedaubed with these
They'l be baith clever, keen, and beddy,
goodly habiliments of Arminianism, Popery, and what
And ne'er neglect
not."- Mountagu's Appeal to Cæsar, p. 139.
To clink it like their ancient deddy,
The famous Heck."
(6) To flatter in a coarse manner; to offer
Watson's Coll., i. 70.
fulsome compliments to.
* bēde, * běd, pret. of v. [A.S. bead, pret. of
"Parasites bedawb us with false encomiums."-
Burton : Anat. of Mel., p. 121.
beodan = to command, to bid, will, offer,
enjoy.] Offered.
bě-dâ'ubed, * bě-dâ'wbed, pa. par. & a.
“I bed hem both londe and lede.”
[BEDAUB, v.t.]
The Kyng of Tars, 124. (s. in Boucher.)
bě-dâ'ub-ing, pr. par. [BEDAUB, v.t.]
* bēde (1), s. [BEAD.]
Běd'-a-wēen, * Bedwin, s. & d. [BEDOUIN.]
* bēde (2), s. A miner's pickaxe.
bě-dăz'-zle (zle as zel), v.t. [Eng. prefix
* bě-dead', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and dead.]
be, and dazzle.] To dazzle.
To deaden; to deprive of sensation.
“Pardon, old father, my mistaken eyes,
“There are others that are bedeaded and stupefied as
to their morals, and then they lose that natural shame
That have been so bedazzled with the sun,
that belongs to a man."-Hallywell's Melampronca,
That every thing I look on seemeth green:
p. 1.
Now I perceive thou art a reverend father ;
Pardon, I pray thee, for my mad mistaking."
* bě-dead-ěd, pa. par. [BEDEAD.]
Shakesp. : Tam. of Shrew, iv. 5.
bě-dăz-zled (zled as zeld), pa. par. & a. * bě-dead'-ing, pr. par. [BEDEAD.]
[BEDAZZLE.]
“Full through the guests' bedazzled band
* bě-deaf'-en, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and deafen.]
Resistless flashed the levin-brand.”
To deafen.
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, vi. 26.
“Forth upon trackless darkness gazed,
bě-dăz'-zling, pr. par. & a. [BEDAZZLE.]
The Knight, bedeafened and amazed."
Scott : Bridal of Triermain, iii. 8.
bě-dăz-zling-ly, adv. [Eng. bedazzling ; | * bě-děaf'-ened, pa. par. & a. [BEDEAFEN.]
-ly.] In a bedazzling manner; so as to dazzle.
(Webster.)
* bě-děaf'-en-îng, pr. par. [BEDEAFEN.]
bed'-bolt, s. A horizontal bolt passing be-děck', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and deck.] To
through both brackets of a gun-carriage near deck out, to adorn.
their centres, and on which the forward end
“The spoil of nations shall bedeck my bride."
of the stool-bed rests. (Smyth : Sailor's Word-
Byron : The Bride of Abydos, ii. 20.
Book.)
bě-děck'ed, * bě-deckt', pa. par. & a. [BE-
běd'-chām-běr. [BED-CHAMBER.]
DECK, v.t.]
"So that I was bedeckt with double praise ..."-
běd'-clotheş. [BED-CLOTHES.]
Mirror for Magistrates, p. 187. (Richardson.)
běd'-cũr-taînş. [BED-CURTAINS.]
bě-děck'-ing, pr. par. [BEDECK, v.t.]
* běd'-dal, * běd'-del, * běd'-děli, s. | bě-deg'-ų-ar, bě-děg'-ar, s. (Pers. båd-
[BEADLE.]
award or bâd-awardah, a kind of white thorn
or thistle of which camels are fond; from
bed'-ded, pa. par. & d. [BED, v.t.]
bâd = wind, and award = battle, or âwardah
“Let coarse bold hands from slimy nest,
=introduced. (Mahn.).] The gall of the rose,
The bedded fish in banks outwrest.”—Donne.
found especially on the stem of the Eglantine.
“ And, as the sleeping soldiers in th' alarm,
Your bedded hairs, like life in excrements,
It is as large as an apple, and is covered with
Start up, and stand on end."
long reddish and pinnated filaments. It is
Shakesp. : Hamlet, iii. 4. produced by a puncture of a small hymenop-
bed'-dér, s. [From Eng. bed; -er.] The
terous insect, the Cynips rosce. It has been
nether stone in an oil-mill. It is called also
employed against diarrhoea, dysentery, scurvy,
BEDETTER.
stone, and worms. (Griffith's Cuvier, vol. xv.,
p. 427.)
běd'-děrn, s. A refectory. (Weate : Architec-
tural Terms.)
bēde'-house, * be'd-howse, s. [Old Eng.
bede, bead=a prayer, and house.] An alms-
* běd'-děste, s. [BEDSTEAD. ]
house. [BEADHOUSE.]
. shal make lodgyngs and bed-howses for x. poor
men."-MS. quoted in Halliwell's Contrib. to Eng.
Lexicog.
* bē'-del, s. Old spelling of BEADLE.
* bē'-del-rý, s. [BEADLERY.]
* bě-děl'-vîn. * bedeluin, pa. par. [A. S.
bedelfan = to dig in or around, to bury, to
inter.] Buried ; hid underground. (0. Scotch.)
“I haue ane house richt full of mobillis sere,
Quharin bedeluin lyis ane grete talent,
Or charge of fyne siluer in veschell quent."
Doug.: Virgil, 336, 22. (Jamieson.)
* bē'de-man, * bē'deş-mạn, s. [BEADS-
MAN.]
* bē'de-rõlle, s. [BEADROLL. ]
*bě-dět'-tēr, s. [From Eng. bed.] The same
as BEDDER (q.v.).
bedevil (bě-děv'l), v.t. To treat with
diabolical violence or ribaldry.
“I have been informed, since the present edition
went to the press, that my trusty and well-beloved
cousins, the Edinburgh Reviewers, are preparing a
most vehement critique on my poor, gentle, unresist-
ing Muse, whom they have already so bedevilled with
their ungodly ribaldry.”—Byron : English Bards and
Scotch Reviewers, P.S.
bě-děv'-illed, pa. par. & d. [BEDEVIL.]
bě-děv'-11-1ựng, pr. par. [BEDEVIL.]
bě-dew' (ew as ū), v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and
dew.]
1. To moisten with dew-like drops of any
liquid or viscous substance.
S“The countess received a letter from him, whereunto
all the while she was writing her answer, she bedewed
the paper with her tears."— Wotton.
“ Balm, from a silver box distill'd around,
Shall all bedew the roots, and scent the sacred ground."
Dryden.
“Though Freedom's blood thy plain bedew.”
Byron : Ode from the French, 1.
2. To moisten with water or other liquid
trickling more continuously than if it simply
fell in drops.
“Dark Suli's rocks, and Pindus' inland peak,
Robed half in mist, bedew'd with snowy rills."
Byron : Childe Harold, ii. 42.
bě-dewed' (ew as ū), pa. par. & d. [BEDEW.]
bě-dew'-ēr (ew as ū), s. [Eng. bedew; -er.]
A person who or that which bedews.
bě-dew'-ing (ew as ū), pr. par. & a. [BE-
DEW.]
+ bě-dew'-ý (ew as ū), a. [Eng. prefix be,
and dewy.] Covered with dew.
“Dark Night, from her bedewy wings,
Drops silence to the eyes of all."
Brewer : Lingua, v. 16.
běd'-fel-low (Eng.), * běd'-făl-low (0.
Scotch), s. [Eng. bed; fellow.]
I. Literally :
1. Gen. One who sleeps in the same bed
with another is bedfellow to that other, and
vice versa. In mediæval times it was common
for two men, even of high rank, to occupy
the same bed ; thus Lord Scroop was said to
have been bedfellow to Henry V. Poverty, of
course, has in all ages necessitated the same
arrangement. [BEDMATE.]
“Nay, but the man who was his bedfellow,
Whom he hath cloy'd and grac'd with kingly favours."
Shakesp. : Henry V., ii. 2.
"With consent of our said souerane Lord, his Ma-
iesties darrest bedfallow, ..."-Acts, Ja. VI., 1612 (ed.
1814), p. 474.
"Misery acquaints a man with strange bedfellows."-
Shakesp.Tempest, ii. 2.
2. Spec. : One's married spouse. (Scotch.)
II. Fig.: Anything for the time being lying
on the bed with one.
“ Why doth the crown lie there upon his pillow,
Being so troublesome a bedfellow?”
Shakesp. : 2 Henry IV., iv. 4.
běd-hăngʻ-îngs. [BED-HANGINGS. ]
* bě-dī'ght (gh silent), v.t. [Eng. prefix be,
and dight = to prepare, to put in order.] To
dress, especially in splendid raiment ; to
equip, to deck, to adorn.
bě-dī'ght, bě-dī'ght-ěd (gh silent), pa. par.
& a. [BEDIGHT, v.]
A. Of the form bedight :
"Four ivory eggs soon pave its floor,
With russet specks bedight."
Cowper: The Bird's Nest (1793).
B. Of the form bedighted. (Used chiefly in
composition; as, ill-bedighted =“ill bedight,"
disfigured.) [ILL-BEDIGHT.]
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion, -cioun =shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

472
bedighting-bedung
v.]
2. Such as might be supposed to emanate
whose inner garment hath been injur'd and I
ill bedighted.”-Milton: Apology for Smectymnuus.
2. A sexton, a gravedigger. (Scotch.)
from a madhouse, and would be in place there. “Od, I wad put in auld Elspeth, the bedral's widow."
-Scott: Guy Mannering, ch. lv.
bě-dī'ght-îng (gh silent), pr. par. [BEDIGHT,
“ Anacreon, Horace play'd in Greece and Rome
This bedlam part; and others nearer home."
Cowper : Table Talk. t běd'-ral (2), s. & a. [From bed, and ral, cor-
rupted from rid (?). ]
bě-dim'. * bě-dým'n (n silent), v.t. [Eng. bedlam-beggar, s. One who, having
prefix be, and dim.] To render dim; to ob formerly been an inmate of Bedlam, was now
A. As subst. : A person who is bedrid.
allowed to go again at large, as being held to
scure. Used-
(Jamieson.)
1. Of a body nearly hidden from vision by
be convalescent. Unable, or in some cases
B. As adj.: Bedrid.
something only partially transparent.
perhaps unwilling, to work for a livelihood,
* bě-dreīnt'e, pa. par. [A.S. drencan, drencean
he, as a rule, took up the vocation of a vagrant
.. as stars
That occupy their places,-and, though oft
beggar; the fact that he had actually been in
(pret. drencte), gedrencan (pret. gedrente) = to
Hidden by clouds, and oft bedimm'd by haze,
the institution from which he professed to
give to drink, to drench, to drown.] Drenched.
Are not to be extinguish'd or impair'd."
have emerged being vouched for by an in-
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. vi.
bě-drench', v.t. [Eng. pref. be, and drench.]
scribed armlet which he wore upon his left
2. Of the eye looking at a body.
[BEDREINTE.] To drench; thoroughly to wet.
arm. [ABRAHAM-MAN.]
“Celestial tears bedimm'd her large blue eye.”
“... such crimson tempest should bedrench
Byron : The Curse of Minerva.
“The country gives me proof and precedent
The fresh green lap of fair King Richard's land.”
Of bedlam-beggars, who with roaring voices
Shaksp.: Rich. 11., iii. 3.
bě-dím'med, * bě-dým'ned (n silent), pa.
Strike in their numb'd and mortify'd bare arms
Pins, wooden pricks ..."-Shakesp. : Lear, ii. 3. be-drench'ed, pa. par. & A. [BEDRENCH.]
par. & d. [BEDIM.]
Běd'-lam-ite, s. [Eng. Bedlam ; -ite.] An bě-drench'-ing, pr. par. [BEDRENCH.]
bb-dim-măng, p. par. & a. [BEDIM.]
inmate of Bethlehem Hospital for Lunatics,
* bed'-repe, s. [A.S. beodan = to bid, and reo-
"Even as a dragon's eye that feels the stress
or one who behaves like a madman.
Of a bedimming sleep, .
pan=to reap.] A day's work performed in
“In these poor bedlamites thyself survey,
Wordsworth: Miscellaneous Sonnets.
Thyself less innocently mad than they."
harvest time by tenants at the bidding of
bě-dîrt', * bě-drịt'e, v.t. [Eng. pref. be, and
Fitzgerald. their lords.
dirt.] To befoul with ordure. (Scotch.)
běd-lĩn'-ěn. [BED-LINEN.]
běd'-rīght (gh silent), s. [Eng. bed; right.]
bed-mā'-kêr, s. [Eng. bed ; maker. In Ger. The right appertaining to the marriage-bed.
bě-dîrt'-en, * bě-drit'-ten, pa. par. [BE bett-macher.]
[BED-RITE.]
DIRT.] (Scotch.)
1. Gen. : One who makes the beds in a “Whose vows are, that no bedright shall be paid
* bě-dirt'-ý, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and dirty.]
Till Hymen's torch be lighted.
house.
Shakesp. : Tempest, iv. 1. (Globe ed.)
To make dirty, to daub, to smear. (Lit. & fig.)
2. Spec.: A person in the universities,
| * bě-drịt'e, v.t. An older form of BEDIRT
whose office it is to make the beds and clean
"... bedirtied and bedaubed with abominable and
horrid crimes.”—Bp. Taylor : Cont. of the State of
(q.v.). (Scotch.)
the chambers.
Man, bk. i., ch. 9.
"I was deeply in love with my bedmaker, upon * bě-drịt'-těn, pa. par. A corruption from
which I was rusticated for ever."-Spectator.
* be dış'-mal, v.t. [Eng. be; dismal.] To
BEDIRTEN. [BEDRITE.] (Scotch.)
render dismal. (Not classic.)
* bēd'-man, s. [BEADSMAN.]
běd'-rôom. [BED-ROOM.]
“Let us see your next number not only bedismalled
bed'-māte, s. [Eng. bed; mate.] A bed-
with broad black lines, death's heads, and cross
bě-drop', * bě-drop'pe, v.t. [Eng. prefix
marrow-bones, but sewed with black thread !”— fellow, one who occupies the same bed with a
be, and drop.]
person. [BEDFELLOW.]
Student, ii. 259.
To besprinkle or bespatter
“... nought but heav'nly business
with drops.
be-diz-en, be-di-zen, v.t. [Eng. prefix Should rob my bed-mate of my company."
“On the window-pane bedropp'd with rain.”
be, and dizen = to dress, to clothe.] To deck
Shakesp. : Troil. & Cress., iv. 1.
Wordsworth : Cottager to her Infant.'
out, with little regard to good taste, in over-
* bēd'-món, s. [A.S. beodan =(1) to ask, to be-drop'ped, bě-dropt, pa. par. & a. [BE-
gaudy vestments, or with a superabundance of
pray, (2) to bid, to command.] A beadle; the DROP.]
tinsel finery.
man who bids or summons.
"Well, now you're bedizen'd, I'll swear as ye pass
“And that proclamacion be mad at iiij. places as-
bě-drop'-pững, pr. par. [BEDROP.]
I can scarcely help laughing-don't look in the glass."
Whitehead : Venus Attiring the Graces. (Richardson.)
signed, ij. tymes a quarter, by the bedmon of the
citee."-English Gilds (Ear. Eng. Text Soc.), p. 395.
běd'-sīde. [BED-SIDE.]
bě-dìz-ened, be-dī-zened, pa. par. [BE běd'-mould-îngs, s. pl.
běd'-stěad, * běd'-děste, s. [Eng. bed;
DIZEN.]
Architecture : The mouldings of a cornice in
stead (q.v.). In Dut. bedstede.] The wooden
bě-dĩz'-en-ing, be-dī'-zen-îng, pr. par.
or iron framework on which a bed is placed.
Grecian and Roman architecture immediately
below the corona. It is called also BED-MOULD
"Only Og, king of Bashan, remained of the remnant
[BEDIZEN.]
of giants; behold, his bedstead was of iron."-Deut.
and BEDDING MOULDINGS.
iii. 11.
Bed'-lam, * Bed'-law, Beth'-lem, Beth'- | * bě-dö'te, v.t. [Eng. pref. be, and dote.] To bed'-strâw, s. [Eng. bed; straw. In Ger.
le-hem, s. & d. [Eng. Bedlam is a contraction cause to dote.
bettstroh.]
from Bethlehem, the hospital for lunatics de-
“To bedote this queene was their intent."
1. Straw placed beneath the mattress or
scribed under A., I. 1. It again is from Beth-
Chaucer : Leg. of Hips., 180.
clothes on a bed.
lehem, the little town, six miles south of
Běd'-ôu-in, * Bed'-û-în, *Běd'-a-wēen,
Jerusalem, everywhere and for ever celebrated
2. Bot. and Ord. Lang. : The English name
of Galium, the genus of plants constituting the
as the birthplace of David and of Jesus Christ. * Bed'-win, s. & d. [In Fr. Bédouin. From
type of the order Galiaceae (Stellates). The
In Latin of the Vulgate Bethlehem ; Sept. & Arab. bedâwî = living in the desert; badw=
corolla is rotate and four-cleft, the stamina
New Testament Gr. Bnoreèu (Bēthleem); Heb. desert; badâ = to live in the desert, to lead
are four, and the fruit is a dry two-lobed
DN) n'a (Béth Lecchhem) = House of Bread.] a wandering life.]
indehiscent pericarp; whilst the leaves are in
A. As substantive :
- A. As subst. : A wandering Arab, an Arab of
whorls. About fourteen species exist in
the nomad type living in a tent in the desert,
Britain ; most have white flowers, though
I. Of things:
as distinguished from one living in a town. two, Galium verum (Yellow Bedstraw), a very
1. The Hospital of St. Mary Bethlehem, of “Bedawnees or Bedouins, the designation given to common plant, and G. cruciatum (Crosswort
which Bedlam is a corruption. This was first a
the dwellers in the wilderness."-Kitto : Cycl., 3rd ed.,
Bedstraw or Mugwort), have them yellow, and
i. 185.
priory, founded in 1247 by an ex-sheriff, Simon
one or two a greenish bloom. Among the
Fitz Mary. Its original site was in Bishops-
B. As adj.: Pertaining to the wandering
white-flowered species may be enumerated G.
gate. The Priory of St. Mary Bethlehem, like
Arabs, nomad.
saxatile (Smooth-heath Bedstraw), which is
the other English monastic establishments,
“The Bedwin women ..."-Keith Johnston: Gazet-
very common, G. aparine (Goose-grass or
was dissolved at the Reformation, Henry VIII.,
teer (ed. 1864), p. 54.
Cleavers), and G. mollugo (Great Hedge Bed-
in 1547, granting its revenues to the Mayor,
| *bě-döy'f, pa. par. [A.S. bedofen = drowned.] straw). [GALIUM.]
the commonalty, and the citizens of London.
Besmeared, fouled.
They made it a hospital for lunatics. In 1676
běd'-tīme. [BED-TIME.]
“His face he schew besmottrit for ane bourde,
the original buildings were superseded by
And all his membris in mude and dung bedoyf.”
those of the “New Hospital of Bethlehem,"
Doug. : Virgil, 139, 31. °(Jamieson.) | bě-duck', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and duck, vil
erected near London Wall, the original one bed-põst. [BED-POST.]
To duck, to plunge (one) under water, to im-
being thenceforward known as “Old Bethle-
merse in water.
hem.” Finally, in 1815, the hospital was běd'-quilt. [BED-QUILT.]
“How without stop or stay he fiersly lept,
transferred to Lambeth.
And deepe himself beducked in the same."
bě-drăg'-gle (gle as gel), v.t. [Eng. pref.
“... an intellect in the most unhappy of all states,
Spenser: F. Q., II. vi. 42.
that is to say, too much disordered for liberty, and be, and draggle.] To draggle, to soil the * be-duel'e, v. [A.S. dwelian, dweligan =
not sufficiently disordered for Bedlam."-Macaulay :
Hist. Eng. ch. xvii.
clothes by allowing them to trail in the mire. (1) to deceive, (2) (i.) to mistake.) To deceive.
“ Poor Patty Blount no more be seen,
“Our godes some ells thai him helde,
2. Gen. : Any lunatic asylum.
Bedraggled in my walks so green.'-Swift.
For he cuthe make the men bedueide."
“... an Inquisition and a Bedlam.”—Tillotson :
Cursor Mundi, MS. Edin., f. 129. (S. in Boucher.)
Works, vol. i., Serm. 1.
| bě-drăg'-gled (gled as geld), pa. par. & a.
3. A place of uproar.
[BEDRAGGLE.]
bě-dun-dér, v.t. [From Eng., A.S., Dan., &c.,
TT. Of persons: An inhabitant of Bedlam,
be, and Dan. dunder = thunder.] To stupefy,
bě-drăgi-gling, pr. par. [BEDRAGGLE.]
to confound, to deafen by noise. (Scotch.)
a Bedlamite ; a madman.
(Jamieson.)
“Let's follow the old earl, and get the bedlam
bēd'-ral (1), s. & a. [An altered form of the
To lead him where he would; his roguish madness
Allows itself to any thing."-Shakesp. : Lear, iii. 7.
English word bedel or beadle.] [BEADLE.] be-dúng', v.t. [Eng. pref. be, and dung.] To
B. As adjective:
1. A beadle.
apply dung to, as, for instance, with the view
1. Belonging to Bedlam or some other mad-
of manuring a plant; to cover as with dung,
"I'll hae her before Presbytery and Synod - I'm half
a minister mysel', now that I'm bedral in an inhabited ." Leaving all but his (Goliath's] head to bedung that
house. [BEDLAM-BEGGAR.] :
parish.”-Scott : Bride of Lammermoor, ch. xxxiv.
earth."-Bp. Hall: Cases of Cons., ii. 2.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whất, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, són; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian. æ, oe=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bedusk-beech
473
* bo-dúsk', v.t. [Eng. be; dusk.)
To make
bee-house, s. A building containing a
number of hives for bees; an apiary.
2. An assemblage of persons for a specific
purpose, as to unite their efforts for a charitable
object, or to carry on a contest with each other
in spelling or some similar intellectual exer-
cise. (American.)
Spelling Bees crossed the Atlantic, and be-
came for a time quite the rage in Britain
during the latter part of 1875 and in 1876.
After a time, however, their popularity ceased.
During the latter part of their sojourn in this
country, Definition Bees were attempted as a
ing plant, Delphinium grandiflorum.
bee-line, s. The shortest route to any
(Cotgrave : Fr. Dict., under the word basaner.)
bě-dúst', v.t. Eng. pref. be, and dust.] To
sprinkle with dust, or to cover over with dust.
bě-dúst'-ěd, pa. par. & a. [BEDUST.)
bě-dust-ing, pr. par. [BEDUST.]
bě-dwărf', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and dwarf.]
To dwarf, to stunt in stature.
" 'Tis shrinking, not close weaving, that hath thus
In mind and body both bedwarfed us." Donne.
běd'-wāy, s. [Eng. bed ; way.]
Min.: A certain false appearance of strati-
fication in granite.
bě-dy'e, * bě-dī'e, v.t. [Eng. prefix be; dye.]
To dye, to tinge or stain with colour.
"And Briton fields with Sarazin blood bedyde.”.
Spenser : F. Q., I. xi. 7.
bě-dyed, * bě-dy'de, * bě-dī'de (Eng.),
* bě-dy-it (0. Scotch), pa. par. & a. [BEDYE.]
“Your airis first into the Secil se
Bedyit weil and benedit oft mon be."
Doug. : Virgil, 81, 3.
bě-dy-ing, pr. par. [BEDYE.]
* bě-dým'n (n silent), v.t. [BEDIM.]
bēe (1) [pl. bēeş (0. Eng.), * bēeşe, * bēş
(Wycliffe), * bē-iş, * bēen], s. [A.S. beo,
bi; Sw. bi; Icel. by; Dan. bie ; Dut. bij ;
(N. H.) Ger. biene; M. H. Ger. bie, bin; 0. H.
Ger. pia ; Gael. & Ir. beach; Sp. abeja; Fr.
abeille; Port. abelha ; Ital. ape, pecchia ; Lat.
apis; Lith. bitte ; Lett. bette.]
I. Literally:
1. Spec. : The well-known insect half do-
mesticated for honey-making in hives. It is
the Apis mellifica, Linn., and is still found wild
or escaped from man's control in Russia, in por-
tions of Asia, in Italy, and in France. Bees are
social insects. Their societies consist of three
classes-neuters, females, and males. The first-
named are abortive females, and do all the work
of the society; they are armed with a sting, and
their larvæ, if treated with specially rich food,
(a) To hae a bee in one's bonnet : To be
harebrained ; (b) to be giddy. [BEE-HEADIT.]
“If ony body kend o' the chance she has of the
estate, there's mony a weel-doing man would think
little of the bee in her bonnet."-Scott : St. Ronan's
Well, ch. x.
(b) In the bees : In a state of confusion.
(Jamieson.)
bee-bird, s. A local English name for
the Spotted Flycatcher, Muscicapa grisola.
bee-block, s.
Naut.: One of the blocks of hard wood
bolted to the sides of the bowsprit-head, for
reeving the foretopmast stays through.
bee-bread, s.
1. A kind of “bread," composed of the
pollen of flowers collected by bees, and which
after it has been converted by them into a
whitish jelly by being received into their
stomachs, and there perhaps mixed with
honey, is finally used for the feeding of their
larvæ. (See Kirby & Spence's Introd. to En-
tomology, Letter 11th.)
2. A plant, Borago officinalis, often growr.
purposely for bees.
bee-eater, s.
1. Sing. : The English name of a genus of
birds, Merops, and especially of the M. apiaster
[See MEROPS], more fully called the Yellow-
throated Bee-eater, which is an occasional
visitant to this country from Africa, its native
continent. It has two long tail-feathers pro-
jecting behind the rest. Its general colour
above is brownish-red; the forehead is pale
blue; a black band crosses the throat, meeting
a streak of the same colour along the side of
the head, the space thus enclosed being yellow;
the lower parts, wings, and tail are green.
2. Plur. (Bee-eaters): The English name of
the family of Meropidæ, of which the genus
Merops is the type. Residents in India have
at times the opportunity of seeing a beautiful
green species, Merops Indicus, darting out
from among trees, and returning again, much
though, in fact, it often does differently in its
flight through the air.
bee-master, s. One who keeps bees.
“They that are bee-masters, and have not care enough
of them, must not expect to reap any considerable
advantage by them."- Mortimer : Art of Husbandry.
bee-moth, s. A name for the Wax-moth,
Galleria cereana, which lays its eggs in bee-
hives, the larvæ, when hatched, feeding on
the wax. [WAX-MOTH.]
bee-nettle, s. Galeopsis tetrahit.
bee-orchis, s. The name of a British
Orchis, the Ophrys apifera. It is so called
because a part of the flower resembles a bee.
It is large, with the sepals purplish or greenish-
white, and the lip brown variegated with
yellow.
bee-parasites, s. pl. A name sometimes
given to the order of insects called Strepsip-
tera, which are parasitic on bees and wasps.
(Dallas, Nat. Hist., Index.)
bee-scap, s. [Icel. skeppa = a measure, a
basket.] A bee-hive.
“When I got home to my lodging I was just like a
demented man; my head was bizzing like a bee-scap,
and I could hear (of] nothing but the bir of that
wearyful woman's tongue.”-Steam-Boat, p. 83. (Jamie-
son.)
It is not, as some suppose, the farina collected
from flowers, but exudes from between the
segments on the under-side of the bodies of
the bees, eight scales of it emanating from
each.
LUNDU
JU
Oh
in bad weather or protracted winters. It con-
sists of a small perforated piece of board
which floats on the liquid food.
bee-flower, s. The same as the BEE-
ORCHIS (q.v.); the name also of the Wall-
flower.
bee-fumigator, s. A blower for driving
smoke into a hive to expel the bees from the
hive, or a portion of it, while the honey is
being taken away.
bee (2), s. [A.S. beah, beh = a ring, bracelet.]
Naut. : A ring or hoop of metal.
bēech, * bēeche, * bēçhe, s. [A.S. bece,
beoce, boc; Sw. bok, bokträd; Icel. bók = a
beech-tree, beyki = a collection of beech-
trees, a beech-wood; Dan. bög, bögetro; Dut.
beuk, beukeboom; N. H. Ger. buche ; M. H.
Ger. buoche; O. H. Ger. puocha; Russ. buk';
Port. faia; Ital. faggio; Lat. fagus; Gr.
Onyós (phēgos); Gael. faibhle = beech wood;
Arm. fao, fav; Wel. ffawyd. The Anglo-Saxon
bece or boc, meaning beech, seems connected
with bec and boc = a book, as if at one period or
other our ancestors had used some portion of
the beech-tree, perhaps the smooth bark, as
writing material.] A tree, the Fagus sylvatica,
or the genus Fagus to which it belongs. It is
ranked under the order Corylaceæ (Mastworts).
The nuts are triquetrous, and are placed in pairs
within the enlarged prickly involucre. They
are called mast, and are devoured in autumn
by swine and deer. The wood is brittle and
not very lasting, yet it is used by turners,
joiners, and millwrights. The fine thin bark
is employed for making baskets and band-
boxes. The country people in some parts of
France put the leaves under mattresses in-
stead of straw, their elasticity rendering them
well adapted for such a purpose.
(a) The Australian beech is Tectona Aus-
tralis, a kind of teak.
(6) The beech of New South Wales : Monotica
elliptica, an Epicrad.
(c) The Blue or Water-beech : Carpinus Ameri-
cana, a kind of hornbeam.
(d) * The Dutch Beech : Populus alba.
(e) The Horn Beech : Carpinces betulus.
BEES.
a. Drone. 6. Queen. c. Worker.
can develop into perfect females. The solitary
female in the hive is popularly called a queen;
she is fecundated in the air, and then depo-
sits her eggs in hexagonal combs which the
workers have prepared for the purpose. The
eggs are hatched into maggot-like larvæ, which
are fed on a mixture of wax and honey, are
then shut by the workers into the cell, which
they enclose with a lining, and finally emerge as
perfect insects. A single female will produce
in a year from 12,000 to 20,000 bees, of which
all but about 3,000 die at the approach of
winter. The males are called drones. A well-
peopled hive will contain from 200 to 800 of
them. Being destitute of a sting, they have
not the power of defending themselves, and
after their appropriate function has been per-
formed, they are remorselessly put to death
by the workers. When bees become too
numerous in a hive, a fresh queen is nurtured,
under whose auspices they swarm.
“ And bees in hives as idly wait
The call of early Spring."
Cowper : "To the Rev. Mr. Newton.
2. Gen.: Any insect of a similar structure
to the hive-bee, as the Humble Bees, the Car-
penter Bees, the Mason Bees, solitary bees in
general. In the same sense the plural bees is
the technical English name for the section
of the Hymenopterous order Anthophila (q.v.).
place planted with flowers, and designed for
the accommodation of bee-hives.
bee-glue, s. Propolis, the glue-like or
gummy substance with which bees affix their
combs to the hive and close their cells.
bee-hawk, s. A predatory bird, the Pernis
apivorus. Its full designation is the Brown
Bee-hawk. It is called also the Honey Buz-
zard. It feeds chiefly on wasps and their
larvæ. [PERNIS, HONEY BUZZARD.] .
bee hawk-moth, s. The name given to
some species of the genus of Sphingidæ called
Macroglossa. They have a certain resem-
blance, which, however, is one of analogy and
not of affinity, to bees. The Broad-bordered
Bee Hawk-moth is Macroglossa fuciformis, and
Narrow-bordered Bee Hawk-moth is Macroglossa
bombyliformis.
bee-headit, a. Harebrained ; unsettled.
In Scottish phrase, “having a bee in one's
bonnet.”
“Ye needna mind him, he's a bee-headit bodie."
Jamieson.
beé-hive, s. A hive designed for the re-
ception of a swarm of bees or actually inha-
bited by one.
Jamaica to the Exostemma Cariboum, a Cin-
chonad.
(g) The Water Beech. [BLUE-BEECH.] (Treas.
of Bot.)
beech-coal, * bechene-coal, s. Char-
coal made from beech-wood.
“The chanounes bechene cole."
Chaucer : C. T., 13,124.
Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs, Linn.). (Ogilvie.)
beech-gall, s. A gall on the leaf of the
beech-tree.
beech-green, a. Of a colour like the
leaves of the beech-tree; almost the same as
olive-green.
1. A busy person. (Colloquial.)
bóīl, bóy; pout, jówl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion = shủn; -țion, -şion=zhún. tious, -sious, -cious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. =bel, del

beer-beetroot
475
beer-float, s. An areometer or hydro-
meter floated in grain-wash to ascertain its
density and the percentage by volume of
proof spirits which it will probably yield.
beer-fountain, s. A pump used to draw
beer into a glass for immediate consumption.
[BEER-MACHINE.]
beer-glass, s. A glass to drink beer
from.
beer-hopper, s. A vat or beck in which
hops are infused before being added to the
wort.
beer-house, s. A house where beer is
sold.
“What woman (even among the droonken Almaines)
is suffred to follow her husband into the alehouse or
beerhouse?"-Gascoigne: Delicate Diet for Drunkards
(1576).
beer-machine, beer-engine, s. A
machine or engine in use in public-houses and
other beer-shops of London and most other
cities. It consists of a row of force-pumps in
connection with casks below, each containing
a different quality of liquor. The handles of
the pumps are visible at the bar; and a sink
below conveys away any liquor which may be
spilt in the process of drawing.
beer-shop, s. A shop licensed for the
sale of beer and other malt liquors only.
beer-vat, s. A vat in which malt is in-
fused in the manufacture of beer.
Bëer (2), Bëre, s. & a. [Etym. doubtful.]
A. As substantive (Geog.): A market-town
and parish about ten miles west of Lyme
Regis, and seven north-west of Wareham, in
Dorsetshire. Its full name is Beer-Regis or
Bere-Regis (Regis signifying of the king.)
B. As adjective: Pertaining to the place
described under A.
Beer-stone, s. A species of freestone
quarried at the place described under A.
* bëere, s. [BIER.]
bëer'-ý, a. [Eng. beer ; -Y.] Pertaining to
beer; under the influence of beer. (Vulgar.)
bēeş, s. pl. [Plural of Eng. bee.]
Ship-carpentry : Pieces of plank bolted to
the outer end of the jib-boom to reeve the
fore-topmast stays through. [BEEBLOCK.]
of bees-alluring, a. Alluring bees.
“Faire Marigoldes, and Bees-alluring Thime.”
Spenser : The Fate of the Butterflies.
* bēe'-şěn, a. [Bison, BYSOM.] Blind.
bēe'-sha, s. [Native name in parts of Further
India (?).]
Bot.: A genus of bamboos differing from
Bambusa in having the seeds enclosed in a
fleshy pericarp. There are two species, Beesha
baccifera, from Chittagong, where it is called
Pagu Tulla, and B. fax, from the Malayan
Archipelago.
* bēest, * bē'est-yng, * bestynge, * best-
nynge, * biēst'-îng, * bē'est-in, * beēst'-
ing, * be'est-lăng. * bẽ es-tin-ing.
* bē'est-nyng, * bē'est-nynge, s. (sing.)
& a. ; * bē'est - îngs, * biē'st - îngs,
* bē'est-ins, s. pl. [A.S. beost, bysting =
the first milk of a cow after calving (Bos-
worth); Dut. biest ; L. Ger. beest; (N.H.) Ger.
biestmilch; 0. H. Ger. biest, biost, piest = beest-
ings. Mahn suggests an affinity to Goth. beist
= leaven, and Wedgwood to Lett. bees =
thick, close, like the combs of bees; beest =
to become thick, to coagulate.]
A. As substantive : The first milk taken
from a cow after calving, or from any other
milch beast after having borne offspring.
"Bestrynge mylke (bestnyngek): collustrum." -
Prompt. Parv.
“So may the first of all our fells be thine,
And both the beestning of our goats and kine."
B. Jonson: Pan's Anniv.
B. As adj. (of the singular forms): Pertain-
ing to the first milk from a cow after calving.
* beest-milk, * biest-milk, s. [In Ger.
biestmilch.] The first milk of a cow after
calving. [BEEST.]
bē'eş-wăx, s. [Eng. bees; wax.] The “wax"
of bees, used by them for constructing their
cells. It is a secretion elaborated within the
body of the animal from the saccharine matter
of honey, and extruded in plates from beneath
the rings of the abdomen. It is not the same beetle-head, a. & s.
as the propolis which bees may be seen carry A. As adjective: Having a head assumed
ing on their thighs when returning from their to be as destitute of understanding as the
daily excursions among flowers. Also, the head of a wooden maul; a “wooden head.”
same wax melted down and purified, as an
B. As substantive: The weight generally
article of commerce.
called the “monkey” of a pile-driver.
bēeş'-wing, s. A fine, filmy deposit in old beetle-headed, a. Having a “wooden”
Port wine.
head ; utterly deficient in intellect; stupid
exceedingly.
bēet (1), s. & d. [A.S. bete; Ger. beete ; Dut.
.. a beetle-headed, flap-ear'd knave.”
beete; Dan. bede; Wel. betysen; Fr. bette or
Shakesp. : Tam. of Shrew, iv. 1.
betterave; Sp. betarraga, beterraga; Ital. bieta
beetle-stock, s. The stock or handle of
or bietolu; Sw. & Lat. beta ; from the Celtic
a beetle.
bett = red, or from bwyd or biadh = food or
“ To crouch, to please, to be a beetle-stock
nourishment, the plants being used for that
Of thy great master's will.
purpose. ]
Spenser : M. Hubberd's Tale.
A. As substantive: The English name of bee'-tle (2) (tle as tel), s. [A.S. beti, betel,
the Beta, a genus of plants belonging to the
bitel = (1) a beetle, a coleopterous insect; (2)
order Chenopodiaceæ (Chenopods). Beta vul-
a “blackbeetle,” i.e., a cockroach; from bitan
garis, or Common Beet, is indigenous in
=to bite.]
England, and at least the south of Scotland, 1. Entom. : Any member of the enormously
where it grows on the sea-shores, especially large order of insects called by naturalists
where the soil is muddy. It is also cultivated Coleoptera, meaning Sheathed Wings. [COLE-
to be used in the manufacture of sugar, the OPTERA.] They have four wings, the inferior
green-topped variety being preferred for the pair, which are membranous, being protected
purpose. The small red, the Castelnaudary, by the superior pair, which are horny.
and other varieties are used, either raw or
“The poor beetle that we tread upon,
boiled, as salad. Beet is also used for pickling,
In corporal suffrance finds a pang as great
As when a giant dies."
for furnishing a varnish, and for other pur-
Shakesp.: Meas. for Meas., iii. 1.
poses. Much of the foreign beetroot sugar is
To be as blind as a beetle is an expression
made not from the Beta vulgaris, but from the
founded probably upon the habits of some
B. cicla, the White Beet, called also the Chard
beetles of the Scarabæus family, which come
or Sicilian Beet. (Cicla in the specific name
droning into houses in the evening, are at-
means Sicilian.)
tracted by the glare of the lamp, fly round it
B. As adjective : Pertaining to the plant and through the room, ending by tumbling
described under A.
backwards on the ground, and finding a diffi-
t bēet (2), bēat, s. [O. Sw. bylte = a bundle ;
culty in getting up again. No beetles are
really blind, except a few cave species.
bita = to bind up.] A sheaf or bundle. (Scotch.)
“Others come sharp of sight and too provident for
Beat of lint: A sheaf or bundle of flax as that which concerned their own interest; but as blind
made up for the mill.
as beetles in foreseeing this great and common danger.”
-Knolles : History of the Turks.
“The first row of the lint is put in slop-ways, with
the crop-end downward, all the rest with the root-end
2. Popularly: A "black beetle,” viz., a
downward ; the crop of the subsequent beats or sheaves cockroach, which, however, is not properly a
still overlapping the band of the former.”-Maxwell :
beetle at all, but belongs to the order Orthop-
Sel. Transact., p. 330.
tera, and is akin on one side to the cricket,
bēet (1), v.t. [From beet (2), s. (q.v.).] To on the other to the earwig.
tie up. (Used of flax in sheaves.) (Scotch.) * beetle-stones, s. pl. An old name
(Jamieson.)
given to nodules of clay-ironstone found at
bēet (2), v.t. [A.S. betan = to make better,
Newhaven, near Edinburgh, and elsewhere.
improve.] To remedy, improve, mend.
The appellation was given from the erroneous
"Makynge ayein or beetynge her nettis."-Wycliffe
notion that the nodules were of insect origin.
(Matt. iv. 21).
[CLAY-IRONSTONE.] (Buckland: Geol. & Mine-
To beet a mister : To supply a want. (Scotch.)
ralogy, 1836, vol. i., p. 199.)
"If twa or three hunder pounds cant beet a mister
bēe'-tle (1) (tle=tel), v.t. [From Eng. beetle,
for you in a strait, ye sanna want it, come of a' what
will."-Blackwood's Mag. (March, 1823), p. 314.
S. (1) (q.v.).] To beat with a heavy mallet.
Of fire = to mend, improve, or add fuel to "Then lay it (yarn) out to dry in your bleaching-
yard; but be sure never to beat or beetle it.”-Mac-
a fire (figuratively).
well: Sel. Trans., p. 344. (Jamieson.)
“Or noble 'Elgin'beets the heav'n-ward flame.”
Burns: The Cotter's Saturday Night. bēe'-tle (2) (tle as tel), v.i. [A.S. bitel =
bēet (3), v.t. [BEIT.] To help. (Scotch.)
biting or sharp.] To jut out or hang over, as
some cliffs do.
bē'et-ax, s. [From Eng. beet (2), s., and axe (?).]
“Or to the dreadful summit of the cliff,
That beetles o'er his base into the sea.”
An instrument for paring turf.
Gk Shakesp. : Hamlet, i. 4.
bēet'-Ìn-bănd, s. Anything used to tie bee'-tled (tled as teld), pa. par. & adj.
bundles of flax. (Jamieson.)
[BEETLE, v.t.]
bēe'-tle (1) (tle = tel), š. TA.S. bytel, bytı, | bē'et-ling, pr. par. & d. [BEETLE, V. (1).]
biotul = a mallet, a staff; from beatan = to
bē'et-lửng, pr. par. & a. [BEETLE (2), v.t.]
beat. In L. Ger. betel, bötel = a clog for a dog ;
“On beetling cliffs, or pent in ruins deep,
N. H. Ger. beutel =a bag, a purse, a beater,
They, till due time shall serve, were bid far hence."
a reaping-chisel ; M. H. Ger. boszel = a beater.]
Thomson : Castle of Indolence, i. 46.
1. A maul, a heavy wooden mallet for driving * beetling-machine, s. A machine
stones, stakes, or tent-pegs into the ground. formerly in use for beetling or beating cloth
as it was slowly wound on a revolving roller.
bēet'-răd-ish, s. [Eng. beet; radish.] A
plant, the same as BEETRAVE (q.v.).
BEETLE
bē'et-rāve, s. [Fr. betterave = beet; from
bette= beet, and rave = a radish, a root.] A
"If I do, fillip me with a three-man beetle." plant, the Red Beet (Beta vulgaris). [BEET.]
Shakesp. 2 Hen. IV., i. 2.
beetle-brow, s. A projecting brow, like
bē'et-rôot, s. [Eng. beet; root.] The root of
the Beet (Beta vulgaris). [BEET.] A valuable
one of the transverse projections on the head
of a mallet. It is the portion just above the
food, owing to the large amount of sugar it
contains. Nearly all the sugar used in France
eyes called the superciliary ridge, made by
is made from the beet, and in this country
the projection of the frontal sinus. [BEETLE
many of the sugar refiners use it in their
v. (2).]
“He had a beetle-brow,
sugar factories. In Germany a coarse spirit
A down-look, middle stature, with black hair.”
is manufactured from the beet, a large pro-
Sir R. Fanshaw : Tr. of Pastor Fido, p. 175. portion of which is imported into Britain and
It is sometimes used in the plural.
made into methylated spirit. Several attempts
“His blobber lips and beetle-brows commend."
have been made to establish beetroot distil-
Dryden : Juv., Sat. iii. leries in this country, but the great difficulty
beetle-browed, * bitel-browed. a. has been to obtain a clean spirit, the flavour
Having a projecting brow.
of the beet being very persistent. Beetroot
“Enquire for the beetle-brow'd critic, &c."-Swift.
contains ten per cent. of sugar, and about two
“He was bitelbrowed and baberlipped also.”
per cent. of nitrogenous matters. It was for-
Piers Plowman (ed. Skeat), bk. v. 190. merly used to adulterate coffee.
boil, boy: powt, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian =shạn. -tion, -sion, -cioun=shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhủn. tious, -sious=shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, del.

474
beechen-beer
Entom. Beech-green Carpet Moth: A British beef-witted, a. Having a heavy, ox-like * bēen, s. pl. [In A.S. beon = bees, pl. of beo =
Geometer Moth (Larentia olivata).
intellect; dull of understanding, stupid.
a bee.] An old plural of BEE (q.v.).
beech-nut, s. The nut of the beech, two
"... thou mongrel beef-witted lord !”-Shakesp. : | * beenge. * bynge. v.t. A.S. bensian = to
Troil. & Cress., ii. 1.
of which lie in the prickly capsule.
fall down in prayer, to supplicate ; ben = a
beef-wood, s.
beech-oil, s. Oil expressed from beech-
prayer.] To cringe, in the way of making
1. The English name of the Casuarina
mast. It is used in Picardy and some other
much obeisance.
parts of France in lieu of butter, for which it
(q.v.).
“An' ding awa' the vexing thought
is a poor substitute.
2. The name given in New South Wales to
O'hourly dwyning into nought,
By beenging to your foppish brithers.”
the Stenocarpus salignus, a tree belonging to
beech-owl, s. A name given to the Tawny
Fergusson : Poems, ii. 33. (Jamieson.)
the order Proteaceæ, or Proteads.
Owl (Syrnium stridula).
bëer (1), * bëere, s. & a. [A. S. beor =(1) beer,
3. The name given in Queensland to Banksia nourishing or strong drink, (2) metheglin (?)
beech-tree, s. The same as BEECH (q.v.). compar, also a Protead. (Treas. of Bot.)
(Bosworth); Icel. biorr; Fries. biar; Dut. &
bēef-ēat-ěr (1), s. [Eng. beef; eater.]
# bē'ech-en, d. [A.S. becen. In Ger. buchen,
Ger. bier; 0. H. Ger. bior, pior ; Fr. bière ;
Ital. birra ; Wel. bir; Arm. üyer, bir, ber.]
büchen.] Pertaining or relating to beech.
A. Ordinary Language :
A. As substantive: A fermented aqueous in-
Specially-
1. One who eats beef.
fusion of malt and hops, or of malt, sugar, and
1. Consisting of beech-trees, produced by 2. A stout, over-fed man.
hops. The term is now applied to all malt
beech-trees.
B. Ornith. : The Buphagineæ, a sub-family
liquors prepared by the process of brewing.
"And Dati and Francini both have made
of African birds, called also Ox-peckers. They
Beers are divided into two great classes,
My name familiar to the beechen shade."
belong to the family of Sturnidæ (Starlings).
Cowper : Trans. of Milton (Death of Damon).
ales and porters, the former being chiefly pro-
2. Made of beech-wood.
Buphaga Africana, the species called by way
pared from pale malt, and having a pale amber
of pre-eminence the Beef-eater, perches on the
colour, whilst in the preparation of the latter
“In beechen goblets let their beverage shine,
Cool from the crystal spring, their sober wine."
back of cattle, picking from tumours on their
a certain proportion of roasted or black malt
Cowper: Trans. of Milton's Elegy. hide the larvæ of Bot-flies (Estridæ), on which
is used along with the pale malt. This in-
Gradually becoming obsolete, its place it feeds.
creases the colour, and gives to the porter a
somewhat bitter flavour. These two classes
being supplied by the substantive beech used
bēef-zat-er (2), S. [Corrupted from Fr. are subdivided into a great many varieties,
adjectively : thus we say beech-wood rather
beauffetier = one who watches or looks after depending on the strength of the wort used
than beechen-wood.
the beauffet, buffet, or sideboard.]
and the amount of hops added. Thus we have
bēech-mast, s. [Eng. beech ; mast. In Ger. Plur. : A name applied to the yeomen of the pale ale, mild ale, bitter ale, barley wine,
royal guard.
table beer, &c.
buchmast.] The mast or fruit of the beech-tree.
Stout, brown stout, double
“... some better protection than that of the
brown stout, &c., are merely richer and
beech-wheat, s. [Eng. beech; wheat.] trainbands or beef-eaters.” — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., stronger kinds of porter.
A plant, Polygonum fagopyrum. (Nemnich.)
ch. iii.
Genuine beer should consist of water, malt
[BUCKWHEAT.]
bē'ef-sū-ět, s. [Eng. beef; suet.] The suet
extract (dextrine and glucose), hop extract,
and alcohol. The quantity of alcohol in beer
bē'ech-ý, a.
or kidney fat of beef. [SUET.]
Full of beech, consisting of
varies from two per cent. in table beer to ten
beech.
beef-suet-tree, s. A shrub, Shepherdia
or even twelve per cent. in strong ale, and the
“Who knows not Melville's beechy grove,
argentea, belonging to the Elæagnacea (Oleas extract from three to fifteen per cent., the
And Roslin's rocky glen.”
ters). Ít is called also Buffalo-berry, and latter giving to the beer its nutritive value.
Scott : The Gray Brother.
grows in the United States.
The alcohol present always bears a relation
bēef, s. & a. [From Fr. boeuf = (1) an ox, (2)
to the amount of sugar fermented. A good
* bēek, v.t. & i. To bask, warm. [BEAK. ]
beef, (3) (of persons) a beef-eater; 0. Fr.
sound beer should be perfectly transparent,
boef, buef; Sp. buey = an ox; Prov. bou; * bēek, s. An old spelling of BEAK.
and have a brilliant colour and a pleasant
Port. boi = beef; Ital. bue= an ox: all from
flavour. Sour beers and beers that are thick
Lat. bos, accus. bovem ; Gr. Boús (bous), genit. bē'ek-īte, s. [BECKITE.) A mineral, a variety are very unwholesome.
Boós (boos) =an ox. Compare in Sw. biffin, biff of quartz, the same as Beckite (q.v.).
The Act 56 Geo. III., cap. 58, imposes a
stek, and Dut. bicfin, bief-stuk = Eng. beef-steak.
penalty of £200 on any brewer or publican
* bēel, s. A boil, ulcer. [BOIL. ]
A word introduced by the Normans. Trench
who shall have in his possession, or who shall
directs attention to the fact that while in
“The skynne in the whiche a beel is growun." sell adulterated beer, and a further penalty of
Wycliffe (Levit. xiii. 18).
English the domestic animals, as long as they
£500 on any druggist or other person who
are living, are called by Saxon names, their * bēeld, * bēild, s. [BEILD, BIELD.]
shall sell any adulterant to a licensed brewer.
flesh, after they are dead, has, as a rule, some
Notwithstanding the stringency of this act,
Norman appellation, as if the Saxons had
bēele, s. A kind of pickaxe used by miners. beer has been, and still is, very largely adul-
tended them while living, and the Normans
terated. The adulterants used at the present
Bě-ěl-ze-bůb, s. [In Gr. Beelseboúß (Beel-
eaten them when dead. “Thus,” he says,
time are, however, of a somewhat harmless
“ox, steer, cow, are Saxon, but beef Norman;
zeboub); Heb. 1927 792 (Baal zebub), from 7y7 character. The publican purchases from the
sheep is Saxon, but mutton Norman. So it is =lord of, and 1931 = a fly.]
brewer a cask of genuine beer. To this he
severally with swine and pork, deer and venison,
1. The fly-god, a god worshipped in the
adds, for the sake of profit, a large proportion
fowl and pullet. Bacon, the only flesh which Philistine town of Ekron. (2 Kings i. 3.)
of water. The beer being now reduced in
perhaps ever came within his (the Saxon's)
colour and flavour, must be “doctored.”
2. An evil spirit. [BEELZEBUL.]
reach, is the single exception.” (Trench: The
Molasses, foots-sugar, liquorice, or caramel is
Study of Words.).] (See also Scott's Ivanhoe.)
3. Fig.: Any person of fiendish cruelty, who added to increase the colour; grains of para-
is so nicknamed by his adversaries, or in con-
A. As substantive :
dise, cayenne, and in some cases even tobacco,
tempt of moral sentiment, appropriates the to give pungency; and mustard, copperas, salt,
1. An ox, a cow, or a bull, regarded as fit appellation to himself and cherishes it as if it and alum to impart a frothy head to the beer.
for food.
were an honourable title.
The nitrogenous matter extracted from the
In this sense it has a plural beeves.
“His (Viscount Dundee's] old troopers, the Satans malt, and present in the original beer, is thus
“Alcinous slew twelve sheep, eight white-tooth'd swine,
and Beelzebubs who had shared his crimes, and who now
reduced to a minimum, and the beer-drinker
shared his perils, were ready to be the companions of
Two crook-haunched beeves."
Chapman.
his flight.”-Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii.
pays for a liquor which may be sweet and
2. The flesh of the ox or the cow, used either
pleasant to the taste, but is almost destitute
fresh or salted. It is the most nutritious of
Bě-ěl'-ze-búi, s. [Gr. Been Seßoúd (Beelzeboul), of nourishment. Salt is added, not so much
all kinds of meat, and is well adapted to from Heb. 5aa? Wyo (Baal zebul), 5y(Baal) = (as some publicans say) to preserve the beer,
the most delicate constitutions. It should
lord of, and 5121 (zebul), in Old Testament=a
as to increase the thirst, and thereby impart
be well cooked, as it has been proved that
a craving for more drink. Cocculus indicus,
underdone beef frequently produces tape-
habitation, in the Talmud = dung. ) A word
picric acid, strychnine, and opium, said to be
worm. Good beef is known by its having a
used in the New Testament for the prince of
adulterants, are now seldom, if ever, used to
clear uniform fat, a firm texture, a fine open
the demons (Matt. x. 25 ; xii. 24, 27; Mark
adulterate beer.
grain, and a rich reddish colour. Meat which
iii. 22; Luke xi. 15, 18, 19). Beelzebul, not
“Flow, Welsted ! flow, like thine inspirer, beer!
feels damp and clammy should be avoided, as
Beelzebub, is the correct reading in those
Tho' stale, not ripe; tho' thin, yet ever clear;
So sweetly mawkish, and so smoothly dull;
passages. Probably signifying lord of dung,
it is generally unwholesome. Fresh beef loses
Heady, not strong ; and foaming, tho' not full."
in boiling 30 per cent. of its weight; in roast-
the dung-god. A contemptuous appellation
Pope: Dunciad, bk. iii., 169-172.
ing it loses about 20 per cent. The amount of
for Beelzebub, the god of Ekron (BEELZEBUB], B. As adjective : Intended to contain or
nitrogenous matter found to be present in one
which may, moreover, have been, as Hug
actually containing beer; designed for the
pound of good beef is about four ounces. In
suggests, a dung-rolling scarabæus beetle, like
sale of beer, or in any other way pertaining to
The raw state it contains 50 per cent. of water.
that worshipped by the Egyptians.
beer. (See the subjoined compounds.)
[Ox. ]
* bēeme, s. [BEAM.]
beer-barrel, s. A barrel used to contain
In this sense there is no plural.
beer. [BARREL.]
“The fat of roasted beef falling on birds will baste
† bēe'-mol, s. [BEMOL.]
"...of earth we make loam; and why of that
them."-Swift.
loain, whereto he was converted, might they not stop
B. As adjective: Consisting of the flesh of | been, * bene, * bēn, v. [A.S. beon=to be, a beer-barrel ?"-Shakesp. : Hamlet, v. 1.
the ox, cow, or even the bull.
to exist, to become.]
beer-cooler, s. A large shallow vat or
"If you are employed in marketing, do not accept 1. Past participle of the verb to be.
cistern in which beer is exposed to the natural
of a treat of a beef-steak and a pot of ale from the
“... thou hast been faithful over a few things, ...” air to be cooled; a tub or cistern in which
butcher.”-Swift.
Matt. xxv. 23.
air artificially cooled is used to reduce the
beef-steak, s. A steak of beef.
* 2. The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd persons plural temperature of beer.
“I like a beef-steak, too, as well as any;
indicative of the verb to be.
beer-engine, s. [BEER-MACHINE.]
Have no objection to a pot of beer.”
“Some aren as seneschals and serven other lordes,
Byron : Beppo, 48.
And ben in stede of stywardes.”
beer-faucet. S. A machine consisting
Piers Plowman, p. 5.
beef-tea, beef tea, s. A kind of “tea”
of a piston for ejecting air into flat beer to
or broth for invalids made from beef.
. thay be desceyved that say thay ben not
tempted in here body.”—Chaucer : The Persones Tale. I make it foam.
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, höre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pīt, sïre, sír, marîne; gó, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; mūte, cũb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē; še =ě. qu=kw.

476
beeves-beforehand
11.10
beetroot-sugar, s. Sugar made from * bě-flā'ine, pa. par. & d. [BEFLAY.]
the root of the beet. It seems to have been
first made in the year 1747 ; it was largely
bě-flăt'-těr, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and flatter. ]
manufactured in France during the wars of
| To load with flattery. (Webster.)
the revolution, when English cruisers cut the
bě-flăt'-těred, pa. par. & a. [BEFLATTER.]
French off from access to the West Indian
cane sugar. It has been attempted in America bě-flăt'-tēr-îng, pr. par. [BEFLATTER.]
and in England. “The beetroot is first washed
in a rotatory drum immersed in water, then * be-filā'y (pa. par. beflaine), v.t. [Eng. prefix
rasped into pulp, and squeezed in woollen be, and flay.) To flay.
sacks by hydraulic pressure, or in continuous
“Out of his skin he was beflaine."
revolving presses, or the sugar is removed by
Gower : Conf. Amant., bk. vii. (Richardson.)
diffusion in iron tumblers. The juice is
bě-flowēr, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and flower.]
clarified with lime filtered through animal
charcoal, crystallised in vacuo, and drained by
To besprinkle, to scatter over with flowers or
with pustules. (Hobbes.)
a centrifugal machine.”
t bě-flūm', v.t. [Eng. prefix be ; and flum, con-
bēeveş, s. pl. [The plural of Eng. beef (q.v.).]
tracted from flummery (q.v.).] To befool by
Oxen, black cattle.
cajoling language, to cajole, to deceive, to
“They sought the beeves that made their broth.”
impose upon; (in vulgar phrase) to “bam-
Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, vi. 1
boozle.”
* bēe'-võr, s. [BEAVER (2) (q.v.).]
“... then, on the other hand, I beflumm'd them wi'
Colonel Talbot.”—Scott: Waverley, ch. lxxi.
* bē’e-zěn, a. [Bison.] (0. Scotch.)
bě-flum'med, pa. par. [BEFLUM.]
bě-fâll', * bě-fâr', * bě_fâ lle (pret. be-
fell, * befelle, * befel, * bi fel, * by fel; pa. par. bě-flŭm'-mững, pr. par. [Beflum.]
befallen), v.t. & i. (A.S. befeallan ; O.S. bi-
fallan ; Ger. befallen.]
bě-fõ'am, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and foam.] To
bespatter or cover with foam.
A. Transitive (followed by the object with
“At last the dropping wings, befoam'd all o'er
or without a preposition):
With flaggy heaviness, their master bore."
1. To happen to, to affect one. (Used at
Eusden: Ov. Met., iv.
first indifferently of favourable or of unfavour- bě-fõ'amed, pa. par. & a. [BEFOAM.]
able occurrences in one's career.)
“Bion asked an envious man, that was very sad,
bě-fõ'am-ing, pr. par. [BEFOAM.]
what harm had befallen unto him, or what good had
befallen unto another man.”—Bacon.
bě-fog', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and fog.] To in-
2. The tendency being to take more note of volve in a fog. (Irving.)
what is unfavourable than favourable in one's
lot, the word now has generally an unfavour-
bě-fog'ged, pa. par. & A. [BEFOG.]
able sense.
bě-fogg'-ing, pr. par. & d. [BEFOG.]
“For the common people, when they hear that
some frightful thing has befallen such a one in such a bě-fô'ol, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and fool.] To
place ..."-Bunyan, P. P., pt. ii.
make a fool of. (Often used reflexively = to
B. Intrans. : To happen, to take place.
make a fool of one's self ; for in reality no one
“But you at least may make report
can make a fool of another.)
Of what befalls."
Wordsworth : White Doe of Rytstone, iv.
“... and how they came back again, and befooled
themselves for setting a foot out of doors in that path
be-fâ1'-len, pa. par. [BEFALL.]
.."-Bunyan, P. P., pt. ii.
“O teacher, some great mischief hath befallen
To that meek man." Milton: P. 1., bk. xi. | bě-fô'oled, pa. par. & a. [BEFOOL.]
bě-fâl'-lựng, pr. par. & s. [BEFALL.] bě_fô'ol-ing, pr. par. & d. [BEFOOL.]
A. As present participle: In senses corre-
sponding to those of the verb.
bě-för'e, * bī-fõr'e, * by-för'e, * bī för'e,
B. As subst. : That which befalls, an occur-
bý-uör'e, * bî-för'n, * bě-för'ne, * bī-
rence, an incident; an event especially of an för-en, * be-för-en, prep., conj., & adv.
unfavourable character.
[A.S. and O.S. beforan, biforan = (1) before,
(2) for; Dut. bevorens = before ; (N. H.) Ger.
bě-fä'r-1-ą, s. [BEJARIA.]
bevor ; 0. H. Ger. bifora, pivora.]
bě-fěl1', * bě-fěl', pret. of BEFALL.
A. As preposition :
I. In space :
* beff, * baff, v.t. [Ger. puffen, f buffen =..
1. Gen. : In front of, not behind ; situated in
to cuff, bang, or buffet.] To beat, to strike.
front of the face, not behind the back. Used--
(Scotch.)
“Bot the wrath of the goddis has doun beft
(a) Of persons :
The cietie of Troy from top vnto the ground."
" Their common practice was to look no further
Doug. : Virgil, 59, 9. before them than the next line.”—Dryden.
beff, baff, s. [From baff, v. In 0. Fr. bufe,
Or (6) More loosely (of things): Situated
buffe, bouffe=a blow from the fist, a cuff.]
nearer a spectator than is another thing with
[BUFF, BUFFET.] A blow, a stroke, a cuff.
which it is compared in situation.
The same as Scotch BAFF (q.v.).
"... the hill of Hachilah, which is before Jeshinion."
-1 Sam. xxvi. 1.
* běf-froy, s. [BELFRY.]
2. Spec. : In the presence of, as noting-
(1) When used of persons :
* bě-fīght (gh silent), v.t. [Eng. prefix be,
and fight.) To fight, to combat.
(a) Exposure to the eyes of the person or
persons in whose presence one is.
bě-fit', v. To be suitable to or for; to be "And Shallum the son of Jabesh conspired against
coine, to be becoming in. Used
him, and smote him before the people.”—2 Kings xv. 10.
(a) of persons :
Before one, in the expression “ Thou shalt
“He was not in the frame of mind which befits one
have no other gods before me ” (Exod. xx. 3 ;
who is about to strike a decisive blow.”-Macaulay: see also Deut. v. 7), practically means any-
Hist. Eng. ch. V.
where; for as a false god worshipped anywhere
(6) Of things :
is worshipped “before,” i.e., in the presence
'Well do a woman's tears befit the eye
of the All-seeing One, the commandment can
Of him who knew not as a man to die.”
Hemans : The Abencerrage, iii.
be obeyed only by him who forbears to worship
a false god anywhere.
be-fit-těd, pret. of BEFIT.
(6) Great respect or even actual adoration
Befitted as a pa. par. scarcely exists.
"... and that it us befitted
"On kneos heo gon beforen him falle.”
To bear our hearts in grief.
The Kyng of Tars, 221. (S. in Boucher.)
Shakesp. : Hamlet, i. 2.
"... the place where they kill the burnt-offering
be-fit-ting, pr. par. & d. [BEFIT.]
before the Lord.”—Lev, iv. 24.
"An answer befitting the hostile message and menace.”
(C) Submission to the jurisdiction of.
Longfellow : Courtship of Miles Standish, iv.
“If a suit be begun before an archdeacon, the ordi-
nary may license the suit to an higher court."-Ayliffe.
bě-fit-ting-lý, adv. In a befitting manner.
(d) In the power of, as if spread out in front
+ bě-flăg'ged, pa. par. [Eng. prefix be, and
of them.
flagged = decorated with flags.] From an
“The world was all before them, where to choose."
Milton : P. L., bk. xii.
imaginary present, beflag.
(2) When used of places (Spec.): Encampment
“Berlin is gaily beflagged, and the illuminations
or the construction of military works for the
will be unusually brilliant.”—Daily Telegraph, 23rd
March, 1877.
purpose of besieging a place.
“And all the people, even the people of war that
were with him, went up, and drew nigh, and canne
before the city.”—Josh. viii. 11.
(3) When used of things :
(a) Proximity to, either for worship or any
other purpose.
“... but thou and thy sons with thee shall minister
before the tabernacle of witness.”—Numb. xviii. 2.
(6) The impulse of something behind; as in
the common nautical phrase "to run before
the wind,” i.e., moving in the same direction
as the wind and impelled by its full force.
“Her part, poor soul! seeming as burdened
With lesser weight, but not with lesser woe,
Was carried with more speed before the wind.”
Shakesp.: Comedy of Errors, i. 1.
II. In time :
1. Preceding
“Particular advantages it has before all the books
which have appeared before it in this kind." --Dryden.
2. Prior to.
“The eldest ſelder ?] son is before the younger in
succession."-Johnson.
3. Not yet arrived at ; future.
“The golden age, which a blind tradition has
hitherto placed in the Past, is Before us."-Carlyle :
Sartor Resartus, bk. iii., ch. V.
III. In a figurative sense :
1. In preference to, rather than.
“We think poverty to be infinitely desirable before
the torments of covetousness.”—Taylor.
2. Superior to.
“... he is before his competitors both in right and
power.”—Johnson.
B. As conjunction :
1. Sooner than, earlier in time.
“Before two months their orb with light adorn,
If heav'n allow me life, I will return." Dryden.
2. Previously to, in order that something
may be.
“Before this elaborate treatise can become of use to
my country, two points are necessary."-Swift.
C. As adverb :
I. Of place :
1. Further onward, in advance, in front of.
“Thou'rt so far before,
That swiftest wing of recompense is slow
To overtake thee." Shakesp.: Macbeth, i. 4.
2. In front; opposed to in the rear, or to
behind.
II. Of time :
1. Up to this time, hitherto.
“The peaceful cities of th' Ausonian shore,
Lull'd in her ease, and undisturbed before,
Are all on fire.”
Dryden.
2. In time past:
(a) Gen. : At an indefinite period of bygone
time.
“... and the name of Debir before was Kirjath-
sepher.”—Josh. xv. 15.
(6) Spec. : A short time ago.
“I shall resume somewhat which hath been before
said, touching the question beforegoing."-Hale.
3. Already.
“ You tell me, mother, what I knew before,
The Phrygian fleet is landed on the shore."
Dryden.
before-casting, s. Forethought.
"If ony man sleeth his neighebore bi bifore-castyng."
-Wycliffe (Exod. xxi. 14).
before-go, v.t. To precede, go before.
“Merci and treuthe shal befor-go thi face."-Wycliffe
(Ps. lxxxviii. 15).
before-goer, s. A messenger before.
“Y schal sende thi bifore-goere an Aungel.”- Wycliffe
(Exod. xxxiii. 2).
| Other MSS. read before-renner.
before-set, a. Prefixed. (Prompt. Parv.)
before-showing, pr. par. A previous
disclosure ; a fore-warning.
“We bothe saien a dreem in o nyght bifore-schewynge
of thingis to comynge."-Wycliffe (Gen. xli. 11).
before-speaker, s. A spokesman.
“Profete that is interpretour ether bifor-spekere."
-Wycliffe (Exod. vii. 1).
before-wal1, s. An advanced rampart.
"The wal and the bifor-wal.” –Wycliffe (18. xxvi. 1).
T Other MSS. read bifor-walling.
bě-för'e-cī-těd, a. [Eng. before; cited.]
Cited before. (Dr. Allen.)
f bě-för'e-go-îng, a. [Eng. before; going.]
Going before. (Now abbreviated into FORE-
GOING.) (Milton.)
bě-för'e-hănd, * bě-för'e-hănde, * bì-
for-hånd, * biuoren-hond, a.
[A.S. beforan, and hond = hand. In Sw. i
förhand.]
for.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hếr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; trý, Sýrian. æ, cerē. ey=ā. qu= kw.

beforementioned-beget
477
A. As adjective:
1. Possessed of accumulations or stores
previously acquired.
“Stranger's house is at this time rich, and much
beforehand, for it hath laid up revenue these thirty-
seven years."-Bacon.
2. In a state of forwardness; well prepared,
all but ready.
"What is man's contending with insuperable diffi-
culties, but the rolling of Sisyphus's stone up the hill,
which is soon beforehand to return upon him again?”
-L'Estrange.
B. As adverb :
1. Previously, before.
“Heo buoremhond leorneth hore meister.”-Amcrem
Riwle, p. 212.
2. In a state of priority, first in time. (In
this sense often followed by with.)
“... they therefore determined to be beforchand
with their accusers.”—Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xvi.
3. Previously.
(a) By way of preparation.
“When the lawyers brought extravagant bills, Sir
Roger used to bargain beforehand to cut off a quarter
of a yard in any part of the bill.”- Arbuthnot.
(6) Without waiting for a certain event;
antecedently.
"It would be resisted by such as had beforehand
resisted the general proofs of the gospel."- Atterbury.
bě-för'e-měn-tioned (tioned as shŭnd),
a. [Eng. before ; mentioned.] Mentioned be-
fore, whether by word of mouth, by writing,
or in a printed page. (Foster.)
* bě-för-ěn, prep., conj., & adv. [BEFORE.]
(Chaucer.)
bě-för'e-tīme, adv. [Eng. before ; time.]
Formerly ; specially, in the olden time.
“Beforetime in Israel, when a man went to enquire
of God, thus he spake."-1 Sam. ix. 9.
* bě-för'ne, prep., conj., & adv. [BEFORE.]
be-for-tụne, v.t. [Eng. be; fortune.] To
happen to, to betide.
“As much I wish all good befortune you.”
Shakesp. : Two Gent. of Verona, iv. 3.
bě-for-tụned, pa. par. & d. [BEFORTUNE.]
bě-for'-tun-ing, pr. par. [BEFORTUNE.]
* be-fot'e, adv. On foot.
"Befote, or on fote (afote). Pedestre.”—Prompt.
Parv.
bě-foul', v.t. [Eng. be; foul.] To foul, to
render dirty, to soil. (Todd.)
bě-fou'led, pa. par. & a. [BEFOUL.]
bě-foùl'-îng, pr. par. [BEFOUL.]
bě-frèck'-le (le as el), v.t. [Eng. be; freckle.]
To spot over with freckles. (Drayton.)
bě-friend', v.t. & i. [Eng. be; friend.]
A. Transitive :
1. Lit. : To be a friend to or of, to act with
kindness to, to favour, to countenance, to
sustain by sympathy.
“ Be thou the first true merit to befriend ;
His praise is lost who stays till all commend."
Pope : Essay on Criticism, 474.
2. Fig.: To favour, to be propitious to.
(Used of things.)
B. Intransitive: To be friendly, favourable.
“But night befriends—through paths obscure he
pass'd.” Hemans : The Abencerrage, ii.
bě-friend'-ěd, pa. par. [BEFRIEND.]
bě-friěnd-ing, pr. par. [BEFRIEND.]
“Hope the befriending,
Does what she can, for she points evermore up to
heaven."
Longfellow: The Children of the Lord's Supper.
bě-friend'-měnt, s. [Eng. befriend; -ment.]
The act of befriending; the state of being
befriended. (Foster.)
be-frîng'e, v.t. [Eng. be; fringe. In Ger.
befransen.] To place fringes upon, to adorn
with fringes.
When I flatter, let my dirty leaves
Cloath spice, line trunks, or flutt'ring in a row,
Befringe the rails of Bedlam and Soho.”
Pope : Satires, v. 419.
bě-frîng'ed, pa. par. & d. [BEFRINGE.]
bě-frîng -ựng, pr. par. [BEFRINGE.]
běft, pa. par. [BEFF.] (Scotch.)
bě-für', v.t. [Eng. be; fur.] To cover or
clothe with fur. (F. Butler.)
bě-fūrr'ed, pa. par. & a. [BEFUR.]
bě-fūr'-rựng, pr. par. [BEFUR.]
In India : A land measure. That of Bengal
is about 1,000 square yards, or one-third of an
* beg, s. [BEIGH.]
English acre. That of the Mahratta country
contains 3,926 square yards; consequently 14
beg, * begge, * bėg'-gěn, v.i. & t. [From
Eng. bag. Or from A.S. bedecian = to beg
begas will be = an English acre.
(Sweet and Skeat). Compare also Sw. begäha, *bě-găb', v.t. [BYGAB.]
bedja ; Goth. bidjan ; Dan. bede; Dut. bedelen,
bidden; Ger. betteln ; 0. H. Ger. bitjan ; A.S. * běg-äir'-ieş, s. [From 0. Eng. begare=
biddan = (1) to ask, to pray, to beseech, (2) variegate.] Stripes or slips of cloth sewed
to bid ; biddan = to pray ; Mahr. bhîk, bheek
on garments, by way of ornament, such as are
= alms; Hind. bhikh, bheekh, bhîk or bhêek
now worn in liveries ; pessments. [BEGARIE.]
=alms; bhikh or bheekh mangna=to ask alms,
“... ose or weare in their cleithing, or apparell, or
to beg.] [BEG, BEGGAR.]
lyning thereof, onie claith of gold, or silver, velvot,
A. Intransitive: To ask for alms, spec., to |
satine, damask, taffataes, or ony begairies, frenyies,
pasments, or broderie of gold, silver, or silk, ..."-
ask habitually; to be a professional beggar, to Acts Ja. VI. (1581), c. 113.
be a mendicant.
* bě-gâil', * bě-gâi', v.t. [Eng. be; gall.]
“ I cannot dig; to beg I am ashamed.”—Luke xvi: 3.
To gall, to chafe, to rub till soreness arise.
B. Transitive:
“And shake your sturdy trunks, ye prouder pines,
I. Ordinary Language :
Whose swelling graines are like begald alone
With the deep furrowes of the thunder-stone.".
1. To ask earnestly; to ask as a beggar does
Bp. Hall: Defiance to Envy.
for alms.
“... for all thy blessed youth * bě-gâl'led, * bě-gâld', pa. par. [BEGALL.]
Becomes as aged, and doth beg the alms
Of palsied eld ...
Shakesp. : Meas. for Meas., iii. 1.
* bě-gā'ne, a. [A. S. begangan = to surround.]
Covered, overlaid. (Scotch.) [BEGONE.]
2. With similar earnestness to request any.
thing, solicitation for which does not make
“And hous of bricht Apollo gold begane."
Doug. : Virgil, 162, 45.
one a mendicant.
* bě-gär'-eit, * bě-gär-y-it, pa. par. [BE-
"He went to Pilate, and begged the body of Jesus."-
Matt. xxvii. 58.
GARIE.]
3. To take for granted. [II. 1.]
* bě-gär'-ỉe, * bě-gär'-ě, v.t. [From Lat.
*4. To apply for one's guardianship. [II. 2.] gyro = to turn round in a circle. (GYRATE.)
“I fear you will
(Umy & Tyrwhitt.) Or from A.S. gerian =
Be begg'd at court, unless you come off thus."
to clothe. (Stevenson.) [GARISH.] Or from
The Wits (0. Pl.), viii. 509. (Old ?) Fr. begarrer = to diversify.
II. Technically :
(Long-
muir.).] (0. Eng. & Scotch.)
1. Logic. To beg the question : To perpetrate
1. To variegate.
the fallacy called Petitio principii : to assume,
if an opponent will permit it, the very thing
(a) Gen. : To deck with various colours.
to be proved.
“Begareit all in sundry hewis.”
Lyndsay: S. P. R., ii. 103. (Jamieson.)
* 2. Old Law. To beg a person for a fool: To
(6) Spec. : To stripe, to variegate with lines
apply to be his guardian. The petition was
of various colours, to streak.
presented in the Court of Wards.
“ All of gold wrocht was thare riche attyre,
“Leave begging, Lynus, for such poor rewards,
Thar purpoure robbis begaryit schynand brycht.”
Else some will beg thee, in the court of wards."
Douglas: Virgil, 267, 15. (Jamieson.)
Harrington : Epigr., i. 10.
2. To besmear, to bedaub, to bespatter.
There is a play upon the words beg you for
“Some Whalley's Bible did begarie,
in the following passage :-
By letting flee at it canarie.'
And that a great man
Colville : Mock Poem, pt. i., 59.
Did mean to beg you for -- his daughter."
City Match (0. Pl.), 314. (Nares.) be-gat', pret. of BEGET (q.v.).
(a) Crabb thus distinguishes between the "Shem ... begat Arphaxad two years after the
verbs to beg and to desire :“To beg marks the 1 flood. And Shein lived after he begat Arphaxad ..
wish ; to desire, the will and determination.
—Gen. xl. 10, 11.
Beg is the act of an inferior; desire of a | bě-gā'-vel, s. [Eng. be, and gavel (q.v.).]
superior. We beg a thing as a favour, we [BAGAVEL.] It is called also Bethugavel, or
desire it as a right.”
Chipping-gavel (q.v.).
(6) To beg, beseech, solicit, entreat, supplicate,
implore, crave are thus discriminated :--The
* bě-gâw', * bě-gâwd', v.t. [Eng. be; gaw
first four of these do not mark such a state of
(q.v.).] [GEWGAW.] To deck out with gew-
dependence in the agent as the last three : to gaws.
beg denotes a state of want; to beseech, entreat,
"... Begawded with chains of gold and jewels.”
North : Plutarch, p. 127. (Richardson.)
and solicit a state of urgent necessity; suppli-
cate and implore, a state of abject distress ; | * bě-gâw'ed, * bě-gâwd'-ěd, pa. par. & a.
crave, the lowest state of physical want. One [BEGAW.]
begs with importunity ; beseeches with earnest-
ness; entreats by the force of reasoning and
1 * bě-gâw'-ing, * bě-gâwd'-ing, pr. par.
strong representation. One solicits by virtue [BEGAW.]
of one's interest; supplicates by a humble
address; implores by every mark of dejection
| bě-ġē'ik, s. [BEGUNK.]
and humiliation. Begging is the act of the bě-gem'. v.t. Eng. be: dem.] To adorn with
poor when they need assistance; beseeching
precious gems, or anything similarly beautiful
and entreating are resorted to by friends and
and lustrous.
equals, when they want to influence or per-
“The doe awoke, and to the lawn
suade ; beseeching is more urgent, entreating
Begemmed with dewdrops, led her fawn."
more argumentative. Solicitations are used to
Scott: Lady of the Lake, iij. 2.
obtain favours which have more respect to the bě-gem'med. pa. par. & a. (BEGEM. 1
circumstances than the rank of the solicitor;
supplicating and imploring are resorted to by bě-gem'-mîng, pr. par. [BEGEM.]
sufferers for the relief of their misery, and are
addressed to those who have the power of
* bėg'-en-ild, * bėg'-ěn--ělde, s. [O. Eng.
averting or increasing the calamity. Craving begen = to beg, and yldo, yld, eld = age,
is the consequence of longing; it marks an seniority, a man.] A mendicant.
earnestness of supplication, an abject state of "A bastarde, a bounde on, a begeneldes douhter."
suffering dependence.
Piers Plowman, p. 158. (S. in Boucher.)
beg, s. [Turkish beg=prince, chief.] [BEY.] |
* bě-gěs', *bě-gěss', adv. [Eng. pref. be=
In Turkey, Tartary, &c.: A title for a pro-
by, and gesse = guess; Dan. gisse.] By chance,
at random.
vincial governor, or generally for an official of
high rank. In India it is occasionally met
“Thou lichtlies all trew properties
Of luve express,
with as part of an ordinary proper name,
And marks quhen neir a styme thou seis,
borne by persons presumably of Mogul Tartar
And hits begess.”
descent, but possessed neither of official rank
Scott : Evergreen, i. 113.
“I hapnit in a wilderness,
nor of aristocratic birth. Beg is essentially
Quhair I chanst to gang in beges."
the same word as Bey, used in Tunis and other
Buret's Pilg. (Watson's Colz.), ii, 30.
parts of Northern Africa.
be-gět', * bì-gět'e, *bý-gý'te (pret. begot,
“Togrul Beg, however, the son of Michael, the son of
Sedjuk, offered himself as a leader and bond of union to
t begat, * begatte, * begate; pa. par. begotten,
the Turks.”—Mill: Hist. India (ed. 1848), vol. ii., p. 254. bigeten), v.t. [Eng. be ; get = to cause to get;
A.S. begytan, bigitan (pret. begeat) = to get, to
bē'-gą, bē'e-gạh, * bỉg'-gạh, s. [Mah-
obtain; A.S. prefix be, and getan, gytan, gitan
ratta, Hind., &c., bigha.]
=to get.] [GET.]
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -çion, -tion, -sion=shủn; -ţion, -şion=zhún. -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.
to us in our contacta con op hun eerstboendet

478
begetter-begin
1. Lit. : To engender, to generate, to pro-
“Glo. Is it a beggar-man?
create, to become the father of. (Used of the
Old Man. Madman and beggar too."
Shakesp. : King Lear, iv. 1.
procreation of children.)
Beggar-man's Oatmeal: A plant, Alliaria
2. Fig.: To produce, to engender, to gene officinalis.
rate, to cause to come into existence. (Used
Beggar's Basket : A local name for a plant,
of projects, ideas, or anything similar, or
Pulmonaria officinalis.
generally of anything which man can bring
into being.)
beggar's-brown, s. A light-brown snuff,
“ 'Till carried to excess in each domain,
which is made of the stem of tobacco; what
This fav’rite good begets peculiar pain."
in England is generally denominated Scotch
Goldsmith : The Traveller.
snuff. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
bě-gět'-tēr, s. [Eng. beget; -er.]
beggar's-lice, s. A vulgar name for an
1. Lit. : One who begets, one who pro American boraginaceous plant-the Echino-
creates; a father.
spermum virginicum, the hooked prickles of
“For what their prowess gain'd, the law declares
whose nuts or bur-like fruits adhere to the
Is to themselves alone, and to their heirs ;
clothes of passers-by.
No share of that goes back to the begetter."
Dryden.
beggar's-ticks, s. A similarly vulgar
2. Fig. : A producer; as “a begetter of name for two composite plants, also from
disease.'
America—the Bidens frondosa and the B. con-
nata, the fruit of which, having two teeth or
beg'-ga-ble, d. [Eng. beg; -able.] Able to
prickles, adhere to the clothes.
be obtained if begged for, or at least able to be
beggar-weed, s. [So called by farmers
begged with a doubtful result.
“He finds it his best way to be always craving, be.
and others from its growing only in im-
poverished soil, or because of itself it beg-
cause he lights many times upon things that are dis-
posed of, or not beggable."--Butler's Characters.
gars the land.) A name given by farmers in
different parts of England to various weeds,
běg'-gar, * beg'-gēr, * beg'-gere, s. [Eng. specially to Polygonum aviculare, Cuscuta
beg, -er; Dut. bedelaar; Ger. bettler; Ital. trifolii, Heraclium sphondylium, Spergula ar-
piccaro. Comp. also Sw. tiggare; Dan. tigger.] vensis, and Galium aparine. (Britten.) [POLY-
[BEG.]
GONUM, CUSCUTA, &c.]
A. Ordinary Language :
beggar--woman, s. A woman who is a
I. Literally :
beggar.
1. One whose habitual practice is to implore
“ The elder of them, being put to nurse,
people for alms, whether because he has some
Was by a beggar-woman stol'n away.”.
Shakesp. : King Henry VI., iv. 2.
physical or mental defect which wholly or
partially incapacitates him from working;
běg'-gar, * běg'-gěr, v.t. [From beggar, s.]
or because if such a thing be conceivable) ali I. Lit.: To reduce to beggary; to im-
his efforts to obtain work have been uniformly poverish. (Used of persons.)
abortive; or finally, in too many cases, because “Wives beggar husbands, husbands starve their wives.”
he is too idle to work and too shameless to
Cowper : Task, bk. ii.
blush at the meanness of casting his support
II. Figuratively :
on others perhaps less strong in body, and 1. To impoverish. (Used of an exchequer
even less rich in purse, than himself.
or of finances.)
“Bet than a lazer, or a beggere.”
... her merchants were to be undersold, her
Chaucer: 0. T., 242.
customers decoyed away, her exchequer beggared.”-
" And there was a certain beggar named Lazarus,
Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. xxiv.
which was laid at his gate, full of sores, and desiring 2. To deprive. (Followed by of.)
to be fed with the crumbs which fell from the rich
“Necessity, of matter beggar'd,
man's table ..."-Luke xvi. 20, 21.
Will nothing stick our person to arraign
2. One who is dependent on others for
In ear and ear.” Shakesp. : Hamlet, iv. 5.
support, whatever his position in society.
3. To exhaust; to tax to the utmost the
“They [the non-juring clergy] naturally became power of.
beggars and loungers." -Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv.
“It beggar'd all description."
3. One who asks a favour, however legiti-
Shakesp. : Antony & Cleopatra, ii. 2.
mate; a petitioner for anything.
beggar-my-neighbour, S. A game at
“What subjects will precarious kings regard ?
cards, either the same with, or very like that
A beggar speaks too softly to be heard.” Dryden. of Catch-honours. (Jamieson, &c.) (Eng. &
II. Fig.: One who, in a logical matter, Scotch.)
“begs ” the question; one who assumes the
point in dispute, or, in a more general sense, beg'-gạred, pa. par. & d. [BEGGAR, V.]
who assumes what he does not prove.
“Big Mars seems bankrupt in their beggared host.”
"These shameful beggars of principles, who give
Shakesp. : Hen. V., iv. 2.
this precarious account of the original of things, as bbg-gar-1ng, * bbg-gỡr-ing, p. par. &
sume to themselves to be men of reason.”—Tillotson.
B. Old Law and Ord. Lang. Sturdy beggar:
a. [BEGGAR, V.]
An able-bodied man quite capable, if he liked,
bēg'-gạr-lì-ness, * běg'-gēr-ly-něsse, s.
of working, but who will not do it because he
prefers to quarter himself upon the indus-
[Eng. beggarly; -ness.] The quality of being
trious. The Act 14 Eliz., c. 5, passed in 1572,
beggarly; meanness.
defined rogues, vagabonds, and sturdy beggars
"They went about to hinder the journey, by railing
on the beggarliness of it, and discrediting of it." -
to be “all persons whole and mighty in body, Lord Wimbledon to the Duke of Buckingham. Cabala
able to labour, not having land or mister, nor (1654), p. 136. (Todd.)
using any lawful merchandise, craft, or mys-
tery." These, and coupled with them, un-
bėg'-gạr-lý, * bēg'-gēr-lý, * bēg'-gēr-
happily, “all common labourers able in body, lýe, A. & adv. [Eng. beygar; -ly.]
loitering and refusing to work for such rea A. As adjective:
sonable wage as is commonly given ”—that
1. Of persons : Like a beggar, poor-looking,
is, what now would be called all agricultural
mean.
or other labourers on strike-were, for the
“Who, that beheld such a bankrupt beggarly fellow
first offence, to be grievously whipped and be as Cromwell entering the parliament house with a
burned through the gristle of the right ear threadbare, torn cloak, and greasy bat, could have
with a hot iron an inch round; for the second
suspected that he should, by the murder of one king
and the banishment of another, ascend the throne?”
should be deemed felons; and for the third South.
suffer death, without benefit of clergy. The 2. Of things : Suitable for a beggar; like
cruel severity of the Act made it fail of effect.
that of a beggar; mean, contemptible.
The sturdy beggar continued to flourish; he
"As children multiplied and grew, the household
does so still. He may be seen daily almost of the priest became more and more beggarly."-
anywhere, not to say everywhere, in London ; Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii.
and as long as the thoughtless continue to B. As adverb : In a manner suitable to a
give him alms in the street, there is no likeli beggar; meanly, indigently. (In a literal or
hood of his condescending to work.
in a figurative sense.)
beggar-brat, S. A contemptuous ap-
"Touching God himself, hath he revealed that it is
his delight to dwell beggarly? And that he taketh no
pellation for a child engaged in begging. A pleasure to be worshipped, saving only in poor cot-
beggar's child.
tages?”-Hooker.
beggar-maid, s. An unmarried female beg'-gar-ý, * beg'-gěr-ý, * beg'-ger-ye,
beggar.
S. [Eng. beggar ; -y.]
“Young Adam Cupid, he that shot so trim,
1. Of persons : The state or condition of an
When King Cophetua lov'd the beggar-maid.”
Shakesp. : Romeo and Juliet, ii. 1.
habitual beggar; indigence.
"Gaunt Beggary, and Scorn."
beggar-man, s. A man who is a beggar.
Thomson : Castle of Indolence, ii. 76.
2. Of things : Poverty ; indigence.
“There's beggary in the love that can be reckon'd.”
Shakesp.: Antony & Cleopatra, i. 1.
běgged, * běg'-gěde, pa. par. & a. [BEG.]
* beg'-gild, s. A beggar.
“Hit is beggilde rihte uorte beren bagge on bac."-
Ancren Riwie, p. 168.
bēg'-gặng, * běg-gynge, pr. par., a., & s.
[BEG, v.]
A. & B. As present participle & participial
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
Begging Friar (Ch. Hist.): A friar who,
having taken a vow of poverty, supported
himself by begging. [FRIAR.]
“... the songs of minstrels and the tales of begging
friars."-Macaulay : Hist. Eng. ch. xvi.
C. As substantive :
1. The act of begging for, or soliciting any-
thing. Spec., the act of soliciting alms.
"1 Fish. No, friend, cannot you beg? Here's them in
our country of Greece gets more with begging than we
can do with working."-Shakesp. : Pericles, ii. 1.
2. Logic: The act of assuming what is not
conceded, as in the phrase "a begging of the
question."
* beg'-ging-ness, s. Neediness, beggary.
“Ther shal come to thee ... thi beggingnesse as a
man armyd."—Wycliffe (Prov. xxiv. 34).
Běg'-hards, Bėg'-uards, Bog'-ards,
s. pl. [In Ger. Begart; 0. Ger. Beghard; Fr.
Begard, Beguard; Low Lat. Beghardus, Bege-
hardus, Beghardus, Begiardus; from Low
Lat. & Prov. baga = a bag; and Ger. hart,
Goth. hardus= Eng. hard. Some say that the
name is derived from their begging favour
from God in prayer, and to the fact that they
were religious mendicants. Another opinion
is that they are named after St. Begghe, whom
they took for their patroness. Skeat confi-
dently suggests the Namur dialectic word
beguiaut = a stammer, as the real etymology.]
[BEGUINS, BEGUINES.]
Church History:
1. Gen.: The “tertiaries” of several mo-
nastic orders, Dominicans and Franciscans.
2. Specially :
(a) The “ tertiaries” of the Franciscans.
By the third rule of St. Francis, those might
have a certain loose connection with this
order, who, without forsaking their worldly
business, or forbearing to marry, yet dressed
poorly, were continent, prayerful, and grave
in manners. In France they were called
Beguini, and in Italy Bizochi and Bocasoti.
They were greatly persecuted by successive
popes. (Mosheim.)
(6) Certain religious people who associated
themselves into a kind of monastic lodging-
house under a chief, whilst they were un-
married, retiring when they pleased. As they
often supported themselves by weaving, they
were sometimes called “Brother Weavers.”
They first attracted notice in the Netherlands
in the thirteenth century. They were estab-
lished at Antwerp in 1228, and adopted the
third rule of St. Francis in 1290. (Mosheim.)
bě-gilt', a. [Eng. be; gilt.] Gilded over.
“Six maids attending on her, attired with buckram
bridelaces begitt, ..."-B. Jonson : Underwoods.
bě-gîn', * bě-gin'ne, * b-gyn'ne, v.i. & t.
[A.S. beginnan (pret. began, pa. par. begunnen),
aginnan, anginnan, ingingan, onginnan, 012-
gynnan; from a, an, in, or on, and gynnan =
to begin; 0. S. & O. H. Ger. beginnan; Sw.
begynna; Dan. begynde ; Dut. & Ger. beginnen ;
Lat. gigno = to bring forth; Gr. yiyvonal
(gignomai), and yévw (geno); from the root
gen, Sansc. gan = to be born, and gáganmi
= to beget, or to bring forth.]
A. Transitive:
1. To commence action; to pass from in-
action to action.
“... yat alle ye bretheren and sisteren of yis fra-
ternite shul kepen and begynnen her deuocioun on ye
euen of ye feste of ye Trinitee, ..."-Eng. Gilds (Ear.
Eng. Text Soc.), p. 25.
2. To trace the first ground, element, or
existence of anything.
"The apostle begins our knowledge in the creatures,
which leads us to the knowledge of God.”—Locke.
B. Intransitive :
1. To come into being, or commence or
enter on any particular state of existence.
(a) To come into being. (Used of persons
| or things.)
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; trý, Sýrian, æ, cerē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

beginne-begrave
479
PC
VTV
“Ere the base laws of servitude began,
When wild in woods the noble savage ran.”
Dryden.
(6) To commence or enter on any particular
state of existence; to commence, to arise.
"All began,
All ends, in love of God and love of man.”—Pope.
2. To commence any action or course of
action; to take the first step from non-action
to action; to do the first act, or part of an act.
"Then they began at the ancient men which were
before the house."— Ezek. ix. 6.
Begin is often followed half-transitively
by an infinitive.
“Now and then a sigh he stole,
Apd tears began to flow." Dryden.
To begin with : To commence with ; to
select any particular person or thing as the
first of a series.
“A lesson which requires so much time to learn, had
need be early begun with.”-Govern. of the Tongue.
Crabb thus distinguishes the verbs to
begin, to commence, and to enter upon :-“Begin
and commence are so strictly allied in signifi-
cation, that it is not easy to discover the
difference in their application, although a
minute difference does exist. To begin respects
the order of time; to commence, the exertion
of setting about a thing. Begin is opposed to
end ; commence, to complete : a person begins a
thing with a view to ending it; he commences
with the view of completing it. To begin is
either transitive or intransitive; to commence
is mostly transitive: a speaker begins by
apologising; he commences his speech with
an apology. To begin is used either for things
or persons; to commence, for persons only :
all things have their beginning; in order to
effect anything we must make a commencement.
Begin is more colloquial than commence : thus
we say, to begin the work, to commence opera-
tions. To commence and enter upon are as
closely allied in sense as the former words;
they differ principally in application : to com-
mience seenis rather to denote the making an
experiment; to enter upon, that of first doing
what has not been tried before: we commence
an undertaking; we enter upon an employ-
ment.” (Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
* bě-gỉn'ne, s. [From begin, v.] Beginning.
"Let no whit thee dismay
The hard beginne that meets thee in the dore.”
Spenser : F. Q., III. iii. 21.
be-gỉn'-nér, s. [Eng. begin; -er. In Dut.
beginner; Sw. begynnare; Dan. begynder.]
1. One who originates anything; one who is
the first to do anything.
"Socrates maketh Ignatius, the Bishop of Antioch,
the first beginner thereof, even under the apostles
themselves.”—Hooker.
2. One whose study of a science or practice
of an art has just cominenced ; one inexperi-
enced in what he is doing or professing to do;
a young learner or practitioner.
“Our choir would scarcely be excused,
Even as a band of raw beginners."
Byron : Hours of Idleness ; Granta.
bě-gin'-nîng, pr. par., a., & s. [BEGIN.]
A. & B. As pr. par. & participial adj. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
C. As substantive :
I. The act of commencing to do.
“ This beginning of miracles did Jesus in Cana of
Galilee.”—John ii. 11.
II. The state of commencing to be.
“ Youth, what man's age is like to be, doth show;
We may our end by our beginning know."
Denham.
III. The commencement or cause of any-
thing.
1. The time or date of the commencement
of anything.
(a) The moment in bygone time in which
the heavens and the earth-i.e. the material
universe-came into existence at the fiat of the
Creator.
"In the beginning God created the heaven and the
earth.”—Gen. i. 1.
(6) From everlasting, from eternity.
“In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was
with God, and the Word was God.”—John i. 1.
2. The first part of anything.
“The causes and designs of an action are the begin-
ning ; the effects of these causes, and the difficulties
that are met with in the execution of these designs,
are the middle; and the unravelling and resolution of
these difficulties are the end."-Broome.
3. That which causes anything.
“ Wherever we place the beginning of motion,
whether from the head or the heart, the body moves
and acts by a consent of all its parts."-Swift.
4. That from which anything grows or de-
velops.
“The understanding is passive; and whether or not
“Begone! nor dare the hallowed stream to stain.
it will have these beginnings and materials of know-
She fled, for ever banish'd from the train.”
ledge, is not in its own power.”—Locke.
Addison
bě-gỉn'-nîng-less, a. [Eng. beginning; -less. ] | bě-go'-ni-a, s. [Named after Michael Begon,
Without a beginning.
a Frenchman born in 1638, who promoted
“Melchisedeck, in a typical or mystical way, was botany.]
beginningless, and endless in his existence."-Barrow:
Serm. ii. 307.
Bot. : A genus of plants, the typical one of
bě-gird', + bě-gîrt' (pret. & pa. par. begirt,
the order Begoniaceae (Begoniads). [BEGONJ-
begirded), v.t. [A.S. begyrdan, begredan = (1)
to begird, to surround, (2) to clothe, (3) to
defend, to fortify ; Ger. begürten ; Goth. be-
gairdan. ]
I. Literally: To encircle with a girdle ; to
place a literal girdle round the body or any-
thing else.
II. Figuratively : To encircle with anything
else than an aërial girdle.
1. Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
“And, Lentulus, begirt you Pompey's house,
To seize his sons alive..."
B. Jonson.
2. Spec. : To encircle with hostile works
with the view of besieging.
" It was so closely begirt before the king's march
into the west, that the council humbly desired his
majesty that he would relieve it."-Clarendon.
bě-gîrd'-ěd, bě-gîrt', pa. par. &a. [BEGIRD.]
BEGONIA.
bě-gîrd'-îng, * bě-gîrt-îng, pr. par. & a.
ACEÆ.] Several species are cultivated in
[BEGIRD.]
greenhouses, in flower-pots, in houses, and in
“He describes them as begirting the hair-bulbs.”-
similar situations.
Todd and Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i., p. 407.
bě-gîrt' (1), v. [BEGIRD.]
bě-go-nặ-ā'-çě_æ (Latin), bě-go'-nì-ádş
(Eng.), s. pl. [BEGONIA.]
bě-gîrt' (), pa. par. & d. [BEGIRDED.)
Bot. : An order of plants, classed by Lindley
běg-lēr-běg, bėg'-11-ēr-bêy, s. [Turk. =
under his XXIVth or Cucurbital alliance.
The flowers are unisexual. The sepals supe-
lord of lords.] [BEG.]
rior, coloured; in the males four, two being
In Turkey: A title for a provincial governor,
within the others and smaller than them; in
next in dignity beneath the Grand Vizier. He
the females five, two being smaller than the
has under him several begs, agas, &c.
rest. The stamina are indefinite; the ovary is
inferior, winged, three-celled, with three double
běg'-lér-běg-lík, s. [Turkish.]
polyspermous placentæ in the axis. The fruit
In Turkey: The province ruled over by a is membranous, three-celled, with an inde-
beglerbeg (q.v.).
finite number of minute seeds. The flowers,
which are in cymes, are pink ; the leaves are
běg'-lì-ěr-bêy, s. [BEGLERBEG.]
alternate, and toothed with, scarious stipules.
bě-glô'om, v.t. [Eng. pref. be; gloom.] To Genera, 2; species 159 (Lindley, 1847). Locali-
cast gloom over; to render gloomy.
ties, the East and West Indies, &c. [BEGONIA.]
“I should rather endeavour to support your mind,
than begloom it with my own melancholy.”—Badcock
* bě-gon'ne, pa. par. & a. [BEGO, V., and
to Dr. White (1787). Statement of Dr. White's Obliga BEGONE.]
tions, &c., p. 82.
+ bě-göre, v.t. [Eng. pref. be, and gore.] OC-
bě-gnâ'w (g silent), v.t. [Eng. prefix be;
curs only in past par. begored = besmeared
gnaw.] To gnaw (lit. & fig.).
with gore.
“The worm of conscience still begnaw thy soul.”
“Besides, ten thousand monsters foule abhor'd
Shakesp. : Richard III., i. 3.
Did wait about it, gaping griesly, all begor'd."
Spenser : F. Q., IV. xi. 3.
bě-gnâw'ed, pa. par. & a. [BEGNAW.]
bě-got', bě-got-těn, pa. par., d., & s.
bě-gnâw'-îng, pr. par. [BEGNAW.]
[BEGET.]
* bě-gö'. v.t. [A.S. begangan = to go after, to 1. Lit. : Generated, produced.
perform, to dispatch, to attend, to be near, to
“ Found that the issue was not his begot.”
surround, to worship. ]
Shakespa: Richard III., iii. 5.
“... the only begotten Son of God.”—John iii. 18.
1. To perform, to accomplish. (S. in Boucher.)
2. Script.: To be the Divine cause or the
2. To surround. (S. in Boucher.)
human instrument in producing regeneration
Occurs only as past participle and parti within a sinful soul.
cipial adjective. [BEGONE.]
“We know that whosoever is born of God sinneth
not: but he that is begotten of God keepeth himself,
t bě-god', v.t. [Eng. be, and gad.] To make a and that wicked one toucheth him not.”—1 John v. 18.
god of, to deify.
“... my son Onesimus, whom I have begotten in
my bonds.”—Philemon 10.
† bě-god'-děd, pa. par. & adj. [BEGOD.]
3. Script. Of God: To stand to the eternal
“High-flown perfectionists,--what is yet more exe “Son of God” in such a mysterious relation
crable, when they are come to the height of their as to warrant the latter to be called “the only
begodded condition, &c., cannot sin, do what they will."
-More: Myst. of Godliness, p. 510.
begotten Son of God.”
“For God so loved the world, that he gave his only
+ bě-god'-ding, pr. par. [BECOD.]
begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should
not perish, but have everlasting life."-John iii. 16.
* bě-gõn'e, * bě-gõn'ne, * bě-go', * bì-go',
bě-gówk, bě-gow'k, s. [Eng. pref. be, and
* by-go', pa. par. & a. [A.S. begangan = to
Scotch gowk, gawk = a fool.] The act of
go after, to perform, to dispatch, to lie near,
jilting or making a fool of.
to surround, to worship.]
"If he has gi'en you the begowk, lat him gang, my
1. Gone far, sunk deep, especially in woe or woman; ye'll get anither an' a better."-Saxon and
Gael., ii. 32. (Jamieson.)
in weal; beset with.
“... is with treasour so full begone.”—Gower : Conf. be-goû'th, be-goû'de, pret. of verb BEGIN.
Amant., bk. v.
Began. (Scotch.)
“... so deep was her wo begonne."
“ The West Kynryk begouth to rys,
Chaucer : Rom. of the Rose.
As the East begouth to fayle."
"He is rich and well bego.”—Gower: Conf. Amant.,
Wyntown, Prol. 27. (Jamieson.)
bk. iv.
It still appears in the word woe-begone * bě-grā'çe, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and grace.]
(q.v.).
To endow with grace. (Occurs only in the
2. Surrounded.
past participle.)
"The bridles were, for the nones,
Bygo with preciouse stones.'
* bě-grā'çed, pa. par. & d. [BEGRACE.]
Chron. of Eng. in Ritson's Romances. (S. in Boucher.)
| * begrauin, pa. par. [BEGRAVED.)
bě-gõn'e, interj. [Imperative of verb to be,
and past participle of go.] Begone, get you * be-grā've (1), v.t. [A.S. begrafan, bigrafan.]
gone, go, go away, depart, quit my presence! | In Dut. begraven ; Ger. begraben = to begrave;
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, dei.

480
begrave-behaving
Goth. bigraban = to dig up.] To commit to “Nought, without thee, my weary soul beguiles.”
B. As past participle of begin :
the grave, to bury.
Hemans : Sonnet, 271.
"Being confident of this very thing, that he which
" That he wald suffir to be caryit from thence be-guīle, s. [From beguile, v. (q.v.).] A
hath begun a good work in you will perform it until
Thay corpis dede, .
the day of Jesus Christ."-Phil. i. 6.
deception, a trick; “the slip ;” a disappoint-
To suffir thame begrauin for to be."
Doug. : Virgil, 363, 48.
ment.
+ bě-gunk', v.t. [BEGUNK, v.] To cheat, to
"Ere I came back, and well I wat short while,
* be-grā've (2), v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and grave,
deceive. Spec., to jilt in love.
Was I a coining, I gets the beguile,
v.t. & pa. par. begrave.] To grave, to engrave. Nae thing I finds, ..
“Whose sweetheart has begunked him won his heart,
Then left him all forlorn to dree the smart?"
“[He) stood upon a foote on highte
Ross: Helenore, p. 70. (Jamieson.)
Village Fair: Blackw. Mag., Jan. 1821, p. 426. (Jamieson.)
Of borned golde; and with great sleight
Of workmanship it was begrave."
bě-guīled, *bě-guyld, pa. par. & a. [BE-
Gower : Conf. Am., bk. 1. GUILE.]
bě-ġunk', bě-ġin'k, bě-ġē'ik, s. [Eng. &
* bě-grā'ved, bě-grāv'-en, * begrauin, bě-guile-ment, s. [Eng. beguilement.] The
Scotch prefix be, and A.S. geac, goc = (1) a
cuckoo, a gawk, (2) a simpleton.] [GAWK,
pa. par. & a. [BEGRAVE (1).]
act of beguiling; the state of being beguiled ; Gowk.)
that which beguiles.
* bě-grā'v-ing, pr. par. & a. [BEGRAVE (1).]
1. Generally: A trick, or illusion, which
bě-guīl'-ěr, * bě-gīl'-ěr, s. [Eng. beguile,
exposes one to ridicule.
bě-grē’aşe, v.t. [Eng. pref. be, and grease.]
-er.] One who beguiles; an allurer, a deceiver,
“Now Cromwell's gane to Nick, and ane ca'd Monk
Has play'd the Rumple a right slee begunk.”
To cover with grease. (Minsheu.)
a cheat.
Ramsay's Poems, ii. 88.
"To-day a beguiler, to-morrow beguiled.”
bě-grē'aşed, pa. par. & a. [BEGREASE.)
2. Specially : The act of jilting one in love.
Wodroephe : Fr. & Eng. Gr. (1623), p. 476.
(Used either of a male or of a female.)
bě-grē'aş-ing, pr. par. & a. [BEGREASE.] bě-guīl'-ing, pr. par., A., & s. [BEGUILE, v.] “Our sex are shy, and wi' your leave they think
Wha yields o'er soon fu' aft gets the begink."
* bě-grē'de (pret. bě-grăd'de), v.t. [Eng.
A. As present participle & participial adj.:
Morison's Poems, p. 137. "(Jamieson.)
& A.S. pref. be, and A.S. grædan ; 0. Eng. grede
'Tis flown-the vision: and the sense
Of that beguiling influence !”
* bě-gun'-nyn, pr. par. The same as BEGIN-
= to say, to cry, to call.] To cry out against.
Wordsworth: White Doe of Rylstone, iv.
NING. (Scotch.)
"The fugheles that the er begradde.”
B. As substantive : The act of deceiving |
Hule and Nightingale, 1,132. (S. in Boucher.)
people by living or speaking falsehood.
bě-gŭt'-tæ, s. [Low Lat., from 0. L. Ger.
* be-gret'te, pa. par. [A.S. gretan = (1) to “For further I could say, This man's untrue,
and Dut. begutte.] The same as BEGUINES
go, to meet, to approach; (2) to greet, to
And knew the patterns of his foul beguiling."
(q.v.).
Shakesp. : Lover's Complaint.
salute; (3) to touch.] Saluted.
“The teris lete he fall, and tendirly
bě-guil'-ững-ly, adv. [Eng. beguiling, ly.) 1 *bě-guy'ld, pa. par. & adj. [BEGUILED.]
With hertlie lufe begrette hir thus in hy."
In a manner to beguile. (Webster.)
* bêh, pa. par. [A.S. beah, pret. of bugan=
Doug. : Virgil, 179, 44.
f bě-guil'-tỉed, pa. par. & a. [BEGUILTY.]
to bow, bend, submit, yield.]
bě-grī'me, v.t. [Eng. Pref. be, and grime. To
“Hire love me lustnede uch word
soil with soot, the black material which ad + bě-guil'-tý, v.t. To render guilty.
Ant beh him to me over bord."
heres to the outside of pots and pans, or any-
“... dost at once beguilty thine own conscience
Ritson : Ancient Songs, i. 61. (S. in Boucher.)
thing similar.
with sordid bribery, ..."-Bp. Sanderson : Sermons. bě-ha'd, pret. of v. [BEHOLD.) (Scotch.)
“... bands of dragoons, spent with running and
riding, and begrimed with dust."-Macaulay: Hist
t bě-guil'-ty-ing, pr. par. [BEGUILTY.]
* bě-hâld to, v.t. [BEHOLD TO.]
Eng. ch. xvi.
bėg-uịn'-aġe (uin as wín, or u silent, age
bě-grī'med, pa. par. & d. [BEGRIME.]
bě-nâi'-den, bě-hăd'-den, pa. par. [BE-
as ig), s. [Fr. béguinage = (1) puerile and
HOLDEN.] (Scotch.)
affected devotion, (2) a convent of Beguines.
bě-grī'm-ing, pr. par. & d. [BEGRIME.]
(Littré.).] An association or “vineyard” of bě-half'. *bě-half'e (1 silent), s. [Perhaps
bě-grúdġ'e, 2.6. [Eng. pref. be, and grudge.] praying women. [See BEGUINES.]
a corruption of behoof, which is from A. S. be-
To grudge.
hefe=gain, advantage, benefit, behoof. (BE-
Běg'-uîneş (Eng.), * Bě'-guîns (guins as
"None will have cause to begrudge the beauty or
HOOF.) Skinner derives it from Eng. be, half,
height of corner-stones .."-Standard of Equality, $ 25. gwīns), Bě-gui-næ (u silent), s. pl. [Fr. making it=for my half, for my part. Skeat
Béguines, the fem, form of Béguin (q.v.). Lat.
bě-grúdġ'ed, pa. par. & d. [BEGRUDGE.]
essentially agrees with Skinner.]
Beguince.]
1. Favour, advantage, support, or vindica-
þě-grŭdſ'-ing, pr. par. [BEGRUDGE.]
1. The females who acted on the third rule
tion. (Noting action for the advantage of.)
of St. Francis, and corresponded to the
“For unto you it is given in the behalf of Christ,
* bě-grût-těn, a. [Sw. begräta = to weep Beghards or Beguins of the other sex. [BEG not only to believe on him, but also to suffer for his
for, to deplore.] Having the face disfigured HARDS.] They were called also Begutte.
sake.”—Phil. i. 29.
with weeping. (Jamieson.)
2. Associations of praying women which
2. Lieu, stead (noting substitution for).
bě-guīle, * bě-gī'le, * bī-gyle, *bý gýle,
arose in the Netherlands in the thirteenth
(Used specially when one appears instead of
another, as an advocate for a client, &c.)
v.t. [Eng. be, guile.
century, the first being formed at Nivelles, in
0. Fr. guiler = to de-
Brabant, in A.D. 1226, and spread rapidly in
ceive.]
bě-hăp'-pen, v.i. [Eng. be, happen.] To
the adjoining countries. They said they origi-
I. To deceive by means of guileful conduct
nated from a certain St. Begga, Duchess of
happen to.
or words.
Brabant, in the seventh century; while their
“This is the greatest shame, and foulest scorn,
Which unto any knight behappen may,
* 1. To cover up with guile; guilefully to enemies affirm that they were founded by To lose the badge that should his deeds display."
hide.
Lambert le Begue, a priest of Liege, in the
Spenser : F.Q., V. xi. 62.
"So beguild
With outward honesty.”
twelfth century. Mosheim rejects both state-
ments. They used to weave cloth, live together
Shakesp.: Rape of Lucrece.
bě-hăp'-pen-ing, pr. par. [BEHAPPEN.]
2. To deceive by means of a false state-
under a directress, and leave on being married, bě-hā've, v.t. & i. [Eng. prefix be, and have;
or indeed whenever they pleased. They still A.S. behabban, behcbban =(1) to compass, sur-
exist in some of the Belgian towns, notably
“Why wol he thus himself and us bigyle ?”
round, or contain ; (2) to restrain, to detain;
Chaucer : C. T., 8,128.
at Ghent, where they are renowned as makers
Ger. gehaben = (1) to behave, (2) to fare.]
II. To allure or lure to or from any place,
of lace, though under different rules from
A. Transitive:
course of conduct, &C.
those formerly observed.
“Young wanton wenches, and beguins, nuns, and
*1. Not reflexively: To exercise, to employ,
(a) To anything.
naughty packs.”—World of Wonders (1608), p. 184.
to discipline.
“And the woman said, The serpent beguiled me,
“With such sober and unnoted passion
and I did eat.”—Gen. iii, 13.
Běg'-uînş (uins as wînş, or u silent), s. pl.
He did behave his anger ere 'twas spent,
(6) From anything.
As if he had but prov'd an argument."
[From Fr. béguin = (1) a little boy's cap tied
Shakesp. : Timon, iii. 5.
“Perceives not Lara that his anxious page
under the chin, (2) a person whose devotion
Beguiles his charger from the combat's rage."
2. Reflexively: To conduct (one's self), to
is only of a puerile and affected type. (Littré.)
Byron : Lara, ii. 15.
comport (one's self).
III. To cause to mistake, to cause to com-
In Ger. Begine.]
"Thou hast worthily behaved thyself..."-Bunyan:
mit an error, without reference to the means
Ch. Hist. : The French name for the religious P. P., pt. ii.
by which this has been brought about.
men called by the Germans Beghards. [BEG-
B. Intransitive :
(Scotch.)
HARDS. ] Used (1) of the Franciscan Tertiaries,
1. Of persons: To conduct one's self; to
“I thank my God he never beguiled me yet.”—
and (2) specially of the praying men estab-
comport one's self. (Used in a good or in a
Walker: Remark. Passages, p. 10.
lished in the Netherlands in the thirteenth
bad sense.)
“I'm saer beguild” is = I have fallen into
century in imitation of the similar institution
“Though severely mortified, he behaved like a man
a great mistake. (Jamieson.)
for the other sex commenced by the Bėguines.
of sense and spirit.”-Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xvi.
IV. To thwart; to disappoint.
[BEGUINES.]
2. Chem. : Of things : To act or appear when
1. To thwart or elude by artifice.
bě-gúm', v.t. [Eng. be, gum.] To cover or
treated in a certain way.
“... I would ask you to observe how the metal
In this sense the object of the verb may smear with gum. (Swift.).
behaves when its molecules are thus successively set
be a person or a thing.
free."--Tyndall: Frag. of Science (3rd ed.), iv. 85.
bē-gům, s. [Hindustani begum.] A lady,
“Is wretchedness depriv'd that benefit,
To end itself by death? 'Tis yet some comfort,
princess, or woman of high rank. (Used chiefly be-hā'ved, pa. par. [BEHAVE.]
When misery could beguile the tyrant's rage.
of Mohammedan queens regnant, as the Be-
Shakesp. : Lear, iv. 6.
2. To disappoint.
gum of Bhopal.)
bě-hāv'-ing, pr. par. [BEHAVE.]
« The Lord Aboyn comes to the road of Aberdeen | bě-gủn' (Eng.), * bě-gũn’-nyn (0. Scotch), bě-hāv'-ựng (plur. * bě-hā'v-ung-is), s.
still looking for the coming of his soldiers, but he was pret. & pa. par. [BEGIN.]
Behaviour, manners, deportment. (Scotch.)
beguiled.”-Spalding, i. 165. (Jamieson.)
“The Scottis began to rise ylk day in esperance of
V. To remove tedium or weariness; to
A. As preterite of begin :
better fortoun, seyng thair kyng follow the behauyngis
give pleasing amusement to the mind, and
"Those mysteries, that since the world begun
of his gudschir Galdus, and reddy to reforme al enor-
Lay hid in darkness and eternal night."
myteis of his realm." - Bellend. : Cron., bk. V., ch. 2.
so make time slip pleasantly away.
Sir J. Davies. (Jamieson.)
ment.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whất, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, work, whô, son; māte, cũb, cüre, unite, cūr, rûle, füll: trý. Sýrian. æ, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu= kw.

behaviour-behind
481
sam mit
bě-hā'-vĩ-oūr, t bě-hā'-vï-ór, s. [Eng. "But when Herod heard thereof, he said, It is John
whom I beheaded." -Mark vi. 16.
behave; -iour, or -our.]
"... the heifer that is beheaded in the valley."—
A. Ordinary Language :
Deut. xxi. 6.
I. Outward deportment; such conduct as is 2. Fig.: To destroy.
visible to the eye ; carriage.
“... the first that with us made way to repair the
1. Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
decays thereof by beheading superstition, was King
Henry the Eighth."-Hooker : Eccl. Pol., bk. iv., ch.
“And he changed his behaviour before them, and xiv., § 7.
feigned himself mad in their hands."-1 Sam. xxi. 13.
"In his behaviour on a field of battle malice itself bě-head'-ěd, pa. par. & a. [BEHEAD.]
could find little to censure.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng.,
ch. xiv.
bě-head'-îng, pr. par., d., & s. [BEHEAD.]
T Shakespeare has behaviours in the plural A. & B. As pr. par. and participial adj. :
just as we say manners. (Jul. Cæs., i. 2; In senses corresponding to those of the verb.
All's Well, i. 3.)
C. As subst. (A.S. beheafdung): The act of
2. Specially:
beheading; the state of being beheaded ; a
(1) Such outward deportment as is fitted
kind of capital punishment in which the head
favourably to impress.
is severed from the body by the stroke of some
“The beautiful prove accomplished, but not of great
sharp instrument. The Romans inflicted it,
spirit; and study, for the most part, rather behaviour at an earlier period, by an axe, or subsequently
than virtue."-Bacon.
by a sword; the English by an axe, the Scotch
(2) Gesture, posture, attitude, specially of a by an instrument called a “maiden,” the
graceful kind.
French by the guillotine. It has generally
"He marked, in Dora's dancing, good grace and
been regarded as a more honourable method
handsome behaviour."-Sidney.
of death than that by hanging, and in England
"...the gesture of constancy becometh us best in
was reserved to the nobility.
the one, in the other the behaviour of humility."--
Hooker.
"His beħeading he underwent with all Christian
magnanimity."--Clarendon.
+ II. Conduct, including what is within the
heart and unseen, no less than what is visible. * bě-hěcht' (ch guttural), v.t. [A.S. behatan
"To him who hath a prospect of the state that at =to vow, to promise; behat = a promise.]
tends men after this life, depending on their beha To promise. (Scotch.) [BEHIGHT (3).]
viour here, the measures of good and evil are changed.”
“Dido heyrat comouit I you behecht,
-Locke.
For hir departing followschip redy made."
(a) To be on one's behaviour: To be so
Douglas : Virgit, 24, 25. (Jamieson.)
situated that one is likely to suffer consider-
* bě-hěcht' (ch guttural), bě-hê'te, s. (From
ably if, following the natural bent of his in-
clinations, he behave ill.
behecht, v.] Promise, behest. (Scotch.)
“ Tyrants themselves are upon their behaviour to a
“Now ye haue experience how facill the Britonis
bene to moue new trubill, so full of wyndis and vane
superiour power."-L'Estrange.
behechtis."-Bellend.: Cron., bk. viii., ch. 6.
(6) To hold an office on one's good behaviour :
To hold an office while one's behaviour con-
* bě-hel', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and hel=hell.]
tinues good.
To torture as with the pains of hell.
“Satan, Death, and Hell, were his inveterate foes,
B. Technically :
that either drew him to perdition, or did behel and
1. Scots Law (of persons). Behaviour as wrack him with the expectation of them.”-Hewyt :
heir (gestio pro hcerede): Procedure as if one
Serm. (1658), p. 72.
were the admitted heir of an estate. If on the bě-held', pa. par. & pret. [BEHOLD, v.t.]
death of a landed or other proprietor, the son,
"And Mary Magdalene and Mary the mother of
or the person entitled to claim to be his heir, Joses beheld where he was laid:"-Mark xv. 47
forbear to do this in any formal way, but at
the same time quietly assume the privileges
bē'-he-moth, s. [In Ger., &c., behemoth. From
of heirship, as, for instance, by drawing rents Heb. ninn; (behemoth), (1) the plural of poa
from the tenantry, his “behaviour," as if he (behêmah) = beasts, specially the domestic
were “heir,” makes him liable for the obliga quadrupeds, but also wild beasts; from
tions of the previous possessor. Having in-
obsolete root DAT(baham)= to shut, to be
formally assumed possession of his assets, he
dumb. In this latter case the plural form is
cannot repudiate his debts.
the “plural of excellence or majesty”(PLURAL),
2. Chem. (of things) : Appearance presented unless indeed the opinion of Jablonski be cor-
in certain specified circumstances.
rect, that there is in the old Coptic (Egyptian)
“When the behavior of a substance containing a language a word penemout = water-ox, which
sulphide or arsenic is to be ascertained by heating could easily be transformed into the Heb. be-
with borax.”—Plattner : Use of the Blowpipe (Mus-
pratt's ed., 1850), p. 60.
hemoth. Compare also Arab. bahaym=beasts,
Crabb thus distinguishes between the
brutes, wild beasts, bahimat=a quadruped,
words behaviour, conduct, carriage, deportment,
an animal wild or tame.] The animal de-
and demeanour :-“ Behaviour respects corpo-
scribed in Job xl. 15—24. It is probably the
real or mental actions ; conduct, mental ac-
hippopotamus, which in the time of Job
tions ; carriage, deportment, and demeanour are
seems to have been found in the Nile below
different species of behaviour.” “ Behaviour
the cataracts, though now it is said to occur
respects all actions exposed to the notice of
only above them. A second opinion enter-
tained is that Job's behemoth was the ele-
others; conduct, the general line of a person's
moral proceedings : we speak of a person's
phant; whilst a few scholars make the less
behaviour at table or in company, in a ball-
probable conjecture that it was the rhinoceros.
room, in the street, or in public; of his
“Behold now behemoth, which I made with thee; he
conduct in the management of his private
eateth grass as an ox."-Job xl. 15.
concerns, in the direction of his family, or bē?-hen, běk'-ěn, běn, s. [In Ger. behen,
in his different relations with his fellow or behenbaum.] Å name given to several
creatures. Behaviour applies to the minor plants.
morals of society; conduct, to those of the 1. Silene inflata, formerly called Silene Behen,
first moment: in our intercourse with others
and Cucubalus Behen, a caryophyllaceous plant.
we may adopt a civil or polite, a rude or bois-
2. Serratula Behen, a composite one. [See
terous, behaviour ; in our serious transactions.
we may adopt a peaceable, discreet, or prudent,
also BEHENIC ACID.]
a rash, dangerous, or mischievous conduct. A | bě-hen'-íc ăç-id, běn'-ıç ăç-id, S.
behaviour is good or bad; a conduct is wise
[From behen (q.v.).] A monatomic fatty
or foolish.” “Carriage respects simply the
acid, C.,.H22.CO.OH, obtained by the saponi-
manner of carrying the body; deportment in-
fication of oil of ben, which is expressed from
cludes both the action and the carriage of the
the fruits of Moringa Nux Behen. It is a
body in performing the action ; demeanour
white crystalline fat, and melts at 76º.
respects only the moral character or tendency
of the action ; deportment is said only of those bě-hest', * be-hěst'e, * beheast, s. [In
exterior actions that have an immediate refer A.S. benæs = a self-command, a vow, a pro-
ence to others : demeanour, of the general mise; Ger, geheiss = bidding, command.]
behaviour as it relates to the circumstances [HEST.]
and situation of the individual: the carriage
* 1. A promise.
is that part of behaviour which is of the first
importance to attend to in young persons.”
“As he caused Moises to conuay his whole people out
of Egypt ... into the land of beheste."-Sir T. More's
(Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
Works. (S. in Boucher.)
2. A command, a precept, a mandate.
bě-head', v.t. [A.S. beheafdian.]
.. let every nation hear
1. Lit. : To deprive of the head, to decapi-
The high behest, and every heart obey."
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. ix.
tate, to decollate. (Used of men, rarely of
animals.)
* bě-hē'te, v.t. [BEHIGHT.]
* bě-hēte', s. [BEHECHT.] (Scotch.)
* be-hewe' (hewe as hū), v.t. [Eng. be ;
hue.] To render of a certain hue.
“For it was all of golde behewe.”
Chaucer : House of Fame.
* bě-hī’ght, * bě-hī'ghte, * bě-hi'te', * bě-
hē'tē, * by hī'ghte, * bý-hēet, * bý-hět,
* bě-ho'te, * bě-hō'-týn (pret. * behote,
* behot, * byhote, pa. par. * behight, * behighte,
* behighten), v.t. [A.S. behatan = to promise,
vow, bid, or order.]
1. To promise, vow.
“And for his paines a whistle him behight.”
Spenser : F. Q., IV. xi. 6.
“Theruor ych byhote God that ..."
R. Gioucester, p. 322. (Richardson.)
2. To give; to carry out a promise; to bestow.
(a) To entrust, to commit.
"That most glorious house that glistreth bright,-
Whereof the keys are to thy hand behight
By wise Fidelia.”
Spenser: F. Q., I. x. 50.
(6) To adjudge.
“There it was judged, by those worthy wights,
That Satyrane the first day best had donne :--
The second was to Triamond behight."
Spenser : F. Q., IV. v. 7.
3. To inform, to assure.
“In right ill array
She was, with storm and heat, I you behight.”
Chaucer: Flower and Leaf.
Promise is still used in this sense (see
BEHECHT, v.).
4. To mean, to intend.
“The author's meaning should of right be heard,
He knoweth best to what end he enditeth:
Words sometime bear more than the heart behiteth."
Mirror for Magistrates, p. 461.
5. To reckon, to esteem.
“A knight much better than thyself behight."
Spenser : F. Q., IV. i. 44.
6. To call, to name, to denominate, to ad-
dress as. [HIGHT.]
“Whan soone as he beheld he knew, and thus behight."
Ibid., V. iv. 25.
7. To ordain, to command, to declare the
will of.
“It fortuned (as heavens had behight),
That in this gardin ..."
***Spenser : Muiopotmos.
*bě-hi'ght (gh mute), s. [From behight, v.]
A promise.
* bě-hī'ght, * bě-hi'ghte, * bě-hi'ght-en
(gh silent), pa. par. (BEHIGHT, v.]
"At last him turning to his charge behight.”.
Spenser : F. Q., II. viii. 9.
bě-hi'nd, * bě-hī'nd'e, * be-hý'nde,
* byhynde, * bi hynde, prep. & adv.
[A.Š. behindan; be, and hindan = behind.]
HIND.]
A. As preposition :
I. Literally:
1. In place :
(1) Of persons :
(a) At one's back. (Used whether the person
or thing behind one is quite near or at a
greater distance.)
“... it is a present sent unto my lord Esau: and,
behold, also he (Jacob) is behind us.”—Gen. xxxii. 18.
(6) Towards one's back.
“... the Benjamites looked behind them."-Judg.
(2) Of things : On the other side of some-
thing, as reckoned from the place where the
speaker stands, or from what is the natural
front of that thing.
“From light retird, behind his daughter's bed,
He for approaching sleep compos'd his head.”
Dryden.
2. In time:
(a) Remaining after the death or departure
of the possessor.
"What he gave me to publish was but a small part
of what he left behind him."-Pope.
(6) Of an effect remaining after the cause is
gone.
“Piety and virtue are not only delightful for the
present, but they leave peace and contentment behind
them."-Tillotson.
II. Figuratively:
1. In place : Used in one or more phrases.
Behind the back (Scripture) :
(a) Away, in contempt.
ix. 26.".
"... and cast thy law behind their backs."-Neh.
(6) In intentional forgetfulness.
. for thou hast cast all my sins behind thy
back.”—Isa. xxxviii. 17.
2. In dignity : Inferior to in worth, position,
or dignity.
XX. 40.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ģem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
31
-cian=shạn. -cion, -tion, -sion=shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhŭn tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

482
behindback-beien -
"I was not a whit behind the very chiefest apostles.”
-2 Cor. xi. 5.
B. As adverb :
I. Literally (in place, and thence, in time):
1. In place : Implying (a) position, or (6)
motion.
(a) At the rear or back of one.
"A certain woman came in the press behind.”—
Mark v. 27.
(6) To the rear or back of one, as to “look
behind."
2. In time:
(a) After one's departure ; at a distance
back; in time.
“... the brook Besor, where those that were left
behind stayed.”—1 Sam. xxx. 9.
(6) Inferior in point of rapidity.
“Such is the swiftness of your mind,
That, like the earth's, it leaves our sense behind."
Dryden.
(©) Future, remaining to be done or suffered,
also simply remaining.
“... and fill up that which is behind of the afflic-
tions of Christ.”—Col. i. 24.
II. Figuratively:
1. After something else has been taken
away or considered latent, which has not yet
attracted notice.
“ We cannot be sure that we have all the particulars
before us; and that there is no evidence behind, and
yet unseen, that may cast the probability on the other
side.”—Locke.
2. Deficient in means, behindhand in money
matters, unable to meet one's obligations.
3. Negligent about requiting benefits or
meeting obligations ; behindhand. (Followed
by with or in.) (Scotch.)
"He was never behind with any that put their trust
in him; and he will not be in our common."-Walker:
Life of Peden, p. 38. (Jamieson.)
* In this and the previous case the word
has apparently an adjectival use equivalent to
behindhand.
bě-hīnd'-băck, bě-hīnd'-băcks, a. &
adv. [Eng. behind ; back.] Literally, at the
back of one; or fig., underhand, deceitful.
bě-hīnd'-hănd, a. [Eng. behind; hand.]
* A. With the adjective before the substantive
or pronoun : Dilatory, tardy, backward.
"... interpreters
Of my behindhand slackness ! ..
Shakesp. : Winter's Tale, v. 1.
B. With the adjective after the substantive or
pronoun:
1. Spec. : Financially in arrears, not able to
make one's payments at the proper time, or,
in colloquial language, to make both ends
meet.
"Your trade would suffer, if your being behindhand
has made the natural use so high, that your tradesman
cannot live upon his labour."-Locke.
2. Gen.: Not so far advanced in action,
work, development, or anything, as might be
expected from one's promises or admitted
obligations, the progress made in similar
circumstances by others, or from the course
of nature.
.. and all joined in the chorus of the seamen's
songs, but the manner in which they were invariably
a little behindhand was quite ludicrous."-Darwin :
Voyage round the World, ch. X.
In this sense it is sometimes followed by
with, and sometimes by in.
“Consider whether it is not better to be a half year
behindhand with the fashionable part of the world,
than to strain beyond his circumstances."-Spectator.
behalten = to retain, to keep; Dut. behonden
= to keep, preserve, save ; gehonden =
obliged, bound. So the Latin observo and
tueor combine the significations of to see, to
observe, and to keep.]
A. Transitive :
I. Literally: To fix the eyes upon, to turn
the sight to, to observe keenly or stedfastly.
“Behold my hands and my feet, that it is I myself:
handle me and see ..."-Luke xxiv. 39.
II. Figuratively:
1. Not merely to look at, but to do so with
faith.
“... I said, Behold me, behold me, unto a nation
that was not called by my name."-Isa. lxv. 1.
2. To permit. (Scotch.)
“They desired him out of love (without any warrant)
that he would be pleased to behold them to go on..."
-Spalding, i. 117. (Jamieson.)
3. To take no notice of. (Scotch.)
“The bishop in plain terms gave him the lie. Lorne
said this lie was given to the lords, not to him, and
beheld him."-Spalding, i. 56. (Jamieson.)
4. To view with an eye of watchfulness,
scrutiny, or jealousy. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
B. [From A.S. behald, behalden = beholden
in the sense of being bound.] To warrant, to
guarantee, to become bound (trans. & intrans.).
“I'll behad he'll do it.”-Jamieson.
""I'll behad her she'll come.' I engage that this
shall be the case."-Jamieson.
1. To fix the eyes upon an object, to gaze,
or simply to look,
"And I beheld, and lo, in the midst of the throne
... stood a Lamb as it had been slain.”—Rev. v. 6.
2. To turn the attention to anything unseen
by the bodily eye but visible to the mind.
“And I beheld, and I heard the voice of many
angels ..."-Rev. v. 11.
3. To have respect to, to view with favour
or partiality. (Scotch.)
“ Saturnus douchter Juno, that full bald is,
Towart the partye aduersare behaldis."
Doug.: Virgil, 347, 5. (Jamieson.)
4. To wait, to delay; to look on for awhile.
(Scotch.)
" The match is feer for feer,'
That's true,' quo' she, “but we'll behad a wee.
She's but a tangle, tho' shot out she be.'
Ross: Helenore, p. 21. (Jamieson.)
In the imperative behold is used almost
as an interjection, meaning See, lo! It is used
specially to call attention to an important
announcement immediately to follow it.
“And, behold, I am with thee, and will keep thee.”—
Jer. xxviii. 15.
bě-höld'-en (Eng.), bě-hâld'-en, bě-hâd-
den (Scotch), pa. par. [The past participle of
behold. Specially from Dut. gehouden = obliged,
bound.] [BEHOLD.] Obliged to, indebted to,
under obligation of gratitude to. (Followed
by to of a person or thing conferring the
benefit.)
"Little are we beholden to your love."
Shakesp.: Richard II., iv. 1.
* bě-hõld-en-něss, s. [Eng. beholden; -ness.]
Obligation. [BEHOLDINGNESS.]
“... to acknowledge his beholdenness to them."-
Sidney: Arcadia, bk. iii. (Richardson.)
bě-hõld-ěr, * bě-hõld'-oũr, s. [Eng. be-
hold ; -er.] One who looks upon anything; a
spectator.
“... their successors, whose wild and squalid
appearance disgusted the beholders."-Macaulay: Hist.
Ing., ch. vi.
bě-höld’-îng, * bě-hõld'-yng, * bī-hõld'-
ụnge, pr. par., pa. par., & s. [BEHOLD.]
A. As present participle :
1. In senses corresponding to those of the
verb.
* 2. A corruption of BEHOLDEN. Obliged,
indebted to, under obligation to.
"We anglers are all beholding to the good man that
made this song."-Walton : Angler, p. 87.
B. As substantive:
1. The act of seeing; the state of being seen.
“... a mother should not sell him an hour from
her beholding ..."-Shakesp. : Coriolanus, i. 3.
2. Obligation.
"Love to virtue, and not to any particular behold-
ings, hath expressed this my testimony."-Carew.
* bě-hõld'-îng-ness, s. [Eng. beholding, a
corruption of beholden (q.v.); -ness.] The
state of being under obligation.
"The king invited us to his court, so as I must
acknowledge a beholdingness unto him.”-Sidney.
bě-hon-ey, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and honey.]
To sweeten with honey. (Sherwood.)
bě-hô'of, * bě-hô'ofe, * bě-hô'ufe, * bě-
hô'fe, * bě-hû'fe, * bě-hô'ove, * be-
hough, s. [A.S. behof (as s.) = gain, ad-
vantage, benefit, behoof (as adj.) = necessary,
behooveful; Sw. behof; Dan. behov = need,
necessary obligation ; Dut. behoef; Ger. behuf.]
[BEHOOVE, BEHALF.] That which “behooves,”
that which is advantageous; advantage, pro-
fit, benefit.
“... no mean recompense it brings
To your behoof, ..."-Milton: P. L., bk. ii.
+ bě-hô'ov-a-ble, * bě-hô'v-a-ble, * bě-
hô've-a-ble, a.. [Eng. behoov(e); -able.]
Needful; profitable ; advantageous.
" ;:, in which it had been chefely of all expedient
and behoveable to give eare vnto John's sayinges."-
Udal: Luke, ch. iii. (Richardson.)
+ bě-hô'ove, s. [BEHOOF.]
t bě-hô'ove-fúi, a. [BEHOVEFUL.)
+ bě-hô'ove-ful-lý, adv. [BEHOVEFULLY.]
* bě-horn'e, v.t. To put horns on, to cuckold.
(Taylor : Works, 1630.) (Nares.)
* bě-hott', * bě-hō'te, pret. of v. [BEHight.]
Promised.
"... so rude him smott,
That to the earth him drove as stricken dead;
Ne living wight would have him life behott."
Spenser: F. Q., I. xi. 38.
* bě-hôu'-full, a. [BEHOOVEFUL.]
* behough, * behouve, s. [BEH00F.]
bě-ho've, + bě-hô'ove, * bī-hô've, * by-
hô've (Eng.), bě-hû've, bě-hû'fe (Scotch),
v.t. & i. [A.S. behofian = to behove, to be fit,
to have need of, to need, to require, (impers.)
it behoveth, it concerns, it is needful or neces-
sary ; Dan. behove, behöve; Sw. behöfva ; Dut.
behoeven=to want, to need, to be necessary;
behooven = to behove, to be fit, suitable; Ger.
behufen, behuben.] [BEHOOF.]
A. Transitive:
1. Personally:
(a) In the active voice: To put under the
necessity, to impose upon one the necessity
(of doing something).
† (6) In the passive voice : To be needful for,
to be required, to be fitting, whether as re-
gards necessity, duty, or convenience.
“Jul. No, madam ; we have cull'd such necessaries
As are behoved for our state to-morrow."
Shakesp. : Romeo & Juliet, iv. 3. (Some editions.)
2. Impersonally : It is needful ; it is fit ;
fitting, suitable.
“He did so prudently temper his passions, as that
none of them made him wanting in the offices of life,
which it behoved or became him to perform.”-Atter-
bury.
B. Intransitive: To require, to need.
“A kynge behoueth eke to flee
The vice of prodigalitee."
Gower : Conf. Am., bk. vii.
bě-hõ've-fúl, * bě-hô'ove-fúl, * bě-hô'o-
fúli, * bě-hô'v-full, a. [Eng. behoof, be-
hoove = behoof; and full.]
1. Needful.
“And that they the same Gilde or fraternyte
myght augumente and enlarge, as ofte and when it
shuld some to theym necessarie and behoufuli, ..."-
English Gilds (Ear. Eng. Text Soc.), p. 310.
2. Advantageous; profitable.
" Jul. No, madam: we have culi'd such necessaries
As are behoveful for our state to-morrow."
Shakesp. : Rom. & Jul., iv. 3. (Globe ed., &c.).
bě-ho've-fúl-ly, * bě-hô'ove-fúl-ly, adv.
[Eng. behoveful; -ly.] Advantageously ; pro-
fitably.
“Tell us of more weighty dislikes than these, and
that may more behoovefully import the reformation.”
-Spenser : State of Irelană.
* bě-hówl', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, a
To howl at.
“Now the hungry lion roars,
And the wolf behowls the moon."
Shakesp.: Mids. Night's Dream, v. 2.
bě-hû'fe, bě-hû've, v.t. [BEHOVE.] (Scotch.)
* bě-hû'fe, s. [BEHOOF.)
bě-hû've, v.t. [BEHOVE.) (Scotch.)
* bě-hy'nde, prep. & adv. [BEHIND.]
* bõid-măn, S. [BEAUMAN.]
* beien, a. [A. 8. begen=both.) Both.
“Ne beon ghit bute tweien,
Mine sunen ghit beoth beien."
MS. Cott., Calig., A. ix., f. 28. (Jamieson.)
* bě-hīte, v.t. [BEHIGHT.]
* bě-hith'er, prep. [Eng. prefix be=by, be-
side, and hither.]
1. On this side.
"The Italian at this day by like arrogance calleth
the Frenchman, Spaniard, Dutch, English, and all
other breed behither their mountaines Appenines,
Tramontani, as who should say barbarous.”—Putten-
ham: Art of Engl. Poesie, p. 210. (Nares.)
2. Except.
“I have not any one thing, behither vice, that hath
occasioned so much contempt of the clergie, as un-
willingness to take or keep a poor living."-Oley :
Pref. to Herbert's C. Parson, A. 11 b. (Nares.)
bě-hold', * be-hõld'e, * bě-hûld'e, * bī-
hõld'e, * bihulde (Eng.) bě-hâ'd, bě-
hald', (Scotch) (pret. beheld, * biheld; pa. par.
beheld, beholden, * biheld), v.t. & i. [A.S. be-
healden = (1) to behold, to see, to look on,
(2) to observe, to consider, to beware, to re-
gard, to mind, to take heed, to mean, to
signify (Bosworth); from be, and healden = to
hold; Dan. beholde = to keep, to hold ; Ger.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whất, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pīne, păt, sïre, sîr, marîne; gó, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; trý, Sýrian. æ, o=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

beigh-beknit
483
* beigh, * beighe, * bie, * bee, * beege,
“The crystal spring, and greenwood schaw,
to improve, to kindle or to mend a fire, to
And beildy holes when tempest blaw."
* beygh, * byge, s. [A.S. beah, beag, beh,
Ramsay: Poems, ii. 485.
mend, to restore.] [BEET.]
bceh = metal made into circular ornaments,
1. To help, to supply; to mend by making
as bracelets, necklaces, crowns, from bugan =
* bēiled, pa. par. [Corrupted from Eng. be-
addition.
to bow or bend.]
layed, or connected with Scotch beild =
“At luvis law a quhylę I think to leit,
1. Gen. : Anything bent or twisted.
shelter.]
And so with birds blythly my bailis to beit.”
Naut. : Moored, secured by ropes or chains
Henrysone. (Bannatyne Poems, p. 132.)
2. Spec. : An ornament for the neck; a
2. To blow up, to kindle (applied to the fire).
against danger (?).
torque.
"So weneth he be ful sleighe,
“... and the master aught to see the ship tyit and
“Quhen he list gant or hlaw, the fyre is bet,
To make hir his leman
beiled, quhairthrow the ship and merchandice may
And from that furnis the flambe doith brist or glide."
With broche and riche beighe."
not be put to ony danger or skaith."-Ship Lawis.
Doug. : Virgil, 87, 55.
Sir Tristrem, iii. 66. (Jamieson.)
(Balfour's Pract., p. 618.)
3. To bring into a better state by removing
"(He) putte aboute his necke a goldun beege."-
calamity or cause of sorrow.
bēin, beyne, a. [BENE.] (Scotch.) Wealthy;
Wycliffe (Gen. xli. 42).
"Allace, quha sall the beit now off thi baill !
3. Any ornament.
pleasant.
Allace, quhen sall off harmys thow be haill !"
"Thi ring and thi bie of the arm."—Wycliffe (Gen. bein-like, bien-like, a. [Scotch bein,
Wallace, xi. 1,119, MS. (Jamieson.)
xxxviii. 18).
bien, and like.] Pleasant, comfortable in ap * beit-ing, * bệt-ing, S. [BEIT.] The act
bêight, s. [BIGHT, Bought.] (N. of England
pearance. (Scotch.)
of helping, improving, mending, supply.
“... all statutes of his hienes burrowis within this
dialect.)
bein, v.t. [BEIN, a.] To render comfortable. realme, tending to the beiting and reparatioun of thair
* bēik, * bēke, *bēek, * bēak, v.t. & i.
wallis, streittis, havynnis, and portis.”- Acts Ja. VI.,
(Scotch.)
1594 (ed. 1814), iy. 80. (Jamieson.)
[A.S. bacan = to bake.] [BAKE, BASK.] bē'-îng, * bē'e-îng, * bēr-ynge, pr. par.,
*be-jā'de, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and jade, v.]
A. Transitive:
S., & conj. [BE.]
To jade, to tire, to fatigue.
1. To bask. (Sometimes used reflexively.)
A. As present participle : Existing ; living
"If you have no mercy upon them yet spare yourself,
“Ane standyng place, quhar skartis with thare
as a sentient being, or existing as a thing in lest you bejade the good galloway, your own opiniatre
bekkis,
animate.
wit.”—Milton : Anim. upon the Rem. Defence.
Forgane the son gladly thaym prunyeis and bekis."
"[Joshua] died, being an hundred and ten years old."
Doug. : Virgil, 131, 46.
bê'-jạn, ba'-jạn, s. & a. [Fr. bejaune = a
-Judg. ii. 8.
2. To warm; to communicate heat to.
B. As substantive :
young and silly bird ; a silly young man ;
" Then fling on coals, and ripe the ribs,
ignorance, rawness.] (Scotch.)
I. The state of existence.
And beek the house baith but and ben."
Ramsay: Poems, 205. (Jamieson.). 1. Lifetime.
A. As subst. : A student belonging to the
B. Intrans. : To warm ; to flush.
“... Claudius, thou
“bejan” class (q.v.).
Wast follower of his fortunes in his being."
"The plague much relenting, the other classes re-
"Her cheek, where roses free from stain,
In glows of youdith beek."
Webster (1654). (Goodrich & Porter.) turned to their wonted frequencie, only no Bajans
Ramsay: Works, i. 117.
2. Existence, with no direct reference to
• convened all that year.”—Crauford : Hist. Univ. Edin.,
p. 63. (Jamieson.)
its duration ; existence as distinguished from
* bêik, a. [From beik, v.] Warm.
B. As adi. : Belonging to the “bejan”
non-existence.
"And sittand at ane fyre, beik and bawld."
“Merciful and gracious, thou gavest us being; rais-
class (q.v.).
Bannatyne Poems, p. 215, st. 2. (Jamieson.)
ing us from nothing to be an excellent creation." bejan-class, bejan class, s. A name
* bēik (1), s. [BEAK.] (Scotch.)
Taylor : Guide to Devotion.
given to the first or Greek class in the Uni-
II. He or she who, or that which exists.
1. The bill of a bird.
versities of Aberdeen and St. Andrews, as it
1. A conscious existence, created or un formerly was to that in Edinburgh Univer-
2. Figuratively:
created; he or she who exists or lives. Used sity. (Jamieson.) [SEMI-BAJAN.]
(a) Contemptuously: A man's or a fabulous
(a) Of man or other created existences; or,
monster's mouth. Of the Cyclops it is said-
* bě-jā'pe, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and jape.]
more rarely, of the human mind.
“ An horribil sorte, wyth mony camschul beik,
To laugh at, to ridicule.
“What a sweet being is an honest mind !"-Beau-
And hedis semand to the heuin arreik.”
mont & Fletcher.
“I shall bejaped ben a thousand time
Doug. : Virgil, 91, 18.
And with them the Being Beauteous,
More than that foole, of whose folly men rime."
(6) As a cant word: A person ; as, “an auld
Who unto my youth was given,
Chaucer : Tr. and Cr., i. 532.
beik," "a queer beik,” &c. (Jamieson.)
More than all things else to love me.”
* bě-jā'ped, pa. par. [BEJAPE.]
Longfellow: Footsteps of Angels.
* bēik (2), S. [BEACH.] (Scotch.) Apparently (6) Of the one uncreated Existence, God. bě-jä'r-1-ą, s. [Named after Bejar, a Spanish
the same as BEACH. Of the Castle of Dum-
“ That the procession of our fate, howe'er
botanist.]
barton it is said-
Sad or disturb'd, is order'd by a Being
"Item, on the beik ane singill falcoun of found
Of infinite benevolence and power."
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
markit with the armes of Bartanye."-Inventories, A.
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iv. order Ericaceæ (Heathworts), and the section
1580, p. 300. (Jamieson.)
C. As conjunction : (Contracted from it Rhodoreæ—that in which the Rhododendron
being so, this being the case, or some similar
* beik, s. [BYKE.] (Scotch.)
and Azalea are placed. Bejaria racemosa is
expression.) Since; since this is so.
a sweet-scented evergreen shrub, with pink
“And being you hav
* bēi'-kat, s. [BYKAT.] (Scotch.)
flowers, growing in Florida on the banks of
Declin'd his means, you have increased his malice."
swamps and ponds. The genus is called also
Beaum. & Flet. : Hon. M. Fort., ii.
* bēil, v.i. [BEAL, v.] (Scotch.)
Befaria.
† being-place, being place, s. A place
* bēild (Scotch), * belde (0. Eng.), v.t. & i. of existence; a place in which existence may bě-jâun'-dịce, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and
[O. Sw. bylja = to build ; İcel. bæli, byli = an be maintained.
jaundice.] To give one the jaundice. (Quar.
abode.] [BELD, BUILD.]
“Before this world's great frame, in which all things
Rev.)
A, Trans. : To supply; to support.
Are now contain'd, found any being-place."
Spenser : Hymn of Heavenly Love. bě-jěş-ų-it, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and Jesuit.]
"This land is purd off fud that suld us beild.”
Wallace, xi. 43. (Jamieson.) bē’in-lý, adv. [BENELY.) (Scotch.)
To make a Jesuit of one; to teach one Jesuit-
B. Intrans. : To take refuge.
ical methods of procedure. (Milton.)
“Beirdis beildit in blisse, brightest of ble."
bē'in-ness, s. [Scotch, bein; -ness.] Mode-
be-jům'-ble, v.t. To jumble together.
Gawan and Gal., iv. 12. (Jamieson.)
rate wealth, comfort.
“During the dear years, an honest farmer had been
bēild, biēld (Scotch), * bēild, * bēeld, reduced from beinness to poverty."-Edin. Mag. (Oct.,
běk, s. [BECK (1), s.] (Scotch.)
1818), p. 329. (Jamieson.)
* belde (0. Eng.), s. [From beild, v. (q.v.).]
bêke, v.t. [BEIK, v.] (Scotch.)
I. The act of sheltering or protecting : the beir, v.i. [BIRR.] (Scotch.)
* be-ken'ne (1), v.t. [A.S. prefix bi, and cen-
state of being sheltered or protected.
bëir (1), s. [BIRR.] (Scotch.)
nan = to beget, to bring forth, to produce.]
1. Shelter, refuge; protection.
To give birth to. [AKENNE.]
"I will or bear, or be myself, thy shield ;
bëir (2), s. [BERE.] (Scotch.)
"Ure onelic loverd ... thatt of de holigost biken-
And, to defend thy life, will lose my own :
nedd was."-Reliq. Antiq., I. 234.
beir-seed, s. [BEAR-SEED.]
This breast, this bosom soft, shall be thy beeld
'Gainst storms of arrows."
**Fairfax: Tasso, xvi. 49. beird (eir as är), s. The same as BARD
* bě-ken'ne (2), *by-kěn'ne, * bī'-ken,
" Fock maun bow to the bush that they seek beild L (a.v.). A bard. a minstrel.
v.t. [O. Fris. bikenna.] To entrust, to com-
(Scotch.)
frae."--Hogg : Brownie, ii. 197.
mit to.
“Wyth beirdis as beggaris, thocht byg be thare banys."
2. Support, stay, means of sustenance.
Doug. : Virgil, 238, 25.
“'Ich bekenne the Crist,' quath he, that on the croice
deide,'
“His fader erit and sew ane pece of feild,
And ich seide the same save you fro meschaunce.'"
* beire, s. [A.S. beorh = a hill, ... a barrow,
That he in hyregang held to be hys beild."
Piers Plowman, p. 169. (Jamieson.)
Doug.: Virgil, 429, 7. a place of burial ; a place of refuge.] A grove,
II. That which shelters or protects; a place a shady place.
* bě-kiss', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and kiss, v.]
of shelter. Specially-
"A shaw or beire of trees, or a young spring." To kiss.
Withal: Dict. (ed. 1608), p. 93. (Halliwell.)
1. A house, a habitation.
“Shee's sick o' the young shepard that bekist her."
B. Jonson: Sad Shepherd, i. 6.
"My Jack, you're more than welcome to our beild ;. * bē-is, 3rd pers. sing. subj. of v. [A.S. byst.]
Heaven aid me lang to prove your faithfu'chield."
Morrison : Poems, p. 177.
Be, is. (Scotch.) .
| * bě-kist', pa. par. [BEKISS.]
2. The shelter found by going to leeward.
“Bot gif sa beis, that vnder thy request,
* běkke, v.t. & i. (BECK.] To nod. (Chaucer.)
More hie pardoun lurkis, I wald thou ceist.”
“ In the beild of the dike' = on that side of the
Doug. : Virgit, 340, 55. (Jamieson.)
wall that is free from the blast. (Jamieson.)
bě-knā've (k silent), v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and
* beis, s. pl. [BEE.] (Scotch.)
Konave.] To call a knave.
* bēild, a. [A.S. deald.] Bold.
* bēist, * bēis'-týn, * bēist'-îngs, s.
"May satire ne'er befool ye or beknave ye.”—Pope.
“Blyth bodeit, and beild, but barrat or bost.”
Houlate, ii. 2, MS. (Jamieson.) [BIESTINGS.]
* běkk'-nynge, s. [BECKONING.] (Scotch.)
bē'ild-y, d. [Scotch beild ; -y.] Affording | *bēit, * bēte, * bēet (0. Eng.), bēet (Scotch), * bě-knỉt' (k silent), v.t. [A.S. becynttan =
shelter.
v.t. [A.S. betan, gebetan = to make better, 1 to knit, bind, tie, or enclose.] To knit.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ģem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -çion, -tion, -sion=shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhăn. -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

484
beknit-belch
"... her filthy armes beknit with snakes about." devout worshipper of Bel, by proving that Bot.: A genus of plants, the typical one of
Arth. Golding: Ovid's Metamorphoses, bk. iv.
the immense supplies of food laid before the the tribe Belangereæ (q.v.). The species are
bě-knit' (k silent), pa. par. & d. [BEKNIT.] idol were really consumed, not by it or by the Brazilian trees with a six-parted calyx, no
inhabiting divinity, but by the priests and corolla, many stamens, and opposed-stalked
* bě-knö'w, *bý'-know, *bý-knö'we,
their families. On Cyrus urging that the compound leaves.
* bī-knö'w (k silent), v.t. & i. [The full dragon, also worshipped, was at least a living
form is to “be aknow.” [AKNOWE.] A.S.
běl-ăn-ģēr'-ě-æ, s. pl. [BELANGERA. ]
God, Daniel poisoned it, for which he was
oncnawan = to acknowledge. In Ger. beken thrown into a lions' den, where the prophet Bot. : A tribe or family of plants belonging
nen=to acknowledge, to confess, to avow.] Habakkuk fed him. Ultimately he was re-
to the order Cunoniaceæ (Cunoniads). Type,
To confess, to acknowledge, to be aware.
leased, and his persecutors put to death.
Belangera (q.v.).
A. Trans. (followed by objective):
The above narrative must not be con * bě-lā'te, v.t. [Eng. be; late.] To cause to
“For I dar nought byknowe myn own name.".
founded with one called also “Bel and the be late. (Generally in pa. par. or the corre-
Chaucer : C. T., 1,558.
Dragon,” translated by Mr. Fox Talbot from sponding adjective.) [BELATED.]
B. Intrans. (followed by clause of a sentence) : the cuneiform tablets.
“The action cannot waste,
“This messager tormented was, til he
Mr. Talbot believes that the dragon, seven-
Caution retard, nor promptitude deceive,
Moste biknowe and telle it plat and playn,
Slowness belate, nor hope drive on too fast."
headed like the one in Revelation, would, if
Fro nyght to night in what place he had layn.”
Davenant : Gondibert, ii. 2.
Chaucer : 0. T., 5,306. the tablets were complete, prove the saine
* bě-know'en, *bē-knö'we, * bī-knowe
being that seduced some of the heavenly
| bě-lā't-ed, pa. par. & a. [BELATE.]
(k silent), pa. par. [BEKNOW.]
“gods," or angels, from their allegiance 1. Too late, behind time.
(Rev. xii. 4; Jude 6), for which he was slain
“When men come to the koke, he was be-knowe sone
"But when were these proofs offered ? ... Who con-
That sum burn a-wei had' bore two white beres
by Bel. The resemblance is not to the apo tested this belated account?"-Burke on the Nabob of
skynnes.”
cryphal book now under consideration, but to
Arcot's Debts. (Richardson.)
William and the Werewolf, p. 79. (S. in Boucher.)
the combat between Michael and the Dragon
2. Out late at night.
* běk'-nặnge, . [BECKONING.] (Prompt. in Rev. xii. 7–17.
“Whose midnight revels, by a forest side
(H. Fox Talbot in Trans.
Or fountain, some belated peasant sees,
Parv.)
Bib. Archæol. Soc., vol. iv., 1875, p. 349.)
Or dreams he sees." Milton : P. L., bk, i.
* běl, a. [Fr. bel, adj., before a vowel or h| bě-lā'-boŭr, v.t. [Eng. prefix be; labour.] | bě-lā't-ěd-něss, s. [Eng. belated ; -ness.)
mute.] [BEAU, BELLE.] Beautiful.
1. To labour upon; to cultivate with labour. The state of being belated.
"A ful bel lady, un-like hure of grace."
"That you may see I am sometimes supicious of
Piers Plowman, p. 124. (s. in Boucher.)
"If the earth is belaboured with culture it yieldeth
corn.”-Barrow, vol. iii., Serm. 18.
myself, and do take notice of a certain belatedness in
Bel esprit (plur. beaux esprits)= a wit; a fine
me, I am the bolder to send you some of my night-
2. To beat; to give a sound drubbing with
ward thoughts."-Milton: Letters.
genius.
a cudgel or similar weapon.
* běl (1), s. [BELL.]
" .. but they so belaboured him, being sturdy
bě-lâ'ud, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and laud.]
men at arms, that they made him make a retreat ..." Greatly to praise.
Běl (2), s. [Heb. 9a (Bét), according to Gesenius
-Bunyan: P. P., pt. ii.
+ bě-lā've, v.t. [Eng. be; lave.] To lave, to
contracted from Aram. hya (Běél)= Heb. ? * běl-ac-coy'le, * běl-a-c611, * bì-al-a-
wash. (Cockeram.)
(Baal); Sept. Gr. Bìa (Bel), and Bñdos (Bēlos): col, s. [Fr. bel = beautiful, fine, good
Babylonian, Assyrian, and Accadian Bel, Belu, (BEL), and accueil = reception, accueillir = to
* bě-lâw'-give, v.t. [Eng. prefix be; law;
Elu (EL)=Lord.]
receive kindly.) A kind reception, a hearty and give.] To give a law to.
Accadian, Assyrian, & Babylonian Myth.: welcome.
“The Holy One of Israel hath belawgiven his own
A "god" mentioned in Scripture, in Isa. xlvi.
“And her salewyd with seemely bel-accoyle
people with this very allowance.”—Milton: Doct. and
1; Jer. 1. 2; li. 44; in the Septuagint, in
Dis. of Divorce.
Joyous to see her safe after long toyle."
Spenser: FB., IV. vi. 25.
Baruch vi. 40, and in the apocryphal additions
In the “Romaunt of the Rose” the
* bě-law-giv-en, pa. par. [BELAWGIVE.]
to the Book of Daniel (BEL AND THE DRAGON),
quality is personified under the name of
as well as by classical authors. Much new
+ bě-lāy' (1), v.t. [In A.S. beliсgan = to sur-
Bialacoil.
light has recently been thrown on Bel's
round; Sw. belayga; Ger. belegen = to cover,
“A lusty bachelere,
characteristics and position in the heavenly
to overlay, to beset, to encompass.] [BE-
Of good stature and of good hight,
hierarchy, by the examination of the cuneiform
And Bialacoil forsothe he hight."
LEAGUER.]
tablets and sculptures. It has been discovered
| bě-lā'çe, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and lace. In
1. To block up, to stop up; to beleaguer,
that, prior to 1600 B.C., the highly interesting
to besiege.
Turanian people called Accadians, the in-
Sw. belöyga.]
“Gaynst such strong castles needeth greater might
ventors of the cuneiform writing, who wielded 1. To lace, to fasten with lace.
Then those small forts which ye were wont belay.”
Spenser : Sonnet, xiv.
extensive authority in Western Asia before “To belace a rope.”—Johnson.
2. To waylay.
the Semitic Assyrians and Babylonians had 2. To adorn with lace.
“He was by certain Spaniards ... belaid upon the
come into notice, worshipped as their first
(a) Lit. : In the foregoing sense.
river Padus ... and slaine."-Knolles : Hist of the
triad of gods Anu, ruling over the heaven;
Turkes. (Nares.)
(6) Fig. (of poetic numbers): To describe in
Elu, Belu, or Bel, over the earth; and Ea
over the sea. Bel's three children, or three
soft and graceful rather than bold and martial | bě-lāy' (2), v.t. [Dut. beleggen = to cover,
strains.
overlay, cognate with A.S. belecgan=to lay
of his children, were Shamas, the Sun-god;
“How to belace and fringe soft love I knew;
upon, cover.]
Sin, the Moon-god; and Ishtar, the Accadian
For all my ink was now Castalian dew."
Venus. Sayce shows that some first-born
1. To adorn; to ornament.
Beaumont : Psyche, ii. 48.
children were vicariously offered in sacrifice
“All in a woodman's jacket he was clad
bě-lā'çed, pa. par. & A. [BELACE, v.t.]
Of Lincoln greene, belayed with silver lace."
by fire to the Sun-god. From the Accadians 1
Adorned with lace.
human sacrifice passed to various Semitic
Spenser : F. Q., VI. ii. 5.
“When thou in thy bravest
2. Naut. : To fasten a rope securely by
tribes and nations. Bel's name Elu identifies
And most belaced servitude dost strut.
winding it round a kevel, cleat, or belaying-
him with the Phenician El, who, in a time of
Some newer fashion doth usurp: and thou
trouble, offered his first-born son, “the be-
Unto its antick yoke durst not but bow.”
“Get up the pick-axe, make a step for the mast-
loved,” on a high place, by fire.
Beaumont: Psyche, xvi. 10.
It is not
make the chair fast with the rattlin-haul taught and
settled whether or not Bel was the same also bě-lā'-cing, pr. par. [BELACE, V.t.]
belay."-Scott : Antiquary, ch. viii.
as the Phenician Baal. To the wrath of Bel
bě-lā'yed, * bě-lā'yd, pa. par. & adj. [BE-
* bě-lă'm, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and 0. Eng.
the deluge was attributed. In Scripture times
lam = to beat.] To beat.
he was known exclusively as a Babylonian
LAY.]
divinity, being distinguished from both Nebo
"Batre: to beat, thwack, bump, swindge, cudgel ; ) bě-lāy'-ựng, pr. par. [BELAY.]
and Merodach. In the later Babylonian em-
belam, also to batter.”—Cotgrave.
belaying-bitt, s. A frame of wood fixed
pire, however, Merodach came to be generally * bei'-a-môur, * běll'-a-môur, s. [From
perpendicularly in the fore-part of a ship to
identified with Bel, though sometimes distin Fr. belle = beautiful, and amour = love.]
fasten ropes to.
guished from him, being called “the lesser
Bel.” (Sayce, Boscawen, Fox Talbot, Bosan-
A. Of persons (of the form Belamour): A
belaying-cleat, s. A cleat for the pur-
quet, &c., in Trans. Bib. Archæol. Soc., vols.
fair lover, a fair friend.
pose of belaying the running rigging to.
i.-vi.)
B. Of things (of the form bellamour) : An [CLEAT.]
• Bet enters as an element into various
obsolete name for a particular flower. Mason
Babylonian names, as Belteshazzar = the
belaying-pin, s.
thinks it was Venus's Looking-glass.
Naut. : A stout pin in the side of a vessel
“Her snowy brow like unto bellamours,
Prince of Bel (Dan. i. 7; iv. 8, 9, 19).
Her lovely eyes like pinks but newly spred.” or round the masts to which ropes may be
Bel and the Dragon, s. One of the
Spenser : Sonnet, 64. “belayed,” i.e., fastened, or around which
books of the Apocrypha, or, more precisely, | * běl'-a-mỹ, * běl a-mỳ', * běl'-a-mỹe, they may be wound.
certain apocryphal chapters added to the * bel'-a-mỉ, s. [Fr. bel= beautiful (BEL), and
canonical Book of Daniel. The Jews consider
| bělch, * bělk, * bõlk, v.t. or i. [A.S. beal-
ami = friend, well-wisher, sweetheart, com-
them as no part of their Scriptures. They
can, bealcettan, belcettan = to belch.]
panion.) A fair friend, a companion, an asso-
were penned probably by an Alexandrian
ciate. (Used of a man's friend of the same
A. Transitive :
Jew, the language used being not Hebrew,
sex.)
I. Lit.: To eructate ; to expel from
nor Aramæan, but Greek.
the
The Church of
Rome accepts Bel and the Dragon as part
1. In ordinary narrative :
mouth with violence wind from the stomach,
of the Holy Scripture; most, if not all,
“Wise Socrates; who, thereof, quaffing glad,
commingled sometimes with portions of food.
Pour'd out his life and last Philosophy
“Rough as their savage lords who rang'd the wood,
Protestant churches reject it. In Roman
To the fayre Critias, his dearest Belamy.".
And fat with acorns belch'd their windy food."
Catholic worship it is read on Ash Wed-
Spenser : F. Q., II. vii. 52.
Dryden.
nesday, and was so in the old lectionary 2. In salutations :
II. Figuratively :
of the English Church on the 23rd of Novem-
“To him I spak ful hardily,
1. To eject from the heart.
ber. The new lectionary has it not either
And said, 'What ertow, belamy 2n
on that or any other date. The story of Bel
.. the bitterness of it I now belch from my
Ywaine & Gawin, i. 278. (8. in Boucher.)
heart ..."-Shakesp. : Cymbeline, iii. 5.
and the Dragon tells how Daniel enlightened běl-an-ger-a, s. [Named after the French
2. Of things : To eject from an aperture with
Cyrus, who is represented as having been a traveller Charles Belangere.]
violent suddenness and noise.
pin.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, păt, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu= kw.

belch-belemnitidæ
485
moutil.
he boil, and, belch
engine throwdon
Caaaa
"... within the gates, that now bel-dit, pa. par. [BELDE (2), v.] (Scotch.) words were meant reddish amber, or the mine-
Stood open wide, belching outrageous flame
Far into Chaos, ..." Milton : P. L., bk. x.
ral tourmaline or the hyacinth, the Scriptural
* bele, v.i. [From bele, s. (q.v.).] To burn, to
jacinth. The puzzling fossils figured next as
B. Intransitive :
blaze. Possibly = bellow or perhaps = boil Idci dactyli, that is, “fingers from Mount
1. Lit.: To eject wind with spasmodic force in rage : compare-
Ida,” freely translated or transformed in the
by the mouth from the stomach; to eructate.
“My breste in bale bot bolne and bele.”
Middle Ages into “devil's fingers.” Then
(Lit. & fig.)
Allit. Poems, A. 18.
electricity was called in to account for them,
“Behold, they belch out with their mouth : swords
“ All breme he belyd into berth."
are in their lips : for who, say they, doth hear?"-Ps.
Wyntown, viii. 11, 48. (Jamieson.)
and they were named Thunderstones (Lapides
lix. 7.
fulminantes) and Picks, or, less hypotheti-
*bele, * bale, * bail, s. [A.S. bal= a funeral
cally, “ Arrow Stones." At a more advanced
2. Fig.: To issue from the mouth of any pile ; a burning.] A fire, a blaze. (BALE.]
thing, as eructed matter does from the human
period they were looked upon as stalactites, or
(Jamieson.)
as crystals which never had pertained to living
“The waters boil, and, belching from below,
bě-lē'a-guěr (u mute), * bě-lē'ague (ue
beings. At length the true view struggled
Black sands as from a forceful engine throw."
mute), v.t. [Eng. be ; leaguer. In Sw. belä-
into existence that they were organic remains.
Dryden.
gra; Dan. beleive; Dut. belegeren ; Ger. bela-
Held by Von Tressau, Klein, Breynius, Da
bělch (1), * bolke, s. [From belch, v.]
gern ; from be, and lagern = to lie down, to
Costa, Brander, and
1. The act of ejecting wind by the mouth rest, to encamp.] [LAAGER.]
Plott to be shells, the water s
from the stomach.
1. Lit. : To besiege, to lay siege to a place
proper position of
which they could not
"Benedicite be bygan wit a bolke, and hus brest with the view of capturing it.
determine, Cuvier
knoked.”
Piers Plowman. (Richardson.)
“That a midnight host of spectres pale
* 2. A cant term for a windy kind of malt
Beleaguered the walls of Prague."
and Lamarck made a
Longfellow : The Beleaguered City. great step
liquor.
forward
2. Fig.: To make efforts to capture and
in ranking them as
* bělch (2), * bailch, * bilçh (ch guttural), destroy.
cephalopods with an
S. [From A.S. beatcan = to belch, hence
“ That an army of phantoms vast and wan,
internal shell, a con-
Beleaguer the human soul."
something ugly, horrible, or from 0. Sw.
clusion confirmed by
Longfellow : The Beleaguered City.
bolg-ia, bulg-ia= to swell. (Jamieson.).] A
Buckland, Owen, and
others.
monster.
bě-lē'a-guěred, pa. par. & d. [BELEAGUER.]
The last-
(Scotch.)
named
"A camp and a beleaguer'd town."
“ And Pluto eik the fader of hellis se
palæontolo-
Reputtis that bisming belch hatefull to se."
Wordsworth : White Doe of Rylstone, iv. gist placed the be-
Doug. : Virgil, 217, 43. (Jamieson.) bě-lē'a-guēr-ēr, s. [Eng. beleaguer; -er.]
lemnite in the Di-
bělçhed, pa. par. & a. [BELCH, v.]
One who beleaguers or besieges.
branchiate order of
"... while his fierce beleaguerers pour
Cephalopods.
bělçh-ing, * bělk'-ing, pr. par., d., & s.
Engines of havoc in, unknown before,
One essential part
And horrible as new."
[BELCH, BELK, v.]
of the shell is a BELEMNITE RESTORED.
Moore: Lalla Rookh; The Veiled Prophet.
A. & B. As present participle & participial
phragmocone (see a. Ink-bag. 7. Pro-ostracum.
bě-lē'a-guér-ing, pr. par. & a. [BELEAGUER.] BELEMNITIDÆ] or C.
on C. Phragmocone. d. Guard.
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
e. Tentacle. f. Arms.
chambered cone, that
the verb.
* bě-lē'ave, v.t. [A.S. belcefan, belifan = to
is, a portion conical in form and divided trans-
“A triple pile of plumes his crest adorn'd,
remain, be left.] To leave.
On which with belching flames Chimæra burn'd.”
versely by septa or partitions, like a pile of
“Wondering at Fortune's turns, and scarce is he,
Dryden.
watch-glasses, into shallow chambers, con-
Beleft, relating his own misery.".
C. As substantive : The act of ejecting wind
May: Lucan, bk. viii.
nected with each other by a siphuncle or small
by the mouth from the stomach.
pipe or siphon near the margin of the cone.
+ bě-lec'-ture (ture=tyūr), v.t. [Eng.
“Often belkings [are) a token of ill digestion.”
The entire cone is enveloped in a sheath,
be; lecture.] To lecture. (Coleridge.)
Baret : Alv.
which rises above the chambers and gives
“The symptoms are, a sour smell in their fæces, bě-1ěc'-tūred (ture=tyūr), pa. par. & a.
support to the soft body of the animal (called
belchings, and distensions of the bowels.”- Arbuthnot:
Aliments.
the pro-ostracum), and this again in a conical
[BELECTURE.]
cavity or alveolus excavated in the base of a
běld, a. The same as BALD (q.v.). Bald. bě-lěc'-tūr-ing (ture=tyūr), pr. par. & long tapering body resembling the head of
(Scotch.)
a. [BELECTURE.]
a javelin, and called the guard. It is from
" But now your brow is beld, John,
this fact that the name Belemnite has arisen.
Your locks are like the snaw."
bě-lē'e, v.t. [Eng. be ; lee.]
Dr. Buckland and Agassiz discovered in
Burns: John Anderson, my Jo. |
Naut. : To place on the lee, to place to specimens from Lyme Regis, collected by
beld, v.t. [BEILD.] To protect. The same as
leeward, to shelter. (Shakesp. : Othello, i. 1.) Miss Anning, a fossil ink-bag and duct.
Scotch BEILD.
There have been found also traces of the con-
"The abbesse her gan teche and beld.”
* bě-lēfe, * bě-lēve, s. [BELIEF.] Hope. tour of the large sessile eyes, the funnel, a
Lay le Frein
(Scotch.)
great proportion of the muscular parts of the
* běld (1), * beild, s. [BEILD.]
“Ne neuer chyld cummyn of Troyane blude,
mantle, the remains of two lateral fins, eight
In sic belefe and glorie and grete gude
Sal rayis his forbearis Italianis."
cephalic arms, each apparently provided with
* běld (2), s. [BEELDE.] Pattern, model of
Douglas : Virgil, 197, 36. twelve to twenty pairs of slender elongated
perfection. (Jamieson.)
“They become desparit of ony beleve.”
horny hooks. Owen considers that the be-
Bellenden : T. Liv., p. 74. (Jamieson.) lemnite combined characters at present divided
bel'-dăm, + běl'-dāme, s. & a. [Fr. belle
dame= fine lady ; from belle (f.) = handsome, * be-left, pa. par. [BELEIF (2).]
among the three cephalopodous genera Sepia,
fine, and dame = lady. A term of respectful
Onychoteuthis, and Sepiola.
*be-leif (1), *be-lewle (pa. par. * belewyt),
address, used in all good faith to old ladies.]
These animals seem to have been gregarious,
v.t. & i. [A.S. belofan = to leave, relinquish.] living in shallow water with a muddy bottom
A. As substantive :
A. Trans. : To deliver up.
rather than one studded with projecting corals.
* I. Respectfully :
“Unto thy parentis handis and sepultre
Owen thinks that they preserved a tolerably
1. Gen. : A fine lady; a good lady.
I the beleif to be enterit, quod he.”
vertical position when swimming, at times
"Beldame, your words doe worke me little ease.".
Doug.: Virgil, 349, 43.
rising swiftly and stealthily towards the surface
Spenser: F. Q., III. ii. 43.
B. Intrans.: To remain. (Skeat.)
infixing their claws in the abdomen of a super-
* 2. Spec. : A grandmother.
" That he belewyt of hys duelling,
natant fish, and dragging it down to the depths
"The familiar examples, as of the mother, the bel-
Barbour, xiii. 544, MS. (Jamieson.)
to be devoured. Belemnites are found all
dame, the aunt, the sister, the cosyn, . . ."-Vives : * be-leif (2), (preterite teleft), v.t. [A.S. over Europe, and also in India. In 1875, Tate
Duty of an Husband. Trausl. by Paynel (about A.D.
belæfan = to leave.] To leave.
estimated the known species at more than 100,
1550).
“Quhom now..
ranging from the Lias to the Chalk.
“The beldam and the girl, the grandsire and the boy.”
Reddy to mischevus deith beleft have I.”
Drayton : Polyolbion, Song, 6.
Doug. : Virgil, 343, 5. (Jamieson.)
II. Disrespectfully:
běl-ěm-nit'-ic, a. [Eng. belemnit(e); -ic.]
běl'-em-nīte (Eng.), bě-lem-nītes (Mod. 1. Pertaining to the belemnite shell ; con-
1. An old woman, wrinkled and destitute of 9
Lat.), s. [In Ger. belemnit; Fr. bélemnite; stituting the fleshy portion of the belemnite.
beauty.
Sp. belemnita; Ital. belennite; Mod. Lat. be-
“The belemnitic animal, a dibranchiate eight-armed
2. A hag.
lemnites; Gr. Beleuvitys (Belemnitēs) (Liddell Cuttle ..."-Eng. Cyclop., i. 436.
“Have I not reason, beldames, as you are,
& Scott), from Gr. Béreuvov (a word used only 2. Pertaining to the animal enveloping the
Saucy and overbold?”
Shakesp.: Macbeth, iii. 5. in poetry and in the plural), the same as shell called belemnite.
* B. As adjective: Pertaining to a grand-
Bédos (belos) = a dart, a javelin, from Bádlo
"... a specimen of a Belemnite in which not only
the ink-bag but the muscular mantle, the head and its
(ballo) = to throw, and suff. -ites, from díeos
mother or to anything old.
“Then sing of secret things that came to pass
(lithos) =a stone.]
own of arms, are all preserved in connexion with
the belemnitic shell."-Owen: Invertebrata (1843).
When beldame Nature in her cradle was.”
Paleont. (Of the form Belemnites, rendered
Milton : College Exercise. in English Belemnite): A genus of fossil cham- | bel-ěm-nit-i-dæ, s. [BELEMNITE.]
* belde (pa. par. beldit), v.t. [Sw. bilda, Ger. bered shells, the typical one of the family Be Palcont.: A family of molluscs belonging to
bilden, both = to form, to model, to fashion.] lemnitidæ. The slow progress of the human the class Cephalopoda, the order Dibran.
[BUILD.) To image, to form. (Scotch.)
mind towards scientific truth, and the circuit chiata, and the section Decapoda. The shell
“Off all coloure maist clere beldit abone,
ous route which the limitation of its powers consists of a “pen” terminating posteriorly in
The fairest foull of the firth, and hendest of hewis." compel it to take in reaching that goal, are a chambered cone, technically called a phrag-
. Houtate, iii. 20, MS. (Jamieson.)
beautifully exemplified by the successive hypo mocone, from opayuós (phragmos) = a hedge,
* belde (1), s. [A.S. beald = bold, brave.] theses broached as to the nature of the belem fence, paling, fortification, or enclosure, and
Courage, valour.
nite. The first was that it was a product of the Kovos (konos) = the mathematical figure termed
"When he bluschen therto, his belde never payred.” mammal called by the Romans lynx, and by a cone. The phragmocone is sometimes in-
Sir Gawayne (ed. Morris), 650. the Greeks dúy (lungko), probably the Caracal vested with a fibrous guard, and it has air-cells
* belde (2), s. [BUILD.]
(Felis caracal). It was therefore called Lapis connected by a siphuncle piercing the several
łyncis, and lyncurion or lyncurium, duykoúplov
"That was so stronge of belde.".
chambers close to the ventral side. Dr. S. O.
Syr Gowghter, 81. (lungkourion), though some think that by these Woodward arranges the Belemnitide between
boil, boy; póūt, jówl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shủn; -ţion, -şion=zhăn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. =bel, del.

486
belene-believe
the Teuthidæ, or Calamaries and Squids, on the 1. Pertaining to the ancient Belgæ, esteemed
“Belief is great, life-giving."--Carlyle: Heroes and
one hand, and the Sepiadæ or Sepias on the by Cæsar to be the most warlike of the Ger-
Hero-worship, Lect. ii.
other. In geological time they extend from manic tribes whom he encountered. They
2. Specially :
the Lias to the Chalk. The genera are Be occupied the country between the Marne, the (a) Religious belief, a creed, the system of
lemnites, Belemnitella, Xiphoteuthis, Acan Rhine, the Seine, and the English Channel. doctrines held by the professors of any faith;
thoteuthis, Belemnoteuthis, and Conoteuthis. “Dull as their lakes that sluinber in the storm.
yet more specially, Christianity.
The following Belemnitidæ characterise the
Heavens ! how unlike their Belgic sires of old !
" In the heat of general persecution, whereunto
Lower Lias: B. acutus, B. pencillatus, B.
Rough, poor, content, ungovernably bold."
Christian belief was subject upon the first promulga-
Goldsmith: The Traveller.
tion, it much confirmed the weaker minds, when rela-
clavatus.
2. Pertaining to the modern Belgians, to tion was made how God had been glorified through the
Middle Lias : B. compressus, B. breviformis,
sufferings of martyrs."—Hooker.
B. paxillosus.
Belgium, or to the Belgian language or dialect.
(6) The statement of such system of doc-
Ūpper Lias : B. acuminatus, B. lævis, B.
BēP-lì-al, s. [In Ger., &c., Belial ; Gr. Beliap
trine. (Used specially of the Apostles' Creed.)
Ilminsterensis.
(Beliar), r being substituted for 1 (2 Cor. vi.
3. Christian Theol. : The implicit accept-
Midford Sands : B. irregularis.
ance, by the aid of the Holy Spirit, of every
15); Heb. Syaza (belial) = not a proper name ;
Inferior Oolite : B. canaliculatus, B. Gin-
statement which there is reason to believe
genis, B. ellipticus.
but from (1) a (beli) = without, and (2) pro comes from God. Spec., the acceptance of all
Stonesfield Slate : B. Bessinus.
bably 9 (yaal) = usefulness; meaning a that He has revealed regarding the divinity
Oxford Clay : B. hastatus, B. Oweni.
Coralline Oolite : B. abbreviatus.
person without usefulness, a worthless fellow, and sonship of Jesus Christ, His mission to
a good for nothing. ]
the earth, His life, His death, His resurrec-
Kimmeridge Clay : B. explanatus.
1. In the Old Testament (Authorised Version);
tion and ascension.
Neocomian : B. jaculum.
For this faith is used
Gault: B. minimus, B. ultimus.
Mistranslated as if it were a being, probably
more frequently than belief. [FAITH.]
"Faith is a firm belief of the whole word of God, of
Lower Chalk : Belemnitella plena.
Satan or one of his angels.
his gospel, commands, threats, and promises."-Wake.
Upper Chalk : Belemnitella mucronata.
"Let not my lord, I pray thee, regard this man of
Belial, , .,"–1 Sam. xxv. 25.
Crabb thus distinguishes between the
* belene, v.i. [Possibly a misreading of the 2. In the New Testament: Satan.
terms belief, credit, trust, and faith :-“Belief
MSS. for beleueď (A.S. belæfan = to remain).]
is generic, the others are specific terms; we
“And what concord hath Christ with Belial? ..."
To tarry, or perhaps to recline, to rest.
-2 Cor. vi. 15.
believe when we credit and trust, but not
“... Schir Gawayn, gayest of all,
3. In Milton : A particular fallen angel.
always vice versa. Belief rests on no particu-
Belenes with Dame Gaynour in grenes so grene."
(See P. L., bk. i.)
lar person or thing; but credit and trust rest
Sir Gawan & Sir Gal., i. 6. (Jamieson.)
on the authority of one or more individuals.
# be-lēne, s. [From A.S. bella = a bell; bel- bě-17'-bel, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and libel.] To
Everything is the subject of belief which pro-
duces one's assent : the events of human life
lan, gen. So called from the bell-shaped cap libel; to calumniate.
are credited upon the authority of the narrator;
sules.] A plant, Hyoscyamus niger. [HEN-
“The pope, hearing thereof, belibelled him [the
BANE.]
emperour] more foully than ever before.”-Fuller :
Hist. of the Holy War, p. 163.
dividuals are trusted ; the power of persons
† bě-lép'-ěr, v.t. [Eng. be ; leper.] To infect
and the virtue of things are objects of faith.
běl'-ịc, s. [Fr. belic, belif, bellif.) A red colour. Belief and credit are particular actions or
“Imparity, and church-revenue, rushing in, cor Her.: A term sometimes used for gules.
sentiments : trust and faith are permanent
rupted and belepered all the clergy with a worse
dispositions of the mind. Things are entitled
to our belief, persons to our credit; but people
běl ěs-prî't it mute), s. [O. Fr. bel = fine; 1 * be-lick'-it, pa. par. [BELICK.]
repose trust or have faith in others. ..."
esprit = spirit.] A fine spirit, a man of wit.
“Belief, trust, and faith have a religious appli-
“They were ey sae ready to coine in ahint the haun, cation, which credit has not. Belief is simply
that naebody, haud aff themsels, cou'd get feen't
* bě-lē've, s. [BELIEF, BELEFE.]
an act of the understanding; trust and faith
belickit o' ony guid that was gawn."-St. Patrick, i. 74.
(Jamieson.)
are active moving principles of the mind in
* be-lew'yt, pa. par. [BELEIF (1), v.] Re-
which the heart is concerned. Belief does not
mained. (Jamieson.)
bě-li'e, * bě-ly', * bě-ly'e, v.t. [Eng. be; extend beyond an assent of the mind to any
lie. A.S. beleogan (pret. beleag)= to impose, given proposition; trust and faith are lively
* běl-flow'-ěr, s. [BELL-FLOWER.]
falsify, belie, accuse falsely, forge or counter sentiments which impel to action. Belief is
* běl-fou'n-děr, s. Old spelling of BELL-
feit; be, and leogan = to lie. In Dut. beliegen ;
to trust and faith as cause to effect : there
Ger. belügen ; Sw. beljuga = to belie.] To
FOUNDER.]
may he belief without either trust or faith;
tell lies. Specially-
but there can be no trust or faith without
běl'-fry, * běf'-froy, s. [Fr. beffroi = a 1. To tell a lie against a person or thing; belief. We believe that there is a God, who is
watch-tower, a belfry, a bell-chamber; 0. Fr. to calumniate, to slander.
the creator and preserver of all His creatures ;
beffroit, befreit, berfroit, berfreit, berefreit, bele-
“If Armstrong was not belied, he was deep in the
we therefore trust in Him for His protection
froi= a watch-tower ; Low Lat. belfredus, bal worst secrets of the Rye House Plot, ..."-Macaulay : of ourselves. We believe that Jesus Christ
fredus, berfredus, verfredus. From M. H. Ger.
Hist. Eng., ch. xv.
died for the sins of men ; we have therefore
bercvrit, berorit = a tower for defence, from 2. To fill with lies.
faith in His redeeming grace to save us from
Ger. berc = protection, and O. H. Ger. fridu =
“'Tis slander, whose breath
our sins.” (Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
a tower; (N. H.) Ger. friede = peace; Sw. &
Rides on the posting winds, and doth belie
All corners of the world.”
Dan. fred; Dut. vrede. Thus at first there
Shakesp. : Cymbeline, iii. 4. depends upon the will. He says, “It will be
was no connection between bel of the word
3. To give the lie: To prove to be hollow readily admitted that the state of mind called
belfry and the English word bell.]
or deceptive. (Used specially when actions belief is, in many cases, a concomitant of our
*1. Mil. (In the Middle Ages): A tower prove previous words hollow and untrue. As activity. But I mean to go farther than this,
erected by besiegers to overlook a place be a rule, it is not used offensively.)
and to affirm that belief has no meaning, ex-
sieged. Sentinels were placed on it to watch
“ The first a nymph of lively Gaul,
cept in reference to our actions; the essence
the avenues and to prevent surprise, or to give
Whose easy step and laughing eye
or import of it is such as to place it under the
notice of fires by ringing a bell.
Her borrowed air of awe belie."
region of the will. We shall soon see that an
Scott: The Bridal of Triermain.
2. That part of a steeple in which a bell is
intellectual notion or conception is likewise
4. To mimic, to imitate, to ape.
hung, the campanile; a room in a tower, a
indispensable to the act of believing ; but no
“Which durst, with horses' hoofs that beat the ground,
cupola or turret in which a bell is, or may be,
mere conception that does not directly or in-
And martial brass, belie the thunder's sound."
hung.
Dryden.
directly implicate our voluntary exertions,
“ Distant and soft on her ear fell the chimes from the be-li'ed, pa. par. & d. [BELIE.]
can ever amount to the state in question.”
belfry of Christ Church.”
(Bain : The Emotions and the Will, chap.
Longfellow : Evangeline, ii. 5. bě-liē'f, * bě-lē've, * bì-lē've, * by-lē've, · Belief,” p. 524.)
3. The framing on which a bell is suspended. * by lyve, s. · [A.S. geleafa=consent, assent,
(Eng. Cycl.)
confidence, belief, faith; leafa = belief (com-
* bě-liê'-fuli, a. [Eng. belief; full.] Full of
pare also geleaf = leaf, leave, license, permis-
belief; disposed to believe.
+ běl-gard, * bell'-gard, s. [O. Fr. bel =
sion) ; Dut. geloof = faith, creed, belief, credit,
“It is for thee sufficient to shewe a minde beliefull
fine, gard. Mod. Fr. regard = a look, a gaze,
and readie to obeie ..."-Udal: Luke, ch. i. (Richard,
a glance, attention.]
trust; Ger. glaube, glauben = faith, good
A kind, affectionate, or
son.)
faith.] [BELIEVE.]
amorous look.
I. The mental act or operation of accepting
* bě-liē'-fül-nesse, s.
"Under the shadow of her even browes,
[O. Eng. belieful;
-nesse.]
as true any real or alleged fact or opinion on
Working belgards, and amorous retrate."
The quality of being disposed to
Spenser: F. Q., II. iii. 25. the evidence of testimony, or any proposition
believe.
* belghe, * belgh, s. [BELCH.] A belch, an
on the proof afforded by reasoning. It is
“Thei disdeyne to have the godly beliefulnesse of
the heathen to be praised, and yet do they not all the
eructation (lit. & fig.). (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
opposed to the conviction produced by per while amende their owne wicked vnbelief."- Udal:
“This age is defiled with filthie helghes of blas-
sonal observation , or experience, which is Luke, ch. iv. (Richardson.)
phemy ... His custom was to defile the aire with most
stronger than that resting on testimony or
filthie belghs of blasphemie."--Z. Boyd's Last Battel, reasoning. The term belief may be used for
bě-liēv'-a-ble, a. [Eng. believ(e); -able.]
pp. 1,002, 1,186. (Jamieson.)
full and unwavering acceptance of anything Able to be believed ; credible. (Sherwood.)
Běl'-ġi-an, a. & s. [In Ger. Belgien ; from as true, for an acceptance weak and fluctuat "The witnessingis ben maad beleeuable ful myche.”
Lat. Belgium, a part of Gallia Belgica (Caesar).]
ing, or for anything intermediate between the -Wycliffe (Ps. xcii. 5).
(BELGIC.]
two.
| bě-liē'v-a-ble-ness, s, [Eng. believable ;
A. As adjective: Pertaining to the ancient + II. The state of being accepted as true on
-ness.] The state of being believable.
the evidence of reasoning or testimony.
".. the credibility and believableness, as I call it,
B. As subst. : A native of Belgium.
III. That which is accepted as true on the of those promises and particular mercies."--Goodwin :
“... he must be a Belgian by birth or naturalisa-
evidence of testimony or reasoning.
Works, vol. iv., pt. i., p. 88. (Richardson.)
tion.”-Martin: Statesman's Year-Book (1875), p. 31.
1. Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
be-liē've, * bě-lē've, * bî-lē've, * by
Bel-gic, a. ſFr. Belgique ; Lat. Belgicus =
"... render it necessary for even the wisest of
men to take a large portion of their beliefs from
leve, * byleyve, * bylyve, v.t. & i. [A.Š.
pertaining to the Belgæ. (See No. 1 def.).] others.”—Times, Nov. 13, 1876.
gelefan, gelyfan = to believe. Compare also
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sire, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, són; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; trý, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

believed-bell
487
Dut. gelooven; Ger. glauben ; M. H. Ger. glou- be-lie'v-ing-ly, adv. [Eng. believing ; -ly.]
ben, gelouben; O. H. Ger. galaupjan; O.S. In a believing manner, as a believer would do.
gilôbian; Goth. galaubjan, laubjan. Compare (Johnson.)
also A.S. laef = permission.)
A. Trans. : To accept as true, not on one's
* bě-lī'fe, * bě-líff, adv. [BELIVE.] (Scotch.)
personal knowledge, but on the testimony of
* bě-li'ght, v.t. [Eng. be, and light.] To
others, or on reasonings which appear more
illumine, shine on.
or less conclusive. It is used when the
“Godes brihtnesse, belihte hem.”—0. Eng. Homilies
assent to the statement or proposition is of a
(ed. Morris), ii. 31.
very firm character, and also when it is weak
and wavering. (It may be followed by the bě-lī’ke, * bě-lyke, adv. [Eng. be; like.]
objective of the person whose word is accepted Perhaps; there is a likelihood that; probably.
as true, or by the objective of the statement
It is becoming rare in English, and is not
made.)
very common in Scotch.
"That Cassio loves her, I do well believe it."-Shakesp.:
“Belike, boy, then you are in love." -Shakesp. : Two
Othello, ii. 1.
Gent. of Verona, ii. 1.
“Ten thousand things there are, which we believe
“Things that I know not of belike to thee are dear.”
merely upon the authority or credit of those who have
Wordsworth : Pet Lamb.
spoken or written of them."- Watts : Logic.
B, Intransitive :
* bě-lī'ke-ly, adv. [Eng. belike ; -ly.] Pro-
I. Ordinary Language :
bably; there is a likelihood that.
“Having belikely heard some better words of me
1. Gen. : To accept a statement or proposi-
than I could deserve.”-Bp. Håll: Specialties of his
tion as true on the evidence afforded by the Life.
testimony of another person, or on reasonings
bě-līme, v.t.
of one's own.
[Eng. be; lime.] To besmear
with bird-lime.
2. Specially :
“Ye, whose foul hands are belimed with bribery,
(a) Colloquial: To accept with some degree and besmeared with the price of blood.”-Bp. Hali :
of doubt.
Works, vol. ii., p. 301 (ed. 1661).
(6) To exercise the grace of Christian faith. bě-lī'med, pa. par. & a. (BELIME.]
[See II.]
II. Theology:
bě-lī'm-ing, pr. par. [BELİME.)
1. To assent to the claim which Jesus Christ Běl-1-sā'-ną, s. [A female name. Etymology
put forth to be the Messiah, the Son of God, doubtful.]
and the Saviour, and place confidence in the
Astron. : An asteroid, the 178th found. It
efficacy of his sacrifice for sin.
was discovered by Palisa on November 6, 1877.
9 In Rom. x. 10 this belief is attributed to
the heart. The opposition in that verse is not, be-lịt'-tle (tle as tel), v.t. [Eng. be; little. ]
however, so much between the heart and the To make little; to dwarf. (Jefferson.)
intellect as between what is secret and personal
and what is openly professed by the lips. bě-lìt-tled (tled as teld), pa. par. [BE-
“For with the heart inan believeth unto righteous LITTLE.]
ness; ..."--Rom. X. 10.
It is followed (a) by in or on placed before the bě-lit-tlựng, pr. par. [BELITTLE.]
person or Being who is the object of faith.
"... ye believe in God, believe also in me.”—John
bě-lī've, * bēe-lī've, * bě-lī've, * be-lyue,
xiv. 1.
* bi-li've, * by-li've, * blīve, * blýve,
"And they said, Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ,
adv. [Eng. prefix be, and live.]
and thou shalt be saved, and thy house."-Acts xvi. 31.
Or (6) by the clause of a sentence expressive
1. By-and-by, speedily, quickly. (Obsolete
of the tenet or proposition to which one
in English, but still used in Scotch.)
“But Habby "of Cefeford will be here belive ..."
publicly or tacitly assents.
-Scott : Waverley. (Append. to Gen. Preface.)
“And Philip said, If thou believest with all thine
heart, thou mayest. And he answered and said, I
2. At length.
believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God."-Acts
"... gyf that thus belyue,
viii. 37.
Troianis has socht tyll Italy, tyll upset
New Troyis wallys, to be agane doun let?”.
2. To express such faith by the public enun-
Douglas : Virgil, 314, 36. (Jamieson.)
ciation of a creed. . Thus the “Apostles'
Creed, to be sung or said by the minister and * belk, * belke, v.t. [BELCH.] To belch.
the people,” in the Liturgic worship of the "... this being done, it was not half an hour but
Church of England, commences thus :-“I
he began to faint; and turning about on his left side
hee belked twise." - The Report 'of Martin's Death.
believe in God, the Father Almighty, ...".
From Martin's Month's Mind (1589), p. 21. (Boucher.)
bě-liē’ved, pa. par. & a. [BELIEVE.] běll (1), * bělle, * běl, s. [A.S. bella = a bell,
a word imitated from the sound. In Dut.
bě-lſēív-ér, * bě-lē'ev-ěr, s. [Eng. believle); | bel; Old Dut. belle. Connected with A.S.
-er.]
bellan = to bellow (BELLOw), and with peal
A. Ordinary Language :
(PEAL).]
I. Gen. : One who believes or who gives
A. Ordinary Language :
credit to anything.
I. Literally :
“Discipline began to enter into conflict with 1. An instrument of a particular form and
churches, which, in extremity, had been believers of
material for producing sounds. It consists
it."--Hooker.
II. Spec. : One who holds a definite religious
of a reversed cup, bearing at its apex an ear
belief.
or canon, by which it is suspended from a
beam or other fixed body above, and having
1. A Christian.
hung internally a clapper or hammer, by the
. have been maintained by the universal body percussion of which on the reversed cup the
of true believers, froin the days of the apostles, and
required sound is generated. It is generally
will be to the resurrection.”-Swift.
formed of bell-metal (q.v.). Golden bells are
2. A professor of some other faith.
mentioned in connection with religious wor-
“... the soul of one believer outweighs all earthly
kingships; all men, according to Islain too, are equal."
ship in Exod. xxyiii. 33, 34. They alternated
-Carlyle : Heroes, Lect. ii.
with pomegranate-like knobs on the lower
B. Ch. Hist. (plur.): There are three British part of the Jewish high-priest's blue robe of
religious sects at present thus named-
the ephod. Bells were found by Layard at
Nimroud, near the site of old Nineveh, the
(a) Believers in Christ.
alloy of which they were formed being ten
(6) Believers meeting in the name of the
parts of copper to one of tin. The Greeks
Lord Jesus Christ.
and Romans used bells in camps, markets,
(c) Believers in the divine visitation of and baths, as well as in religious observances.
Joanna Southcott, prophetess of Exeter.
The introduction of large bells into churches
I The second of these, that named (6), is attributed to Paulinus, Bishop of Nola in
appears for the first time in the Registrar Campania; about the year 400. Bede men-
General's List for 1878.
tions their use in England towards the end
of the seventh century. They were first cast
bě-liē'y-ing, pr. par., A., & s. [BELIEVE.] in this country about A.D: 940. The great
A. & B. As pr. participle & adjective: In
bell of St. Paul's Cathedral, in London,
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
cast in 1709, is 6.7 feet in diameter; it weighs
11,470 lbs.; and Big Ben; of Westminster,
"Now God be prais'd, that to believing souls
Gives light in darkness, comfort in despair.”
cast in 1858, 30,324 Ibs. These dimensions
Shakesp. : 2 Henry VI., ii. 1. are, however, dwarfed by some Russian bells.
C. As substantive: The act or operation of That of the Kremlin, the greatest ever con-
accepting as true. (Rom. xv. 13.)
structed, when re-cast in 1733, was enlarged |
till it weighed 432,000 lbs. It is said, though
some deny it, that this enormous mass was
actually suspended for four years. In 1737,
however, a fire caused it to fall. In 1837 a
chapel was excavated below it, of which it
was made to constitute the dome. Next, it is
said, in size to the Russian bells are one at
Amarapoora in Burmah, 260,000 lbs. ; and one
at Pekin, 130,000; both, of course, are for
Booddhist worship. Bells are often affixed,
both in England and elsewhere, to cattle,
sheep, &c., when turned loose to feed, and
are useful, especially in forests, to indicate
where the animals are feeding. Sheep-bells of
bronze, used in ancient Italy, are still to be
seen in the museum at Naples..
2. A small hollow globe of metal, perforated
and having within it a solid ball. This type
of bell occurs in the hawk's bell. It is affixed
to the animal, striking against its sides during
flight, with the effect of emitting a sound.
“As the ox hath his bow, the horse his curb, and
the faulcon his bells, so hath man his desires.”—
Shukesp. : As You Like It, iii. 3.
II. Figuratively:
* 1. A clock.
"At six of the bells we gynne our play."-Strutt :
Horda Angel-Cynnan, iii. 137. (Boucher.)
2. Anything shaped like an ordinary bell, or
at least like the cup-shaped portion of it.
Specially-
(a) The bell-like monopetalous corolla of
various heaths of the Campanula, &c. [See
the compounds which follow.] So, in Scotch,
Lint in the bell means “flax in flower."
(Jamieson.)
“Where the bee sucks there suck I,
In a cowslip's bell I lie."
Shakesp. : Tempest, vi. 1. (Song.)
“The humming-bees, that hunt the golden dew,
In suminer's heat on tops of lilies feed,
And creep within their bells to suck the balıny seed."
Dryden.
(6) The mouth of a funnel or trumpet; also
of several wood wind instruments.
III. In special phrases :
1. Bell of the brae: The highest part of the
slope of a hill. (Scotch.)
| Jamieson thinks this may be, perhaps,
connected with bell (2) (q.v.).
2. For “curfew bell,” “passing bell,”
“ saints' or Sanctus bell,” &c., see “ curfew,"
“passing,” &c., with which bell is in connec-
tion.
3. To bear away the bell : To win the prize at
a race, where a bell was the usual prize.
"Among the Romans it [a horse race) was an
Olympic exercise, and the prize was a garland, but now
they beare the bell away."-Saltonshall: Char., 23.
(Nares.)
4. To bear the bell :
(a) Lit.: To be the bellwether of a flock,
that is, the sheep which carries a bell; or to be
the horse to which a bell is affixed, and which
is made to go first in a drove of horses.
(6) Fig.: To be the first; to be superior to
all others.
5. To carry away the bell: To carry off the
prize in a race or other contest in which that
prize is a bell. [Nearly the same as 3 (q.v.).]
(Lit. & fig.)
“ The Italians have carried away the bell from all
other nations, as may appear both by their books
and works.”—Hakewili.
6. To gain the bell: To win the prize at a
race.
“Here lyes the man whose horse did gaine
The beti, in race on Salisbury plain.
Camden: Remains, p. 348. (Nares.)
7. To lose the bell : To be worsted in a con-
test, so that the antagonist gains the bell or
other prize.
“But when in single fight he lost the bell.”
Fairfax: Tasso, xvii. 69.
8. To curse by bell, book, and candle (in the
Roman Catholic Church): To excommunicate;
a bell being tolled, the book of offices for the
purpose used to be read from, and a candle
(or, according to Nares, three candles) extin-
guished with certain ceremonies. A form of
excommunication, ending, “Doe to the book,
quench the candle, ring the bell, Amen,
Āmen," was extracted from the Canterbury
Book by Sir Thomas Ridley or his annotator,
J. Gregory. (Nares:)
"Bell, book, and candle shall not drive me back,
When gold and silver becks me to come on."
Shakesp. ; King John, iii. 3.
9. To ring a bell backwards : To do so in the
way described, as was formerly the practice.
(a) Spec. : Thät warning might be given of
fire.
boil, bóy: pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ģem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph= f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhŭn. -cious; -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del

488
bell
“Then, sir, in time
You may be remembered at the quenching of
Fir'd houses, when the bells ring backward, by
Your name upon the buckets."
City Match (Old Play), ix. 297.
Or (6) Gen.: On the rise of any sudden
danger in a city or town.
“Dundee he is mounted, he rides up the street:
The bells are rung backward, the drums they are
beat.”
Scott: Bonnie Dundee.
(C) As a mark of sorrow.
“Not concluded with any epithalamiums or songs
of joy, but contrary - his bells ring backward."
Gayton: Fest. Notes, p. 258.
10. To shake the bells: A figurative phrase
taken from the shaking of bells tied to a hawk
or falcon, which takes place when the bird
flies. [B. 1.]
“Neither the king, nor he that loves him best,
The proudest he that holds up Lancaster,
Dares stir a wing, if Warwick shakes his bells."
Shakesp. : 3 Henry VI., i. 1.
B. Technically :
I. Her. : Church bells are used as an heraldic
emblem; so also are hawk's bells.
II. Naut.: At sea the sub-divisions of a
“watch” of four hours' duration are noted by
a half-hourly striking of a bell with a clapper.
Thus the phrase, “it is two bells," means an
hour of the watch has elapsed; three bells,
an hour and a half; and eight bells, the whole
four hours, after which a new watch is set
and the process is repeated. (Admiral Smyth :
Sailor's Word-Book, 1867.)
III. Architecture:
1. The body of a Corinthian or Composite
capital, with the foliage stripped off. (Glos-
sary of Architecture.)
2. The similar body of a capital in the Early
English and other forms of Gothic architec-
ture. (Ibid.)
bell-animalcules, or bell-animals,
S. The English name for the family of Infu-
sorial animalcules, called Vorticellidæ. Each
of these consists of a long flexible stalk or
2WD
SU TUO
bell-flower, * belflower, s.
1. The English name of the great genus Cam-
panula. It is so called because the corollas
have a close resemblance to a bell. About
ten species are found in Britain, the most
common being Campanula rotundifolia, the
Round-leaved Bell-flower or Harebell; and
after it c. trachelium, or Nettle-leaved Bell-
flower; and C. hederacea, or Ivy-leaved Bell-
flower. The finest species is the Giant Bell-
flower (Campanula latifolia). [CAMPANULA.]
I The form belflower is the only one given
in Johnson's Dictionary.
2. An endogenous plant (Narcissus Pseudo-
narcissus).
Autumn Bell - flower : A plant, Gentiana
Pneumonanthe.
bell-founder, * bel-founder, s. One
who founds or casts bells.
bell-foundry, bell
foundry, s. A foundry
in which bells are cast.
bell-gable or bell-
turret, s. A gable or
turret in which a bell or
bells are suspended that
they may be rung.
bell-glass, s. A glass
vessel shaped like a bell,
open on the lower side, and
having on its top a knob
placed there for conveni-
ence of handling. Such
a glass is used (à) to con- E
stitute the receiver of an I
air-pump, or (b) to con-
tain glasses for purposes of TV 1
experiment, or (c) as a cover BELL-GABLE.
for delicate plants.
bell-hanger, s. One who hangs bells.
bell-hanging, s. The act or process of
hanging a bell or bells.
bell-heather, S. Cross-leaved heath
(Erica tetralix). (Jamieson.)
bell-less, a. Without a bell.
bell-like, a. Like a bell.
“With many a deep-hued bell-like flower
Of fragrant trailers.” Tennyson: Eleänore, 3.
bell-man, * bel-man, s. A crier, a
man who goes round a town to make some
intimation, and prefaces his statement by
ringing a bell.
"The belman of each parish, as he goes his circuit,
cries out every night, 'Past twelve o'clock !'”-Swift.
bell-metal, * bel-metal, s. An alloy
of copper and tin, constituting a kind of
bronze : 75 parts of copper to 25 of tin, or 78
of copper to 22 of tin, are proportions fre-
quently employed, while sometimes the alloy
is made of copper, tin, zinc, and lead.
Bell-metal Ore: A mineral, called also Stan-
nite or Stannine (q.v.).
bell-mouthed, d. Fashioned like the
mouth of a bell.
bell-pepper, s. A plant, a species of
pepper (Capsicum grossum).
*bell-polype, s. Any species of Vorti-
cella. [BELL-ANIMALCULE.]
bell-pull. s. That by which a bell is
pulled; the rope or handle connecting the hand
of the operator with a bell-wire, and enabling
him or her to ring the bell.
bell-ringer, * bell-rynger, s. One
who rings a bell, or is employed to do so.
bell-roof, s. A roof shaped like a bell.
bell-rope, s.
1. The rope hanging down from the bell-
crank in a room, to be grasped by one who
seeks to ring the bell.
2. A rope attached to the vesture of a priest
in the Roman Catholic Church.
“In shirt of hair, and weeds of canvas dress'd,
Girt with a beti-rope that the Pope has bless'd.”
Cowper : Truth.
bell-rose, s. A plant, Narcissus Pseudo-
narcissus.
bell-shaped, a.
1. In a general sense : Shaped like a bell.
2. In Botany : A term applied to a corolla,
a calyx, or either organ in which the tube is
inflated and gradually enlarged into a limb so
as to resemble a bell; campanulate. Example,
the corolla of Campanula. (Lindley : Introd.
to Bot., p. 452.)
Bell-the-cat, s. A nickname given to
Archibald Douglas, Earl of Angus, in the reign
of James III. of Scotland. The noblemen
under this monarch having no sympathy with
the king's love of the fine arts, and being
specially irritated that he had made an archi-
tect-or as they irreverently said a mason-by
name Cochrane, Earl of Mar, plotted forcibly
to remove the plebeian whom they disliked
from the royal presence. At their secret con-
clave, which was held in Lauder Church in
1482, Lord Gray, who was fearful about the
result of the enterprise, told the apologue of
the mice failing to “bell the cat." [See Bell
the cat, under BELL, v.t.) To which the daring
Angus replied, “I understand the moral, and
that what we propose may not lack execution,
I will bell the cat."
“And from a loophole while I peep,
Old Bell-the-Cat came from the keep."
Scott: Marmion, vi. 16.
bell-trap, s. A trap like a bell or an in-
verted cup, to prevent the reflux of foul air
from drains.
bell-turret, s. [BELL-GABLE.]
bell-ware, s. rso called from the sea-
weed of which kelp is made.] A plant, Zostera
marina.
bell-waver, v.i. [Eng. bell, and waver (?).
Or from Low Lat. Wayviare = to stray, to
stroll. (St. Patrick.).]
1. To straggle. (Scotch.)
2. To fluctuate.
3. To tell a story incoherently. (Jamieson.)
bell-wavering, pr. par. & s. [BELL-
WAVER.] (Scotch.)
A. As present participle: In a sense corre-
sponding to that of the verb.
B. As substantive : The act of straggling.
bell - wether, * belwether, * bell
weather, * belweather, * bel veddir
(Scotch), s. [Eng. bell, and wether (q.v.).] A
sheep on whose neck a bell is placed that the
animal may lead the flock.
“ The flock of sheep and belwether thinking to break
into another's pasture, and being to pass over another
bridge, jostled till both fell into the ditch."-Howel.
bell-yeter, s. A bell-founder. (Prompt.
Parv.)
bell (2), * běl, s. [Dut. bel=a bell, a bubble;
Lat. bulla = a bubble.] A bubble. (Scotch.)
[BELLER.]
bell (3), s. [Compare Gael. ball = a spot or
mark; Bret. bal = a white mark on the face
of an animal.] [BALD.] A white mark on a
horse, or on any other animal.
* bel1, a. [Corrupted from beld = bald.] Bald
(O. Scotch.)
* bell-kite, s. The Bald Coot. (Jamieson.)
běll (1), v.t. & i. [From BELL (1), s. (q.v.).]
A. Transitively :
1. Lit. : To put a bell upon.
2. Fig.: At great personal risk to attempt
to render the assault or hostility of an adver-
sary futile. The signification is derived from
the following apologue. A colony of mice,
losing some of their number through the de-
predations of a cat, held a conference to try to
devise measures for their preservation. When
all were perplexed, a young mouse stood up,
and in a florid speech proposed that a bell
should be affixed to the tail of the cat. This,
of course, would ring whenever she moved,
and thus give warning of her approach. The
young mouse sat down amid loud applause,
on which an old and experienced mouse asked
if their young friend would now be kind
enough to inform them who would bell the
cat. The orator had never thought of this,
and was speechless. [Bell the cat, under
BELL, s.]
B. Intrans. : To develop into the form of a
bell. (Used specially of plants with campanu-
late corollas, sometimes, however, also of
flower-buds.)
* běll (2), v.i. [From BELL (2), s.] To bubble
up, to throw up or bear bubbles.
“When the scum turns blue
And the blood bells through."
Perils of Man, ii. 44. (Jamieson.)
A BELL-ANIMALCULE (VORTICELLA) MAGNIFIED.
stem, terminated at its upper extremity by a
body in the form of a bell, and which also has
been compared to a trumpet and a wine-glass.
Ciliæ put in motion draw to its mouth the
animalculæ still smaller than itself, on which
it feeds. [VORTICELLIDÆ.]
bell-bird, s. A bird, called also the Ara-
punga (Arapunga alba), belonging to the
family Ampelidæ and the sub-family Gymno-
derinæ (Fruit Crows). It is pure white in
colour, about a foot in length, and has a voice
like the tolling of a bell. It inhabits Guiana.
“At this season the beak and naked skin about the
head frequently change colour, as with some herons,
ibises, gulls, one of the beli-birds just noticed, &c.”—
Darwin: Descent of Man, pt. ii., ch. xiii.
bell-buoy, s.
Naut.: A buoy to which a bell is attached
in such a way as to be rung by the motion of
the waves.
bell-cage, s. A timber frame, also called
a belfry, carrying one or more large bells.
bell-canopy, s. A canopy containing a
bell in harness.
bell-chamber, s. The room containing
one or more large bells in harness.
bell-cot, s. A structure presenting the
appearance of a steeple.
bell-crank, s.
Mech.: Such a crank as is used at the upper
angles of rooms to give the bell-wires that
alteration in direction which they there re-
quire. It is a rectangular lever, having its
fulcrum at the apex of the angle. The direc-
tion of a motion is changed by it 90°.
bell-fashioned, a. Fashioned in the
form of a bell.
|
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fall, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; trý, Sýrian. ®, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bell-bellon
489
* běll (3), * bělle, v.i. [A.S. bellan=to bellow, 3. The straits themselves.
běl-líġ'-er-ent, t bel-lĩġ'-ēr-ant, a. & s.
to roar, to bark.] [BELLOW.]
B. As adjective: Pertaining to any of those [In Fr. belligérant; Port. belligerante; Lat.
1. Lit. (of animals): To roar, to bellow. Belleisles.
belligerans, pr. par. of belligero = to make or
Used—
Belleisle-cress or American-cress,
carry on war; Lat. bellum = war, and gerens,
(1) Gen. : Of the cry of various animals.
s. [From the American island or strait, A. 2
pr. par. of gero = to carry, to carry on.]
"Bellyn or roryn as nette: Mugio.”—Prompt. Parv. and 3.] A cruciferous plant, Barbarea præcox,
A. As adj. : Carrying on war.
(2) Spec. : Of the roar or bellow of the stag
now frequently cultivated in Britain.
“Père Bougeant's third volume will give you the
in rutting time.
best idea of the treaty of Munster, and open to you
| běl'-ler, vi. [BELL (2), s.] To bubble up.
the several views of the belligerent and contracting
"An inscription on a rock at Wharncliffe states that
parties.”—Lord Chesterfield.
the lodge there was erected by Sir Thomas Wortley (Scotch.)
'for his plesur to her the herts bell.'”-Hallamshire
B. As substantive :
Glossary, p. 11.
Běl-ler'-o-phòn, s. [In Lat. Bellerophon ; 1. Literally (Ord. Lang. and Law): A nation
2. Of anything inanimate capable of making Gr. Beddepopwv (Bellerophon). ]
or a large section of a nation engaged in
a bellowing sound.
1. Class. Mythology: A virtuous hero fabled carrying on war.
“He gan to blasen out a soun,
As loud as belleth winde in Hell."
to have killed the Chimæra, vanquished the
When a revolted party of great numerical
Chaucer : Hous of Fame, iii. 713. Amazons, and achieved other successes.
strength are able to form a regular govern-
běl-la-don'-na, s. [In Fr. belladonne. From
“Then mighty Prætus Argos' sceptre sway'd, :
ment and rule over the whole or part of the
Whose hard commands Bellerophon obey’d.”
territory which they claim, humanity dictates
Ital. bella = beautiful, fine; and donna =
Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. iv., 197, 198.
that they should not be treated as rebels
lady, the same as Lat. domina = the mistress 2. Palæont.: A genus of gasteropodous mol-
guilty of treason, but should, if captured, be
of a family, a lady.] Possibly because used as luscs belonging to the family Atlantidæ. The
regarded as prisoners of war. To attain this
an aid to beauty.
species have symmetrically convoluted glo-
result, it is needful for those who have risen
A. Properly :
bular or discoidal shells, some of them whorled,
in arms against the government to make every
1. A name for the Deadly Nightshade or
and with a deeply-notched aperture. In 1875,
effort to obtain for their party the position
Common Dwale (Atropa belladonna). [ATROPA,
Tate estimated the known species at 128,
of belligerents. In the contest between the
NIGHTSHADE.] The “beauty "implied by the
ranging from the Lower Silurian to the Car-
Federals and Confederates in the war of 1861
name is in the berries, which are shining black,
boniferous rocks.
-1865, the latter section of the American
but are poisonous. The best known antidote belles-lettres (es mute), s. pl. [Fr. (lit.)
people, at the very commencement of the
to them is vinegar.
= fine letters.] A term borrowed from the
struggle, claimed the privileges of belligerents.
2. Pharm. : The leaves of the plant defined French, and signifying polite literature, what
Their demand was promptly acceded to by
under No. 1. They are useful as a medicine, were of old called “the humanities." It
the British Government, on which the Federal
being given in intermittent fevers, palsy, per has been held to include such kinds of litera-
authorities took umbrage, contending that
tussis, amaurosis, cachexia, epilepsy, and tic ture as require for their production imagi-
the recognition had been premature, whilst
douloureux. A remedy much used in homeo nation and taste, rather than study and re-
the British maintained that it could not have
pathic pharmacy.
flection. Littré, without doubt, giving the
been refused or delayed.
B. Less properly: A sub-division of the actual usage of the term belles-lettres in France,
“Soon arose vexatious questions of maritime right,
questions such as, in almost every extensive war of
genus Amaryllis, containing the species of lily
makes it include grammar, eloquence, and
modern times, have arisen between belligerents and
mentioned below.
poetry. In England, poetry, fiction, rhetoric, neutrals.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xix..
philology, and even history, are generally † 2. Fig. (Ord. Lang. only): A political,
belladonna-lily, s. The English name
included within its limits; but whatever may religious, or any similar party carrying on a
of a plant, the Amaryllis belladonna, a fine lily
have been the case in a more backward state wordy contest with another one to which it is
brought from the West Indies.
of thought than that which at present exists, opposed.
* běl-lan, S. [From Lat. bellum = war.]
it is a satire on philology, history, and grammar “... but out of Parliament the war was fiercer
Fight, combat. (Scotch.)
to regard them as studies in which imagina than ever; and the belligerents were by no means
scrupulous about the means which they employed.”-
tion is predominant.
“The stern Eryx was wount
Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. xviii.
To fecht ane bargane, and gif mony dount,
“The exactness of the other, is to admit of some-
In that hard belian his brawnis to embrace.”
thing like discourse, especially in what regards the
Doug. : Virgil, 141, 4. (Jamieson.) belles-lettres.”—Tatler.
* bel-líġ'-ēr-ods, a. [In Ital. belligero =
warlike, martial, valiant; Lat. belliger =
běl-lan-dīne, S. (BELLAN.] A broil, a * bě11'-gard, s. (BELGARD.1
waging war, warlike; bellum = war, and gero
squabble. (Scotch.)
* běl'-17-bone, s. [Fr. belle = fair, beautiful,
“There are the chaps alraidy watching to hae a
=to carry on.] Carrying on war. (Now super-
bellandine wi' thee-an' thou tak nae guod caire, lad,
seded by BELLIGERENT, q.v.) (Bailey.)
and bonne, fem. of bon = good, or the cor-
thou's in cwotty Wollie's hand.”-Hogg: Wint. Tales, responding words in Lat. bellus and bonus. běl'-lựng, pr. par. & a. [BELL, v.]
i. 267. (Jamieson.)
A beautiful and good female.
† A. Trans. : Putting a bell upon.
Běl-lā-trix, s. [Lat. bellatrix=a female war-
"Pan may be proud that ever he begot
B. Intrans. : Taking the form of a bell.
Such a bellibone."
rior, such as Minerva, from bellum = war. So
Spenser : Sheph. Cal., iv.
called from the nature of the astrological in-
běl?-lựng, * běl'-lînge, s. [A.S. bellan = to
fluence which it was supposed to exert.] + běl'-lịc, * běl'-lì-call, * běl'-lick, a. bellow.] A bellowing. (Used specially of a
Astron.: A star of the second magnitude, the [From Lat. bellicus = warlike ; bellum = war.] stag making a noise in rutting time.)
smaller of the two bright ones in the shoulder Warlike. (Used of persons or things.)
“Bellinge of nette : Mugitus."-Prompt. Parv.
of Orion. It is called also y Orionis.
běl'-lì-cose, a. [Lat. bellicosus, fond of war, + běl-lịp'-ő-tent, d. [Lat. bellipotens, from
bě11-bīnd'-ēr, běll-wind-ěr, s. A local martial; from bellum = war.] Warlike, dis bellum = war, and potens = powerful; from
name of a plant, Convolvulus sepium.
posed to fight on slender provocation, adapted possum=to be able.] Powerful in war, mighty
for war.
in war. (Johnson.)
belle (1), * bele, a. & s. [Fr. belle (as s.)=a
beautiful female, fem. of beau or bel; (adj.) =
* běl'-11-coús, d. [Lat. bellicus= pertaining | * běl-lique (que as k), a. [Fr. belliqueux.]
pleasing to the eye, beautiful, handsome, fine.] to war. In Fr. belliqueux.] Warlike, martial. Warlike.
A. As adjective: Fine.
(Now BELLICOSE is used instead of it.)
"The bellique Cesar, as Suetonius tells us, was noted
“That ben enblaunched with bele paroles and with
"... sum border men, quhais myndis at na tyme for singularity in his apparel."-Feltham's Resolves,
ii. 52.
bele clothes.”—Piers Plowman, p. 278. (Richardson.)
are aither martiall, or bellicous, but only given to rieff
and spuilyie, ..."-Hist. James the Seat, p. 148.
B. As substantive (of the form belle [1]): A (Jamieson.)
běl-lis, s. [Lat. bellis, perhaps cognate with
beautiful young lady; a fine or fashionable
bellus = handsome, pretty.) A genus of Aste-
young lady, even though not distinguished for bel-lid-e-æ, s. pl. [BELLIS.
raceæ (Composites) which contains the well-
beauty.
Bot. : A family of composite plants belong known daisy, Bellis perennis; the latter term,
“ Your prudent grandmammas, ye modern belles,
ing to the tribe Asteroidea. Type, Bellis. meaning perennial, being applied to it to dis-
Content with Bristol, Bath, and Tunbridge Wells."
criminate it from the B. annua, or Annual
Cowper : Retirement. bel-17-ě-æ, s. pl. [BELLIUM.]
Daisy, which is found in Southern Europe, and
* belle-chëer, * bele-chëre, s.
Bot. : A family of plants belonging to the has been introduced into England, as has also
1. Good cheer.
tribe Asteroidea. Type, Bellium (q.v.).
the B. sylvestris, or Large Portugal Daisy. B.
perennis has run into several varieties, of
2. Good company.
běl-lied, pa. par. & a. [BETLY, v.t.]
which the chief known here are the B.
“And enbelyse his burg with his bele-chere."
A. As a simple word chiefly in Bot. : Swel hortensis, or Large Double Daisy; B. fistulosa,
Gawayn and the Green Knight.
ling at the middle, ventricose. (Mariyn.)
or Double-quilled Daisy; and B. prolifera, or
belle (2), s. [BELL.]
B. In compos. : Having a belly of a cha the Hen and Chicken Daisy.
* bělle, v.i. [BELL (2), v.]
racter described by the word which precedes
it; as " white-bellied swift” (i.e., the swift of
bě1-1-tūde, s. [Lat. bellitudo = beauty ;
bělled, pa. par. & a. [BELL (1), v.]
which the belly is white), Cypselus alpinus.
bellus = goodly, handsome.] Handsomeness;
1. Ord. Lang. : Furnished with a bell or
beauty. (Cockeram.)
bells.
* běl-liġ'-er-āte, v.i. [Lat. belligeratum, sup. |
of belligero, from bellum = war, and gero = to
běl-lì-um, s. [BELLIS.] A genus of Compo-
2. Her. Of a hawk or falcon : Having bells
affixed to his legs.
site plants differing from Bellis chiefly in the
carry on.] To carry on war. (Cockeram.)
pappus of the seeds. Two species are culti-
Běll'e-īsle (s silent), s. & d. Fr. belle = fine, | běl-liġ'-er-ençe, s. [From Lat. belli, genit. vated in Britain, B. bellidioides, or Sinall, and
and O. Fr. isle, Mod. Fr. ile=an island.] [ISLE.] of bellum = war, and geren(tis), gen. of gerens
B. minutum, or Dwarf Bellium. They come,
A. As substantive :
= carrying on, and suff. -ce.
the former from Italy, and the latter from the
The state of
Levant.
being at war. (W. Taylor.)
1. An island on the coast of France, eight
miles south of Quiberon Point.
běl-lĩġ'-ér-en-çý, s. [Eng. belligerence)y.] | běl'-lon, s. [From belly (?).]
2. An island at the entrance of the Straits
Warfare ; the state of being at war.
Med. : A kind of colic produced by lead-
of Belleisle, between Newfoundland and Lab-
"Macaulay ever . . . steeps us in an atmosphere of
poisoning-lead colic. It is attended by
rador.
belligerency.”—Morley : Critical Essays.
severe griping of the intestines.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. tion, -sion=shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhún. tious, -sious, -cious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c.= bęl, del.

490
Bellona-belly
Běl-lo'-na,s. [Lat. Bellona, formerly Duellona,
from bellum, formerly duellum = war.]
1. Roman Myth. : The goddess of war, sister
and wife of Mars; sometimes used for war
personified.
"Nor was his ear less peal'd
With noises loud and ruinous (to compare
Great things with small) than when Bellona storms."
Milton : P. L., bk. ii.
2. Astron.: An asteroid, the 28th found.
It was discovered by the astronomer Luther,
on the 1st of March, 1854, the same date that
Amphitrite was first seen by Marth and
Pogson.
běl-low, * běl-Ōw, v.i. & t. [A.S. bylgean
=to bellow, from bellan = to bellow, to roar,
to bark; Dut. bulken.] [BELL (3), v.]
A. Intransitive:
1. Of the inferior animals: To emit a loud
hollow sound. Used
(a) of a bull, or of cattle in general.
"... Jupiter
Became a bull, and bellowed; the green Neptune
A ram, and bleated .
Shakesp. : Winter's Tale, iv. 4.
(6) Of any other animal making a similar
sound.
"... male alligators have been described as fight-
ing, bellowing, and whirling round, like Indians in a
war-dance."--Darwin : Origin of Species, ch. iv.
2. Of man (contemptuously): To raise an out-
cry or clamour, to bawl, to vociferate.
"This gentleman is accustomed to roar and bellow
so terribly loud, that he frightens us.”—Tatler.
3. Of things inanimate : To emit such a
loud hollow sound as the sea does in a storm,
or the wind when high.
“Rocks the bellowing voice of boiling seas rebound.”
Dryden.
B. Trans.: To utter with a loud hollow
voice.
“The dull fat captain, with a hound's deep throat,
Would bellow out a laugh in a base note.”-Dryden.
machine, the propulsive power is obtained by 1 bellows-fish, s. The Cornish name of
machinery.
the Trumpet-fish or Sea-snipe (Centriscus scolo-
“Week in, week out, from morn till night,
pax of Linnæus).
You can hear his bellows blow."
Longfellow : The Village Blacksmith. bellows-maker, s. A maker of bellows.
T Bellows may be singular with the article
bellows-pump, s.
a before it, or may enter into the phrase “a
Hydraul. : A form of atmospheric pump in
pair of bellows,” in which case it is plural.
which the part of the piston is played by the
“Thou neither, like a bellows, swell'st thy face,
As if thou wert to blow the burning mass
upper leaf of the bellows.
Of melting ore.”
Dryden.
bellows-sound, s. The sound of a
2. Fig. : It is used-
bellows.
(1) Of the lungs.
“The lungs, as bellows, supply a force of breath;
* běll'-ragges, s. [Prov. Eng. beller, biller =
and the aspera arteria is as the nose of bellows, to
a water-cress.] A plant. A species of water-
collect and convey the breath."-Holder.
cress, probably Nasturtium amphibium (R.
(2) Of sighs or other manifestations of Brown) or N. palustre (De Candolle). (Britten
enotion.
& Holland.) (BILDER, BILLER.]
"Since sighs, into my inward furnace turn'd,
“Laver, or Sion, is called of some Englishmen Bell-
For bellows serve, to kindle more the fire.”
ragges, of others some yealowe watercresses.”—Turner :
Sidney.
Names (1548).
II. Technically :
1. Mechanics, Pneumatics, &c. :
běl-lu-a, s. pl. [Lat. pl. of bellua or belua =
a beast, especially a large one, a monster. ]
(1) The simple instrument described under In the system of Linnæus, the fifth of the
A., 1. 1, for blowing fires in houses. A pair of
six orders of the class Mammalia, containing
bellows, worked chiefly by the feet, is figured hoofed animals with incisors in both jaws.
on an Egyptian monument attributed to the
He includes under it the genera Equus, Hip-
popotamus, Sus, and Rhinoceros. (Linnæus :
Syst. Nature.)
běl-lu-īne, a. (Lat. belluinus, beluinus.]
Bestial, beastly, brutal, animal.
“If human actions were not to be judged, men
would have no advantage over beasts. At this rate,
the animal and belluine life would be the best."
Atterbury.
ATTITAITIA
bel-low, s. [From bellow, v.] The roar of a
bull or any similar sound. (Todd.)
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN BELLOWS.
bel'-low-er, s. [Eng. bellow ; -er.] One who,
or that which emits a sound like the roaring
of a bull.
“ Whilst staying in the town I heard an account
from several of the inhabitants of a hill in then neigh-
bourhood which they called 'El Bramador,' the roarer
or bellower."-Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch.
xvi.
běl-low-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [BELLOW, v.i.]
A. & B. As present participle & participial
adjective: In senses corresponding to those
of the verb.
“Or the loud betlowing herds of buffaloes rush to the
river."
Longfellow : Evangeline, i. 5.
“From all his deep the bellowing river roars."
Pope : Homer's Íliad, bk. xxi. 258.
C. As substantive: The roar of a bull or
any similar sound, whether proceeding from
another animal, from man, or from anything
inanimate.
“Dart follows dart; lance, lance; loud bellowings
speak his woes.”
Byron : Childe Harold, i. 76.
běl'-lowş, * běl'-löweş, * bel-ous, s.
[A.S. blæst-belg, blast-belg =a blast-bag, a
bellows; from blæst = a blast of a wind or
burning, and bælg, bælig, bylig, bilig, beig, bylg=
a bulge, budget, bag, purse, belly; Sw. blas-
bälg ; Dan. blasebælg, Dut. blaasbalg ; Ger.
blasebalg, from blase = a bladder, blasen = to
blow ; O. H. Ger. balch, palc= skin, bellows.
In Goth. balgs, bylg, bylga= a mail, a budget;
Ir. builg, bolg = a bellows ; Gael. bælg-seididh
= a bellows; Lat. follis = a leathern sack,
hence (2) a bellows; cognate with pellis, the
hide of an animal. Wedgwood considers it
akin also to Lat. vulva, + bulga = the womb,
and Gr. BonBń (bolbē) [Borba (bolba), Liddell &
Scott] = the womb; but considers the word
most nearly the primary one, Gael. balgan =
a water bubble.] [BAG, BELLY.]
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Lit. : An instrument for blowing the fire
in manufactories, forges, or private houses.
Its sides are so formed and worked that the
upper one alternately rises and falls, with the
effect of compelling the chest or bladder-like
instrument first to expand and then to con-
tract; the former process causing the air to
enter the interior, and the latter one to leave
it by means of a pipe or tube designed to con-
duct it to the portion of a fire which it is
to blow. In a hand-bellows there are handles
to be grasped ; in a larger instrument de-
signed for a manufactory, and called a blowing-
time of Thothmes III., B.C. about 1490, and
one is mentioned in Jer. vi. 29; both of these
were used for smelting metals (No. (2)7. The
representation of a bellows for the hand, and
presumably for domestic use, is found on an
old Roman lamp; it is exactly of the modern
type. I
(2) An instrument or machine worked by
machinery, and designed to blow the fire of a
furnace used in smelting metals. The name
more commonly applied to such a machine is
BLOWER (q.v.).
(3) The bellows of an organ, harmonium, con-
certina, or any similar instrument : An instru-
ment for supplying wind to the pipes, tongues,
and reeds. (Stainer & Barrett.)
“Twelve pair of bellows, ranged in stated row,
Are joined above, and fourteen more below.
These the full force of seventy men require,
Who ceaseless toil, and plenteously perspire;
Each aiding each, till all the wind be prest
In the close confines of th' incumbent chest,
On which four hundred pipes in order rise,
To bellow forth that blast the chest supplies."
Mason : Essay on Church Music. (Transi. from the
Monk Wolstan, 10th cent.)
2. Hydrostatics, &c. Hydrostatic Bellows :
An instrument designed as a toy rather than
for use. It is, however, of some utility as
illustrating what is called the hydrostatic
paradox. Two horizontal flat boards, united
by leather folded at the sides so as to be
capable of expansion, constitute a chamber,
into which water is introduced from a long
narrow pipe rising vertically. By hydrostati-
cal law this water will act with such pressure
on the interior of the chamber that it will
force the upper board to rise as far as the
leather will permit, even if heavy weights be
put upon it to keep it down.
In composition : Emitted by, or in any
other way pertaining to, a bellows, as in the
following compounds :-
bellows-camera, s.
Phot. : A form of expanding camera in
which the front and after bodies are connected
by an expansible partition, like the sides of a
bellows or accordion. Its chief value consists
in the small space it occupies when closed up,
as well as the ease with which its length may
be increased or varied at pleasure.
bellows-engine, s. A contemptuous
name for an organ.
.. the smoke and ashes thereof (in these Judg-
ment-Halls and Churchyards), and its bellowes-engines
(in these Churches), thou still seest."-Carlyle : Sartor
Resartus, bk. ii., ch. viii.
běll'-wõrt, s. [Eng. bell, and suffix -wort.]
1. In America: The English name for any
plant of the genus Uvularia.
2. In the Plur., Bellworts. Spec. : Lindley's
English name for the order of plants called
Campanulacea.
běl'-lý, * běl'-ý, * belu, * below, * baly,
* bali, s. [A.S. bælg, bælig, bylig, belg =a
bulge, budget, bag, purse, or belly; 0. Icel.
belgr=an inflated skin, a leathern sack, a
bellows, the belly; Ger. bulg =a skin, an
urchin, a paunch, the belly, a bellows; 0.
H. Ger. balg; Goth. balgs; Gael. bolg = a
pair of bellows, the womb; Ir. bolg = the
belly, a bag, pouch, budget, blister, or bellows;
Lat. bulga, an adopted Gallic word =(1) á
leathern knapsack, (2) the womb. Essential
meaning, anything swelled out.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Literally:
(1) That part of the human body situated
in front which extends from the breast to the
insertion of the lower limbs ; also the corre-
sponding part in the inferior animals, and
especially those of high organisation. It con-
tains the stomach, the intestines, and other
organs.
“... if man were but a patent digester, and the
belly with its adjuncts the grand reality?"-Carlyle :
Sartor Resartus, bk. iii., ch. i.
I In the case of such an animal as a ser-
pent, the belly means the whole under-part
of the body.
"And the Lord said unto the serpent, ... Upon thy
belly shalt thou go, ...”—Gen. iii. 14.
(2) In a more limited sense, a part being put
for the whole :
(a) The stomach.
“..the body's members
Rebell'd against the belly; thus accus'd it :-
That only like a gulf it did remain,
Still cupboarding the viand, never bearing
Like labour with the rest."
Shakesp. : Coriolanus, i. 1.
(6) The womb. [Used in Scripture (Ps.
xxii. 10) with all solemnity ; later, more
lightly; now, only vulgarly. (Shakesp. : Mer.
of Ven., iii. 5.).]
2. Figuratively :
(1) That part of man which demands food,
in opposition to the back, or that which re-
quires clothes; hence the craving of the
stomach for food, appetite.
“They were content with a licentious life, wherein
they might fill their bellies by spoil, rather than by
labour.”—Hayward.
“... whose god is their belly, . . ."-Phil. iii. 19.
(See also Rom. xvi. 18.)
(2) The front or lower surface of an object.
(3) Anything swelling out or protuberant.
"In those muscles which have a bulging centre or
belly, as the biceps of the arm."-Todd & Bowman:
Physiol. Anat., vol. i., p. 176.
"An Irish harp hath the concave or belly, not along
the strings, but at the end of the strings."-Bacon.
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hếr, thêre; pīne, păt, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, són; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, ftu; trý, Sýrian. 2, =ē; ey=ā. qu=kw.

belly-beloved
491
(4) Anything enclosing another within its belly-worm, s. Any worm that breeds 1. Of things : To be the property of.
cavity.
in the belly, i.e., in the intestines. [ENTOZOA.]
.. and her hap was to light upon a part of the
"Out of the belly of hell cried I, and thou heardst
field belonging unto Boaz.”-Ruth ii. 3.
my voice.”—Jonah ii. 2.
běl'-1ỹ, v.t. & i. [From belly, v. (q.v.).]
2. Of persons: To be under the control of.
II. Technically:
A. Transitive: To cause to swell out, to
(Used specially of a child, a ward, a servant,
1. Music: The upper part of instruments of render protuberant.
or a slave.)
the violin family. The sound-board of a
“Your breath of full consent belly'd his sails.”
“And David said unto him, To whom belongest thou?
pianoforte.
Shakesp. : Troil. and Cress., ii. 2.
and whence art thou? And he said, I am a young man
of Egypt, servant to an Amalekite.”—1 Sam. xxx. 13.
2. Engraving : The lower edge of a graver.
B. Intransitive :
II. To appertain to, to be connected with.
3. Saddlery: A piece of leather attached to
1. To swell or bulge out, to become protu-
the back of the cantle, and forming a point of
1. Of things :
berant.
attachment in some saddles for valise-straps.
“ Heav'n bellies downwards, and descends in rain.”
(1) To be appendant to, to be attached to,
Dryden, to be a dependency of, or to be a portion of,
4. Mach.: A swell on the bottom surface of
† 2. To strut.
though now detached.
anything ; as a depending rib beneath a
“ Now Manasseh had the land of Tappuah, but
běl'-ly-fúi, s. [Eng. belly ; full.]
grate-bar, iron beam, or girder, to strengthen
Tappuah on the border of Manasseh belonged to the
it from downward deflection between sup 1. As much as fills the belly, as much food
children of Ephraim." -Josh. xvii. 8.
ports. The central portion of a blast-furnace. as satisfies the appetite.
(2) To be the proper business of, to appertain
5. Metal.: The upper rounded part of the 2. In coarse humour: As much of anything
to one as a duty to be discharged or a work to
boshes.
as satisfies one's desires. (Vulgar.)
be executed.
6. Locksmithing: The lower edge of a
“... thus King James told his son that he would
"... and unto whom the execution of that law
belongeth.”—Hooker : Eccl. Pol., bk. ii., ch. i., § 1.
have his bellyful of parliamentary impeachments.”—
tumbler against which the bit of the key
Johnson.
(3) To be the quality or attribute of.
plays.
“The faculties belonging to the supreme spirit, are
7. Railway Engineering : The belly of a běl-ly-îng, pr. par. & a[BELLY, v.]
unlimited and boundless, fitted and designed for
railway rail ; a descending flange between A. As pr. par. : In senses corresponding to
infinite objects.”—Cheyne.
bearings.
those of the verb.
(4) To have a certain fixed relation to, to
8. Wheelwrighting : The wooden covering of B. As adjective:
relate to, to have an essential connection with.
an iron axle.
“He that is unmarried careth for the things that
1. Ord. Lang. : Swelling, protuberant, bulg belong to the Lord ..."-1 Cor. vii. 32.
9. Shipwrighting: The hollow of a compass ing out.
(5) To be suitable for, to be appropriate to,
timber; the convexity of the same is the back. "'Midst these disports forget they not to drench
Themselves with bellying goblets.”
10. Arch. : The batter of a wall.
to be the concomitant of.
Philips.
2. Bot. : Swelling unequally on one side, as
11. Naut. : The swell of a sail.
“Your tributary drops belong to woe.”
Shakesp. : Rom. & Jul., iii. 2.
the corollas of many labiate and personated
12. Mineralogy. Belly of ore : An unusual
2. Of persons :
plants.
swelling out of the vein of ore.
(1) To be connected with a place by birth or
B. Attributively in the following compounds
bě-lock', v.t. [A.S. belucan = to lock up, pa.
residence.
in the sense of pertaining to the belly.
par. belocen.] To enlock, to fasten firmly as "... R- C said to belong to Edinburgh, ..."
with a lock.
-Weekly Scotsman, Jan. 3, 1880.
belly-ache, s. Ache or pain in the belly.
be-long'-îng, pr. par. & s. [BELONG.)
(Vulgar.)
bě-lock'ed, pa. par. & d. [BELOCK.]
A. As pr. par. : In senses corresponding to
bellyache-bush, bellyache-weed,
“This is the hand which, with a vow'd contract,
those of the verb.
Was fast belock'd in thine."
s. A Euphorbiaceous plant of the genus
Shakesp. : Meas. for Meas., v. 1.
B. As subst. : Anything belonging to one;
Jatropha.
a quality or endowment. (Usually in the
belly-band, s. A band passing round
bě-lock'-ing, pr. par. & d. [BELOCK.]
plural.)
the belly of a horse, and keeping the saddle in běl'-o-măn-çý, s. [From Gr. Belomavria (bel-
“Thyself and thy belongings
Are not thine own so proper ...
its proper place; a girth..
omantia) = divination hy drawing arrows out
Shakesp. : Meas. for Meas., i. 1.
belly-beast, s. A glutton. (Coverdale.) of the quiver; from Béios (belos) = a missile, Also in the sense of human belongings, rela-
belly-bound, a. Confined in the region
as an arrow, a dart, and Mavteía (manteia) = tions.
of the abdomen ; very costive.
prophesying, power of divination; Marteúdual "Decreases his welfare, and perhaps injures his be-
(manteuomai) = to divine, to prophesy, from longings.”—H. Spencer : Data of Ethics, 6, 102.
belly-brace, s.
Mávtis (mantis) = one who divínes, a seer, a běl'-on-īte, s. [In Ger. belonit; from Gr.
Mach. : A cross-brace stayed to the boiler prophet.] Divination by means of arrows
Belovn (belonē) = any sharp point, a needle ;
between the frames of a locomotive.
or other missiles. It is alluded to in Scrip-
Béros = a missile ; Báliw (ballo)= to throw.]
ture in Ezek. xxi. 21 (in Heb. ver. 26),
belly - cheer, s. Good cheer for the
where Nebuchadnezzar, standing at the diver-
1. A mineral, called also Aikinite (q.v.).
stomach ; food grateful to the appetite or
gence of two roads, in uncertainty as to
2. An undetermined mineral, consisting of
nutritious in its character.
whether he should first go against Rabbah colourless and transparent microscopic aci-
“Senseless of divine doctrine, and capable only of or Jerusalem, had recourse to divination, and, cular crystals, found by Zirkel in some semi-
loaves and belly-cheer."--Milton : Animadv. Rem. De-
according to our version, “made his arrows glassy volcanic rocks.
fence.
bright.” Gesenius renders the words “moved
belly-fretting, s.
about his arrows” or “shook together his
bě-look', v.i. [A.S. bilocian= to look at.] To
1. The chafing of a horse's belly with the arrows.” Perhaps, as some think, he inscribed
look to, consider.
foregirth.
“ Bithennkenn and bilokenn
(Johnson.)
the name of a city on each arrow, shook
Off all thatt tatt he wile don."
2. A great pain in a horse's belly, caused by them all together, and then drew one out at
Ormutum, 2,917.
worms. (Johnson.)
random, resolved to attack the city whose
name came first forth.
bel-op'-tēr-ą, s. [Gr. Bédos (belos)= a missile,
belly-god, s.
"Belomancy, or divination by arrows, hath been in
such as an arrow, a dart, from Baliw (ballo)=
1. One whose chief object of thought seems request with Scythians, Alans, Germans, with the to throw; tepov (pteron)= a feather, a wing;
Africans and Turks of Algier." - Browne : Vulgar
to be his “belly," or stomach, and who there-
atéolai (ptesthai), 2 aor. inf. of TÉTOMAL
Errours.
fore may be supposed to worship it.
(petomai) = to fly.)
“What infinite waste they made this way, the only + běl'-o-mănt, s. [Gr. Bédos (belos)=an arrow, Palceont.: A genus of fossil shells belonging
story of Apicius, a famous belly-god, may suffice to and Mávtis (mantis) = a diviner.] One who to the family Sepiadæ. The name is given
show."-Hâkewilt.
divines by means of arrows. [BELOMANCY.] because the shell is externally winged. In
2. In India: The idol Gunputtee, which
1875 two species were known ; both of them
has a very protuberant stomach. The “god ”.
bel-o-nē, s. [Lat. belone = a fish, the Sea from the Eocene of France and England.
so named is held to be the patron of wisdom.
Adder, Syngnathus acus; Gr. Belovn (belonē) = (Tate.)
belly-piece, s. The peritoneum.
(1) any sharp point, a needle ; (2) a sharp-nosed
fish, the garfish, from Bédos (belos) = a missile, bě-lord', v.i.
“The muscles of the belly-piece."
[Eng. prefix be, and lord.) To
act the lord over, to domineer over. (Calmet.)
Fletcher : Purple Island, c. 2. an arrow, a dart; Bádio (ballo)= to throw.]
belly-pinched, a. Pinched in matters
Ichthy. : A genus of fishes of the order
+ be-lov'e, v.t. (Eng. prefix be, and love.] To
relating to the stomach; starved.
Malacopterygii Abdominales, and the family
love greatly. (Used now only in the past par-
Esocidæ (Pikes). It contains oné British spe-
“The lion and the belly-pinched wolf.”
ticiple [BELOVED], and more rarely in the
Shakesp. : Lear, iii. 1.
cies, Belone vulgaris, found, though not abun-
present one [BELOVING].)
belly-rail, s.
dantly, in Britain. It is known as the Gar-
"If beauty were a string of silke, I would wear it
Railway Engineering: A rail with a fin or
fish, the Sea-pike, the Mackerel-guide, the
about my neck for a certain testimony that I belove it
Green-bone, the Horn-fish, the Long-nose, the much."-Wodroephe : Fr. & Eng. Gr. (1623), p. 322.
web descending between the portions which
rest on the ties. It is seen in the improved
Gore-bill, and the Sea-needle, names mostly
Penrhyn rail, introduced in 1805, and in Ste-
founded on peculiarities in its structure.
kl bě-löved', pa. par., d., &s, [BELOVE.] Loved
It
is two feet in length. It is occasionally sold
greatly.
phenson and Losh's patent of date 1816.
and eaten in London,
A. As past participle & adj.: Used-
belly-roll, s,
(1) Of a lover to his mistress, and vice versa;
Agric, Mach. : A roller, of which the central | bě-long', v.i. [Eng. prefix be, and O. Eng.
or members of one family to each other.
part is protuberant. It is used to roll land
long = to belong, to belong to; 4. S. gelang =
“Pardon, beloved Constance , .
between ridges or in hollows.
along, owing to, in consequence of belonging
Hemans: The Vespers of Palermo.
to, proper; Dut. belangen = to concern; be-
· belly-slave, s. One who cannot resist
(2) Of a person in society manifesting spe-
lang=importance, concern, interest; be, and
cially amiable qualities.
his or her appetites ; a glutton, a drunkard, langen = to reach, to fetch; Ger. gelangen =
“He was beloved by all, and most of all by the children.”
especially the former.
to arrive at, to come to, to attain, to obtain.l
Longfellow: Evangeline, i. 3.
belly-timber, s. A cant designation for . I. To be the property of, to be under the (3) Of persons constituting one political or
food. (Vulgar.)
control of.
religious brotherhood.
bôīl, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ģem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-çian, -tian =shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhủn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, del.

492
beloping-Beltane
@ In a general sense :
“One hour of their beloved Oliver might even now
restore the glory which had departed."-Macaulay :
Hist. Eng., ch. i.
(6) Spec. : Used of members of the Christian
Church with warm feelings of affection to each
other.
“... our beloved Barnabas and Paul."-Acts xv. 25.
| Hence the apostolic phrase “dearly be-
loved ” has been introduced from the New
Testament (Philemon i., &c.) into liturgic
worship.
“Dearly beloved brethren, the Scripture moveth
us ..."-Liturgy: Morning Prayer ; Ibid., Evening
Prayer.
(4) Of a pious man loved by God, or yet
more, of the Eternal Son of God viewed as an
object of infinite affection on the part of the
Eternal Father.
"... Solomon ... who was beloved of his God."-
Neh. xiii. 26.
“And lo, a voice from heaven, saying, This is my
beloved Son.”—Matt. iii. 17.
B. As substantive :
1. Of earthly beings: One greatly loved.
« Not for Bohemia ...
.. will I break my oath
To this my fair beloved.”
Shakesp. : Winter's Tale, iv. 4.
2. Of heavenly beings : The Son of God, the
second person of the Trinity.
“Of all on earth whom God so much doth grace,
And lets his owne Beloved to behold."
Spenser : Hymne of Heavenly Beautie.
+ bě-lov'-ing, pr. par. [Belove.]
bě-lo'w, prep. & adv. [Eng. prefix be, and low.]
A. As preposition :
I. Literally :
1. Under a place; beneath ; not so high as
another object, with the sense of motion to,
or position in.
for all below the moon
I would not leap upright.”
Shakesp.: Lear, iv. 6.
Some editions have beneath instead of
below.
2. Nearer the sea than anything else situated
at a certain spot on a river.
"... below that junction [of the rivers].”—Keith
Johnston : Gazett. (ed. 1864), p. 837.
II. Figuratively:
1. Inferior in rank, dignity, splendour, or
excellence.
“The noble Venetians think themselves equal at
least to the electors of the empire, and but one degree
below kings."-Addison.
2. Unworthy of, unbefitting, unsuitable to;
beneath what might be expected of one's
character, status, or profession.
« 'Tis much below me on his throne to sit ;
But when I do, you shall petition it.”
Dryden.
B. As adverb :
I. Literally : Really or apparently in a lower
place as contradistinguished from an object
in a higher one, the spectator being supposed
to look from a certain portion of the earth's
surface. Specially —
On or near the surface of the ground, as
distinguished from up in the air, up a hill, on
a housetop, &c.
“This said, he led them up the mountain's brow,
And show'd them all the shining fields below.”
Dryden.
II. Figuratively :
1. On earth, as opposed to in heaven.
“For one that's bless'd above, immortaliz'd below."
Smith.
2. In hades, in the state of the dead, as dis-
tinguished from on earth.
“The gladsome ghosts in circling troops attend;
Delight to hover near, and long to know
What busness brought him to the realms below."
Dryden.
3. In hell.
“When suff"ring saints aloft in beams shall glow,
2. A grandfather.
way of doing this is to make holes near the
"Here bought the barne the belsyre's gyltes."
extremities of the bands, and couple them by
Piers Plowman. thongs of lacing leather or calf-skin.
* bel-swăg'-ger, s. [Eng, bell, and swagger.]
belt-cutter, s. A machine or tool for
A cant word for a whoremaster.
slitting tanned hides into strips for belting,
“You are a charitable belswagger; my wife cried
for harness, or for any similar purpose.
out fire, and you cried out for engines."-Dryden.
belt-lacing, s. Leather thongs for lacing
* běl'-syre (yr as ïr), s. [BELSIRE.]
together the adjacent ends of a belt to make
bělt (1), * bělte, s. [A.S. belt = a belt, a
it continuous.
girdle; O. Icel. belti ; Dan. belte, bælt; Sw.
belt-pipe, s.
bält; 0. H. Ger. balz; Lat. balteus (sing.) and
Mach. : A steam-pipe which surrounds the
baltea (neut. pl.) =a girdle, a belt, such as a
sword-belt; Gaél. balt = the welt of a shoe,
cylinder of a steam-engine.
border, belt; Wel. gwald, gwaldas = the welt belt-punch, s. A punch for boring holes
of a shoe, a border.]
in a belt.
A. As substantive :
belt-saw, s. An endless serrated steel
I. Ordinary Language:
belt running over wheels and caused to re-
1. Lit. : A girdle ; a band around the body;
volve continuously. It is called also a BAND-
a cincture. Specially-
SAW.
(a) A girdle, generally of leather, from belt-shifter, s.
which a sword or other weapon is hung.
· Mach. : A device for shifting a belt from
“Brave Gael, my pass, in danger tried,
one pulley to another.
Hangs in my belt, and by my side."
Scott : Lady of the Lake, v. 4. belt-speeder, s.
(6) A girdle round the waist as an article Mach. : A pair of cone-pulleys carrying a
of attire or ornament.
belt, which by shifting become the media of
(C) A bandage used by surgeons for sup transmitting varying rates of motion.
porting injured limbs, or for any other pur-
belt-splicing, s. A method of fasten-
pose.
ing the ends of belts together by splitting one
2. Fig. : Anything natural or artificial and cementing the tapering end of the other
shaped like a sword or other belt.
between the portions of the first thus sepa-
(1) Gen. : In the foregoing sense. (See also rated.
II. 4.]
belt-stretcher, s. A device for drawing
“... we came to a broad belt of sand dunes ..."
-Darwin : Voyage round the World, ch. iv.
together the ends of a belt that they may be
sewed or riveted together so as to make the
(2) Spec. : A long narrow natural wood or
artificial plantation of trees.
“A gleaming crag with belts of pines.”
belt-tightener, s. A device for tighten-
Tennyson : The Two Voices.
ing a belt.
(3) Restraint of any kind.
belt-weaving loom, s. A loom for
“He cannot buckle his distemper'd cause
Within the belt of rule."
weaving heavy narrow stuff suitable for
Shakesp. : Macbeth, v. 2. making belts for machinery.
II. Technically :
1. Her., &c. : A badge or token of knighthood.
“If by the blaze I mark aright,
“Bett or axe: Securis.”—Prompt. Parv.
Thou bear'st the belt and spur of knight.”
Scott: Lady of the Lake ïy30. belt, v.t. From belt, s. q.v.). I To encircle
Pugilistic belt : A belt won by the cham-
with a belt.
pion pugilist or athlete of England; but
“ 'Twas done. His sons were with him-all,
They belt him round with hearts undaunted."
which he must give up to any one who chal-
Wordsworth: White Doe, iv.
lenges and vanquishes him.
Běl-tāne, Běl-tein, s. [Ir. Bealtine, Béil-
2. Mach. : A strap or flexible band to com-
tine = the fire of Baal or Belus, the Phoeni-
roller to another one.
May. Gael. Bealtuinn = May-day. Compare
3. Masonry : A range or course of plain or
A.Š. bel =a funeral pile, a burning.]
fluted stones or bricks projecting from the
1. Celtic Myth. : A superstitious observance
rest.
4. Phys. Geog. : Anything shaped like a
and Irish Celts, as well as in Cumberland and
sword or other belt. [I. 2.] Specially (pl.):
Lancashire. The Scotch observed the Beltane
Two passages or straits connecting the Baltic
festival chiefly on the 1st of May (old style),
with the German Ocean, viz. (a) the Great
though in the west of that country St. Peter's
Belt, between the islands of Seeland and La-
Day, June 29, was preferred. In Ireland there
land on the north, and Fühnen and Lange-
were two Belteins, one on the 1st of May, and
land on the west. (6) The Little Belt, between the other on the 21st of June. The ceremonies
the mainland of Denmark on the west, and
the island of Fühnen on the east..
part of them everywhere was to light a fire.
“It ſthe Baltic) is often partially frozen. Charles X. At Callander, in Perthshire, the boys went to
of Sweden, with an army, crossed the Belts in 1658."-
the moors, cut a table out of sods, sat round
Haydn: Dict. Dates (ed. 1878), p. 71.
it, lit a fire, cooked and ate a custard, baked
5. Astron. : A varying number of dusky
an oatmeal cake, divided it into equal seg-
belt-like bands or zones
ments, blackened one of these, drew lots, and
encircling the planet
then compelled the boy who drew out the
Jupiter parallel to his
blackened piece to leap three times through
equator, as if the clouds
the fire, with the view of obtaining for the
of his atmosphere had
district a year of prosperity. In Ireland
been forced into a series
cattle were driven through the fire. The
of parallels through the
rapidity of his rotation,
name given suggests that the actual worship
of Baal as the sun, which could easily have
and the dark body of
come from the Phoenicians, existed in Britain
the planet was seen
in pre-Christian times. Originally human
through the compara-
sacrifices may have been offered, and then as
tively clear spaces be- JUPITER'S BELTS.
primitive society began to discern the cruelty
tween.
of this practice, it may have been deemed
6. Veterinary Science : A disease among
enough for the victim to pass through the fire
sheep treated by cutting off the tail, laying in place of being burnt to death. Finally,
the sore bare, casting mould on it, and apply-
cattle would tend to be substituted for human
ing tar and goose-grease.
beings. Merry-makings came at length to
· B. Attributively in compounds like the fol attend the Beltane festival. [See the examples
lowing in the sense of pertaining to a cincture under the compound words.]
for the body or any of the other kinds of belt
“At Beltane, quhen ilk bodie bownis
described above.
To Peblis to the Play,
To heir the singin and the soundis,
belt-clasp, s. A device for attaching
The solace, suth to say.".
belts to each other by the ends, so as to make
Peblis to the Play, st. 1.
a continuous band.
belt-coupling, s.
of the Beltane festival.
Mach. : - A device for joining together the Beltane-game, s. The game played at
ends of one or more belts or bands. One | the festival.
4. Inferior in dignity, as the court below,”
meaning the court inferior in dignity, and
subordinate to the other.
* bě-lowt', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and lowt.]
To use abusive language to; to call bad names.
"... returning home, rated and belowted his cook
* bělsch, v.t. [O. Fr. bele, beat = handsome,
fair.] To adorn.
“Belschyd or made fayre: Venustus decoratus." -
Prompt. Paru.
* běl'-sïre, * bel'-syre (yr as ir), s. [Fr.
bel = fine, and sire = lord, sir.]
1. A celebrated ancestor.
fäte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fall, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hếr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, work, whô, són; mūte, cúb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian. æ, cerē. ey=ā. qu = kw.

belted-bemitred
493
ohne UPB town in Talbot a
" That kindled when at beltane-game
| *bě-1ý' (1), * bě-lý'e. [BELIE, v.t.]
běm'-bid'--um, s. [A diminutive formed
Thou ledst the dance with Malcolm Grænie.”
from Gr. Béuß,& (bembix) = a buzzing insect.]
Scott : Lady of the Lake, ii. 15.
* bě'-lý (2), v.t. [Compare Eng. beleaguer ; Sw.
*hě Iū (
90+ compare Ting beleave
[BEMBEX.)
Beltane-tree, s. The tree, branch, or belägra; Dan. beleire; Ger. belagerer.] To be-
Entom.: A genus of foreign beetles, the typi-
faggot burnt by the Celts at the festival.
siege.
cal one of the family Bembidiidæ. They have
“But o'er his hills, on festal day,
"In the south the Lairds of Fernherst and Bacleugh
How blazed Lord' Ronald's Beltane-tree."
large eyes and an ovate body. [BEMBIDIIDÆ.]
did assail Jedburgh, a little town, but very constant
Scott: Glenfinlas.
in maintaining the Kings authority. Lord Claud
Hamilton belyed Paslay.”-Spotswood, p. 259.
Běm'-brỉdge (d silent), s. & d. [Eng, proper
bělt'-ěd, pa. par. & d. [BELT, v.t.] Encircled.
name of place-Bem ; bridge.]
A. As past participle: In senses corre * bel-yng, s. [An old spelling of the word
A. As subst. (Geog.): A village and water-
sponding to those of the verb.
BEALING (q.v.).] Suppuration.
ing place in the parish of Brading in the Isle
B. As adjective. Specially-
"Insanies : Belyng."-MS. Reg., 17, B. xvii., f. 54 6.
of Wight.
1. Wearing a belt.
* be-lyve, adv. The same as BELIVE. (Scotch.) B. As adj.: Pertaining in any way or relat-
“Where with puff’d cheek the belted hunter blew."
ing to the village described under A.
Tennyson : Palace of Art. * Běl'-zě-būb, s. [BEELZEBUB.]
2. Affixed by a belt.
Bembridge series.
*bem (1), s. [BEAM, s.]
"With belted sword and spur on heel."
Geology: A series of beds of Upper Eocene
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, i. 4.
Heuene bem : The sun (?). (Morris.)
age, about 120 ft. thick, consisting of -
3. Surrounded as with a belt.
"And slep and sag, an so the drem
(a) Upper marls, containing abundance of
“... park-like meadow land ... belted and inter-
Fro the erthe up til heuene bem,
A leddre stonden, and thor-on.”
spersed with ornamental woods ..."-Times, Oct. 30,
Melania turritissima.
(6) Lower marls, containing Cerithium muta-
Story of Genesis and Exodus (ed. Morris), 1605-7.
1875. Advt.
bile, Cyrena pulchra, and remains of Trionyx.
belted-plaid, belted plaid, s. The *bem (2), s. [BEME.]
(c) Green marls, full of oysters.
species of mantle worn by Highlanders in full
(d) Bembridge limestone, a compact, cream-
military dress.
bē'-mą, s. [Gr. Bộua (bēma) (1)= a step, pace,
coloured limestone, alternating with shells
“The uniform was a scarlet jacket, &c., tartan plaid or stride,(2) a rostrum, a raised platform from
and marls, containing land shells, Bulimus
of twelve yards plaited round the middle of the body, which to speak; Baivw (baino) = to step, (2)
ellipticus, Helix occlusa, and fresh-water shells,
the upper part being fixed on the left shoulder ready
to be thrown loose and wrapped over both shoulders
to stand, (3) to go.]
as Lymnea longiscata and Planorbis discus; it
and firelocks in rainy weather. At night the plaid
Arch. : The sanctuary, presbytery, or chan also contains Chara tubercula. Several mam-
served the purpose of a blanket, and was a sufficient
covering for the Highlander. These were called belted
cel of a church. [CHANCEL, SANCTUARY.] malia have been found, as Palæotherium and
plaids, from being kept tight to the body by a belt
"The. bema or chancel was with thrones for the Anoplotherium.
..."-Col. Stewart's Sketches, i. 246-7. (Jamieson.)
bishops and presbyters."-Sir G. Wheler: Account of
Churches, p. 79.
Běl'-těin, s. [BELTANE.]
* beme, * bem (2) (pl. * bemes, * bumes,
*bě-măd', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and mad.] To * be-men, 0. Eng.; * be-mys, O. Scotch), s.
bělt'-ēr. s. Compare Gael. bualam = to beat :
make mad.
[A.S. beme, byme=a trumpet.] A trumpet.
buailte = beat; bualadh = beating ; bualtaire
“ Than sal be herd the blast of bem."
=one who beats another.] A pelting.
* bě-măd'-dîng, pr. par. & a. [BEMAD.]
Cursor Mundi, MS. Edin., f. 7, 6.
"I'll stand ahint a dike, and gie them a belter wi'
“.... making just report
“ Trompors gunne heire bemes blowe."
stanes, till I hae na left the souls in their bodies, if ye
Of how unnatural and bemadding sorrow
Kyng of Tars, 499.
approve o't.”—The Entail, ii. 160. (Jamieson.)
The king hath cause to plain.”.
“Anon he doth his bemen blowe.”
Shakesp.: Lear, iii. 1.
Alisaunder, 1,850.
belt'-ing, s. [BELT.) A flexible band, or
system of flexible bands, employed to com-
+ bb-măng-le (le as el), .t. [Eng. prefix * beme, v.t. & i. [From beme, s. (q.v.); A.S.
municate motion to wheels, drums, and rollers.
be, and mangle.] To mangle (lit. or fig.).
bymian = to sound or play on a trumpet.
“Those bemangled limbs, which scattered be
Imitated from the sound.] [BEMYNG.]
* belu, s. [A. S. bælig.] [BELLOWS.]
About the picture, the sad ruins are
1. Trans. : To call forth by sound of trumpet.
Of sev'n sweet but unhappy babes."
“The belu failide, leed is waastid in the fier.”—
Beaumont : Psyche, ix. 64.
Wycliffe (Jer. vi. 29).
(Scotch.)
“Furth faris the folk, but fenyeing or fabill,
běl-ū'-ga, s. [In Ger., &c., beluga, from Russ.
* bě-mar'-tyr (yr as īr), v.t. [Eng. prefix be,
That bemyt war be the lord, luffsum of lait."
beluga = the Great Sturgeon.]
and martyr.]
Gawan and Gal., iii. 8. (Jamieson.)
To make a martyr of, to put to
death for one's faith.
2. Intransitive:
1. A species of fish-the Great or Hausen
"See here how he bemartyreth such who as yet do
(1) To sound clearly and loudly like a
Sturgeon, the Acipenser huso. It is some-
survive.”-Fuller : General Worthies, vol. i.
times 12 to 15 feet in length, and weighs 1,200
trumpet.
"Ase ye willeth thet ower beoden bemen an dreamen
lbs., or in rare cases even 3,000. The best t bě-mask', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and mask.)
ine Drihtenes earen."- Ancren Riwle, p. 430.
isinglass is made from its swimming-bladder. To mask, to hide, to conceal.
(2) To resound, to make a noise. (Scotch.)
Its flesh, though sometimes eaten, is occasion-
"... . which have thus bemasked your singular
ally unwholesome. It is found in the Caspian
beauty under so unworthy an array.”-Shelton: I'r. of
“ The skry and clamoure followis the oist within,
D. Quixote, I. iv. 1.
Quhil at the heuinnis bemyt of the dyn.”
and Black Seas and the large rivers which flow
Doug. : Virgil, 295, 2.° (Jamieson.)
into them.
+ bě-măt-tér, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and mat-
2. A cetacean, Delphinapterus leucas.
ter.]
be-mēne, v.t. [A.S. bemænan = to bemoan.)
It is
To daub or bespatter with matter.
[BEMOAN.] To lament for.
called also the White Whale. It belongs to (Swift.)
"The kyng of Tars out of his sadel fel,
the family Delphinidæ. It is from 18 to 21
The blod out of his wounde wel,
bě-mâ'ul, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and maul.] To
feet in length, and inhabits Davis Straits and
Mony mon hit bement.”
the other portions of the Northern Seas, and
maul, to beat severely.
Kyng of Tars, 1,088.
sometimes ascends rivers.
"... was just going to snatch the cudgels out of * bě_mēr-cỹ. v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and mercy.
Didius's hands, in order to bemaul Yorick."-Sterne.
Bē-lús, s. [BEL.] The Roman name of the
To treat with mercy. (Only in pa. par.)
bě-mā'ze, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and maze.] To
Assyrian and Babylonian divinity called Bel
"I was bemercied of the way so speak, misericordia
cause to be in a maze. [Maze.]
donatus ..."- Goodwin : Of Justifying Faith, pt. i.,
in Isa. xlvi. 1. [BEL.]
bk. iii., c. 2.
bě-mā’zed, pa. par. & d. [BEMAZE.]
běl'-vě-dëre, běl-vì-döre, s. [In Ger.
* be-mê'te, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and mete; A.S.
belvedere ; Fr. belvédère, belveder; Port. belve-
1. Lit.: Bewildered with regard to the pro-
bemetan = to measure by, to find out, per-
der; Ital. belvedere = (lit.) a fine view, from
per road to choose.
ceive, esteemi, consider. In Ger. bemaseer.]
Lat. bellus = fine, and videre = to see.]
“Stock-still there he stands like a traveller bemazed.”
To mete, to measure all over. Fig. as in the
Wordsworth : Written in Germany.
1. Arch. : A room built above the roof of an
2. Fig. : Bewildered with regard to other
following :
edifice, for the purpose of viewing the sur-
" Or shall I so bemete thee with thy yard,
matters.
As thou shalt think on prating while thou liv'st?"
rounding country.
“Thy lamp, mysterious word !
Shakesp. : Taming of the Shrew, iv. 3.
In France the term belvedere is used
Which whoso sees, no longer wanders lost,
With intellects bemazed in endless doubt.”
occasionally for a summer-house in a park or
vs + bě-mîng'-le (le as el), v.t. [Eng. prefix be,
garden.
bem-běx, s. [Gr. Béußıć (Bembix) = (1) a
and mingle.] To mingle.
2. Bot. : A plant, Kochia scoparia. It be-
top, (2) a whirlpool, (3) a buzzing insect.] + bě-mỉn'g-led (led as eld), pa. par. & d.
longs to the order Chenopodiaceæ (Chenopods).
Entom.: A genus of Hymenopterous in-
[BEMINGLE.]
běl-vîş–1-ą, s. [Named after its discoverer, sects, the typical one of the family Bem “This blade, in bloody hand which I do bear,
And all his gore bemingled with this glew."
Palisot de Beauvois. Originally called Napo-
bicidæ. The species, which have a certain
Mir. for Mag., p. 106. (Todd.)
leona, after the first Napoleon, but altered
resemblance to wasps, are solitary burrowers;
from political reasons to Belvisia.] A genus
they store up flies for the support of their be-mi're, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and mire.] TO
of plants constituting the typical one of the
soil by means of mire.
larvæ. They occur in hot countries. None
order Belvisiaceæ (q.v.).
are British.
bě-mï'red, pa. par. & a. [BEMIRE.]
běm-bực-1-dæ, s. pl. [BEMBEX.] A family
běl-vîş-i-ā'-çěæ (Lindley), běl-vīş'-1-
... or if they be, men, through the dizziness of
of insects belonging to the order Hymenoptera,
their heads, step beside, and then they are bemired to
ě-æ (R. Brown), s. pl. [BELVISIA.]
purpose . . "-Bunyan: P. P., pt. i.
the tribe Aculeata, and the sub-tribe Fossoria.
Bot.: A small order of plants, called by
Type, Bembex (q.v.).
| bě-mist', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and mist.] To
Lindley, in English, Napoleonworts. They
envelop or involve in mist.
are allied to the Myrtacea, which they re bem-bid'-1-1-dæ, s. pl. [BEMBIDIUM. 7 A
semble in their inferior several-celled ovary, family of beetles belonging to the tribe Geode- be-mist'-ed, pa. par. & d. [BEMIST.]
their numerous stamina turned inwards in the phaga (feeders on land). It consists of minute .."How can that judge walk right, that is bemisted in
bud, &c.; but differ in their plaited petals, predatory beetles,generally bright blue or green, his way? "-Feltham's Resolves, ii. 4.
twisted into a rotate lobed corolla, and other with yellow spots and a metallic lustre. They
bě-mī-tred (tred as tērd), a. Wearing a
characters. They are shrubs or trees, from frequent damp places. Typical genus, Bem-
mitre.
'Africa, and, it is believed, from Brazil. In bidium. Various other genera, as Notaphus,
“... bediademed, becoronetted, bemitred."
1846 four species were known, in two genera. Lopha, Tachypus, Ocys, &c., occur in Britain.
Carlyle: Fr. Rev., vol. ii., pt. iii., bk. V., c. 1.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-oian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion=shủn; -ţion, -şion=zhún. -tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, del.

494
bemoan-bench
1.
bě-mõ'an, *bě-mõ'ne, v.t. & i. (Eng.
prefix be, and moan, v. ; A.S. bemænan = to
bemoan, to lament. ]
A. Trans. : To moan over, to deplore, to
bewail, to lament.
"... Enter not into the house of mourning,
neither go to lament nor bemoan them.
r. xvi. 5.
It is sometimes used reflectively.
“... bemoaned himself piteously:..."-Macau-
Tag: Hist. Emg., chủ xvi
B. Intrans. : To moan, to lament.
...... and was bemoaning of the hardness of my
heart."-Bunyan: P. P., pt. ii.
* bě-mõ'an-a-ble, a. [Eng. bemoan; -able.]
That may be bemoaned, lamentable.
bě-mõ'aned, pa. par. & a. [BEMOAN.]
bě-mõ'an-ěr, s. [Eng. bemoan; -er.] One
who bemoans, laments, bewails. (Johnson.)
bě-mõ'an-ing, pr. par. & s. [BEMOAN.]
A. As pr. par.: In the same senses as the
verb.
B. As subst. : The act of lamenting, bewail-
ing, or deploring; the words uttered under the
influence of grief.
“How didst thou spend that restless night in mu-
tual expostulations and bemoanings of your loss."-
Bp. Hali: Works, ii. 30.
bě-mock', v.t. & i. [Eng. be, and mock.]
A. Trans. : To mock.
“Bemock the modest moon."-Shakesp. : Coriol., i: 1.
B. Intrans. : To mock, to practise mocking.
be-mock'ed, pa. par. & d. [BEMOCK.]
bě-mock'-ing, pr. par. [BEMOCK.]
* bě-moil', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and moil;
from Fr. mouiller=to wet.] [MOIL.] To
moil, to bedraggle, to bemire; to cause to be
soiled with mud or something similar.
* bě-moil'ed, pa. par. & a. [BEMOIL.]
“Thou should'st have heard in how miry a place,
how she was bemoiled, how he left her with the horse
upon her.”-Shakesp. : Tam. of Shrew, iv. 1.
* bě-mol-ing, pr. par. [BEMOIL.]
bě-moist'-en (t silent), v.t. [Eng. prefix be;
inoisten.] To cover with moisture; to moisten.
(Dr. Allen.)
bě-moist'-ened, pa. par. & d. [BEMOISTEN.]
bě-moist'-en-ing, pr. par. [BEMOISTEN.]
t bē-mol', t bē-mõll', s. [Fr. bémol. In Ital.
bemolle. From Fr. b, and the adj. mol, the
same as mou (m.), molle (f.) = soft; Lat. mollis
=soft.]
In France : A musical sign, b, formed like a
small b, placed before a note to indicate that
it should be lowered half a tone.
In England: A half note.
“Now there be intervenient in the rise of eight, in
tones, two bemolls, or half-notes."-Bacon: Nat. Hist.,
Cent. ii., § 104.
be-mon-stēr, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and mon-
ster.] To make a monster of, to render
monstrous.
“Thou chang'd and self-covered thing! for shame,
Bemonster not thy feature." Shakesp. : Lear, iv. 2.
* be-möu'rn, * bi-moʻrne, * by-mo'rne,
v.t. [Eng, prefix be, and mourn ; A.S. be-
meornan =to mourn for.] To mourn for or
over.
· wymmen that weiliden and bymorneden
him.”_Wyciiffe (St. Luke xxiii. 27).
* be-mow, v.t. [Eng. be ; mow.) To mock at.
“The Lord shal bemowe them."-Wycliffe (Ps. ii. 4).
bě-mūd'-dle, v.t. [Eng. Pref. be, and muddle.]
To make a muddle of; to put in confusion.
[MUDDLE.]
bě-mŭf-fle (fle as fel), v.t. [Eng. prefix be,
and muffle.] To muffle (lit. & fig.).
bě-mŭf-fled, pa. par. [BEMUFFLED.]
"... and is bemuffled with the externals of religion."
-Sterne : Ser., 17.
bě-mŭl'çe, v.t. [Lat. mulcere = to soothe,
pacify.) To pacify, appease.
"Saturne was eftsoones bemulced and appaysed."-
Sir T. Elyot, Governour, p. 64.
bě-mū'şe, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and muse.]
Generally in pa. par. (q.v.).
bě-mū'şed, pa. par. & d. [BEMUSE.]
1. Under the influence of the Muses ; en- / ben-nuts, s. pl. [Eng. ben ; nuts. In Ger.
chanted.
Behennuss.] [BEN.] The seeds of the Horse-
"... so when those incorrigible things, Poets, are radish Tree (Moringa pterygosperma). From
once irrecoverably be-mused, the best way both to these the Oil of Ben was extracted.
quiet them, ... is to feed their vanity ..."-Pope :
Letter to H. Cromwell, June 23, 1705.
ben-oil, oil of ben, s. [Eng. ben; oil.
2. Having the senses confused or dazed, as In Ger. Behenöl.] Oil expressed from the Ben-
e.g. in drinking.
nuts described above. It is used by manu-
"Is there a parson much bemus'd in beer?”
facturers of perfumery, and by watchmakers.
Pope: Prol. to Satires.
Běn, s., prefix. [Heb. ? (ben).
bě-mū'ş-ing, pr. par. & d. [BEMUSE.]
A frequent
prefix to Hebrew proper names = son of, as
* bem-yng, pa. par. & s. [BUMMING.) (Scotch.) Benjamin = son of the right hand.]
*ben, portions of a verb. [BE, BEEN.] Various ben'-ar, a. More genial. [BEIN.]
portions of the verb to be.
"Into sum benar realme.”
A. The 1, 2, & 3 persons pl. pres. indic. : Are.
Douglas: Virgil, 174, 15.
“These ben the poyntz and the articles ordeyned
* běn-a-türe, S. A holy-water sprinkler,
of the bretheren of Seint Katerine in the cite of (Prompt. Parv., p. 31.)
Londone."-English Gilds (Ear. Eng. Text Soc.), p. 6.
B. The infinitive: To be.
běnch, *běnche, * běnk, s. & a. [A.S.
"To ben a trewe knight,
benc = a bench, a table; banc = a bench, bank,
In al Tristremes nede."
or hillock ; 0. Sax. bank, benki ; Sw. bänk ;
Sir Tristrem, iii. 59.
Dan. bænk; O. Icel. bekkr ; Dut., Ger., & Wel.
“And now thou woldest falsly ben aboute
bank ; 0. Fries., 0. L. Ger., & Corn. benk ; Ir.
To love my lady, whom I love and serve."
Chaucer : C. T., 1,144-5. binse; Gael. binnse; Fr. banc; Sp. & Port.
C. The perfect participle : Been.
banco; Ital. panca = a bench or stool. Bench
"A shereve had he ben."
and Bank were originally the same word.]
Chaucer : C. T., 361.
[BANK.]
ben, + benn, prep., adv., & (1) s. [Eng. be; A. As substantive :
in, A.S. be=by, near to, to, at, in, upon, I. Ordinary Language :
above, with ; and in = in, into. The Scotch
1. Of things :
ben (Eng. be, in) as distinguished from Scotch
(a) Gen. : A long seat made of wood or other
but, Eng. be-out; A. S. butan, butun (be, utan)
material.
=without.] [BUT.]
It differs from a stool in its greater
length.
A. As prep. (of the form ben): Inside; to-
“Indeed, if the lecture-room could hold 2,000 in-
wards or into the interior (of a house).
stead of 600... I do not doubt that every one of its
"... that she might run ben the house ..."-
benches would be occupied on these occasions."-Tyn-
Scott: Guy Manneriny, ch. xxiii.
dall: Frag. of Science (3rd ed.), iv. 71.
B. As adverb (of the form ben):
(6) Spec. : In the same sense as II. 1 (a).
I. Lit. : Inside.
2. Of persons : In the same sense as II. 1 (b).
"Now butt an' ben the change-house fills."
II. Technically:
Burns: The Holy Fair.
1. Law :
2. Figuratively :
(a) The seat which judges or magistrates
(a) Towards intimacy, in familiarity.
occupy officially in a court of justice.
"There is a person well I ken,
Might wi' the best gane right far ben."
(6) The judges or magistrates sitting to-
Ramsay: Poems, i. 335. (Jamieson.) gether to try cases.
(6) Into intimacy with the enemy's forces
* The Court of King's Bench (named when
in battle, that is, into the midst of them.
a female sovereign is on the throne The Court
"... though I admit I could not be so far ben as of Queen's Bench): What formerly was one of
you lads, seeing that it was my point of duty to keep
together our handful of horse." — Scott: Waverley,
the three chief courts in England. It grew up
ch. xlviii.
rather than was created in the early Norman
C. As subst. (of the forms ben and benn) : times. The judicial business of the Great
The interior apartment of a two-roomed cot-
Council of the nation coming to be transacted
tage. (It is opposed to Scotch but or butt, in the king's palace, the court which attended
the outer one.) [BUT, s.]
to it was called that of the Aula Regis, viz., of
“A tolerable hut is divided into three parts—a butt,
the king's palace. It gradually separated into
which is the kitchen, a benn, an inner room; and a three—the Courts of King's Bench, of Common
byar, where the cattle are housed."-Sir J. Carr : Pleas, and of the Exchèquer. The first of
Caledonian Sketches, p. 405. (Jamieson.)
these exercised control over the inferior courts,
Byre is the ordinary spelling of the name
and took special cognizance of trespasses
for a Scottish cow-house.
against the king's peace. [See AC ETIAM.]
ben-end, s. Inner part of a cottage.
From its very outset it was a Court of Record.
"He pu'd up his bit shabble of a sword an' dang aff
Its separate existence was abolished by the
my bonnet, when I was a free man i' my ain ben-end." Judicature Act of 1873, and now it is the
-Brownie of Bodsbeck, ii. 18. (Jamieson.)
Queen's Bench Division of the High Court of
ben-house, s. The inner or principal Judicature.
apartment of a two-roomed cottage.
“... became Chief Justice of the King's Bench."-
Macaulay : Hist. Eng. ch. xi.
ben (2), s. [Gael. beinn, bheinn =a mountain,
2. Carp., Joinery, &c. : A support for tools
a hill, a pinnacle.] [PEN.]
and work in various mechanical operations,
A. In compos. (Geog. & Ord. Lang.):
as carpentry, metal and leather work, &c.
1. In Scotland : The common appellation of 3. Engineering: A horizontal ledge on the
the higher Scottish mountains, as Ben Nevis, side of a cutting; an embankment or parapet,
Ben Mac Dhui, Ben Lawers, Ben Lomond, Ben a berme, a banquette.
Cruachan, Ben Hope.
B. As adj. : In anything pertaining or re-
† 2. In Ireland : (a) A hill, as Benbaun, Ben lating to a bench.
gower; (b) a rocky promontory, as Bengore bench-clamp, s. A jaw-tool attached to
Head.
a work-bench, for holding an article to be
+ B. As a distinct word: A mountain. operated on in place.
(Scotch.)
bench-drill, s.
"And the river that flow'd from the Ben."
A drill adapted to be
Jacobite Relics, ii. 421. (Jamieson.) used on a machinist's or carpenter's bench.
ben (3), s. [A contraction for behen; from bench-hammer, s.
Pers. & Arab. bahman, behmen = (1) á herb, Metallurgy: A finisher's or blacksmith's
the leaves of which resemble ears of corn
hammer.
saffron; (2) a medicine, of which there were
bench-hole, s. The hole of a bench.
two kinds, one red and the other white; (3)
the dog-rose (Rosa canina), from Pers. & Arab.
“We'll beat 'em into bench-holes."
Shakesp. : Ant. and Cleop., iv. 7.
baihan = the dog-rose. (Mahn.).]
bench-hook, s.
1. Chiefly in compos.: The Horse-radish Tree
Carp. & Joinery: A stop or abutment which
(Moringa pterygosperma). [MORINGA.] The
occupies a vertical mortise in a carpenter's
flowers, leaves, and tender seed-vessels are
bench. It is designed to prevent the wood in
eaten by the natives of India in their curries.
The winged seeds are the Ben-nuts mentioned
process of being operated on from getting dis-
below.
placed.
2. As an independent word : Ben, or White bench-lathe, s.
Ben, a British plant (Silene inflata, Linn.). Carpentry: A small lathe such as may be
Formerly it was designated Cucubalus benen, mounted on a post which stands in a socket
whence came the abbreviation Ben.
in a bench.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whāt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, són; mūte, cũb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; trý, Sýrian. , ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bench-bend
495
benches...
bench-mark, s.
bencher-ship, s. The dignity or office 3. To incline, to turn.
Surveying: A mark showing the starting I of a bencher. (Lamb: Essays of Elia.)
II. Fig. : To be submissive; to yield one's
běnçh'-ing, * bennkinnge, s. A row of
will to that of another.
series of similar marks affixed at convenient
“Unus'd to bend, impatient of control."
distances to substantial or permanent objects,
Thomson : Liberty, pt. iv.
“ Thær wass an bennkinnge lah.”
to show the exact points upon which the
Ormulum, 15,232.
III. In special compounds or phrases :
levelling-staffs were placed when the various
běn-chû'-cą, s. [A South American word. ] To be bent on or upon : To be resolved or
levels were read, thus facilitating reference
and correction.
Entom. : A black bug of the genus Reduvius,
determined upon, to have a fixed purpose or
an irresistible propensity to do some particu-
found on the South American Pampas.
bench-plane, s.
lar thing. In this sense generally in pa. par.
Joinery: A joiner's plane for working a flat
běnd (1), *bende (pret. bent, * bended ; pa. “Not so, for once, indulg'd they sweep the main,
surface.
par. bent, * bended, * ibent), v.t. & i.
Deaf to the call, or, hearing, hear in vain:
There are various types of it, named
[A.S.
But bent on inischief, bear the waves before."
in the order of their fineness, jack, long, trying-
bendan = (1) to bend, incline, or lean, (2) to
Dryden.
stretch, to extend ; 0. Icel. benda; Fr. bander
panel, smooth, and jointer planes.
= to bind, stretch, bend, used in the sense of
bend (2), v.i. [Probably from Fr. bondir =
bench-reel, s.
bend, chiefly of a bow. Originally (bend is
to bound, jump, or frisk ; bond =a bound, a
Sail-making : A spinning-wheel, on the pirn derived from band) band and bond were but
leap, jump, or spring.) To spring, to bound.
of which the sailmaker winds the yarn.
different inethods of writing the same word.
(Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
(Trench: Eng. Past & Present, p. 65). ]
bench-screw, s.
běnd (1), * bende, s. (From Eng. bend, v. In
A. Transitive :
A.S. bend = that which ties, binds, or bends;
Carpentry : The wooden screw which works
spec., (1) a band, bond, or ribbon, (2) a chaplet,
the movable jaw of the joiner's bench-vice.
I. Ordinary Language. :
1. Lit. Of things material : To employ the
crown, or ornament; from bindan = to bind.
bench-shears, s.
appropriate means to render anything tem-
In Dan. band = a band, a company, a bend ;
Copper, Zinc, Iron, and Tin-plate Working :
porarily or permanently curved or crooked ;
Sp. banda = a scarf, a side, a bend, a band.]
Hand-shears, the end of whose lower limb is
to incline. Used specially-
[BEND, V., BAND.]
turned at right angles, and is received in a
(1) Of a bow : To make it temporarily curved
A. Ordinary Language :
socket in the bench of a workman.
by pulling the string, the design being that by I. That which is bent :
bench-strip, s.
suddenly returning again to a more nearly 1. Lit. : A bending, a curve, a flexure; an
Carpentry: A batten or strip on a carpenter's
rectilinear form it may impel an arrow.
incurvation.
bench, which may be fixed at a given distance "They bend their bows, they whirl the slings around."
“One, however, which was less regular than the
from the edge to assist in steadying the work.
Dryden.
others, deviated from a right line, at the most con-
(2) Of portions of the human body: To render
siderable bend, to the amount of thirty-three degrees.
bench-table, s.
· them arched or curved, or angular, or turn
-Darwin : Voyage round the World, ch. iii.
Arch.: A low stone seat on the inside of them in a particular direction.
* 2. Fig.: Purpose, end, turn. [BENT.]
the walls, and sometimes round the bases of (a) of the back: To make it for the time
"Farewell, poor swain, thou art not for my bend."
Fletcher.
the pillars in churches, porches, cloisters, &c. being arched or curved.
* II. That which binds :
bench-vice, s.
“But bends his sturdy back to any toy
1. A band, a bond, a ribbon, a fillet. (O.
That youth takes pleasure in, to please his boy."
Carp., Metall., &c.: A vice provided with
Cowper : Tirocinium. Eng. & Scotch.)
means for attachment to a wood or metal (6) Of the knees : To make them take an
“ This is the bend of this blame
i bere in my nek.”
worker's bench.
angular form by more or less decidedly adopt-
Gawayn and the Green Knyght, 2,506.
ing a kneeling attitude.
bench-warrant, s.
2. A muffler, a kerchief, a cowl. (Scotch.)
Law : A process issued against a person by
"Unto my mother's prayers I bend my knee."
Shakesp. : Richard 11., v. 3.
It is used in 0. Scotch (Jamieson thinks
a court of law.
© Of the brow: To knit it; that is, to throw
improperly) for a fleece.
the muscular part of it into a series of curves
“Of hir first husband, was ane tempill bet
bench, * běnche, * y-benche, v.t. & i.
Of marbill, and held in ful grete reuerence,
or wavy furrows.
With snaw quhite bendis, carpettis and ensence."
[From bench, s. (q.v.).]
"Some have been seen to bite their pen, scratch
Doug.: Virgil, 116, 4.
A. Transitive: To seat upon a bench.
their head, bend their brows, bite their lips, beat the B. In Cant Language: A pull of liquor.
board, and tear their paper."-Camden.
“ His cupbearer, whom I from meaner form
“We'll nae mair o't–come gi's the other bend,
Have bench'd, and rear'd to worship.”
(d) of the eyes, one of the ears, or of the foot-
We'll drink their healths, whatever way it end."
Shakesp.: Winter's Tale, i. 2. steps : To turn towards or in a particular
Ramsay: Poems, ii. 116. (Jamieson.)
B. Intrans. : To sit on a bench or in a court direction.
Originally band and bond were the same
of justice.
“Why dost thou bend thine eyes upon the earth, word.
And start so often when thou sitt'st alone?”
bench-ed, běnn'-kedd, pa. par. & d.
Shakesp. : 1 Hen. IV., ii. 3.
C. Technically :
Furnished with benches.
2. Fig. Of things immaterial : To incline 1. Shipbuilding :
“Tatt bridaless hus wass all
them, to turn them in a particular direction. (a) Pl.: The crooked timbers which make
Withth thrinne bennkess bennkeda."
(1) To put in order for use. (The metaphor the ribs or sides of a ship. They are num-
Ormulum, 15,231.
is taken from bending a bow.)
bered from the water up, as the first, the
"''Twas bench'd with turf.”—Dryden.
“As a fowler was bending his net, a blackbird asked second, or the third bend, &c. The beams,
běnch'-ěr, s. [Eng. bench ; -er.]
him what he was doing.”-L'Estrange.
knees, and futtocks are bolted to them. They
(2) To conquer a person or people; to subdue are more generally called wales (q.v.).
A, Ordinary Language :
by force; to humble.
(6) The cross section of a building-draft.
1. Gen. : Any one who sits upon a bench.
“What cared he for the freedom of the crowd ?
A bend represents the moulding edge of a
" If the pillows be of silver and the benches of gold,
He raised the humble but to bend the proud."
and though the benchers be kings ..."-Golden Boke,
Byron: Lara, ii. 9.
frame.
let. 7. (. in Boucher.)
(3) To influence by gentler methods; to rule 2. Naut.: A knot by which one rope is
2. Specially :
by means of the affections.
fastened to another, or to an object, such as
(a) One who sits upon the bench within or
“ As unto the bow the cord is,
a ring, spar, or post.
So unto the man is woman,
in front of a tavern, an idler.
Though she bends him, she obeys him."
3. Her.: An ordinary of two kinds, the
(6) A judge, à magistrate, a senator.
Longfellow: The Song of Hiawatha, x. Bend Dexter and the Bend Sinister. Said to be
(4) To cause one's own mind or self to be
“ You are well understood to be a perfecter giber for
derived from bend = a border of a woman's
the table, thau a necessary bencher in the Capitol." concentrated upon any object of thought or cap. (N. of Eng. dialect.)
Shakesp. : Coriol., ii. 1.
aim. To apply (one's self) closely to. [BENT.] (a) An ordinary formed by two lines drawn
B. Technically:
“Men will not bend their wits to examine whether across from the dexter chief to the sinister
* 1. Municipal arrangements : A councilman.
things, wherewith they have been accustomed, be good base point of the escut-
or evil.”—Hooker.
“ This Corporation [New Windsor] consists of a
cheon. Formerly it occu-
mayor, two bailiffs, and twenty-eight other persons,
(5) To direct to a certain point.
pied one-third of the field
who are to be chosen out of the inhabitants of the
“Octavius and Mark Antony
borough, thirteen of which are called fellows, and ten
Came down upon us with a mighty power,
when charged, and one-fifth
of them aldermenor chief benchers." — Ashmole :
Bending their expedition tow'rd Philippi."
when plain ; now the latter
Berkshire, iii. 58.
Shakesp. : Jul. Coesar, iv. 3. dimension is almost always
2. Law (Inns of Court), Plur. Benchers: The
To bend up: To bolden up. (Scotch.) adopted. It may possibly
senior meinbers of the legal societies known (Used in pa. par. bendit up.) (Pitscottie.)
have been originally de-
as the Inns of Court. Formerly they were II. In Cant Language: To drink hard.
signed to represent a baldric
called ancients. They were admitted within
(Scotch.)
[BALDRIC), or, in the opinion
the bar, and were therefore also denominated
• To draw tippony bid adieu,
of some, a scaling-ladder.
inner barristers as distinguished from utter
Which we with greed
At first it was a mark of ca- BEND SINISTER.
Bended as fast as she could brew."
(outer) barristers, whose appropriate place was
Ramsay: Poems, i. 215. (Jamieson.)
dence; but afterwards it be-
outside the bar. [BARRISTER.] They govern
came an ordinary charge of an honourable kind.
B. Intransitive:
the Inns of Court, and are themselves practi-
“The diminutives of the bend are the bendlet, garter
cally the Inns, notwithstanding which they
I. Literally :
or gartier, which is half its width; the cost or cottice,
which is one-fourth; and the riband, which is one-
exercise the national function of deciding 1. To assume the form of a curve; to be
eighth."-Gloss. of Her.
who shall be admitted to the bar with the incurvated.
(b) Bend Sinister: An ordinary resembling
privilege of practising in the law courts, and
“Their front now deepening, now extending;
Their flank inclining, wheeling, bending,
the bend in form, but extending from the
who shall be prevented from obtaining this
Now drawing back, and now descending.
sinister chief to the dexter base. Its diminu-
privilege. They can also disbench or disbar
Scott : Marmion, vi. 18. tives are the scarpe, which is half its width ;
a barrister; an appeal, however, lying from 2. To jut over, to beetle over, as a cliff. and the baton, which is half as wide as the
them to the judges.
[BENDING, a.]
scarpe, and couped.
" He [Selden) seldom or never appeared publicly at
" There is a cliff, whose high and bending head
the bar (tho' a bencher), but gave sometimes chamber-
Looks fearfully on the confined deep."
In bend: A term used when bearings are
counsel."-Wood : Athen. Oxon.
Shakesp.: Lear, iv. 1. 1 placed bendwise.
NT DU
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion=shăn; -țion, -şion=zhủn. -cious, -tious, -sious=shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

496
bend-Benedictine
4. Unworthy or unbecoming of one.
“He will do nothing that is beneath his high station,
nor omit doing anything which becomes it."- Atter-
bury.
B. As adverb :
1. Lower in place than some person or
thing.
2. Below; on the earth, in hades or in hell,
as opposed to in heaven.
“Trembling I view the dread abyss beneath,
Heli's horrid mansions, and the realms of death."
Yalden.
“... the Lord he is God in heaven above, and
upon the earth beneath."—Deut. iv. 39.
3. Low as opposed to high in social or
political position.
“And the Lord shall make thee the head, and not
the tail; and thou shalt be above only, and thou shalt
not be beneath ..."-Deut. xxviii. 13.
In a sort of substantival use: Earth as
contradistinguished from heaven.
"... ye are from beneath; I am from above ..."-
John viii. 23.
Per bend. [PARTY.]
*bend'-rõle, * bănd'-roll, * bed'-roll, s.
4. Mining : An indurated argillaceous sub-
[BANDROLE.] The rest formerly used for a
stance.
heavy musket. (Scotch.)
Crabb thus distinguishes between the
.. ane muscat with forcat bedroll, ... be
furnist with ane compleit licht corslet.... ane
terms bend and bent :-“Both are abstract muscat with forcat bendrole and heidpece."-Acts
nouns from the verb to bend, the one to ex Jas. VI., 1598 (ed. 1814), p. 169.
press its proper, and the other its moral appli-
cation: a stick has a bend; the mind has a
běndş, s. pl. [BEND, S., C., I. (a).]
bent. Abend in anything that should be
bằnd-ỹ, a. [Eng. bed; -9.] [BEND, S.,
straight is a defect; a bent of the inclination
C. 3.]
that is not sanctioned by religion is detri-
mental to a person's moral character and
Her. Of an escutcheon : Having bends which
peace of mind.” (Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
divide it diagonally into four, six, or more
parts. When of the normal type, lines con-
bend-leather, s. Leather thickened by stituting the bend are drawn in the direction
tanning for the soles of boots and shoes ; a described under bend dexter; when in the
superior quality of shoe-leather. It is some contrary direction, they are said to be bendy
times called simply BEND.
sinister. [BARRY, BENDING, C. II., 2.]
“If any tanner have raised with any mixtures any
hide to bee converted to hackes, bend-leather, clowt-
Bendy barry. [BARRY BENDY.]
ing leather."-Lambarde : Justice of Peace, iv. 464.
Bendy lozengy: Having each lozenge placed
in bend.
běnd (2), s. [Fr. bond =a bound, a rebound,
a leap.] [BOUND, s.] A spring, a leap, a
Bendy pily : Divided into an equal number
bound.
of pieces by piles placed bendwise across the
“Scho lap upon me with ane bend."
escutcheon. It is called also PILY BENDY.
Lyndsay.
bend'-a-ble, a. [Eng. bend, v., and suffix
* bene, v. [A.S. beon, beonne = to be, ist
-able.] That may be bent; that may be in-
pers. plur. subj. indef. we beon = we be.]
clined or curved. (Sherwood.)
Various portions of the substantive verb to be.
1. (1st, 2nd, & 3rd persons plural present
bend-ed, bend-it (Scotch & 0. Eng.), p. indicative); Are.
par. & a. [BEND, v.] Chiefly as participial “To whom the Palmer fearlesse answered :
adjective. The most common form of the
"Certes, Sir knight, ye bene too much to blame.'”.
Spenser : F. Q., II. viii. 13.
past participle is bent (q.v.).
2. (Infinitive) : To be.
"Bonnets and spears, and bended bows.”
Scott: Lady of the Lake, v. 9. I
“His duuhter with the quene was for hir warisoun,
“... delivered to the bishop on bended knee, ..."
And so felle it to bene, hir fader lese the coroun.”
-Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. xviii.
Chron. of Rob. de Brunne, p. 198. (Boucher.)
Bendit up: Boldened up. (Scotch.)
3. (Past participle): Been.
"... then to have bene misliked ?"-Spenser : Pre-
bend'-el, s. [From 0. Fr. bandel.] A bend sent State of Ireland.
let. (Scotch.)
* bene (1), s. [BEAN.]
“With three gryffouns depaynted wel,
And, off asur, a fayr bendei.”
Richard, 2,964.
běn'-ě (2), s. [Etym. doubtful.] The American
name of a plant, the Sesamum orientale, or
běnd'-ēr, s. [Eng. bend ; -er.]
Oil-plant, called in the West Indies Vangloe.
I. He or she who bends any person or thing. (Webster.)
1. Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
“The eugh, obedient to the bender's will." bẽne, bein, * bẹyne, * bì–ên, . [BEIN.]
Spenser : F. Q., I. i. 9.
2. A cant phrase for a hard drinker. (Scotch.)
bē'-ně (Lat.), bēne (Scotch), adv. [Ital. &
(From BEND, V., A. II.)
Lat. = well.] Well.
“Now lend your lugs, ye benders fine,
A. (Of the Latin form).
Wha ken the benefit of wine."
Ramsay: Poems, ii. 520. (Jamieson.)
I Nota bene: Mark well. (Generally ab-
II. That which bends any person or thing.
breviated into N.B.)
Spec., an instrument for bending anything.
B. (Of the Italian form.) [See BENE-PLACITO.]
“These bows, being somewhat like the long bows C. (Of the Scotch form).
in use amongst us, were bent only by a man's imme-
diate strength, without the help of any bender, or
Full bene: Full well.
rack that are used to others."-Wilkins: Math. Magick.
“He ... full bene
I Goodrich and Porter give, on the authority
Taucht thame to grub the wynes, and al the art
To ere, and saw the cornes and yoik the cart.”
of Bartlett, the signification “A spree, a
Doug. : Virgil, 475, 25. (Jamieson.)
frolic, a jollification,” calling it American and
vulgar.
bene-placito, adv. [Ital. bene = well,
and placito = will, pleasure.]
běnd'-ing, pr. par., A., & s. [BEND, v.]
Music: At pleasure ; ad libitum.
A. & B. As present participle & participial
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of t be-nē'aped, a. [Eng. prefix be, and neaped.]
the verb.
Of ships : In the position that a ship is when
“To shape the circle of the bending wheel.”
the water does not flow high enough to bring
Pope: Homer's ſtiad, iv. 555.
C. As substantive :
her off the ground, over a bar, or out of a
dock. (Johnson, Crabb, &c.) [NEAP.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. The act of crooking, curving, flexing, or bě-nēath, * beneth, * benethe, * by
inflecting anything; the state of being so
nethe, * binethe, * byneothe, prep. &
crooked, curved, flexed, or inflected.
adv. (A.S. beneoth, beneothan, benythan =
2. A bend.
beneath, from prefix be, and neothan, nythan
"... minute zigzag bendings ..."-Todd & Bow = beneath. Comp. also neoth =down ; Dut.
man: Physiol. Anat., 1. 153.
beneden, from be and neder = below. In Sw.
II. Technically:
nedan; Icel. nedhan ; Dan. neden; (N. H.)
1. Metal. : A process applied to plates to
Ger. nieden; O. H. Ger. nidanan, nidana.]
form them into cylindrical or angular shapes
[NETHER.]
for boilers, angle-iron, &c.
A. As preposition :
2. Heraldry: The same as BENDY (q.v.). I. Literally: Below, under, in point of place.
(Chaucer.)
(Used of the position of one carrying a load,
bending-strake, s.
of the base of a hill, &c.)
Ship-carpentry (pl.): Two strakes wrought
“ And he Moses) cast the tables out of his hands, and
brake them beneath the mount."-Exod. xxxii. 19.
near the coverings of the deck, worked all
fore and aft a little thicker than the rest of
II. Figuratively:
the deck, and let down between the beams
1. Under the pressure of some burden.
and ledges, so that the upper side is even “I think our country sinks beneath the yoke."
with the rest.
Shakesp.: Macbeth, iv. 3.
2. Sustaining the responsibility of; bearing,
běnd'-let, s. [Fr. bandelette = a little band.] as a name.
Her.: A diminutive of the bend, nominally
“They envied even the faithless fame
half the width of that ordinary, though often
He earn'd beneath a Moslem name."
Byron : Siege of Corinth, 12.
much narrower.
3. Below or inferior to in rank, dignity,
A bendlet azure over a coat was of old
ability, or some other desirable thing.
frequently used as a mark of cadency.
“We have reason to be persuaded, that there are far
"Bendlets are occasionally enhanced or placed in more species of creatures above us, than there are
chief sinister.”—Gloss. of Her.
* beneday, v.t. & i. [Properly a day for
prayer, from A.S. bene = of a prayer, and dæg
= day.] The word is rendered in the Prompt.
Parv. by precare = to pray, but there seems
to be some corruption.
běn-ě-dıç'-i-tě, běn-ě-dī-çi-tě, s. [Lat.
benedīcite, 2 pers. plur. imper, of benedico = to
speak well of, to praise, to bless. It is com-
mon in the Vulgate translation of the Book
of Psalms, and occurs in Roman Catholic
liturgic worship.
“Benedicite dominum, omnes electi ejus ..."-Ordo
Administrandi Sacramento ... in Missione Angli-
cana (1846), p. 112.
A. As 2 person plural imper. of v.: Bless ye.
(Used with reference to the occurrence of the
word in Roman Catholic worship.) (See def.)
“Christ bring us at last to his felicity !
Pax vobiscum ! et Benedicite!”
Longfellow : Golden Legend, ii.
B. As substantive :
(a) The utterance of the word Benedicite =
Bless ye.
"Up sprung the spears through bush and tree,
No time for benedicite / ”
Scott: Lord of the Isles, v. 4.
(6) In Christian worship : The name given
to the song of the Three Holy Children, one
of the Canticles in the morning service, also
a musical setting to the same.
běn'-ě-dict, a. & s. [From Lat. benedictus =
spoken well of; pa. par. of benedico = to
speak well of; bene = well, and dico = to say.]
* A. As adjective:
0. Med. : Having mild and salubrious quali-
ties.
This use of the word comes from the old
Romans, who called a certain plant (Trifolium
arvense) Benedicta Herba. In modern botany
there is a thistle called Carduus benedictus.
[B.]
"It is not a small thing won in physick, if you can
make rhubarb, and other medicines that are benedict,
as strong purgers as those that are not without some
malignity."-Bacon: Nat. Hist., § 19.
B. As substantive (sportively): A married
man.
In this sense taken from Shakespeare's
use of the proper name Benedick, either origin-
ally or at second hand. (Shakesp. : Much Ado
about Nothing, i. 1, &c.) In the same play
reference is made to the thistle called Car-
duus benedictus (Ibid. iii. 4.)
Ben-ě-dịc-tîne, a. & S. [Eng. Benedictine,
a. & s.; Sw., Dan., and Ger. Benediktiner, s.;
Fr. Bénédictin (m.), Bénédictine (f.) ; Ital. Bene-
dettini (s. pl.).]
A. As adj. : Pertaining to St. Benedict of
Nursia (B.], or to the Benedictine monks.
“Black was her garb, her rigid rule
Reformed on Benedictine school.”.
Scott: Marmion, ii. 4.
Though fourteen Popes were called Bene-
dict, yet the term Benedictine is rarely, if at
all, applied to any of them.
B. As substantive:
Ch. History (pl. Benedictines) : The followers
of St. Benedict, of Nursia in Italy. He was
born in A.D. 480, and was educated in part at
Rome. At the age of fourteen he left that
city for Sublacum, now Subiaco, a place about
forty miles distant, where he spent thirty-five
years, at one time as a solitary recluse, at
another as head of a monastic establishment.
In 529 he removed to Mount Cassino, fifty
| miles further south, where, converting some
beneath.”—Locke.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pít, sire, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sön; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; try, Sýrian. æ, oe=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

benediction-beneficent
497
pagan worshippers of Apollo, he transformed
their temple into a monastery and became
its abbot. He composed rules for its
management, making every monk pledge him-
self to perfect chastity, absolute poverty, and
implicit obedience in all respects to his supe-
riors. He was to live in the monastery
subject to his abbot. These vows were irre-
vocable, whereas up to that time the monks
had been allowed to alter the regulations
of their founder at their pleasure. The date
of St. Benedict's death is generally placed in
543, though another account makes it 547.
Thé rule he instituted was adopted at an
early period by various other monastic com-
munities; it was confirmed, about fifty-two
years after the death of its founder, by Pope
Gregory the Great, and was ultimately ac-
cepted with more or less enthusiasm by nearly
all the monkish communities of the West,
though its pristine severity became inodified
with the lapse of time.
As long as the Benedictines remained poor
they were a blessing to the countries in
which they lived, and especially to Germany,
spending as they did several hours a day in
gardening, agriculture, and mechanical labour,
and another portion of their time in reading,
besides keeping school outside the walls of
their convents. Science and literature are also
indebted to them for having copied many of
the classical authors and preserved such know-
ledge as existed in their age. But when at
length their merits had drawn much wealth to
their order (individually they were not allowed
to retain property), luxury and indolence
sapped their virtues and diminished their in-
fluence for good. Afterwards becoming re-
formed, especially in France in the seventeenth
century, the Benedictines again rendered ser-
vice by the issue of an excellent edition of the
Fathers.
The Benedictine habit seems to have been
introduced after the age of St. Benedict. It
consisted of a loose black coat or a gown
reaching to their feet, and having large wide
sleeves. Under it was a flannel habit white
in colour and of the same size, whilst over all
was a scapular. The head-dress was a hood
or cowl pointed at the tip, and boots were
worn upon the feet. From the predominantly
black colour of their attire they were some-
times called Black Monks. They must not
be confounded with the Black Friars, who
were Dominicans. [BLACK FRIARS.]
There were Benedictine nuns as well as
monks. When they originated is uncertain.
There were first and last many branches of
Benedictines, as the Carthusians, Cistercians,
Celestines, Grandmontensians, Præmonstraten-
sians, Cluniacensians, Camaldulensians, &c.
The rule of St. Benedict was little known in
England during the early Saxon period, and,
though it received an impulse in the time of
Edgar, yet it was not largely accepted till the
period of William the Conqueror. At last,
however, it rooted itself thoroughly, and at
the dissolution of the monasteries there were
113 abbeys, priories, and cells for monks, with
a revenue of £57,892 ls. 11d.; and 73 for nuns,
with £7,985 12s. - 1d. ; total, £65,877 14s.-
nearly a half of the aggregate revenues of all
the monastic orders combined.
ben-ě-dic-tion, s. [In Fr. bénédiction ; Sp.
benedicion ; Ital. benedizione ; from Lat. bene-
dictio = (1) an extolling, praising ; (2) a bless-
ing; (3) a consecrated or sacred object;
benedico = to speak well of, to bless; bene =
well, and dico = to say.]
A. Ordinary Language :
I. Specially: The act of blessing God; more
rarely of thanking man, or any other being, or
of conferring advantages upon.
| II. The state of being blessed.
"Prosperity is the blessing of the Old Testament:
adversity is the blessing of the New: which carrieth
the greater benediction."-Bacon.
III. That which constitutes the blessing.
1. The advantages conferred by one's being
the object of blessing.
“Speaking of life and of death, and imploring divine
benediction."
"'Longfellow: Courtship of Miles Standish, ix.
2. Thanks ; acknowledgment of favours re-
ceived.
“ Could he less expect
Than glory and benediction, that is, thanks ?”
Milton
B. Eccles. (in Christian worship):
1. The form of prayer for blessing pro-
nounced by the minister at the end of Divine
service, usually either that taken from 2 Cor.
xiii. 14, or that given at the end of the Com- + bě-nef'-ſc, a. (Lat. beneficus = kind, bene-
munion Service of the Church of England.
ficent, from bene = well, and facio = to do.]
“Then came the epistle, prayers, antiphonies, and
Kind, beneficent.
a benediction.”-Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv.
“ What outside was noon
2. In the Roman Catholic Church : The form
Pales, through thy lozenged blue, to meek benefic
of instituting an abbot.
mooni."
Browning : Fifine, st. 30.
“What consecration is to a bishop, that benediction | běn'-e-fîçe, s. [In Dan. t benefice; Fr. bénéfice;
is to an abbot; but in a different way; for a bishop
is not properly such till consecration; but an abbot,
Sp., Port., & Ital. beneficio; from Lat. bene-
being elected and confirmed, is properly such before ficium = (1) well-doing ; (2) a distinction, a
benediction.”—Ayliffe.
favour, a grant; (3) a privilege, a right; from
+ băn-b-dic_tion-ar-ỹ, s. [Eng. bemedic beneficus, adj. = well-doing ; bene = well, and
tion; -ary.] A book containing benedictions. facio = to do. Benefice and benefit were ori-
“... in the benedictionary of Bishop Athelwold."-
ginally the same word. (Trench : On the Study
Gammer Gurton's Needle, Note to A, iv. S. 1.
of Words, p. 157.).]
ben-ě-dịc'-tive, d. [From Lat. benedictum,
† A. Ord. Language : Benefit or advantage
supine of benedico = to speak well of, to com-
conferred upon another.
mend (BENEDICTION), and Eng. suff. -ive.]
. . parceneris of benefice."—Wycliffe (Purvey):
1 Tim. vị
Containing a blessing, expressing a blessing,
imparting a blessing.
B. Technically :
“His paternal prayers and benedictive compreca-
+ 1. Feudal system: An estate held by feudal
tions.”—Bp. Gauden : Mem. of Bp. Browning (1660). tenure, the name being given because it was
bě-ně-dic-tõr-ý, a. [From Lat. benedictum,
assumed that such possessions were origin-
ally gratuitous donations, “ ex mero beneficio”
sup. of benedico (BENEDICTION), and Eng. suffix
of the donor. At first they were for life only,
-ory.] Imparting a blessing.
but afterwards they became hereditary, re-
běn-ě-dic'-tūs, s. (Lat. = blessed.]
ceiving the name of feuds, and giving that of
benefices over to church livings. (No. 2.)
Eccles. (in Christian worship):
2. Eccles. Law, Ord. Lang., &c. : Formerly,
1. The name given to the hymn of Zacha-
and even sometimes yet, an ecclesiastical
rias (Luke i. 68), used as a Canticle in the
living of any kind, any church endowed with
Morning Service of the Church of England
a revenue, whether a dignity or not. More
to follow the Lessons. This position it has
generally, however, the term is reserved for
occupied from very ancient times. It is also
parsonages, vicarages, and donatives, whilst
used in the Church of Rome.
bishoprics, deaneries, archdeaconries, and pre-
2. A portion of the Mass Service in the
bendaries are called dignities. In the opinion
Church of Rome commencing “Benedictus of Blackstone a close parallel existed between
qui venit,” following the Sanctus.
the procedure of the popes when they were in
3. A musical setting of either of the above, the plenitude of their power and that of the
but more generally of (2).
contemporary feudal lords. The former copied
from the latter, even to the adoption of the
běn-ě-făc-tion, s. [From Lat. benefactio =
feudal word benefice for an ecclesiastical living.
beneficence; a benefaction.]
(See No. 1.) Blackstone says :
+ I. The act of conferring a benefit.
“The pope became a feodal lord ; and all ordinary
patrons were to hold their right of patrouage under
II. A benefit conferred.
this universal superior. Estates held by feodal
+ 1. In a general sense.
tenure, being originally gratuitous donations, were
at that time denominated beneficia : their very name
“Two ways the rivers
as well as constitution was borrowed, and the care of
Leap down to different seas, and as they roll
the souls of a parish thence came to be denominated
Grow deep and still, and their majestic presence
a benefice. Lay fees were conferred by investiture
Becomes a benefaction to the towns
or delivery of corporal possession; and spiritual bene-
They visit, ..." Longfellow : Golden Legend, v.
fices, which at first were universally donative, now
2. A charitable donation, money or land received in like manner a spiritual investiture, by
institution from the bishop, and induction under his
given for a charitable purpose.
authority. As lands escheated to the lord, in defect
Crabb thus distinguishes between benefac of a legal tenant, so benefices lapsed to the bishop
tion and donation :-Both these terms denote
upon non-presentation by the patron, in the nature
of a spiritual escheat. The annual tenths collected
an act of charity, but the former comprehends from the clergy were equivalent to the feodal render,
more than the latter. A benefaction compre or rent reserved upon a grant; the oath of canonical
hends acts of personal service in general
obedience was copied from the oath of fealty required
from the vassal by his superior; and the primer
towards the indigent; donation respects seisins of our military tenures, whereby the first pro-
simply the act of giving and the thing given.
fits of an heir's estate were cruelly extorted by his
lord, gave birth to as cruel an exaction of first-fruits
Benefactions are for private use; donations are
from the beneficed clergy. And the occasional aids
for public service. A benefactor to the poor and talliages, levied by the prince on his vassals, gave
a handle to the pope to levy, by the means of his
does not confine himself to the distribution of
money : he enters into all their necessities,
legates a latere, peter-pence, and other taxations."
consults their individual cases, and suits his běn'-ě-fîçed, a. [From benefice, s. (q.v.).]
benefactions to their exigencies ; his donations
Possessed of a benefice.
form the smallest part of the good he will do.
“... all beneficed clergymen and all persons hold-
běn-ě-făc'-tõr, * běn-e-făc'-tõur, S.
ing academical offices.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch.
xiv.
[From Låt. benefactor = one who confers a
benefit; from benefacio = to do good to; bene t ben'-ě-fîçe-less, a. [From Eng. benefice,
= well, and facio = to do. In Fr. bienfaiteur ; and suffix -less = without.] Destitute of a
Ital. benefattore.]
benefice.
1. Generally: One who confers favours upon “That competency of means which our beneficeless
another.
precisians prate of."-Sheldon: Mir. of Ant., p. 190.
"The public voice loudly accused many non-jurors běn-f-1-çençe, * běn-ef-y-çençe, s. [In
of requiting the hospitality of their benefactors with
villany as black as that of the hypocrite depicted in Fr. bienfaisance; Ital. beneficenza; from Lat.
the masterpiece of Molière.”-Macaulay : Hist. Eng., beneficentia = kindness, beneficence; from
ch. xiv.
bene = well; and faciens = making, doing, pr.
In the authorised version of the Bible
par. of facio = to make, to do.] The habitual
(Luke xxii. 25) the word is given as the transla-
practice of doing good; active kindness, bene-
tion of the Gr. Evepyétal (Euergetai), the pl. of
volence in operation, charity.
evepyérns (euergetēs) =a well-doer, a benefactor;
from eg (eu) = well, and špyov (ergon) =a work,
ity extends our beneficence to the
miseries of our brethren."-Rogers.
a deed. This is described as an honorary
title among certain of “the Gentiles " for men
běn-ef'-7-çent, a. [In Fr. bien faisant ; Ital.
in authority.
benefico; from Lat. (1) bene, and (2) faciens =
2. Spec. : One who gives a charitable dona-
well-doing.)
tion or subscription.
1. Of a person or other being : Kind, generous,
doing good.
běn-ě-făc-tress, s. [Fem. form of Eng.
“God, beneficent in all his ways."
benefactor. In Fr. bienfaitrice.] A woman
Cowper : Retirement.
who confers benefits.
“ Beneficent Nature sends the mists to feed them."
“But if he play the glutton and exceed,
Longfellow : Golden Legend, v.
His benefactress blushes at the deed."
2. Of an act: Marked or dictated by bene-
Cowper : Progress of Error.
volence; kind.
* běn'-ě-feit, d. [Low Lat. benefacio = to en-
Crabb thus distinguishes between the
dow with a benefice ; Fr. bienfait, 0. Fr. bien-
terms beneficent, bountiful, or bounteous, muni-
fet= a benefit.] Beneficed. (BENEFIT.]
ficent, generous, and liberal :-" Beneficent re-
"Gif it happinnis ony of the Prelatis, Clerkis, or spects everything done for the good of others :
vther benefeit men being with thame in the said
bounty, munificence, and generosity are species
service to be slane or die in maner foirsaid, .
Acts Mary, 1557, ed. 1814, pp. 501, 502. (Jamieson.)
of beneficence : liberality is a qualification of
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ģem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
32
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion = shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhŭn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, del.

498
beneficently-benely
all. The first two denote modes of action; the
latter three either modes of action or modes
of sentiment. The sincere well-wisher to his
fellow-creatures is beneficent according to his
means; he is bountiful in providing for the
comfort and happiness of others; he is muni-
ficent in dispensing favours; he is generous
in imparting his property; he is liberal in
all he does. Beneficence and bounty are the
peculiar characteristics of the Deity : with
him the will and the act of doing good
are commensurate only with the power : he
was beneficent to us as our Creator, and con-
tinues his beneficence to us by his daily pre-
servation and protection; to some, however,
he has been more bountiful than to others, by
providing them with an unequal share of the
good things of this life. The beneficence of
man is regulated by the bounty of Providence :
to whom much is given, from him much will
be required. Good men are ready to believe
that they are but stewards of all God's gifts,
for the use of such as are less bountifully pro-
vided. Princes are munificent, friends are
generous, patrons liberal. Munificence is mea-
sured by the quality and quantity of the thing
bestowed; generosity by the extent of the
sacrifice made ; liberality by the warmth of
the spirit discovered. Munificence may spring
either from ostentation or a becoming sense
of dignity; generosity from a generous temper,
or an easy unconcern about property; Tibe-
rality of conduct is dictated by nothing but a
warm heart and an expanded mind.”
běn-ef-1-çent-lý, adv. [Eng. beneficent; -ly.]
In a beneficent manner, kindly, generously,
charitably.
"All mortals once beneficently great.”.
Parneil : Queen Anne's Peace.
běn-ě-fi-cial (çial as shal), * benefi-
ciall, * benyfycvall, a. & s. (Lat. bene-
ficium = (1) well-doing, (2) a distinction, a
favour, a grant, (3) a privilege; bene = well,
and facio = to do.)
A. As adjective :
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Advantageous, profitable, helpful, fitted
to confer benefits upon, or actually doing so.
(Used with to of the person benefited, or
standing alone.)
“The war, which would have been most beneficial
to us and destructive to the enemy, was neglected.”—
Swift.
2. Kind, generous.
"... a beneficial foe.”-B. Jonson.
3. Medicinal, remedial.
“In the first access of such a disease, any deob-
struent without much acrimony is beneficial.” –
Arbuthnot.
II. Old Law: Of or belonging to a benefice.
“... the directioun of lettrez of horning in bene-
ficiall materis generallie aganis all and sindrie,
quhairby it occurris dalie that the beneficit man his
takismen ane or ma, ...”-Acts Ja. VI., 1592 (ed. 1814),
p. 573.
* B. As substantive: A benefice.
“For that the groundwork is, and end of all,
How to obtain a beneficial."
Spenser : M. Hubb. Tale.
běn-ě-fï-çial-lý (çial as shạl), adv. [Eng.
beneficial; -ly.]
1. Gen.: In a beneficial manner, advan-
tageously, profitably, helpfully, usefully.
“There is no literary or perhaps no practical useful
point of knowledge to which his literary researches
could be more beneficially directed.”—Pownall: On the
Study of Antiquities, p. 68.
† 2. Spec. Feudal law or custom : In such a
manner as one acts who holds a “benefice,”
and is consequently in subordination to an-
other.
běn-ě-fi-çial-ness (çial as shal), s. (Eng.
beneficial; -ness.] The quality of being bene-
ficial; usefulness, profit, advantageousness,
advantage.
“Though the knowledge of these objects be com-
mendable for their contentation and curiosity, yet
they do not commend their knowledge to us upon the
account of their usefulness and beneficialness.”-Hale :
Orig. of Mankind.
+ běn-ě-fì-çiar-ý (çiar as shar), s. & a.
[In Fr. bénéficier (s.); Sp. & Ital. beneficiario
(s.). From Lat. beneficiarius (as adj.) = per-
taining to a favour, (as subst.) = a soldier who
had received some honour or some special
exemption from service.]
A. As adj. : Holding something in subordi-
nation to another; having a dependent and
secondary possession, without sovereign au-
thority.
“The Duke of Parina was tempted by no less pro-
mise than to be made a feudatory, or beneficiary king
of England, under the seignory in chief of the pope." —
Васоп.
B. As substantive :
1. In the feudal sense: One who is possessed
of a benefice. [BENEFICE.]
2. In the ecclesiastical sense. [BENEFICE.]
"A benefice is either said to be a benefice with the
cure of souls, or otherwise. In the first case, if it be
annexed to another benefice, the beneficiary is obliged
to serve the parish church in his own proper person.'
- Ayliffe.
3. Gen. : One who receives a favour of any
kind from another.
“His beneficiaries frequently made it their wonder,
how the doctor should either know of them or their
distress.”—Fell: Life of Hammond, $ 2.
+ bě-ně-fi-çien-çỹ (çien as shen), s.
[From Lat. beneficentia, in some MSS. benefi-
cientia = kindness, beneficence.] [BENEFI-
CENCE.] Kindness, beneficence.
“They [the ungrateful] discourage the inclinations
of noble minds, and make beneficiency cool unto acts
of obligation, whereby the grateful world should sub-
sist and have their consolation.”-Brown : Chr. Mor.,
ii. 17.
* bě-ně-fî'-çient (çient as shent), a.
[From Lat. bene = well, and faciens = doing.]
Doing good.
I Now BENEFICENT has taken its place.
“As its tendency is necessarily beneficient, it is the
proper object of gratitude and reward.”—A. Smith:
Theo. of Hum. Sent.
běn'-ě-fịt, * benefet, * benefite, * byn-
fet, s. [Fr. bienfait; 0. Fr. bienfet ; Lat.
benefactum= a benefit, kindness, and benefi-
cium = (1) well doing, (2) a favour; benefacio
= to do good to: (1) bene = well, and (2) facio
= to do. Benefit and benefice were originally
the same word (Trench).] [BENEFICE.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. The act of conferring favour or advantage
upon.
2. The state of receiving favour or advantage.
“Luc. When expect you them?
Cap. With the next benefit of the wind."
Shakesp. : Cymbeline, iv. 2.
.. yet have I the benefit of my senses as well as
your ladyship."-Ibid. : Twelfth Night, v. 1.
3. The favour or advantage itself.
(1) In a general sense:
“And in this confidence I was minded to come unto
you before, that ye might have a second benefit."-
2 Cor. i. 15.
(2) In theatres, music halls, &c. : The pro-
ceeds of a particular evening given to an
actor or singer as part of the remuneration of
his services. Similarly, the proceeds of a par-
ticular performance given for some charitable
object or for some person.
B. Law. Benefit of clergy (Privilegium
clericale): The advantage derived from the
preferment of the plea "I am a clergyman."
When, in mediæval times, a clergyman was
arraigned on certain charges he was permitted
to put forth the plea that, with respect to the
offence of which he was accused, he was not
under the jurisdiction of the civil courts, but,
being a clergyman, was entitled to be tried by
his spiritual superiors. [CLERGY, CLERK.] In
such cases the bishop or ordinary was wont to
demand that his clerks should be remitted to
him out of the king's courts as soon as they
were indicted ; though at length the custom
became increasingly prevalent of deferring the
plea of being a clergyman till after conviction,
when it was brought forward in arrest of
judgment. The cases in which the benefit
of clergy might be urged were such as affected
the life or limbs of the offender, high treason
however excepted. In these circumstances
laymen often attempted to pass themselves off
as clergymen, when the practice was to bring
a book and ask the accused person to read a
passage. If he could do so, his plea of being
a clergyman was admitted ; if he failed, it was
rejected. The practical effect of this was to
give the bishop the power, if he felt so dis-
posed, of removing every reader from the
jurisdiction of the ordinary courts.
In 1489, Henry VII. restricted the privilege.
A layman able to read who pleaded his
“clergy” could henceforth do so only once ;
and in order that he might be identified if
he attempted it again, he was burnt in the
hand. Henry VIII., in 1512, abolished benefit
of clergy with regard to murderers and other
great criminals. The practice of requiring
the accused person to read was put an end
to in 1706; but it was not till 1827 that the
7 and 8 Geo. IV., c. 28, known as Peel's Acts,
swept the benefit of clergy itself away.
(a) Crabb thus distinguishes between the
words benefit, favour, kindness, and civility :-
“ Benefits and favours are granted by su-
periors; kindnesses and civilities pass between
equals. Benefits serve to relieve actual want;
favours tend to promote the interest or con-
venience. Kindnesses and civilities serve to
afford mutual accommodation by a reciprocity
of kind offices. Kindnesses are more endear-
ing than civilities, and pass mostly between
those known to each other; civilities may pass
between strangers. Dependence affords an
opportunity for conferring benefits; partiality
gives rise to favours; kindnesses are the result
of personal regard, civilities of general bene-
volence. Benefits tend to draw those closer to
each other who by station of life are set at the
greatest distance from each other : affection
is engendered in him who benefits, and de-
voted attachment in him who is benefited.
Favours increase obligation beyond its due
limits; if they are not asked and granted with
discretion, they may produce servility on the
one hand, and haughtiness on the other.
Kindnesses are the offspring and parent of
affection; they convert our multiplied wants
into so many enjoyments : civilities are the
sweets which we gather in the way as we pass
along the journey of life.”
(6) Benefit, service, and good office are thus
discriminated :-“ These terms, like the
former (v. Benefit, favour), agree in denoting
some action performed for the good of another,
but they differ in the principle on which the
action is performed. A benefit is perfectly
gratuitous, it produces an obligation : a service
is not altogether gratuitous; it is that at
least which may be expected, though it can-
not be demanded : a good office is between the
two ; it is in part gratuitous, and in part such
as one may reasonably expect. Benefits flow
from superiors, and services from inferiors or
equals; but good offices are performed by
equals only. Princes confer benefits on their
subjects ; subjects perform services for their
princes: neighbours do good offices for each
other. Benefits consist of such things as serve
to relieve the difficulties, or advance the in-
terests, of the receiver : services consist in
those acts which tend to lessen the trouble,
or increase the ease and convenience, of the
person served : good offices consist in the use
of one's credit, influence, and mediation for
the advantage of another; it is a species of
voluntary service. Humanity leads to benefits;
the zeal of devotion or friendship renders
services; general good will dictates good
offices." (Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
benefit-night, s. The night on which a
benefit is given to an actor.
benefit-play, s. The play acted on the
occasion of a benefit.
benefit-society, s. A society in which,
in consideration of the payment of a certain
sum weekly, monthly, or annually, certain
advantages are given on occasion of sickness
or death ; a friendly society. [FRIENDLY
SOCIETY.]
běn'-ě-fſt, v.t. & i. [From benefit, s. (q.v.).]
A. Trans. : To do good to, to confer a
favour or an advantage upon.
"He was so far from benefiting trade, that he did it
a great injury, and brought Rome in danger of a
fainine." - Arbuthnot.
B. Intrans. : To derive advantage from.
"To tell you therefore what I have benefited herein
among old renowned authors, I shall spare.”—Milton.
běn'-ě-fit-ed, pa. par. & a. (BENEFIT, v.t.]
| běn'-ě-fit-ing, pr. par. & a. (BENEFIT, v.t.
& v.i.]
t bě-nē'-groe, v.t. [Eng. pref. be, and negro.]
To make black as a negro.
"... the sun shall be benegroed in darkness, ..."
-Hewyt: Sermons (1658), p. 79.
bē'ne-lý, bē'in-lý, bē'in-lſe, bî-en-ly,
* bi-en-lie, adv. [Scotch bene, bein (BEIN),
and Eng. suff. -ly.] (Scotch.)
1. In the possession of fulness.
“ Yone carle (quod scho) my joy, dois beinly dwell,
And ail prouisioun hes within hiinsell."
L. Scotland's Lament, fol. 5, 6.
2. Well, abundantly.
She's the lady o'a yard,
An' her house is bienlie thacket."
Picken: Poems (1788), p. 155.
3. Exhibiting the appearance of wealth.
“The children were likewise beinly apparelled ..."
-R. Gilhaize, iii. 104.
4. Happily.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cūr, rûle, füll; try, Sýrian æ, pe=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

beneme-Bengalee
499
"Poor hairy-footed thing! undreaming thou
2. An act prompted by kind feeling towards
Of this ill-fated hour, dost bienly lie,
And chew thy cud ainong the wheaten store."
its object.
Davidson : Seasons, p. 27. (Jamieson.)
B. Technically :
* bě-nēme (1), * be-nemp-ne (pret. & pa. 1. Phren.: The organ of benevolence is fixed
par. * benempt, * benempte, * bynempt), v.t. by phrenologists on the middle of the anterior
[Eng. & A.S. prefix be, bi ; 0. Eng. nempne; part of the head, behind the spot where the
and A.S. nemnan = to naine, to call, to call forehead and the hairy scalp meet. [PHRENO-
upon, to entreat.] [NEMPNE.] To name; to LOGY.]
call; to promise.
2. Law & Eng. Hist. (pl. Benevolences): The
“He to him called a fiery-footed boy
attractive name formerly given to compulsory
Benempt Dispatch."
Thomson : Cast. of Ind., ii. 32.
loans to disguise their real character. Every
“Much greater gyfts for guerdon thou shalt gayne
one, however, saw through the transparent
Then Kidde or Cosset, which I thee bynempt."
device. It is believed that benevolences were
Spenser : Shep. Cal., xi. levied as early as the Anglo-Saxon times.
* be-neme (2), v.t. [A.S. benceman = to de They were inconsistent with the provisions of
prive, to rob.] To take from.
Magna Charta, gained in 1215, yet they con-
“ Tho Crystene men, off lyff and leme,
tinued to be exacted. One notable benevolence
Loke no godes he hem beneme."
was that raised by Edward IV. in 1473. In 1484,
Richard, 1,404. Richard III. gained popularity by procuring a
* bē-ně-më'r-ent, a. [Lat. bene = well, and parliamentary condemnation of the system,
merens, gen. merentis = deserving, pr. par. of and the next year imposed a benevolence, as if
mereo = to earn, to deserve.] Well-deserving. nothing had happened. Henry VII. in 1492,
(Hyde Clarke.)
and James I. in 1613, raised money in a similar
way; and in the reign of Charles I. the exac-
* be-nemp-ne, v.t. [BENEME.]
tion of benevolences was one of the popular
* be-nempt, * be-nempte, * bynempt,
grievances which produced the civil war,
though less potent in the effects which it pro-
pa. par. [BENEME, BENEMPNE.]
duced than the celebrated “ship-money."
* bē-ně-plăc-1-türe, s. [From Lat. bene =
[SHIP-MONEY.] The Bill of Rights, passed in
well, and placiturus = about to please, fut.
February, 1689, once more declared them
illegal, and this time with effect. “Benevo-
par. of placeo = to please.] Good pleasure,
lences,” “aids,” and “free gifts,” have now
will, choice.
given place to taxes, boldly called by their
“Hath he by his holy penmen told us, that either
of the other ways was more suitable to his bene-
proper name.
placiture ?"-Glanville : Pre-exist. of Souls, ch. 4.
"After the terrible lesson given by the Long Parlia-
ment, even the Cabal did not venture to recommend
* běn'-ě-soun, * beně-son, s. [BENISON.]
benevolences or ship-money.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng.,
ch. ii.
+ bě-nět', v.t. [Eng prefix be, and net, v.] To
(a) Crabb thus distinguishes between bene-
enclose as in a net, to surround with toils;
volence and beneficence :-“ Benevolence is liter-
to ensnare. (Lit. or fig.)
ally well willing ; beneficence is literally well
“Being thus benetted round with villanies.”
doing. The former consists of intention, the
Shakesp. : Hamlet, v. 2.
latter of action; the former is the cause, the
latter the result.
* be-nethe, * be-neth, prep. & adv. [BE-
Benevolence may exist with-
out beneficence; but beneficence always supposes
NEATH.]
benevolence : a man is not said to be beneficent
* be-neth-forth, adv. [From 0. Eng. beneth who does good from sinister views. The berie-
= beneath, and forth.] Beneath.
volent man enjoys but half his happiness if he
"Item, that no citezen be putte in comyn prison, cannot be beneficent; yet there will still re-
but in on of the chambors benethforth." - English main to him an ample store of enjoyment in
Gilds (Ear. Eng. Text Soc.), p. 373.
the contemplation of others' happiness. He
Ben'-et-nasch, s. [Arab, Banât = daughters,
who is gratified only with that happiness
and nausch = bier. Corresponds with Heb.
which himself has been instrumental in produc-
wyq? (banéha aisch)=sons of the Bier, mis-
ing, is not entitled to the name of benevolent."
translated sons of “Arcturus" in Job xxxviii.
(b) The following is the distinction between
32. To the Semitic imagination, the four
benevolence, benignity, humanity, kindness, and
tenderness:-Benevolence and benignity lie in
stars constituting the hind quarter of Ursa
Major (but much liker the body of a plough);
the will ; humanity lies in the heart; kindness
a, B, y, and 8 Ursæ Majoris, resemble a bier;
and tenderness in the affections. Benevolence
and the three stars, e, Š, n (Alioth, Mizar, and
indicates a general good will to all mankind;
Benetnasch), which constitute the tail of the
benignity a particular good will, flowing out
Great Bear, or the handle of the Plough, are
of certain relations. Humanity is a general
like mourners following the Bier. [ARCTURUS,
tone of feeling ; kindness and tenderness are
I. 2, and the accompanying figure.] (Richard
particular modes of feeling. Benevolence con-
A. Proctor: Handbook of the Stars, 1866, ch. i.,
sists in the wish or intention to do good ; it
p. 4, &c.)
is confined to no station or object: the bene-
volent man may be rich or poor, and his
Astron.: A fixed star, of magnitude 21,
benevolence will be exerted wherever there is
called also Alkaid and n Ursæ. Majoris.
an opportunity of doing good. Benignity is
běn-et-oire, běn-a-tü're, s. [Fr.] A.
always associated with power, and accom-
panied with condescension.
cavity or small hole in the wall of a church,
Benevolence in
generally made near the door, as a receptacle
its fullest sense is the sum of moral excel-
for the vessel that contained the holy water.
lence, and comprehends every other virtue;
when taken in this acceptation, benignity,
(Pennant.) (Boucher.) (BENITIER.]
humanity, kindness, and tenderness are but
* ben-ett, s. The lowest order in the Roman modes of benevolence, Benevolence and benig-
Catholic Church.. (Promptorium Parvulorum, nity tend to the communicating of happiness ;
p. 30, note 4.)
humanity is concerned in the removal of
evil. Benevolence is common to the Creator
t bě-nět'-těd, pa. par. & d. [BENET.]
and His creatures; it differs only in degree;
the former has the knowledge and power as
t bě-nět’-tỉng, pr. par. [Benet.]
well as the will to do good; man often has
bě-něv'-7-lençe, s. [O. Fr. benevolence; the will to do good without having the power
Mod. Fr. bienveillance ; Sp. benevolencia ; Prov. |
to carry it into effect. Benignity is ascribed
to the stars, to heaven, or to princes ; ignorant
benvolensa; Ital. benevolenza, benevoglienza; all
and superstitious people are apt to ascribe
from Lat. benevolentia = good-will, kindness,
their good fortune to the benign influence of
(in law) indulgence, grace ; benevolens = well
the stars rather than to the gracious dispen-
wishing : bene = well, and volentia = will, in-
sations of Providence. Humanity belongs to
clination ; volo = to will, to wish.]
man only; it is his peculiar characteristic,
A. Ordinary Language :
and is as universal in its application as bene-
1. The disposition to look with kind feeling volence; wherever there is distress, humanity
on man and other living beings, and to do flies to its relief. Kindness and tenderness are
them good. Used-
partial modes of affection, confined to those
(a) Of God, as the Being entertaining such who know or are related to each other: we
kind feeling
are kind to friends and acquaintances, tender
“Grasp the whole worlds of reason, life, and sense,
towards those who are near and dear.
In one close system of benevolence."
Pope: Essay on Man, iv. 358.
* bě-něv'-7-len-çy, s. [Direct from the Lat.
(6) Of man, as doing so.
benevolentia.] A benevolence.
“ Benevolence is mild; nor borrows help,
bě-něv'-o-lent, * be-nev-o-lente, a. [In
Save at worst need, froin bold impetuous force."
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. vii. Fr. bienveillant ; Lat. benevolens (adj.) = well-
wishing, kind-hearted; from bene = well, and
volens = wishing, pr. par. of volo = to wish.]
1. Of persons : Wishing well to the human
race; kind, loving, generous, and disposed by
pecuniary contributions or in other ways to
give practical effect to the feelings entertained.
"Thou good old man, benevolent as wise.”—Pope.
2. Of things : Characterised by kindness and
generosity; manifesting kindness and gene-
rosity.
** Come, prompt me with benevolent desires.”
Cowper : Charity.
bě-něv'-o-lent-lý, adv. [Eng. benevolent;
-ly.] In a benevolent manner; kindly, gener-
ously.
"... in howe muche he shall perceiue you the more
prone and beneuolently minded toward his eleccion."-
Sir T. More: Works, p. 64. (Richardson.)
+ bě-něv'-7-lent-ness, s. [Eng. benevolent;
-ness.] The quality of being benevolent; kind-
ness, love. (Johnson.)
BENEVOLENCE is very much the more
common word.
* bě-něv'-7-loŭs, a. [In Sp., Port., & Ital.
benevolo. From Lat. bene = well, volo = to
wish, with Eng. suff. -ous.] Benevolent.
"A benevolous inclination is implanted into the very
frame and temper of our church's constitution."
Puller : Moderation of the Ch. of England, p. 509.
* bene-with, s. [Sw. beenwed = woodbine ;
Icel. beinwid (lit. = bone-wood) = a kind of
woody honeysuckle; or simply Eng. bindwith
(q.v.). ] For definition see BENEWITH-TREE.
benewith-tree (Eng. & Scotch Borders),
* benewith tre, * benwyttre, s.
1. An old name of the Woodbine (Lonicera
periclymenum.) (Notes to Prompt. Parv., &c.)
2. The Ivy (Hedera Helix) [?]. (Britten &
Holland.)
* ben-ewr-ous, a. [Fr. bienheureux.] Happy,
blessed.
"He took the righte benewrous reste of deth."-
Caxton : Golden Legende, 428.
Ben-gâl', s. [In Sw., Dut., & Ger. Bengalen;
Fr. Bengale; Sp., Port., & Ital. Bengala ;
Sansc. Bangga, Vangga. Mahn compares with
Sansc. vangg=to go, to limp; vangka= bend
of a stream; vangk = to go crooked.]
I. Geography:
1. The Indian province on the Lower
Ganges, inhabited by the race speaking Ben-
gali.
2. That province, with Behar and Orissa,
ruled under the Governor-General by the
“Lieut.-Governor of Bengal."
3. The Bengal Presidency, including the
North-Western Provinces.
II. Commerce :
1. A thin stuff for women's apparel made
of silk and hair, brought at first from Bengal.
2. An imitation of striped muslin. (BENGAL
STRIPES.]
Bengal light, Bengola light, s.
Pyrotech. : A kind of firework, giving a vivid
and sustained blue light. It is used for signals
at sea. It is composed of six parts of nitre, two
of sulphur, and one of antimony tersulphide.
These are finely pulverised and incorporated
together, and the composition is pressed into
earthen bowls or similar shallow vessels.
Bengal quince, s. The English name
of the Ægle, a genus of plants belonging to the
order Aurantiaceæ (Citronworts). The thorny
Bengal Quince is the Ægle marmelos. [ÆGLE.]
Bengal stripes, s. pl.
Comm. & Manuf.: A Bengalee striped cotton
cloth.
Bengal tiger, s. The Common Tiger
(Felis tigris), which lives in the marshy jungles
of the Soonderbunds in Lower Bengal.
Beng'-a-lēe, Beng-a'-lî, a. & s. [In Ger.
Bengalische (a.), Bengalen (s.); Fr. Bengali.]
A. As adjective:
1. Gen.: Pertaining to Bengal almost ex-
clusively in the first of the senses given above,
i.e., pertaining to Lower Bengal.
2. Spec.: Pertaining to the language of Lower
Bengal, or to the race speaking that tongue.
B. As substantive :
1. A native of Lower Bengal, specially one
of Hindoo as distinguished from Mohammedan
descent.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shủn; -țion, -şion=zhủn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

500
Bengalese-bent
Garth.
2. The language of Lower Bengal. It is of
the Aryan type, with the great mass of its
words of Sanscrit origin. In its present form
it is modern, no literature in it being known
to exist earlier than the sixteenth century,
and even then it was not differentiated from
Sanscrit nearly to the same extent as it is now.
† Beng-a-lē'şe, a. & S. [Eng. Bengal, and suff.
-ese; as in Malta, Maltese.]
1. A native or natives of Bengal.
2. The language of Bengal. [BENGALEE.]
* ben-ger, * bengge, * byng-ger,
* byngge, s. [A.S. bin, binn = a manger, a
crib, a bin, a hutch.] A chest, chiefly such
as is used for containing corn. (See also
Prompt. Parv.)
Běn-go-la, s. [Corrupted from Bengal or
Bengalee.]
_Bengola-lights, s. pl. The same as
BENGAL-LIGHTS (q.v.).
bě-nī'ght (gh silent), v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and
night.]
I. Literally:
1. To cover with night, to involve or shroud
in darkness; to obscure.
“Those bright stars that did adorn our hemisphere,
as those dark shades that did benight it, vanish."--
Boyle.
" A storm begins, the raging waves run high,
The clouds look heavy, and benight the sky."
2. To overtake with night. (Not much used
except in the pa. par. & particip. adj.)
"... yea, also, now I am like to be benighted, for
the day is almost spent."-Bunyan : P. P., pt. i.
II. Fig.: To debar from intellectual, moral,
or spiritual light.
“But he that hides a dark soul and foul thoughts,
Benighted walks under the mid-day sun;
Himself is his own dungeon.". Milton : Comus.
bě-nī'ght-ed (gh silent), pa. par. & a. [BE-
NIGHT, I. 2.1
bě-ni'gn (g silent), * be-nigne, * be-nygne,
* be-ningne, a. [In Sw. benägen; Fr. bénin
(adj.) (m.), bénigne (f.); Prov. benigne ; Sp.,
Port., & Ital. benigno; all from Lat. benignus
=(1) kind-hearted, (2) beneficent (applied to
action), (3) abundant, fertile; from ben, the
root of bonus = good, and gen, the root of
gigno = to beget.]
A. Ordinary Language :
I. Of persons :
1. Kind-hearted, gracious, mild ; full of
good feeling.
“And she is gone !—the royal and the young,
In soul commanding, and in heart benign !”
Hemans: Death of the Princess Charlotte, 4.
2. Carrying that good feeling into action,
generous, liberal in bestowing gifts.
“As thy kind hand has founded many cities,
Or dealt benign thy various gifts to men."-Prior.
II. Of things:
1. Favourable...
"So shall the world go on, ..
To good malignant, to bad men benign.”
Milton: P. L., bk. xii.
2. Exerting a salutary influence; salutary.
" And they perhaps err least, the lowly class
Whom a benign necessity compels
To follow reason's least ambitious course.”
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk, v.
B. Technically :
1. Pharm. Of medicines, &c. : Wholesome,
not deleterious.
“These salts are of a benign mild nature in healthy
persons; but, in others, retain their original qualities,
which they discover in cachexies."- Arbuthnot.
2. Med. Of diseases: Mild in character ;
running their course favourably and without
any irregularities. (Quincy.)
3. Astrol. : Favourable ; opposed to malign.
bě-nig'-nant, a. (Eng. benign; -ant. From
Lat. benignus.] [BENIGN.]
A. Ord. Lang. : Gracious, kind, benevolent.
Used-
(a) of persons.
.. your benignant sovereign ..."-Burke:
Letter to a Member of the National Assembly.
(6) Of things.
“ And he looked at Hiawatha
With a wise look and benignant."
Longfellow : The Song of Hiawatha, iv.
B. Exerting a favourable as opposed to a
malignant influence.
"... that my song
With star-like virtue in its place may shine;
Shedding benignant influence,...
Wordsworth: The Recluse.
bě-nig'-nant-lý, adv. [Eng. benignant; -ly.] / běnk, bữnk, s. [Dan. benk; A.S. benc = a
In a benign or benignant manner : favourably, I bench, a table.] [BENCH.] (Scotch.) A bench,
kindly, graciously. (Boswell.)
a seat; spec., a seat of honour.
“For fault of wise men fools sit on benks. (A Scotch
bě-nig'-nì-tý, * be-nig-ni-tee, * be proverb.) Spoken when we see unworthy persons in
nyngnete, s. [In Fr. bénignité; O. Fr. bé-
authority.”—Kelly, p. 105. (Jamieson.)
nigneté; Prov. benignitat; Sp, benignidad; běn'-most, a. [Superlative of ben, a. (q.v.).]
Port. benignidade; Ital. benignità ; Lat. be-
Innermost. (Scotch.)
nignitas; from benignus.] [BENIGN.]
“The benmost part o' my kist nook
A. Ordinary Language :
I'll ripe for thee."
Fergusson : Poems, ii. 44. (Jamieson.)
1. Kind-heartedness, good feeling, loving-
kindness, tenderness of feeling.
benn, s. [Corrupted from bend, s. (q.v.).]
“ All these are not half that I owe
(Scotch.) A sash or ornamental belt placed
To One, from our earliest youth
around the body. (Statist. Acc. of Scotland,
To me ever ready to shew
xi. 173.) (BEND.]
Benignity, friendship, and truth."
Cowper : Gratitude.
2. The feeling carried into action; a kind
běn'-nět (1), s. [Corrupted from bent (2), s.
(q.v.). ] The name sometimes given to any of
deed or deeds.
the plants called bents.
"The king was desirous to establish peace rather by
benignity than blood.”—Hayward.
Way Bennet: A kind of barley, Hordeum
B. 0. Med. & Pharm. : Salubrity; whole murinum. (Gerard.)
soineness.
běn'-nět (2), s. [In Ger. benediktenkraut;
“Bones receive a quicker agglutination in sanguine Fr. bénoîte; from benit = blessed, holy, sacred ;
than in cholerick bodies, by reason of the benignity of
the serum, which sendeth out better matter for a
bénir = to bless. From Herba benedicta (Blessed
callus."—Wiseman.
Herbs), the old name of the Herb-bennet
mentioned below. Britten and Holland quote
bě-nī'gn-lý (g silent), * be-ning-en-li,
this as the reason why the name was given,
* be-nygn-y-li, * be-nyngne-li, * be-
“When the root is in the house, the devil
nygne-liche, adv. [Eng. benign; ly = A.S.
can do nothing, and flees from it, wherefore it
suff. -lice (adv.), -lic (a.) = like.] In a benign
is blessed above all other herbs.” (Ort. San.
manner, kindly, graciously, favourably. Used ch. clxxix.).] That which is blessed and itself
(a) of persons or beings :
communicates blessing. (Only in compound
. wherefore beningenli he called Matabrun his terms as Herb-bennet and Bennet-fish, q.v.)
mother."--Helyas, Ep. 20 (Thoin's ed.). (Boucher.)
| Herb-bennet: A name given for the reason
(6) Of things (connected, however, with per-
just stated to various plants.
sons).
"Her gentle accents thus benignly say."
(a) Spec. : Geum urbanum, the Common
Hemans : Petrarch. Avens. (Prior.)
* be-ni'm, * be-ni'me, * be-noo'me, v.t.
(6) Conium maculatum, the Common Hem-
[A.S. beniman = to take away.] To take away,
lock. (Gerard.)
to deprive.
(c) Valeriana officinalis, the Great Wild
“Wherewith he pierced eft
Valerian.
His body gord, which he of life benoomes."
Mirr. for Mag., p. 436. bennet-fish, s. An unidentified fish
ben'-in-cā-sa, s. [Named after an Italian
having scales of a deep purple colour, streaked
nobleman, Count Benincasa.) A genus of
with gold. It reaches two feet in length, and
is found in the African seas.
plants belonging to the order Cucurbitaceæ
(Cucurbits). Benincasa cerifera is the White * běn'-nî-son, s. [BENISON.] (Chiefly Scotch.)
Gourd which grows in the East Indies. The
fruit is presented at native marriage feasts, * ben-o'me, pa. par. [BENIM.]
being supposed to have the power of procuring |
felicity to the newly-married couple.
* ben-o'ome, v.t. [BENIM.)
* be-nin'-gne-li, * be-nyn'-gy-li, adv. bě-nor'th, prep. [Eng prefix be = by, and
[BENIGNLY.]
north.) To the northward of, as opposed to
besouth = to the southward of. (Scotch.)
be-nit'-1-ér, s. [Fr. bénitier.) A vessel for “This present act shall begin only, and take effect
holy water placed at the door of Roman
for those besouth the water of Die upon the tenth day
of Februar next; and for those benorth the same, upon
Catholic churches. [BENETOIRE.]
the twenty-first day of Februar next to cum."-Act
Seder., 10 Jan., 1650, p. 64.
běn'-1-son, + běn'-i-zon, * běn-nì-zón,
bě-nö'te, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and note.] To
* ben-i-soun, * ben-e-son, * ben-e-
make notes upon, to annotate.
soun, * ben-y-son, s. [Contracted form
"They should be benoted a little."-Boswell's Johnson,
of Fr. bénédiction. Compare also bénissant = ii. 152.
blessing, pr. par. of bénir = to bless. In Sp.
bendicion; Port. bençao; Ital. benedizione;
ben'-sell, ben'-seil, bent'-sail, s. [Appa-
Lat. benedictio.] A blessing, a benediction. rently from Eng. bent-sail = a sail bent and
[BENEDICTION.]
driven forward by the force of the wind.]
1. Used chiefly in poetry. !
1. Force, violence of whatever kind.
“Without our grace, our love, our benizon."
“All the sey vpstouris with an qubidder,
Shakesp. : Lear, i. 1.
. Ouerweltit with the bensell of the aris."
“ The bounty and the benizon of heav'n.”
Doug. : Virgil, 268, 35.
Ibid., iv. 6.
2. A severe stroke; properly that which one
2. More rarely in prose.
receives from a push or shove.
“... a bennizon frae some o' the auld dead abbots."
F 3. A severe rebuke. (Shirreff: Glossary.)
-Scott : Antiquary, ch. xxi.
Běn'-ja-mịn, s. [In Ger., &c., Benjamin.
běn'-shâw, bēan-shâw, s. [BONSCHAWE.]
Corrupted from Benzoin. (BENZOIN.] The
(Scotch.)
proper name Benjamin is quite another word, běn'-shỉe, běn'-shỉ, băn'-shēe, s. [Irish
being the Heb.go?? (Binyamin) = son of the Gael. ben, bear = a woman, said by O'Brien to
right hand.]
be the root of the Lat. Venus, and sighe = a
fairy or hobgoblin.] A fairy's wife. Benshies
1. The same as BENJAMIN-TREE (q.v.).
are still reverenced in Celtic parts of Ireland
2. A gum, BENZOIN (q.v.).
as an inferior kind of tutelary divinities.
Benjamin-bush, s.
[BANSHEE.]
A bush--the Ben-
"In certain places the death of people is supposed to
zoin odoriferum. (American.)
be foretold by the cries and shrieks of Benshi, or the
Fairies wife, uttered along the very path where the
Benjamin-tree, s. The name given to funeral is to pass."-Pennant : Tour in Scotland, 1769,
several species of trees.
p. 205. (Jamieson.)
1. The name of a tree, Styrax benzoin, found běn'-sĩl, s. [BENSELL.) (Scotch.)
in Sumatra, Java, and other islands in the
Malay Archipelago. It yields the resin called bent, pa. par., d., & s. [BEND, v.t. ]
benzoin.
A. & B. As pa. par. and particip. adj.: In
2. The English name of a deciduous shrub, senses corresponding to those of the verb.
Benzoin odoriferum, called by Linnæus Laurus "And iny people are bent to backsliding from me.”—
Hos. xi. 7.
benzoin. It is found in North America.
Bent on: Having a fixed determination,
3. The English name of a fig-tree, Ficus
balsamina, with shining polished leaves. It
resolved on, determined on or upon.
grows in India, and is called by the Mahrattas
“We had not proceeded far before we were joined by
a woman and two boys, who were bent on this sama
Nandrook.
journey."-Darwin : Voyage round the World, ch. xiv.
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whát, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hêr, thêre; pine, pít, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, són; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; trý, Sýrian. æ, o=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bent-Benthamite
501
C. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally (of things material):
(1) The state of being curved ; flexure, cur-
vature.
(2) The amount or degree of the curvature,
the degree of flexure.
“There are divers subtle inquiries concerning the
strength required to the bending of hows, the force
they have in the discharge, according to the several
bents, and the strength required to be in the string of
them."--Wilkins.
(3) The declivity of a hill.
“A mountain stood,
Threat'ning from high, and overlook'd the wood;
Beneath the low'ring brow, and on a bent,
The temple stood of Mars armipotent."
Dryden : Palamon and Arcite.
2. Figuratively (of what is immaterial more
frequently than of what is material) :
(1) Tendency. Used-
(a) Of matter under the operation of natural
2. Mining: The term used when the ore
suddenly deviates from its usual course in the
mine.
bent-gauge, s.
Wood-working, &c. : A gauge whose blade
forms an angle with the handle. (Used by
wood-workers and sculptors.)
bent-gouge, s.
Wood-working: A gouge bent towards the
basil, and used for scooping or hollowing out
concave surfaces; a bent-neck gouge.
bent-graver, s.
1. Jewelry : A scorper.
2. Engraving: A graver with a blade so
bent as to reach a surface whose plane is
lower than a marginal rim. (Used in chasing
and in engraving monograms in sunken
tablets.)
bent-lever, s. A lever the two arms of
which form an angle at whose apex is the
fulcrum, as a bell-crank lever.
Bent-lever balance: A weighing-scale in
which the scale-pan w is attached to the
short end of the bent-lever, which is
pivoted on the summit of a post B, and whose
law.
Gawayne, 1,465.
oooo
(2) Various stiff-stalked endogenous plants
not admitted by botanists to belong to the
Graminaceæ, or order of Grasses proper.
Thus Bailey applies the term bent to the Lake
Clubrush, or Bull-rush (Scirpus lacustris). In
Yorkshire and the north of England generally it
is used of the Heath Rush (Juncus squarrosus),
one of the Juncaceæ (Rushes).
(3) Various dry or stiff-stalked plants not even
belonging to the Endogenous sub-kingdom.
Thus in Wilts and East Yorkshire the name is
applied to the Greater Plantain (Plantago
major), and the Ribwort Plantain (°. lanceo-
lata); in Wilts to the first of these two plants ;
in Cheshire to two Heaths, the Fine-leaved
Heath (Erica cinerea), and the Common Ling
(Calluna vulgaris).
2. Of the place where they grow : A place
overspread with bents. [II. 2.]
3. Generally : Any field or meadow.
“On felde they faght as they were wode,
Ovyr the bentys ranne the blode."
Bone Florence, 1,030.
“As burne upon bent his bugle he blowez."
II. In Scotland:
1. Of the plant so called :
(1) The Sea Reed, Psamma arenaria, called
also Ammophila arundinacea.
(2) The Rushy Sea-wheat grass (Triticum
junceum).
2. Of the place where they grow : A place
overspread with any of the plants now de-
scribed, and especially with the Sea-reed
mentioned under I., 1, and II. (1).
To gae to the bent (Scotch): To go to the bent.
The same as to tak the bent (q.v.).
To tak the bent (Scotch): To take to the bent ;
to attempt to hide one's self among the bents
when fleeing from battle..
Black Bent: A grass (Alopecurus agrestis,
Linn.).
Broad Bent: A grass (Psamma arenaria,
Beauv.) (Scotl., Edmonston's MS.).
Hendon Bent: A grass (Cynosurus cristatus,
Linn.,-Midd.) “The hay of Middlesex is
often of good quality. Hendon, perhaps, pro-
duces the hay which has the best name in the
market. (Journal Royal Agric. Society, 1869,
p. 25.)
Mother of Bent: Elymus arenarius, Linn.,
Outer Hebrides. (Macgillivray: Journ. Nat.
and Geogr. Science, ii. 93.)
Narrow Bent: Elymus arenarius, Linn. (Ed-
monston's MS.)
Way Bent: Hordeum murinum, Linn. ; Cyno-
surus cristatus, Linn. (Martyn's Flora Rustica,
1793.) (Britten & Holland, &c.)
SASA
SSRS
BENT-LEVER BALANCE.
weighted end c traversés a graduated arc to a
distance proportioned to the weight in the
pan w. As the weight c ascends, its leverage
becomes greater, and it balances a corre-
spondingly greater weight in the pan w. Its
leverage in the position shown is indicated by
the vertical dotted line dropped from D.
(Knight.)
bent-pipe, s. A pipe with a curve or
angle in it.
“If, for example, he wishes to know how a mass of
liquid would shape itself, if at liberty to follow the
bent of its own molecular forces.”—Tyndall : Frag. of
Science, 3rd ed., xiv. 405.
(6) Of the mind or of the heart : Inclination,
disposition, proclivity, whether slight or irre-
sistibly powerful.
T In this sense it may be followed by to,
towards, or for.
"He knew the strong bent of the country towards
the house of York."--Bacon.
"Let there be propensity and bent of will to religion,
and there will be the same sedulity and indefatigable
industry."-South.
(2) Full stretch, utmost power of the mind,
the heart, or the will. The metaphor is that
of a bow drawn back to the utmost.
"They fool me to the top of my bent."-Shakesp.:
Hamlet, iii. 2.
(3) A turning point; a change of subject, or
of anything else.
“The exercising the understanding in the several
ways of reasoning, teacheth the mind suppleness, to
apply itself more dexterously to bents and turns of the
matter, in all its researches.”—Locke.
II. Technically :
1. Arch. & Carp. : One section of the frame
of a building, which is put together on the
ground or foundation, and then raised by
holding the feet of the posts and elevating
the upper portion. A bent consists of posts
united by the beams which pass transversely
across the building. When raised it is secured
by the beams of the side to the other bents.
(Knight.)
(a) Crabb thus distinguishes between bent,
curved, crooked, and awry :-“ Bent is here the
generic term, all the rest are but modes of
the bent; what is bent is opposed to that
which is straight; things may therefore be
bent to any degree, but when curved they are
bent only to a small degree; when crooked
they are bent to a great degree: a stick is bent
any way; it is curved by being bent one
specific way; it is crooked by being bent
different ways. Things may be bent by acci-
dent or design; they are curved by design, or
according to some rule; they are crooked by
accident or in violation of some rule: a stick
is bent by the force of the hand; a line is
curved so as to make a mathematical figure ;
it is crooked so as to lose all figure. Awry
marks a species of crookedness, but crooked is
applied as an epithet, and awry is employed
to characterise the action; hence we speak of
a crooked thing, and of sitting or standing
awry.”
(6) Bent, bias, inclination, and prepossession
are thus discriminated :-“ All these terms
denote a preponderating influence on the mind.
Bent is applied to the wills, affections, and
powers in general; bias solely to the judg-
ment; inclination and prepossession to the
state of the feelings. The bent includes the
general state of the mind, and the object on
which it fixes a regard ; bias, the particular
influential power which sways the judging
faculty : the one is absolutely considered with
regard to itself; the other relatively to its
results and the object it acts upon. Bent is
sometimes with regard to bias as cause is to
effect; we may frequently trace in the par-
ticular bent of a person's likes and dislikes
the principal bias which determines his
opinions. Inclination is a faint kind of bent;
prepossession is a weak species of bias: an
inclination is a state of something, namely, a
state of the feelings ; prepossession is an actual
something, namely, the thing that pre-
possesses." (Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
ANNNN
BRN
BENT-PIPE FILTER.
Bent-pipe filter: A tube whose bend forms
a receptacle for a certain quantity of sand
through which water passes, entering at one
leg and being discharged at the other.
bent-rasp, S. A rasp having a curved
blade. (Used by gunstockers and sculptors.)
běnt (2), s. [A. S. beonet (Mahn; not in Bos-
worth); O.S. binet; Ger. binse = a rush ; M. H.
Ger. binuz, binz =a bent, a grass ; 0. H. Ger.
pinuz.]
I. In England :
1. Of the plants so called. Bent (sing.), bents
(pl.): A general form meaning usually-
(1) The old stalks of various grasses. Thus
near London the word is applied chiefly to
the Reed Canary-Grass (Phalaris arundinacea);
in South Buckinghamshire and Cumberland
principally to the Crested Dog's-tail Grass
(Cynosurus cristatus); in the north of York-
shire to the Fine Bent-grass (Agrostis vul-
garis); in Suffolk to the Rushy Sea Wheat-
grass (Triticum junceum); and in the East of
England generally, as in Scotland, to the
Sea Reed, Psamma arenaria, called also Ammo-
phila arundinacea.
bent-grass, s. The English name for
Agrostis, a genus of grasses. [AGROSTIS.]
Six species occur in Britain. Two-the Fine
Bent-grass (Agrostis vulgaris) and Marsh Bent-
grass (A. alba)—are awnless; both are common.
The only common awned species is the Brown
Bent-grass (A. canina).
White Bent Grass : Agrostis alba, Linn.
běn-thā-mi-a, s. [From Mr. George Ben-
tham, F.R.S., an eminent English botanist,
born about 1800, and in 1880 still living.]
A genus of plants belonging to the order
Cornacea (Cornels). Benthamia fragifera is a
plant, sometimes seen in English gardens,
with four flaky petals and a red, cherry-like
fruit.
Běn'-tham-ışm, s. [From Eng. proper name
Bentham (see def.), and suffix -ism.] The
philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, a celebrated
jurist and writer on law and other cognate
subjects, who was born in London 15th Feb.,
1747-8, and died on 6th June, 1832. The
essential principles of Benthamism were that
the aim or end of all human life is happiness
—of the kind derived from the absence of
pain and the presence of enjoyment. To put
forth efforts, then, for the greatest happiness
of the greatest number should be the supreme
aim of governments and of private individuals,
and is itself the highest morality.
“Yes, hollow Formulism, gross Benthamism, and
other unheroic atheistic Insincerity, is visibly and
even rapidly declining."-Carlyle : Heroes, Lect. v.
Běn'-tham-īte, n. A follower of the phil-
osophy of Jeremy Bentham.
“A faithful Benthamite traversing an age still
dimmed by the mists of transcendentalism."-M.
Arnold: Essays in Crit., p. xiii.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. tion, -sion=shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhăn. -tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

502
bentinck-benzoin
COOH
ben'-tỉnck, ben'-tick, s. & d. [Named after 1 bě-núm'b-ment (6 silent), s. [Eng. benumb;
Capt. Bentinck.]
ment.] The act of benumbing; the state of
A. As substantive (pl. Bentincks):
being benumbed. (Kirby.)
Naut. Bentincks : Triangular courses used běn'-wart, adv. [Scotch ben = the interior,
as try-sails in America, but superseded here
and wart = Eng. ward.] Inward, toward the
by storm stay-sails.
interior of a house. [BEN.]
B. As adjective: Invented by Capt. Bentinck. “Than benwart thay yeid quhair brandis was bricht.”
Rauf Coilyear; A. iij. b. (Jamieson.)
bentick or bentinck-boom,
Naut. : A boom stretching the foot of the běn'-weed, s. [Scotch ben, of doubtful etym.,
foresail in small square-rigged merchant-men. and Eng. weed.] Ragwort (Senecio Jacob@a).
bentick or bentinck shrouds, * benwyttre, s. [BENEWITH.] (Prompt. Parv.)
Naut. : Shrouds extending from the wrencher
buttock staves to the opposite les channels.
* běn-yng', a. (Scotch.) The same as Eng.
(Admiral Smyth.)
BENIGN (q.v.).
ben-ti-năss, s. [Eng. benty ; -wess.]. The * ben'-y-son, s. [BENISON.)
state of being covered with bent. (Scotch.) |
běn-za-mid-a-çět'-1c, a. [Eng. benzamide ;
(Jamieson.) (BENT (2).]
acetic.]
bent-îng, a. [Eng. bent (2), and -ing.] Per-
benzamidacetic acid, s.
taining to bents.
Chem. :
C. C2H2NH(C6H5CO).
Benting time: The time when it is said)
D. Also called
pigeons feed on bents, before peas are ripe.
"Bare benting times and moulting months may come.” Hippuric Acid. It occurs in large quantities
Dryden. in the urine of graminivorous animals in the
ben-tỉv'-1, ben-tỉv'-ě-7, S. [Brazilian.] form of alkaline salts. It crystallises in long,
The Brazilian name of a bird (Tyrannus sul-
slender, white, square prisms; it dissolves in
phuratus, Vieillot). It belongs to the Laniadæ,
400 parts of cold water, also in hot alcohol.
or Shrike family.
When mixed with putrid matter, it forms ben-
zoic acid. Hippuric acid is monobasic; hip-
bent'-wôod, s. A name given in the border purates of the alkalies are very soluble. It can
counties of England and Scotland to the be formed by the action of benzoyl chloride
Common Ivy (Hedera Helix). [BINDWOOD.] on silver amidacetate. It is decomposed by
bent'-y, f bent'-ey, * bent'-ie, a. [Eng.
alkalies into amidacetic acid and benzoic acid.
bent ; -y.]
běn'-za-mīde, s. [Eng. benz(oin); amide.]
1. Abounding in bents; overgrown with
(H
bents.
Chem.: N H
Obtained by heating
“... be the Erishe; it is very guide for store, being
(C6H5CO.
bentey.”—Monroe : Iles, p. 22. (Jamieson.)
ammonium benzoate; also by oxidising hip-
2. Resembling bent.
puric acid with lead dioxide. Benzamide is a
"The stalke is very small and bentie.”—Gerarde: crystalline substance, nearly insoluble in cold
Herbali, p. 80.
but easily soluble in boiling water, also in
bě-númb', * bě-nŭmbe (6 silent), * be alcohol and ether. It melts at 115°, and vola-
nome, *be-num', v.t. & i. [Eng. prefix be,
tilises at 290°.
and numb; A.S. benumen, pa. par. of beniman
= to deprive, to take away. From prefix be,
běn'-zēne, s. [Eng. benz(oin), and suffix -ene. ]
and niman = to take away; Ger. benehmen =
Chem.: C6H6. An aromatic hydrocarbon, also
to take away.]
called benzol or phenyl hydride, discovered in
A. Transitive :
1825 by Faraday in the liquid condensed during
1. Literally:
the compression of oil gas; it was called by
him bicarburet of hydrogen. In 1849, it was
(1) To render torpid ; to deprive a portion found in coal tar by C. B. Mansfield, who lost
of the body of sensation by the application of his life while experimenting with it on the 25th
cold, by impeding the free circulation of the of February, 1855. Aniline is produced from
blood, or in any other way...
it, which again is the source of the celebrated
* (2) To cause to look as if torpidity of circu modern dyes, mauve, magenta, &c. It is ob-
lation existed ; to render pallid.
tained from the inore volatile portion of coal-
“Her heart does quake, and deadly pallied hew
tar oil. It is also formed by distilling benzoic
Benumbes her cheekes."
acid with lime. Benzene is a thin, colourless,
Spenser : F. Q., VI. viii. 40.
strongly refracting liquid; it boils at 82°. It
2. Figuratively: To deaden, to render torpid
dissolves fats, resins, iodine, sulphur, and phos-
the intellect, the emotions, or the will.
phorus; sp. gr., 0:885. Benzene is formed when
“There are some feelings time cannot benumb.”
acetylene is passed through a tube heated to
Byron : Childe Harold, iv. 19.
dull redness. Many substitution products of
B. Intransitive: To make numb.
benzene have been formed. The atoms of C
If the objective, which is implied, were and H are arranged as SH H
expressed, it would become transitive.
shown in the figure.
“... if the sleepy drench
The numbers placed bed=Ć
Of that forgetful lake benumb not still.”
against the C denote the
1 2
Milton: P. L., bk. ii.
position of the H atoms H_Ć6 3C-H
be-númbed' (b silent), * be-no'me, pa. par. with regard to each
[BENUMB.]
other. Benzene can,
C—C
when two atoms of H
bě-numbed'-ness (6 silent), * be-num'-
Á À
are replaced by chlo-
mednesse, s. [Eng. benumbed; 0. Eng. be-
rine, &c., or monatomic radicals, form three
nummed, and suffix -ness.] The state of being
modifications, according as the replaced H is
benumbed; torpidity of the sensations, the in the position 1–2, or 1-3, or 1-4. Benzene
intellect, the emotions, or the will. Spec. - unites with chlorine or bromine in direct sun-
1. The state of being physically benumbed. light, forming additive compounds, C6H6Cl6.
"Preternatural sleep is a committing a rape upon
the body and mind, whereby the offensive superfluities, ben'-zīle, s. [Eng. benz(oin), and suffix -ile.]
by their violent assaults, force the brain to a benumbed-
ness for its destruction." —Smith: Old Age, p. 131.
Chem. : C14H100%. A crystalline substance
2. Torpidity of spiritual feeling.
obtained by the action of chlorine on benzoin;
“When there is a benumbedness, or searedness, upon
it melts at 90°. It is isomeric with dibenzoyl.
the grand principle of spiritual sense, we come to be
past feeling.'”-South: Sermons, ix. 55.
běn-zîl'-ic, a. [Eng. benzille); -ic.] Of or
bě-númb'-ěr (b silent), . [Eng. benumb; -er.] |
belonging to benzile.
One who or that which benumbs.
benzilic acid, s.
bě-núm'b-ing (5 silent), * be-numm'-ing,
Chem. : C14H1203. It is called also diphenyl-
glycollic acid. It is obtained by the action
pr. par., d. & s. [BENUMB.]
of alcoholic potash on benzoin. On saturating
A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj. : In the alkaline solution with hydrochloric acid,
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
the benzilic acid separates in small, colour-
“... death's benumbing opium ..."
less, transparent crystals, which melt at 120°.
Milton: Samson Agonistes.
C. As subst. : The act of benumbing or ren- běn'-zîne, s. [BENZOLINE.]
dering torpid ; the state of being benumbed.
"a... benumming and congelation of the body.”_ ben-zo'-āte, s. [Eng. benzo(in); suff. -ate.]
Holland: Plutarch, p. 814. (Richardson.)
1 [BENZOIC ACID.]
ben-zo-gly-col-líc, a. [Eng. benzo(in) gly-
(cerin) (al)cohol.]
benzoglycollic acid, s.
Chem. : C9H304. Formed by treating hip-
puric acid with nitrous acid ; then nitrogen
is liberated. Benzoglycollic acid contains the
elements of benzoic and glycollic (oxyacetic)
acid, minus one molecule of water. It crys-
tallises in colourless prisms.
ben-zó-hel-1-cîn, s. [Eng. benzo(in); helicin
(q.v.).]
Chem. : C13H15(C-H50)07. Produced by the
action of dilute nitric acid on benzo-salicin.
It is resolved by boiling with alkalies or acid
into benzoic acid, salicylol, and glucose.
ben-zo'-ic, a. [Eng. benzo(in); -ic.] Pertain-
ing to benzoin, existing in benzoin.
benzoic acid, s.
Chemistry: CyH602 or C6H5.CO.OH. It is
called also phenylformic acid. It is obtained
by oxidation of benzylic alcohol by arqueous
chromic acid; by oxidation of benzoic aldehyde,
methyl-benzene, &c. ; from benzene by acting
on its vapour by carbonyl chloride, which con-
verts it into benzoyl chloride, and decomposing
this substance by water; by boiling hippuric
acid with HCl; or by heating the calcium salt
of phthalic acid with lime. Benzoic acid exists
in a large quantity in gum-benzoin, from
which it is obtained by sublimation. Benzoic
acid is a monobasic aromatic acid ; its salts are
called benzoates, and are soluble, except the
basic ferric salt. Calcium benzoate by dry
distillation is resolved into calcium carbonate
and benzophenone. But dry benzoic acid
distilled with excess of quicklime is decom-
posed into carbonic dioxide and benzene.
Benzoic acid has a slight smell when warmed ;
it melts at 121°, boils at 250°. It dissolves in
200 parts of cold and in 25 parts of boiling
water, and also in alcohol. It forms light,
feathery, colourless crystals.
benzoic alcohol, s. [BENZYL ALCOHOL.]
benzoic aldehyde, s.'
Chemistry: Bitter - almond oil, CyH60 or
C6H5.CO.H. It is the aldehyde of benzyl
alcohol, and is obtained by the oxidation of
amygdalin with nitric acid ; by digesting
bitter almonds and water for six hours at 30°
to 40°; by the action of nascent hydrogen on
chloride of benzoyl ; or by distilling a mixture
of calcium benzoate and formate. Pure
benzoic aldehyde is a thin colourless liquid
with a peculiar odour, sp. gr. 1.043, and boils
at 189°; dissolves in thirty parts of water, and
mixes with alcohol and ether. Exposed to
the air, it absorbs oxygen, and is converted
into benzoic acid. It forms crystalline com-
pounds with alkaline bisulphites. Ammonia
converts it into hydrobenzamide, a white
crystalline body, which, when boiled with
aqueous potash, is converted into amarine.
benzoic chloride, s. (BENZOYL CHLO-
RIDE.]
benzoic oxide, s.
C6H5.CO2
Chem. : Benzoic anhydride, CH.CO 0.
It is obtained by the action of benzoyl chloride
and potassium benzoate. It crystallises in
oblique rhombic prisms, which melt at 42° and
distil at 310°.
benzoil, s. [BENZOIN, 1.]
băn-z0k-in, băn-z0-ine, * bă1-20-in,
* ben-zoil, běn'-ja-mîn, s. [In Sw. ben-
zoe; Ger. benzoebaum, the tree, and benzoe,
benzoin, the gum; Fr. benjoin; Sp. benjui;
Port. beijoim ; Ital. belzuino. Mahn suggests
comparison (1) with Pers. banâst, binasât, ban-
âsab, banâsib = terebinth resin, from ban wan
= terebinth grain, asab = an excrescence on
the body; and (2) with wanizad = turpentine
of the pistachio-tree. Benjamin is a corruption
of benzoin, and not benzoin a corruption of
benjamin. All the chemical words beginning
with benz are derived from this word, as ben-
zoic acid was first obtained from the gum.]
1. (Generally of the corrupted form benjamin.)
Botany, Comm., &c. : A kind of resin ob-
tained from a tree, the Styrax benzoin, which
belongs to the order Ebenaceae (Ebenads).
It grows in Sumatra, Borneo, and the ad-
jacent islands. Incisions are made in the
tree from which the resin exudes, the latter
when it comes being left to dry, and then
being removed by a knife. Each tree yields
15
4/
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whất, fàil, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pīne, pít, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, work, whô, sõn; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; trý, Sýrian. ®, =ē; ey=ā. qu=kw.

benzol-beplastered
503
annually about three pounds of resin.
It is
lungs, as an ingredient in perfumery, and in
the incense of Roman Catholic and Ritualist
churches. [STYRAX. ]
“Belzoin or benzoin is the rosin of a tree.”—Turner:
Herbal, pt. ii.
2. (Of the form benzoin, never benjamin.)
(1) Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
found in North America and in Nepaul. The
berries of Benzoin odoriferum yield an aro-
matic stimulant oil. They are said to have
been used during one of the American wars as
a substitute for allspice. (Treas. of Bot.)
(2) Phar.: Asa dulcis as opposed to A.
foetida. [ASA.)
(3) Chem. : C14H120.2. A polymeric modifi-
cation of benzoic aldehyde, which remains in
the retort when the crude oil is distilled with
lime or iron oxide to free it from hydrocyanic
acid.
benzoin-tree, benjamin-tree, s.
Botany : A tree, Styrax benzoin, described
under BENZOIN (1) and STYRAX (q.v.).
běn'-zol, s. (BENZENE.]
běn'-zāle, běn'-zol, s. & a. [From Eng.
benzo(in); and Lat. ole(um), oleum) = oil (?).]
A. As substantive :
1. Chem. (of the form benzol): [BENZENE.]
2. Min. (of the form benzole): A fluid mineral
detected in 1856, both in Rangoon tar and in
the naphtha of Boroslaw in Galicia. (Dana.)
B. As adjective (of the form benzole): Con-
sisting of, containing, or allied to, benzole.
Min. Benzole Group or Series: A group of
minerals, placed by Dana under his simple
Hydrocarbons. He includes under it bepzole,
toluole, xylole, camole, and cymole. All are
běn'-zo-lîne, s. & d. [Eng. benzol ; -ine.]
A. As substantive :
1. Chem. : Amarine, an organic base obtained
from hydro-benzamide by boiling it with
aqueous potash. Insoluble in water, but
dissolves in alcohol, forming an alkaline solu-
tion which deposits small colourless pris-
matic crystals. It forms sparingly soluble
salts. Its formula is C21H19N2.
2. Comm.: Benzine, a name given to any
volatile inflammable liquid hydrocarbon which
burns with a luminous flame, chiefly to the
following: (1) Coal-tar naphtha, consisting
principally of benzene and its homologues.
It is used for removing grease from fabrics
and as a solvent. Our lady readers should,
however, be warned that if they wash kid
gloves in benzoline with the view of removing
stains of grease, they must not afterwards put
nium benzoate. It is an oily liquid, boiling běn'-zğl-a-mine, s. [Eng. benzyl ; amine.]
at 190•6º.
Chem. : C6H5.CH (NH2). An aromatic base
běn-zo'-phě-nõne, s. [Eng. benzo(in);
metameric with toluidine. It is obtained by
phenone (q.v.).]
the action of alcoholic ammonia on benzyl
chloride. It is a colourless liquid, boiling at
Chemistry: Diphenyl ketone = benzone,
183° ; it dissolves in water, and unites with
C13H100 or CO"} CE1. The ketone of ben acids, forming crystalline compounds.
zoic acid. Prepared by dry distillation of běn-zği'-ịc, a. [Eng. benzyl ; -ic.] Of or
potassium benzoate. A crystalline substance; |
belonging to benzyl (q.v.).
melts at 48°, distils at 306º. Hot fuming
nitric acid converts it into dinitro-benzone, * beo, v.i. [A. S. beo = I am or shall be; from
C13H3(NO2)20. An isomeric modification, beon = to be.] [BE.]
melting at 26°, is obtained by acting on di-
phenyl methane with chromic acid mixture.
*beo, prep. [Br.] By.
“ The doughter dude overcome hem bothe,
běn'-zoyi, s. [Eng. benzo(in); and Gr. úan
Beo riht reson and evene.”
(hulē) =... matter.]
Kyng of Tars, 276. (Boucher.)
Chem.: An organic monad aromatic radical, * beode, v.t. [A.S. beodan = to command,
having the formula (C6H5.CO)'. [DIBENZOYL.] order, bid, will, offer, enjoy.] [BID.]
benzoyl-benzoic acid, s.
1. To summon.
“Therfore, lordynges, out-riht,
Chem. : C6H5.CO.C6H5.CO.OH. An organic
Duik, erl, baroun, and kniht,
monatomic ketone acid, obtained when benzyl-
Let yor folk out beode."
benzene, benzyltoluene, or benzylethylbenzene,
Kyng of Tars, 947. (Boucher.)
2. To proffer.
in white silky needles, which melt at 194°,
“Fyf kynges were of heigh parayle,
Uppon the soudan thei beode bataile."
and by reducing agents is converted into
Kyng of Tars, 1,017-18.
benzylbenzoic acid.
* beod, s. [A.S. bed = a prayer.] [BEAD,
benzoyl chloride, s.
BEDE.] A prayer.
Chemistry: Benzoic chloride, C6H5.CO.Ci.
Formed by the action of phosphorus penta-
* beon, 2.i. [BE.] To be.
* beor-yng (1), s. [O. Eng. for BURYING.]
liquid with a disagreeable pungent odour;
sp. gr. 1.106. Its vapour burns with a greenish
“Of his beoryng no thing no dredith,
flame. It is decomposed by water into ben-
Into Egipte his body ledith."
zoic and hydrochloric acids. It boils at 196º.
Alisaunder, 8,000. (Boucher.)
* beor-yng (2), s. (O. Eng. for BEARING.]
běn'-zğı, s. [Eng. benz(oin); and Gr. úan Birth.
(hulē)=... matter.]
“In his beoryng, so feol a cas,
Theo eorthe schok, the seo bycam grene;
Chem. : An organic monad aromatic radical,
Theo sunne withdrough schynyng schene."
having the formula (C6H5. CH2).
Alisaunder, 637.
benzyl acetate, s.
+ bě-pāint', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and paint.]
Chemistry : C6H5.CH.O.OC.CH3. A liquid
“Thou know'st the mask of night is on my face,
having the odour of pears, boiling at 210°. It
Else would a maiden blush bepaint my cheeks.
is an ether formed by distilling acetic acid,
Shakesp. : Rom. & Jul., ii. 2.
benzyl-alcohol, and strong sulphuric acid to-
* bě-pāle', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and pale.] To
gether.
render pale.
benzyl alcohol, s.
Chem. : Benzylic alcohol, benzoic alcohol,
* bě-pā'led, pa. par. & a. [BEPALE.]
C6H5. CH2OH = CH80. A monatomic aro-
“... those perjur'd lips of thine,
Bepaľd with blasting sighs."
matic alcohol, obtained along with benzoic
Carew: Poems, p. 76.
acid by the action of alcoholic potash on
benzoic aldehyde; also by distilling benzyl
* bě-pā'l-îng, pr. par. [BEPALE.]
chloride with caustic potash. Benzyl alcohol * bě-part', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and part.] To
is a colourless, strongly refracting, oily liquid, divide, share.
boiling at 2070; sp. gr. at 14° is 1.051. It is
“Hiero counsailed him to beparte his importable
insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol,
labours."-Elyot : The Governour, p. 7.
ether. It is converted by platinum black into
benzoic aldehyde ; by aqueous chromic acid | * bě-pēach', * bi-peche, v.t. [A.S. bepocan.]
into benzoic acid. Strong HCl converts it To deceive, betray.
into benzyl chloride.
"Ne saltu nevere knewen, wanne he the wole bi-
pechen.”—Relig. Antiq., i. 180.
benzyl-benzene, s.
Chemistry: Diphenylmethan, benzylbenzol. 1 fbě-pearl'ed, a. [Eng. pref. be, and pearled. I
C6H5.CH2.C6H5. An aromatic hydrocarbon,
Covered with pearl-like lustrous spots.
obtained by boiling a mixture of benzene and
“This primrose all bepearld with dew.".
Carew: The Primrose.
benzyl chloride with zinc dust. It is a
colourless liquid, boiling at 261°,
† bě-pep'-pěr, vit. [Eng. pref. be, and pepper.]
benzyl benzoic acid, s.
To pelt with anything, as if one had thrown
Chem. : C6H5.CH.CO.OH. An organic mon-
pepper at a person; to pepper over.
owdering their ribs, bepeppering ti
atomic acid obtained by the action of reducing
ering their
noses, ..."-Sterne : Tristram Shandy, viii. 5.
agents on benzoylbenzoic acid, into which it
is re-converted by the action of oxidising + bě-pěp-pěred, pa. par. & a. (BEPEPPER.]
agents. It crystallises in white needles,
melting at 154º.
t bě-pěp'-per-ing, pr. par. [BEPEPPER.]
benzyl chloride, s..
† bě'-pěr-i-wỉgged, a. [Eng. prefix be, and
Chem. : C6H5.CH,C). A colourless liquid, | periwigged.] Equipped with a periwig.
boiling at 176º, obtained by the action of (Nuttall, Hyde Clarke, &c.)
chlorine on boiling toluene. If chlorine be
passed through toluene in the cold, the princi | bě-pinch', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and pinch.]
pal product is monochlortoluene, C6H4C1.CH3.
To pinch all over; to mark with pinches.
benzyl-ethyl-benzene, s.
bě-pînch'ed, t bě-pînçht, pa. par. & d.
Chemistry : Benzylethylbenzol, C5H16 = [BEPINCH.]
C6H5.CH.C6H4.C2H5. An aromatic hydro “In their sides, arms, shoulders, all bepincht,
carbon, obtained by the action of zinc dust on a Ran thick the weals, red with blood, ready to start
out."
mixture of benzyl chloride and ethyl benzene.
Chapman.
It is a colourless aromatic liquid, which dis bě-pînch-ing, pr. par. [BEPINCH.]
solves in alcohol, ether, and benzene. It boils
at 295°, and is oxidised by chromic acid into
| bě-plă'it-ěd, bě-plāit-ed, a. [Eng. prefix
benzoyl-benzoic acid, C6H5.CO.C6H5.CO.OH.
be, and plaited.] Plaited; covered with plaits.
(Mrs. Butler.)
benzyl-toluene, s.
Chem. : Benzylmethylbenzene, benzyltoluol, | be-plas'-ter, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and plaster.]
tolylphenylmethan, C6H5.CH2.C6H4.CH3. An To plaster; to plaster over.
aromatic hydrocarbon, formed when a mix "Like an all-judging beauty, his colours he spread,
And beplaster'd with rouge his own natural red."
ture of toluene and benzyl chloride is boiled
Goldsmith : Retaliation.
with zinc dust. It is a colourless liquid,
boiling at 279º.
| bě-plas'-téred, pa. par. & a. (BEPLASTER.)
the fire to dry. If they do, the vapour of
the benzoline will ignite the gloves, which
will flame fiercely. Within the last few years
at least three cases of most fearful injury have
fatal results. (2) Petroleum spirit, consisting
of heptane, C-14, and other paraffins. It is
used as a solvent and also to burn in lamps.
These different liquids are often sold mixed
together, their vapour is explosive when mixed
with air. [PETROLEUM.] On the 2nd of October,
1874, at 4.55 a.m., a loud explosion was heard
over all London and far into the country
around. It was found that a barge called the
Tilbury, proceeding along the Regent's Canal,
freighted with about five tons of gunpowder,
and carrying in addition a quantity of benzo-
board, destroying itself, demolishing a bridge
over the canal, and damaging many houses.
Investigation was held which showed that the
vapour of the benzoline escaping was ignited
by a fire or light in the cabin, and at once
exploded the gunpowder. It is not now per-
missible to carry gunpowder and benzoline
together in the same boat.
B. As adjective: Composed of benzoline ;
fed by benzoline, supplied with benzoline, in
which benzoline is burnt.
[BENZOPHENONE.]
běn-zo-nī't-rīle, s. [Eng. benzo(in); nitrile
(q.v.).]
Chem. : Phenyl cyanide, CoH5.CN. Formed
by the action of phosphoric oxide on ammo-
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ģem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious, -cious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. =bel, del.

504
beplastering-bercel
bě-plas'-tőr-ing, pr. par. [BEPLASTER.]
(a) To children.
bër-âun -īte, s. [From Beraun, in Bohemia,
... had bequeathed to his children nothing but where it occurs.] A mineral, a variety of
* be-plotmele, adv. Bit by bit; in bits.
his name and his rights.”—Macaulay : Hist. Eng., Vivianite (q.v.). It is a hydrous phosphate of
ch. xvi.
“Be-plotmele: Particulariter, partitive.”—Prompt.
sesquioxide of iron, occurring not merely at
Parυ.
(b) To a political party.
Beraun, in Bohemia (see etym.), but at Wheal
“ For Freedom's battle once begun,
bě-plû'med, a. [Eng. prefix be, and plumed.]
Jane, near Truro, in Cornwall.
Bequeathed by bleeding sire to son,
Possessed of a plume; decked out in a plume.
Though baffled oft is ever won.”
Byron : The Giaour. * bě-rāy', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and 0. Fr.
"The young in armour bright which shone like gold,
beplumed with each gay feather of the East ..."-
() To posterity generally.
ray = dirt (q.v.).] To defile.
Sterne : Sentimental Journey.
.. but the best works which he has bequeathed
"Beraving the font and water. while the bishop was
to posterity are his catches.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng.,
baptizing him.”—Milton: Of Ethelred, Hist. of Eng.,
bě-pow'-dér, v.t. [Eng. pref. be, and powder.] ch. xiv.
bk, vi.
To cover with powder.
bě-quē'athed, * be-quethid, pa. par. bě-rā'yed, pa. par. & a. [BERAY.]
See example under BECURL.
[BEQUEATH.]
bě-pow'-déred, pa. par. & a. (BEPOWDER.] |
bě-rā'y-ing, pr. par. [BERAY.]
bě-quē'ath-ēr, * be-queth-er, s. [Eng.
bě-pow'-dér-ing, pr. par. [BEPOWDER.]
běr'-běr, s. [BARBERY.] (Scotch.)
bequeath; -er.] One who bequeaths property
“Of box, and of berber, bigged ful bene."
of any kind to another. (Lit. & fig.)
Sir Gawan and Sir Gal., i. 6. (Jamieson.)
bě-prāiş'e, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and praise.] “If the bequether or maker of any will : .."-
To praise greatly; to praise.
Wilson: Arte of Logike, p. 48. (Richardson.)
bēr'-bőr-al, a. [Formed by analogy as if from
“Generals, who once had crowds hallooing after
a Lat. berberalis, from Lat. berberis.] Pertain-
them, wherever they went; who were bepraised by
bě-quē'ath-îng, pr. par. & d. [BEQUEATH.]
ing or allied to, or associated with the genus
newspapers and magazines - have long sunk into
merited obscurity."-Goldsmith : Ess. 8.
bě-quē'ath-měnt, s. [Eng. bequeath ; -ment.] Berberis (q.v.).
Bot. : Berberal Alliance. [BERBERALES. ]
The act of bequeathing ; the state of being
bě-prāiş'ed, pa. par. & d. [BEPRAISE.]
bequeathed; that which is bequeathed ; a
bě-prāiş'-ing, pr. par. [BEPRAISE.]
legacy. (Johnson.)
bēr-bēr-ā-lěş, s. pl. [Bot. Lat. berberales,
from berberis (q.v.).] The Berberal Alliance.
* bě-pro'şe, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and prose.]
bě-quěst', * be-quest'e, * biqueste, * by
Bot. : Lindley's 33rd Alliance of Plants. He
quyste, * by-quide, s. [From BEQUEATH.]
To convert into prose.
places it under his 2nd Exogenous sub-class-
1. The act of bequeathing; the state of
"Such was his doom impos'd by Heaven's decree,
Hypogenous Exogens, and includes under it
With ears that hear not, eyes that shall not see,
being bequeathed.
the orders Droseraceæ, Fumariaceæ, Berberi-
The low to swell, to levell the sublime,
“He claimed the crown to himself, pretending an daceæ, Vitaceæ, Pittosporaceæ, Olacaceæ, and
To blast all beauty and beprose all rhyme."
adoption or bequest of the kingdom unto him by the
Mallet : Verbal Criticism. (Richardson.) Confessor."-Hale.
Cyrillaceæ (q.v.).
+ bě-půck'-ěred, a. [Eng. prefix be, and
2. That which is bequeathed.
bēr-bēr-i-dā'-çě-ze(Lindley), bēr-bēr-id'-
puckered.] Puckered. (Webster.)
(a) Literally. Law & Ord. Lang. : A legacy.
“Not contentyd with such bequeste as his fader to
ě-(Ventenat, Lat.), bēr'-bér-idş (Eng.),
* bě-půd-dled (dled as deld), a. [Eng. hym gaue.”-Fabyan, vol. i., ch. 48.
s. pl. [BERBERIS.]
prefix be, and puddled.] Bemired by the
(6) Figuratively: Anything bestowed.
Bot. : An order of plants, the typical one of
muddy feet of those passing over it. (Lit. &
“ Than those resplendent lights, his rich bequest,
the Alliance Berberales. The sepals are three,
fig.)
A dispensation of his evening power.”
four, or six in a double row, and surrounded
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. iv. by petaloid scales. The petals are equal in
.. while their tradition was clear and evident,
and not so be-puddled as it since hath been with the
number to the sepals, or there are twice as
* bě-quest', v.t. [From BEQUEST, s.) To give
mixture of hereticks striving to spoil that which did
so much mischief to their causes." —Bp. Taylor : Epis-
many. The stamens are equal in number to
as a legacy.
the petals, and opposite to them; the anther
copacy Asserted, s. 18.
So hur is all I have to bequest,
And this is all I of the world request.”
valves are recurved. There is a solitary free
bě-púff'ed, a. [Eng. prefix be, and puffed.]
Gascoigne : A Remembrance. one-celled carpel, with sutural placentæ.
(Webster.)
Seeds, many or two. Fruit, berried or cap-
bě-quö'te, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and quote.]
sular. Leaves alternate. Compound shrubs
* bě-pūr'-ple, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and purple.] 10 qu
To quote often. (Eclectic Review.)
or perennial herbs found in Europe, America,
To render purple in colour; to dye or tinge bě-quo-ted, pa. par. & a. [BEQUOTE.]
and India. Species known in 1846 = 110
with purple.
(Lindley). Their prevailing quality is astrin-
" Like to beauty, when the lawn,
bě-quò't-ing, pr. par. [BEQUOTE.]
gency or slight acidity. [For details see
With rosy cheeks bepur pled o'er, is drawn
BERBERIS, EPIMEDIUM, BONGARDIA, and LEON-
To boast the loveliness it seems to hide."
*ber (pret. * ber), v. The same as BEAR (q.v.).
Dudley Digges : Verses prefixed to Sandys' Psalms.
TICE.] The order is divided into two sections,
(1) Berberideæ, and (2) Nandineæ (q.v.).
* be-půz-zlē, v.t. [Eng. pref. be, and puzzle.]
*ber (1) (pl. * ber-ren), s. [BERRY.]
To puzzle greatly.
* ber (2), s. [BIER.]
bēr-bēr'-1d-ě-æ, s. [BERBERIS.]
“A matter that egregiously bepuzled and entranced
Botany:
my apprehension.”—Nashe : Lenten Stuffe, p. 6. * ber (3), s. [BERE.] A cry. (S. in Boucher.)
1. A term used by Ventenat as a synonym
* bě-quãi’-1-fy, * bě-quâl’-1-fíe, v.t. [Eng. | * bě-răg-gěd, a. [Eng. Pref. be, and ragged.]
of Berberaceæ.
prefix be, and qualify.] To attribute or assign Very ragged.
2. A section of Berberaceæ (q.v.). Type,
high qualities to; to characterise as.
“Il est tout chipoult,
Berberis.
" Amo. I doe vaile to
He is all to be-ragged."
Cotgrave.
both your thanks and kisse
bēr'-bēr-īne, s. [Lat. berber(is), and Eng.
them, but primarily to
* bě-rā'in', * be-rein, berayn, byryne,
yours, most ingenious,
suffix -ine.]
acute, and polite ladie.
v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and rain.] To rain upon,
“Phi. Gods my life, how
to wet with rain.
Chem. : C21H19N05. A feeble base, slightly
he does all to bequalifie
soluble in water, extracted from the root of
"And with his teires salt her brest berained.”.
her ! ingenious, acute, and
Berberis vulgaris.
Chaucer : Troilus, bk. iv.
polite ! as if there were not
It crystallises in yellow
needles. It is a bitter powder, and has been
others in place as ingeni-
ous, acute, and polite as
bě-rā'ined, pa. par. & a. [BERAIN.]
used in India, in the treatment of fevers, as a
shee."-B. Jonsoni; Cyn-
substitute for quinine. It is, however, infe-
thia's Revels, iv. 3.
bě-rā'in-ing, pr. par. [BERAIN.]
rior to quinine in its effects.
bě'-quê, a. [Fr. bec-
* be-rampire, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and ram-
quée, béquée = a beak-
pire = rampart.] To protect with a rampart;
bēr'-bēr-is, s. [BARBERRY.]
ful, a mouthful; a
BEQUÉ.
to fortify.
Botany: A genus of plants, the typical one
beak.]
"O Troy wals stronglye berampyred."-Stanyhurst : of the order Berberidaceæ (Berberids). The
Her.: Beaked. The term is used specially
sepals, petals, and stamina are each six in
of a bird which has its bill enamelled differ- | bě-rā'te, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and rate.]
number, and the berry is 2-3 seeded. Berberis
ently from the rest of its body.
vulgaris is the common barberry. [BAR-
1. With a person for the object : To rate BERRY.] It is the only species indigenous in
bě-quē'ath, * be-queathe, * be-quethe,
much, to scold.
Britain. B. aristata, ilicifolia, emarginata, and
".. he fell into a furious fit of choler and all-to fascicularis are cultivated species more or less
* by-quethe, v.t. [A.S. becwethan, bic berated the foresaid Toranius.”-Holland : Plinie, bk.
ornamental in their aspect. Of foreign species,
wethan = to bequeath, to give by will; be,
viii., ch. 12.
an extract of the root, stem, and branches of
and cwethan = to say, speak, to call (bequests 2. With a thing for the object :
the Indian or Ophthalmic Barberry, B. lycium
originally being made by word of mouth, “So is the veritie of the gospell berated and laughed
of Royle, AÚKLOV 'Ivdikóv (Lukion Indicon) of
scarcely any layman being able to write). In to skorne of the miscreantes.” — Udall : Mark, ch. xv.
Dioscorides, is of use in ophthalmia. The
O.S. quethan; O. H. Ger. quethan, quedan;
Goth. qvithan ; Icel. qveda ; Sw. qvöda ; Dan.
| bě-rā’-těd, pa. par. & a. [BERATE.]
fruits of B. asiatica are dried in the sun like
raisins. (BARBERRY, BERBERRY.]
quvæde = to chant, to sing ; identical with | bě-rā't-ing, pr. par. [BERATE.]
Eng. QUOTH (q.v.).]
bēr'-bēr-rý, s. [From Lat. berberis.] The
1. Lit. : To leave by will or testament. bě-răt'-tle, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and rattle.) |
same as BARBERRY (q.v.). [See also BER-
“And dying, mention it within their wills,
To make a rattling sound, to rattle.
BERIS.]
Bequeathing it, as a rich legacy,
“These are now the fashion: and so berattle the
“Some never ripen to be sweet, as tamarinds, ber-
Unto their issue."
common stages (so they call them), that many, wearing
Shakesp. : Julius Cæsar, iii. 2.
berries, crabs, sloes, &c.”-Bacon : Natural History.
rapiers, are afraid of goose quills, and dare scarce come
2. Fig.: To transmit by death, without the hither.”-Shakesp. : Hamlet, ii. 2.
berberry - blight, S. [BARBERRY-
formality of a will, to one's children, to a 1 be-răt'-tled, pa. par. & a. [BERATTLE.]
BLIGHT.]
successor, a sympathising friend, or a political
or religious party, or to posterity generally. bě-răt-tling, pr. par. [BERATTLE.] | * bēr'-çěl, s. [BERSEEL.]
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pịt, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; try, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu = kw.

bercelet-berg
505
to... The
* ber-cel-et, * ber-cel-lett, s. [In Lat. The Bereans do not figure now, by that name | Bēr-ěn-gär'-1-an-ışm, s. [Eng. Berenga-
bracelettum. A dim. of brach (q.v.).] A small at least, in the Registrar-General's list of rian ; -ism.]
hound or beagle.
Scottish or English sects.
Ch. Hist. & Theol.: The system of belief
"... and every day for his servant and his berce-
held by Berengarius, or Berenger, canon and
lett during the sayd time twelve pence."-Plot: Nat.
bě-rē'ave (pret. & pa. par. bereaved, *bereved,
Hist. of Staffordshire, p. 444.
* beraued, bereft, * berefte, * beraft), v.t. & i.
master of the school at Tours, afterwards
[From Eng. be, and reave.
* berd, s. [BEARD.]
Archdeacon of Angers, who about the year
A.S. bereafian = to
1045, or by other accounts 1047 or 1049,
1. Mawgre one's berd : In spite of one.
bereave, seize, rob, or spoil : be, and reafian
= to seize, to rob. In Sw. beröfva ; Dan. be-
rejected the doctrine of the real presence,
"Her sal thou be mawgre thair berd.”
teaching, according to Mosheim, doctrine
röve; Dut. berooven ; Ger. berauben.] [REAVE,
Gawaine & Gawin, 783.
identical with that afterwards propounded by
2. To run in one's berd: To offer opposition
ROB.]
Zwinglius and Calvin ; but documents since
A. Transitive:
discovered have shown that what he held was
“The cuntre sone he fond in his berd redy ran."
I. With a person or an animal for the objec consubstantiation, the doctrine afterwards put
Chron.: Rob. de Brunne. (S. in Boucher.)
tive :
forth by Luther, and still maintained by the
t bēr'-dăsh, s. [Etym. doubtful.] A kind of † 1. Gen.: To deprive, rob, or spoil of any Lutherans. [CONSUBSTANTIATION.] Though
neckcloth, said to occur only in the following
thing.
the Church had not strictly defined its belief,
passage. [HABERDASHER.]
The general sense of the word, though
yet the great majority of its members held the
“I have prepared a treatise against the cravat and not yet extinct, was formerly much more
doctrine of the real presence [TRANSUBSTAN-
berdash, which I am told is not ill done."-Steele :
common than it is now.
TIATION], and the views of Berengarius were
Guardian, No. X.
condemned in councils in 1050, 1055, 1062,
“There was never a prince bereaved of his dependen-
* berde (1), s. [BEARD, BERD.) (Chaucer.)
cies by his council, except there hath been an over-
1063, 1073, 1079, and 1080. Under the influence
greatness in one counsellor.”-Bacon: Essays.
of fear he mystified, and even recanted, his
* berde (2), s. [Etymology doubtful.] The 2. Spec. : To deprive of relatives, as a person conscientious belief, but, like Galileo, always
margin of a vessel.
does who causes the death or departure of returned to it again when the immediate
“Berde or brynke of a wesselle or other lyke: Margo." any one, or as is done by Death itself per danger was over.
-Prompt. Parv.
sonified.
"And Jacob their father said unto them, Me have
ber-en'-gel-īte, s. [Named from St. Juan
* berde (3), s. [BIRD.]
ye bereaved of my children.”—Gen. xlii. 36.
de Berengela, in Peru, where it occurs.] A
* bere (1), v.t. [BEAR, V.) To bear. (Wycliffe,
(a) Bereave in this sense is followed by
mineral closely akin to, if not even a variety
the objective of the person deprived of any-
of, asphalt, said to form a pitch lake in the
&c.)
thing, while the thing itself has before it of
localities where it is found.
To bere upon : To charge with.
(see examples under 1 and 2); or (b) in poetry
“As ich am giltles of that dede
Běr-ě-ni-çē, Bēr-ni-çē, s. [Lat. Berenice,
That he opon the bere."
the of may be omitted :
Bernice; Macedonian Gr. Bepevíkn (Berenikē),
Amis and Amiloun, 1,121-2.
“Who this high gift of strength committed to me,
In what part lodged, how easily bereft me.”
Bepvíkn (Bernikē); Class. Gr. Qepevíkn (Phe-
* bere-bag, s. One who bears a bag. A
Milton : Samson Agonistes. renikē); from pepévukos (pherenikos) = carrying
term of contempt applied by Minot to the
* II. With a thing for the objective: To take off victory, victorious ; Dépw (phero)= to bear
Scotch, who were said to carry a bag of oat-
away, to remove. In this case that which is or carry, víkn (nikē)= victory.]
meal when they went on a campaign or reft is put in the objective, and the person or A. Of the form Berenice : The name of
plundering foray.
thing losing it is preceded by from, or thence
various Egyptian queens of the Macedonian
"He brought meni bere-bag
is used, or some similar word.
With bow redy bent."
dynasty of the Lagidæ.
Minot : Poers, p. 41. (S. in Boucher.)
“That no new loves impression ever could
B. Of the form Bernice : The eldest daughter
Bereave it thence.” Spenser : F. Q., V. vi. 2.
* bere (2), v.i. [BERE, S. (5).] To cry out, B. Intransitive:
of Herod Agrippa I., and the sister of Agrippa
clamour.
“... abroad the sword bereaveth, at home there is
II. (Acts xxv. 13, 23 ; xxvi. 30.)
"The people beryt lyk wyld bestis.”
as death.” Lam. i 20.
Wallace, vii. 457.
Berenice's Hair. [Called after Berenice
Crabb thus distinguishes between the (the third of the name), wife, about B.C. 248,
bēre (3), v.i. [BIRR.] To birr. (Scotch.)
verbs to bereave, to deprive, and to strip : of Ptolemy Euergetes, king of Egypt. Whilst
To bereave expresses more than deprive, but her husband was fighting in Asia she vowed
bēre (1), s. [BIRR.] (Scotch.)
less than strip, which in this sense is figura her hair to Venus, in whose temple it was
* bere (2), s. [BOAR, BEAR.] (Old Eng. &
tive, and denotes a total bereavement : one is consequently placed. It was stolen, or else
Scotch.)
bereaved of children, deprived of pleasures, the priests flung it away, and then Conon of
and stripped of property: we are bereaved of Samos at once allayed the annoyance of the
* bere (3), * ber (2), s. [BIER.]
that on which we set most value. The act of king at its disappearance, and made religious
* bere (4), s. [PILLOWBERE.] A pillow or
bereaving does violence to our inclination; we capital for the temple, by proclaiming that it
are deprived of the ordinary comforts and con had been taken up to the sky and placed
cushion-cover.
veniences of life; they cease to be ours : we among the seven stars in the tail of Leo.]
“Many a pelowe and every bere
Of clothe of Raynes to slepe softe.”
are stripped of the things which we most
Astron.: The English rendering of the words
Chaucer : Boke of the Duchess, 254. want; we are thereby rendered as it were
Coma Berenices, one of the nine constellations
* bere (5), s. [A.S. geboere.] A noise, clamour.
naked. Deprivations are preparatory to be-
introduced by Hevelius. It is in the northern
reavements; if we cannot bear the one pa-
"Who makis sich a bere."-Townley Mysteries, p. 109.
hemisphere, and consists of indistinct stars
tiently, we may expect to sink under the
between Bootes and the tail of Leo.
bëre (6), bëar (2), bëir (2), bëer (1), s. [A, S. other. Common prudence should teach us to
bere = barley ; O. Icel. barr; Meso-Goth. bari look with unconcern on our deprivations : | * ber-ere, s. [BEARER.] A bearer or carrier.
zein (adj.)=of barley, as if from baris = barley; Christian faith should enable us to consider "Barris on the schuldris of the bereris."—Wycliffe
Lat farina= corn, far = spelt, a kind of grain; every bereavement as a step to perfection ; (Numb. iv. 6).
Heb. 5 (bar) = corn or grain, especially when
that when stripped of all worldly goods we
* bēre'-skyn, s. A bear's skin.
may be invested with those more exalted and
separated from the husk. [BARLEY, BARN,
lasting honours which await the faithful dis-
"He had a bereskyn coleblak for old.”
FARINACEOUS.] The name given in Scotland,
Chaucer: 0. T., 2,144.
ciple of Christ.
and to a certain extent through the Empire, to
* bere-warde, s. [BEARWARD.] (Prompt.
Hordeum hexastichum, a cereal with six rows bě-rē'aved, pa. par. & a. [BEREAVE.]
Parv.)
of seeds on its spike, hence called six-rowed
barley. It is cultivated in the north of Scot-
bě-re'ave-ment, s. [Eng. bereave; -ment.] * ber_frey * ber_fray * bew_fray s.
land and Ireland, being valued for its hardy The state of being deprived of. (Specially
[O. Fr. berfroit, berfreit, belefreit.] [BELFRY.]
used of the loss of relatives by death.)
properties, and is used in malting, and for the
1. A movable tower, generally of wood,
manufacture of spirits. Bere is a coarser and
bě-rē'av-ēr, s. [Eng. bereav(e); -er.] One employed in sieges.
less nutritious grain than barley, but thrives
in the poorest soil. It is also called bigg.
who or that which bereaves.
“ Alisaundre and his folk alle
“Yet hast thou lost at once all these, and he thine
Fate assailed heore wallis
As bere-malt pays a less duty than barley-
only bereaver."-Speed: Hist. of Gt. Britaine; The
Myd berfreyes, with alle gyn
malt, malsters sometimes attenipt to defraud
Danes, an. 787.
Gef they myghte the cite wynne."
Alisaunder, 2,777-80.
the revenue by malting a mixture of bere and
barley, and presenting it for assessment as | bě-rē'av-ing, pr. par. [BEREAVE.]
2. A tower built of stone. It was so ap-
bere-malt. This fraud can be detected by the
plied to a stone prison at Berwick. (S. in
bě-reft', pa. par. [BEREAVE.]
microscope.
Boucher.)
“Of all corne thare is copy gret,..
“For to my care a charge is left,
I From this came the word BELFRY (q.v.).
Pese, and atys, bere, and qwhet."
Dangerous to one of aid bereft."
Wyntown, i. 13, 6. (Jamieson.)
Scott: Rokeby, iv. 4.
berg, s. [A.S. berg, beorg, beorh, gebeorh =
Bě-rē'-an. a. & s. [From Eng. Berea: Lat. Ber-en-gar-i-an, a. & s. [Lat., &c., Beren-
(1) a hill, a mountain, (2) a rampart, a fortifi-
Bercea ; Gr. Bepoia (Beroia), and Eng. suff. -an. ] | garius, and Eng. suff. -an.]
cation, (3) a heap or barrow; Sw., Dut., &
A. As adjective: Pertaining to Bercea, a A. As adjective: Pertaining or relating to Ger. berg; Dan. bierg=a mountain, a hill.]
town in ancient Macedonia (Acts xvii. 10, 12; Berengarius or his views.
† I. As the half of a compound word:
xx. 4), now called Verria or Kara Verria.
"In this history of the Berengarian controversy ..."
1. A mountain, a hill; as ice-berg, a moun-
-Mosheim: Ch. Hist. Note by Reid.
B. As substantive :
B. As subst. Ch. Hist. (plur.): Berengarians.
tain or hill of ice.
1. Geog. & Hist. (sing.): A native of the fore The followers of Berengarius or those who
2. (Altered to Berk): A barrow, a heap of
going town.
shared his views regarding the Sacred Com stones, a burial mound; as Berkhampstead
2. Ch. Hist. (pl.): A Scottish religious sect munion. Some Berengarians held consubstan (A.S. Beor-hamstede). (Bosworth.)
founded by the Rev. J. Barclay in 1773, on tiation, but others anticipated the Zwinglian II. As an independent word, most frequently
which account they were called also Bar doctrine that the communion elements were of ice :
clayans. Their aim was to become entitled to only symbols and signs of the body and blood
1. A mountain, a hill, a high mass.
the commendation bestowed by St. Luke on of Christ, and not that body and blood them-
"... glittering bergs of ice.”
the inhabitants of Bercea (Acts xvii. 11, 12). I selves. [BERENGARIANISM.]
Tennyson : The Princess.
boll, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian =shạn. -tion, -sion = shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhăn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, delo

606
bergamo-berm
* 2. Fig.: A Being, a person, or a thing berg'-mõte, s. [A.S. beorg = hill, and mot, * ber-ing, s. [BEARING.]
which protects; a protector, a defence.
gemot = a meeting, an assembly; from metan
= to meet.] A court held in Derbyshire for
“ After this spac god to abram :
* ber-inge lepe, s. [A.S. bere = barley, leap
Thin berg an tin werger ic ham."
settling controversies among miners.
= a basket.) A basket wherein to carry
Story of Gen. & Exod. (ed. Morris, 1865), 925-26.
barley or other grain.
berg-butter, s. A mineral, a variety of
Bēr'-go-mask, a. & s. [From Ital. Berga-
“Beringe lepe : Canistra.”—Prompt. Parv.
Halotrichite. It is an efflorescence of a con-
masco = an old province in the state of
běr'-is, s, [From Gr. Bộpos (bēros) = a gar-
sistence like that of butter, consisting of an
Venice.]
ment. (Agassiz. Not in Liddell & Scott.)]
impure alum or copperas. It occurs in Con-
A. As adjective: Pertaining to Bergamasco.
tinental Europe and Asia, but is not known (Used of the people of that old province, who
Entom. : A genus of Diptera (two-winged
as a British mineral.
were ridiculed as being more clownish in
flies) belonging to the family Xylophagidæ
manners and dialect than any other people in
(Wood-eaters).
q On the Continent the designation Berg-
They are small metallic-
Italy. The Italian buffoons used to imitate
coloured insects, the larvæ of which feed on
crystal (analogous to our word rock-crystal) has
their peculiarities.)
sometimes been given to quartz.
decaying wood.
Bergomask Dance : A rustic dance as per * běr'-isch, v.i. [BERY, BURY.]
běr'-gą-mo, s. [BERGAMOT, IV.]
formed by the people now described.
běr'-gạ-mot, s. & al.
* bēr'-kar, s. [BARKER.) (Prompt. Parv.)
[In
“Will it please you to see the epilogue, or hear a
Sw. bergamott
bergomask dance, between two of our company?”—
(päron), bergamot (pare) = bergamot (pear);
Shakesp.: Mids. Night's Dream, v. 1.
* bēr'-kěn, * bēr-kỳn, v.i. & t. To bark.
Dut. bergamot; Ger. bergamotte; Fr. bergamote;
B. As substantive: The dance now described. [BARK.) (Prompt. Parv.)
Sp. bergameto, the tree, and bergamota, the “But, come, your Bergomask: let your epilogue
alone."-Shakesp. : Mids. Night's Dream, v. i. (Nares.)
pear; Port. bergamota; Ital. bergamotto, the
Berk-ley-a, s. [Named after the Rev. M. J.
tree; bergamotta, the pear. From Bergamo,
Berkeley, an eminent cryptogamic botanist.]
* ber-guylt, s. The Shetland name of a fish,
in Italy.]
Bot. : A genus of Diatomaceæ, of the sub-
the Black Goby. (Edmonstone : Zetland.)
A. As substantive :
order Naviculeæ. Berkeleya fragilis is para-
sitic on Zostera marina and on some Algæ.
I. Of odoriferous plants or their immediate
bēr'-gyit, bēr'-gil, běr'-gle, bēr'-gěll, s.
Etymology doubtful. (The form bergylt is in
products :
* bēr-kyng, * bēr-kynge, s. (BARKING.]
1. A kind of orange, the Bergamot Orange
Yarrell; bergle and bergell in Jamieson.)]
(Prompt. Parv.)
(Citrus Bergamia). It is very fragrant. Both
1. The name given in Shetland, and adopted
the flowers and fruit furnish an essential oil of
by Yarrell, for a fish (the Sebastes Norvegicus † ber-le, s. [BERYL.) (Houlate.)
a delicious odour, much prized as a perfume.
of Cuv., the Perca marina of Linn.), belonging
* ber-lep, s. [BERINGE-LEPE.] A basket.
to the order Acanthopterygii and the family
The term is used —
“With hard cheeks." It is called also the " Thei gedriden seven berlepis of relif that was laft.
(a) Of the tree now described.
Norway Haddock, but has no real affinity to
-Wycliffe : Works (ed. Arnold), i. 17.
(6) Of its fruit.
the haddock proper. It is an arctic fish, but * bēr-lik, a. [BARLEY.] Made of barley.
(c) Of the essential oil or perfume derived occurs occasionally on the coasts of Scotland.
(Scotch.)
from it.
2. A fish, the Ballan Wrasse (Labrus bergulta
* berlik-malt, s. Malt made of barley.
"The better hand more busy gives the nose
(Ascanius) Labrus tinca (Linn.), found in
Its bergamot."
Cowper: Task, bk. ii.
“... fifty quarteris of berlik-malt."- Act Audit.,
Orkney, &c. (Barry: Orkney.)
A., 1488, p. 147. (Jamieson.)
2. A garden plant, Monarda fistulosa, of
the Mint order, the smell of which is exactly
* ber-hed' (plur. * ber-hedis), s. [O. Scotch
bẹr-lin (1), * biār-lin, * bièr-lăng, S.
that of oil of bergamot. (Britten & Holland.)
bere = boar, and hede = Eug. head.] A boar's
[From Gael. birlinn = a galley.] A sort of
3. A kind of mint, the Bergamot Mint
head. (Scotch.)
galley. (Scotch.)
“Thre berhedis he hair.”
(Mentha citrata). (Britten & Holland.)
“There's a place where their berlins and gallies, as
Gawain and Gol., ii. 23. (Jamieson.)
they ca'd them, used to lie in lang syne."-Scott: Guy
II. Of the fruit of plants luscious to the taste : 1
bě-rhy'me (h silent), 2.t. [Eng. prefix be, and
A kind of pear luscious to the taste.
Mannering, ch. xl.
rhyme, v. In Ger. bereimen ; Dut. berigmen.] Bēr-lìn' (2) (occasionally as in example under
III. Of substances scented with bergamot: A
To rhyme about, to introduce into rhyme.
II. bēr'-lin), s. & a. [For etymology see A.,
kind of snuff prepared with bergamot.
(Used in contempt.)
IV. Of other products of Bergamo, in Italy :
I., II., and B. below.]
. . marry, she had a better love to berhyme her.”
A coarse tapestry with flocks of wool, silk, -Shakesp.: Rom. & Jul., ii. 4.
A. As substantive :
cotton, hemp, and ox or goat's hair, said to
have been first manufactured at Bergamo;
I. Geog. : [Sw., Dan., Ger., &c., Berlin ; Dut.
bě-rhy'med (1 silent), pa. par. & d. [BE-
Berlijn. From Vendic berle = uncultivated
also spelled bergamo.
RHYME.)
land.] The capital of Prussia and of the
B. As adjective: Pertaining or relating to bě-rhy'm-ing (h silent), pr. par. [BERHYME.] modern German empire.
the bergamot in any of the senses given above;
II. Coachmaking : [In Sw. Berliner-vagn =
as bergamot oil, the bergamot pear.
* běr'-1-all, a. [From Eng. beryl, and O. Eng. Berlin-waggon; Dan. Berlinst-bogn; Dut. &Ger.
suffix -all =-al.] Shining like beryl. (Scotch.) Berline; Sp. & Ital. Berlina; Port. Berlinda.]
bēr-găn'-dér, s. [Eng., &c., berg, and gander. " The new collour alichting all the landis,
A species of four-wheeled carriage having a
In Ger. bergent.] One of the names given
Forgane the stanryis schene and beriall strandis.”
sheltered seat behind the body and separate
to the Common Shelldrake, Shieldrake, or
Doug.: Virgil, Prol. 400, 10. (Jamieson.)
from it. It was introduced previous to 1673
Burrow-duck, Anas tadorna of Linnæus, 1 * ber-i-all, s. [BURIAL.] (Scotch.)
by Philip de Chiese, of Piedmont, who was in
now called Tadorna vulpanser. It occurs
the service of William, Elector of Brandenburg.
in Britain. [SHELLDRAKE, BURROWDUCK, | ber-i-ber-i, ber-i-ber'-1-a, ber'-ri-ber-
“ Beware of Latin, authors all !
TADORNA.]
rỉ, bar-bi-ers, s. [From Cingalese beri
Nor think your verses sterling,
Though with a golden pe
bhayree = weakness, inability; the redupli-
* ber'-gane, v.t. [BARGAIN, v.t.]
Swift.
cation beriberi or bhayree bhayree implying B. As adjective : Pertaining to, or in any
* ber'-gane, s. [BARGAIN, S.]
that this weakness or inability is present in
way connected with Berlin city.
double measure or in a very large degree.
* berge, * ber-gen, v.t. [A.S. beorgan= to But it has been denied that such a word exists
Berlin or Prussian blue, s. [PRUSSIAN
protect, to fortify.) To protect.
in Cingalese. Dr. Herklots derives it from BLUE.]
" And he so deden als he hem bead,
bharbari = paralysis with anasarca, and Dr.
*bēr-ling, s. [Eng. bear, and dim. suff. -ling.]
He wisten him bergen fro the dead."
Carter from Arab. bahr = asthma, and bahri
Story of Gen. & Exod. (ed. Morris), 1,059-60.
A young bear.
= marine.]
“All the berlingis brast out at ones.”
* ber'-ger-et, s. [In Fr. bergerie = a sheep Med. : An acute disease characterised by
Depos. of Rich. II., p. 18.
fold, (pl.) pastoral poetry ; bergerette=a young oppression of breathing, by general cedema, 1 bēr-lìn-īte, s. [Named after Prof. N. H.
shepherdess; berger = a shepherd.] A pastoral by paralytic weakness, and by numbness of Berlin, of the University of Lund.]
song.
the lower extremities. It is generally fatal.
Min.: A massive and compact quartzy-
“There began anon
It occurs in Ceylon among the coloured troops,
A lady for to sing right womanly..
looking mineral, colourless or grayish or pale
and on some portions of the Indian coast.
A bergeret in praising the daisie."
rose-red. Its hardness is 6, its sp. gr. 2.64.
Flow. & Leaf.
Earlier authorities consider beriberi and bar-
Compos. : Phosphoric acid, 55.9 ; alumina,
biers distinct, but more recent medical ob-
* berg'-les, a. (Eng. berg =a shelter (BERG),
40.5; water, 36 = 100. It occurs in Scania.
and O. Eng. suff. -les = less.] Shelterless, un-
servers regard them as identical. (Dr. Carter :
Trans. Med. Soc. Bombay, 1847. Dechambre :
protected.
* bẽn lý (1), a. [BURLY.] (Scotch.)
Cycl., &c.)
berg-man-nite, s. [Named after Torbernus
* bēr-lý (2), a. [Corrupted from barry (?).]
* ber-je, s. [A.S. bearo = a high or hilly place,
Bergmann, a mineralogist who flourished in
Her. : An old term for barry.
a grove, a wood, a hill covered with wood.]
the latter half of the eighteenth century.]
A grove or garden.
bêrm, bêrme (1), s. [In Fr. berme; Ger.
Min.: A variety of Natrolite, white or red “ The cell a chappell had on th' easterne side,
berme, brame, bräme=the border of a field.]
in colour, occurring fibrous, massive, or in
Upon the wester side a grove or berie.
1. Fortification:
Sir J. Harrington: Orl. Fur. xli. 57.
long prisms. It is found in Norway.
A narrow, level space at
the foot of the exterior slope of a parapet, to
* běr'--ěng, pr. par. [BURYING.]
běrg'-mas-tēr, s. [A.S. beorg = a hill, and
keep the crumbling materials of the parapet
Eng. master. In Dut. bergmeester ; Ger. berg * běr'-1-is, s. (Scotch.) [A.S. byrigels =a sepul-
from falling into the ditch. [ABATTIS.]
meister = a surveyor of mines : berg=a moun chre.) A sepulchre ; sepulture. [BIRIEL.]
2. Engineering: A ledge or bench on the
tain; bergmesh =a mine; meister = a master.] “The body of the quene (becaus scho slew hir self)
side or at the foot of a bank, parapet, or cut-
The bailiff or chief officer among the Derby wes inhibit to lye in cristin beriis."-Bellend. : Cron., ting, to catch earth that may roll down the
shire miners.
bk. ix., ch. 29. (Jamieson.)
slope or to strengthen the bank. In canals, it
is a ledge on the opposite side to the tow-path,
bērg'-mēal, s. [In Ger. bergmehle.]
bě-ril -1-um, s. [BERYLLIUM.]
at the foot of a talus or slope, to keep earth
Min. : [ROCK-MEAL.]
* ber-inde, pa. par. [BEAR, v.]
which may roll down the bank from falling
And scribble in a beren you scrawl,
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whăt, fall, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sīr, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; māte, cũb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; trý, Sýrian, æ, pe=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.
then therespinepite, süre, asus, marino je

berman-berry
507
into the water. Slopes in successive benches
have a berme at each notch, or, when a change
of slope occurs, on reaching a different soil.
* ber-man, s. [A.S. boerman = a man who
bears, a porter, bær = bare, pret. of beran =
to bear.] A porter.
“Bermen, bermen, hider swithe."
Havelok the Dane, 885. (S. in Boucher.)
* berme (2), s. [BARM.] (Prompt. Parv.)
* bēr-měn, s. [From BERME (2).] To foam.
"Bermen or spurgyn as ale or other lyke: Spumo."-
Prompt. Parv.
bēr-mīl'-lì-anş, s. pl.
In Commerce : The name of linen and fustian
materials.
Bēr-mū'-dą (pl. Bēr-mū'-daş, * Ber-
mootheş, * Bar-moo-daş), s. & a.
[Named after Juan Bermudez, a Spaniard who
is said to have touched at the islands in 1522 ;
or, as May thinks, from a Spanish vessel called
Bermudas being cast away there.]
A. As substantive :
1. Geog. : A group of islands in the Atlantic
Ocean, between lat. 32° and 33° N., about 580
miles from Cape Hatteras in North Carolina,
on the American continent, and 645 miles
from Atwood's Keys, the nearest point of the
West Indian Islands.
“ Thou call'dst me up at midnight to fetch dew
From the still vext Bermoothes."
Shakesp.: Tempest, i. 2.
If Ben Jonson may be trusted, when the
Bermudas were first discovered, a practice
seems to have prevailed for fraudulent debtors
to elude their creditors by embarking for these
beautiful coral islands.
“There's an old debt of forty, I ga' my word
For one is run away to the Bermudas."
Ben Jonson : Devil an Ass, iii. 3.
Hence arose the second meaning of the word.
[2.] (Nares.)
2. Topography (plur.): A place in London,
called also the Straights = straits. The term
is supposed to have referred to the narrow
passages north of the Strand, near Covent
Garden, which were admirably adapted to the
necessities of fraudulent debtors [1], and yet
more to those of educated literary men and
others who had to keep up a good appearance
on slender resources.
“Turn pyrates here at land,
Ha' their Bermudas and their Streights i' th'Strand.”
B. Jonson : Epist. to Sir Edw. Dorset, vol. vi., 361.
3. A kind of tobacco probably brought from
Bermuda, where the tobacco-plant flourishes.
“Where being furnished with tinder, match, and a
portion of decayed Barmoodas, they smoake it most
terribly.”—Clitus : Whimz, p. 135.
B. As adjective : Pertaining to the Ber-
mudas.
Bermudas cedar, Bermudian cedar: Juniperus
Bermudiana, a species of cedar which covers
the Bermuda islands. The timber is made
into ships, boats, and pencils. The wood of
Juniperus Barbadensis, the Barbadoes Cedar,
is sometimes imported with it under the same
name.
Bẽn-mu-di-an, Bễr-ma-di-an, C. & s.
[Eng. Bermud(a); -i-an.]
A. As adj. : Pertaining to Bermuda or the
Bermudians ; growing in the Bermudas.
B. As subst. : A native of the Bermudas.
“... the Bermudians are among the most dexterous
of fishermen, especially with the harpoon.”—Penny
Cyclop., iv. 301.
I Bermudian Cedar. [BERMUDAS CEDAR.]
Bēr-mū'-dị–ān-a, Bēr-mû'd-1-ā-na, s
[From Bermudian (q.v.), and suffix a.] A
beautiful plant of the Flag order—the Sisy-
rynchium Bermudianum, called also in the
Bermudas, where it grows wild, the Blue-eyed
Grass.
* ber-myn, v.i. The same as BERMEN (q.v.).
(Prompt. Parv.)
* bērn (1), * bērne (1), s. [BARN.]
“He shal gedre his corne in to his berne."-Wycliffe
(Matt. iii. 12).
* bērn (2), bērne (2), s. [A.S. bearn =a
child, a man.]
1. A warrior.
“The Erle of Kent, that crue! berne and bauld."
Wallace, vi. 649, MS.
2. A man of rank or authority.
“ The renk raikit to the Roy, with his riche rout;
Salust the bauld berne, with ane blith wout."
Gawain & Gol., iv. 22.
3. Any man.
• bēr-nollse', s. [BURNOUS.]
“For fere of houndis, and that awfull berne.”
Doug. : Virgil, 439, 22. (Jamieson.) |
* bern'-ston, s. [BRIMSTONE.]
“Thou sselt yuinde ver and bernston."
ber'-na-cle, * ber'-năck, * ber'-năk (1), s.
Ayenbite, p. 120.
[BARNACLE (1), BERNACLE.) (Prompt. Parv.) * bern-team, s. [A.S. bearn-team = posterity;
from bearn = a child, and teamian = to gene-
* bēr'-năk (2), * bēr'-na-kill, bēr'-na rate.] Posterity.
kýli, s. [BERNACLE (2), BERNICLE, BARNA-
“ Oswas vas moyses eain
And chore was is bernteam."
CLE (2).] (Prompt. Parv.)
Story of Gen. & Exod. (ed. Morris), 3,747, 3,748.
BÃr-nar-dine, BÃr-na-din, ca. & s. [In * bě-rob', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and rob. In Sw.
Sw., Dan., & Ger. Bernhardiner (s.); Fr. Ber-
beröfva; Dan. beröve; Ger. berauben.] To rob.
nardin; Sp. & Port. Bernardo (s.); Ital.
BEREAVE.]
Bernardini (s. pl.). From BERNARD (B.).] | * bě-rõb'bed, pa. par. & d. [BEROB.]
A. As adjective : Pertaining to the monks of “ She said, 'Ah dearest Lord ! what evill starre
the order of St. Bernard.
On you hath frownd and pourd his influence
That of your selfe ye thus berobbed arre."
" Hard by, in hospitable shade.
Spenser : F.Q., I. viii. 2.
A reverend pilgrim dwells,
Well worth the whole Bernardine brood." * bě-rob’-bằng, pr. par. [BEROB.)
Scott: Marmion, vi. 18.
B. As substantive (pl. Bernardins) :
Běr'-o-ē, s. [From Lat. Beroe; Gr. Bepon
Church History: The name given to the
(Beroē). ]
Cistercian monks, a branch of the old Bene-
1. Class. Myth. & History: A daughter of
dictines, from the very eminent St. Bernard,
Oceanus. Also the name of several women
who, entering the order, gave it such an
connected with Thrace, Illyria, &c.
impulse that he was considered its second 2. Zool. : A genus of animals, the typical
founder. St. Bernard was born at Fontaine, one of the family Beroidæ (q.v.). The Beroes
near Dijon, in A.D. 1091; in 1115 became are oval or globular-ribbed animals, trans-
abbot of a Cistercian monastery at Clairval or parent and gelatinous, with cirri from pole to
Clairvaux, in the territory of Langres; in pole, and two long tentacles fringed with
1127, before the Council of Troyes, advocated cirri, which aid them in breathing and in
the establishment of the Knights Templars; locomotion. They have a mouth, a stomach,
and in 1146 carried out his most notable and an anal aperture. They are free swim-
achievement, inducing the kings of France and ming organisms inhabiting the sea, sometimes
Germany to enter on a crusade (the second of rotating, and at night phosphorescent.
the series), which ended, contrary to his ex-
ber-7'-1-dæ, s. pl. [Lat. Berole); -idæ.]
pectations, in great disaster. He died in 1153.
His order was revived in 1664 by Armand
Zool. : A family of animals placed by Cuvier,
Jean Bouthelier de Rance, and long flourished
Owen, and others in the class Acalephæ, by
under the name of the Reformed Bernardines Carpenter and Dallas in that of Discophora
of La Trappe. (Mosheim : Ch. Hist. Cent. xii.,
(the equivalent of Acalephæ), and by Huxley
xvii.)
in the Coelenterata and the order Ctenophora.
[BEROE.]
* bērne (1), s. (BERN (1).] (Chaucer.)
běr-o-sús, s. [From Lat. Berosus ; Gr. Bn-
berne-yard, s. [BARN-YARD.]
pwoós (Bērāsus), Bnpoocos (Bērossos) = a cele-
brated historian, a priest of Belus, in Babylon,
* bērne (2), s. (Scotch.) [BERN (2).]
in the 3rd century B.C.]
* běr'-nět, s. The crime of arson.
Entom. : A genus of beetles belonging to
the family Hydrophilidæ. They have pro-
bēr'-nì-cle, bēr'-na-cle, bar'-na-cle (cle minent eyes, a narrow thorax, a dusky-yellow
as cel), * bar'-na-kỹlle, * bēr’-năck, hue, with dark metallic bronze markings.
* bēr'-năk, s. [In Low Lat. barnacus, bar-
They swim in ponds, often in an inverted posi-
nita, barnites (Prompt. Parv.).] [BARNACLE.]
tion. Several species occur in Britain.
1. The cirriped called a BARNACLE (q.v.). * běr-owe, * ber-we, s. [From A.S. bearo
2. The bernicle-goose.
=a grove, berawe = to a grove.) A shadow.
[BERIE.]
bernicle-goose, bernacle-goose, “Berowe or shadowe.”—Prompt. Parv.
barnacle-goose, s. A species of goose, “Berwe or shadowe.”—Ibid.
Anser leucopsis, sometimes called also Anser
bernicla. The connection in name with the běr'-ried, a. [Eng. berr(y); -i-ed.]
cirriped called a barnacle was that the bird In Bot. : Having a juicy, succulent texture;
was supposed to be developed from the cirri- | baccate.
ped. The Solan Goose was also said to be so
" Or when I feel about my feet
The berried briony fold."
Tennyson : The Talking Oak.
ber-ry (1), * ber-ỹ, * ber-ie, * ber (pl.
ber'-rieş, * ber'-ieş, * ber'-rěn), s. & a.
[A.S. berie, berige = a berry, a grape; Icel.
ber; Sw. bär; Dan. bær; (N. H.) Ger. beere;
M. H. Ger. ber; O. H. Ger. & O.S. beri ; L.
Ger. besing ; Dut. bes, bæsie; Goth. basi.
Compare Lat. bacca, and Sansc. bhakshya =
food; bhaksh = to eat.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Any fleshy fruit.
“Nor, creeping through the woods, the gelid race
Of berries." Thomson : Seasons ; Summer.
In parts of England and Scotland it is
BERNICLE GOOSE.
used specially for a gooseberry.
developed. See examples under BARNACLE.]
2. One of the eggs in the roe of a fish; so a
Gerard, in his Herbal, wrote in 1636 as if he
fish in spawn is said to be in berry.
had seen the growth of the bird from the II. Botany :
cirriped; but the celebrated Ray, in his edition * 1. Formerly: Any fleshy fruit.
of Willughby, published in 1678, rejected the
2. Now: A “bacca," a many-celled and
myth, as the French naturalist Belon had done
seeded inferior, indehiscent, pulpy fruit, the
more than a century before. The Bernicle
seeds of which becoming detached, when they
Goose has the upper part of the head, neck,
are mature, from their placenta, are loosely
and shoulders black; the rest of the upper
parts marbled with blue, gray, black, and
scattered through the pulp of the fruit.
white; the sides ashy-gray; the lower parts
B. As adjective: Bearing berries, composed
white; the head and tail black. It spends the
of berries, or in any other way pertaining to
summer in the Northern latitudes, appearing
berries.
in autumn abundantly in Ireland and on the berry-bearing, a. Bearing a berry or
north-west shores of Britain. On the eastern berries.
and southern coasts it is rarer, the Brent or
“... and berry-bearing thorns.".
Brant Goose (Anser torquatus) there taking its
Cowper : The Task, bk. v.
place. The food of the bernicle-goose consists berry-brown (Eng.), * bery-browne
chiefly of algæ and the Zostera marina.
(0. Scotch), a. & s.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhủn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -cle, &c. = bel, cel.

508
berry-beryl
merce, being eatable, besides furnishing a
bland oil used by watchmakers and artists.
W
mm
4. A sleeping-place of limited dimensions
on board ship. It consists of a box or shelf,
usually permanent, occupying a space against
the wall of a state-room or cabin.
II. Railway travelling : A sleeping - place,
like that described under A., 4, in a Pullman's
or other railway sleeping-car.
In railway cars berths are usually made
at two elevations; the lower one is made up
by bridging the space between two adjacent
seats, the upper berth by letting down a shelf
from above. [SLEEPING-CAR.]
B. Ord. Lang. : A situation, an appoint-
ment. (Used specially in the phrase, “A
comfortable berth,” by which is meant an
official situation in which the pay is handsome
and the duties light.)
berth and space.
Ship-building : The distance between the
moulding-edge of one bent or frame of a ship
and the moulding of another bent or frame.
The same as ROOM AND SPACE.
ITA
TURISTA
UW
DATO
Mb
Wales
MAN
AMID
CE
w
BASES
LEAF AND FRUIT OF BERTHOLETIA.
A. As adjective: Brown as a berry.
B. As substantive: A shade of brown ap-
proaching red.
berry-coffee, s. The coffee shrub; coffee
unground.
“Certainly this berry-coffee, the root and leaf beetle,
the leaf tobacco,... do all condense the spirits.”—
Bacon : Nat. Hist., Cent. viii., $ 738.
berry-formed, d. Of the form of a
berry.
* běr-rý (2), s. [Corrupted from burrow (q.v.).]
A barrow.
běr'-rý (1), v.i. & t. [From berry, s.]
A. Intransitive: To bear a berry or berries.
B. Transitive: To impregnate with spawn.
* ber'-rý (2), v.t. [From O. Sw. baeria; Icel.
beria = to beat, to fight.]
“To berry a bairn; to beat a child." -Jamieson.
In the south of Scotland it is used chiefly
for threshing corn.
běr'-ry-ą, s. [Named after Dr. Andrew Berry,
a Madras botanist. ]
Bot.: A genus of trees belonging to the
order Tiliaceæ (Lindenblooms). The only
known species, Berrya ammonilla, grows in
the Philippine Islands and Ceylon. The wood
is called Trincomalee wood, and is used in the
construction of the Madras massoola boats.
* běr-sēel, *bēr'-sěli, * bēr'-těl, * loy-
selle, * ber'-çel, s. [Compare Gaelic bar-
aille = a butt.] A mark to shoot at, a butt.
“Berseel: Meta."--Prompt. Parv.
* bēr-sel-ět, * bar'-sel-ětte, s. [From Ger.
bersen = to shoot (?).] A species of bow (?)
(Boucher); an engine employed for shooting,
possibly the cross-bow (Stevenson).
“With bow and with barselette
Under the bowes."
Gawain & Gol., i. 3. (Boucher.)
běr'-sẽr-kar, bēr-sēr-kér, s. [In Sw. ber-
serkar = a champion of the North. Ap-
parently from Sw. bar = bare, and skjorta =
shirt, shirt of mail, armour; O. Scotch scerk ;
Scotch sark= shirt, bare-shirters, i.e.= bare
of shirts of armour, see example 2.) A name
given to men said to have been possessed of
preternatural strength and extreme ferocity.
“The sagas of the Scalds are full of descriptions of
these champions, and do not permit us to doubt that
the Berserkars, so called from fighting without
armour ..."-Sir Walter Scott: Pirate, note b.
bér-sim-11-chi, S. [Mod. Gr.] A sort of
silk used for embroidery.
* bēr'-sis, s. [O. Fr. barce, berche.] A kind of
cannon formerly used at sea, resembling the
faucon, but shorter and of a larger calibre.
“Mak reddy your cannons ... pasuolans, bersis,
Loggis, doubil bersis, hagbutis of croche, half haggis,
culuerenis ande hail schot."--Complaint of Scot., p. 64.
* ber'-stěl, s. [BRISTLE.]
* ber's-ten, v.t. & i. (BURST.]
-bert, as a termination in the names of men.
[A.S. beorht= bright.] Bright, in the sense
of illustrious or famous ; as Egbert = eter-
nally famous, from ece=eternal; Sigbert =
famous conqueror; from sige, sege, sigor =
victory.
bēr-tēr-o-a, s. [Named after Charles Joseph
Bertero, a friend of De Candolle's.]
Bot.: A genus of cruciferous plants. B. in-
cana, or Hoary Berteroa, has been found in
one or two places in the south of England,
but is certainly not indigenous.
bērth (1), † bîrth (2), S. (Etym. doubtful.
Wedgwood considers it the same word with
the provincial barth =a shelter for cattle, and
derives it from A.S. beorgan = to defend
(BARROW, BURROW); Mahn, Skeat, &c., de-
duce it from Eng. birth.] [BIRTH.]
A. Technically:
I. Nautical :
1. A proper distance between ships lying
at anchor or under sail. (Harris.)
To give a wide berth to: To keep far away
from. (Lit. & fig.)
2. A convenient place to moor a ship in.
3. The berth of a mess : The proper place on
board for the mess to put their chests in.
(Harris.)
* berth (2), s. [Icel. & 0. Sw. bræda = rage ;
At Para the fibrous bark of the tree is used in
Sw. bräd = hot, eager, keen.] Rage (?) (Wyn place of oakum for caulking ships.
toun.) (Scotch.)
* bēr-tî-şēne, s. [BARTIZAN.] (0. Scotch.)
“Than past thai fra the Kyng in werth,
And slw, and heryid in thare berth.”
Wyntoun, vii., 9, 47. (Jamieson.) | bēr'-tram, s. [In Ger. bertram ; corrupted
bērth, bírth, v.t. [From berth, s.] To allot
from Lat. pyrethrum (q.v.).] The name of
two plants.
each seaman a place for his hammock. (Totten.)
1. According to Lyte, the name of a Compo-
Bēr'-tha, s. [Teutonic female name. A.S. site plant, Pyrethrum parthenium.
beorht = bright. The Greeks substituted
2. According to Parkinson, a name of Ana-
Ejdośía (Eudoxia)= good name, good report, cyclus pyrethrum, also one of the Compositæ.
fame, for the Teutonic Bertha.]
Astron..: An asteroid, the 154th found. It
* bēr-tyn, v.t. [From A.S. brytan = to break.]
was discovered by Prosper Henry on the 4th
[BRITTYN.] To strike; to batter. (Scotch.)
of November, 1875.
* ber-u-ham, s. [BERWHAM.]
bērthed, + bírthed, pa. par. & a. [BERTH, v.] Bēr'-vỉe, s. [Contracted from Inverbervie.
(See def.). 7
bēr-thěl'-lă, s. A species of marine mollusks.
1. Geog. : Inverbervie, a village and parish
* ber'-thene, * bir'-thun, s. [BURDEN.) in Kincardineshire.
“As an heuy birthun, tho ben maad heuy on me.”-
2. A haddock cured there.
Wycliffe (Ps. xxxvii. 5).
bervie-haddock, s. A haddock split
ber'-thi-er-ine, s. [Named after Berthier, a and half-dried with the smoke of a fire of
French chemist and mineralogist, with suffix
wood. These haddocks receive no more heat
-ine.] A mineral, called also Chamoisite than is necessary for preserving them pro-
(q.v.).
perly.
běr'-thị-ěr-īte, s. [From Berthier, a French
*ber-ward, s. [BEARWARD.] (0. Eng. & Scotch.)
chemist and mineralogist.] A mineral occur * ber-we, * ber-owe, s. [A.S. bearo, bearu
ring in elongated prisms, or massive, fibrous
= a grove.] A shadow. (Prompt. Parv.)
massive, plumose, or granular. It has a [BEROWE.]
metallic lustre and a dark steel-gray colour,
often with iridescent spots; the hardness is * berwen, v.t. [BURWEN.]
2-3, the sp. gr. 4—4.3. Compos.: Sulphur,
29.9"; antimony, 57.0 ; and iron 13:1 = 100.
* ber-wham, * ber-u-ham, * barg-he-
It occurs in Cornwall; in France, Saxony, ame (Old Eng.), bark-ha-am, bark-
Hungary, New Brunswick, and California.
ham, brau-chin (N. of Eng. dialect), brē-
bỹrth-ing, 4 bữrth-ing, p. par., C., & s.
chăm, brech-ame (ch guttural) (Scotch), s.
[Etymology doubtful. Compare Gael. braigh-
[BERTH, v.]
death = a horse collar, braighetean = a calf's
A. & B. As pres. par. & par. adj.: In senses collar. But compare also hame = the two-
corresponding to those of the verb.
curved pieces of wood or metal on the collar
C. As substantive (Nautical):
of a draught-horse, to which the traces are
1. The act of giving an anchorage to.
fastened ; Ger. kummet = a horse collar.]
2. The act of furnishing with a berth.
“Berwham, horsys colere (beruham for hors ...)”—
Prompt. Parv.
* berth-in-sek, * bird-in-sek, * burd- / * běr'-ý, * běr'-ye, s. [BERRY.]
in-seck, . [A.S. geburthyn in saecce = a
burden in a sack; or from gebeora = to carry.]
* ber-ỷ, . . [BURY.] (Scotch.)
Law of Berthinsek: A law, according to ber-ỳ, * băr-vss, * ber-isch, 2.1. [BURY.]
which no man was to be punished capitally
(Scotch.)
for stealing a calf, sheep, or as much meat as
he could carry on his back in a sack. (Scotch.) * be-ry-chen, v.t. [BURWEN.]
“Be the law of Birdinsek na man suld die, or be
hanged for the thieft of ane scheepe, ane weale, or for *beryd, pa. par. & d. [A. S. berian = to strike,
sa meikle meate as he may beare vpon his backe in beat.) Trodden.
ane seck ; bot all sik thieues suld pay ane schiepe or
ane cow to him in quhais land he is taken, and mair-
"Bi the beryd weye we shulen goon.”-Wycliffe
over suld be scurged.”-Skene. (Jamieson.)
(Numbers xx. 19).
bēr-thol-let-1-a, s. [Named after Berthollet,
* bě-rye, s. [BERRY.]
a celebrated French chemist, who was born | * ber-y-el, * ber-y-els, s. [BIRIEL.]
on the 9th of December, 1748, and died on the
6th November, 1822.]
| * ber-y-en, v.t. [BURWEN.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
bēr-y-inge, s. [BURYING.]
order Lecythidaceæ. The only species is a
large tree, growing 100 feet high, with a dia bēr'-ýı, * ber-ile, s. & d. [In Sw. & Dan.
meter of two feet, found in the forests which beryl; Ger. beryll; Gael. + beril; Fr. béryl ; 0.
fringe the Orinoco. It has yellowish-white Fr. beril, bericle; Prov. berille, bericle; Sp.
flowers, with six unequal petals, and a fleshy berylo; Port. & Ital. berille; Lat. berillus =
ring consisting of many white stamina. The the beryl, and various other gems; Gr. Býpur-
fruit is the size of a man's head, with four dos (bērullos) = a jewel of sea-green colour,
cells and six or eight nuts. These are called the beryl. Compare Arab. ballúr = crystal
Brazil or, from the place where they are (Catafago), ballawr, dilawr = beryl, crystal
shipped, Para nuts, are an article of com (Mahn); Pers. bullúr, bulûr = crystal.]
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hễr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, són; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; try, Sýrian. ~, o=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

beryllia-beseecher
509
-
A. As substantive :
Bnpullos (bērullos) = a sea-green mineral, the
" Then was he bescorned. that onely should have
been honoured in all things.”—Chaucer : Pars. Tale.
beryl (q.v.).] Beryllium : symb. Be; at. wt.
I. Mineralogy:
1. As a genus: A mineral genus, compre-
9.3. A rare white malleable metal, the same *bě-scorned, pa. par. [BESCORN.]
hending both the emerald and the beryl pro-
as Glucinum; sp. gr., 2.1. It does not decom-
pose water. Its melting point is below that * bě-scorn-îng, pr. par. [BESCORN.]
perly so called, the former bright emerald-
green, from the presence of chromium, and
of silver. It is dissolved by caustic potash
the latter of other colours, from having iron
* bě-scrătch, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and scratch.]
and dilute acids with the solution of hydro-
gen. It occurs as a silicate in Phenacite, To scratch.
instead of chromium. [EMERALD.] The com-
position is silica, 66:8; alumina, 19:1; glucina,
also in the mineral Beryl along with alumi-
* bě-scrăt'cht, * bescracht, pa. par. [BE-
niurn silicate. [GLUCINUM.]
14.1= 100. The hardness is 7.5-8; the sp.
SCRATCH.]
gr., 2.63–2.76. It is in lustre vitreous, more
* ber-yn, v.t. [BEAR, v.]
“For sore ne swat, and, ronning through that same
rarely resinous. It is brittle, transparent or
Thick forest, was bescracht and both his feet nigh
lame."
translucent, and with feeble double refraction. * ber-yne, v.t. [BURY.]
Spenser: F.Q., III. v. 3.
The genus is always crystalline, never in any
* ber-y-nes, * ber-y-niss, s. [A. S. byrignes,
bě-scrâ'wl, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and scrawl.]
circumstances massive. Its crystals belong to
To scrawl over; to cover with scrawls.
the rhombohedral system, and are hexagonal byrigednes = burial.] Burial.
“These wretched projectors of ours, that bescrawl
prisms, either of regular form or variously
“And he deyt thareftir sone;
their pamphlets every day with new forms of govern-
modified.
And syne wes brocht till berynes."
ment for our church."- Milton : Reason of Church
Barbour, iv. 334, MS. (Jamieson.)
Gov., i. 1.
2. As a species: A mineral species consisting
of those varieties of the beryl genus which
| *ber-yng, * ber-ynge, pr. par. & s. [BEAR bě-scrâ'wled, pa. par. [BESCRAWL.]
are transparent and colourless, or yellowish-
ING.] (Chaucer, &c.)
blue, pale green, or rose-red, as distinguished A. As pr. par.: The same as BEARING, Pr.
bě-scrâ'wl-ựng, pr. par. [BESCRAWL.]
from those which are bright green. The par.
* bě-scrēech', v.t. [SCREECH.]
varieties are distinguished by their colours. B. As substantive :
“Pe bischrichep and bigredep.”_Owl and Night, 67.
Pliny recognises four or five of the following
1. The act of carrying.
varieties (1) Colourless. (2) Bluish-green.
be-scrēen', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and screen.]
“Berynge : Portagium, latura.”—Prompt. Parv.
[AQUAMARINE.] (3) Apple-green. (4) Greenish-
yellow to iron-yellow and honey-yellow.
1. Lit. : To screen, to cover with a screen.
2. The act of behaving, behaviour.
It
is the ancient chrysoberyllus, but not the
“... thei schul be of good loos, condicions, and
2. Fig.: To conceal, to hide from view..
beryng."- Eng. Gild (Ear. Eng. Text Soc.), p. 3.
modern chrysoberyl. [CHRYSOBERYL.] David-
“What man art thou, that thus bescreen'd in night,
sonite falls under this variety. (5) Pale yel-
So stumblest on my counsel?”
* 3. The lap.
lowish-green, the ancient chrysoprasus, but
“Him thoughte a goshauk with gret flyght
Shakesp. : Rom. and Jul., ii. 2.
Setlith on his beryng."
not the modern chrysoprase. [CHRYSOPRASE.]
Alisaunder, 484. I bě-screen'ed. pa. par. & a. BESCREEN. 1
(6) Clear sapphire blue, the hyacinthozontes of běr'-yx, s. [Gr. Bnpúš (bērux) (Bescherelle, not
Pliny. (7) Pale sky blue, the aëroides of Pliny. in Liddell & Scott, &c.) = an unknown fish.]
bě-scrēen'-ing, pr. par. & a. [BESCREEN.]
(8) Pale violet or reddish. (9) Opaque A genus of fishes of the order Acanthopterygii, bě-scrib’-ble, v.t. [Eng. pref. be, and scribble.]
brownish yellow, of waxy or greasy lustre. (10) and the family Percidæ. They have no repre To scribble over.
Colourless or white. [GOSHENITE.]. (Dana.) sentative in Britain.
"... bescribbled, with a thousand trifling imper-
Transparent beryls are found in Siberia,
tinences ..."-Milton : Doct. and Dis. of Divorce, ii. 12.
India, and Brazii. The best Aquamarine is bēr-zēl'-1-an-īte, s. [In Ger. Berzeliit.
from Brazil; Davidsonite is from Rubislaw Named after the great chemist and mineralo- bě-scrib'-bled, pa. par. & a. [BESCRIBBLE.]
and other quarries near Aberdeen. Other gist the Baron Jacob von Berzelius.] A
bě-scrīb’-blựng, pr. par. [BESCRIBBLE.]
varieties of beryl occur in Cornwall, near mineral placed by Dana in his Galena group.
Dublin, and abroad. The beryl is a lapidary's It consists of selenium, 38'4 to 40 ; copper, 1 + bě-scŭm-bêr, v.t. Eng. prefix be, & O.
gem.
61.6 to 64 = 100. It is a selenide of copper.
Eng. Scumber (q.v.).] To encumber.
II. The beryl of Scripture :
It is a silvery-white species with a metallic
Did Block bescumber
1. A gem, the Heb. wu
Statutes' white suit, wi' the parchment lace there?”
lustre, occurring in Sweden and in the Harz.
(Tarshish), so
B. Jonson : Staple of News.
called presumably as having been brought bēr-zēl'-1-īte, s. & a. [In Ger. berzeliit, berze- | * bě-scŭm'-bēred, pa. par. & a. [BE-
from one of the two places, perhaps Tartessus lit. Named after Berzelius.] [BERZELIANITE.]
SCUMBER.]
in Spain, denominated in Scripture Tarshish.
A. As substantive: A mineral, called also
It was probably the chrysolite or topaz, though
Kuhnite(q.v.), but Dana prefers the name Ber-
* bě-scŭm'-bēr-îng, pr. par. [BESCUMBER.]
some, with less likelihood, think it was anber.
zeliite. It is massive, cleaving in one direction,
It constituted the fourth row of stones in the
is brittle, with a waxy lustre, and a dirty-white
* bě-scŭtch'-eón, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and
high-priest's breastplate. (Exod. xxviii. 20;
scutcheon.] To adorn as with an escutcheon.
or honey-yellow colour. Hardness, 5–6; sp.
xxxix. 13. See also Song v. 14; Ezek. i. 16;
gr., 2:52. Compos. : Arsenic acid, 56:46 to
“In a superb feather'd hearse,
x. 9; xxviii. 13; Dan. x. 6.)
Bescutcheon'd and betagged with verse.".
58:51 ; lime, 20.96 to 23:22; oxide of magnesia,
Churchili: The Ghost, bk. iv.
2. A gem, the rendering of the Sept. Bypúx 15.61 to 15.68; oxide of manganese, 2.13 to
dcov (bērullion) in the Septuagint Greek of Job 4.26. It occurs in Sweden.
* bě-sē'e, * be-seye, * be-se, * bi-se, * by-
xxviii. 16 and Ezek. xxviii. 13. The Hebrew B. As adjective: Of or belonging to Berze-
se, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and see.] To see, to
word is DTV (shoham), translated “onyx” in liite. Dana has a Berzeliite group of minerals.
contemplate. (Sometimes used with a reflexive
pronoun.)
those passages, and “onyx-stone” in Gen. ii.
bēr-ze-lîne, s. [Also named after Berzelius.]
12; Exod. xxviii. 9; XXXV. 9, 27. The species
"And thei seiden, What to vs? bese thee.”—Wycliffe
[BERZELIANITE.] A mineral, called also Ber-
has not been properly identified.
(Purvey), Matt. xxvii. 4.
zelianite (q.v.).
3. The rendering of the Gr. Býpullos (bē-
bě-sēech', * be-seche, * bi-seche, by-
rullos) = the beryl (Rev. xxi. 20). It is made bēr'-zel-īte, s. [Also named after Berzelius.] seche, by seche, be-seke, bi-seke,
to constitute the foundation of the New Jeru A mineral, called also Mendipite (q.v.).
* be sege (pret. besoucht, besought, bysoughte,
salem.
beseeched; pa. par. besought, beseeched), v.t.
"... the first foundation was jasper ... the fourth be-saint', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and saint.] To [From Eng. prefix be, and seek; sechen, seken;
an emerald ... the eighth beryi." —Rev. xxi. 19, 20. make a saint of.
A.S. secan. In Ger. ersuchen ; Dut. verzoeken.]
B. As adjective: Of or belonging to the beryl
.. and besaint
[SEEK.] To entreat, to supplicate, to implore,
Old Jezebel for showing how to paint.”
in any of the foregoing senses.
John Hati: Poems, p. 3.
to pray earnestly, to beg. It is followed by-
“... and the appearance of the wheels was as the
(a) A simple objective of the person im-
colour of a beryl stone."-Ezek. x. 9.
* be-şaunt (0. Eng.), * beş-and, * bei-
plored.
* beryl-crystal, s. An old name for the şand (0. Scotch), s. [BEZANT.]
"But we beseke you of mercie and socour.”
beryl, presumably derived from the fact that
* Chaucer: C. T., 917.
it is always crystalline. (BERYL.]
* běş-ağl'e, s. [From Norm. Fr: besayle (O. Fr. "... and besought him, saying, Lord, if thou wilt,
beseel; Mod. Fr. bisaïeul) = a great grand-
thou canst make me clean."-Luke v. 12.
beryl-like, a. Like a beryl.
father; Fr. & Lat. bis = twice, and Fr. aïeul
Or (6) by an objective and a clause of a
“It is scarcely possible to imagine anything more
= grandfather ; Lat, avolus, dimin. of avus =
sentence introduced by that.
beautiful than the beryl-like blue of these glaciers.” —
“Bysechyng him of grace, er that thay wentyn,
a grandfather.]
Darwin : Voyage round the World, ch. x.
That he wold graunten hem a certeyn day.'
0. Law : A writ issued when one claims
Chaucer: C. T., 8,054-5.
běr-ýll-lì-a, s. [From beryllium (q.v.), Beo.]
redress of an abatement, which he alleges took
Or (c) by an objective of the person and an
Oxide of beryllium = glucina. A light, taste-
place on the death of his great-grandfather or infinitive.
less, colourless powder, separated from alu great-grandmother. It is called also a writ de
“And he beseech'd me to entreat your majesties."
mina by its solubility in a cold concentrated avo, Lat. = concerning one's grandfather. It
Shakesp. : Hamlet, iii. 1.
solution of ammonium carbonate. It is soluble differs from an assize of mort de ancestor, and Or (d) by an objective of the thing earnestly
in caustic alkalies. It forms soluble colourless from writs of ayle, of tresayle, and of cosinage begged for.
salts, which do not form alums nor give a blue
(see these terms).
"Before I come to them, I beseech your patience,
colour with cobalt nitrate when tested by the
whilst I speak something."--Sprat.
blow-pipe. These salts have a sweet taste,
* bě-scăt'-těr, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, & scatter. ] !
hence the name glucina. Beryllium salts are To scatter over.
* be-sēech, s. [From BESEECH, v.] A suppli-
precipitated as beryllia hydrate by (NH4)2S ; “Her goodly lockes adowne her backe did flow
cation.
The precipitate is dissolved by long boiling
Unto her waste, with flowres bescattered."
“Good madam, hear the suit that Edith urges
Spenser: F. Q., IV. xi. 46.
with NH4Cl.
With such submiss beseeches."
Beaum. & Fi.: Bloody Brother.
* bě-scăt'-těred, pa. par. [BESCATTER.]
běr-yl-līne, a. [Eng. beryl(l)ine.] Pertain-
bě-seēçh'-ěr, s. [Eng. beseech; -er.] One
ing to a beryl, resembling a beryl. (Webster.) * be-scăt'-ter-ing, pr. par. [BESCATTER.] who beseeches.
běr-yl-17-úm, běr-1l'-lì-úm, s. [Latin- | * bě-scorn, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and scorn.]
“Let no unkind, no fair beseechers kill ;
Think all but one, and me in that one Will.'"
ised from Gr. Bắpuldcov (bērullion), dimin. of To scorn, to treat with scorn, to contemn.
Shakesp.: Sonnets, 135.
UNUI UUU UUU UUDIO 11
boil, boy; póut, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shún; -ţion, -şion=zhún. -cious, -tious, -sious =shús. -ble, -dle, &c.=bel, del.

510
beseeched-besiege
* bě-sēech'ed, pa. par. [Now BESOUGHT.] (2) To serve for ; to become; to be suitable
[BESEECH, v.t.]
to. (Scotch.) [BESIT.]
"... if thou be the childe of God, doe as besets thy
bě-sēeçh'-îng, pr. par. & s. [BESEECH, v.t.] estate-sleep not, but wake."-Rollock on 1 Thess.,
A. & B. As pr. par. and particip. adj.: In p. 258. (Jamieson.)
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
II. To set upon; to fall upon.
C. As substantive: The act of supplicating,
"At once upon him ran, and him beset
With strokes of mortal steel.”
supplication.
Spenser : F. Q.
"This tame beseeching of rejected peace."
III. To set around.
'homson: Britannia..
1. More literally :
bằ-s@ech-ing-lý, * bisekandlik, ado. (1) Gen. : To set around, as jewels around a
[Eng. beseeching; -ly.] In a beseeching man crown, or anything similar.
ner, imploringly. (Neale.)
"A robe of azure beset with drops of gold."
Addison : Spectator, No. 425.
* bě-sēeçh'-měnt, s. [Eng. beseech ; -ment.] (2) To surround with hostile intent; to be-
Supplication, an entreaty.
siege; to set upon; to infest, as a band of
“While beseechment denotes ..."-Goodwin : Work robbers do, a road.
of the Holy Ghost, bk. iii., ch. i.
“Follow him that's fled ;
The thicket is beset, he cannot 'scape."
* bě-sēek', * bě-sēeke, v.t. [BESEECH.] To
nakesp.: Two Gent, of Verona, v. 3.
beseech.
“Though with his boldest at his back,
"... and there with prayers meeke
Even Roderick Dhu beset the track.”
And myld entreaty lod ging did for her beseeke.”
Scott : The Lady of the Lake, ii. 35.
Spenser: F. Q., VI. iii. 37.
2. More fig.: To surround (used of things,
bě-sēem', * bě-sēem'e, * be-seme, v.t. & i. of dangers, mobs, or other obstructions); to
[Eng. prefix be, and seem. ]
perplex, to embarrass, to entangle with snares
A. Trans.: To become; to be fit, suitable,
or difficulties.
“Poor England ! thou art a devoted deer,
proper for, or becoming to.
Beset with ev'ry ill but that of fear."
"As man what could beseem him better."-Hooker:
Cowper: Table Talk.
Eccl. Pol., bk. v., ch. xlviii., $ 5.
bě-set', * bě-sett'e, pa. par. [In A. S. beseten,
B. Intrans. : To be fit, suitable, or proper.
besetten.] [BESET.]
“But with faire countenaunce, as beseemed best,
Her entertaynd ...” Spenser : F. 2., III. iv. 55. bě-set-ting, * beseting, pr. par., a., & s.
* bě-sēem'e, a. [From BESEEM, v. (q.v.).] Fit,
[BESET, v.t.]
suitable. (Spenser.)
A. & B. As pr. par. & participial adj. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
be-sēem'-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [BESEEM.]
A besetting sin: The sin ever present with
A. As pr. par. : In senses corresponding one; the special sin to which, from constitu-
to those of the verb.
tional proclivities or other causes, one is in
B. As participial adj. : Befitting.
constant danger of yielding. The expression
“And made Verona's ancient citizens
is founded on Heb. xii. 1, “Let us lay aside
Cast by their grave beseeming ornaments."
every weight, and the sin which doth so easily
BE Shakesp. : Romeo and Juliet, i. 1. beset us." The metaphor seems to be that of
C. As subst. : Comeliness. (Baret.)
a long flowing garment which tends to em-
barrass the movements of a runner, if not
bě-sēem'-ing-ly, adv. [Eng. beseeming ; -ly.]
even to trip and overthrow hiin.
In a beseeming manner, becomingly, fitly,
“A disposition to triumph over the fallen has never
suitably, properly. (Webster.)
been one of the besetting sins of Englishmen.”—
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv.
bě-sēem'-îng-ness, S. [Eng. beseeming;
C. As. subst. : The act of surrounding.
-ness.] The quality of being beseeming; fit-
“And the beseting of one house to robbe it ..."-
ness, suitableness. (Webster.)
Sir John Cheeke: The Hurt of Sedition.
bě-sēem'-ly, a. [Eng. beseem; -ly.] Like * be-sew, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and sew.]
what beseems ; fitting, suitable, becoming,
“The dead bodie was besewed
proper.
In clothe of golde, and leide therin.”
“ See to their seats they hye with merry glee,
Gower : Conf. Amant., bk, viii.
And in beseemly order sitten there.”
*be-seye', besey, pa. par. [BESEEN.]
Shenstone : Schoolmistress.
Evil besey: Ill beseen; of a mean appear-
* bě-sēen', * bē-seene, * bē-seine, pa. par.
ance. (Chaucer.)
[BESEE.] In senses corresponding to those of
the verb. Specially-
Richly beseye: Of a rich appearance; well
dressed.
1. Of persons : Having well seen to anything;
well acquainted or conversant with; skilled. * be-shā'de, vit. [Eng. be; shade.] To shade;
(Generally with well preceding it.)
to hide in shadow.
“... weill beseine in histories both new and old."-
Pitscottie : Cron., p. 39.
So that the moone is somdele faded."
2. Of things or of persons : Who or which
Gower : Conf. Amant., bk. vi.
have been well seen to; provided, furnished,
bê-shâ'n, s. [Arab.]
fitted out.
Botany : The Balm of Mecca (Balsamodendron
“His lord set forth of his lodging with all his at | opobalsamum).
tendants in very good order and richly beseen.”--Pit-
scottie : Cron., p. 365. (Jamieson.)
* be-shed, * bi-sched, v.t. [Eng. be, and
Well beseene: Of good appearance ; comely. shed.] To besprinkle, wet.
"And sad habiliments right well beseene."
" Azael took the cloth on the bed, and bischedde
Spenser : F. Q., I. xii. 5. with watir."-Wycliffe (IV. Kings viii. 15).
* be-seik', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and seik.]| * bě-shět', * bě-shette, pa. par. [BESHUT.]
[BESEECH, BESEEK.]
Shut up. (Chaucer.)
*be-sein (0. Eng.), * be-seine (0. Scotch), 1 * bě-shi'ne, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and shine.
pa. par. [BESEE, BESEEN.]
In Ger. bescheinen.] To shine upon; to give
light or brightness to; to enlighten, to il-
* beseke, v.t. [BESEECH.]
luminate.
bě-set', * bě-sette', * be-sete, * by-sette,
"When the sun is set, it beshineth not the world.”-
Golden Boke, ch. 36. (Richardson.)
*by-set-ten, * by set (pret. beset, *bi-
settide, * by set; pa. par. beset), v.t. [Eng.
besh'-met, s. Grapes made into a consistence
prefix be, and set ; A.S. bisettan = to set near,
resembling honey, which forms a staple article
to place (from be, and settan = to cover, to
of commerce in Asia Minor.
sit, to set; Sw. besätta; Dan. bescette ; Dut. bě-shrew', *be-shrewe, * be-schrew,
bezetten=to occupy, to take, to invest, garri * bi-schrewen, *be-schrow (ew as û),
son, border, or edge; N. H. Ger. besetzen;
v.t. Eng. prefix be, and shrew.]
O. H. Ger. bisazjan.) [SET.]
1. To imprécate a mild curse upon; to wish
* I. To set, to set on, or to.
that a trifling amount of evil may happen to
1. More lit. : To place, to put, to station, to (with a being, a person, or a thing for the
fix, to appoint, to employ, to bestow.
object).
“Therefore the love of everything that is not deset
“Des. It is my wretched fortune.
in God.”—Chaucer : The Parson's Tale.
lago. Beshrew him for it!
2. More fig. (chiefly from 0. H. Ger. bisazjan
How comes this trick upon him?
Shakesp. : Othello, iv. 2.
=... to serve a table):
2. Under the guise of uttering an impreca-
(1) To cause to serve; to serve (as a table). tion against one, really to utter an exclamation
(Chaucer.)
of love, tenderness, or coaxing.
"Beshrew your heart, fair daughter.".
Shakesp.: 2 Henry IV., ii. 3.
3. To deprave, make evil.
“Who goth simpleli, goth trostli: who forsothe be-
shrewith his weies, shal be maad opene."- Wycliffe
(Prov. x. 9).
I Generally in the imperative, signifying
“woe be to” (see examples above). Once in
Shakespeare in the pr. indicative with I.
“I beschrew all shrows."
Shakesp.: Love's Labour Lost, v. 2.
Beschrew me, beschrew my heart : A form of
asseveration; indeed. (Schmidt, Shakespeare
Lexic., &c.)
bě-shroud', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and shroud.]
To shroud.
bě-shroud'-ed, pa. par. [BESHROUD.]
bě-shroud'-ing, pr. par. [BESHROUD.]
* bě-shŭt', * bě-shět', * bě-shett'e, v.t.
[Eng. prefix be, and shet.] To shut up.
"Sith Bialacoil they have beshet,
Fro me in prison wickedly."
Rom. of the Rose, 4,488.
bě-sī'de, bě-sī'deş, *bi-si-dis, *by-
syde, * by syde, * bi syde, prep. & adv.
[Eng. prefix be, and side; A.S. besiilan = by
the side ; be and bi = by, near, and sidan, dat.
of sid = a side.]
A. As prep. (originally of old form akin to
both beside and besides; now chiefly, and in-
deed all but exclusively, of the form beside):
I. Lit.: By the side of; hence, near, in im-
mediate proximity to.
“In that dai Jhesus yede out of the hous and sat
bisidis the sea."-Wycliffe : Matt. xiii. 1.
"... he leadeth me beside the still waters."-Psalm
xxiii. 2.
II. Figuratively :
1. Over and above; in addition to.
"... four thousand men, beside women and chil-
dren.”—Matt. xv. 38.
“Thus we find in South America three birds which
use their wings for other purposes besides flight."-
Darwin : Voyage round the World, ch. ix.
2. Outside of : apart from, but not contrary
to.
"It is beside my
12:10 18 oeside my present business to enlarge upon
3. Out of; in a state deviating from and
often contrary to.
(a) Without a reflexive pronoun :
“Of vagabonds we say,
That they are ne'er beside their way."
Hudibras.
(6) With a reflexive pronoun: (Used in the
phrase, “ To be beside one's self," meaning to
be out of one's senses, to be mad.)
"... Festus said with a loud voice, Paul, thou art
beside thyself."-Acts xxvi. 24.
B. As adverb (chiefly, though by no means
exclusively, of the form besides): Moreover,
over and above; in addition to this, more than
that; not of the number, class, or category
previously mentioned.
"And the men said unto Lot, Hast thou here any
besides ...”—Gen. xix. 12.
(a) Crabb thus distinguishes between besides
and moreover :-Besides marks simply the con-
nection which subsists between what goes
before and what follows; moreover marks the
addition of something particular to what has
already been said. Thus, in enumerating the
good qualities of an individual, we may say,
“he is, besides, of a peaceable disposition.” On
concluding any subject, we may introduce a
farther clause by a moreover : “moreover, we
must not forget the claims of those who will
suffer by such a change.”
(6) Besides and except are thus discriminated :
Besides expresses the idea of addition, except
that of exclusion. "There were many there
besides ourselves ;” “No one except ourselves
will be admitted.” (Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
bě-sid'-ēr-ý, s. [From Fr. bezigier, bezige,
besier = a wild pear-tree fruit, besi = wild
(Jaubert). Or Dut. besi ; O. Ger. bese; Goth.
basi = a berry.] (Littré.) A kind of pear.
be-siēģe, * besege, * bi sege, v.t. [From
Eng. prefix be, and siege. In Fr. assiéger ;
from siéger = to set ; siége = a seat, ... a
siege.] [SIEGE.]
1. Lit. : To sit down before a place with the
view of capturing it; to invest a place with
hostile armaments; to open trenches against
it, and when suitable preparations have been
made, to assault it, with the view of capturing
it by force or compelling its surrender.
"... Shalmaneser king of Assyria caine up against
Samaria, and besieged it."—2 Kings xviii. 9.
“For he is with the ground beshaded
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sön; mūte, cũb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; trý, Sýrian. 2, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

besiege-besottedly
511
2. Fig. : To beset, to surround a person or bě-slob'-bēr-îng, * bě-slúb'-bēr-ing, pr. be-smŭt'-ted, * be-smotred (0. Eng.),
par. [BESLOBBER, BESLUBBER.]
* be-smot-trit (O. Scotch), pa. par. & Cl.
with a multitude of beggars clamouring for
[BESMUT.]
bě-slŭr'-rỉed, pa. par. & d. [BESLURRY.]
+ bě-snow', * be-snew, v.t. [From Eng.
* bě-siēģe, s. [From besiege, v. (q.v.).] Siege; be-slúr'-ry, v.t. [From Eng. prefix be, and N. prefix be, and snow (q.v.). In A. S. besnivod =
besiegement.
dialect of Eng. slurry = to dirty, to smear : E. snowed ; Dan. besnee = to snow upon; Dut.
: . suffised him for the besiege of Sagittæ." dialect slur=thin washy mud (?). Compare Dut. besneeuwed = covered with snow; Ger. be-
Hackluyt : Voyages, ii. 15.
slyk = dirt, mud.] To smear, to soil, to defile. schneien = to cover with snow.]
bě-siēged, * beseged, pa. par. & a. [BE-
“And being in this piteous case,
1. To cover with snow, to cover with any-
And all beslurried head and face."
SIEGE, v.]
Drayton : Nymphido.
thing thick as snow-flakes.
be-siē'ġe-ment, s. [Eng. besiege ; -ment.]
"The presents every day ben newed,
* besme, * beesme, * bisme, s. [BESOM.]
He was with giftes al besnewed.”
The act of besieging; the state of being be-
"he cummynge, fyndeth it voide, clensid with
Gower : Conf. Am., bk. vi.
sieged.
bismes, and maad faire."—Wycliffe (Matt. xii. 44).
2. To render white like snow.
"Eche person setting before their eies besiegement,
“Another shall
hungar, and the arrogant enemy, ..."-Goldyng
bě-smë'ar, * be-smeare, v.t. [Eng. prefix
Impearl thy teeth, a third thy white and small
Justice, p. 31. (Richardson.)
be, and smear. A.S. besmired, besmyred = be Hand shall besnow."
Carew : Poems, p. 95.
bě-siē'-ger, s. [Eng. besieg(e); -er.] One
smeared ; be and smyrian, smyrigan, smerian,
bě-snow'ed (1), * be-snewed,* by-snywe,
who besieges a place. (Generally used in the smirian = to smear, to anoint; smeru = fat,
grease, butter.
plural.)
pa. par. & a. [BESNOW.] (Todd.)
In Dan. besmöre; Dut. be-
“Their spirits rose, and the besiegers began to lose
smeren ; Ger. beschmieren = to besmear.]
bě-snúff', v.t. [From Eng. prefix be, and
heart."--Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xvi.
I. Literally :
snuff.] To besmear, soil, or defile with snuff.
bě-siēģ-îng, pr. par. & d. [BESIEGE, v.t.]
which adheres to what it touches.
Young : Satire 6.
+ bě-siēģ-îng-ly, adv. [Eng. besieging: -ly.]
(a) The unctuous substance not being neces-
bě-snúff'ed, pa. par. & a. [BESNUFF.]
siege. (Webster.)
sarily fitted to defile :
“But lay, as in a dream of deep delight,
bě-snúf'-fîng, pr. par. [BESNUFF.]
bě-sĩl'-věr, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and silver.] Besmear'd with precious balm, whose virtuous might |
Did heal his wounds.”
To cover with, or array in silver. (Lit. & fig.)
* bě-soil, v.t. [Eng. be, and soil.] To defile,
Spenser : F. Q., I. xi. 50.
"Though many streams his banks besiluered."
(6) The unctuous substance being fitted to defile:
soil.
G. Fletcher : Christ's Triumph on Earth. (Richardson.)
“First, Moloch, horrid king, besmear'd with blood
"His swerde, all besoyled with blode.” — Merlin, I. ii.
165.
Of human sacrifice, and parents' tears."
bě-sill-věred, pa. par. [BESILVER.]
Milton: P. L., bk. i.
2. To cover with something not unctuous.
bē'-şöm, * be-some, * bee-some, * be-
* be-singe, * be-zenge, v.t. [Eng. be, and
sym, * be-sowme, * beş-me, s. [A.S.
"... grooms besmear'd with gold."
singe.]
Milton : P. L., bk. v. besma, besema= a besom, a broom, rods, twigs ;
“The prine cat bezength ofte his sun."-Ayenb., p. 230. II. Fig.: To soil; to defile in a moral sense. Dut. bezem ; (N.H.) Ger. besen ; M. H. Ger.
+ bě-sï'r-ěn, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and siren.]
“My honour would not let ingratitude
beseme, besme ; O.H. Ger. besamo.] A broom
So much besmear it."
made of twigs tied together.
To act the siren to; to lure as the sirens
Shakesp. : Mer. of Ven., v. 1.
were fabled to do. (Quarterly Review.)
I. Lit. : A handy domestic implement for
bě-smëar'ed, pa. par. [BESMEAR.]
sweeping with.
+ bě-sïr'-ěned, pa. par. [BESIREN.]
bě-smëar'-ěr, s. [Eng. besmear; -er. In
II. Figuratively :
+ bě-sïr'-ěn-ing, pr. par. [BESIREN.]
1. Anything which sweeps away what
Ger. beschmierer.] One who besmears.
is morally worthless or offensive from the
* bě-sit', v.t. Eng. prefix be, and sit.] To sit bě-smëar-îng, pr. par. [BESMEAR.]
human heart.
2. Anything which
bě-smſrçh', * be-smírçhe, * be-smyrch,
“Me ill besits, that in der-doing armes
completely sweeps
away or otherwise destroys the habitations
And honour's suit my vowed daies do spend.” * be-smerch, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and
Spenser: F. Q., II. vii. 10.
or works of man, destruction.
smirch, cognate with smear. ] [SMIRCH, SMEAR.]
* bě-sỉt'-ting, pr. par. [BESIT.] Befitting.
1. Lit.: To besmear, so as to defile, with
destruction, saith the Lord of hosts.”—Isa. xiv. 23.
" And that which is for ladies most besitting,
3. A contemptuous designation for a low
mud, filth, or anything similar. (Used with a
To stint all strife, and foster friendly peace."
Spenser: F. ., IV. ii. 19. material thing for the object.)
woman ; a prostitute. (Scotch.)
* bě-slăb'-běr, v.t. [BESLOBBER.]
“Our gayness and our gilt are all besmirch'd
“Ill-fa-ard, crazy, crack-brained gowk, that she is,
With rainy marching in the painful field.”
-to set up to be sae muckle better than ither folk,
“Thanne come sleuthe al bislabered, with two slymy
Shakesp. : Hen. V., iv. 3.
the auld besom, . :."-Scott: Tales of my Landlord,
P. Plowman, bk. V., 392.
ii. 206. (Jamieson.)
2. Fig.: To defile, to soil, to put a con-
be-slā've, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and slave.] To spicuous blot upon. (Used chiefly with what besom-clean, a. As clean as a besom
enslave ; to make a slave of. (In general is immaterial or abstract for the object.)
can make a floor without its having been
figuratively.)
“Perhaps, he loves you now;.
washed. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
“... and hath beslaved himself to a bewitching
And now no soil, nor cautel,
beauty, ..."-Bp. Hall : Works, ii. 116.
The virtue of his will."-Shakesp. : Ham., i. 3.
"It [covetousness) ... beslaves the affections, ..."
bě-smîrçh'ed, * besmyrcht, pa. par.
"Rolls back all Greece and besoms wide the plain.”
bě-slā'ved, pa. par. & a. [BESLAVE.]
[BESMIRCH.]
Barlow.
bě-smîrçh'-ing, pr. par. [BESMIRCH.]
bě-slăv'-ēr, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and slaver.]
t bē'-som-er, s. [Eng. besom, and -er.] One
who uses a besom. (Webster.)
To slaver; to defile with slaver.
* be-smit, * be-smette, bi-smit, v.t. [A. S.
“... one of your rheumatick poets that bestavers | besmitan.) To stain, defile. [BESMUT.]
* bě-sort', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and sort.)
“Thet is a uice huerof al the wordle is besmet.”—
To befit, to become, to suit, to be suitable to,
nassus, i. 3.
Ayenbite, p. 32.
to be congruous with.
bě-slăv'-ěred, pa. par. & d. [BESLAVER.]
“Such men as may besort your age, ...
bě-smoke', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and smoke.]
Shakesp. : King Lear, i. 4.
bě-slăv'-ěr-îng, pr. par. [BESLAVER.]
1. To apply smoke to; to harden or dry in * bě-sort', s. [From besort, v. (q.v.).] Com-
smoke. (Johnson.)
pany, attendance, train.
bě-slā'-vững, pr. par. [BESLAVE.]
2. To soil with smoke. (Johnson.)
“Due reference of place, and exhibition,
běş-lë'r-1-a, s. [Named after Basil Besler, an
With such accommodation, and besort,
bě-smāk'ed, pa. par. & a. [BESMOKE.]
As levels with her breeding.
apothecary at Nuremberg, joint editor of a
Shakesp. : Othello, The Moor of Venice, i. 3.
sumptuous botanical work.]
bě-smo-kîng, pr. par. [BESMOKE.]
bě-sot', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and sot (q.v.).]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
bě-smôoʻth, * bě-smoothe, v.t.
order Scrophulariaceæ (Figworts). The species
1. To make sottish, to stupefy, to take away
[Eng.
the power of thinking, to dull the intellect,
prefix be, and smooth.) To make smooth.
are ornamental. Several have been introduced
“And with immortal balm besmooth her skin.”
from the West Indies and South America.
the senses, or both.
Chapman: Hom. Odyss., bk. viii.
“ Or fools besotted with their crimes,
bě-slī'me, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and slime.] To
That know not how to shift betimes."
* be-smot-red (0. Eng.), * be-smot-trit
daub with slime.
Hudibras.
(O. Scotch), pa. par. [BESMUTTED.]
“Our fry of writers may beslime his fame,
2. To cause to dote upon. With on followed
by that of which one is enamoured.
And give his action that adulterate name."
B. Jonson : Poetaster Prol.
bě-smūt',* be-smotre(0. Eng.), * be-smot “Which he, besotted on that face and eyes,
tre (0. Scotch), v.t. [From Eng. prefix be,
Would rend from us."
bě-slī'med, pa. par. & a. [BESLIME.]
Dryden.
and smut (q.v.). A.S. besmitan = to besmut, or without on-
bě-slī'-mựng, pr. par. [BESLIME.]
to defile, besmitenys = dirtiness, smuttiness,
“ Conscious of impotence, they soon grow drunk
pollution, infection. In Sw. besmitta = to
With gazing, when they see an able man
bě-slob'-běr, * bě-slúb’-bēr, *by slob contaminate ; besmatsa = to dirty, to soil ; Step forth to notice ; and, besotted thus,
Dan, besmitte: Dut. besmutten ; L. Ger. Desmod-
Build him a pedestal.”
er, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and slobber, slubber.]
Cowper : The Task, bk. v.
To beslobber, to besmear.
deren.) To render smutty with soot or any be-sot'-ted, pa. par. & d. [BESOT.]
"... bleed; and then beslubber our garments with similar substance; to bespatter, to befoul.
... with besotted base ingratitude,
it, and swear it was the blood of true men.”-Shakesp.:
“Of fustian he wore a gipon
Crams, and blasphemes his feeder."
Hen. IV., ii. 4.
Milton: Comus.
bě-slob'-běred, * bě-slúb-bered, * by
Chaucer : 0. T., 75.
| bě-sot-těd-ly, adv. [Eng. besotted, and -ly.]
"His face he schew besmottrit for ane bourde,
slob-bered, pa. par. & A. (BESLOBBER,
And all his membris in mude and dung bedoyf."
In a besotted manner, after the manner of
BESLUBBER. 7
Doug.: Virgil, 139, 30. (Jamieson.) a sot. Spec. —
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ģem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion=shủn; -țion, -şion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

512
besottedness-best
old lea ven that so besowres all our actions: th
but her house
1. Stupidly senseless.
from A. S. prefix be, and sprecan = to speak; | bě-spread'-ing, pr. par. [BESPREAD.]
2. With foolish doting.
sprcec, sprec = a speech, a word; in Dut.
“After ten or twelve years' prosperous war and con-
*bě-sprěn't, * bě-sprịn'cte, * bě-sprỉn't,
bespreken; Ger. besprechen = to bespeak.]
testation with tyranny, basely and besottedly to run
A. Transitive:
* bě-sprènt', * bě - spreynt, * be -
their necks again into the yoke, which they have
spreint, pa. par. [BESPRINKLED.] Be-
broken.”—Milton: Ready Way to establish a Free * 1. To speak to, to address. (Poetic.)
sprinkled ; sprinkled over.
Commonwealth.
“The carnage Juno from the skies survey'd ;
" The savoury herb
And, touch'd with grief, bespoke the blue-ey'd maid."
# bě-sõt'-těd-ness, s. [Eng. besotted ; -ness.]
Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. v., 874, 875.
Of knot-grass dew besprent."
The state or quality of being besotted.
Milton : Com., 542.
2. To speak for or on behalf of, beforehand.
1. Stupidity, senselessness.
Specially-
bě-sprink-le, * be-sprìnck-le (le as
“... hardness, besottedness of heart, ..."-Milton : (a) To solicit anything, or to arrange be-
el), v.t. (pa. par. besprinkled, * besprent, &c.).
Of True Religion, &c., ad fin.
forehand for the purchase of an article before
[From Eng. prefix be, and sprinkle. In Dan.
2. Foolish doting, infatuation.
anyone else can engage it, to pre-engage.
besprænge ; Dut. besprenkelen; Ger. bespren-
bě-sot-tîng, pr. par. & A. [BESOT.]
“ Here is the cap your worship did bespeak."
keln, besprengen.] To sprinkle or scatter over,
Shakesp. : Tam. of Shrew, iv. 3.
to bedew (lit. & fig.).
bế-sbt-ting-lý, cdo. [Eng. besotting ; -1.]
(6) To apologise for beforehand.
“She saw the dews of eve besprinkling
"My preface looks as if I were afraid of my reader,
The pastures green beneath her eye."
In a besotting manner, so as to besot.
Byron : The Giaour.
(Webster.)
by so tedious a bespeaking of him.”-Dryden.
"Herodotus, imitating the father poet, whose life
3. To forebode, to anticipate the coming of he had written, hath besprinkled his work with many
bě-sought' (sought as sât), pa. par. [BE a future event.
• fabulosities." - Browne.
SEECH.]
"They started fears, bespoke dangers, and formed
bě-sprink'-ler, s. [Eng. besprinklle)ir.] One
1. Past participle of beseech.
ominous prognosticks, in order to scare the allies." --
Swift.
who besprinkles. (Sherwood.)
“Delights like these, ye sensual and profane,
4. To betoken by means of words, sounds,
Ye are bid, begg'd, besought to entertain.'
* bě-sprink'-ling, pr. par. & a.
en
[Be-
or even by something visible to the eye or
Cowper : Progress of Error.
2. Preterite of beseech.
SPRINKLE.]
cognisable by the reason instead of audible to
A. & B. As pr. par. and particip. adj. : In
"... when he besought us and we would not hear."
the ear.
-Gen. xlii. 21.
“What did that sudden sound bespeak ?"
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
Byron: Siege of Corinth, 19.
C. As substantive :
* bě-sour, * be-sowre, v.t. [Eng. prefix
* B. Intransitive:
1. The act or operation of sprinkling water
be, and sour.] To render sour (lit. and fig.).
1. To speak. (Poetic.)
or any other liquid over a person or thing.
“How should we abhor and loath, and detest, this “And, in her modest manner, thus bespake,
2. That which is used for the sprinkling.
Dear knight ..."
Spenser : F. Q.
heathenisin of unregenerate carnal nature, which
makes our best works so unchristian."-Hammond :
2. To consult, debate.
* bě-sprịnt, pa. par. [BESPRENT.]
Works, vol. iv., ser. 15.
“Thay bespeken how he myght
bě-south', prep. & adv. [Eng. prefix be, and
Sleghlych a-scape out of the syght.”
bě-spũrt, bě-spírt, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and
Sir Ferumbras, 3,509.
south.] To the south of. (Scotch.)
spurt, spirt.] To spirt or squirt over.
bě-spēak'-ěr, s. [Eng. bespeak, and -er.]
"... and to send home his haughtiness well be-
f bě-spā'ke, a preterite of BESPEAK (q.v.).
One who bespeaks.
spurted with his own holy-water.”—Milton: Animadv.
“They mean not with love to the bespeaker of the
Řem. Defence.
Bespake a sleepy hand of negligence."
work, but delight in the work itself."- Wotton.
bě-spūr'-těd, bě-spîr'-těd, pa. par. & a.
Wordsworth : T'he Excursion, bk. i.
bě-spēak'-ing, pr. par. & s. [BESPEAK.] [BESPURT, BESPIRT.]
bě-spång'-le (le as el), v.t. [Eng. prefix be, A. As present participle : In senses corre bě-spũrt-îng, bě-spîrt-îng, pr. par. [BE-
and spangle.] To powder over with spangles, sponding to those of the verb.
SPURT, BESPIRT.]
to besprinkle over with anything glittering, as B. As substantive: A speaking beforehand,
with starlight or with dew.
to make an engagement, obtain favour, or
bě-spŭt-těr, v.t. [From Eng. prefix be, and
“ Not Berenice's locks first rose so bright,
remove cause of offence.
sputter. In Dan. bespytte.] To sputter or cast
The heav'ns bespangling with disheveli'd light."
spittle over a person or thing. (Johnson.)
Pope : Rape of the Lock, v. 130.
bě-speck-le (le as el), v.t. [Eng. prefix be,
... bespangled o'er
and -speckle.] To speckle over, to scatter over
* besquite, s. [BISCUIT.]
With dew, ...
Moore: L. R., The Fire-Worshippers. with specks or spots (lit. and fig.).
"Annour thei had plente, and god besquite to mete.”
-Langtoft: Chron., p. 171.
bě-spăng'-led (led as eld), pa. par. & a.
“And as a flaring tire bespeckla her with all the
gaudy allurements. .."-Milton : Ref. in Eng.,
[BESPANGLE.]
Běs'-sěm-ēr, s. & as a. [See definition.]
bk. i. ch. 9.
“... in one grand bespangled expanse."-Darwin:
As adj.: Named after its inventor, Mr. H.
Descent of Man, pt. ii., ch. 13.
+ bě-spěnd', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and spend. ]
Bessemer (born in Hertfordshire in 1813).
To weigh out, to give out, to bestow.
bě-spăngʻ-ling, pr. par. [BESPANGLE.]
Bessemer process.
+ bě-spěnt', pa. par. [BESPEND.]
Metall. : A metallurgic process which serves
* be-spar'-age, v.t. To disparage.
... All his craft bespent
as a substitute for puddling with certain de-
"These men should come to besparage gentlemen.”
About the bed.”1
Chapman: Homer; Odyssey, bk, viii.
scriptions of cast iron, and for the manufac-
-Nash: P. Penilesse.
ture of iron or steely-iron for many purposes.
bě-spăt-tēr, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and spatter.] *bě-spet', v.t. [BESPIT.] Also pa. par. of bespit. It consists in the forcing of atmospheric air
1. Lit.: To defile or soil by flinging mud, bě_spew' (ew as ū). 2.
into melted cast iron. It was first announced
[From Eng, prefix
clay, water, or anything similar at a person or
at the meeting of the British Assoc. in 1856. -
be, and spew. In Sw. bespy; Dan. bespytle.]
To soil or daub with spue. (Ogilvie.)
běst, * beste, d., s., & adv. [A.S. betst, betest
"His weapons are the same which women and
children, use, a pin to scratch, and a squirt to be- bě-spī'ce, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and spice.] To
= the best. It stands in a close relation to
spatter."-Swift.
the compar. betera, betra, betere, betre = better
2. Fig.: To asperse with reproaches or
| impregnate or season with spice or spices.]
[BETTER], but has no real affinity to the posi-
“Thou might'st bespice a cup
calumnies, to fling calumnies against.
tive god = good (Good). In Icel. beztr, bezt;
To give mine enemy a lasting wink.
"... with many other such like vilifying terms,
Shakesp. : Winter's Tale, i. 2.
Sw. bäst; Dan. best, beste; Dut. best; Ger.
with which he hath bespattered most of the gentry
beste; O. H. Ger. pezisto; Goth. betizo, ba-
of our town."-Bunyan: P. P., pt. i.
bě-spîrt', v.t. [BesPURT.]
tista.]
bě-spăt’-těred, pa. par. & A. [BESPATTER.] bě-spỉt', * be-spet, * by-speete, * bi A. As adjective: Excelling in the moral or
spitte, * by-spit (pret. bespat, bespit, be intellectual qualities which render a person
bě-spăt-tēr-îng, pr. par. [BESPATTER.] spet), v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and spit; O. Eng. more distinguished, or the physical qualities
* bě-spăt-tle, * be-spatle (le as el), v.t.
spet = a spittle.] To daub with spittle.
which make a thing more valuable than all
“ Then was his visage, that ought to be desired to be others of its class. Thus, the best boy in a
[Eng. prefix be, and spattle = spittle.]
seen of all mankind, vilainsly bespet.”—Chaucer : school is the one whose conduct, diligence,
“They bespatled hym and byspitted him."-Bale: Parson's Tale.
and attainments surpass those of all the other
English Votaries, pt. ii.
“Thei schulen scorne him, and byspeete him."-
pupils; the best road is that most adapted to
Wycliffe (Mark x. 34).
*bě-spăt-tled, bě-spăt'-led (led as eld),
one's purpose; the best field, the most fertile
pa. par. [BESPATTLE.]
bě-spit'-tầng, pr. par. [BESPIT, v.]
field or the field in other respects more valu-
able than others. -
* bě-spâwl, * bě-spâul, * bě-spâule, bě-spoʻke, bě-spok’-en, pa. par. (BESPEAK.] "... I'll speak it before the best lord.”—Shakesp. :
v.t. [Eng. prefix be; and spawł = to disperse
Merry Wives, iii. 3.
spittle in a careless and filthy manner.] To
bě-spot', v.t. [From Eng. prefix be, and spot.
“... take of the best fruits in the land.”—Gen.
bespatter with spittle (lit. and fig.).
In Dut. bespatten = to mock at, to deride.] xliii. i1.
"See how this remonstrant would invest himself
To spot over, to mark with spots.
"An evil intention perverts the best actions, and
conditionally with all the rheum of the town, that he
“A mightier river winds from realm to realm;
makes them sins."-Addison.
might have sufficient to bespaut his brethren."-
And, like a serpent, shows his glittering back
B. As substantive (through omission of the
Milton: Animad. upon Remons.
Bespotted with innumerable isles.”
real substantive) : The persons who or the
* bě-spâwled, * bě-spâuled, pa. par. [BE-
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. vii.
thing which surpasses all others of them or
SPAWL, BESPAUL.]
bě-spot'-těd, pa. par. & d. [BESPOT.]
its class, in the desirable quality or qualities
“And in their sight to spunge his foam-bespawled
with respect to which comparison is made.
| bě-spot-tîng, pr. par. & a. [BESPOT.]
beard."
Drayton: Polyolbion, sc. 2.
Used
bě-spēak', * be-speake, * be-spe-kin, bě-spread' (pret. bespread; pa. par. bespread, (a) (Plur.) Of persons :
* bi-speke, * bes'peke (preterite be-spoke,
bespredd), v.t. To spread over, or in different
“... the best sometimes forget."
† be-spāke), v.t. & i. [From Eng. prefix be,
Shakesp. : Oth., ii. 3.
directions; to adorn.
(b) (Sing.) Of things:
and speak; A.S. besprecan = to speak to, to
" His nuptial bed
With curious needles wrought, and painted flowers
"The best, alas, is far from us."-Carlyle: Heroes.
tell, pretend, complain, accuse, impeach ;
thing.
bespread."
Dryden.
and Hero Worship, sect. V.
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne'; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; try, Sýrian. æ, oe=ē; ey=ā. qu=kw.

best-bestowed
513
C. As adverb :
1. In the highest degree beyond all others
with whom or which comparison may be made.
“... he, I think, best loves you."
Shakesp. : Two Gent. of Ver., i. 2.
2. To the most advantage, with most profit
or success.
“... but she is best married that dies . . .
Shakesp. : Rom. & Jul., iv, 5.
3. With the most ease.
“... how 'tis best to bear it.”
Shakesp. : All's Well, iii. 7.
4. Most intimately, most particularly, most
correctly, in the highest degree.
"... thou best know'st what ...".
Shakesp. : Temp., i. 2.
D. In special phrases : Best is often used in
special phrases, generally as a substantive.
1. At best or at the best : When the most
favourable view is taken, when all advantages
are properly estimated.
2. Best to do or to be done is elliptical, mean-
ing the best thing to do or to be done.
3. One's best : The best which one can do ;
the utmost effort which one can put forth.
“The duke did his best to come down."- Bacon.
4. The best may stand for the best thing or
persons, or the best persons or things. [B. (6).]
5. To have the best of it: To have the advan-
tage over, to get the better of.
6. To make the best of anything : To succeed
in deriving from it the maximum of advantage
which it is capable of rendering, or, if no ad-
vantage be derivable from it, then to reduce
its disadvantages to a minimum.
“Let there be freedom to carry their commodities
where they may make the best of them, except there be
some special cause of caution."-Bacon.
7. To make the best of one's way: To proceed
as quickly as possible on one's way.
“We set sail, and made the best of our way, till we
were forced by contrary winds ..."-Addison.
Best occurs also in an infinite number of
compounds, such as best-beloved, too obvious
in their construction and meaning to require
insertion.
best aucht, best-aucht, s. The most
valuable article of a particular description
that any man possessed, commonly the best
horse or ox used in labour, claimed by a land-
lord on the death of his tenant. (Scotch.)
(Jamieson.) [COPYHOLD, HERIOT.]
best-beloved, a. Beloved above all
others.
"And in their crew his best-beloved Benjamin.” .
Dryden: The Hind and Panther, ii.
best-man, best man, s.
1. A man who vanquishes another in any
kind of battle. (Eng.)
". ; : he proved best man i' the field.”-Shakesp.:
Corioi., ii. 2.
2. A bridesman or attendant upon the bride-
“Hence, vain deluding joys,
2. Fig. : To scatter over with missiles which
The brood of Folly, without father bred !
infix themselves.
How little you bested,
Or fill the fixed mind with all your toys !”
... truth shall retire
Milton : Il Penseroso.
Bestuck with slanderous darts, ..
Milton: P. L., bk. xii.
2. So to place as to entertain, to receive, or
accommodate, or simply entertain; to receive,
bě-still', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and still.] To
to accommodate.
make still or silent.
“They shall pass through it hardly bestead and
“Cominerce bestiil'd her many-nationed tongue."
hungry.”—Isa. viii. 21.
Cunningham : Elegiac Ode.
3. So to place as to beset, surround, en bě-still'ed, pa. par. [BESTILL.]
tangle, overwhelm, or overpower; or simply
to beset, surround, entangle, overwhelm, or
bě-stílé-ling, pr. par. [BESTILL.]
overpower.
* bestious, * bestyous, a. [L. Lat. bestius.]
“... ye have come at a time when he's sair bested."
-Scott : Guy Mannering, ch. xi.
Monstrous.
" Then came fro the Yrishe see,
“ Thus ill besteda, and fearefull more of shame
A bestyous fyshe.”
Then of the certeine perill he stood in."
Hardyng : Chron., ch. xxvi.
Spenser : F. Q., I. i. 24.
bě-stēad'. + bě-stêd'. * bě-stêda. * bě_ / bě-stir', * bě-stirre', * be-stere', * be-
stêd'děd, * bě-stad, * bě-stadde, * b-
sturre, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and stir.]
stêd', pa. par. [BESTEAD.]
I. Of things :
“And there the ladie, ill of friends bestedded.”
1. Lit. : To stir or agitate anything material.
Spenser : F. Q., IV. i. 3.
“I watched it as it sank: methought
Some motion from the current caught
* be-steal, * be-stele, * bi-stele, v.i. To
Bestirr'd it more." Byron : The Giaour.
steal away.
2. Fig.: To stir anything not material.
"Bi-stal from than fihte."-Layamon, 28,422.
"Kent. No marvel, you have so bestirred your valour,
you cowardly rascal ?"-Shakesp. : Lear, ii. 2.
běs'-ti-al, * běs'-tự-all, a. & s. [In Fr.,
II. Of persons (generally with a reflexive
Prov., Sp., & Port. bestial; Ital. bestiale : from
pronoun): To bestir one's self, i.e., to stir
Lat. bestialis = like a beast, bestial; from one's self up to activity with regard to any-
bestia = a beast, an irrational creature as thing.
opposed to man.]
“Lord ! how he gan for to bestirre him tho."
A. As adjective :
Spenser : The Fate of the Butterflie.
“It was indeed necessary that he should bestir him.
1. Pertaining to the inferior animals, and
self.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. xvii.
especially those which are the most savage
and repulsive.
bě-stîr'red, pa. par. [BESTIR.]
"... of a shape part human, part bestial, ..."-
Tatier, No. 49.
bě-stîr'-ring, pr. par. [BESTIR.]
2. In qualities resembling a beast; brutal,
+ běst-něss, s. [Eng. best ; ness.] The state
beneath the dignity of reason or humanity,
or quality of being the best.
suitable for a beast.
“Generally the bestness of a thing (that we may so
“Moreover, urge his hateful luxury,
call it) is best discerned by the necessary use.”—Bp.
And bestial appetite in change of lust."
Morton: Episcopacy Asserted, $ 4.
· Shakesp. : Richard III., iii. 5.
* B. As substantive : Bestiality.
* bě-storm', v.t. & i. [Eng. prefix be, and
"Bestial among reasonables is forboden in euery
storm.]
lawe and euery sect, both in Christen and others."
A, Trans.: To involve in storm; to carry
Test. of Loue, bk. ii.
by storm.
All the cattle, horses, sheep, &c., on a
“... so, when all is calm and serene within, he may
farm, taken collectively.
shelter himself there from the persecutions of the
“... and besides all other kindes of bestiali, fruteful
world: but when both are bestormed, he hath no
of mares, for breeding of horse."-Descr. of the King-
refuge to fly to."-Dr. Scott: Works, vol. ii. 255.
dome of Scotlande. (Jamieson.)
B. Intrans. : To storm; to rage.
“All is sea besides,
+ běs'-ti-al, s. [According to Jamieson, from
Sinks under us, bestorms, and then devours.”
Lat. bestialis, as at first applied to the engines
Young: Night Th., 4.
called rams, sows, &c., but more probably * be-storm'ed, pa. par. [BESTORM.]
from Fr. bastille, a tower. Low Lat. bastillae.]
[BASTILLE.] An engine for a siege.
* be-storm-ing, pr. par. [BESTORM.]
“ Ramsay gert byg strang bestials off tre,
Be gud urychtis, the best in that cuntré."
bě-stö'w, * bě-stö'we, * bě-stö'w-ěn,
Wallace, vii. 976., MS. (Jamieson.) * bì-stö'w-en, v.t. [A.S. prefix be, and
* bes-ti-a1-1-tê, s. [From Old Fr. bestial.] stow = a place, dwelling-place or habitation.
[BESTIAL, s.] Cattle.
In Sw. besta ; Dut. besteden.] [STOW.]
"There he sate his felicite on the manuring of the 1. To stow, to put in a place, to lay up.
corne land, and in the keping of bestialite.-Con
plaint of Scot., p. 68. (Jamieson.)
“And when he came to the tower, he took them
from their hand, and bestowed them in the house."-
2 Kings v. 24.
běs-tự-1'-1-ty, s. [From Fr. bestialité. In
Dan. bestialetet; Sp. bestialidad; Port. besti-
2. To use or apply in a particular place.
alidade.]
"The sea was not the Duke of Marlborough's element,
otherwise the whole force of the war would infallibly
1. The quality of being a beast or acting have been bestowed there."-Swift.
like one.
3. To lay out upon; to expend upon.
“What can be a greater absurdity, than to affirm
"And thou shalt bestow that money for whatsoever
bestiality to be the essence of humanity, and darkness thy soul lusteth after, for oxen, or for sheep, or for
the centre of light?"-Arbuthnot & Pope: Mart. Scrib.
wine, ..."-Deut. xiv. 26.
2. Spec. : Unnatural connection with a beast. 4. To give.
“Thus fornications, incest, rape, and even bestiality,
(a) Gen.: To give as a charitable gift or
were sanctified by the amours of Jupiter, Pan, Mars,
Venus, and Apollo.”—Goldsmith: Essay xiv.
gratuity, or as a present; to confer, to impart.
“Honours were, as usual, liberally bestowed at this
běs-tî-al-ī’ze, v.t. [From bestial, and suffix festive season."-Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xi.
-ize.] To render bestial, to make a beast of; (6) Spec. : To give in marriage.
to reduce, as far as it can be done, to the "I could have bestowed her upon a fine gentleman,
level of a beast.
who extremely admired her."-Tatler.
"... humanity is debased and bestialized where it
Formerly bestow was sometimes followed
is otherwise."-Phil. Letters on Physiog. (1751), p. 87. by to prefixed to the object. Now on or upon
is employed.
* bes'-ti-al-liche, a. [Eng. bestial = beasts,
taken collectively, and A.S. lic = like.]
(a) With to.
Beastly; beast-like.
“Sir Julius Cæsar had in his office the disposition of
the six clerks' places, which he had bestowed to such
“These liues be thorow names departed in three
persons as he thought fit.”—Clarendon.
maner of kinds as bestialliche, manlyche, and reason-
abliche, ..."-Test. of Loue, bk. ii.
(b) With on or upon. See ex. under 4 (6).
běs-tự-al-ly, adv. [Eng. bestial ; -ly.] After * běs-to'w-age (age=ig), s. [Eng. be-
the manner of a beast, in a beastly way; stow; -age.] Stowage. (Bp. Hall.)"
brutally. (Johnson.)
| běs-tö'w-al, s. [Eng. bestow ; -al.]
* běs'-tī-āte, v.t. [Lat. bestia = a beast, and 1. Bestowment; the act of bestowing, giving,
suffix -ate=to make.] To bestialize.
laying out upon or up in store.
“Drunkenness bestiates the beart, ..."-Junius : ".., by the bestowal of money or time, ..."-J. S.
Sin Stigmatized (1639), p. 235.
Mill: Polit. Econ., bk, i., ch. xi., $ 2.
bě-stíck', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and stick.]
2. The state of being bestowed.
1. Lit.: To stick over with.
| běs-to'wed, pa. par. & d. [Bestow.]
groom.
“ Presently after the two bridegrooms entered, ac-
companied each by his friend or best-man."-St. John-
stoun, iii. 90.
best-work, s.
Mining: A miner's term used of the best or
richest class of ore.
běst, v.t. To get the best of one, to cheat.
(Vulgar.)
* bêst, pa. par. [BASTE.]
1. Struck, beaten. (Scotch.)
2. Fluttering, shaken (?). (Barbour.)
"Sum best, sum woundyt, sum als slayne.”—Barbour,
'iv. 94, MS. (Jamieson.)
* bêst, * beste, s. [BEAST.] (Chaucer : C. T.,
1,311.)
* bě-stad', * bě-stadd'e, pa. par. [BE-
STEAD.]
* bě-stāin', v.t. [Eng. pref. be, and stain.] To
stain, to mark with stains; to spot. (Lit. & fig.)
* bě-stāin'ed, pa. par. & d. [BESTAIN.]
“We will not line his thin bestained cloke
With our pure honours.”
Shakesp. : King John, iv. 3.
* bě-stāin'-îng, pr. par. [BESTAIN.]
bě-stead', * bě-stěd', * bě-stad', * be-
stadde, * bi-sted, v.t. [Eng. pref. be, and
stead. A.S. stede, stæde, styde=a place, station,
stead.] Essential meaning, to place or dispose,
so as to produce certain results. Specially
1. So to place as to be to the profit or ad-
vantage of. or simply to profit : to produce
advantage to.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çeli, chorus, çhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
33
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhủn. -tious, -sious, -cious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. =bel, del.

514
bestower—betake
1
běs-tow-ēr, s. [Eng. bestow ; -er.] One who 1 * bě-stro'wed, t bě-strow'n, pa. par. [BE-
bestows.
STROW.]
... some as the bestowers of thrones, ..."-Stil “But the bare ground with hoarie mosse bestrowed
lingfleet:
Must be their bed.” Spenser: F. Q., VI. iv. 14.
• “Nor spares to stoop her head, and taste
běs-tö'w-ing, pr. par. & s. [BESTOW.]
The dewy turf with flowers bestrown."
A. As present participle : In senses corre-
Wordsworth : White Doe of Rylstone, i.
sponding to those of the verb.
bě-stuck', pa. par. [BESTICK.]
B. As substantive : Power or right to be- bě-stůd'. v.t. [Eng, prefix be, and stud, To
stow; bestowment.
stud over; to ornament by placing in any-
"Fair maid, send forth thine eye; this youthful parcel thing shining studs or similar ornaments
Of noble bachelors stand at my bestowing.”
Shakesp. : All's Well that Ends Well, iii. 3.
• bě-stůd'-ded, pa. par. & d. [BESTUD.]
běs-tö'w-ment. S. Eng. bestow ; -ment.] “... and as many rich coates embroidered and be-
The same as BESTOWAL, which is the more
studded with purple.” - Holland : Livius, p. 752.
(Richardson.)
common word.
1. The act of bestowing; the state of being bě-stud-ding, pr. par. [BESTUD.]
bestowed.
1 * be-stür'-ted, a. [Ger. besturzen =... to
“If we consider this bestowment of gifts in this
startle.] Startled, alarmed, affrighted. (Scotch.)
view, ..."-Chauncey.
2. That which is bestowed.
(Jamieson.)
"They almost refuse to give due praise and credit to bě-sure (sure as shûr), adv. [Eng. be, and
God's own bestowments.”-1. Taylor.
sure.] Certainly. (Nuttall.)
bě-străd'-dle, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and
straddle.] To bestride. (Todd.)
* běs'-týl-nêsse, s. [O. Eng. bestyl = beastly,
Mod. Eng. beastly, and suff. Nesse = ness.]
+ bbs trâught? (gh silent), * bes-trât, The same as BEASTLINESS (q.v.). (Prompt.
* be-stract', a. [Eng. prefix be, and
Parv.)
* straught, obsolete pa. par. of stretch.] Dis-
* běs'-týi-wyşe, a. or adv. [O. Eng. Bestyl =
tracted in mind; distraught," from which
the signification of bestraught is borrowed.
beastly, and suff. -wyse = wise.] In a beastly
"Ask Marian, that fat alewife, if she knew me not.
manner. (Prompt. Parv.)
What! I am not bestraught.” — Shakesp. : Tam. of
bě-swăk-it, pa. par. or a. [Icel. saukva =
Shrew, Induct. ii.
to be plunged in water.] Soaked, drenched (?).
bě-strēak', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and streak.]
“And aft beswakit with an owre hie tyde.”
To streak.
Dunbar : Evergreen, 18. (Jamieson.)
“Two beauteous kids I keep, bestreak'd with white."
* be-sweat, * bi-sweat, v.t. To cover with
- Beattie: Virgil, pt. ii.
sweat.
* bě-streik', a. (From Ger. strechen = to "All his burne wes bi-swcet.”—Layamon, 9,315. .
draw out.] Drawn out.
Gold bestreik : Gold wire or twist.
*be-swike, * be-sweik, * be-swyke, v.t.
[A.S. beswican = to deceive, weaken, escape,
“Thair girtens wer of gold bestreik.”
Burel : Watson's čol., ii. 12. (Jamieson.)
offend ; Icel. svikia; Sw. svika = to disap-
point.] To deceive, to lure to ruin.
bě-strew' (ew as û), + bě-strow', * bi-
“ With notes of so great likynge,
strew-en, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and strew.
Of such measure, of such musicke,
A.S. bestreowian = to bestrew; bestred =
Whereof the shippes they beswike
That passen by the costes there."
strowed. In Sw. beströ; Dan. besträe; Dut.
Gower : Conf. Am., bk. i.
bestroien.) To strew over; to strew.
* be-şy, a. [Busy.]
“That from the withering branches cast,
Bestrewed the ground with every blast.”. * be-şym, s. [Besom.] (Wycliffe.)
Scott : Rokeby, ii. 9.
bě-strew'ed (ewed as ûd), *be-strow'ed,
běş-y-nęs, s. [BUSINESS.] (Scotch.)
† bě-strow'n, pa. par. & d. [BESTROW.]
bet, s. [Etymology doubtful. According to
Webster, Mahn, and others, from A.S. bad=
bě-strīde, * bě-strýd'e, * by stryde a pledge, a stake; wed = a pledge, earnest, or
(pret. bestrid, bestrode ; pa. par. bestridden, promise. If so, then cognate with Sw. vad;
† bestrode (poetic]), v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and Ger. wette = a bet. But Wedgwood and Skeat
stride. A.S. bestridan (Lye); Dut. beschryden.] both consider bet as simply a contraction for
I. Of persons:
abet, in the sense of backing, encouraging, or
1. To place the legs across.
supporting the side on which the person lays
(1) Lit. : To place the legs across a person
his wager.] [BET, v.]
or thing, remaining for a time stationary in
1. Lit. : A wager, a sum staked upon the
that attitude. Spec., to place the legs across-
event of a horse-race or some other contin-
(a) a horse.
gency. It is generally placed against the
“The wealthy, the lụxurious, by the stress
wager of some other man whose views are
Of business roused, or pleasure, ere their time,
adverse to those of the first. Whoever is
May roll in chariots, or provoke the hoofs
proved right in his vaticination regains his
Of the fleet coursers they beetride."
own stake, and with it takes that of his op-
Wordsworth: Escursion, bk. ii.
ponent.
(6) a fallen friend in battle, to defend him ;
“I heard of a gentlemen laying a bet with another,
"If you see me down in the battle, and bestride me,
that one of his men should rob him before his face."-
so: 'tis a point of friendship."-Shakesp.: 1 Hen. IV.,
Darwin : Voyage round the World, ch. xvi.
V. 1.
(©) a fallen enemy in battle, to triumph over
2. Fig. : Rash confidence.
him.
“ The hoary fool, who many days
Has struggled with continued sorrow,
“Th' insulting victor with disdain bestrode
Renews his hope, and blindly lays
The prostrate prince, and on his bosom trod."
The desp'rate bet upon to-morrow." Prior.
Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. xvi. 619, 620.
(2) Fig.: To exert dominant power over.
bet (1), v.t. & i. [From bet, S. (q.v.). AC-
“Creo. His legs bestria the ocean.”
cording to Webster, Mahn, &c., from A.S.
Shakesp. : Antony & Cleopatra, y. 2.
badian = to pledge, or to seize as a pledge;
2. To step momentarily over, as in walking.
Dut. weeden = to wager; Ger. wetten = to
“ Than when I first my wedded mistress saw
bet; Goth. vidan = to bind. But Wedgwood
Bestride my threshold.” Shakesp. : Corio. iv. 5. and Skeat reject this etymology.]
"Strives through the surge, bestrides the beach, and A. Transitive: To wager; to stake upon a
high
Ascends the path familiar to his eye."
contingency.
Byron : Corsair, iii. 19.
"John of Gaunt loved him well, and betted much
II. Of things : To span. (Used of a bridge,
money upon his head.”-Shakesp. : 2 Hen. IV., iii. 2.
a rainbow, &c.)
B. Intransitive :
“Meantime, refracted from yon eastern cloud,
1. Lit. : To lay a wager; to stake money
Bestriding earth, the grand ethereal bow
upon a contingency.
Shoots up immense, and ev'ry hue unfolds."
Ibid. : Seasons; Spring. 2. Fig. : To trust something highly valuable
to a contingency.
bě-strid'-den, t bě-stro'de, pa. par. [BE-
“He began to think, as he would himself have ex-
STRIDE.] (Poetic.) Ridden, as a horse.
pressed it, that he had betted too deep on the Revolu-
"The giant steed, to be bestrode by Death,
tion, and that it was time to hedge."-Macaulay:
As told in the Apocalypse."
Hist. Eng., ch. xvii.
Byron: Manfred, ii. 2.
| bêt (2), v.t. [BEIT.] To abate; to mitigate.
bě-strī'd-ing, pr. par. [BESTRIDE.]
(Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
+ bě-strö'w, v.t. [BESTREW.]
| bêt (3), v.t. [BEAT.] (Scotch.)
1. To “beat,” to strike.
2. To defeat.
"... did bet their enterprise."-Craufurd : Hist.
Univ. Edin., p. 19. (Jamieson.)
* bêt, pa. par. & pret. [BEAT.] (0. Eng. &
Scotch.) Beaten, beat.
“Quhen thay war cumyn to Inchecuthill, thay fand
the brig bet down."-Bellend.: Cron., iv. 19.
“He staid for a better hour, till the hammer had
wrought and bet the party more pliant."-Bacon.
* bêt, * bêtt, pa. par. [BEIT.] (Scotch.)
1. Helped ; supplied.
2. Built; erected.
"... within hir palice yet,
Of hir first husband, was ane teinpill bet
Of marbill,
Doug.: Virgil, 116, 2. (Jamieson.)
* bêt. * bêtte, compar. of a. A.S. bet, bett =
better.1 Better.
“For ther is no cloth sittith bet
On damyselle, than doth roket.”
The Romaunt of the Rose.
“The dapper ditties, that I wont devise
To feede youthes fancie and the flocking fry,
Delighten much; what I the bett for-thy?"
. Spenser : Shep. Cal., 10.
bē'ta (1), s. [BEET.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Chenopodiaceæ (Chenopods). A species
grows in Britain, the Beta vulgaris, or Com-
mon Beet, under which the B. maritima is
placed as a variety. It has a large, thick, and
fleshy root, succulent sub-ovate root-leaves,
and cauline ones oblong. There are numerous
spikes of flowers. It grows on muddy sea-
shores in England and the South of Scotland.
[BEET.]
bē-ta, bê-ta, s. [Lat. beta; from Gr. Büta
(bēta), the second letter of the Greek alphabet,
corresponding to B in English, Latin, &c. ;
beth in Hebrew, ba in Arabic, and vida in
Coptic, &c. Its sound in the words into
which it enters is that of our b.]
beta-orcin, s. [From the Gr. letter B
(bēta), and orcin.]
Chem. : C3Hg(OH)2. A diatomic phenol ob-
tained by the dry distillation of usnic acid,
and of other acids which occur in lichens.
It crystallises in colourless prisms, melting at
109°, which are soluble in water and in alcohol.
Its ammoniacal solution turns red on expo-
sure to the air.
beta-orsellic acid. From the Greek
letter B, and orcin.] [ORCHIL.]
Chem. : C34H32015. An organic acid found
in Roccella tinctoria, grown at the Cape.
It forms colourless crystals ; boiled with
baryta-water, it yields orsellinic acid,
C6H (CH3OH)2.CO.OH and roccellinin,
C18H1607, which forms hair-like silvery crys-
tals.
t bě-tăg', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and tag.] To
tag or tack.
“Bescutcheoned and betagged with verse."
Churchill: The Ghost, bk, iv.
+ bě-tăg'ged, pa. par. [BETAG.]
+ bě_tā'iled. a. Eng, prefix be, and tailed. 1
Furnished with a tail.
“Thus betailed and bepowdered, the man of taste
fancies he improves in beauty, ..."-Goldsmith :
Citizen of the World, Let. 3.
bē-tą-ine, s. [From Lat. beta= beet.] [BEET,
BETA.]
-Сня та
Chem. : CH NO, or H.CZN_CH3. It is
called also trimethylglycocine. Betaine 00-
curs as a natural alkaloid in beetroot; it has
the constitution trimethyl-glycocine. It can
be obtained by the oxidation of choline hydro-
chloride. Choline occurs in the bile and
brain of animals; also in the white of eggs.
Betaine can be obtained as a hydrochloride syn-
thetically by heating trimethylamine, (CH3)N,
with monochloracetic acid, CH,C1.CO.OH.
Betaine crystallises from alcohol in shining
deliquescent needles containing one molecule
of water. It is neutral, has a sweet taste, and
is decomposed by boiling alkalies, giving off
trimethylamine.
bě-tā'ke, * bì-tāke', * by-take (pret. * be-
took, * betoke; pa. par. betaken, * betaught), v.t.
& i. [Eng. prefix be, and take. A.S. be-
tocan = (1) to show, (2) to betake, impart,
deliver to, (3) to send, to follow, to pursue.]
A. Transitive:
* 1. To take, to take to, to deliver, to en-
trust. [BETECH.]
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whāt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pīne, pít, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cūr, rûle, füll; trý, Sýrian. æ, o=ē. ey=ā. qu = kw.

betaken-betide
515
long."
" Dame Phoebe to a Nymphe her babe betooke
the stomach, and, if hunger be present, to summon the thoughts; to consider any matter;
To be upbrought in perfect Maydenhed."
Spenser : F. Q., III. vi. 28.
deaden its cravings. It is called pan, or pan to reflect.
* 2. To give, to recommend. (Chaucer, &c.)
sooparee. It is offered by natives of the East
“Yet of another plea bethought him soon.”
to their European visitors, and is often all
Miiton : P. R., bk. iii.
"Ich bitake min soule God.”
“At last he bethought himself that he had slept in
that is laid before one accepting an invitation
Robert of Gloucester, p. 475.
the arbour that is on the side of the hill."-Bunyan:
3. With the reflexive pronoun :
to their houses.
P. P., pt. i.
“Opium, coffee, the root of betel, tears of poppy, and
(1) Lit. : To take one's self to a place; to
tobacco, condense the spirits." - Sir T. Herbert:
B. Intrans. : To think, consider, reflect.
repair to, to remove to, to go to.
Travels, p. 312.
“ What we possess we offer ; it is thine:
"... in betaking himself with his books to a small
Bethink ere thou dismiss us; ask again."
betel-carrier, s.
Byron : Manfred, i. 1.
lodging in an attic."-Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xiv.
(2) Fig.: To have recourse to; to adopt a
In the East : One who carries betel, to have
bě-thỉnk'-ing, pr. par. [BETHINK.]
it ready when his master calls for it.
course of action; to apply one's self to.
“... had given to him, Fadladeen, the very profit-
"... that the adverse part... betaking itself to
Běth'-le-hěm, s. [Ger., &c., Bethlehem ; Gr.
able posts of Betel-carrier and Taster of Sherbet, ..."
such practices ..."-Hooker : Eccl. Pol., bk. iv., ch.
-Moore : L. R.; The Fire Worshippers.
Bnoréen (Bēthlehem); Heb. O
xiv., 6.
na (Beth Le-
.. therefore betake thee
betel nut-tree, s. An English name of
hem)= the house of Bread.]
To nothing but despair."
Shakesp. : Wint. Tale, iii. 2. the Areca catechu, an exceedingly handsome 1. Scrip. Geog.: The well-known village in
B. Intransitive (by suppression of the pro-
and graceful palm-tree, cultivated in India Judæa (six miles south by west of Jerusalem)
noun): To go, resort.
and elsewhere. It is sometimes called also celebrated as the birth-place of King David
“But here ly downe, and to thy rest betake." ..
the Medicinal Cabbage-tree. The nut is cut and of the Divine Redeemer. It still exists,
Spenser : F. Q., I. ix. 44.
in slices, wrapped in the aromatic leaves of with the Arabic name of Beit-lahm.
the betel-pepper, and chewed by the natives 2. Ord. Lang. : [Nained after the above.]
bě-tā'k-en, pa. par. [BETAKE.]
of the East. [BETEL.]
A London religious house converted into a
hospital for lunatics. It is generally cor-
bě-tā'k-ing, pr. par. & s. [BETAKE.] Bět'-ěl-geúx, Bět'-ěl-geûşe, Bět'-ěl-
rupted into BEDLAM (q.v.).
A. As present participle : In senses corre guēşe, s. [Corrupted Arabic.]
sponding to those of the verb.
Astron.: A bright star of the first magni Běth'-le-mīte, Běth'-le-hem-ite, s. [In
B. As substantive: The act of taking or of tude situated near the right shoulder of Orion, Ger. (Ch. Hist.) Bethlehemit, Bethlehemiten-
repairing, or having recourse to.
the one occupying a nearly corresponding binder.]
position of the left shoulder being Bellatrix
bě-tâ lk (1 silent), v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and
1. Scrip. Geog. & Hist.: An inhabitant of
(q.v.). Betelgeux is called also a, and Bella-
talk.] To talk.
Bethlehem in Judæa.
trix y Orionis.
"... Jesse the Beth-lehemite.”—1 Sam. xvi. 1.
“For their so valiant fight, that every free man's song,
Can tell you of the same, quoth she, be-talk'd on * be-ten, pa. par. & a. [BEATEN.]
2. Ord. Lang. : An inmate of Bethlehem or
Drayton: Polyolbion, Song 28.
“ Bedlam" Hospital for lunatics.
* bêth, * bēeth, v.i.
+ bě-tă1'-low, v.t. To cover with tallow.
[A.S. beoth = are; 3. Ch. Hist. : An order of monks which
beoth = be ye.]
"I will slice out thy towels with thine own razor,
arose in the thirteenth century, and was in-
betallow thy tweezes,..."-Ford : The Francies,
1. Be, be ye. (Chaucer.)
troduced into England in A.D. 1257. They
Chaste and Noble, i. 2.
2. Is, are.
dressed like the Dominicans, except that they
wore on their breast a five-rayed star in
* be-tane, pa. par. [BETAKE.]
"Than he for sinne in sorwe beth.".
Pursued.
Story of Gen. and Exod., 182. memory of the star which guided the Magi
(Scotch.)
3. Shall be.
from the East to the house in Bethlehem
“Sekyrly now may ye se
Betane the starkest pundelayn."
“Till ihesus beth on rode dead."
where the infant Saviour lay.
Barbour, iii. 159, MS. (Jamieson.)
Story of Gen. and Exod., 388.
* běth'-lêr-is, S. pl. [Corrupted from bech-
* be-taucht (ch guttural), * be-tuk, pa. par. 1
bě-thănk', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and thank.]
leris = bachelors.] [BACHELOR.] (0. Scotch.)
[BETECH.] Delivered, committed in trust;
To thank. [For example see past participle.]
(Houlate.)
delivered up. (Jamieson). (Scotch.)
bě-thănk'-it, pa. par. [BETHANK.] (Scotch.)
bě-thought' (thought as thất), pret. of v.
* bêt-ayne, s. [BETONY.]
1. Gen. : Thanked.
[BETHINK.]
* bête (1), v.t. [Beat, v.] To beat. (Chaucer.)
2. Spec. : A “grace after meat," uttered
“... at length I bethought me, and sent him.”
by one constrained by his conscience or by
Longfellow : Evangeline, ii. 3.
* bête (2), v.t. & i. [BATE, v.]
regard to public opinion to return thanks for
tbě-thrâll', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and thrall.]
what he has received; but who, having no
bete (3), v.t. [BEET, v.] (0. Eng., 0. & Mod. heart in the duty, hurries through it, simply
To enthrall, to enslave, to bring into subjec-
Scotch.)
uttering the word “ Bethankit," "Be be-
· tion. Now enthrall has taken its place.
thanked,” or “Be thanked,” without indicating
"For she it is that did my lord bethrall,
bě-tëar'ed, a. [Eng. be; teared.] Bedewed
My dearest lord, and deepe in dongeon lay."
to whom he considers the thanks to be due.
Spenser : F. Q., I. viii. 28.
with tears.
“ Then auld guidman, maist like to rive,
"* Alas, madam,' answered Philoclea, 'I know not
'Bethankit' hums."
1 + bě-thrâlled', pa. par. & a. [BETHRALL.]
whether my tears become my eyes, but I am sure my
Burns : To a Haggis.
eyes thus beteared become my fortune.'"-Sidney:
bě-throw', d. [Eng. prefix be, and throw.]
Arcadia, bk, iii.
Běth'-ěl, s. [In Gr. Bachńa (Baithēl), Bnona |
Thrown down, cast down, prostrated.
* be-tech', * be-tech'e (pret. & pa. par. be-
(Bēthēl), 'BnOñan (Bēthēlē); Heb. 8 n'a (Beth el),
...I am be knowe
That I with loue am so bethrowe,
taught), v.t. [A.S. betcecan =(1) to show, (2)
n'(Beth) = house of, and 5 (ET) = God, the
And all my herte is so through sonke
to betake, impart, deliver to, (3) to send, to construct state of na (baith) = house. (See
That I am veriliche dronke."
follow.] [BETAKE.]
Gower : Conf. Am., bk. vi.
def. 1.).]
1. To show; to teach.
1. Scrip. Geog. : A village or small Canaanite It bě-thump', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and thump.]
“So as the philosophre techeth
town, originally called 773 (Luz) = Almond To thump, to beat all over (lit. or fig.).
To Alisaunder and him betecheth
tree; but altered by Jacob to Bethel = the “I was never so bethumpt with words,
The lore.” Gower : Conf. Am., bk, vii.
2. To deliver up, to consign. (Scotch.) The
Since when I call'd my brother's father dad."
House of God, in consequence of a divine
Shakesp.: King John, il. 2.
vision granted him in its vicinity (Gen. xxviii.
same as BETAKE (q.v.).
19), the name being given it anew at a subse- be-thy-lūs, s. [From Gr. Bnoúros (bēthulos)
“ Thai wald, rycht with an angry face,
quent period (Gen. XXXV. 15). It became = the name of a fish as yet unidentified. ]
Betech them to the blak Douglas."
Barbour, xv. 538. Ms. (Jamieson.)
forthwith a sacred place. It was specially
1. The name given by Fabricius and
celebrated during the period of the old Jewish
Latreille to a genus of small hymenopterous
* bê-têd', pa. par. [BETIDE.]
monarchy, one of Jeroboam's calves being
insects belonging to the family Proctotru-
placed there (1 Kings xii. 29). It is now called
* bě-tēem', * bě-tēeme', v.t. [Eng. prefix
pidæ. There are several in Britain. They
Beitin.
be, and teem. A.S. tyman= to teem, to beget,
have large depressed heads, and look like
“And the house of Joseph sent to descry Beth-el.
ants, but are more akin to ichneumons.
to propagate.]
(Now the name of the city before was Luz)."-Judg. i.
23.
1. To deliver, to give, to commit, to entrust.
2. Cuvier's name for a genus of shrikes.
"So would I,' said the enchaunter, 'glad and faine
2. Ordinary Language :
Vieillot has changed the term into Cissopis.
Beteeme to you this sword, you to defend.'”
(1) A church, a chapel, a place of worship,
Spenser: F. Q., II. viii. 19.
* bě-tid', * bê-týd, * be-ty-ded, * bě-
“the House of God.” In this country the
2. To allow, to permit, to suffer.
name has been almost entirely surrendered
tidd'e, * bi-tid, * by-tyde, * be-ted,
"... so loving to my mother
to Dissenters, and “Little Bethel" is a term
* be-tydde, * by-tyde, * be-ticht, pret.
That he might not beteem the winds of heaven
often used by High Churchmen with a certain & pa. par. [BETIDE.]
Visit her face too roughly."
Shakesp. : Ham., i. 2. contempt.
"... and let them tell thee tales
Of woeful ages, long ago betid."
(2) A church or chapel for seamen. (Good-
bēr-tel, † bē’-tle, s. [In Ger. betel, betelkraut ;
Shakesp. : Richard II., v. 1.
rich and Porter consider this an American use
Fr. bétel; Ital. betel.]
of the word, but it exists also in this country.)
bě-tīde', * bě-týde', * bitide (pret. * betid,
1. The English name of the Piper betle, a
t betided ; pa. par. *betid, &c.) (q.v.), v.t. & i.
shrubby plant with evergreen leaves belonging
* bêth -ēr-ěl, * bêth -ral, s. [BEDRAL (1), [Eng. pref. be, and tide; A.s. tidan= to be-
to the typical genus of the order Piperaceae
BEADLE.) (Scotch.)
tide, to happen.]
(Pepperworts). It is extensively cultivated
A. Transitive :
in the East Indies.
bě-think', * by thenk, * by thenche
2. Its leaf, used as a wrapper to enclose a
(pret. bethought), v.t. & i.
1. To befall, to happen to. (Used of favour
[Eng. prefix be,
few
and think.
able or unfavourable occurrences.)
slices of the areca palm nut [ARECA,
A.s. bethencun = to consider, be-
BETEL NUT-TREE) with a little sheil lime.
think, remember (pret. bethoht, bethohte); Sw.
(a) It is often followed by to.
The Southern Asiatics are perpetually chew betänka; Dan. betcenke; Dut. & Ger. bedenken.]
"To yield me often tidings; neither know I
What is betid to Cloten; but remain . .
ing it to sweeten the breath, to strengthen A. Trans. (with a reflexive pronoun): To
Shakesp.: Cymbeline, iv. 3.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn, -tion, -sion=shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhăn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -tle, &c. = bel, tel.

516
betight-betroth
A
(b) More rarely by of. To betide of is = to it has an intoxicating effect; the dried leaves
“Far, far beneath the shallow maid
become of.
excite sneezing. The roots are bitter and
He left believing and betray'd.".
Byron : The Giaour.
“If he were dead, what would betide of me?"
III. To mislead; to lead incautiously into
Shakesp. : Rich. III., i. 3.
2. To betoken, to omen, to foreshadow, to
more or less grave error, fault, sin, or crime.
"The bright genius is ready to be so forward, as
signify.
“Awaking, how could I but muse
often betrays itself into errours in judgment."- Watts.
At what such a dream should betide ?"
IV, Fig. (of things) : To disappoint expecta-
Cowper : The Morning Dream.
tion.
B. Intransitive: To happen, to come to
B. Intransitive (formed by the omission of
pass.
the objective): To act treacherously to; to
“And all my solace is to know,
disappoint expectation.
Whate'er betides. I've known the worst."
Byron : Childe Harold, i. 84 (To Inez).
" Who tells whate'er you think, whate'er you say,
And if he lie not. must at least betray."
* be-tight, pa. par. [BETID.]
Pope : Prologue to Satires, 298.
t bě-tī'me, bě-tı'meş, *by-timeş, * bi-
bě-trā'y-al, s. [Eng. betray; -al.] The act
of betraying; the state of being betrayed.
tyme, * by-tyme, adv. [Eng. prefix be,
Specially-
and time, times.]
1. The act of handing over an individual,
1. Early in the day.
a military post, or the supreme interests of
“To business that we love we rise betime,
BETONICA.
And go to it with delight.”
one's country to the enemy.
Shakesp.: Ant. and Cleop., iv. 4.
"... to add the betrayal of his country hereafter
"And they rose up betimes in the morning ..."-
very nauseous, and the plant is used to dye to his multiplied crimes."-Arnold : Hist. of Rome,
Gen. xxvi. 3i.
wool a fine dark yellow.
vol. iii., ch. xlv., p. 283.
2. In good time, in time; before it is too | Brook Betony: A plant (Scrophularia 2. The act of violating a trust.
late.
aquatica, Linn.).
“But that is what no popular assembly could do
without a gross betrayal of trust."-Times, Nov. 16,
“That we are bound to cast the minds of youth
Paul's Betony: A plant (Veronica officinalis, 1877.
Betimes into the mould of heavenly truth.”
Cowper : Tirocinium.
Linn.).
3. The act of revealing anything which it
3. Soon, speedily.
Water Betony: The same as Brook Betony was one's interest or desire to conceal; or
"There be some have an over-early ripeness in their (Scrophularia aquatica).
simply the act of revealing what was before
years which fadeth betimes; these are first such as
hidden; also the state of being so revealed.
have brittle wits, the edge whereof is soon turned.”— bě-tô’ok, * be-tooke, pret. of v. [BETAKE.]
Bacon.
“This, if it be simple, true, harmonious, life-like
it seems impossible for after ages to counterfeit, with-
4. By and by; in a little. (Scotch.)
bě-tö'rn, na. par. & a. [Eng. prefix be, and out much treacherous betrayal of a later hand."-
5. At times; occasionally. (Scotch.) (Jamie- torn.] Torn.
Milman : Hist. of Jews, 3rd ed., vol. i., p. 44.
son.)
"Whose heart betorn out of his panting breast be-trā'yed, * be-traied, * bi-trayde,
With thine own hand.
* bět'-ing, s. [BETE, BEIT.] Reparation.
Sackville : Trag. of Gorboduc. pa. par. & d. [BETRAY, v.t.]
+ bě-toss', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and toss.] To
bē’-tle, s. [BETEL.]
bě-trā'y-ēr, s. '[Eng. betray; -er.]
agitate; to put into violent motion. To toss
I. Lit. (of persons): A person who betrays;
* be-toghe: pa. par. [Perhaps from A.S. toh L (lat. or fig.).
a traitor.
= tough.] Strongly clad.
"What said my man, when my betossed soul
Did not attend him as we rode ?"
1. Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
“ Ac for that strok had he non hoghe
Shakesp. : Romeo and Juliet, v. 3.
“They are only a few betrayers of their country:
For he was thanne to be-toghe body and heued y-
same.”
they are to purchase coin, perhaps at half-price, and
bě-toss'ed, pa. par. & a. [Beross, v.t.]
vend it among us, to the ruin of the publick.”-Swift.
Sir Ferumbras (ed. Herrtage), 4,540-41.
bě-tos'-sựng, pr. par. [BETOSS, v.t.]
2. Spec. : One who seduces and abandons a
* be-toke', pret. of v. [BETAKE.) (Chaucer.)
female who confided in his good faith.
*betowre, * bitowre, * bittore, * bitture,
II. Fig. (of persons or things): Any person
bě-to'k-en, * be-tokn, *be-to-kin, * bi S. [BITTERN.]
who or thing which, apparently acting for
token-en, * bi-tocn-en, * bi-tacn-en,
“Bustard, betowre, and shovelere."
one's benefit, is really injuring one seriously.
v.t. [From Eng. prefix be, and token.
"Babeesbrook (ed. Furnivall), p. 153.
In A.S.
“Youth at the very best is but a betrayer of human
getacnian = to token, to show; Sw. beteckna ; * be-traised, pa. par. [BETRAYED.] (Chaucer.) life in a gentler and smoother manner than age."-
Dan. betegne; Dut. beteekenen.]
Pope: Letter to Steele (1712).
1. To be a token of; to be a pledge of; to
bě-trăp', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and trap. In
A.S. betræeppan.) To entrap, to trip, to en-
bě-trā'y-îng, * be-trai-ynge, pr. par. & a.
signify; to afford evidence of; to show forth;
to symbolise.
[BETRAY.]
snare.
"And othir mo, that coudin full wel preche,
“Till a betraying sickliness was seen
"A dewy cloud, and in the cloud a bow
To tinge his cheek."
Conspicuous with three listed colours gay,
Betrapped were, for aught that they could reche."
Betokening peace from God.”
Occleve: Letter of Cupide, ver. 252.
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. vi.
Milton: P. L., bk. xi. | * be-trăshed, pa. par. [BETRAYED.]
+ bě-trā'y-měnt, * be-trai-ment, s. [Eng.
2. To foreshow; to omen; to predict.
“And he thereof was all abashed
betray; -ment.] The act of betraying; the
“Like a red morn, that ever yet betoken'd
His owne shadow had him betrashed.”
state of being betrayed.
Wreck to the seaman, tempest to the field.”
Rom. of the Rose.
I Betrayal is the more common word.
Shakesp.: Venus and Adonis.
bě-trā'y, * bi-trai-en, * bi-trai-in, * be-
"The kindling azure, and the mountain's brow,
"... confessing them to be innocent whose betrai-
Illum'd with fluid gold, his near approach
tray-yn, * bi-traie (Eng.), * bě-trêy' ment they had bought.”—Udal: Matt., ch. xxvii.
Betoken glad." Thomson : Seasons (Summer).
ess, * be-trä'se (0. Scotch), v.t. & i. [From * bě-trende, v.t. (TRENDE.) To surround,
bě-to'-kened, pa. par. [BETOKEN.]
Eng. prefix be, and 0. Eng. traie = to betray.
to encircle.
In Fr. thrair; O. Fr. traïr, trahir; Prov.
“Sorwe hym gan betrende."-Sir Ferumbras (ed.
bě-tők-en-ing, * be-tok-ninge, * bi trayr, traïr, trahir, tradar, trachar; Port. Herrtage), 4,006.
tok-ninge, pr. par., A., & s. (BETOKEN.].
trahir; Ital. tradire; Lat. trado = to deliver,
to betray; trans = over, beyond ; and do=
* be-trifle, * be-trufle, v.t. [O. Fr. trufler
bê-ton, s. [Fr. béton = the concrete described to give.]
= to trifle.] To mock or deceive with trifles.
below.]
A. Transitive:
“Theos and othre, trufles thet he bitrufleth monie
men mide.”-Ancren Riwle, p. 106.
Masonry: A concrete, the invention of
I. To give up.
M. Coignet, composed usually of sand, 5;
#be-trîm', v.t. [Eng. pref. be, and trim.] To
1. To deliver up a person or thing unfaith-
lime, 1; and hydraulic cement, 25.
render trim, to deck, to dress, to grace, to
fully or treacherously. (Used of the surrender
adorn, to embellish, to beautify, to decorate.
bě-ton'-7-ca (Lat.), bět'-on-ý, * bě-tāine, of a person to his enemies, or an army, or a
"Thy banks with pioned and twilled brims
* bě-tayne, * bět'-on, * bě-ton-yě,
military post to the foe.)
Which spongy April at thy hest betrims.
“... the Son of man shall be betrayed into the
Shakesp.: Tempest, iv. 1.
* bā-tan-ý, * by-ten (Eng.), s. [In A.S. be hands of men.”—Matt. xvii. 22.
toce, betonice; Sw. betoniegräs; Dan. betonie; 2. To injure by revealing a secret entrusted | fbe-trimmed, pa. par. & d. [BETRIM.]
Dut.betonic; Ger. betonika, betonie; Fr. bétoine; to one in confidence; or make known faults
| + bě-trịm'-mîng, pr. par. & d. [BETRIM.]
Ital. betonico; Sp., Port., & Low Lat. betonica. which one was bound in honour to conceal.
According to Pliny, first called Vettonica, (1) Lit : In the foregoing sense.
be-troth', bě-troth, * betrouth, v.t. [Eng.
from the Vettones, a people of Spain. Celt.
_"Jones, who was perfectly willing to serve or to prefix be, and 0. Eng. troth = truth.]
bentonic, from ben = head, and ton = good, betray any government for hire.”-Macaulay: Hist.
tonic.]
Eng., ch. xvi.
I. Lit. : To affiance, to form an engagement.
A. Of the Mod. Lat. form Betonica :
(2) Fig. (of things): To reveal, to make 1. To promise to give a woman in marriage
known. Spec., to reveal or make known any to a certain person.
Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the
thing not intended to be communicated.
“Fayre Una to the Redcrosse Knight
order Lamiaceæ (Labiates). The calyx is ten-
“And seemed impatient and afraid
Betrouthed is with joy."
ribbed, with five awned teeth, and the lower
* Spenser : F.Q., I. xii.
That our tardy fight should be betrayed
lip of the corolla is trifid. Betonica officinalis,
By the sound our horses' hoof-beats made.”
2. To promise to take a certain woman as
or Wood Betony, occurs in Britain. It is
Longfellow : The Golden Legend, iv.
one's wife.
called by Bentham and others Stachys
II. To act treacherously, even when there is
"And what man is there that hath betrothed a wife,
betonica.
no giving up of any person or thing.
and hath not taken her?"-Deut. xx. 7.
B. Of the forms Betony, Betaine, Betayne, 1. Gen.: To violate the trust reposed in one. 3. To nominate to a bishopric, in order that
and Beton : The English name of the genus 2. Spec. : To violate a promise made in consecration may take place.
Betonica (q.v.), and specially of the B. offici courting a female, especially to seduce her “If any person be consecrated a bishop in that
church whereunto he was not before betrothed, he
nalis, or Wood Betony. It is common in under promise of marriage, and then abandon
shall not receive the habit of consecration, as not
England, but not so in Scotland. When fresh her to her fate.
being canonically promoted."-Ayliffe.
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, són; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; trý, Sýrian, æ, cerē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

betrothal-betula
517
II. Figuratively :
1. Divinely to select a people to stand in a
special relation to God with respect to worship
and privilege.
“And I will betroth thee unto me for ever; yea, I
will betroth thee unto ine in righteousness, and in
judgment, and in loving-kindness, and in mercies. I
will even betroth thee unto me in faithfulness ..."-
Hos. ii. 19, 20.
2. To promise to a thing rather than a person.
“By Saul's public promise she
Was sold thus and betroth'd to victory."
Cowley : The Davideis, bk. iii.
be-troth'-al, s. [Eng. betroth ; -al.] The act
of betrothing; the state of being betrothed ;
affiance.
“Under the open sky in the odorous air of the orchard,
Bending with golden fruit, was spread the feast of
betrothal.” Longfellow : Evangeline, pt. ii.
bě-troth'ed, * be-trouthed, pa. par., A., &
s. [BETROTH.]
A. & B. As pa. par. & participial adj. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
C. As subst. : A person betrothed to one.
“My Ariphilia, this my dear betroth'd."
Glover : Athenaid, bk. ii.
bě-troth'-ing, pres. par. & a. (BETROTH.]
“For this is your betrothing day."
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, v. 26.
bě-troth'-měnt, s. [Eng. betroth ; -ment.]
The act of betrothing; the state of being be-
trothed; betrothal.
"Sometimes setting out the speeches that pass be-
tween them, making as it were thereby the betroth-
ment.”—Exposition of the Canticles (1585), p. 5.
* bě-trúm'pe, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and Fr.
tromper = to deceive.] To deceive.
"... till ane waryngour straungere
Me and my realme betrumpe on thes manere ?"
Doug.: Virgil, 120, 49. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
t bě-trůst', v.t. [Eng. prefix be and trust.]
To entrust, to give in trust. Used-
1. Of trusting anything to a person.
“Betrust him with all the good which our capacity
will allow us."-Grew.
2. Of trusting anything to the memory.
“Whatsoever you would betrust to your memory,
let it be disposed in a proper method."- Watts.
+ bě-trúst-ěd, pa. par. & A. [BETRUST.]
+ bě-trŭst-ing, pr. par. [BETRUST.]
t bě-trŭst'-měnt, s. [Eng. betrust; -ment. ]
The act of entrusting ; the thing entrusted.
(Worcester.)
bět'-są, bět'-sō, s. [Ital.] The smallest
coin current in Venice; worth about a far-
thing.
“And what must I give you! Bra. At a word thirty
livres, I'll not bate you a betso."-Antiquary : 0. Pl.,
X. 47.
*bětt', a. [BETTER.] (Spenser.)
bět'-těd, pa. par. & d. [BET, v.]
* bet-ten, v.t. [A.S. betan = to make better.]
To amend.
“Betten misdedes, and clene lif leden.
Story of Gen. and Exod., 3,637.
bet-tēr, * bět-tyr, * bêt-ére, * bêt-ěr,
* bêt, * bêtte, d., s., & adv. [A.S. bet, bett
(adv.) = better; betera, betra (adj. m.); betere,
betre (f.)= better. In Sw. bättre; Icel, betri,
betr; Dan. bedre; Dut. beter; O. Icel. and O.
Fris. bet; 0. L. Ger. bet, bat ; N. H. Ger.
besser; M. H. Ger. bezzer; O. H. Ger. beziro,
peziro, baz; Goth. batisa, from bats = good.
Compare Sansc. bhadra = glad, happy. Better
is generally called the comparative of good, as
Bosworth terms the A.S. betera, betra, the com-
parative of god. This arrangement is only
conventional; good, A.S. god, is from one root,
and better and best (A.S. betst, betest), from
another, of which the real positive is 0. Eng.
and A.S. bet.] [BEST, GOOD.]
A. As adj. : In signification the compara-
tive of good.
I. Of persons :
1. Having good qualities in larger measure
than those possessed by some person or per-
sons with whom a comparison is made or a
contrast is drawn. The shades of meaning
are infinite. The following are only some
leading ones.
(1) Superior in physical, mental, moral, or
spiritual qualities; or in skill, knowledge, or
anything similar ; or in two of those qualities
combined.
"Troilus is the better man of the two."
* 2. To give superiority to, to give advan-
Shakesp. : Troil. and Cress., i. 2.
tage to; to advance, to support.
“He is a better scholar than I."
Ibid.: Merry Wives, iv. i.
"The king thought his honour would suffer, during
a treaty, to better a party."-Bacon.
(2) Having these good qualities in actual
3. To ameliorate, to improve; to reform.
exercise ; discharging one's public or private
duties in an excellent manner.
(a) Gen.: Of anything which has defects or
“You say you are a better soldier ...".
is in itself evil.
Shakesp. : Jul. Cæs., iv. 3.
"In this small hope of bettering future ill.”
2. Improved in health.
Byron : The Vision of Judgment, 13.
"I rejoice, I greatly rejoice to hear that you are
(6) Spec. : Of one's financial or other re-
better.”—Young to Richardson (1758).
sources, one's situation in society, or anything
3. Improved in circumstances ; specially in
similar.
the phrase better off.
“Heir to all his lands and goods,
Which I have better'd, rather than decreas'd."
II. Of things :
- Shakesp. : Tam. of Shrew, ii. 1.
1. Concomitant to or evincing high physical,
In the latter sense it is often used re-
mental, or other qualities.
flexively.
“I have seen better faces in my time,
“No ordinary misfortunes of ordinary misgovern-
Than stand on any shoulders that I see.”
ment, would do so much to make a nation wretched,
Shakesp. : Lear, ii. 2.
as the constant progress of physical knowledge and
2. Produced by more intellectual knowledge,
the constant effort of every man to better himself will
do to make a nation prosperous.”-Macaulay: Hist.
good taste, or anything similar.
Eng. ch. iii.
"And taught his Romans in much better metre."
† (c) To make better in health ; to improve
• Pope: Epil. to Satires. the health.
3. More advantageous; more to be preferred; “... and was nothing bettered, but rather grew
preferable.
worse ..."-Mark v. 26.
“Having a desire to depart and to be with Christ, B. Intransitive: To become better.
which is far better."--Phil. i. 23.
4. More acceptable.
bět'-téred, pa. par. & d. [BETTER, v.t.]
“Behold to obey is better than sacrifice.”—1 Sam.
bết-tết-ing, * bet-tặr-yng, p. par.
xv. 22.
5. More prosperous, as in the phrase, to
[BETTER.]
have seen, or to have known better days.
A. As present participle : In senses corre-
“We have seen better days ..."
sponding to those of the verb.
Shakesp. : Timon iv. 2.
B. As substantive : Improvement.
"Far from those scenes ; which knew their better
“The Romans took pains to hew out a passage for
days.'
Thomson : The Seasons ; Autumn.
these lakes to discharge themselves for the bettering
6. Greater, larger.
of the air.”-Addison.
“... a candle, the better part burnt out.”
+ bettering-house, s. A house for the
Shakesp. : 2 Hen. IV., i. 2.
Better cheap, better cheape (Eng.), better
reformation of offenders. (American.) (Web-
schape (Scotch), used as adv. or adj. = more :
ster.)
A better bargain, cheaper.
+ bět'-tēr-měnt, s. [Eng. better ; -ment.]
“Thou shalt have it back again better cheape
1. Gen. : The operation of making better.
By a hundred markes than I had it of thee.”
Reliques, ii. 134.
“... nor our sickness liable to the despair of better-
B. As substantive :
ment and melioration."—W. Montague : Ess., pt. ii.
I. Of persons : Superiors; persons of higher
2. Law (pl.): An improvement upon an
rank or qualities than the one with whom
estate, which renders it more valuable than it
comparison is made ; rarely in singular.
was at the outset. (Chiefly American.)
"If our betters play at that game ..."
+ bět'-tēr-most, a. (Eng. better; most.] Best.
Shakesp.: Timon, i. 2.
"The courtesy of nations allows you my better in
1 t bět'-tēr-ness (Eng.), * bet-tir-ness (0.
that you are the first-born."-Shakesp.: As You Like
It, i. 1.
Scotch), s. [Eng. better ; -ness.]
II. Of things :
1. The quality of being superior to; supe-
1. Superiority, advantage. (Used specially riority.
in the phrase to have or get the better of; (a) Generally.
meaning to have or gain the advantage of, to
“All betterness or pre-eminencey of virtue."-Dr.
have or gain the superiority over.)
Tooker : Fabr. of the Church (1604), p. 94.
“The voyage of Drake and Hawkins was unfortunate:
(6) Specially : Of land, (0. Scotch.)
yet, in such sort as doth not break our prescription, to
“ That the thrid parte of the half of the landis of
have had the better of the Spaniards."-Bacon.
Medop are bettir than the thrid parte of the landis of
“You think fit
Manistoun. And because the modificatioune of the
To get the better of me.”
Southerne.
bettirnes of the said tercis ..."--Act Dom. Conc.,
2. Improvement. (Used specially in the
A, 1492, pp. 247-8.
phrase for the better = so as to produce im-
2. Amelioration; emendation. (Used spe-
provement.)
cially of health.) (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
"If I have altered him any where for the better, I bết-ting, pr. par., C., & S. [BET.]
must at the same time acknowledge that I could have
done nothing without him."-Dryden.
A. & B. As present participle & participial
3. A larger number than; as “better than a codjective: In senses corresponding to those of
dozen "= more than twelve. (Scotch.) (Jamie the verb.
son.)
C. As substantive : The act of laying a
4. A higher price than; as “paid better wager.
than a shilling," i.C., more than a shilling. “Sharp laws were passed against betting.”—Macaw-
(Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
lay: Hist. Eng. ch. ii.
C. As adverb: In a superior manner; to a betting-book, s. A book in which a
degree greater than in the case of the person betting-man enters his bets.
with whom or the thing with which compari-
son is made or contrast is drawn. (The word betting-house, s. A house where bet-
is used whatever the nature of the superiority.) ting is habitually carried on.
1. In a superior manner to; in a more ex betting-man, s. One who habitually
cellent way; more advantageously, more bets; one who makes his living by betting
successfully, preferably.
against others less astute than himself
“... better be with the dead ..."
Shakesp.: Macbeth, iii. 2. bět'-tõr, s. [Eng. bet(t); suffix -or.] One
“He that would know the idea of infinity, cannot who bets: one who lays wagers.
do better than by considering to what infinity is at-
tributed."-Locke.
"... but, notwithstanding he was
was a ve
nobody would take him up."-Addison.
2. In a superior degree; to a greater extent.
“Never was monarch better feared.”
bet'-ty, s. [From Eng. Betty, a familiar name
Shakesp. : Hen V., ii. 2. for Elizabeth. It is given in satire to in-
bet'-ter, v.t. & i. [From better, a., S., & adv.
sinuate that Betty the maidservant may at
(q.v.). In A. S. betrian, beterian = to be better, times be tempted to break open doors as the
to excel, to make better; Sw. bättra; Icel. instrument called after her is made to do.] A
betra ; Dan. bedre ; Dut. beteren ; (N. H.) Ger. “jemmy,” a short crowbar. (Slang.)
bessern; M. H. Ger. bezzern; O. H. Ger. "... the stratagems, the arduous exploits, and the
beziron, peziron.]
nocturnal scalades of needy heroes, describing the
powerful betty, or the artful picklock."-Arbuthnot:
A. Transitive :
Hist. of John Bull.
* 1. To excel, to exceed, to surpass.
bět'-ų-la, s. [In Ital. betulla ; from Lat.
“What you do
Still betters what is done."
betula, sometimes betulla; from Celt, betu;
Shakesp. : Wint. Tale, iv. 3. I Gael, beithe = the birch.]
bettor
boll, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ĝem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. tion, -sion = shŭn; -ţion, -şion =zhủn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

518
betulaceæ-bevel
Bot.: A genus of plants, the typical one of C. As substantive :
| beūgh (gh guttural), s. [Isl. bog ; Ger. bug =
the order Betulaceæ (Birchworts). There are Needle Manuf., pl. (Betweens): Needles inter a bend, a bow, a flexure.] A limb, a leg.
two British species, the Betula alba, or Com-
mediate between sharps and blunts. (Knight.) (Scotch.)
mon Birch [BIRCH]; and the B. nana, or
“Sym lap on horse-back lyke a rae,
Dwarf Birch. There are, besides, a number
between-decks, twixt-decks, s.
And ran him till a heuch :
Says William, cum ryde down this brae;
of foreign species. [BIRCH.]
Naut. : The space between any two decks of
Thocht ye suld brek a beugh."
a vessel.
Scott : Evergreen, ii. 183, st. 16. (Jamieson.)
bět'-ų-lā-çě-æ (Bartling, Lindley), bět-ā-
lī'-ně-æ (L. C. Richard), s. pl. [BETULA.]
* between-put, * bitwene-putte, v.t. To * beu-gle, a. [A.S. bugan = to bow; Ger.
Bot. : An order of plants ranked by Lindley
insert or place between.
bügel = a hoop, a bow.] Crooked.
"Y soughte of hem a man that shulde bitwene-putte
under his Amental alliance, and called by him
beugle -backed, a. Crook - backed ;
an hegge, and stoude sette enen agens me fro the
in English Birchworts. They have monæceous loond."-Wycliffe (Ezech. xxii. 30).
shaped like the body of a beetle. (Watson :
flowers, with amentaceous inflorescence ;
Coll., ii. 54.) (Jamieson.)
bě-twixt', * be-twix, * be-twixe, * be-
calyx of small scales; corolla, none. There is
no cupule in the female. The ovary is superior
twix-en, * bi-twixe, * bi-tuex (Eng.), beūk, s. [Book.] (Scotch.)
and two-celled, with a solitary pendulous ovule
*be-tweesh (0. Scotch), prep. & adv. [From
"My grannie she bought me a beuk,
in each.
And I held awa to the school."
Eng. prefix be, and twixt.
The leaves are alternate, simple,
In A.S. betwyxt,
Burns : Jolly Beggars.
with the primary veins often running straight
betwyx, betwuxt, betwux, betweox, betweohs, be-
from the midrib to the margin. The stipules
tweoh, betwyh, betwih,,betwy = betwixt; from * beuke, pa. par. [A.S. boc, pret. of bacan =
are deciduous. There are but two genera,
prefix be, and twy = two.]
to bake.] Baked.
Betula (Birch) and Alnus (Alder), both con-
A. As preposition :
“For skant of vittale, the cornes in quernis of stane
taining trees or shrubs belonging to temperate
Thay grand, and syne beuke at the fyre ilk ane."
1. Lit. : In the space intermediate between
Doug. : Virgil, 18, 37. (Jamieson.)
climates. Known species, sixty-five.
two persons, places, or things.
beüs'-tīte, s. [In Ger. beustit. Named after
bet-u-līne, s. [From Lat. betula (q.v.), and
"... by the gate betwixt the two walls.”—Jer.
xxxix. 4.
Freiherr von Beust.] A mineral, called also
suff. -ine.] A resinous substance obtained 2. Intermediate between two times, quanti-
Epidote (q.v.).
from the bark of the Black Birch (Betula
ties, qualities, or degrees.
nigra). It is called also BIRCH CAMPHOR.
* bě-văp'-id, pa. par. [Corrupted from 0.
3. More fig. : In relation of intercourse or Eng. be-wappid = thoroughly whopped or
bět-ų-lin'-ěæ, s. pl. [BETULACEÆ.]
partnership with ; in distinction from ; from beaten (?) (Skeat). Or from Bosworth's A.S.
one to another. With the same variations of wapian = to waver, to be astonished (?) (Herr-
bě-tumb'-led (led as eld), a. [Eng. prefix signification as BETWEEN (4.v.).
tage). 7 Thoroughly beaten; or possibly the
be, and tumbled.] Tumbled about; put in dis "... see, God is witness betwixt me and thee.”— same as BEWHAPED (q.v.).
order.
Gen. xxxi. 50.
“... for thai buth negh be-vapid.”
“ This said, from her betumbled couch she starteth,
“Five years since there was some speech of marriage
Sir Ferumbras (ed. Herrtage), 3,037.
To find some desperate instrument of death."
Betwixt myself and her.”
Shakesp. : Tarquin and Lucrece.
Shakesp. : Meas. for Meas., v. 1. * be-var, * be-vir, * be-vis, s. [From Fr.
B. As adverb (produced by the omission of bavard = a babbler, a tell-tale; baveur = a
* be-turn, * bi-torn, * bi-turn, v.t. & i.
the substantive after the preposition betwixt) : driveller ; from baver = to slobber, to drivel;
[A.S. betyrnan.] To turn back, return.
In the sense between.
or perhaps connected with L. Ger. bevern =
“Reveitere ad me ... biturn the and cum ayian.”—
"... and commandeth it not to shine by the cloud to tremble, shake.] One who is worn out
Ancreu Riwle, p. 394.
that cometh betwixt."-Job xxxvi. 32.
with age.
bě-tū'-tõr, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and tutor.]
*bě-tý'-den, v.t. & i. [BETIDE.) (Prompt.
“The bevar hoir said to this berly berne.”
To tutor thoroughly; to act the tutor to, to
Henrysone : Bannatyne Poems, p. 133. (Jamieson.)
instruct. (Coleridge.)
Parv.)
běv'-el, † běv'-11, s. & a. [Fr. biveau, buveau;
bě-tū'-tõred, pa. par. & d. [BETUTOR.]
* bē'-týlle, s. [BEETLE.] A mallet. (Prompt.
O. Fr. beveau, beauveau ; Sp. bayvel, baivel.]
Parv.)
A. As substantive :
bě-tū’-tõr-îng, pr. par. [BETUTOR.]
* be-tyn, v.t. [BEAT, v.]
I. Lit. & Tech. (in Masonry, Joinery, &c.):
+ bě-twãt-tled (tled=teld), a: [Eng. pref.
1. An obtuse or an acute angle; any angle
be, and twattle = to prate, to chatter.] Con-
* be-tyne, * bi-tyne, * bitune, v.t. [A.S.
founded, overpowered, stupefied.
betynan.) To hedge in, enclose.
except one of 90°.
“ The brethren of the mystic level,
“The Louerd bitunde him withinnen the meidenes
T Still used in the north of England.
May hing their head in woefu' bevel.”
wombe Marie.'-Ancreu Riwle, p. 76.
Burns : Tam Samson's Elegy.
(Todd.)
* be-tynge, pr. par., d., & s. [BEATING.]
2. An instrument for setting off any angle
bě-twē'en, * be-twene, * by-twene,
or bevel from a straight line or surface, much
As subst. : An instrument for inflicting
*by-twyne, * by twene, prep., adv., & s.
used by artificers of all descriptions for ad-
stripes or other beating with.
[From Eng. be = by, and twain = two. In
justing the abutting surfaces of work to the
“Betynge (instrument P.): Instrumentum verbera-
A.S. betweonum, betweonan, betwynan = be-
same inclination. It is composed of two
culum."-Prompt. Paru.
tween, among; from prefix be, and twegen =
jointed arms, one of which is brought up
two.]
* bē'-tys, s. [BEET.] Beet.
square against the line or surface from which
A. As preposition :
7 “Betys herbe: Beta vel bleta."-Prompt. Parv.
the angle is to be set off, and the other then
adjusted to the desired bevel or inclination.
1. Of space : In the space intermediate be-beūch (ch guttural), s. [BOUGH.] (Scotch.) (Knight.) [BEVEL-SQUARE.]
tween two persons, places, or things.
3. Stereotyping: A slug cast nearly type-
beū-chel (ch guttural), v.t. [From Dut. bo-
“... and the vail shall divide unto you between
the holy place and the most holy.”—Exod. xxvi. 33.
chelen=to plod.] To walk with short steps,
high, and with chamfered edges.
2. During the interval between two dates or or in a constrained or halting manner; to
4. The obliquity of the edge of a saw-tooth
portions of time, more or less intermediate stumble. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
across the face of the blade.
between two quantities, qualities, or degrees.
II. Fig.: A violent push with the elbow;
“... and the whole assembly shall kill it [the
beū-chel (ch guttural), s. [From Dut. bochel
a stroke. (Scotch.)
paschal lamb] between the two evenings.”-E.cod. xii. =a humpback. Comp. also Dut. beugel ;
“With that Truth took him by the neck,
6. (Margin.)
Sw. bygel = a ring, a stirrup, and Ger. bügel =
And gave him their, as some suppone,
3. More fig. : In an indefinite number of a harp, a bow.] A little feeble crooked crea-
Three bevels till he gard him beck."
Pennecuik. (Jamieson.)
senses. Specially-
ture. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
(1) Standing in a certain intermediate rela-
B. As adjective: Having an angle not of 90°,
tion to two parties or beings.
beū'-chỉt (c silent), pa. par. [A.S. bugan = oblique ; pertaining to a bevel. [A.]
"... one mediator between God and men ..."-
to bow, to bend, to stoop.] Bowed, crooked.
bevel-angle, s. An oblique angle.
1 Tim. ii. 5.
"Kest down thare beuchit ankeris ferme of grip.”
(2) Shared or mutually held by two beings
Doug. : Virgil, 162, 23. (Jamieson.)
[BEVEL, A. 1.]
or persons.
beū-dan-tīte, t beū-dan-tīne, s. [Named
bevel-edge, bevil-edge, s. (Chiefly
... Castor and Pollux, with only one soul between
Scotch.)
them, ..."-Locke.
after T. S. Beudant, who published a work on
Among masons: The edge of a sharp tool
(3) Mutually affecting parties or beings in a
mineralogy at Paris, the first edition in 1824,
certain relation to each other.
sloping towards the point. (Jamieson.)
the second in 1832. Suffixes -ite and -ine.]
“... I will put enmity between thee and the wo-
1. Min. (of the form beudantite.) A mineral,
bevel-gearing, s.
man, and between thy seed and her seed ..."--Gen. having its crystals modified acute rhombohe Gear: Cogged wheels whose axes form an
iii. 15.
drons. Its hardness is 3.5 to 4:5; its sp. gr. angle with each other, the faces of the cogs
(4) From one to another.
4–4:3; its lustre vitreous, sub-adamantine, or being oblique with their shafts, the sum of
“He should think himself unhappy, if things should resinous ; its colour, various hues of green, the angles of the teeth with their respective
go so between them, as he should not be able to acquit
himself of ingratitude towards them both.”-Bacon.
black, or brown. Composition : Phosphoric shafts being equal to 90°.
(5) As noting persons who or things which
acid, 1.46 to 13:22; arsenic acid, from a trace
bevel plumb-rule, s.
differ.
to 13.60 : sesquioxide of iron, 37.65-49.69:
"... How long halt ye between two opinions? ..."
oxide of lead, 23:43—26.92; oxide of copper, a
Engineering : A surveyor's instrument for
-1 Kings xviii. 21.
trace to 2:45 ; water, 8.49–12.29. It occurs adjusting the slope of embankments.
In strict accuracy between is used only of
at the Glendone iron mines near Cork; it is bevel scroll-saw, s. A machine for
two. When there are more than two, the
found also on the Continent at Nassau. There
sawing ship-timber to the proper curve and
proper term to use is among; but this distinc-
are two varieties of it, the one containing
bevel. The saw is mounted on a circular
tion is not always observed.
phosphoric acid with little or no arsenic, and
frame, and reciprocated by means of a rod
B. As adverb (produced by the omission of
the other arsenic acid with little phosphoric
and eccentric. By inclining the saw in its
the substantive after the preposition between):
acid. (Dana.)
frame any required bevel inay be cut, the
In the same senses as between, prep. (q.v.).
2. (Of the forms beudantite and beudantine.) curve being given by moving the carriage on
"... in the Sabbath between."-Acts xiii. 42 (mar-
Beudantite of Covelli: A mineral, a variety of its circular track, so as to vary the presenta-
gin).
Nepheline (q.v.). (Brit. Mus. Cat. & Dana.) 1 tion of the timber.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sīr, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; müte, cũb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; trý, Sýrian æ, =ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bevel-bewaile
519
bevel-square, s. A square, the blade of
which is adjustable to any angle in the stock,
and retained' at any “set” by a clamping-
screw; a bevel.
BEVEL SQUARES.
bevel-tool, s.
Turning: A turner's tool for forming grooves
and tapers in wood. Right-hand or left-hand
bevels are used, according as the work tapers
to the right or left of the workman.
bevel-wheel, s.
Machinery:
1. Properly: A wheel, the angle of whose
working-face is more or less than 45º.
2. More loosely: A cog-wheel, the working-
face of which is oblique with the axis. Its
use is usually in connection with another
bevel-wheel on a shaft at right angles to that
UM
NIN
BEVEL-WHEELS.
of the former, but not always so. When the
wheels are of the same size and their shafts
have a rectangular relation, the working-faces
of the wheels are at an angle of 45° with the
respective shafts. When the shafts are ar-
ranged obliquely to each other, a certain ob-
liquity of the cogs of the wheels becomes
necessary. (Knight.)
běy'-el, + běv'-11, v.t. & i. [From bevil, s.
(q.v.).]
A. Transitive :
1. Of objects of human manufacture : To cut
to a bevel angle.
“These rabbets are ground square ; but the rabbets
on the groundsel are bevelled downwards, that rain
may the freelier fall off.”—Moxon.
2. Of objects in nature : To cause to possess
a bevel.
B. Intrans. : To deflect from the perpen-
dicular.
“Their houses are very ill built, their walls bevil,
without one right angle in any apartment."-Swift.
bev'-elled, + běv'-eled, † bev'-illed, pa.
par. & d. [BEVEL, v.]
A. Gen. : In senses corresponding to those
of the verb.
B. Technically:
1. Min. (of the form bevilled): The term
used when the edges of a
crystal are replaced by two
planes, separated only by
an edge. (Philips.) Slight
bevelments do not, as a rule,
alter the form of a crystal ;
larger ones change it com-
pletely.
2. Heraldry (of the form
bevilled.) Of ordinaries :
Having the outward lines BEVELLED.
turned in a sloping direction.
bevelled-wheel, s. The same as BEVEL-
WHEEL (q.v.).
běv'-el-ling, † běv'-el-îng, pr. par., A., & s.
[BEVEL, v.]
A. As present participle : Forming to a bevel
2. Shipwrighting :
1 bêy'-ēr-ěn, bêy'-er-and, pa. par. or par.
(a) The opening and closing of angle-iron adj. [BEVER, v.i. (2).] Trembling. (Scotch.)
frames in order to meet the plates which form “He glissed up with his eighen, that grey wer and
the skin of the ship, so that the faying
grete;
surface of the side-arm of the angle-iron may
With his' beveren berde, on that burde bright.”
exactly correspond to the shape of the plating.
Sir Gaw. and Sir Gal., ii. 2. (Jamieson.)
The bevelling is performed by smiths while * bever-hued, a. Coloured like a beaver or
the iron is lying hot upon the levelling-block. badger.
(6) The angles which the sides and edges of “Brode bryght watz his berde, and al beuerhwed."-
each piece of the frame make with each other.
Sir Gawayne, 845.
A standing bevelling is made on the out * beveryne, a. Like a beaver or badger,
side ; an under bevelling is one on the inner "Alle barehevede for besye with beveryne lokkes."
surface of a frame of timber.
-Morte Arthure, 3,630.
II. Ordinary Language. Of objects in nature : bêv-ie (1), s. [BEVEL.] A jog; a push.
The same as BEVELMENT (q.v.).
(Scotch.)
"... when there is along with the dentated margins
a degree of bevelling of one, so that one bone rests on běv'-ụe (2), s. [Bevy.]
another."-Todd & Bowman : Physiol. Anat., i. 133.
bevelling-board, s.
* běv'-ile, * běv'-il, s. [BEVEL.]
Shipbuilding : A flat piece of wood on which 1 The form bevil is spec. in Heraldry
the bevellings of the several pieces of a ship's
+ běv'-illed, pa. par. & a. [BEVELLED.]
structure are marked.
| The form bevilled is spec. in Heraldry.
bevelling-edge, s.
Shipbuilding : One edge of a ship's frame
běv'-1l-wāyş, adv. [Eng. bevil, and suffix
which is in contact with the skin, and which -Ways = -wise.]
is worked from the moulding-edge or that Her. : Having a bevel. (Used of charges or
which is represented in the draft.
anything similar.)
bevelling-machine, s.
* bê'-vis, s. [BEVAR.] (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
Bookbinding: A machine in which the edge
of a board or book-cover is bevelled. The běv'-Ör, s. [BEAVER (2).]
table on which the material is laid is hinged
to the bed-piece, and may be supported at any
băv-ỹ. * băv-ie, s. [Etym. doubtful. Ap-
desired angle by the pawl-brace and a rack, parently from 0. Ital. beva = a bevy, as of
so as to present the material at any inclination pheasants (Floris); Mod. Ital. beva = a drink-
to the knife. (Knight.)
ing; from bevere (in which case bevy would
be properly a drinking party) = to drink.
běv'-el-měnt, s. [Eng. bevel, and suff. -ment.] Skinner, Johnson, Wedgwood, and Skeat are
Min. & Crystallog. : The replacement of the of opinion that this is the most probable
edge of a crystal by two similar planes equally etymology. But Mahn prefers to derive bevy
inclined to the including faces or adjacent
from Arm. beva = life, to live; bev= living;
planes.
in which case the proper meaning would be
lively beings.]
* bē-vér (1), * be-ûer, s. & d. [BEAVER (1).] 1. A flock of birds, specially of quails.
A. As substantive: A beaver.
2. A company, an assemblage of people.
“Besyde Lochnes-ar mony martrikis, beuers, quhi Most frequently applied to females.
tredis, and toddis."-Bellend : Descr., ch. 8.
“A bevy of fair women, richly gay."
B. As adjective : Made of beaver.
Milton : P. L., bk. xi.
“Uppon his heed a Flaundrisch bever hat.”
".... the whole bevy of renegades, Dover, Peter-
Chaucer : C. T., 274.
borough, Murray, Sunderland, and Mulgrave, ..."-
Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. viii.
* bē'-věr (2), s. [BEAVER (2).]
TA contemporary of Spenser's, who wrote
“Which yeelded, they their bevers up did reare."
Spenser: F.Q., IV. vi. 25.
a glossary to the poet's “Shepherd's Calendar,"
includes bevy in his list of old words, but
bē'v-ér, * bē-uer (3), s. [O. Fr. bevre, beivre, since then it has completely revived. (Trench:
baivre, boivre; Prov. beure; Ital. bevere ; from English Past and Present, p. 55.)
Lat. bibo = to drink.]
* bê-výr, s. [BEAVER (1).] (Prompt. Parv.)
1. A drinking time; drinking.
“Ar. What, at your bever, gallants?
* bew, a. (Fr, beau = beautiful, fine, good.]
Mor. Will't please your
your ladyship to drink?”- B.
Jonson : Cynthia's Revels.
Good, honourable.
2. A small collation, lunch, or repast be-
Bew schyris, bew schirris : Good sirs.
tween meals.
"Sa faris with me, bew schyris, wil ye herk,
“The French, as well men as women, besides dinner
Can not persaif an falt in al my werk.”
Doug. : Virgil, 272, 31. (Jamieson.)
and supper, use breakfasts and bevers." - Moryson :
Itinerary.
bě-wāil', * bě-wāile, * bě-wāyle, * by-
* bēv'-er (1), v.i. [From bever (3), s. (q.v.).]
weyle, v.t. & i. [Eng. prefix be, and wail.]
To take a luncheon between meals.
A. Transitive :
“Your gallants never sup, breakfast, or bever with 1. To cause to wail for; or simply to cause,
out me (appetite]."-Brewer: Lingua, ii. i.
to compass (?).
" As when a ship that flyes fayre under sayle
* bêv'-er (2), v.č. [L. Ger. bevern.) To shake,
An hidden rocke escaped hath unawares
tremble.
That lay in waite her wrack for to bewaile."
“Mani knightes shoke and bevered.”
Spenser: F. Q., I. vi. 1.
Morte d'Arthur, i. 15. (Stratmann.) 2. To wail, to lament for; to bemoan.
bev'-er-age (age as ig), * bev-er-ege,
“No more her sorrows I bewail."
Byron : The Giaour.
* beu-er-eche, * beu-er-iche, s. [In
T It is sometimes used reflexively.
0. Fr. bevraige, bovraige; Mod. Fr. breuvage
“... the daughter of Zion, that bewaileth her-
= drink, beverage; Prov. beurage, beuragge; self, ..."-Jer. iv. 31.
Ital. beveraggio; Low Lat. beveragium.] [BE-
B. Intrans. : To express grief, to make la-
VER (3), s. & v. BIBBER.]
mentation.
I. Of liquors themselves :
“My heart is bewailing."
Longfellow : Afternoon in February.
1. Gen. : Any liquid used for drinking.
Crabb thus distinguishes between the
“He knew no beverage but the flowing stream."
Thomson : Castle of Indolence, ii. 7.
verbs to bewail, to bemoan, and to lament:
2. Spec. : Water-cyder. (Mortimer.)
“All these terms mark an expression of pain by
some external sign. Bewail is not so strong as
* II. Of treats of liquor or their equivalent in
bemoan, but stronger than lament; bewail and
money demanded in certain circumstances, or
bemoan are expressions of unrestrained grief
anything similar :
or anguish: a wretched mother bewails the
1. A treat formerly demanded by one's loss of her child; a person in deep distress
fellow workmen upon one's putting on a new bemoans his hard fate. Lamentation may arise
suit of clothes. (Johnson.)
from simple sorrow or even imaginary griev-
2. A treat of old demanded from a prisoner ances : a sensualist laments the disappoint-
on first being incarcerated. It was called ment of some expected gratification." (Crabb:
also a "garnish.” (Johnson.)
Eng. Synon.)
3. A salute given by a man to a woman on bě-wäill-a-ble, a. [Eng. Dewail ; -able.] That
the former putting on a new article of dress;
may be lamented. (Sherwood.)
as, “She gat the beverage o' his braw new
coat.” (Jamieson.)
1 * bě-wāile', v.t. [BEWAIL.] (Spenser.)
Team
angle.
B. As adjective: Slanting towards a bevel
angle; not in a straight line.
C. As substantive :
I. Technically:
1. Carp. : The sloping of an arris, removing
the square edge.
boil, boy; pout, jówl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian =shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhăn. -cious, -tious, -sious =shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, del.

520
bewailed-bewrap
bě-wāil'ed, pa. par. & a. [BEWAIL.] bě-wēep'-ing, pr. par. [BEWEEP.]
bě-wil'-der-měnt, s. [Eng. bewilder; -ment.]
The state of being perplexed ; perplexity.
bě-wäil-ēr, s. [Eng. bewail; -er.] One * be-wēld', v.t. [BEWIELD.]
“... the most highly-trained intellect, the most
who bewails.
refined and disciplined imagination, retires in be-
bě-wěpt', * be-wope, pa. par. & a. [BEWEEP.]
“He was a great bewailer of the late troublesome
wilderment from the contemplation of the problein."
and calamitous times.” - Ward : Life of Dr. Hen.
“Which bewept to the grave did go.”
Tyndall: Frag. of Science, 3rd ed., vii., 157.
Moore (1710), p. 186.
Shakesp.: Hamlet, iv. 5.
bě-wỉn'-těr, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and winter.]
bě-wāil-îng. * be-way-lyng, pr. par., a., be-west', prep. & adv. [Scotch be (prep.) =
To render wintry.
& s. [BEWAIL.] The act of expressing grief I by; towards.] Towards the west.
“Tears that bewinter all my year.” —Cowley.
for ; bemoaning, lamentation.
bě-wět', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and wet.] To
“As if he had also heard the sorrowings and be-
* bew-is (1). * bew-vs. s. pl. Bough. 7
wailings of every surviving soul.”-Raleigh: Hist. of
wet over, to moisten over, to bedew, to water. Boughs. (Scotch.) [BEUCH.]
the World.
“ His napkin, with his true tears all bewet,
“And crounys about wyth funeral bewys grene."
Can do no service on her sorrowful cheeks.".
bě-wāil-îng-ly, adv. [Eng. Bewailing ; -ly.] -
Doug. : Virgil, 117, 47. (Jamieson.)
Shakesp. : Titus Andronicus, iii. 1.
Mournfully, with lamentation. (Webster.)
* bew-is (2), s. pl. [O. Fr. beau = beauty.]
* be-weve, * bi-weve, * by-weve, v.t.
Beauties. (Scotch.)
+ bě-wāil'-měnt, s. [Eng. bewail ; -ment.] [A.S. bewcefan =to befold, to cover, to clothe;
“Of ladyes bewtie to declair
The act of bewailing. (Blackwood.)
befen = to beweave, to clothe.] To clothe.
I do rejois to tell :
Sueit, sueit is thair bewis."
* bě-wā'ke, * bi-wake, v.t. [Eng. prefix be,
" Hyre ryche clothes were of ydo, bote that heo was
Maitland : Poems, p. 187. (Jamieson.,
byweued
and wake.]
Hyre body wyth a mantel, a wympel aboute her
1. To awaken thoroughly; to keep awake;
heued.”
Rob. Gloucester, p. 338.
bě-witch', * by-witche, v.t. [Eng. prefix
to watch.
* be-weved, * bi-weved, * by-weved, pa.
be, and witch.]
"I wote that night was well bewaked.”
par. [BEWEVE.]
1. To practise witchcraft against a person
Gower : Conf. Am., bk. v.
or thing.
2. To “wake” a corpse.
* be-whaped, pa. par. [From A.S. prefix be,
“Look how I am bewitch'd ; behold, mine arm
Is like a blasted sapling wither'd up."
and wafian = to see, to be astonished, to be
“He was biwaked richeliche.”
amazed (?).] Amazed ; astonished.
Shakesp. : Rich. III., iii. 4.
Seuyn Sages, 2,578.
“And thus bewhaped in my thought,
bě-wāked, pa. par. & a. [BEWAKE.]
2. To practise deceit upon.
Whan all was tourned into nought,
"... that of long time he had bewitched them with
I stood amased for a while.”
sorceries.”— Acts viii. 11.
bě-wāík-ing, pr. par. [BEWAKE.]
Gower : Conf. Am., bk. viii.
3. To please to such a degree as to deprive
bě-wä're, * be ware. * be war. v.i. & t. 1 + bě-whore' (w silent), v.t. [Eng. prefix be,
of all power of resistance to the enchanter's
[Eng. verb be, and ware = be wary ; A.S.
and whore.] Generally in pa. par.
will; to charm, to fascinate, to allure.
warian = to be on one's guard, weer = (1) 1. To render unchaste.
“And every tongue more moving than your own,
Bewitching like the wanton mermaid's songs."
wary, cautious, provident, (2) prepared, ready.
“Had you a daughter, [and] perhaps bewnor a...,
Shakesp.: Venus and Adonis.
Beaum. & Flet. : Maid in the Mill.
Compare also A.S. bewarian, bewaerian, be-
werian =to defend ; bewarnian = to beware, 2. To apply the epithet “whore” to.
bě-witched', * be-witchd, * by-witchd,
to warn ; werian, wcérian=to wear, to fortify, “Emil. Alas, Iago, my lord hath so bewhored her,
pa. par. & a. [BEWITCH.]
to defend ; Sw. bevara; Dan. bevare = to pre-
Thrown such despite and heavy terms upon her,
As true hearts cannot bear.”.
serve; Dut. bewaren = to beware, to pre-
Shakesp. : Othello, iv. 2.
* bě-witch'-ěd-něss, s. [Eng. bewitched ;
serve, to guard ; Ger. bewahren = to protect,
* bě-wiē'ld, * be-weld, v.t. [Eng. prefix
-ness.] The quality of being bewitched, de-
to save.] [WARE, WARY.]
be, and wield.]
ceived, or fascinated. (Gauden.)
A. Intransitive:
1. Literally: To wield,
bě-witch-er, s. [Eng. bewitch ; -er.] One
1. To be wary regarding; to be on one's
“I could speak of Gerard's staffe or lance, yet to be who bewitches.
guard against ; to take care of.
seene in Gerard's Hall at London, in Basing Lane,
which is so great and long that no man can beweld it.”
Formerly it was used, though perhaps
Niobe dissolved into a Nilus, p. 117.
;:,
-Harrison: Description of Britaine, ch. 5.
those bewitchers of beautie, ..."-Stafford :
only by poets, in the pres. indic. and in the
2. Fig.: To rule over, to govern.
* bě-witch-er-ý, s. [Eng. bewitch ; -ery.]
pa. par.
“... was of lawful age to bewelde his lande when The act of fascinating, fascination; the state
"Looks after honours and bewares to act
his father dyed.”—Fabian: Chron., p. 124.
What straightway he must labour to retract.”
of being fascinated.
B. Jonson: Transl. of Horace. be-wil'-dér, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and Prov. “There is a certain bewitchery or fascination in
Now it is only found in the infinitive and Eng. wildern =a wilderness (Skeat.) In Sw.
words, which makes them operate with a force beyond
in the imperative. In both these cases be is
what we can give an account of."-South.
förvilda; Dan. forvilde = to bewilder; Dut.
the part of the substantive verb required by verwilderen = to grow wild, to bewilder; Ger. * bě-witch’-ful, * bě-witch-full, a. [Eng.
the inflexion; where been and not be is re verwildern = to render wild.] [WILDERNESS.] bewitch ; full.] Full of witchery ; bewitching,
quired, beware, which really consists of the To make one feel as if he were lost in a wilder fascinating, alluring.
two words be and ware, is not employed.
ness. Used-
"There is, on the other side, ill more bewitchful to
(a) The infinitive.
(1) Lit. : Of a person who has lost his way entice away."-Milton: Letters.
“Every one ought to be very careful to beware what
and does not know in what direction to pro- bě-witch-ing pr. par. & a. TBEWITCH. 1
he admits for a principle.”—Locke.
ceed.
(6) The imperative.
“Drear is the state of the benighted wretch,
A. As present participle: In senses corre-
“ Beware of all, but most beware of man.”
Who then, bewilder'd, wanders through the dark," sponding to those of the verb.
Thomson : Seasons ; Autumn.
Pope: Rape of the Lock, i. 114.
B. As participial adjective: Fitted to fasci-
It may be followed by of, lest, or the
(2) Fig.: Of one who is perplexed, con-
founded, or stupefied.
nate, allure, or charm ; fascinating, alluring,
clause of a sentence introduced by what. [Ta
charming.
and b.]
(a) With some stupendous intellectual dis-
B. Trans. : Formed from the intransitive
covery which the mind is too feeble com- be-witch'-ing-ly, adv. [Eng. bewitching ;
verb by omitting of. (Used only in poetry when
pletely to grasp.
-ly.] In a bewitching manner; charmingly,
"... the magnitudes with which we have here to
the necessities of the verse require it.) To be
fascinatingly.
do bewilder us equally in the opposite direction.”—
on one's guard against.
Tyndall : Frag. of Science, 3rd ed., vii. 151.
t bě-witch'-îng-ness, s. [Eng. bewitching;
“ Beware the pine-tree's withered branch,
(6) With some misfortune with regard to
Beware the awful avalanche!”
which one does not know the best course of
-ness.] The quality of being bewitching.
Longfellow : Excelsior.
action to adopt.
(Browne.)
* be-waste, v.t. [Eng. be, and waste.] To “The evil tidings which terrified and bewildered
+ bě-witch-měnt, s. [Eng. bewitch ; -ment.]
waste utterly.
James.”—Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xiv.
"My oil-dried lamp and time-bewasted light."-
It is sometimes used reflexively.
Power of fascinating ; fascination.
Shakesp. : Rich. II., i. 3.
"It is good sometimes to lose and bewilder ourselves E"... I will counterfeit the bewitchment of some
popular man, ..."-Shakesp. : Coriol., ii. 3.
bě-wā've (11). * be-waue, vt. & i. (A.S. | in such studies."—Watts.
wafian = to toss, knock about.] To waver. bě-wựl-déred, pa. par. & a. [BEWILDER.] bě-with', s. [Eng. verb to be, and prep. with.]
A. Transitive: To cause to waver.
Confused, ill-assorted.
A thing which is employed as a substitute for
B. Intransitive: To toss.
“... a bewildered heap of stones and rubbish, ..." |
-Carlyle : Heroes and Hero-worship, § iii.
another, although it should not answer the
“Gyf ony schyp tharon mucht be persauit,
end so well.
Quhilk late before the windis had bewauit."
bě-will-déred-ness, s. [Eng. bewildered ;
“ This bewith, when cunyie is scanty,
Doug. : Virgil, 18, 41. -ness.] The state of being bewildered. (Ben-
Will keep them frae making din."
bě-wā've (2), * be-waue, v.t.
Ramsay: Works, ii. 288. (Jamieson.)
tham.)
[A.S. be- 1
wefan = to befold, to cover round.] To cloak,
* bě-wit's, s. [Etym. doubtful.] The leather
bě_wi-dér-ing. pr. par. & d. [BEWILDER. I
to shield, to hide. (Jamieson.)
to which a hawk's bells are fastened. (Cole.)
A. & B. As pr. par. & part. adj. : In senses
* be-wed, v.t. [Eng. be, and wed.] To marry, corresponding to those of the verb.
* bě-won-der, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and
wed.
"And dim remembrances, that still draw birth
wonder.] To fill with wonder. (
Generally in
“Art thou or na to Pirrus yit bewed ?"
From the bewildering music of the earth."
the past participle.)
Douglas: Virgil, 78, 37.
Hemans: Elysium.
“ The other seeing his astonishment,
bě-wē'ep, * be-wêp'e, * by-weop, * be C. As substantive: The act of leading into
How he bewondered was.”-Fairfax: Tasso.
weep-en (pret. bewept, * bewepte, * bewope), I perplexity; the state of being in perplexity.
* bě-won'-děr-îng, pr. par. [BEWONDER.]
v.t. & i. [Eng. prefix be, and weep. ]
“Can this be the bird, to man so good,
That, after their bewildering,
A. Trans. : To weep over.
| * bě-woʻpe, pa. par. [BEWEEP, BEWEPT.]
Did cover with leaves the little children,
“old fond eyes,
So painfully in the wood ?”
Beweep this cause again
Wordsworth : Redbreast and the Butterfly. I bě-wrăp' (w silent), v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and
Shakesp. : Lear, i. 4.
wrap.] To wrap up or round.
bě-will-der-ing-ly, adv. [Eng. bewildering:
B. Intrans. : To weep.
"I do beweep to many simple gulls.”
-ly.] In a bewildering manner; so as to con-
“ His sword, that many a pagan stout had shent,
Bewrapt with flowers hung idly by his side.”
Shakesp. : K. Rich. III., i. 3. | fuse, confound, or perplex. (Webster.)
Fairfax : Tasso.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fàll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pīne, păt, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; try, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē; ey=ā. qu=kw.

bewrapped-bezel
521
bě-wrăpʻped, bě-wrăpt' (w silent), pa. | * bě-yāt', pret. of v. [BEGET.]
par. & a. [BEWRAP.]
“Yif haluendel the child were thyn,
bě-wrăp'-pững (w silent), pr. par. [BEWRAP.]
Nis hit not myn that ich beyat ?"
Kyng of Tars, 786.
t bě-wrāy' (1), * be-wrêy', * be-wrêy', 1 * beye, v.t. [BUY.] To buy.
* be-wrie, * be-wrye (w silent), v.t.
"If Love hath caught hym in his lace,
[From A.S. prefix be, and wregan, wregean =
You for to beye in every caas."
(1) to accuse, (2) to put off, to drive; O.S.
The Romaunt of the Rose.
wrógan; Dut. wroegen ; Icel. roegja; (N. H.) | * beye, *bey, a. [A.S. begen = both.] Both.
Ger. râgen; O. H. Ger. ruogjan; Goth. vroh “Nere ycome out yrlond, wyt gret power bey
jan. Thus bewray is not a corruption of be-
Of Scottes and of Picars, of Denemarch, of Norwei.".
tray, but a wholly independent word.]
Chron. of Rob. of Gloucest., p. 107.
† 1. To accuse.
* beye, s. [BEE.] .
“... and for the beyes in the Assirians londe."
"I do not say yt thou shouldest bewray thyself
publickly, neither that thou shouldest accuse thyself
Coverdale : Bible; Esay (Isaiah), vii.
to others, ..."-Barnes : Epitome of his Works, p. 307. *be-yen, a. [BEYN.]
2. To betray ; to discover perfidiously.
“... and whoso bewreys y counsell of ye gilde, ..." | be'-yete, pa. par. [BEGET.) Begotten.
- English Gilds (Ear. Eng. Text. Soc.), p. 58.
(Chaucer.)
3. To reveal, without any perfidy implied.
"... thy speech bewrayeth thee.”—Matt. xxvi. 73.
be-yete, s. [From beyete, pa. par. (q.v.).] A
4. To signify, to mean, to imply.
thing gotten; possession, advantage.
“... Folke-motes, the which were built by the
"So that thei lost the beyete
Saxons, as the woorde bewraieth, ..."-Spenser : State
Of worship and of worldes pees."
of Ireland.
Gower : Con. Am., Prol.
Bewray is obsolescent, betray having taken * bey-kynge, s. [From A.S. bacan = to bake,
its place.
because the application of heat tends to
stretch or expand a body (?).] The act of
* bě-wrāy' (2) (w silent), v.t. [Beray.]
stretching; the state of being stretched;
extension. (Prompt. Parv.)
+ bě-wrāy'ed (w silent), pa. par. & a. [BE-
WRAY (1).]
bêy-lĩk, * bêg-lîc, s. [Turkish ; from bey,
and lik' =jurisdiction. In Fr., &c., beylik.]
+ bě-wrāy-ēr (w silent), s. [Eng. bewray ; “Tunis, a beylik, or regency of the Ottoman Empire
-er.] One who betrays, discovers, or divulges.
..."-Keith Johnston : Gazett. (ed. 1864), p. 1,293.
“When a friend is turned into an enemy, and a be-
wrayer of secrets, the world is just enough to accuse
* beyn, * be-yen, a. [Compare Yorkshire
the perfidiousness of the friend."--Addison.
and Somersetshire dialect bane= near, con-
+ bě-wrāy'-ing (w silent), pr. par. [BEWRAY
venient.] Pliant, flexible. (Prompt. Parv.)
(1).]
* beyne, d. [From A.S. begen = both.] Both.
fbe-wrāy'-ing-ly (w silent), adv. [Eng. be-
“Ther was no reste betwene hem to, bot laide on
yerne beyne.”-Sir Ferumbras, 661 (ed. Herrtage).
wraying ; -ly.] In a manner to betray. (Web-
ster.)
be-võnd, * bế-vănºde, * bi-gònd, * bi-
bě-wrāy'-ment (w silent), 3. [Eng. bewray;
gon'de, * bi-yende, * bi-yen-dis (Eng.),
bě-yont (Scotch), prep. & adv. [A.S. begeond,
-ment.] The act of betraying ; betrayal. (Dr. begeondan (prep. & adv.) = beyond, from prefix
Allen.)
be, and geond, giond, geondan (prep.) = as
bě-wréck', * bewreke (w silent), v.t. [Eng.
prep. : through, over, as far as, after, beyond ;
as adv. : yonder, thither, beyond.] [YONDER.]
prefix be, and wreck.] To wreck.
A. As preposition :
bě - wreck'ed, * be-wre'ked, * be-
I. In place, at rest or in motion :
wreckt (w silent), pa. par. & a. [BEWRECK.]
1. Situated on the further side of, without
"Yet was I, or I parted thence, bewreckt."
its being stated whether it be in a place near
Mir. for Magistrates, p. 120.
or more remote.
bě-wreck'-ing (w silent), pr. par. [BE “The Syrians that were beyond the river ..."-
WRECK.]
2 Sam. x. 16.
2. To the further side of, to a greater dis-
* be-wreke' (w silent), v.t. [BEWRECK.] tance than.
* be-wrey', * be-wreye, * be-wri'e (w
“He that sees a dark and shady grove,
Stays not, but looks beyond it on the sky."
silent), v.t. [BEWRAY.] (Chaucer.)
Herbert.
+II. In time:
* be-wrought (pron. bě-rât), pa. par.
1. Further back than.
[Eng. prefix be, and wrought.] Worked all
2. Further forward than.
over.
And their smocks all bewrought
III. More fig. : Above. Specially-
With his thread which they bought.'
Ben Jonson: Masques.
1. In a greater degree, or of a greater
amount than.
* bew'-tér (ew=ū), s. [BITTERN.] The "... how that beyond measure I persecuted the
bittern.
church of God ...”—Gal. i. 13.
“Ther is great store of capercalegs, blackwaks,
"To his expenses beyond his income, add debauchery,
mure-fowls, heth-hens, swanes, bewters, turtle doves,
idleness, and quarrels amongst his servants."-Locke.
herons, dowes, steares or stirlings,” &c.—Sir R. Gordon : 2. Further than.
Sutherl., p. 3. (Jamieson.)
“... I cannot go beyond the word of the Lord my
* bě-wrý' (w silent), v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and
God ...”-Num. Xxii. 18.
wry.) To pervert; to distort. (Scotch.)
3. Surpassing; above in excellence.
“ Than wald I knaw the cause and resoun quhy,
“His satires are incomparably beyond Juvenal's.”—
That ony mycht peruert or yit bewry
Dryden.
Thy commaundementis. Doug.: Virgil, 313, 41.
4. Out of the reach of.
"Beyond the infinite and boundless reach
* bew'-te, s. [BEAUTY.]
Of mercy, if thou did'st this deed of death,
Art thou damn'd, Hubert.”
* bě-wym'-pled, a. [Eng. prefix be, and
Shakesp. : K. John, iv. 3.
Dut. wimpel = streamer, pendant.] Veiled; 5. Out of the sphere of.
covered with a veil. [WIMPLE.]
“With equal mind, what happens, let us bear;
“And sought about with his honde
Nor joy, nor grieve, too much for things beyond our
care."
Dryden : Fables.
That other bedde tyll that he fonde,
Where laie bewympled a visage:
B. As adverb : At a greater distance than
That was he glad in his courage."
something specified ; further.
Gower : Con. Am., bk. V.
* bey, d. [BEYE.]
“Lo! where beyond he lyeth languishing."
Spenser: F. Q., iii. i. 38.
* bey, s. [Bov.] A boy ; specially one who
C. In special phrases."
plays the buffoon. (Prompt. Parv.)
(1) Back-o'-beyont, adv. At a great distance.
(Scotch.)
bêy, s. [Turkish bęy = a governor; the same (2) To go beyond. To overreach, to deceive,
word as beg =a lord, a prince.] [BEG.]
to circumvent.
Among the Turks:
"... that no man go beyond and defraud his brother
1. A governor.
in any matter ..."-1 Thess. iv. 6.
..“... Government [of Tunis] exercised by an here- bey'-rą-ghēe, s. [BYRAGHEE.]
ditary bey ..."-Keith Johnston : Gazett.
2. Any nobleman or other person of rank, t bēyrd, a. [From bier, and suffix -ed.] Laid
though not a governor.
on a bier. (Scotch.)
“Welcum, as ever God will,
Quhill I be beyrd, welcum be weird."
Maitland : Poems, p. 211. (Jamieson.)
bêy-rich'-1-ą, s. [From M. Beyrich.] A
genus of minute fossil crustaceans, bivalved,
and found attached to other crustaceans as
parasites. (Stormonth.)
*bêy'-tînge, * bêy-týnge, pr. par. & S.
[BAITING.]
* bey-ton, v.t. [BAIT, v.] To bait. (Prompt.
Parv.)
bê'-zạn, s. (Bengalee.)
Cloth Manuf. : A Bengalee white or striped -
cotton cloth.
bě-zănt', * bě-şă'nt, *be-saunt, * be-
saunte, *by-zant (pl. be-zants, be-
sauntis), s. [In Ger. bezant, byzantiner;
Sp. bezante ; Low Lat. besans, bixantius, be-
zantus, byzantius, byzanteus, byzantinus. From
Byzantium, the Latin name of an old Greek
city (Bučávrlov, Buzantion), the site of which
is occupied by part of modern Constantin-
ople.]
I. Numismatology :
1. Properly a gold coin struck at Constanti-
nople by the By-
zantine emperors,
and which, between
the ninth and the
fourteenth century,
was the chief gold
piece of money
known in Europe.
It varied in price,
but was generally
worth about 9s.
Other bezants were
coined by the Moors
BEZANT.
of Spain, and others
still at Malines, in Flanders. Bezants, chiefly
from Constantinople, were circulated in Eng-
land from the tenth century to the time of
Edward III., when they were gradually super-
seded by the English noble. [NOBLE.] The
Constantinople bezant was generally in the
form of an umbo, or of a dish, having on it a
representation of the Saviour.
2. A white bezant, made of silver, and not
of gold, worth, it is believed, about 2s. This
is the bezant mentioned by Wycliffe and Pur-
vey. That it was circulated in England ap-
pears from the extract from the English
Gilds" (about 1389) given below, though the
word was sometimes used in a more general
sense for any similar piece of money. [BY-
ZANT.]
“... and Y dredynge wente, and hidde thi besaunt
in the erthe..."-Wycliffe (Purvey) : Matt. xxv. 25.
"Or what womman hauynge ten besauntis, and if
sche hath lost oo besaunt ..."-Ibid. : Luke xv. 8.
"... in mercy of one besaunt, to the profit of the
Citee of eche tyme."-English Gilds (Ear. Eng. Text.
Soc.), p. 349.
II. Her.: A gold
roundlet represent-
ing the coin describ-
ed under I., 1. It
was introduced into
English heraldry
probably by the cru-
saders, who had re-
ceived the coin which
it represented in pay
while on military
service in the East.
TA Cross Bezant:
A cross composed of
BEZANTS.
bezants joined to-
gether. (Gloss. of Heraldry.)
bě-zăn-tê, a. [Fr.]
Heraldry: Semé of bezants, studded with
bezants.
běz-ănt-lěr, s. [From Lat. bis = twice,
and Eng. antler.] The second antler of a
stag.
běz'-ěl, běz'-il, băş–11, s. [In Fr. biseau ;
0. Fr. bisel =a sloping edge (Skeat); Sp. bisel
= the edge of a looking glass or of a crystal
plate; Low Lat. bisalus =a two-angled stone.
Skeat thinks the remote etymology may be
Lat. bis=twice, and ala = a wing.]
Watchmaking & Jewelry: A term applied by
watchmakers and jewellers to the groove and
projecting flange or lip by which the crystal
of a watch or the stone of a jewel is retained
in its setting; an ouch.
boil, boy; póut, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, çhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shủn; -țion, -şion=zhắn. -tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -pled, &c. = bel, peld.

522
bezoar-biasness
lainy.
rich. 2018. » Ubs,
SCOAL wir is
běz-öar, bě-zo-ar, s. [In Sw. bezoarsten;
“That divine part is soak'd away in sin,
In sensual lust, and midnight bezeling."
Dan, bezoarsteen. Ger. bezoar; Fr. bézoard ;
Marston: Scourge of
Sp. bezdr, bezoar.; Ital. bezzuarro. From Pers.
“They that spend their youth in loitering, bezzling,
pád-zahr = the bezoar stone ; pád = expelling; and harloting."--Milton : Animadv. Rem. Def.
zahr = poison.]
bha’g-a-vạt gita, bhag-a-vad gita, s.
* Old Pharmacy:
[Sans. Bhagavad = a name of Krishna; gitu =
I. Lit. : A name formerly given to
song.]
(1) A morbid secretion sometimes found in
Sans. Liter.: A song relating a discourse
the intestines of the wild goat of Persia (Capra between Krishna and his pupil Arjun in the
Ægagrus), or any other Eastern ruminant. It
midst of a battle. Schlegel considers it the
consisted of a portion of the undigested food
most beautiful and perhaps the only truly
of the animal agglutinated into a ball. Its full
philosophical poem in the whole range of
name was Lapis bezoar orientale = Oriental
known literature. Its teaching is pantheistic.
Bezoar stone. Not often met with, and having
It consists of eighteen lectures. It has been
had attributed to it, without a particle of evi-
translated into many languages.
dence, the power of acting as an antidote to
all poisons, as well as curing many diseases, bhang, s. [Mahratta, &c. bhang.] An in-
it sometimes fetched in the market ten times toxicating or stupefying liquor or drug made
its weight in gold. Need it be added that from the dried leaves of hemp (Cannabis
it has disappeared from the modern pharma sativa). It is used with deleterious effects
copoeia of Europe and America, though faith in in India. It is what is called in Turkey
it still lingers in the East.
Haschisch.
(2) A similar concretion from the intes-
tines of the American lamas (Auchenia llama
bhêı, bāle, bîl'-wą, . [Mahratta, &c.] An
and A. vicugna). This was known as the Lapis
Indian name for the Bengal Quince (Ægle
bezoar occidentale (Occidental or Western
marmelos), a thorny tree with ternate leaves,
bezoar stone). It had never quite the reputa-
belonging to the order Aurantiaceae (Citron-
tion of its Eastern compeer, but has shared
worts). The astringent rind is used for dyeing
its fall in being at last contemptuously dis-
yellow. The pulp is taken by the Hindoo in
missed from the pharmacopoeia of all civilised
cases of chronic diarrhoea.
lands.
bhu-dăm-bắc, s. [Mahratta, bhoo champa,
* II. Fig.: Any antidote to poison or medi bhom champa, bhoomi champaca. From bhoomi,
cine of high reputation in the cure of disease, bhúmi= the earth, the ground; and champaca,
wherever found or however manufactured. the name of the plant defined below. The
The name was specially given to certain Heart-leaved Snapdragon, or Round-rooted
metallic preparations prescribed for the cure Galangale (Koempferea rotunda), a plant of the
of disease.
order Zingiberaceæ (Gingerworts). It is a
bezoar-goat, s. A kind of gazelle which
fragrant herb, with flowers of various shades
produces the bezoar.
of purple and white. It grows in Indian
gardens.
bếz-6-ar-dic, * băz-8-ar-dick, CA. & S.
[Fr. bézoardique, bézoartique ; Sp. bezoardico ;
1 * bi, as an independent word, prep. [Br.] Old
Port. bezourtico.]
Eng, for by.
A. As adj. (0. Med.): Pertaining to bezoar,
"That quyk wole selle hir bi hir lyf.”
Romaunt of the Rose.
compounded of bezoar.
“... bezoardick vinegar."-Student, ii. 344.
* bi nethe, prep. & adv. [BENEATH.]
B. As subst. (0. Med.): A medicine com- bi, as a prefix.
pounded with bezoar.
I. Ordinary Language:
“The bezoardicks are necessary to promote sweat,
and drive forth the putrified particles.”—Floyer.
(a) Of Anglo-Saxon origin : A prefix in many
old or, more precisely, Middle English words,
bez-ő-ar'-ti-cal, a. [Eng. bezoar ; tic; -al.] which afterwards came to be spelled with be;
1. The same as BEZOARDIC, adj. (q.v.).
as bicome for become, or bifore, biforn, biforen,
2. Fig.: Healing like the bezoar.
for before.
“The healing bezoartical virtue of grace."
(6) Of Latin origin: A prefix of which the
Cħillingworth : Works, ed. 1704, p. 378. oldest form was dui; as duidens for bidens.
bě-zo'-ni-an, S. (From Fr. besoin ; Ital.
This brings it into close union with Lat. duo,
Gr. dúo, dów (duo)=two, and other cognate
bisogno = want.] A person in want, a beggar,
words. [Two.] Similarly the oldest form of
a low fellow, a scoundrel.
Lat. bis = twice, was duis; as, bellum of old
“Pist. Under which king, Bezonian speak or die.”
was spelled duellum. Bi in composition signi-
Shakesp. : 2 Hen. IV. V. 3.
“Great men oft die by vile bezonians.”
fies two or twice. It corresponds to di (di) in
Ibid. : 2 Hen. VI., iv. 1. Greek, and dvi in Sanscrit.
bez-zle, * bịz'-zle, * běz-le (zle=zel), II. Chem. : A prefix before words beginning
v.t. [Probably, as Wedgwood suggests, from with a consonant, the form before those com-
the noise made by a person eagerly swilling mencing with a vowel being bin.
liquors, as “guzzle” is the imitation of the (1) Bi or bin is sometimes used to denote
sound of one vigorously eating. Todd, Mahn, that two atoms of chlorine, sulphur, or oxygen,
&c., derive it from O. Fr, besler = to em &c., are united to an element, as bichloride
bezzle.] [EMBEZZLE.]
of mercury, HgCl2; bisulphide of iron, FeS2;
1. To drink hard, to tipple, to stupefy the
binoxide of tin, SnO2. Instead of bi, the
senses with liquor. /
suffix di is now generaīly used; as carbon di-
“ Math. Yes; I wonder how the inside of a tavern
oxide, CO2.
looks now. Oh, when shall I bizzle, bizzle ?"-Dekkar. (2) Bi has also been used to denote an acid
2. To waste (money) in drinking; to em salt'; that is, a salt in which only part of the
bezzle (?).
hydrogen of the dibasic acid is replaced by a
"... I have laid up a little for my younger son, metal; as, bicarbonate of sodium, NaHČO3
Michael, and thou think'st to bezłe that.”-Beaum. & (properly called hydric-sodic carbonate); bi-
Fletcher : Knight of the Burning Pestle, i. 1.
sulphate of potassium, KHSO4 (hydric potassic
* běz-zle, * bez'-ell (zle = zel), s. [From sulphate). These terms are now only used in
bezzle, v. (q.v.).] A debauch with liquor.
commerce and pharmacy.
“O mee! what odds there seemeth 'twixt their chere III. Comm. & Phar. [BI, as a prefix. Chem.]
And the swolne bezell at an ale-house fire."
Bp. Hali: Sat. bk. v., Sat. 2. Bi, as initial letters, an abbreviation, & a symbol,
* běz-zled, * běz'-eled, * bịz'-zled (zled
stand for the metallic element bismuth.
=zeld), pa. par. & a. (BEZZLE.]
bī-a, s. [Etymology doubtful.]
"Time will come,
Commerce: A money cowry shell, Cyprca
When wonder of thy errour will strike dumb
Thy bezeld sense.”
Marston: Malcontent.
moneta, brought from the Pacific and Indian
Oceans.
* běz -zlér, * bez'-el-ěr, s. [O. Eng. bezzle ;
-er.1 One who drinks hard, a drunkard.
* bi-at-ten, * biếf-ten, * bãºf-tăn, * bi-
(Marston.)
x'f-těn, * bæf-těn, prep. [A.S. be-æftan
* băz-zăng, * băz-bi-ing, p. par., C., & 8.
=after.] Behind. [ABAFT.)
"Bi-aften bak as he nam kep."
[BEZZLE.]
Story of Gen. & E.cod. (ed. Morris), 1,333.
A. & B. As pr. par. and participial adj.:
In senses corresponding to those of the verb.
: | * bi-agt', pret. of v. [Old Eng. pret. of owe
C. As subst. : The act of drinking hard, or
(q.v.). ] Ought, should.
“Quo-so his alt him bi-agt."
tippling.
"Story of Gen. & Exod. (ed. Morris), 924.
* bi-al-a-coil, s. [BELACCOYLE.]
biểăng-u-lăn, c. [From Lat. bì, in compos.
=two, and angularis = angular ; angulus =
an angle, a corner.] Having two angles; two-
angled ; biangulate. (Ogilvie.)
bi-ăng-u-late, bi-ang-u-la-tba, .
[From Lat. angulatus = angled; angulus =an
angle.] Having two angles; two-angled ; bi-
angular. (Webster : Johnson.)
bi-ăng-u-lols, a. [From Lat. agailosals =
full of corners; angulus = an angle, a corner.]
Having two angles; two-angled ; biangular ;
biangulate. (Martin, 1754.)
bi-an-tic-u-late, a. [Lat. (1) bi ( compos.)
= two, and (2) articulatus = jointed; from
articulus = a little joint, a joint.] Having
two joints ; two-jointed.
bi-as, * bi'-ass, * by-ass, * bi'-ase, * bi'-
az, * bi-ais, s., a., & adv. [From Fr.,
Prov., & O. Catalan biais=(1) obliquity, (2)
bias = Mod. Catalan biax, biaix ; Walloon
biaiz; Sardinian biasciu ; Ital. sbiescio; Neapol.
sbiaso; Piedm. sbias (Littré, &c.); Arm. bihais,
bihays. ]
A. As substantive :
I. Of things material:
* 1. Obliquity; deflection from a straight
line; inclination to. [See examples suggest-
ing the meaning under B. and C.]
+ 2. A weight on the side of a bowl which
turns it from a straight line.
“Madam, we'll play at bowls-
--"Twill make me think tbe world is full of rubs,
And that my fortune runs against the bias."
Shakesp. : Rich. II., iii. 4.
“Being ignorant that there is a concealed bias
within the spheroid which will in all probability
swerve away..."-W. Scott. (Goodrich & Porter.)
+ 3. A wedge-shaped piece of cloth taken
out of the waist of a dress to diminish its cir-
cumference. (Goodrich & Porter.)
II. Fig. Of things not material : The state
of mentally or morally inclining to one side ;
inclination of the mind, heart, or will ; that
which causes such an inclination, leaning, or
tendency.
"... their influence will be regulated by ... the
bias of the individual character to which they are
addressed."- Milman: Hist. of Jews, 3rd ed., bk. i.,
vol. i., p. 43.
Crabb thus distinguishes between bias,
prepossession, and prejudice : “Bias marks the
state of the mind; prepossession applies either
to the general or particular state of the feel-
ings; prejudice is employed only for opinions.
Children may receive an early bias that influ-
ences their future character and destiny.
Prepossessions spring from casualties; they do
not exist in young minds. Prejudices are the
fruits of a contracted education. A bias may
be overpowered, a prepossession overcome, and
a prejudice corrected or removed. We may
be biassed for or against; we are always pre-
possessed in favour, and mostly prejudiced
against." (Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
* B. As adjective:
1. Slanting.
“We cannot allege her oblique and byass declina
tion.”-Holland : Plinie, p. 953.
2. Swelled like a bowl on the biassed side.
"... till thy sphered bias cheek."
Shakesp.: Troil. & Cress., iv. 5.
C. As adverb : In an oblique direction ;
obliquely, slantingly.
.. by the obliquity of the zodiack circle thorow
which the sun passes biase.”-Holland : Plutarch,
p. 953.
bias-drawing, s. A turn awry; par.
tiality.
“In this extant moment, faith and troth,
Strain'd purely from alí hollow bias-drawing,
Bids thee, with most divine integrity,
From heart of very heart, great Hector, welcome !"
Shakesp. : Troil. & Cress., iv. 5.
bī-as, * bi'-ass, v.t. [From bias, s. (q.v.).
In Fr. biaiser=to slope, to cut aslant, to
decline, to equivocate.] To incline in a par-
ticular direction. (Used figuratively of a
person, or of his mind, heart, or will; of
his views, &c.)
“Oaths, used as playthings or convenient tools,
As interest biassed knaves, or fashion fools."
Cowper : Expostulation.
“So completely biassed were the views of this illus-
trious man, by his exaggerated notions respecting the
nature and properties of the blood.”—Todd & Bowman:
Physiol. Anat., vol. i., Introd., p. 16.
* bī-as-ness, s. [Eng. bias; -ness.] Inclina-
tion to one side ; bias. (Sherwood.)
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whăt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hếr, thêre; pīne, pſt, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, work, whô, sõn; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cūr, rûle, fúll; trý, Sýrian. @e, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu = kw.

biassed-bibie
523
Articles of Faith and symbolical books do
not always express the real belief of all who
nominally assent to them; and scattered
through the several churches are a very large
number of persons who hold that the Bible
being of itself “the Word of God;” whilst a
small number deny the Scriptures all special
inspiration, and deal with them as freely as
they would with the Mohammedan Koran, the
Hindoo Vedas and Puranas, the Sikh Grunth,
or the Persian Zend Ayesta.
bi'-assed, bi'-ased, pa. par. & a.
bib-ble'-băb-ble, s. [A reduplication with
“Or seeking with a biass'd mind."
a variation to avoid identity of sound. In Fr.
Cowper : Friendship. babil, babillage.] [BABBLE.] Idle talk.
bī'-ass-îng, bi'-as-ing, pr. par. [BIAS, v.] “Malvolio, Malvolio, thy wits the heavens restore !
endeavour thyself to sleep, and leave thy vain bibble-
bi-au-ric-u-late, a. [Lat. prefix bị =two,
babble.”-Shakesp. : Twelfth Night, iv. 4.
and auricula = the external ear; from auris
bibble-press, S. [Etymology of bibble
= the ear.]
doubtful, and Eng. press.] A press for rolling
Biol. : Having two auricles. [AURICLE. ] rocket-cases.
b1-ăx'-1-al, i bī-ax-al, a. [Lat. prefix bi = 1 * bữb'-blẽr, s. [BIBLER.]
two, and axis = an axle, ... an axis. ]
[Axis.] Having two axes.
bibbş, s. [Etymology doubtful.]
". : : the coloured rings of uniaxal and biaxal Naut. : Brackets made of elm plank, and
crystals.” — Proceedings of the Physical Society of
bolted to the hounds of the masts, for the
Lond
udon, pt. ii., p. 3.
purpose of supporting the trestle-trees. (Fal-
* bîb, * bibbe, * bybbe, v.t. & i. [From Lat. coner.)
bibo = to drink.]
A. Trans. : To drink.
* bi-ber-yen, v.t. [A.S. bebeorgan = to defend,
“This miller has so wisely bibbed ale.”
to take care of.] To ward off. (Layamon.)
Chaucer : C. T., 4,160.
bib'-1-7, s. [Lat. bibio= a small insect gene-
amount of liquor at brief intervals, constitut-
rated in wine.]
ing in the aggregate a large consumption with-
Entom. : A genus of dipterous insects be-
out excess at any one time.
longing to the family Tipulidæ. Many species
"To appease a froward child, they gave him drink
occur in Britain.
as often as he cried; so that he was constantly bib-
bing, and drank more in twenty-four hours than I + bib'-1-tõr-ý, a. [From Lat. bibitor = a
did."-Locke.
drinker, a toper; bibo = to drink.] [BIB, v.]
bỉb, s. [In Sp. babador, babadera ; Port. baba-
douro; Ital. bavaglio. From Lat. bibo = to
bī'-ble, * by-ble (Eng.), *by-bill (0. Scotch),
drink.)
S. & a. (Sw. bibeln; Dan. & Ger. bibel;
1. A piece of linen put over the front of Dut. bijbel; Gael. biobull; Russ. biblips; Fr.
the clothes of children to preserve them from bible ; Prov. bibla; Sp. & Port. biblia; Ital.
being wet or dirtied whilst they are eating or bibbia; Eccl. Lat. biblia; Eccl. Gr. Bußria
drinking.
(biblia), plur. of Bußlíov (biblion), and Bußxíov
“Even misses, at whose age their mothers wore (bublion) = (1) a paper, à letter; (2) a book.
The backstring and the bib, assume the dress
It is a dimin. of Class. Gr. Biblos (biblos) = (1)
Of womanhood.”
Cowper : Task, bk, iv.
the inner bark of the papyrus; (2) the paper
2. A fish, the Morrhua lusca of Flemi. It
made of this bark first in Egypt; a paper, a
is called also the Pout and Whiting Pout. It
book, Búßros (bublos) = the Egyptian papyrus
belongs to the family Gadidæ. It is found in
Britain.
(Cyperus papyrus, sometimes called Papyrus
antiquorum); (3) its coats or fibres. Thus "a
bib-cravat, s. A cravat resembling a bible” was originally any book made of paper
child's bib.
derived from the papyrus or paper-reed.]
“But only fools, and they of vast estate,
A. As substantive :
The extremity of modes will imitate,
* 1. Gen.: Any book.
Dryden : Prol. on Opening the New House.
“To tellen al, wold passen eny bible
That o wher is ...
bib-cock, s. A cock or faucet having a
Chaucer: C. T., 12,785.
bent down nozzle; a bib.
“ Alle these armes that ther weren,
That they thus on her cotes beren,
bib-valve, s. A valve in a bib-cock.
For hyt to me were impossible ;
Men myghte make of hem a bible,
bī-bā'-çi-oŭs (or çious as shyŭs), a.
Twenty foote thykke I trowe."
[From Lat. bibax, genit. bibacis = given to
Chaucer : House of Fame, bk. iii.
drinking; from bibo = to drink.] [BIB.] Ad-
2. Spec. : Pre-eminently “the book,"in com-
dicted to drinking. (Johnson.)
parison with which other literary productions
are not worthy to be dignified with the name
of books; or, if they be called books, it then
bibacis.] [BIBACIOUS.] The quality of drinking
becomes “ the Book of books." The idea just
much. (Johnson.)
expressed is founded on the etymology derived
originally from the Christian Greeks, but now
bī-bā'-sic, a. [In Fr. bibasique; from Lat. rooted in the languages of all the nations of
prefix bi=two, and basic = pertaining to a Christendom. The first to use the term Biblia
chemical base.] [BASE, Chem. ]
Chem.: An acid is said to be bibasic when Chrysostom, who flourished in the fifth cen-
it contains two atoms of hydrogen which can
tury. The word scripture or scriptures,
be replaced by other metals; as H2SO4, sul-
from the Latin scriptura = writing, scrip-
phuric acid, the H can be replaced atom for turce = writings, conveys the analogous idea
that the “Scriptures" are alone worthy of
potassium) and K2SO4 (dipotassium sulphate), being called writings. This use of the word
or by a dyad metal, as Ba"SO4 (barium sul came originally from the Latin fathers, but
phate) Organic acids are said to be bibasic
it has been adopted not merely by the English,
when they contain the monad radical carboxyl
but by the other Christian nations of Europe.
(CO.OH) twice, as (CO.OH)2 (oxalic acid), or The high appreciation of the Bible implied in
CH_(CO.OH)2 (succinic acid). An acid can be the use of these words arises from the fact
triatomic and dibasic, as C H3(OH)(CO.OH)2
that it is believed by the vast majority of
(malic acid), or tetratomic and dibasic, as
Č,H (OH)2(CO.OH)2 (tartaric acid).
diversities of reading and errors of transla-
tion) the actual Word of God, and therefore
bī-bā'-tion, s. A drink, draught.
infallibly true. This is implied, though not
“He of the frequent bibations."-Carlyle : Past and expressly stated, in the sixth of the Thirty-nine
Present, p. 127 (ed. 1858).
Articles.
bỉb'bed, pa. par. [BIB, v.]
“Holy Scripture containeth all things necessary to
salvation : so that whatsoever is not read therein nor
may be proved thereby is not to be required of any
* bib-bel-er, s. [BIBLER.]
man that it should be believed as an article of
the faith, or be thought requisite or necessary to
bib’-bőr, s. [From Eng. bib. In Fr. biberon salvation ...
(m.), biberonne (f.); Sp. bebedor; Port. be The Westminster Confession of Faith is more
berrao ; Ital. bevitore ; Lat. bibitor. ] One specific.
who drinks a little at a time but frequently ; “ The authority of the Holy Scripture, for which it
a tippler. Used
ought to be believed or obeyed, dependeth not upon
the testimony of any man or church but wholly upon
(a) As an independent word.
God (who is truth itself), the author thereof, and
“And other abhorreth his brother because he is a
therefore it is to be received because it is the Word of
great bibber.”—Udal: Matt., ch. vii.
God.”—Westminster Conf. of Faith, ch.i., § 4.
Or (6) in composition, as wine-bibber (q.v.).
The Church of Rome does not differ from the
"Behold a man gluttonous and a wine-bibber.”-
several Protestant denominations respecting
Matt. xi. 19.
the divine authority of the books which the
latter accept as canonical; it combines, how-
bib'-bîng, pr. par. & d. [BIB, v.]
ever, with them the apocrypha and church
“He playeth with bibbing mother Meroe, as though
traditions regarding faith and morals which
so named because she would drink mere wine without
water."-Camden.
Protestants reject.
stituting an organic whole.
In the Authorised English Version the Bible
is divided into the Old and New Testaments,
the former containing thirty-nine, and the
latter twenty-seven books. These designations
are taken from antiquum testamentum, in the
Vulgate rendering of 2 Cor. iii. 14 and novum
testamentum in verse 6. The Greek word is
diadnan (diathēkē), the Sept. name of the Old
Testament being Η παλαιά διαθήκη (Ηο ράλαία
diathēkē = the old Diatheke), and the Greek
New Testament being termed “Η καινη διαθήκη
(Hē kainē diathēkē = the New Diatheke). Ala-
ńkn (Diathēkē) in Class. Greek, and in Heb.
ix. 16, 17, signifies a testament or will, but
generally, throughout the Septuagint, the
Greek Testament, and the Greek ecclesiastical
writers, it means a covenant. Hence the two
primary divisions of the Bible had better have
been called the Old and New Covenants rather
than the Old and New Testaments. The old
covenant is the one inade with Adam or that
entered into with Abraham and subsequently
developed at Sinai; the new one that formed
in connection with the advent and death of
Christ.
The Old Testament was originally written
in Hebrew, except Jer. x. 11; Ezra iv. 8 to vi.
18; vii. 12 to 26; and Dan. ii. from middle of
verse 4 to vii. 28, which are East Aramæan
(Chaldee). The New Testament was originally
written in Greek, with the exception perhaps
of St. Matthew's Gospel, which the Christian
fathers Papias, Irenæus, Pantænus, Origen,
Jerome, &c., state to have been published
originally in Aramæan.
The order of the books in the Hebrew Bible
is different from that which obtains in the
English Scriptures, which in this respect
follow the Greek Septuagint and the Latin
Vulgate. The Jews divided the Old Testament
primarily into three portions, called the Law,
the Prophets, and the Kethubim or in Greek
the Hagiographa. The Divine Redeemer
alludes to this classification in Luke xxiv. 44,
“... that all things might be fulfilled which
are written in the Law, and in the Prophets,
and in the Psalms." The Psalms are the first
book in the Hagiographa, and agreeably to the
Jewish method of quoting, stand for the whole
division. Such words as Genesis, Exodus, Deu-
teronomy, &c., are Greek, and taken from the
Septuagint; the Hebrew generally names these
and some other books by their initial word.
Thus Genesis is called nuna (Bereshith) =
In the beginning. The following list exhibits
the order and classification of the books in
the Hebrew Bible :
I. inin (Torah), the Law: Genesis, Exodus,
Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.
II. DIRA. (Nebîîm), the Prophets :
(1) The former prophets: Joshua, Judges,
Samuel, Kings.
(2) The later prophets :
(a) The great prophets : Isaiah, Jeremiah,
Ezekiel.
(6) The small or minor prophets : Hosea, Joel,
Amos Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum,
Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah,
Malachi.
III. O'qing (Kethubîm) = books; in Greek
Hagiographa = Holy Writings:
(1) Truth: Psalms, Proverbs.
(2) The five rolls: Job, Song of Solomon,
Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther,
Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, Chronicles.
It is startling to find that in this arrangement
Daniel does not figure among the prophets,
but is relegated to the Hagiographa. It is
remarkable also that Joshua, Judges, Samuel,
prophetic writings.
A convenient classification for modern use
classes :-
(1) The Historical Books: Genesis-Ezra.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhăn. -tious, -sious, -cious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. =bęl, del.

524
bibled-biblically
*
(2) The Poetical Books: Job-Song of Solo-
mon.
(3) The Prophetical Books : Isaiah-Malachi.
(The weak point about this division is that
most of the prophetical books falling under
the third category were written not in Hebrew
prose but in poetry.)
A similar division for the New Testament is
into
(1) Historical Books: Matthew-The Acts of
the Apostles.
(2) Epistles: Romans-Jude.
(3) The Prophetical Book : Revelation. [For a
description of the several books, see GENESIS,
EXODUS, &c.]
The Bible has given rise to several sciences
of its own, and specially to the following:
(1) Apologetics, not a good name, for it is
liable to be misunderstood, as it was even by
George III., who, on being told that Bishop
Watson had published "an apology for the
Bible,” remarked that he did not before know
that the Bible required an apology. The word
is used in the Greek sense of defence, the
Christian apologist does not admit the exist-
ence of error in the Bible which he defends.
[APOLOGETICS, APOLOGY.]
(2) Biblical Criticism, which seeks to ascer-
tain precisely what books are inspired, and
bring the text of these to the most perfect
state of purity. [BIBLICAL CRITICISM.]
(3) Hermeneutics, from the Gr. epunvevtikÓS
(hermēneutikos) = of or for interpreting : its
aim is to ascertain the principles which should
be followed in biblical interpretation. (HER-
MENEUTICS.]
For the several versions of the Bible see
VERSIONS and AUTHORISED. Altogether apart
from the claims put forth by the Bible to be a,
or rather the, Divine Revelation, the Authorised
version is the first English classic; and the
history of Europe and the world would be a
hopeless enigma to any one who knew nothing
of the Bible.
“ Yon cottager, who weaves at her own door,
Pillow and bobbins all her little store,
*
Just knows and knows no more her Bible true:
A truth the brilliant Frenchman never knew;
And in that charter reads, with sparkling eyes,
Her title to a treasure in the skies.”
Cowper : Truth.
B. As adjective: Pertaining to, or in any
way connected with, the Bible. See the
compounds which follow.
Bible-Christians, s.
Ecclesiology: A Christian sect, called also
Bryanites. It was founded by Mr. William O.
Bryan, a Wesleyan local preacher in Cornwall,
who, separating in 1815 from the main body of
the Wesleyans, began to form separate societies.
In 1829 he left the body he had formed. In
the religious census of 1851 (the only one
hitherto taken) they are credited with 482
places of Worship, attended, on the census
Sunday (with allowances for imperfect returns)
by 14,902 in the forenoon, 24,345 in the after-
noon, and 34,612 in the evening. The strength
of the Bible Christians is in the south-west
counties of England. (Mann : Relig. Census.)
Bible Defence Association.
Ecclesiology: A Christian sect figuring in
the English Registrar-General's returns.
Bible-oath, s. An oath sworn upon the
Bible.
Bible Society. Any society constituted
for multiplying copies of the Bible and, as far
as the financial resources at its disposal will
permit, diffusing them abroad. Of these so-
cieties the following may be enumerated :-
1. The British and Foreign Bible Society : As
there were brave men before Agamemnon, so
the Word of God was circulated before this
great Society came into existence. The fol-
lowing associations made the circulation of
the Scriptures one of the objects at which they
aimed :-The Society for the Propagation of the
Gospel in New England, incorporated in 1649,
and again in 1661; the Society for Promoting
Christian Knowledge, established in 1698; the
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel,
established in 1701 ; the Society in Scotland
for Propagating Christian Knowledge, incor-
porated in 1709; the Society at Halle, founded
in 1712; the Society for Promoting Religious
Knowledge among the Poor, established 1750;
and finally, the Society for the Support and
Encouragement of Sunday Schools, established
in 1785. Two societies made it their primary
aim, viz. :-The Bible Society for Soldiers and
Sailors, established in 1780 and the French
Bible Society, commenced in London in 1792,
its object being the circulating of the Scrip-
tures in France. But with all that was done
by these organisations, Bibles were both
costly and difficult to obtain. Nowhere was
this spiritual dearth felt more keenly than in
Wales, which after having bought up an edi-
tion of 10,000 Welsh Bibles and 2,000 Testa-
ments, issued in 1796, still felt its wants but
partially supplied. The Society for Promoting
Christian Knowledge, which had published
the edition which had gone off so well, had
not enterprise enough to follow it up with
another, though strongly urged to incur the
not very formidable risk.
On 7th December, 1802, Mr. Joseph Tarn
introduced the subject of the scarcity of Bibles
in Wales, at a small gathering of Christian
friends in London. On this a celebrated Evan-
gelical clergyman, the Rev. Mr. Charles, of
Bala, in the Principality, who was present, and
had been impressed by hearing shortly before
from a Welsh girl that she was in the habit
of journeying over the hills seven miles every
week to obtain a sight of the sacred volume,
proposed that a subscription should be set on
foot for printing the Bible for circulation in
Wales. The Rev. Joseph Hughes, a Baptist
minister, suggested as an amendment that the
intended effort should be not for Wales simply
but for all the world. From this small germ
the great Bible Society sprang. It came into
existence in 1803, under the name of “The
Society for Promoting a more extensive Circu-
lation of the Scriptures both at Home and
Abroad.” Next year, on the 7th of March,
1804, it was more formally constituted at a
meeting held in the London Tavern, Bishops-
gate, its too lengthened designation being ex-
changed for the briefer and more telling one
which it still retains, The British and Foreign
Bible Society. Its rise to power was rapid.
On the 28th March, 1809, an auxiliary Bible
Society was established at Reading, and many
similar auxiliaries or branches soon followed
in other places. The only serious check which
the great parent institution ever sustained was
in connection with the Apocryphal Contro-
versy, which raged between 1821 and 1826.
[APOCRYPHAL CONTROVERSY]. This being at
length happily settled, the Society's prospects
became again unclouded, and the sphere of its
operations rapidly extended year by year.
Up till 31st March, 1880, it had taken a more
or less direct share in the translation, print-
ing, or distribution of the Scriptures in 233
languages or dialects, the number of versions
being 282; and had put into circulation more
than 88 millions of Bibles, Testaments, or
Scripture portions at an expense of above 85
millions sterling. During the year ending the
31st March, 1880, there were issued from its
depôts at home or abroad 2,780,362 copies of
the Bible in whole or in part. The free in-
come for the year was £110,806 7s. 9d., making
with contributions for special objects and the
proceeds arising from the sale of Scriptures a
total of £213,374 14s. 8d.
2. The German Bible Society, formed at Nu-
remberg in 1804, and afterwards transferred
to Basle.
3. The Prussian Bible Society, so named in
1814, developed out of the Berlin Society,
formed in 1804 or 1805.
4. The Hibernian Bible Society, formed in
1806.
5. The Philadelphia Bible Society, the first in
the United States, founded in 1808.
6. The City of London Bible Society, founded
in 1812.
7. The Russian Bible Society, established
under the auspices of the Emperor Alexander
in 1813, but suppressed in 1826 by his successor
Nicholas, the antagonist of the Allies in the
noted Crimean war.
8. The American Bible Society, founded in
1816. It has now many auxiliaries in connec-
tion with it.
9. The Trinitarian Bible Society, founded in
1831.
10. The National Bible Society of Scotland,
founded in 1860, with which the Edinburgh
Bible Society (1809), and the Glasgow one
(1812), are now incorporated.
Bible societies, though wide in their con-
stitution, are practically Protestant institu-
tions; and on June 29, 1816, a bull denouncing
them was launched by Pope Pius VII.
bible-woman, s. A woman employed to
read the Bible to the poor and sick of her
own sex in connexion with home or foreign
missions.
* bi-bled, a. [Eng. and A.S. pref. bi and bled.]
Covered with blood. [The same as - BEBLED
(q.v.).] (Chaucer.)
bib'-lêr. * bib-bel-er, * bib-bler (Eng.),
* beb-ble (Scotch), s. [Dan. dial. bible = to
trickle; Dan. pible = to purl.] (Wedgwood.)
[BIB, BIBBER.] A tippler.
"I perceive you are no great bybler (i.e. reader of the
Bible), Pasiphilo.
“Püs. Yes, sir, an excellent good bibbeler, 'specially
in a bottle."-Gascoigne : Works, sign. C. 1. (Nares.)
bỉb'-less, a. [Eng. bib, and -less.] Without a
bib.
: "Bibless and apronless.”—Dickens : Our Mut. Friend,
ch. iv., p. 27.
bỉb'-li-cal, d. [Eng. bible); -ical. In Fr.
biblique; śp., Port., & Ital. biblico.] [BIBLE.]
Pertaining to the Bible.
“To make a biblical version faithful and exact, ..."
-Abp. Newcome : Ess. on the Transl. of the Bible.
biblical archæology. Biblical anti-
quities; antiquities illustrative of the Bible.
I Society of Biblical Archceology: A society
founded in London on 9th December, 1870,
“for the investigation of the Archæology,
History, Arts, and Chronology of Ancient and
Modern Assyria, Palestine, Egypt, Arabia,
and other Biblical Lands; the promotion of
the study of the Antiquities of those countries,
and the Record of Discoveries hereafter to be
made in connection therewith.” The associa-
tion has already risen into great power and
reputation. It was before this society that
Mr. George Smith, on the 3rd December, 1872,
read his paper on “The Assyrian Account of
the Deluge,” translating the celebrated
“Deluge Tablet.” That evening the attend-
ance at the meeting, then ordinarily about
fifty, rose to about 800.
biblical criticism. The science which
has for its objects (1) to decide which books
are entitled to have a place in the Scripture
canon (CANON); and (2) to bring the text of
these canonical books to the utmost possible
degree of purity.
In prosecuting the first of these aims, the
Biblical critic must not be confounded with
the Christian apologist: the function of the
former is a strictly judicial one, whilst the
office of the latter is that of an advocate.
One important subject of investigation is
as to what Old Testament books were re-
cognised as divine by the ancient Jewish
Church or synagogue; as also what New
Testament books were at once and universally
welcomed by the early Christian Church
[HOMOLOGOUMENA]; and what others were
for a time partially rejected, though they ulti-
mately found acceptance everywhere. (ANTI-
LEGOMENA.]
In seeking to purify the text the biblical
critic must do much toilsome work in the
collation of " codices” or manuscripts.
[CODEX.] He does not put the whole of these
on one level and admit whatever reading has a
majority of MSS. in its favour ; but attempts
to test the value of each one apart, forming an
hypothesis if he can as to when, where, and
from whom it emanated, and from what other
MSS. it was copied at first, or, in technical
language, to what "recension” it belonged.
[RECENSION.] Those which he values most
for New Testament criticism are the Codex
Sinaiticus, written probably about the middle
of the fourth century; and the Codex Alexan-
drinus and Codex Vaticanus, dating, it is be-
lieved, from about the middle of the fifth cen-
tury.
Subjoined is a list of a few of the chief
passages in the New Testament on which
biblical critics have thrown doubt: Mark xvi.
9—26; John v. 4; viii. 1-11; Acts viii. 37 ;
1 John v. 7, and perhaps the doxology ap-
pended to the Lord's Prayer, “For thine is
the kingdom,” &c. (Matt. vi. 13). These omis-
sions will not overthrow any theological doc-
trine held by the Churches.
bib’-17-cąl-ly, adv. [Eng. biblical ; -ly.] In
a biblical manner, by process derived from
the Bible or according to biblical principles
(Webster.)
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hếr, thêre; pīne, pịt, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sön; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; trý, sýrian. *, =ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

biblicist-bicalcarate
525
bib-li-cīst, S. (Eng. biblic(al); -ist.] One book, and dioos (lithos) = stone.) An obsolete bib-17-o-pol-ic, bib-17-o-pol-1-cal, a.
whose special study is the Bible, and who is
name for a schistose rock exhibiting between [Eng. bibliopol(e); -ical.] Pertaining to a
well acquainted with its contents. (Edin.
its laminæ dendritic markings, mechanically bookseller or to bookselling.
Rev.)
produced by the infiltration of iron manganese,
1 The form bibliopolical occurs in C. Lamb.
&c., and not really consisting of the leaves or
bib'-17-o-gnòste (g silent), s. [From Gr. Biß other organic remains to which they have bīb-17-op-ól-ışm, s. [Eng. bibliopolſe);
díov (biblion)= a book, and yvóorns (gnóstēs) been compared. They were called also BOOK -ism.] The occupation of a bibliopole; book-
= one who knows.] One who knows thé
STONES, PHYLOBIBLIA, and LITHOBIBLIA (q.v.). selling. (Dibdin.)
history of books and the method of their
production (see ex.).
bib-li-o-loģ'--cal, a. [Eng. bibliolog(y); bỉb-lì-op'-Ól-ist, s. [Eng. bibliopolle); -ist.]
“A bibliognoste is one knowing in title-pages and
-ical.] Pertaining to bibliology. (Pen. Cycl.) A bookseller; a bibliopole. (Todd.)
colophons, and in editions; the place and year when
printed; the presses whence issued; and all the
bib-lì-71--ġġ, s. [From Gr. Bibliov (biblion) bỉb-lì-ő-pol-ỉs’-tĩc, a. [Eng. bibliopolist ;
minutiæ of a book."-Disraeli: Curios. of Lit., iii. 343.
= a book, and dóyos (logos)=... a discourse.] -ic.] Pertaining to a bookseller or to book-
bib'-l-o-gnos-tic (g silent), a. (Eng. biblio 1. A discourse or treatise about books;
selling. (Dibdin.)
gnost(e); -ic.] Pertaining to the studies of a
the science or knowledge of books, now
bibliognoste, acquainted with books. [BIB-
bỉb'-17-o-tăphe, s. [From Gr. Bublíov (bib-
generally termed BIBLIOGRAPHY (q.v.).
LIOGNOSTE.] (Saturday Review.)
lion) = a book, and tabos (taphos) =a burial,
“There is a sort of title page and colophon know-
ledge, in one word, bibliology, in which he is my
a tomb.] One who shuts up his books as if
bỉb-li-og'-ra-phēr, s. [Eng. bibliograph(y); superior."-Southey.
in a sepulchre.
-er. In Ger. bibliograph ; Fr. bibliographe; 2. A discourse about the books of the Bible,
"A bibliotaphe buries his books, by keeping them
under lock, or framing them in glass cases.”—Disraeli:
Sp. & Ital. bibliografo; Port. bibliographo; or about Bible doctrine, history, and precepts. Curios. of Lit., iii. 343.
from Gr. Bußacoypášos (bibliographos)=writing (Pen. Cycl.)
books; from Bibiioypáoéw (bibliographeo) =
* bìb'-lì-o-thêc, s. [BIBLIOTHEKE.] (Scotch.)
to write books : Bipaíov (biblion)=a book, and
bibº-li-j-măn-cỷ, 8. [In Fr. bibliomacie ;
ypábw (graphō)= to grave, to write.] One from Gr. Bibliov (biblion)= a book (BIBLE),
bỉb-lì-o-thē-cal, a. [From Lat. bibliothe-
who writes about books and their history, or and Marteia (manteia)= prophesying, . . . di-
calis.] [BIBLIOTHEKE.] Pertaining to a biblio-
at least catalogues and describes books.
vination; from Mavteúonal (manteuomai)= to
theke or library. (Johnson.)
divine; from uavtis (mantis) = one who di-
bib-lì-o-grăph'-ic, * bib-li-o-graph-
+ bìb-17-o-thē-cär-1-an, S. (From Lat.
vines, a seer, a prophet.] Divination by
ick, bỉb-lì-o-grăph'-i-cal, a. [Eng. means of the Bible; as, for instance, opening
bibliothecari(us), and suff. -an.] The same as
bibliograph(y); -ic, -ical. In Fr. bibliogra it and applying the first passage on which the
BIBLIOTHECARY (q.v.).
phique; Port. bibliographico; from Gr. Bibilo eye falls to the matter of anxiety by which + bữb-11-oth-ěc-a-rý (English), * bỉb-li-o-
ypábos (bibliographos) = writing books.] [BIB one is perplexed. (Southey.)
thêc-ạr (Scotch), s. [In Sw. bibliothecarie;
LIOGRAPHER.) Pertaining to literary history,
or the cataloguing and describing of books. bib-lì-ő-mā'-ni-a, + bib-17-o-mā’-ný, s.
Ger. bibliothekar; Fr. bibliothécaire; Ital.
bibliotecario; from
[In Ger. & Fr. bibliomanie; Port. & Ital. bib-
“The most numerous class of bibliographical works
Lat. bibliothecarius = a
are lists or catalogues of books.”—Pen. Cycl., iv. 380. liomania; from Gr. (1) Bibliov (biblion)=a
librarian.] [BIBLIOTHEKE.] A librarian.
book (BIBLE), and (2) javía (mania) = mad-
“Master Doctor James, the incomparably indus-
bib-l--grăph'-i-cal-ly, adv. In a biblio-
trious and learned bibliothecary of Oxford.”—Bp. Hall:
ness, frenzy ; Maivouai (mainomai) = to rage,
Honour of the Married Clergy, i. 28.
graphical manner, as is done by a biblio to be furious.] A mania for books, book-
grapher or in bibliography. (Dibdin.)
madness; a passionate desire to possess or be † bỉb-li-o-thêke', * bib-l-o-thêqu'e,
occupied with books. (Dibdin : Bibliomania.)
bỉb-17-og'-raph-ý, s. [In Ger. & Fr. biblio-
* bib-lý-ô-thêke, bb-1-3-the-ca
graphie, Sp. & Ital. bibliografia ; Port. biblio-
bib-17-o-mā'-ni-ăc, * bib-li-o-ma-ni-
(Eng.), bữb'-l1-o-thêc (0. Scotch), s. [In Ger.
graphia ; Gr. Bißicoypadia (bibliographia)=
õibliothek; Fr. bibliothéque; Sp. & Ital. biblio-
ack, s. [In Fr. bibliomaniaque; from Gr.
the writing of books. [BIBLIOGRAPHER.] The
teca; Port. & Lat. bibliotheca ; Dut. biblio-
(1) Biblíov (biblion)= a book (BIBLE); (2) uavi-
science orknowledge of books, their authorship,
theck ; Gr. Bißacodńkn (bibliothēké)=(1) a book-
kós (inanikos) = belonging to madness; davía
the dates of their first publication, and of the
case, (2) a library, from Bußxíov (biblion)=a
(mania)= madness, frenzy. ] One who has a
several editions they have gone through, with
book, and Lat. theca, Gr. Ońkn (thēkē)= that in
mania for books, and especially for books of a
all other points requisite for literary history.
which anything is enclosed, a case, a box, a
rare and curious character. (Todd.)
This, it will be perceived, is not the meaning
chest; from tíênue (tithēmi)= to place.]
of the word in Greek. (See etym. of biblio-
the king asking him how many thousand
bỉb-li-o-ma-nī'-a-cal, a. [Eng. biblioma-
graphy and bibliographer.) The Greek term
volumes he had gotten together in his bibliotheke?"-
niac; -al.] Pertaining to bibliomania ; having Donne: Hist. of the Septuagint (1633), p. 16.
generated the French bibliographe, with the
a passion for books. (Quart. Rev.) (Dibdin.)
meaning (identical with neither the Greek
bīb'-list, s. [In Ger. biblist; Fr. bibliste.
nor the English one) of acquaintance with
+ bb-li-j-ma-ni-an-ism, s. [From Eng.
From bible.]
ancient writings and skill in deciphering
1. Among Roman Catholics : One who re-
them. About A.D. 1752 the modern sense of
bibliomania, n euphonic, and suff. -ism.] The
gards the Bible as the sole authority in matters
the word was arising, though the old one still
same as BIBLIOMANIA (q.v.). (Dr. N. Drake.)
of religion.
held its ground. Finally, in 1763, the publica-
tion of De Bure's Bibliographie Instructive
+ bỉb-17-ő-mā’-nist, s. [Eng., &c., biblio 2. One who is conversant with the Bible.
established the new meaning, and gave the
mania, and suff. -ist.] One who has a mania
bíb'-lús, s. [Latin ; from Gr. Búblos (bublos)
death-blow to the old one. It was not the for books. (C. Lamb.)
=the Egyptian Papyrus (Papyrus antiquo-
first book which had appeared on literary
7 bìb-17-o-pěğ'-ic, a. [Eng. bibliopeg(y); -ic.]
rum). [BIBLE.] [PAPYRUS.] The Papyrus.
history, Conrad Gesner's Bibliotheca Univer-
salis, containing a catalogue of all the Hebrew,
[BIBLIOPEGY.] Relating to the art of binding
* bi-bod, s. [A.S. bibod = a command.] A
Greek, and Latin books he knew, had long
books. (Webster.)
command. (O. Eng. Hom., i. 25.)
preceded it, having appeared in 1545. Among
t bib-17-o-pěģ-is-tắc, a. [Eng. bibliopeg(y); | b1'-bör-āte, s. [Eng., &c., bi; borate (q.v.).]
the standard works on Bibliography which
-istic.] The same as BIBLIOPEGIC (q. v.).
have been published in Britain may be men-
Chem. [BORAX.]
tioned Watt's Bibliotheca Britannica, in 1824 : + bữb-li-op'-ě-gy. S. [From Gr. Bußaiov
bi-brăc'-tē-āte, d. [(1) From Eng., &c., bi
and Lowndes' Bibliographer's Manual in 1834.
(biblion) =... a book (BIBLE), and yvuul
The Catalogue of the British Museum or of any
=twice or two, and (2) bracteate (q.v.).]
(pēgnumi)= to make fast.] The art of bind-
other library is a bibliographical production;
ing books.
Bot. : Having two bracts or bracteas.
so, also, is every publisher's circular.
bib’-17-o-phile, s. [In Fr. bibliophile; Port.
“Bibliography is a matter of business, and must be
bib'-ų-loŭs, a. [Lat. bibulus =(1) drinking
left to private enterprise."-Letter of Í. Whitaker in bibliophilo; from Gr. Bibliov (biblion) = a
readily or freely, (2) ready to absorb moisture,
Times, Feb. 27, 1874.
book (BIBLE), and bidos (philos) = a friend;
(3) listening readily ; bibo=to drink.]
+ bỉb-17-71'-a-trist, s. [Eng. bibliolatr(y); from bidos (philos)= loved.] A lover of books. 1. Of things: Readily absorbing moisture.
-ist. ]
“I fail to recognise in him either the grip or coun 2. Of persons : Having proclivities to the
tersign of a genuine bibliophile."-J. Whitaker, in the
1. Gen. : One who idolises books.
imbibing of liquor.
Times, Feb. 27, 1874.
2. Spec. : One who idolises the Bible. (Used
of believers in its verbal inspiration.)
[Eng. bibulous ; lu.
1 + bib-li-oph'-1l-ísm. s. [From Gr. BuBxiov | bib'-ų-loủs-ly, adv.
(De
In a bibulous manner, so as to absorb liquid.
Quincey.)
(biblion) = a book (BIBLE), pídos (philos)=a
friend, and -ism.] love of books. (Dibdin.)
(De Quincey.)
bib-lì-ol'-a-try, s. [From Gr. Bibilov (biblion)
*bi-bur-ien (pa. par. bebered; pret. biburiede),
= (1) a paper, a letter, (2) a book, dimin. of + bīb-17-oph'--list, s. [From Gr. Bibliov v.t. [A.S. biburiyed = buried.] To bury.
Biblos (õibłos) [BIBLE] ; and datpeów (latreuo)
(biblion) = a book (BIBLE), pídos (philos) = a
(Legend of St. Katherine, 2,227.) (Stratmann.)
=(1) to work for hire or pay, (2) to be subject
friend, and suff. -ist.] One who loves books;
to, (3) to serve the gods with prayer and sacri a bibliophile. (Gent. Mag.)
*bi-bu-yen (pa. par. biboyen), v.i. To avoid,
to flee.
fices, to worship ; dátpus (Tatris) = a hired
+ bib-17-o-pho-b7-a, s. [From Gr. Bibliov
servant; dátpov (latron) = pay, hire.]
(biblion) =a book, and poßos (phobos) = fear; | * bi-cach-en, * bî-kache (pa. par. * bicaught,
1. Fervent admiration, carried to the verge
from débouai (phebomai) = to fear, to be becaught, bikaht), v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and 0.
of idolatry, for books.
afraid.j Fear of books. (Dibdin.)
Fr. cache = catch.] To catch, to deceive.
“If to adore an image be idolatry,
(Relig. Antiq., i. 183.) (Stratmann.)
To deify a book is bibliolatry."
bib-17-o-poʻle, s. [Fr. bibliopole ; Port. &
Byrom: The Bishop of Gloucester's Doctrine of Grace.
bi-căl'-car-āte, d. [From Lat. prefix bi =
Lat. bibliopola; from Gr. B.BALOtóans (biblio-
(Richardson.)
põlēs) = a bookseller : Bibliov (biblion)=a
2. A similar feeling towards the Bible.
two, and Eng. calcarate = spurred; from Lat.
book, and modéw (poleo = to exchange or calcar = a spur.] [CALCARATE.]
* bïb-17-o-līte, s. [In Ger. bibliolit ; Fr. barter goods, to sell.] A bookseller. (Eclec. Bot. : Having two spurs ; doubly spurred.
bibliolithe ; from Gr. Bußacov (biblion) =
Rev.)
(Brande.)
boil, boy; póut, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -ţion, -sion=zhŭn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, del.

526
bicalle-bicke
AMU
* bi-calle, * be-calle, v.t. [From Eng. and
used in the manufacture of effervescing pow. 1. Gen. : Two-headed.
A.S. prefix bi, and call.] To call after; to
ders and drinks, which are usually a mixture
2. Specially:
accuse.
of this salt with tartaric acid, and also enters
(a) Anat. Of muscles : Having two heads
“And bi-catleth of harme and scathe.”
into the composition of baking-powders.
Story of Gen, and Exod., 2,314.
or origins. Three muscles of the human body
have this name applied to them. One is the
bī-căl-loşe, bī'-
bī-ca-ri-nāte, bī–
Biceps himeri, or Biceps internus himeri, and
căl-lous, a. [Lat.
căr'-7-nāte, A.
a second the Biceps extensor, both of which
prefix bi= two, and
[From Lat. pref. bi
are in the arm, and the Biceps femoris, which
callosus=thick-
=two, and carina-
is the straight muscle of the thigh.
skinned; from cal-
tus = keel-formed ;
"... the biceps, inserted into the tubercle of the
lum = hardened
carina = a keel.]
radius ..."-Todd & Bowman : Physiol. A nat., i. 170.
skin.]
Botany : Two-
(6) Bot. Of papilionaceous corollas : Having
Bot. : Having two
keeled ; having two
the claws of the two petals composing the
callosities. (Used
ribs or keels on the
keel distinct instead of united.
of the lips of some
under side. (Used
Orchids.) (Gray.)
specially of the
* bi-charme, bi-chan-men,.. [The same
Such callosities may
paleæ of some
as BECHARM (q.v.).]
be seen below the
grasses.) (Gray.)
* bi-cherre, * bi-cher-ren, * bi-char-
middle of the lip in
Thus in the genus
ren, v.t. [From A.S. becerran, becyrran = to
Holcus, of which
the genus Spiran-
turn to, to give up, to betray.] To deceive.
thes, of which three
there are two
(Morris: 0. Eng. Miscellany, 46.) (Stratmann.)
representatives have
British representa-
a place in the British
BICALLOSE.
BICARINATE.
tives-Holcus mollis
* bich-man, s. [Corrupted from 0. Scotch
flora.
and H. Tanatus-
buthman = Eng. boothman (?).] A man who
the upper palea is bicarinate.
keeps a booth.
* bi-cam, pret. of v. [BECOME.) Became.
“I gar the bichman obey ; thar was na bute ellis."
* bi-cas, * by-cas, adv. [O. Eng. and A.S.
(Rom, of Rose, &c.)
Dunbar: Maitland Poems, p. 56. (Jamieson.)
bi = by, and cas = chance, hazard; from Lat.
bi-căn-[-ta-ted,
casus = that which happens, chance.] [CASE.] | bi-chlor-ide, s. [Lat. prefix b =
| bī-chlor'-āde, s. (Lat. prefix bi= two, and
a. [Lat. prefix bi
By chance.
chloride (q.v.).]
=two, and Eng.
."... ther forth com bicas."...
Chem. : A term used in chemistry to denote
capitated ; from
Rob. of Glou., p. 140.
a compound containing two atoms of chlorine,
Latin capitatus =
* bi-caste, bi-casten, s. [Eng. prefix bi,
having a head; ca-
which are united to an atom of an element, as
put = head.]
and cast.]
Hg”C12 (bichloride of mercury), or to an
To cast round, to clothe, cover.
organic radical, as (C2H4)”Cl, (ethylene bi-
Her. :
(St. Brandan.) (Stratmann.)
Having
chloride). These are usually called dichlorides,
two heads. The
* bì-câ'use, adv. [BECAUSE.]
as ethylene dichloride.
arms of Austria
* bicch-id, * bicch-ed, * bych-ed, a.
bichloride of mercury.
consist of a two-
headed eagle; so
[A different spelling of Eng. picked or pecked Phar. : Hg''Cl2, also called perchloride of
also do those of
BICAPITATED.
(Skeat). In Dut. bikkel ; Ger. bickel isra mercury, or corrosive sublimate. It is pre-
Russia.
die, but the English forms bicchel and bickel pared by heating a mixture of mercuric sul-
were simply invented by Tyrwhitt.] Pecked, phate, HgS04, with dry chloride of sodium,
bị-cap'-sų-lạr, d. [In Fr. bicapsulaire ; from pitted, or notched, in allusion to the spots NaCl, and black oxide of manganese, Mn02;
Lat. pref. bi=two, and Eng. capsular, having a marked on dice, by making slight holes in the corrosive sublimate sublimes; hence its
capsule; from capsula = a small box or chest.] their surface; these, now called pips, were name. Bichloride of mercury occurs in
formerly termed picks. (Skeat.) (Chaucer : heavy white masses of prismatic crystals ; it
Man of Lawes Tale; Clarendon Press Series, is soluble in twenty parts of cold water, also
p. 159.)
in alcohol and ether. (For tests see MER-
CURIC.) It is a very powerful irritant-when
* bicchid-bones, bicched - bones,
taken in large doses it causes vomiting and
* byched, bicchel-bones, pl. Dice.
purging. It is very poisonous; the best
“This fruyt cometh of the bicchid boones tuo,
antidote is white of egg. It corrodes the
Forswering, ire, falsnes, homicide.”..
Chaucer: C. T., 14,071-2. skin; it is employed in very small doses as an
In the “ Towneley Mystery,” called the
alterative in skin diseases, externally as a
Processus Talentorum, the executioners of our
lotion, injection, or gargle in chronic skin
diseases, ulcerated sore throats, and chronic
Lord are represented as casting dice for his
garments, and one of them, who had lost, ex-
discharge from the mucous membranes.
claims-
HgCl, is a powerful antiseptic; it is used to
"I was falsly begylyd withe thise byched bones,
preserve anatomical preparations. Ammonia
Ther cursyd thay be!"
added to HgCl2 throws down white precipitate,
NH,HgCl, which is used in pharmacy in the
* biçe (1), s. [Compare Sw. byssja =a bed of form of ointment.
boards.] A small temporary bed made up in
a cottage kitchen. (Halliwell: Contrib. to
bī-chord (h silent), A. [Eng. prefix bi, and
BICAPSULAR.
Lexicog.)
chord.]
Music: Having two strings to each note.
Bot. : Having two capsules. (CAPSULE.] bīçe (2), bīse, s. [From Fr. bis (m.), bise (f.); (Stainer & Barrett.)
(Used chiefly of pericarps.) (Johnson, &c.) 1 Port. bis; Sp. bazo = brown ; Ital. bigio =
bichord pianoforte,
bì-car-bon-āte, s. [In, Fr. bicarbonate;
russet-grey, brown; Low Lat. bisus. In Sw.
betsning; Ger. blassblar, and blassgriin. Diez
Music: A piano possessing two strings to
Ger. bikarbonat. From Lat. prefix bi = two,
compares it with Lat. bombycius = of cotton,
each note.
and Eng. carbonate.]
and Menage with Lat. piceus = pitchy.) A
Chem. & Phar.: A name given to the acid
bī-chro'-mate, s. (Lat. &c., pref.bi=two, and
paint, of which there are two leading colours.
carbonates of potassium, sodium, &c., or to
Eng. chromate (q.v.).] [CHROMIC, CHROMIUM.]
1. Bice, or Blue Bice: A paint of a pale blue
hydric sodium carbonate (NaHCO3), hydric
colour prepared from the native blue carbonate bích-7, 8. [A West African negro word (?).]
potassium carbonate (KHCO3), &c. Also to a
carbonate dissolved in water containing car-
One of the names for a tree (Cola acuminata),
of copper or from smalt.
bonic acid gas, as carbonate of calcium thus
2. Green Bice: A paint prepared from blue a native of western tropical Africa, but intro-
dissolved, reprecipitated on boiling. Bicar-
bice by adding yellow orpiment or by grinding
duced into the hotter parts of America. It
bonate of potassium, KHCO3, is obtained by
down the green carbonate of copper.
furnishes the Cola-nuts of commerce. [COLA.]
passing CO., gas through a saturated aqueous
“Take green bice, and order it as you do your blue
solution of K2CO3 (potassium carbonate). It
bi-cıp'-1-tal, a. [In Fr. bicipital; from Lat.
bice: you may diaper upon it with the water of deep
green.”—Peacħam.
biceps, genit. bicipitis = two-headed (BICEPS),
crystallises in colourless rhombic non-deli-
and suff. -al.] Two-headed. The same as
quescent crystals, which are soluble in four bī-çěl-lu-lī, s. pl. [Lat. prefix bi, and cellula
times their weight of water. It does not give
BICIPITOUS (q.v.). (Used especially of one of
=a small store-room; cella = a store-room, a
a precipitate with BaCl, in the cold.
the muscles belonging to the arm.)
Bicar cell.]
bonate of potassium is a direct antacid, and
“A piece of flesh is exchanged from the bicipital
Entom.: A subsection of bugs of the section muscle of either party's arm."--Browne : Vulgar Err.
is employed in the treatment of acute rheu-
matism, and for renoving uric acid from the
Geocores or Aurocorisa. The name bicelluli is
given because the membranous portion of the
bī-çıp'-1-toús, a. [From Lat. biceps, genit.
system.
hemelytra has two basal cells. The bugs bicipitis = two-headed, and suff. -ous.] [BI-
bicarbonate of sodium. NaHCO3, ranked under this subsection are generally CEPS.]
hydrogen sodium carbonate, obtained by ex small red insects with black spots; they feed 1. Zool.: Two-headed ; bicipital.
posing carbonate of sodium to the action of on plants.
“Bicipitous serpents, ..."-Browne.
CO2, carbonic acid gas, which is liberated
2. Anat. Of muscles : Having two "heads"
from limestone by hydrochloric acid; the gas is bī-çěph'-al-ous, a. [From Lat. prefix bi=
or origins.
absorbed by the crystals of the Na,CO3.10H20, two; Gr. Kebanń (kephalē)= head; and suff.
which lose their water of crystallisation and Ous. Having two heads; two-headed.
3. Bot. : Dividing into two parts, at the top
become opaque Bicarbonate of sodium is (Webster.)
or bottom.
used as an antacid; it is supposed to influ-
* bick, s. [BITCH.] (Scotch.)
ence the secretions of the liver, and not to bi-çeps, d. [Lat. biceps = two-headed : from
produce nausea like the potassium salt. It is bi=twice, or two, and caput = head.] | * bicke, s. [BITCH.] (Prompt. Parv.)
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fall, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pīne, pīt, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, work, whô, son; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; trý, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē. ey =ā. qu=kw.

bicker-bicuspidate
527
bựck'-ěr, * býk’-ěre, * bik-ére, * bek-er C. As substantive :
the leaflets are arranged, proceed in twos from
(Eng.), * býk'-kyr (0. Scotch), v.i. [Probably *1. The act of giving resounding blows in
the apex of a common petiole. It is called also
from Eng. pick ; -er, referring to the sound of battle; fighting.
Twin-digitate pinnate, and Bidigitate pinnate.
a series of blows given with a pick. (Wedg-
“In this so terrible a bickering, the Prince of Wales
wood.) Compare Dut. bikhamer = a pick.
t bī'-corn, * bī'-corne, † bī'-corned, a.
.. showed his wonderful towardnesse."-Stowe :
Again pick = to pick, is akin to the verb to
Edward III., an. 1346. (Richardson.)
[From Lat. bicornis=two-horned ; prefix bi =
peck.
two, and cornu = a horn. In the form bicorned,
(Compare Ital. beccare = to peck.)
2. A skirmish; a petty fight.
Cognate with Wel. bikra = to fight, to bicker;
"... the feeble bickerings rather than wars of the
suffix -ed.]
bicre = conflict, skirmish.] [BEAK, PECK,
decayed States of Greece."- Arnold : Hist. of Rome, ch. Lit. & Fig. : Two-horned.
xlv., vol. iii., p. 260.
PIKE.]
3. Altercation, strife, or contention by word
"... our bicorned government.”
I. Of persons :
Brome to a Potting Priest.
of mouth.
1. To make the noise which is produced by "... bickerings between the Whigs and the Tories,
bī-cor'-nis, a. [Lat. bicornis = two-horned.]
successive strokes, by throwing stones, or in and sometimes by bickerings between the Lords and
[BICORN.)
any similar way.
the Commons." -Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv.
1. Anatomy :
(1) Specially :
ť bick'-er-ment, S. [Eng. bicker; -ment.] (a) Gen.: A name given to a muscle when it
(a) To fight by throwing stones. (Scotch.) The same as BICKERING, S. (q.v.).
has two terminations.
[See BICKER (s.), 1.]
"Did stay awhile their greedy bickerment,
(6) Spec. (a): A term applied to the flexor
Till he had questioned the cause of their dissent."
(6) To fight by sending forth flights of
carpi radialis, and the extensor carpi radialis.
Spenser : F. Q., V. iv. 6.
arrows, or in any similar way. (Scotch.)
2. Botany :
“Yngliss archaris, that hardy war and wicht,
bỉck'-ērn, s. [Corrupted from beakiron.]
(a) Having two
Amang the Scottis bykkerit with all their mycht. Metal-working : A small anvil, with a tang,
horns; terminating
Wallace, iv. 556. (M.S.)
which stands in a hole of a work-bench.
in processes like two
(c) To carry on petty warfare ; to skirmish,
“A blacksmith's anvil is sometimes made with a horns. Example-
without reference to the weapons employed. pike, or bickern, or beakiron at one end.”—Moxon.
Trapa bicornis, the
“Nor is it to be considered to the breaches of con-
fruit of which is like
* bì-clar'te, bě-clart', bi-clar'-ten, v.t.
federate nations... though their merchants bicker
BICORNIS.
in the East Indies.”-Milton : Ref. in Eng., bk. ii.
(Eng. prefix bi, and 0. Éng. clart (q.v.).1 To
the face of an ox
† (2) In a general sense : To fight.
daub, to smear, to dirty (in Prov. Eng. and
without the eyes, nose and mouth, but with
“And at the field fought before Bebriacum, ere the Scotch, to clart). (Old Eng. Hom., i. 279.)
two horns attached. [BICORNOUS, a.; BI-
battailes joined, two eagles had a conflict, and bickered (Stratmann.)
CORN, a.]
together in all their sightes."-Holland : Suetonius,
p. 243.
+ (6) Pl. bicornes : Linnæus's twenty-fourth
* bi-clipe, bi-cli-pe-an, bi-clu-pi-en, Natural order of plants. He included under
2. To move quickly, with the clatter of bi-cleop-i-en, v.t. [A.S. bi-cleopian = to
feet.
it the genera Azalea, Myrsine, Memeclyon,
call, name, accuse.] To appeal, to accuse.
“Three lusty fellows gat of him a clank,
Santalum, &c.
And round about him bicker'd a' at anes."
(Morris : 0. Eng. Miscell.) (Stratmann.)
Ross: Helenore, p. 47.
bl-corn'-oŭs, a. [From Eng. bicorn (q.v.),
3. To engage in altercation, especially of a
* bi-clippe, bi-cluppe, bi-clup-pen, v.t.
or Lat. bicorn(is), and Eng. suffix -ous.] Two-
petty kind, by word of mouth. [BICKERING.]
[A.S. biclyppan, beclyppan.] The same as horned.
BECLIP (q.v.).
II. Of things : To move rapidly forward, or
“We should be too critical, to question the letter Y,
or bicornous element of ythagoras; that is, the
to play to and fro with a certain amount of * bi-clĩpped, bi-clupte, pa. par. [BE making of the horns equal." - Browne: Vulg. Err.,
noise; to quiver, to be tremulous.
CLIPPED.]
bk. v., ch. 19.
“Meantime unnumber'd glittering streamlets play'd
And hurled everywhere their waters' sheen,
* bi-clage, bi-cla-sen, .t. [A.S. beclusam | bī-cor-nūte, a. [From Lat. prefix bi, and
That, as they bickered through the sunny glade,
cornutus = horned.] The same as BICORN and
Tho' restless still themselves, a lulling murmur
= to enclose.] To enclose.
BICORNOUS (q.v.).
made." Thomson: Castle of Indolence, i. 3.
* bi-clûsed, bi-clü -set, pa. par. [BICLUSE.]
bī-cor'-por-al, a. [From Lat. bicor or bicorpor
bick'-ěr (1), * bik-er, * bik-yr, * byk-er,
* by-kere, s. [From bicker, v. (q.v.).]
(eus), and prefix bi=two, and corpus, genit.
* bi-clū'te, v. [A.S. bi-clutian.] To patch up.
corporis = a body, and suffix -al.] Having two
1. Gen.: A quarrel, contention, strife, fight-
“He biclute thu hit nowiht.”
Ancren Riwle, p. 316. bodies, bicorporate, bicorporated. (Johnson.)
i * bì-cnâ'-wěn (c silent), v.t. [The same as bī-cor'-por-āte, bī-cor-
“Betwene the castel of Gloucester and Brinefleld al so
Ther was oft bicker grit, and much harm ido."
BEKNOW (q.v.).]
por-ā-těd, a. [From Lat.
R. Gloucester, p. 538. (Richardson.)
2. Spec. : A fight carried on with stones.
bī-còl'-lựg-āte, a. [From Lat. prefix bi=two, prefix bi, and Eng. corpor-
and colligatus, pa. par, of colligo = to bind or
ate, derived from
(Scotch.) A term used among schoolboys.
corpus=
fasten together; con = together, and ligo=to
the body.] Having two
Bickers were formerly held on the Calton-
tie, to bind.] [COLLIGATE.]
bodies; bicorporal; having
hili, Edinburgh, every evening a little before
the hinder parts in dupli-
dark. In these encounters idle boys, chiefly
Ornith. : Having the anterior toes connected
cate whilst there is only one
apprentices, simply threw stones at each
by a web. (Brande.)
pair of fore paws and a
other. (Campbell : Journey.)
* bì-col'-měn, v.t. [From A.S. prefix bi, and single head, as in the ac- BICORPORATE.
3. A short race. (Scotch. Used chiefly in col, coll = coal (?).] To blacken with soot. companying figure.
Ayrshire.)
(Horn., ed. Lumby, 1,064.) (Stratmann.)
* bi-cra-uen, v.t. [Eng. and A.S. prefix bi,
“Tho' leeward whyles, against my will,
I took a bicker.”
bī-col-õur, a. (Lat. bicolor=two-coloured : and crave.] To ask, to crave.
Burns: Death and Doctor Hornbook. bi=two, and color=colour.] Of two colours.
“And to min louerdes bofte bi-crauen."
Story of Gen. and Exod., 1,388.
bựck-ěr (2), † bi-quour, s. [Gael. biceir =a bī-col-õured, a. [Eng. and Lat. bicolor;
bī-crē-nāte, a. [From Lat. prefix bi, and
wooden dish.] A Wooden vessel made with Eng. suffix -ed.] Of two colours.
by a cooper for holding liquor, brose, &c.
Eng. crenate = having convex teeth.]
(Scotch.)
* bi-come (pret. * bi-cam), v.i. [BECOME.] Bot. : Twice crenated, that is, crenated and
"... and tell Peggy to gi ye a bicker o' broth ..."
(Chaucer.)
having the crenations again cut into by more
--Scott: Heart of Midlothian, ch. v.
minute crenatures. (Lindley.)
* bi-com-en, pa. par. [BECOME.]
bick'-ēr-ér, s. [Eng. bicker ; -er.) A skir-
bī-crû'r-al, a. [From Lat. pref. bi=two, and
misher. (Sherwood.)
bī-con-cāve, a. [From Lat. prefix bi, and crus, genit. cruris = the leg, the shank, the
concavus = hollowed outconcave.] [CON-
shin.) Having two legs. . (Hooker.)
bíc'k-ēr-fú', s. [Scotch bicker, and fu' = Eng. CAVE.] (Carpenter.)
full.] As much of any thing, whether dry or
* bì-cŭ'm-el-ịc, adv. [From A.S. prefix bi-
+ bī-con-gre-gāte, a. [From Lat. prefix bi= and cumlie= comely.] Becomingly. (Relig.
liquid, as fills a bicker.
two, and congregatus, pa. par. of congrego = to
Antiq., i. 131.)
"It's just one degree better than a hand-quern-it
collect into a flock.] [CONGREGATE.]
canna grind a bickerfu' of meal in a quarter of an
* bi-căm
Bot. : Arranged in two pairs; bigeminate,
ăn,
hour."-Scott: Pirate, ch. xi.
... & t. [A.S. bicaumuam, becau-
biconjugate.
man.] [BECOME.] (Story of Gen. and Exod.,
bick'-ēr-ing, * bik'-ěr-îng, * bik'-kőr- .
960.)
înge. * bý'-ker-ynge, pr. par., a., & s. bi-con'-jų-gate, a. [From Lat. prefix bi, and
conjugatus, pa. par. of conjugo=to join to-
bī-cús'-pid, a. & s. [From Lat.
A. As pr. par. : In senses corresponding to
prefix bi=two, and cuspidatus,
those of the verb,
gether.] [CONJUGATE.)
pa. par. of cuspido = to make
Botany: A term
B. As participial adj. (chiefly of things) :
pointed; cuspis = a
used when each
point, a
Moving rapidly, with or without a certain
of two secondary
spike.]
amount of noise. Used-
petioles bears a
A. As adjective :
(a) of a quivering flame, or of a faggot, or pair of leaflets. It
1. Anat.: Having two points or
anything else burning.
is called also bi-
tubercles. (Dunglison.)
"Of smoke and bickering flame, and sparkles dire.". geminate. Example
2. Botany: Twice pointed, as
Milton: P. L., bk, vi.
—the leaves of Mi-
the fruit of Carex lagopodioides.
(6) Of water in motion in a river or streamlet. mosa unguis Cati.
B. As subst. : The name given BICUSPID.
"... an' the once bick'ring stream,
[BICONGREGATE.]
Imprison'd by the ice.
to the two teeth situated between
Davidson : Seasons, p. 156. (Jamieson.)
Biconjugate pin-
the canines and the molars. (Ellis: Anat.,
(c) Of a sword rapidly whirled round in
nate, biconjugate-
1878, p. 133.)
battle.
pinnate: A term BICONJUGATE PINNATE.
“Or whirl around the bickering blade.”.
used of a leaf when
bi-cús'-pỉd-āte, d. [BICUSPID.] The same
Byron: Siege of Corinth, 8. I the secondary petioles, on the sides of which as BICUSPID, adj. (q.v.).
ing.
small
boil, boy; podt, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ģem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -țion, -şion = zhún. -cious, -tious, -sious = shŭs. -ble, -cle, &c. = bęl, cel,

528
bicuspis-bide
This colours it, and the colour forms a ground
for the silver and gold inlaying. Chisels and
gravers are employed, and after the inlaying
is complete, the ware is polished and stained.
Another formula gives, zinc 128, copper 16,
lead 4, tin 2. (Knight, &c.)
bid'-dîng (1), * bid'-dữnge, * býd'-dynge,
* býd'-dýn (1), pr. par. & s. [BID (1), v.]
A. As present participle : In senses corre-
sponding to those of the verb.
B. As substantive: The act of praying, spe-
cially with a rosary of beads.
“Byddynge or praynge: Oracio ..."-Prompt. Parv.
T Bidding-prayer, bid-prayer:
1. In Medicval times : The prayer for the
souls of benefactors. It was said before the
sermon. Nares thinks it was called from bid-
ding the people pray for certain persons ; in
which case it would be placed under No. 2.
It may, however, be the prayer in which pre-
eminently something is asked.
. . he lays by the text for the present, and
according to the ancient and laudable custom, he
addressed himself to the Bid-prayer."- Wood : Athen.
Oxon.
2. In modern times: A form of words fol-
lowed by the Lord's Prayer, used in the
English Church before the sermon in certain
special places and on certain special occasions,
such as visitations, assizes, ordinations, and
before the university sermons. The language
is modelled on that of the old Roman Catholic
bidding-prayer, and the particulars of it and
the names of persons and dignitaries enumer-
ated in it are modified according to the cir-
cuinstances under which it is offered up.
bī-cůs'-pis, s. [From Lat. prefix bi, and T To bid one's banns : To announce one's
cuspis= a point, a spike.]
banns.
Anat. : A tool with two points. (Brande.) “Our bans thrice bid ! and for our wedding day
My kerchief bought! then press'd, then forc'd away."
* bi-cwe'-then, v.t. [A.S. becwethan. The
Gay.
same as BEQUEATH (q.v.).]
(6) In an unfavourable sense : To denounce;
to proclaim publicly with hostile feeling or
bī'-cy-cle, s. & d. [From Lat. prefix bi, and intent.
Gr. Kúkdos (kuklos) = a ring, a circle, a round.] “Thyself and Oxford, with five thousand men,
Shall cross the seas, and bid false Edward battle.”
A. As subst. : A two-wheeled velocipede.
Shakesp : Hen. VI., iii. 3.
The fore and hind wheels are in line with
T Thus it is often used in the phrase to
each other. The fore-wheel is driven by the
bid defiance to, meaning to defy openly.
feet.
“Of nature fierce, untameable, and proud,
B. As adj.: Pertaining to, or connected
He bids defiance to the gaping crowd."
with, or referring to the machine for loco-
Granville.
motion described under A:
(2) Privately : To declare, to pronounce in
the domestic circle.
bī-cy-cling, a. & s. [From Eng. bicycle);
. : pray you, bid
These unknown friends to 's welcome.”
-ing.]
Shakesp. : Wint. Tale, iv. 3.
A. As adjective: Pertaining to, connected
Probably such phrases as “to bid one
with, or derived from performances on a God speed” (2 John 10), and “to bid one fare-
bicycle.
well” (Acts xviii. 21), are a modification of
“The hundred miles bicycling championship ..." this meaning, though the opinion of Johnson
Times, March 30, 1880.
is worth consideration that they may mean to
B. As substantive : The act or operation of pray God that one may speed well, to pray that
propelling a bicycle.
one may fare well, in which case the verb bid
“Another noteworthy feat of bicycling was per-
is No. 1, and not No. 2.
formed ..."-Times, April 3, 1880.
4. To offer, to make a tender; to announce
bī-cy-clist, s. [From Eng. bicycl(e), and suffix
what price one is prepared to give for a speci-
fied article. (Used especially in connection
-ist.] One who propels a bicycle.
with auctions.) (Lit. & fig.)
bỉd (1) * bỉdde (1), * bid'-den, * běd'-den,
"To give interest a share in friendship, is to sell it
by inch of candle; he that bids most shall have it."-
* bede, * býd'-dyn, v.t. [A.S. biddan, Collier : Friendship.
imp. bide, pa. par. beden = (1) to ask, pray,
(a) To bid fair (fig.): To offer a fair pro-
intreat, or beseech; (2) to bid, declare, com spect; to afford a probability of; to have a
mand, demand, require, enforce, compel.
well-grounded hope.
(Bosworth.) A.S. and o.s.biddian = to pray;
Ò. Icel. bidja, beitha = to pray; Dut. bidden
"And Jupiter bids fair to rule again."
Cowper : Conversation.
=to pray ; (N.H.) Ger. bitten =(1) to re (6) To bid high: To offer a high price for
quest, to ask; (2) to ask, to invite; O.H.
anything at a real or imaginary auction.
Ger. bitjan; Goth. bidjan, bidan. Compare
"And each bade high to win him to their side."
Lat. peto =... to beg, beseech, ask. Though
Granville.
Bosworth gives command as one of the bid, bid'-den, pa. par. [BID.]
secondary significations of A.S. biddan, yet,
Bidden is used also as a participial ad-
as the common A.S. word for command is
beodan, and there are similar duplicate terms
jective. [BIDDEN.]
in the other Teutonic languages, we follow | bid. s. From bid, v. (2).7 That which is
Wedgwood and Skeat in separating this bid “bidden” at an auction; an offer at an auc-
from the one which follows.] [BID (2).]
tion.
1. To pray, to ask, to entreat.
“ Alle he fellen himn thor to fot.
* bì-dăf-fěn, v.t. [The same as BEDAFF
To bethen methe and bedden oc.”
(q.v.)] (Chaucer : C. T., 9,067.)
- Story of Gen. and Exod., 2497-8.
"... Lord, undigne and unworthy * bì-dag'ged, pa. par. [BIDAGGEN.]
I am to thilk honour that ye me bede."
Chaucer : 0.T., 8235-6. | * bi-dag'-gen, v.t. [From A.S. bi, and dece-
1 To bid beads or bedes :
gean = to dye, to colour (?).] To splash.
1. Originally : To pray prayers with or (Alisaunder, 5,485.) (Stratmann.)
without a rosary to count them upon.
bỉd'-āle, s. [Eng. bid, and ale.] An invitation
2. Subsequently: To count the beads of a of friends to drink at a poor man's house, and
rosary, each bead dropped passing for al
there to contribute charity.
prayer. (Nares.) [BEAD, BEDE, BIDDING. ]
"Fitz-Eustace, you with Lady Clare
bid'-da-ble, a. [Eng. bid, v. (2); -able.]
May bid your beads and patter prayer."
That can be bidden; obedient; pliable in
Scott : Murmion, vi. 27.
2. To care for, to value. (Scotch.)
temper. (Scotch.)
"A biddable bairn, a child that cheerfully does who
“ As to the first place, now bid I not to craif it,
is desired or enjoined."-Jamieson.
Althoch it be Mnestheus wont to have it;
Nor I bid not to striffe and wyn the gre."
bảd'-da-ble-něss, s. [Scotch biddable; -ness.]
Doug. : Virgil, 134, 24. (Jamieson.)
Disposition to obey ; compliant temper.
bid-prayer, s. [BIDDING-PRAYER.]
(Jamieson.)
bid (2), *bidde (2), *byd', * bide, * bede bid-da-blở. * bid'-da-blíe. adv.
(pret. bade, bid, * bad, * badde ; pa. par. bid,
bidden, * bydden), v.t. [A.S. beodan, pret. bead,
biddab(le); -ly.] Obediently. (Jamieson.)
pa. par. boden=to command, order, bid, will, bid'-den, * býd'-den, * be-den, pa. par.
offer, enjoy. (Bosworth.) In Icel.bioda ; Sw.
& a. [BID.]
bjuda = to bid, to command; Dan. byde,
“... where they were bidden to sit down." -
both= to offer, to invite ; Dut. bieden, gebieden
Bunyan: P. P., pt. ii.
= to offer, to tender; Ger. bieten = to offer,
tender, present; gebieten = to command, to
*bid'-dễr (1), *bid-dőre, *býd'-dễr (1), s.
order; O.H. Ger. biutan, biotan ; Goth. [Eng. bid (1), V., and suff. -er.] A beggar.
biudan.]
"Of beggeres and of bydders ..."
Piers Plowman, p. 139. (Richardson.)
1. To command, to order, to enjoin.
(d) Literally:
bid'-dễr (2), s. [From Eng. bid (2), V., and
“... slack not thy riding for me except I bid thee."
suff. -er. In Dut. bieder; Ger. bieter.] One
-2 Kings iv. 24.
who makes an offer at an auction.
(6) Figuratively :
“... being torn from you and sold like beasts to
the first bidder."-Darwin: Voyage round the World,
“For his was not that open artless soul
ch. xxi.
That feels relief by bidding sorrow flow."
Byron: Childe Harold, i. 8. Bid'-der-V. s. [Corrupted from Beder, Bi-der,
2. To invite, to ask, to request to come to Bî-dar, a town in the Nizam's country in
a feast, a party, or anything similar.
India, about sixty miles from Hyderabad.]
“... as many as ye shall find, bid to the marriage.”
--Matt. xxii. 9.
biddery-ware, s.
3. To announce, to declare.
Comm. : An alloy made at Biddery or Bîdar.
(1) Publicly:
Dr. Heyne states its proportions as–Copper,
8; lead, 4; tin, 1. To three ounces of this
Spec. : To proclaim, to announce by means
alloy sixteen ounces of zinc are added when
of a public functionary, or at least publicly. the alloy is melted for use. It is coloured by
(a) In a favourable sense : To announce to dipping into a solution of sal-ammoniac, salt-
friends and the public.
petre, common salt, and sulphate of copper.
bid-dîng (2), * bid-dunge, * bid'-dyng,
* býd'-dyng, * býd'-dynge, * bid'-
diunge, pr. par., d., & s. [BID (2), v.]
A. & B. As present participle and participial
adjective : In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
C. As substantive :
1. The act of commanding or ordering ; the
state of being commanded or ordered ; com-
mand, order.
(a) Literally :
“ So sore I dradde his manasyng,
I durst not breke his biddyng."
The Romaunt of the Rose.
“Lep. Here's more news.
Mess. Thy biddings have been done; and every hour
Most noble Cæsar, shalt thou have report."
Shakesp.: Antony & Cleopatra, i. 4
(6) Figuratively:
“ As the branch at the bidding of Nature,
Adds fragrance and fruit to the tree.”
Byron : Transl. of a Romaic Love Song.
2. An invitation to a feast or party.
“... the particulars of the feast, the invitation, its
rejection, and the consequent bidding of other guest
..."-Strauss: Life of Jesus, 1st ed. (1846), vol. ii., $ 78,
v. 130.
3. A bid or order made at an auction.
(Sometimes in the plural.)
“... a crowd of buyers, whose spirited biddings
brought the sale to a very satisfactory conclusion."
Daily Telegraph, Oct. 25, 1877.
bid-dy, s. [From Fr. bidet = a little horse.]
[BIDET, 1.] (Littré.)
1. A domestic fowl, specially a chicken.
(Colloquial.)
“Ay, Biddy, come with me."
Shakesp. : Twelfth Night, iii. 4.
2. A domestic female servant, a servant
girl; a corruption of Bridget. (Colloquial.)
* bide (1), v.t. [BID (2).] (Spenser.)
bīde (2), * bì-den (Eng.), bīde, * byde
(Scotch), v.t. & i. [A.Š. & Ö. L. Ger. bidan =
to bide, abide, wait, remain, tarry, enjoy,
expect; Sw. and O. Icel. bida; O. H. Ger.
pitan; Goth. beidan.] [ABIDE.]
A. Transitive :
1. To await; to wait for.
“ The wary Dutch this gathering storm foresaw,
And durst not bide it on the English coast."
Dryden: Annus Mirabilis, 179.
2. To abide, to endure, to suffer.
*(a) Obsolete in English.
“ Poor naked wretches, whereso'er you are,
That bide the pelting of this pitiless storm !"
Shakesp. : Lear, iii. 4.
(6) Still used commonly in Scotch.
“Prove we our fate-the brunt we'll bide /
Scott: Lord of the Isles, vi. 16.
B. Intransitive :
1. To abide, to dwell, to stay, to reside, to
live in a place.
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whăt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pine, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, work, whô, sõn; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; try, Sýrian, æ, cerē; ey=ā. qu=kw.

bidel—bier
529
(a) Obsolete in English.
+ 1. A small horse.
Bot. : An order of Endlichers not now re-
“ Pis. If not at court,
"I will return to myself, mount my bidet in dance, cognised. Type BIEBERSTEINIA (q.v.).
Then not in Britain must you bide."
and curvet upon my curtal.”-B. Jonson : Masques.
Shakesp.: Cymb., iii. 4.
2. A form of sitting-bath used for washing
* bieche, s. [BITCH.]
(6) Still common in Scotch.
the body, the administration of injections, and
“'But, my good friend, Woodbourne is not burned,"
bield, bēild, s. [BEILD, s.]
treatment of hæmorrhoids.
said Bertram. Weel, the better for them that bides
in't,'"-Scott: Guy Mannering, ch. xlv.
bid'-hook, s. [Etym. of bid doubtful, and
bield, bēild, v.t. [BEILD, v.t.] (Scotch.)
2. To continue; to remain.
Eng. hook.]
(1) In a place.
Naut. : A small boat-hook.
(Scotch.)
“Safe in a ditch he bides,
With twenty trenched gashes on his head.". * bì-did'-ren, v.t. [A.S. bedydrian = to de 1 * bien, pres. indic. of v. [BE.] Are. (English
Shakesp.: Macbeth, iii, 4.
ceive, to charm.]
(2) In a state.
To delude.
Gilds: Ear. Eng. Text Soc., p. 27.)
(Ormulum,
15,391.)
“Happy, whose strength in thee doth bide."
* biēn, bēin, * beyne, a. & udv. [BEIN.]
Milton : Transl. of Psalm lxxxiv.
bī-dĩğ'-1-tāte, d. [From Lat. prefix bi= A. As adjective : Wealthy; well provided.
C. In special phrases :
two, and digitatus = having fingers or toes; (Scotch.)
(1) To bide at, to byde at.
from digitus = a finger.] [DIGIT.] Having B. As adverb : In a state of comfort.
(a) To persist.
two fingers or two toes.
“What is the tane but a waefu' bunch o' cauldrife
"... gif he will saye and byd att that the mess is
Bot. Bidigitate pinnate, Bidigitato-pinnate : professors and ministers, that sate bien and warm
ydolatrie."-Corsraguell to willok, in Keith's Hist., Twin digitate pinnate. [BICONJUGATE PIN-
when the persecuted remnant were warstling wi*
hunger, and cauld, and fear of death ..."-Scott :
NATE.]
Heart of Midlothian, ch. xii.
(6) To adhere to; to abide by. [ABIDE.]
“... bot ye walf haif bidden att the judgement of
bī'-ding, * bý'-dîng, pr. par., d., & s.
the ancient doctouris."-Corsraguell to Willok, in [BIDE (2).]
Keith's Hist., App., p. 198. (Jamieson.)
(2) To byde be, to bide by: To stand to; to
A. & B. As present participle & adjective: 1 bi-en'-ni-al, a. [In Fr. biennal, bisannuel ;
In senses corresponding to those of the verb.
Sp. bienal; Port. biennal ; Ital. biennio.
adhere to. (Jamieson.)
From Lat. biennis, biennalis = lasting two
C. As substantive :
years; bi (prefix) = two, and annus = a year.]
* bid'-el, s. [The same as BEADLE (q.v.).]
1. Plural: Sufferings. (Scotch.)
A. As adjective:
* bi-dê-le, * bi-dê-lěn, v.t. [A.S. bedoelan =
“Or forc'd to byde the bydings that I baid."
Ross: Helenore, p. 87. (Jamieson.)
Bot. & Ord. Lang. : Requiring two seasons
entirely to divide, to deprive.] To deprive.
2. A residence, a habitation.
to reach maturity and ripen its seeds, and
(Ormulum 4,677.) (Stratmann.)
"... they brought us into their bidings, about two
then dying.
miles from Harborough, ..."-Hackluyt: Voyages,
"Then why should some be very long lived, others
* bi-dê-1ĩa, bi-dê-led, pa. par. [BIDELE.]
iii. 809.
only annual or biennial !”-Ray: The Wisdom of God
* bì-děl'ne, * bì-děl'-věn, bi-děl-uěn,
"At Antwerp has my constant biding been.”
in Creation.
Rowe.
B. As substantive :
v.t. [A.S. bedelfan = to dig in or around, to bī'-don, s. [Fr. bidon.]
Bot. & Ord. Lang. : A plant which requires
bury.] To dig in, to bury. [BEDELVIN.) (Relig.
Weights & Measures : A measure of liquids two seasons to reach maturity and ripen its
Antiq., i. 116.) (Stratmann.)
of about five quarts, used by seamen.
seeds and then dies. Botanists sometimes
*b7-dên'e, adv. [From A.S. pref. bi, and ene (?). 1 *hy_drõhieled
mark such a plant with 8, which is the symbol
C | * bi-drắb-eled, pa. par. [BEDRABLE.]
(Stratmann).] Together. (Ormulum, 4,793.)
* bi-drăb-lăn, .. [L. Ger. bedrabbel. To
making a revolution round the sun.
bi'-děnş, s. [In Fr. bident; Sp. & Ital. bidente.
drabble.
“Biennials are plants living for the space of two
From Lat. bidens = having two teeth ; bi,
years only: that is, if growing in their natural
habitats, and left entirely to themselves. The carra-
prefix=two, and dens, genit. dentis = a tooth. * bi-drive, a.t. [A.S. bidrifam = to drive
way, carrot, and celery are examples."-Keith: Bot.
So called from the two awns or teeth crown-
off, to constrain, to follow.] To drive about. Lexic. (1837), p. 23.
ing the fruit.]
(Layamon, 6,206.) (Stratmann.)
b7-ěn'-ni-al-ly, adv. [Eng. biennial; -ly.]
Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the
| * bì-drop'pe, v.i. [The same as BEDROP Once in two years ; every two years. (Todd.)
order Asteraceæ (Composites), and the sub-
(q.v.). ] To drop. (Piers Plowman, passus
order Tubulifloræ. Two species occur in
Britain, the Bidens cernua or Nodding Bur,
xiii. 321.)
mon, 1,188.) (Stratmann.)
and the B. tripartita or Trifid Bur-marigold. * bi-drop'ped, pa, par. [The same as BE-
biër (1), * bi-ere, * be-are, * be-ere,
[BUR-MARIGOLD.]
DROPPED (q.v.).]
* bere, s. [A.S, bær, bere =(i) a bier, (2) a
bī-dent, s. [From Lat. bidens = having two bid-u-ods, a. [Lat. biduus = continuing two
portable bed; from beran = to bear. Sw.
teeth or prongs; prefix bi=two, and dens, days ; from prefix bi=two, and dies = day.] Tik-bär= a bier (lik= a corpse); Dan. baare
genit. dentis = a tooth.] A kind of spear Lasting for only two days. (Treas. of Bot.)
=a hand-barrow, a bier; Dut. baar; (N. H.)
having two prongs.
Ger. bahre = a hand-barrow, a bier; 0.H.
*bi-dwặ1-1-ễn, 2.1. [A.S. pref. b, & duelian, Ger. bara ; Fr. bière ; Prov. bera ; Ital. bara ;
bī-děnt-al, + bī-den-tial, a. [From bi= dweligan = (1) to err, to mistake; (2) to ob Lat. feretrum ; Gr. Déperpov (pheretron) = a
doubly, and dentalis, from dens = a tooth.] scure, mislead.] To lead astray, to confound. bier, a litter.] [BEAR, v.]
1. Ord. Lang.: Having two prongs more or
I. Literally :
less like teeth.
* bie, * bye, v.t. [ABY.] To suffer, to “aby.” *1. Gen. : A person or thing borne; a
2. Zool. & Palæont. : Having two teeth; or
(Chaucer.)
burden.
two teeth or tusks so conspicuous as to cause
"The dolefulst beare that ever man did see,
the others to be passed over without notice.
Was Astrophel, but dearest unto mee."
=a circular ornament of metal, as a bracelet,
Spenser : Astrophel.
bidental reptiles, s.
a neckring or necklace, a garland or a crown;
2. Spec. : A hand-barrow adapted to carry a
Palceont. : The name given by Mr. Andrew
Icel. bagua; Dut, bigge; Fr, bague; Ital. ba corpse, or coffin, or both. The only difference
gua.] A gem or ornament of jewelry. [BEIGHE.]
between a bier and a stretcher, litter, or even
South Africa, to certain notable reptiles found
" Bies of gold or crowns of laurere."
there about 500 miles east of Capetown. The
Bochas, ir. 102.
name was given because of their possessing ( With a round bye that did about gone
two long curved and sharp-pointed tusks.
Of golde, and perre, and stones that were fine.”.
Professor Owen founded for them the genus
Bochas, viii. 184.
Dicnyodon, and considered them to belong to
T In the eastern counties females' ornaments
a new tribe or order of Saurians. (Q. J. Geol. are still called bighes. (J. S. in Boucher.)
Soc., vol. i., pp. 317, 318, &c.) [DICNYODON.]
biē-per-īte, s. [From Bieber, a place near
bī-dent-āte, bī-den-tā'-ted, a. [Lat. Hanau in Hesse Cassel ; suffix -ite.]
prefix bi=two, and dentatus = toothed; from Min.: A subtransparent or translucent
dens, genit. dentis = a tooth.]
mineral usually stalactitic or investing other
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN BIER.
1. Zool. : Having two teeth or tooth-like
minerals. Its sp. gr. is 1.924; its lustre
processes.
vitreous; its colour flesh and rose-red; its
a hand-barrow, arises from the sacred purpose
2. Bot. : Two-toothed; having two projec-
composition : sulphuric acid, 19°74 to 30.2;
for which it was employed. Anciently, the
tions like teeth. Doubly-toothed has a quite
oxide of cobalt, 16-50 to 38.71; water, 38.13 tó
wealthier classes were carried to the grave on
46.83, with traces of other ingredients. Found
distinct meaning, viz., that the teeth are them-
funeral couches.
selves again toothed, or the serrations them-
at Bieber in Germany (see etym.), in Austria,
and in South America. It is called also Rho-
"And he came and touched the bier, and they that
,selves serrate, as may be seen in many leaves.
bare him stood still."-Luke vii. 14.
dalose (q.v.). (Dana.)
II. Figuratively:
bī-dent-ěd, a. [In Fr. bidenté. From Lat.
biē-bőr-steī'n-1-a, s. [Named after Mar 1. A coffin. (Poetic.)
bidens = having two teeth or prongs. [BI-
shall von Bieberstein, a Russian naturalist.]
"And the fair wreath, by Hope entwined,
DENT.]
Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the
Lies withered on thy bier."
Hemans : To the Memory of General Sir E-d P-k-m.
bī-děn-tid-ě-a, s. pl. [BIDENS.] A family order Rutaceæ (Rueworts), and the tribe
2. A grave in which a deceased person has
of Composite plants belonging to the tribe Ruteæ. The species are herbaceous plants
been laid. (Poetic.)
Senecionideæ. Type BIDENS (q.v.).
having pinnate leaves and racemose flowers,
“Drop upon Fox's grave the tear,
with five sepals, five petals, and five ovaries.
'Twill trickle to his rival's bier."
bi-det' (pron. bỉd-et' and bî-dā), s. [Fr.
They occur in Central Asia.
Scott: Marmion ; Introd. to Canto i.
- bidet; Ital. bidetto; Gael. bideach = (as adj.)
3. A pillow-case or cover. [PILLOW-BERE.]
very little, (as s.) little creature ; Welsh bidan * biē-bēr-steī'n-ě-æ, S. pl. [BIEBER-
"And many a pillow and every bere."
= a feeble man.] [BIDDY.]
STEINIA.]
Chaucer : Booke of the Duchesse, 254.
UI
boil, bóý; póut, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, eşist, ph=f.
34
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhŭn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, del.

530
bier-big
t bier-balk, s. The church road along | bi'-fid, a. [In Fr. bifide ; Lat. bifidus = cleft in
which funerals pass. It was popularly be t wo; prefix bi = two, and fid, the root of
lieved, and still is in many places, that the findo = to cleave, to split.]
passage of a corpse ever afterwards gave a Bot. : Split partly into two; half divided
right of way.
into two ; two-cleft. (Johnson.)
"Where their ancestors left, of their land, a broad
and sufficient bier-balk to carry the corps to the + bī-fựd-ā-těd, a. [From Lat. bifidatus.]
Christian sepulture ; how men pinch at such bier
balks, which by long use and custom, ought to be in
The same as BIFID (q.v.). (Johnson.)
violably kept for that purpose.”-Homilies : B. ii. 237
* bi-fille, pret. of o. [A.S. befool.] [BEFALL.]
bier-right, s. An ordeal by which a
(Chaucer.)
person, accused of murder, was required to
approach the corpse upon the bier, when it * bi-fin-den (pret. bivond ; pa. par. bifunden),
was alleged that if he was the murderer the v.t. To find. (Rob. of Glouc., 267.) (Stratmann.)
wounds would gape afresh and shed tears of
blood.
* bi-fle-an, v.t. [A.S. beflean = to flay, to
"... the grant of a proof by ordeal of bier-right, skin. The same as BEFLAY (q. v.).]
unless any of them should prefer that of combat."-
Scott : Fair Maid of Perth, ch. xxi.
* bi-fle-den, v.t. [Ger. beſluten.] To flood.
* bier (0. Scotch), * beer (0. Eng.), s. [Ety 1 (Layamon, 25,738.)
mology doubtful.]
* bi-file-on, v.t. [A.S. befleogan, befleon = to
Weaving : A count of forty threads in the
flee, to escape.] To flee, to escape. (0. Eng.
warp or chain of woollen cloth. The number
Hom., i. 169.) (Stratmann.)
of warp-threads is counted by biers; the
threads are termed ends.
bī-flör'-āte, a. [In Fr. biflore; from Lat.
“Also another coarse-coloured thread through every prefix bi, and floreo =to bloom, to blossom ;
two hundred threads, so as to distinguish the number flos, genit. floris =a flower ; suffix -ate.]
of biers or scores of threads in the breadth of the said
cloth.”-Maxwell: Sel. Trans., p. 398. (Jamieson.)
Bot. : Bearing two flowers, biflorous.
* bierd-ly, * bier-ly, a. [BURDLY.] Large | bī'-for-oŭs, s. [From Fr. biflor(e); Eng.
and well-made. (O. Scotch.)
suffix -ous, or Lat. prefix bi; flos, genit. floris
“Then out and spake the bierdly bride,
= a flower, and suffix -ous.] [BIFLORATE.]
Was a goud to the chin."
Jamieson : Popular Ball., ii. 133.
Bot. : Bearing two flowers, biflorate. (Crabb.)
* bier-ly, a. (BURLY, S. (O. Scotch.).] . bī-fo11, s. [In Fr. bifolié = two-leaved ; from
* bies, * bijs, s. Contracted from 0. Eng. Lat. prefix bi=two, and folium = leaf.] A
bissyn (q.v.).] Fine linen.
British orchid (Listera ovata), the common
“... and of peerl and of bies and of purpur ..."-
Twayblade. [LISTERA.]
Wycliffe (ed. Purvey): Apoc. xviii. 12.
bī'-fold. a. [From Lat. prefix bi = two, and
"... clothid with bijs and purpur ..."-Ibid, 16.
Eng. fold.] Twofold, double.
biēs'-ting, beēs'-tặng (generally in the
“That cause sets up with and against thyself !
plural biēst-ingş), S. [A. S. bysting =
Bifold authority.”
Shakesp. : Troil. and Cress., v. 2.
beestings, the first milk of a cow after calving.]
[BEEST.]
* bi-folde, bi-fal-den, .t. TA.S. lifeldau
= to enfold.] To enfold, to envelop. (Ayen-
† biett-le, beet-ie (le as el), v. [Dimin.
bite, 8.)
from A.S. betan = to make better, to improve.]
[BEFT.] (Scotch.)
* bi-fo-len, pa. par. [A.S. bifeolan = to com-
1. Of persons: To grow better in health. I mit, deliver.] To commit, place.
(Jamieson.)
"Helle the we wereir in bifolen."-0. Eng. Hom., i.
123.
2. Of plants (spec. of crops): To look better;
To recover from injury. (Jamieson.)
bī-fo'-lì-āte, a. [From Lat. prefix bi= two,
bī-fā'-cî-al (ci as shy), a. [Lat. prefix bi,
and foliatus = leafy ; from folium =a leaf.]
Having two leaves. (Webster.)
and facies = a face.] Having two faces.
(Dana : Zoophytes, p. 285.)
bī-fõ'-lì-ol-āte, a. [From Lat. prefix bi=
* bi-fal-den, v.t. [BIFOLD.]
two; and dimin. of folium =a leaf.]
Bot. : Having the common petiole of its leaf
* bi-falle, * bi-fallen, v.t. & i. [BEFALL.]
terminated by two leaflets, springing from the
(Romaunt of the Rose; Chaucer, C. T., 679, &c.)
same point.
* bi-răng-ăn (pret, bfeng, buomge), 2.1. [A.S.
* bi-fon, * bivon, v.t. [A.S. bifon = to en-
bifon (prep. bi-fangen, bi-fongen) = to encom-
compass.] To comprise, to encompass. (old
pass.] To take about. (Layamon, 829.) (Strat-
Eng. Hom., i. 9.) (Stratmann.)
тапп.)
bī-fä'r-1-ods, a. (Lat. bifarious = two-fold,
| b1'-for-āte, d. [From Lat. biforus = having
double ; from prefix bi=two, and fari = to
two doors; prefix bi= two, and foris=a
speak.]
door.] Having two perforations. (Brande.)
* A. Ord. Lang. : Capable of a two-fold in- * bi-for-en, prep. & adv. (BIFORN, BEFORE.]
terpretation. (Johnson).
B. Bot. : Ranged in two rows, the one op-
bī'-for-īneş, s. [From Lat. biforus = having
posite to the other, as the florets of many two doors ; bi=two, and foris =a door.]
grasses, Called also Distichous.
Bot. : The name given by Turpin to cells in
bī-fäl-ri-oŭs-ly, adv. [Eng. bifarious; -ly.)
certain plants of the order Araceæ, which
have an opening at each end, through which
In a bifarious manner.
the raphides generated inside them are after a
TA stem or twig is bifariously hairy when
time expelled. (Lindley : Introd. to Botany.)
between two joints the hairs are on the ante-
rior and posterior parts, whilst in the next one bī-form, a. [From Lat. biformis and biforma-
they are on its two sides. (Martyn.)
tus = two-formed; prefix bi=two, and forma
* bi-fel, pret. of v. [BEFALL.] (Story of Gen.
= form, figure, shape.] Having two forms;
excelling in two forms, figures, or shapes.
and Exod., 963.)
“From whose monster-teeming womb the Earth
* bi-fel-len, * bì-vě'ol-len, v.t. [A.S. be-
Receiv'd, what much it mourn'd, a biform birth."
fyllan = to fell, slay.] To fell. (Layamon,
Croxati: Transt. of Ovid, Metam. 8.
829.) (Stratmann.)
bī-formed, a. [Eng. biform ; -ed; from Lat.
bī-fēr-oŭs, bịf-ēr-oŭs, a. [Lat. bifer,
biformis = two-formed.] [BIFORM.] Com-
from
pounded of two forms. (Johnson.)
prefix bi=two, and fero = to bear.] 1
Double bearing; producing anything, as fruit, bī-form'-1-tý, s. [Eng. biform ; -ity; from
&c., twice in one season. (Johnson.)
Lat. biformis = two-formed.] [BIFORM.] The
"Some [trees] are biferous and triferous.” -Sir T. state of existing in two distinct forms or
Browne : Tracts, p. 70.
shapes.
bịf-fịn, beau-fin (eau as o), bēe-fịn, s. “Strange things he spake of the biformity
[Though the spelling beaufin seems to suggest
Of the Dizožans; what mongrel sort
Of living wights; how monstrous-shap'd they be;
a French etymology, yet according to Wright,
And how that man and beast in one consort.
Mahn, &c., the word is derived from Eng.
More: Song of the Soul, P. 1, C. 3, st. 70.
beef, to which, in a raw state, the pulp has *hilforn * hit
* bi'--forn, * biforen, prep. & adv. (BEFORE.]
been compared.]
A. As prep. : Before.
1. A kind of apple cultivated in Norfolk.
“Whanne sich oon thou seest thee biforn."
2. A baked apple crushed into a flat cake.
The Romaunt of the Rose.
B. As adv. : Before-hand.
“Whan that our Lord had warned him biforn."
Chaucer : C. T., 3,535.
bi-fron'-ted, a. [From Lat. bifrons, genit.
bifrontis = with two foreheads or faces; prefix
bi=two, and frontis, genit. of frons = the
forehead.] Having two fronts.
"Put a case of vizards o'er his head,
That he may look bifronted as he speaks."
B. Jonson : Poetaster, v. 3.
* bifûlen, v.t. [A.S. befulan = to befoul. The
same as BEFOUL (q.v.).] (Ayenb., 178.)
bi-fūr'-cāte, bī-fūr'-cā-těd, pa. par. & a.
LBIFURCATE, v.i. ] Two-forked.
"A small white piece, bifurcated, or branching into
two, and finely reticulated all over.”—Woodward.
b1-fūr'-cāte, v.i. [In Fr. bifurqué. From
Low Lat. bifurcatus; pa. par, of bifurcor = to
part in two directions; Class. Lat. bifurcus =
two-pronged; prefix bi, and furca = a fork.]
To divide into two branches. (Crabb.)
bi-für-cā'-tion, s. [In Fr. bifurcation ; from
Lat. bifurcus.] [BIFURCATE.) Division into
two prongs or parts.
"... in a bifurcation, or division of the root into
two parts."--Browne : Vulgar Errours.
t bi-für-coðs, a. [From Lat. bifurcus; prefix
bi=two, and furca = a two-pronged fork.]
[FORK.] Two-forked. [BIFURCATE.] (Coles.)
bìg. *bigg, * bigge, a. & adv. [Etymology
somewhat doubtful.' Mahn considers it a
contraction from Wel. beichiog, beichiawg =
burdened, loaded, pregnant with child; from
baich = burden ; Arm. beach. Wedgwood de-
rives it from O. Icel. boega = a swelling, which
would connect it with Eng. bulge, belly, bag,
&c. Skeat essentially agrees with Wedgwood.
[BIG, BELLY, BULGE.]
A. As adjective:
I. Distended.
1. Lit. : Distended, swelling, protuberant;
with special reference to female pregnancy.
(1) Of the females of man or the inferior
animals :
*(a) Formerly followed by of.
“His gentle lady,
Big of this gentleman, our theme, deceas'd
As he was born." Shakesp. : Cymbeline, i. 1.
(6) Now with is used instead.
“A bear big with young hath seldom been seen.”—
Bacon.
(2) Of plants:
“Lately on yonder swelling bush
Big with many a common rose,
This early bud began to blush." Waller.
2. Figuratively:
(1) Of persons :
(a) Swelling with joy, grief, anger, or other
emotion, making the heart feel as if it would
burst.
“Thy heart is big; get thee apart and weep."
Shakesp.: Julius Cæsar, iii. 1.
(6) Swelling with pomp or vainglory, tumid,
proud.
“... to the meaner man, or unknown in the court,
seem somewhat solemn, coy, big, and dangerous of
look, talk, and answer."— Ascham : Schoolmaster.
(c) Swollen with consciousness of knowing
some portentous event approaching.
“Now big with knowledge of approaching woes,
The prince of augurs, Halithreses, rose.”
Pope: Odyss. ii. 185-6.
(2) Of things :
(a) In the abstract, standing for persons, in
senses 2 (1), (a), (b), or (c).
“Big passions strutting on a petty stage."
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. iii.
(6) Of events : Pregnant with something to
which immediate or more remote futurity will
give birth.
“The great, th' important day,
Big with the fate of Cato and of Rome.”
Addison.
II. Requiring no distention to make them
great, they being so naturally and truly.
1. Of material things: Literally great in
space or in bulk.
“A troubled ocean, to a man who sails in it, is, I
think, the biggest object that he can see in motion."-
Spectator.
2. Of menta conceptions : Great, sublime.
“... when the idea under the consideration be-
comes very big, or very small.”—Locke.
3. Of persons: Without pretence; mentally
or morally great, brave or magnanimous; or
admittedly of high social standing.
“What art thou? have not I
An arm as big as thine ? a heart as big?
Thy words I grant are bigger ..
Shakespeare: Cymbeline, iv. 2.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, són; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; trý, Sýrian æ, o=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw. ·

big-bigging
531
B. As adverb: In a pompous manner;
pompously, tumidly, with swelling words.
“My good ally talks big,' he said.”—Macaulay:
Hist. Eng. ch. iv.
big-bellied, a. (Vulgar.)
I. Of persons :
1. In an advanced state of pregnancy.
(a) Literally:
“Children and big-bellied women require antidotes
somewhat more grateful to the palate."-Harvey.
(6) Figuratively:
“ When we had laught to see the sails conceive,
And grow big-bellied with the wanton wind."
"Shakesp.: Mid. Night's Dream, ii, 2.
2. With a protuberant stomach, fat.
“He[William Rufus] was in stature somewhat below
the usual size, and big-bellied."-Swift: Hist. of Eng.,
Reign of Will. II.
II. Of things : Protuberant,
“Now shalt thou never see the salt beset
With a big-bellied gallon flagonet.”
Bp. Hull: satires, bk. vi., s. 1.
big-coat, s. A greatcoat; an overcoat.
(Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
big-corned, a. Having large grains.
“The strength of big-corned powder loves to try."
Dryden: Annus Mirabilis, 149.
#big-named, a. Having an illustrious
or lofty name.
"Some big-nam'd composition."
Crashaw: Poems, p. 108.
big-sea-water, s. The rendering of a
North American Indian word meaning the sea.
“Built a wigwam in the forest,
By the shining Big-Sea-Water.”
Longfellow : Song of Hiawatha, v.
big-sounding, a. Loud sounding, sound-
ing pompously.
“Big-sounding sentences, and words of state.”—Bp.
Hall : Satires, bk. i., s. 3.
big-swoln, big swoln, a. Swollen to a
great extent. Used--
(a) Of the waves of the sea.
“The big-swoln waves in the Iberian stream."
Drayton : Polyolbion, s. 1.
(6) of the heart under the influence of
emotion.
“Might my big-swoln heart
Vent all its griefs, and give a loose to sorrow.”
Addison.
big-wigs, s. pl. A vulgar name for digni-
taries. The term seems to imply that the
people of rank or position referred to are ad-
vanced in life, have heads larger than the
average, and requiring, if they are to be
covered in every part, wigs of abnormally.
capacious dimensions ; or possibly with refer-
ence to the full-bottomed wigs of judges or
Queen's counsel.
Other obvious compounds are: Big-boned or
big boned (Sir T. Herbert : Travels, p. 180;
Dryden : Pal. and Arcite); big-uddered (Pope :
Odyss., bk. ix, 282).
big, s. [BIGG.) (Chiefly Scotch.)
* bi-gab'-ben, v.t. [A.S. prefix bi, and gabban
= to scoff, to delude.] To deceive. (Rob. of
Glouc., 458. 15.) (Stratmann.)
* bi-ga-len, v.t. [A.S. prefix bi, and galan =
to sing, to enchant.] To enchant. (Layamon,
19,256.) (Stratmann.)
*big'-am, * bỉg'-am-ús (pl. bỉg'-ạmş, bỉg'-
am-7), s. [In Fr. bigame; Sp., Port., & Ital.
bigamo; Eccl. Lat. bigamus = married to two
women. From Lat. bi, and Gr. yános (gamos),
(1) a wedding, (2) marriage.] A bigamist.
(a) Of the Latin form bigamus, pl. bigami :
"And therefore was it alleged against this goldsmyth
that he was bigamus."-Hati: Hen. VIII., an. 35.
“No bigami, that is, none that had been twice
married, or such as married widows, were capable of
it, [the benefit of clergy,] because such could not receive
orders.”-Burnet: Hist. Reform., ii. 323.
(6) Of the English form bigam, pl. bigams :
“... as the law of bigamy, or St. Paul's ordaining
that a bigam should not be a deacon or priest."-Bp.
Peacock, in the Life of him by Lewis, p. 286.
* bỉg-am-a, s. [A fem. form, not classical, of
bigamist.] [BIGAMIST, B.]
“Greater is the wonder of your strickt chastitie, than
it would be a nouell to see you a bigama."-Warner :
Addit. to Albion's England, bk. ii. (Richardson.)
bỉg'-am-ist, s. [O. Eng. Digam ; -ist; or Eng.
bigam(y); -ist; or Lat. bigam(us); with Eng.
suffix -ist.]
A. Of a man : One who commits bigamy,
one who marries a second wife before the
death of the first.
“By the papal canons, a clergyman that has a wife between closely allied species which manifest
cannot have an ecclesiastical benefice; much less can
any considerable amount of strength.
a bigamist have such a benefice according to that law.”
- Ayliffe.
“... bigeners, that is to say, mules between
B. Of a woman : A woman who marries a
different genera."-Lindley : Introd. to Bot., 3rd ed.
(1839), p. 349.
second husband while the first one lives.
* bì-gêt'e, * bîyête, * bi-gæt'e, s. [From
bỉg'-am-oŭs, A. [From Latin bigamus.]
bigeten, v. (q.v.).] Winnings, spoil, acquisi-
[BIGAM.] Pertaining to bigamy; involving tion.
the commission of bigamy, as "a bigamous
" Hahram gaf him the tigthe del
Of alle is begete ...
marriage.”
Story of Gen. and Exod., 895-6.
* bỉg'-am-ús, s. [BigAm.]
* bi-gate, out. [BEGET.]
big-ăm-ỹ, *big-am-ie, s. [Fr. bigamie; Sp., * bì-gě't-ěl, a. [From 0. Eng. biget; and
Port., Ital., & Low Lat. bigamia.] [BIGAM.] suff. -el.] Advantageous.
A. Ordinary Language :
"He maden swithe bigetel forward."
Story of Gen. and Exod., 1,992.
1. Formerly. (Generally). In the etym. sense :
The wedding of two women in succession,
* bì-gět'-ěn, v.t. [A.S. begitan = to get.]
marrying twice. [B. I.]
[BEGET.]
“ Which is a plain proofe yt concerning ye prohibi-
1. To acquire; to obtain. (Story of Gen.
cion of any mo wines then one and the forbidding of and Exod., 911.)
bigamy by ye wedding of one wife after another, was
the special ordinance of God and not of Saint Poule." 2. To beget. (Story of Gen. and Exod., 2,180.)
-Sir T. More: Workes, p. 229.
3. To require.
2. Now. (Specially): The marrying of
“Iacob,' wath he, 'quat wiltu bi-geten.'”.
another woman while the first wife is still
Story of Gen. and Exod., 1,666.
living, or of a man while the first husband 4. To prevail.
still lives. [B. II.)
“ for scrith ne thret, ne mai ghe bi-geten
“He settled in a third parish, and was taken up for
for to don him cbasthed for-geten."
bigamy.”—Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xviii.
Story of Gen. and Exod., 2,021-2.
B. Law :
bigg, big, * bỹg (Scotch), * bỉgge (0. Eng.),
I. Canon Law :
v.t. & i. [Icel. byggia; Sw. bygia.] To build.
1. The marrying of two virgins, one after A. Transitive:
the other, the sin or crime being held to be (a) Old English :
committed even if the first had died before “ Kirkes and houses brent nouht than wild he spare,
the second was wedded.
Ther the Inglis had bigged, he inade it wast and bare."
R. Brune, p. 62.
2. The marrying of a widow.
I Still used in the north of England.
3. The marrying of a woman who, though
(6) Scotch :
not ceremonially wedded, has still allowed
“I'm sure when ye come to your ain, Captain, ye'll
some one to have intercourse with her. If
no forget to bigg a bit cot-house there!"-Scott : Guy
bigamy of any of these kinds were committed, Mannering, ch. lv.
the offender could not take holy orders.
B, Intransitive:
II. English Law: The act of marrying a
“The gray swallow bigs i' the cot-house wa'.”
second time, while the first husband or wife is
R. Nithsdale: Song. (Jamieson.)
still known to be living. By 5 Edward I., | bigg. + bỉg, s. [Icel. bygg = barley : Dan. Jug
passed in 1276, it was punished with death.
= barley; 0. Sw. biugg.] Another name for
In 1603, during the reign of James I., it was
bere (Hordeum hexastichum). [BERE, BEAR.]
made felony, without benefit of clergy. By
"Bear or bigg (a kind of grain with four rows on
35 Geo. III., passed in 1794, the capital penalty
each head) is sown from the beginning to the 20th of
was modified into imprisonment or transporta May.”—Par. Durisdeer, Dumfr., Statist. Acc. of Scot-
land, iv. 460. (Jamieson.)
tion. If a person marry a third wife, while
the first two are still living, poverty of language
| bỉg'-gạr, s. [Scotch bigg = to build, and suffix
in this portion of the law makes the offence
-ar.] A builder, one who carries on a building.
still be called only bigamy; polgamy would be
"Item, to advise gif the chaplaine hes the annuell
a more accurate designation.
under reversion, and contributis with the biggar."-
Digamy signifies simply a second mar Acts Mary 1551, c. 10. (Murray.) (Jamieson.)
riage, bigamy implies that such a marriage
big-gěn, v.t. [BUGGEN.]
takes place whilst the first wife is still alive.
[DIGAMY.] ,
big-gîn (1), s. [BIGGING.] (Scotch.)
* bi-gắn, pret. of o. [BEGIN.] Began. . *big-gin(2), *big-gen(O. Emg.), *big-gôn
“He sette foot on erthe, and fast bigan to flee."
(O. Scotch). [In Fr. béguin = a cap or hood,
Chaucer : C. T., 296. worn by Beguines.] [BEGUINE.] A cap or
* bì-găn'g-ěn, v.t. [A.S. begangan, bigangan hood, worn-
=(1) to go over, to perambulate; (2) to follow 1. By Beguines or other women. [BIGGO-
after.] To compass, to surround. (Layamon, NET.
23,702.)
"... • an old woman biggin for a nightcap."-
Massinger : The Picture, iv. 2.
* bì-ga'-pěn, v.t. [A.S. prefix bi, and geapan 2. By children.
=to gape.] [BEGAPE.) To gape at. (Legend
I From the biggin to the nightcap: From
of St. Katherine, 1,262.) (Stratmann.)
infancy to old age.
bỉg-a-rôon', s. [Fr. bigarreau (?).] The large
"... being a courtier from the biggin to the night-
cap."-B. Jonson: Silent Woman, iii. 6.
white-heart variety of cherry.
3. By men.
* bī-găs-ter, a. [From Lat. prefix bi = two,
(a) A night-cap.
and gaster; Gr. yaotýp (gastēr) = the belly.]
"A biggen he had got about his brayne,
For in his headpeace he felt a sore payne.”
e Anatomy: A name given to muscles which
Spenser: Shep. Cal., V.
have two “bellies” or protuberant portions.
(6) See also Shakespeare, 2 Hen. IV., iv. 4.
A part of the dress of a barrister, perhaps the
* bi-gat, pret. of v. [BEGET.] (Story of Gen.
coif of a serjeant-at-law.
and Exod., 708.)
- “One whom the good
Old man, his uncle, kept to th' inns of court,
bī-gěm'-n-āte, a. [From Lat. prefix bi=
And would in time ha' made him barrister,
two, and geminatus (pa. par. of gemino) = to
And rais'd him to his sattin cap and biggen."
double, from geminus = born as a twin, gemini
City Match (0. PI.), ix. 362. (Nares.)
=twins.]
big-gîn (3), s. [Corrupted from piggin (q.v.).]
Botany: The term applied when each of two
1. A small wooden vessel, more accurately
secondary petioles in a plant bears a pair of
called a piggin.
leaflets. (Lindley : Introd. to Bot., 3rd ed.,
2. A small bag or metallic vessel perforated
p. 465.)
below with small holes to hold coffee-grounds
+ bi-gen, v.t. [A.S. bygan, bycgan.] [BUY.]
while boiling water is poured upon them.
(Story of Gen. and Exod., 2,166.)
(Wright.)
big'-ging, * big-gin, * byg-gynge,
bī-ġē-nér (pl. bī'-ġē-nérş), s. [Lat. adj.
* byg-gyn, pr. par., a., & s. [Big, v.] [In
bigener, descended from two different races, Icel. bigging = building. ] A building; a house,
hybrid ; bi = two, and genus = birth, descent.] properly of a larger size as opposed to a cottage.
Bot. : A hybrid between plants belonging to A. & B. As present participle & participial
different genera. Such mule plants are short-
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
lived and sickly; it is only those which arise the verb.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-sian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion =shun; -ţion, -şion=zhun. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -cle, &c. = bel, cel.

532
biginne-bigotically
“If panicum be laid below, and about the bottom of
a root, it will cause the root to grow to an excessive
bigness."
2. Bulk, however produced.
“The brain of man, in respect of his body, is much
larger than any other animal's ; exceeding in bigness
three oxen's brains."-Ray : On the Creation.
3. Size, whether great or small.
“Several sorts of rays inake vibrations of several
bignesses, which, according to their bignesses, excite
sensations of several colours; and the air, according to
their bignesses, excites sensations of several sounds."-
Newton : Opticks.
| Bigness is now obsolescent, size taking its
place.
bỉg-no-nì-ą, s. [In Fr. bignone ; Dut., Sp.,
Port., & Ital. bignonia. Named after Abbé
Bignon, librarian to Louis XIV., and patron
of the botanist Tournefort.]
Bot. : A genus of plants, that of the trumpet
flowers, constituting the typical one of the
order Bignoniaceæ or Bignoniads. It has four
perfect stamina, two long and two short. The
species, which are numerous, are nearly all
BIGNONIA.
C. As substantive:
1. The act or operation of building.
"I mind the bigging o't."-Scott: Antiquary, ch. iv.
“Fyre blesis in his hie biggingis swakkit."
Doug. : Virgil, 260, 1. (Jamieson.)
2. Sojourn, abode, dwelling.
"long bigging is here nogt god."
Story of Gen. and Exod., 717
3. A building; a house.
“Tho was non biging of al egipte
lichles, so manige dead thor kipte."
Story of Gen. and Exgd., 3,163-4.
"And frae his theckit biggin taks her way."
Rob. Galloway: Poems, 32. (Jamieson.)
* bi-gin'ne, vit. & i. [The same as BEGIN
(q.v.).]
* bi-gin-ning, bi-gin-ninge, Dr. par. & s.
[BEGIN.] (Chaucer.)
big'-gît (1), pa. par. & a. [BIGG.) (Scotch.)
biggit-land, S. Land on which there
are houses or buildings, as opposed to land
with no shelter upon it for a person in a
storm. (Barbour.)
“And quhen they com in biggit-land,
Wittail and mete yneuch thai fand."
Barbour, xiv. 383, MS. (Jamieson.)
biggit-wa's, S. [Scotch biggit = Eng.
built, and was = Eng. walls.] Buildings,
houses.
“Woe's me! the time has been, that I would have
liked ill to have sate in biggit-wa's waiting for the
news of a skirmish fought within ten miles of me!"-
Scott : Old Mortality, ch. xix.
* bỉg'-git (2), pa. par. & a. [A.S. bigan, bugan,
bygan = to bow, to bend.] Bent, inclined (?).
(Scotch.) (King Hart.)
“Bot fra thai saw thair sute, and thair gemblie,
It culd thame bre, and biggit thame to byde."
King Hart, i. 24. (Jamieson.)
bỉg'-gon-ět, + big-on-ět, s. [Dimin. of
Eng. biggin (q.v.) = a coif or cap, a biggin.]
[BIGGIN.] (Scotch.) A linen cap or coif, of
the fashion worn by the Beguine sisterhood.
“Good humour and white bigonets shall be
Guards to my face, to keep his love for me."
Ramsay: Poeins, ii. 84. (Jamieson.)
"The young gude-wife, strong in the charms of her
Sunday gown and biggonet, threw herself in the way
of receiving the first attack, while her mother ..."-
Scott : Bride of Lammermoor, ch. xiij.
* bighe, s. [BIE, s.]
big'-horn, s. [Eng. big; -horn.] An American
sheep (Ovis montana), found in the Rocky
Mountains.
bīght (gh silent), s. [A.S. bige, byge = (1) a
turning, corner, bending, angle, bosom ; from
bigan, bigean, bugan = to bend. In Sw.,
Dan., & O. Icel. bugt =a flexure, a bay, a gulf,
a bight; Dut. bogt; Ger. bucht.] [Bow.]
1. Geog. : A bend in the sea-coast, forming
an open bay; as the Bight of Benin.
2. Nautical : The loop of a bent rope, a
round of rope or cable when coiled, any round
bend or coil except the end ones.
3. Farriery: The inward bent of a horse's
chambrel, and the bent of the fore-knees.
(Bailey.)
+ The bight of the arm : The hollow of the
elbow-joint. (J. H. in Boucher : Article Bie.)
* bi-gile, v.t. [BEGUILE.) (Romaunt of the
Rose.)
* bì-gîr-dle, * bi-gūr-del, 8. [A.S. big-
gyrdel, bi-gyrdel; M. H. Ger. bigürtel.] A
girdle, a purse. (Piers Plowman.)
* bì-gîrt, pa. par. [The same as BEGIRT.]
bī-glăn'-dų-lar, a. [From Lat. prefix bi,
and Eng. glandular = furnished with glands.)
[GLAND.]
Bot. : Furnished with double glands, double
glanded. (Webster.)
bỉg'-ly, * býg-ly, a. [Etym. doubtful.]
1. Commodious, habitable.
“ Scho wynnit in a bigly bour;
On fold was none so fair."
Bludy Serk, st. 2. (Jamieson.)
2. Pleasant, delightful. (Border Minstrelsy.)
big-ly, *bỉg-lì, adv. [Eng. big; -ly.] Bluster-
ingly, pompously, conceitedly.
“ To be the may'r of some poor paltry town;
Bigly to look, and barb'rously to speak."
Dryden.
f bỉg'-ness, s. [Eng. big; -ness.]
1. Swelling, protuberance.
of an ornamental character, owing to their
fine large trumpet-like monopetalous corollas,
coloured red, blue, yellow, or white. They
are trees or shrubs, in the latter case often
climbing; found in or sometimes even beyond
the tropics of both hemispheres, and con-
stituting a feature in the flora of the regions
which they inhabit. Many are from the
warmer parts of America; India also has
various species. One of the latter, the Bigno-
nia Indioa, called in the Bombay presidency
Taetoo, has supra-decompound leaves, from
four to six feet long, panicles of flowers about
fiye to six feet long, and legume-like capsules
more than two feet long by three and a half
inches broad. Several bignonias have been
introduced into the hot-houses and green-
houses of this country, and one—the Bignonia
radicans—will grow in the open air. It is a
beautiful climber with rooting-joints, which
enable it to adhere to walls.
bîg-no-ni-ā'-çě-2 (R. Brown, Lindley, &c.),
bignonia (Jussieu) (both Latin), bởg-nö'-
nīcăds (Eng.), s. [BIGNONIA,]
Bot.: An order of plants, ranked by Dr.
Lindley as the type of his Bignonial Alliance.
The stamina are five, but always one and
sometimes three are abortive, so as to make the
species tetradynamous or diandrous plants.
The ovary is two or spuriously four-celled
and polyspermous. The capsule is two-celled,
and sometimes so long as to appear like a
legume, The inflorescence, which is terminal,
is generally somewhat panicled. The leaves
are mostly compound. The bignoniads are
trees or shrubs, as a rule climbing. They are
highly ornamental plants from the tropics of
both hemispheres. In 1847 the known species
were 450. (Lindley.)
big-no-ni-al, a. [From Low Lat. bignoniales
= pertaining to the Bignonia (q.v.).]
Bot. : Pertaining to the Bignonia genus,
Bignonial Alliance; An alliance of plants.
[BIGNONIALES,]
big-no-nī-ā-lēs, s. pl. [Plural of Low Lat.
bignoniales = pertaining to the Bignonia
(q.v.).]
Botany. The Bignonial Alliance : Lindley's
forty-ninth alliance of plants. It is ranged
under his sub-class Perigynous Exogens, and
includes the orders Pedaliaceæ, Gesneraceæ,
Crescentiaceæ, Bignoniaceæ, Acanthaceæ,
Scrophulariaceæ, and Lentibulariaceæ (q.v.).
* bi-gold, s. [From A.S. bi = ... near to (?);
and Eng. gold, referring to the yellow hue of
the corolla.] [MARIGOLD.] An obsolete name
for a plant Chrysanthemum segetum, the Corn
Marigold or Yellow Ox-eye. (Gerarde.)
* bi-gon, pa. par. [BEGO.] (Lagamo, 24,598.)
(Stratmann.)
t bỉg'-on-ět, s. [BIGGONET.]
* bi-goon', pa. par. [BEGONE.] (Chaucer.)
big-ot, s. & a. [In Dan. † bigot (s.); Ger.
bigott (a.); Fr. bigot (the modern sense of
the word not arising till the fifteenth cen-
tury); Low Lat. bigoti, pl. A word for which
a superfluity of etymologies have been given.
It is deeply rooted only in the English and
French tongues. Barbazan, Malone, and
Michel consider it a corruption of the word
Visigoth, which might become Visigot, Bi-
sigot, Bigot, a view which Littré thinks pro-
bable. According to an old chronicle quoted
by Du Cange, Rollo, the first Duke of Nor-
mandy, being required to kiss the foot of
King Charles, as having received Neustria in
fief, contemptuously replied, “Ne se Bigot" =
Not so, by God. Hence the king and court
nicknamed him Bigoth. Littré, however,
thinks it probable that this story was invented
to explain the word. Wace, as quoted by Du
Cange, says that the French called the Nor-
mans bigoz or bigos. Cotgrave affirms that
bigot is an old Norman word = for God's sake.
Bullokar (ed. 1656) thus defines it : “ Bigot,
an hypocrite; also a scrupulous or supersti-
tious person. The word came into England
out of Normandy, where it continues to this
day in that sense.” Trench derives the word
from Sp. bigote = a mustachio, and supposes
that the people of that nation, wearing on
their lips the hirsute appendages now spoken
of, while the other nations of Europe had
smooth faces, came to be called bigots, that is,
men of the mustachio. Standing afterwards
as the type of religious intolerance, they so
degraded the word bigot that it came to have
its present meaning. (Trench, on the Study of
Words, 2nd ed., pp. 80–82.) A number of
authors derive bigot from the Franciscan ter-
tiaries called Beguttce, Biguttce, Beguinæ, Be-
guins, or in Ital. Bizochi, the latter-named word
being from bigio = russet-grey, brown, which
was the colour of the habit they wore. To this
view Wedgwood assents, while Skeat con-
siders that Wace's statement given above in-
dicates the correct etymology. He believes
bigoz or bigos to be of Scandinavian origin,
though its modern signification has come from
its application to the Beguins or Beguttæ.]
[BEGUIN, BEGUTTÆ.)
A. As substantive :
1. A person unreasonably wedded to his
own opinions on religious or other matters,
and disposed to think hardly of, and, if op-
portunity arise, to persecute those whose
views differ from his own.
“His theological writings, though too moderate to
be pleasing to the bigots of any party, had an immense
reputation.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. iv.
2. A Venetian liquid measure containing
the fourth part of an amphor or half a boot.
+ B. As adjective:
1. Of persons or nations : Unreasonably
wedded to one's opinion.
"... in a country more bigot than ours." -Dryden :
Limberham, Epist. Ded.
2. Of things : Expressing disapproval of a
person or persons for holding opinions in
which one does not concur.
“... contracts with bigot frown her sullen brow."
Mason : Elegy on the Death of a Lady.
* bi-got'e, pa. par. [The same as BEGOTTEN
(q.v.). ] (Story of Gen. and Exod., 2,618.)
bỉg'-o-těd, † bỉg'-ot-těd a. [Eng. bigot ;
-ed.] Obstinately wedded to one's opinions,
and intolerant to those who hold other views.
"... The extreme section of one class consists of
bigoted dotards . . ."-Macaulay : Hist. Eng. ch. i.
bỉg'-ot-ěd-ly, adv. [Eng. bigoted ; -ly.] In a
bigoted manner; with obstinate prejudice and
relentless intolerance. (Todd.)
* big-ot-i-cal, a. [Eng. bigot; -ical.] Bi-
goted.
"... an upstart and new-fangled invention of soine
bigotical religionists.”—Cudworth : Intel. Syst., p. 18.
* big-ot-1-cąl-ly, adv. [Eng. bigotical ; -ly.]
In a bigoted manner; bigotedly.
“... superstitiously or bigotically zealous for the
worship of the gods." - Cudworth : Intel. Syst., p. 274.
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pine, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, són; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; trý, Sýrian. e, o=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bigotick-bilander
533
*
*
* bỉg-ot-íck, a. [Eng. bigot; -ick.] Bigoted. | * bi-hef-dunge, pr. par. & s. [A.S. biheaf-
“As bees bizz out wi' angry fyke
"... a bigotick polytheist, ..."-Cudworth: Intel. I dung.] [BIHEDE.] Beheading.
When plundering herds assail their byke."
Burns : Tam O'Shunter.
Syst., p. 686.
* bi-hen-gen, k bi-hon, out. [A.S. bihange,
II. Figuratively:
bỉg'-o-trý, * bỉg-ot-trý, s. [In Sw. & Ger.
bihongen, pa. par. of bihon = to hang round.]
1. An association or collective body.
bigotterie; Fr. bigoterie.]
To hang round. (Ormulum.) (Stratmann.)
"... that endured pit, prison-house, and transport-
1. Unreasonable, blind, and obstinate ad-
ation beyond seas! A bonny bike there's o' them !"
herence to one's own religious or other
-Scott : Heart of Mid-Lothian, ch. xii.
*bi-heol-den, * bi-hel-den, v.t: [A.S: bi-
opinions, with intolerance to those who hold heldan, bihyldan=to pour over:] To pour over.
To skail the byke : To disperse an assembly
of any kind.
other views.
* bi-heste', * bi-hoste', s. [The same as
"... the stern and earnest bigotry of his brother."
2. A valuable collection of any kind when
--Mucaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. iv.
BEHEST (q.v.).]
acquired without labour or beyond one's ex-
It is sometimes, though rarely, followed * bi-heve, * bì-heeve, a. & s. [A.S. biluofie.]
pectation. (Jamieson.)
by to.
A. As adj. (Of the form biheve): Profitable. * bî'-kén (1), v.t. [BEKENNE (1).]
"Were it not for the bigotry to our own tenets, ...”
(0. Eng. Hom.) (Stratmann.)
- Watts.
* bi-ken (2), (pret. bikenede), v.t. [The same
2. The opinions thus tenaciously held, or
B. As subst. (Of the form biheve, biheeve):
as BECKON (q.v.).] (Wycliffe (Purvey), Acts
Profit. [BEHOOF.]
the intolerant actions to which they have led.
xxi. 40.)
“Our silence makes our adversaries think we persist
* bịhlõ'h, pret. of v. [A.S. bihlyhhan = to
in those bigotries, which all good and sensible men
laugh at.] Laughed at. (Shoreham, 102.)
* bi-ker (1), s. [BEAKER.)
despise."-Pope.
* bì-græ'-den, v.t. [The same as BEGREDE * bihof, s. [A.S. behof (?).] Behoof.
*bik'-ěr (2), * bik'-ýr, s. [BICKER.] (Prompt.
Parv.)
(q.v.).]
* bi-holde, * bihulde, * bihalde, * bi-
* bì-grā'-ven, pa. par. [BEGRAVE.]
healden, v.t. [The same as BEHOLD (q.v.).]
* bì-kér-věn, * bì-cor-věn, v.t. [A.S. becor-
fen = cut off, beheaded ; pa. par. of beveorfan.]
"How he is semely biholde and see."
* bì-grī'-pen, * bě-grīpe' (pret. bigrap), v.t.
The Romaunt of the Rose.
To cut off. (Seint Marherete.) (Stratmann.)
[A.S. begripan = to gripe, to chide.] To com-
* bihon, v.t. [BIHENGEN.] ·
* bi-know, * biknowen, v.t. & i. [BEKNOW.]
prehend, to reprehend. (Gower.) (Stratmann.)
* bi-hộ?-ten, p. par. [BEHIGHT.]
* bi-gripte, pret. of v. [M. H. Ger. begripfen.]
* bil (1), s. [BILL (1).]
Took, caught. (Gawaine and the Green Knight, * bi-höve (pret. bilofte), . . [BEHOME.] * bìl (2), s. [BILL (2).]
214.)
“And if such cause thou have, that thee
bī-lāʻ-bi-āte, d. [In Fr. bilabié; from Lat.
Bihoveth to gone out of contree."
* bi-growe, pa. par. [Eng. pref. di, and
The Romaunt of the Rose.
prefix bi=two, and labid = lips; plur. of
growe = grown.] Grown around. (Gower.)
labium =a lip:]
* bi-höve-lì, * bi-hof-lich, * bi-hul-fi-
(Stratmann.)
lik, a. (A.S. bihoflic.] Needful, necessary;
Bot. : Having two lips.
* bỉg'-some, a. [Eng. big; suff. -some.] Some profitable.
bī-la-çin'-1-āte, d. [From Lat. prefix bi=
what big. (Trench.)
" Alswile als hem bihulfilik bee."—Story of Gen. and
Exod., 408.
two, and lacinia = the lappet or flap of a
garment.] [LACINIATE.]
* bi-gyle, a.t. [BEGUILE.] (Chaucer: C. T., 1 x bừ-hô-ven. * bi-hô-fĩ ăn, 2.4. The same
13,097.)
Bot: : Doubly laciniate.
as BEHOVE (q.v.).]
* bì-gýl'ed, pa. par. [BEGUILE.] [Romaunt of | * bi-hôve-sum. * bì-hôf-sam, a. Profit-
* bi-lac-chen (pa. par. bilagt), v.t. [A.S.
gelwccan (pret. gelcente).]
the Rose.)
To take, to catch,
able. (Ayenbite.) (Stratmann.)
to seize; to take away:
* bì-gyn'ne, v.t. & i. [BEGIN.] (Chaucer : *bi-hu-den, v.t. [A.S. behydan.] To hide, ".... sone him was sarray bilagt."-Story of Gen. and
Tale of Melibus, &c.)
Exod., 773.
to conceal. (0. Eng. Hom.)
* bi-la-den, v.t. [A.S. belædan=to bring, lead
* bi-gyn-nyng, p. par. & S. [BEGINNING.] * bì-hýn'de, prep., A., & adv. [BEHIND.]
by, mislead.] To lead. (Stratmann.)
(Rom. of the Rose.)
* bì-jāp'e, v.t. [The same as BEJAPE (q.v.). ] | * bi-lakke, v.t. [Bilk.]
* bị-hal-ven, k bihaluen, 0,t. [O. H. Ger.
behalbon = to surround.] To surround.
bî'-jou (jou as zhû), s. [Fr. bijou ; from bî-lā'-lo, s. [A local Philippine word.)
“ Harde he bihaluen ther moyses." —Story of Gen.
Arm. bizou, bézou, bezeu = a ring, a circle, an
Naut.: A two-masted passenger boat of a
and Exod., 3,355.
ornament worn on the fingers; from biz= a
finger. Or, according to Ménage and Diez;
peculiar type in use in the Bay of Manilla, in
* bi-haºng-ăn, * bi-ha/n-gi-ăn, 10:t. [A.S.
from Fr. bi, and jouer; Lat. bis jocare = to
The Philippine Islands, called also guilalo.
bihangien = hung round.] To hang round.
jest in two ways; from jouer; in Lat. joco = |bī-lăm'-el-lāte, bī-lăm'-el-lā-ted, a.
bī-hâr'-ite, s. [In Ger. biharit; from Bihar to play.)
[In Fr. bilamellé; from Lat. prefix bi=two,
berg, near Retzbanya in Hungary, where it 1. A jewel. (Webster.)
and lamella -= a small plate of metal ; dimin.
occurs.)
2. A trinket. (Webster.)
of lamina = a thin plate of metal.]
Min.: A mineral coloured yellowish to
Bot., &c. : Formed of two lamellæ or plates.
green, brownish, or dull yellow. The hard-
bî'-joût'-rý (jout as žhút), s. [Fr. bijou-
Example, the stigma of Mimulus.
ness is 2:5; the sp. gr. 2.737; the composition
terie = jewelry ; from bijoutier = a jeweller;
silica, 41.74 ; alumina, 13:47 ; magnesia; 28.92;
bijou (q.v.).] A bijou, a jewel, trinket, or bī-lăm'-in-ate, a. [From Lat. prefix bi =
lime, 4.27; potassa, 4.86; water, 4:46, with
other small article of
two, and lamina = a thin plate of metal.]
traces of sesquioxide of iron and soda. The
vertu. (Webster.)
Phys. Science :. Formed of two laminæ or
lustre and the feel are greasy; the mineral is
thin plates.
* bijs, s. [BIES.]
doubly refracting.
“A transverse bilaminate partition ..."-Todd &
bī-jų-gāte, a. [Lat.
Bowman: Physiol. Anat., i. 256.
* bi-ha-tăn, 0.. [BIHEET.] To promise. bijugis, bijugus =
* bī'-lănd, s. [From Lat. prefix bi, and Eng.
* bì-hâ-wen, v.t. [A.S. binawian = to see
yoked two together ;
land.] A peninsula.
clearly.] To look at. (Manning : Hist. Eng.,
bi = two, and jugum
| Trench says it was used before the word
ed. Furnivall.) (Stratmann.)
= a yoke (YOKE);
suff. -ate.]
peninsula was introduced into English.
“From hence a great way between is that Biland or
* bi-hêdde, * bi-hêde, * bi-hê'd-en, v.t. Bot. : The term ap-
demy isle which the Sindi inhabit."--Ammianus Mar-
[A.S. behedan = to watch, heed, or guard ; plied when a pinnate
cellanus (1609). (Halliwell : Cont. to Lexicog.)
O. H. Ger. behuoten.) To heed, to guard.
leaf has two pairs of
bìl'-an-děr, běl'-an-děr, s. [Eng. by=
(Reliq. Antiq.) (Stratmann.)
leaflets.
near; land, and suff. -er. In Dut. bylander ;
Ger. binnenländer ; from binnen = within,
*bi-hede, *bi-heede. *bi-heaf-di-en, v.t. lbi-ju-gous, a. (From
The same as BEHEAD (q.v.).] To behead.
Lat. bijugis, bijugus,
(Wycliffe (ed. Purvey), Matt. xxiv. 10; Luke
and suff. -ous.] [BI-
JUGATE.]
ix. 9.)
BIJUGATE LEAF.
The same
as BIJUGATE.
* bi-heelde, pr. & pa. par. of v. [BEHELD.]
bỉk, bikh, bikh-'mą, vish, vish-a, or
e “Where thou biheelde her fleshly face.”
The Romaunt of the Rose. ăt--vish-a. [In Mahratta vish = poison.]
* bi-heest, s. [BEHEST.]
In India :
“And youre biheest take at gre."
1. Gen.: Any poison.
Chaucer: The Romaunt of the Rose.
2. Spec. : The root of the Indian aconite.
* bi-heet, * bi-heete, * bi-hoote, * bi-hô-
ten, * bi-haten, v.t. [BEHIGHT.]
* bi-kache, v.t. [BICACHEN.]
“For to holde myu avow, as I the biheet."
bīke, býke, * byeik * beik, s. [Icel. bükar
Chaucer : C. T., 374.
= hive.]
* bi-hee-tere, s. [A.S. behatan = to vow, to I. Literally:
promise ; suffix -ere.] A promise.
1. A building; a habitation.
. Jhesus is maad biheetere of the betere testa-
“Mony burgh, mony bour, inony big bike."
BILANDER.
ment."-Wycliffe (Purvey), Heb. vii. 22.
Gawaine and Gol., ii. 8.
* bi-hee-tinge, pr. par. [BIHEET.] (Wycliffe 2. A hive, nest, or habitation of bees, wasps, land = land, and suff. -er; Fr. bélandre; Sp. &
(ed. Purvey), 1 Tim. ii. 10.)
or ants.
Port. balandra.] A small two-masted vessel
boil, boy; póūt, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, çhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph= f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion=shún; -țion, -şion=zhŭn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del. -

534
bilappen-bilge
to have the winnings."-Chalm. : Life of Mary, i. 133.
fitted, as its narne imports, for coasting near taining to the cutlass described under A. 1, 1 * bi-leaue, * bì-lē'ave, * bě-lē'ave, S.
the land, or for internal river or canal naviga or to Bilboa, whence it came.
[The same as BELIEF (q.v.). ] (Ayenbite, &c.)
tion. Bilanders are in use on the canals of
"Nor Bilbo steel, nor brasse from Corinth fet.”
Holland and elsewhere. They are in general
Complaints, Capel Sch. Sh. p. 220.
1 + bī-lěc-tion, s. [BALECTION.]
about eighty tons burden, and are used for
bíl'-bo-quet (quet = ket or kê) (Eng.),
bilection moulding,
the carriage of goods. They are rigged like
bil-bo-cătch (Provincial Eng.), s. [From
Arch. : [The same as BALECTION MOULDING
hoys, to which type of vessel they belong,
and are managed by four or five men.
Fr. bilboquet; from bil for bille = ball, and (q.v.).]
"Like bilanders to creep
bocquet (Her.)= the iron of a lance. (Littré.).]
* bile'-dame, s.
The toy called a cup and a ball. (Todd, &c.)
Along the coast, and land in view to keep."
[BELDAME.] (Scotch.) A
Dryden. It was in use at least as early as the time of
great-grandmother.
* bì-lăp'-pěn (pa. par. bilapped), v.t. [A.S.
“As iny biledame old Gurgunnald told me,
Henry III. of France.
I allege non vthir auctorité."
prefix bi, and lapian, lappan = to lap.] To
bilch (ch guttural), s. [BELCH (2), s.] A lusty
Colkelbie : Sow., 902. (Jamieson.)
lap or wrap about. (Ormulum.)
person. (Scotch.)
* bỉ-lèf't, pret. of v. [BILEVEN.] Remained ;
bī-lăt'-ēr-al, a. [In Fr. bilatéral; from Lat.
abode.
* bild, * bữl'-dér (pret. & pa. par. bilded, bilt),
“ With other werkmen mo,
prefix bi = two, and latus, genit. lateris = a 1 v.t. [BUILD.1
He bileft al night."
side or flank.] Having two sides.
Sir Tristrem, p. 36. st. 54.
bilateral symmetry, s.
* bil-dére, s. [BUILDER.] (Chaucer, &c.) * bì-leg'ge, * bì-lèg'-gěn, v.t. [BELAY.] To
Zool. : Symmetry on the two opposite sides, * bil-děrs, s. [BILLERS.]
belay, to cover with.
as is the case with most animals, excepting
“... bileyd with båtenn gold.”–Ormulum, 8, 167.
the Radiata.
bild'-stein, s. [In Ger. bildstein ; from bild
=image, figure, picture, portrait, and stein =
* bì-lěn'ge, a. [BELONG.] Belonging to. (Or-
* bì-lāy', * bi-lā'i, * bilayen (pa. par. bi-
mulum, 2,230.)
a stone.]
lain), v.t. [A.S. bilecgan = to lie or extend by Min. : A mineral called also Agalmatolite. | * bi-leo-vi-en, v.t. [The same as BELOVE
or about, to surround, encompass, destroy.]
(q.v.).] (Layamon : Brut., about 1205; ed.
To lie by, about, or with. [BILEGGET (Richard | bile (1), s. [A.S. bil, bill = any instrument or
Madden.)
Cour de Lion, in Weber's Metrical Romances.) weapon made of steel.] [BILL (1).]
1. A bill, a beak.
* biles, * bilis, * bylis, s. [From Fr. bille =
bil'-ber-ry (Eng.), blāe'-běr-rý (Scotch), s.
2. The iron handle of a bucket.
a billiard ball.] A sort of game for four
& a. [In Sw.blabär ; from blä = blue-black,
persons.
which the berry is ; Icel. blaber; Dan. blaabcr. * bīle (2), s. [Boil.] (Shakesp., &c.)
“I had the honour, said Randolph to Cecil, to play
The origin of the Scotch word blaeberry is
at a game called the Bilis, my mistress Beton and I
obviously from these terms.
against the Queen and my lord Darnley, the women
| bīle, s. & a. [In Dan. byld ; Fr. & Port. bile;
The English
form of the word bil may be, as Mahn believes, Sp. & Lat. bilis = bile; Lat. fel = the gall (Jamieson.)
a corruption of the same word ; if so, then it bladder, gall, bile.]
is = blue berry.. Wedgwood believes, and
* bi-leve (1), v.t. & i. [BELIEVE.]
A. As substantive :
Skeat considers, however, it may have come
“... and on Crist made him bileve.”
1. Physiol. & Ord. Lang.: An animal fluid
from Dan. böllebcer = not the Vaccinium Myr-
Chaucer : C. T., 4,994.
secreted by the liver. It is made from venous
tillus, but the V. uliginosum. The former
and not from arterial blood. It is a viscid trans-
* bi-leve (2), * bi-le-uen, * bi-le-wen,
thinks bolle may be = bull, while the latter
parent liquid of a very deep yellow or greenish
* bi-lie-ven, * bi-lee-fen, v.t. [A.S. be-
deems it to be = ball.]
colour, darkening by exposure to the air. Its
læfan = to leave.] To leave, to relinquish.
A. As substantive :
odour is disagreeable ; its taste nauseous and
1. The name given to one or two species of
* bi-le-ven, pa. par., used as s. [From A.S.
bitter. It has an alkaline reaction. Strecker
Vaccinium, a genus of plants belonging to the
has shown that it is essentially a mixture of
belæfan = to remain over, be left.]
order Vacciniaceae (Cranberries). It is espe-
two acids, the glycoholic and the taurocholic
“The bileven brennen he bead."-Story of Gen. and
Exod., 3,154.
cially used of the Vaccinium Myrtillus, called acid, the first containing nitrogen without sul-
also the Whortleberry. It has angular stems phur, and the latter having both. The principal bìlf, s. [Belch (2).7 The same as BELCH or
drooping, urceolate, almost waxy flowers, colouring matter of the bile is called bilirubin Bilch. A monster. (Scotch.)
greenish with a red tinge, and black berries or cholepyrrhin. In 1,000 parts it contains-
.. an' nursin' thae muckle bilfs o' kytes o'
very pleasant to the taste. It grows in woods
Water ... ... from 823 to 908 parts.
yours?"-Saint Patrick, iii. 265. (Jamieson.)
and heathy places. The Great Bilberry or
Solid matter ... » 177 to 92 , bilge, s. & a.
Bog Whortleberry is an allied species with
[A different way of spelling
Bile-acids with
rounded stems, smaller flowers, and less agree-
BULGE (q.v.).]
alkali
.. » 108 to 56
ably-tasted fruit. It grows in mountain bogs.
Fat and chole-
A. As substantive :
It is called also the Bleaberry or Blaeberry.
sterin ... , 47 to 40 ,
1. The bottom of a ship's floor; the breadth
2. The fruit of the species described under
Mucus and co-
of that part of her on which she rests when
No. 1. That of the Bilberry properly so
louring matter , 24 to 15 ,
aground.
called is eaten in the places where it grows,
Ash ... .... 11 to 6 ,
“ To ply the pump, and no means slack,
either as it is or with milk. It is made also When the bile is elaborated in the liver, it is
May clear her bilge, and keep from wrack."
Olia Sacra (1648), p. 162.
into jellies and tarts. It is astringent, and received from the secreting vessels by very
2. The protuberant middle of a cask con-
may be used in diarrhoea and dysentery. The minute tubes, which uniting form the hepatic
fruit of the V. uliginosum is acid, and pro duct.
stituting its greatest circumference.
The bile is conveyed into the gall-
duces giddiness and headache when eaten in bladder by means of the cystic, or into the
B. As adjective: Pertaining to or collected
too large quantity.
duodenum by the choledochºduct; that which
in the bilge of a vessel, as bilge-board, bilge-
"... as blue as bilberry.”—Shakesp. : Merry Wives, makes its way into the former receptacle is
water (q.v.).
v. 5.
called the cystic bile, and that which enters bilge-board, s.
(1) Bear Bilberry: Arcto staphylos Uva-ursi. the latter the hepatic bile. Cystic bile is deeper
Shipbuilding : The board covering the lim-
(Linn.) [BEARBERRY.]
in colour and more viscid, pungent, and bitter
bers where the bilge-water collects.
(2) Whortle Bilberry: Vaccinium Myrtillus. than hepatic bile. One main use of bile is to
(Linn.)
convert chyme into chyle as one step in the
bilge-heels,s. The same as BILGE-PIECES
process of digestion.
(q.v.).
B. As adjective: Composed of, or otherwise
pertaining to, the whortleberry or its fruit.
“In its progression, soon the labour'd chyle
bilge-keel, s.
Receives the confluent rills of bitter bile;
Which, by the liver sever'd from the blood,
Shipbuilding : A longitudinal beam or plate
bữl-bo' (pl. bîl'-bões), s. & a. [From Billoa
And striving through the gall pipe, here unload on the bilge of a vessel, for protection from
in Spain, where it was formerly believed that
Their yellow streams."
Blackmore.
the best weapons were made. Wedgwood 2. Fig. : Anger; choler.
suggests for the plural, bilboes, another and B. As adjective: Containing bile ; in any
less probable etymology.]
way pertaining to bile.
A. As substantive:
bile-duct, s. [Eng. bile; duct. Or from
1. (Sing.): A flexible-bladed cutlass from Lat. bilis = bile, and ductus = a leading, a
Bilboa.
conducting ; duco = to lead, to conduct.]
“To be compassed like a good bilbo, in the circum-
Physiol.: A duct, passage, or vessel for the
ference of a peck, hilt to point, heel to head."-
Shakesp. : Mer. Wives, iii. 5.
conveyance of bile.
2. (Plur.) Bilboes, * bil-bows: A kind of bile pigments, bile-pigments, s.
fetters for prisoners, also from Bilboa, where
Physiol. : Colouring matter existing in the
they were manufactured in large quantities,
bile. This consists chiefly of Bilirubin (q.v.).
to be shipped on board the Spanish Armada
On heating an alkaline solution containing
BILGE KEEL.
for use upon the English sailors after these bile with nitric acid a green colour is formed,
should be vanquished and captured. They
which changes into blue, violet, red, and lastly
would be available also against insubordinate
rubbing; or, in the case of iron vessels with-
to yellow. It is called also Cholepyrrhine.
members of the Spanish crews. They con-
out true keels, to prevent rolling. Used in
Another bile pigment is Biliverdin.
sisted of a long bar of iron bolted and locked
describing vessels having flat bottoms and
to the deck; on this bar a shackle slipped
bile-stone, s. A gall-stone ; a biliary light draught. The Warrior and some other
loosely, and was secured to the ankle of the calculus. (The elder Darwin.)
British ironclads have bilge-keels. (Knight.)
prisoner.
* bi-iếaf, * bi-iết, * bi-lºph, pret. of 2. bilge-piece, s.
. methought I lay
Worse than the mutines in the bilboes."
[A.S. belofan (pret. belaf) = to remain.] [BI Shipwrighting : An angle-iron or wooden
Shakesp. : Hamlet, v. 2. LIVE.] (Story of Geno and Exod., 1,332, 671, stringer placed at intervals along the bilge of
B. As adjective (of the form bilbo): Per- L. 2,662.]
an iron ship to stay and stiffen the frame.
WOONSOLGARIEBERSICHISSRECONNN
SOUTONNERINNERINNE
AVIANCHINIGANGVAXINNT INITIVTINIAN TENTANG
29.12
INGIZ UCLANAVIANNIPENDAWANE
0219
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whất, âli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pắt, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, són; mūte, cũb, cüre, unite, cür, rûle, full; try, Sýrian. æ, oe=ē; ey=ā. qu=kw.

bilge-bill
535
bilge-planks, s.
* bi-ligh'te, v.t. [From A.S. pref. ge, & leohtan, * bi-live, * bi-leve, * bi-leave, s. [A.S.
Shipwrighting : Strengthening planks of the lyhtan = to enlighten.) To light, to illu bigleofa = food; 0. H. Ger. bilibi.] Living,
inner or outer skin, at the bilge.
mine. (O. Eng. Hom.)
sustenance. (Piers Plowman, bk. xix., 430.)
(Stratmann.)
bilge-pump or burr-pump, s.
bi-lim-bi, bi-limº-bing, s. [The Malay
1. A pump designed to carry off a ship's
name of a plant.] The fruit of the Averrhoa * bữ-līve, * b-lē've, * bý-live, * blive,
bilge-water.
bilimbi, a Molucca and Ceylonese tree, be-
adv. [BELIVE.]
longing to the order Oxalidaceæ (Oxalids).
2. A pump to withdraw water when the
“And down to Philoe's house are come bilive."
The fruit is of oblong form, and obtusely
ship is lying over so that the water cannot
Spenser : F. Q., I. v. 32.
reach the limbers to which access is had by
angled. It possesses an agreeable acid flavour,
the main pumps.
and is sold in Indian bazaars.
bi-17-vēr'-dîn, s. [From Eng. bile, verd(ant),
The tree is a
small one, with pinnate leaves. [AVERRHOA.]
and suffix -in.) [BILIRUBIN.]
bilge-water, s. The water which tends
* bi-lime, * bi-lim-len, .t. [A.S. pref. bi, | bilk, * bi-lakke, v.t. [From Moso-Goth. bi-
to lodge on that portion of the floor of a ship
and lim = a limb.] To dismember. (Arthur
laikan = to mock, to deride; prefix bi= Eng.
which is beneath the level of the well of her
and Merlin, 5,775.) (Stratmann.)
prefix be, and laikan = to skip or leap for joy.]
pump. It is derived from leakage or conden-
[LAIK.]
sation.
* bi-lịm'-pěn (pret. bilamp ; pr. par. bilum-
1. With a person for the object :
"... barrels of beer which smelt worse than bilge pen), v.i. [A.S. belimpan = to concern, regard,
water."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv.
.. happen; bilimp, gelimp = an event.] (1) To cheat a person, to “make a fool” of
bilge-water alarm.
To happen. (Ormulum.) (Stratmann.)
him by swindling him or in some similar way,
Naut.: An alarm for calling attention when
"They never bilk'd the poet of his pay."
bī-lìn, s. [In Fr. biline ; from Lat. bilis=bile.]
there is an abnormal amount of water in the
Churchill : Independence.
bilge of a vessel. It ordinarily consists of a
Chem. : C2H45NSO7. It is also
(2) To leave in the lurch, to abandon deceit-
called
well in the hold and a float whose rise is made
Taurocholic Acid.
fully.
It is obtained from ox-
... an unknown country-girl was delivered of him
bile, the glycocholic acid, mucus and colouring
to free an escapement and sound an ordinary
under a tree, where she bilkt him; he was found by Be
clock-alarm mechanism. (Knight.) .
matters being first precipitated by neutral
sexton priest of the church."-Spence: Transl. of the
lead acetate; the basic lead acetate is added, Sec. Hist. of the House of Medici (1686), p. 249.
bilge-water discharge.
which precipitates lead taurocholate, which 2. With a thing for the object :
Naut.: A device to secure automatic dis is decomposed by H2S, and the free acid
(1) Of a debt: Fraudulently to evade pay-
charge for the bilge-water. A tube extending separates in needle crystals, which, when
ment of.
from the limber through the outer skin has heated with water, are resolved into cholic
“He cannot drink five bottles, bilk the score,
a rear opening through which a current is acid and taurine.
Then kill a constable, and drink five more."
induced as the vessel passes through the
S Cowper : Progress of Error.
* bi'l-ingş-gāte, s. [BILLINGSGATE.]
water. (Knight.)
(2) Of hope : To disappoint. [See BILKED,
2 ex.]
bilge-water gauge.
bī-lîng'-ual (u as w), a. [In Fr. bilingue
= in two languages ; Ital. bilingue = two-
Naut.: A device for showing the depth of
bilk, * bilke, s. [From bilk, v. (q.v.).]
tongued; from Lat. bilinguis = two-tongued,
bilge-water in the hold. A graduated stem
prefix bi=two, and lingua = the tongue,
1. A cheat, a fraud, a swindle.
extending upward from a float in the well
speech, language; suffix -al.]
“A gallant bitk ..."
where the bilge-water collects. As the float
Haitiwell (Contr. to Lexicog.): Ballad.
1. Of persons: Speaking two languages. 2. Nothing
rises, the graduations are read by the officers
(Gent. Mag.)
“Tub. Hee will ha' the last word, though he take
of the watch. (Knight.)
bilke for it.
2. Of things : Written in two languages.
Hugh. Bilke! what's that?
bilge-way, bilgeway, s.
“... a bilingual tablet.” - Transact. Bib. Arch.
Tub. Why, nothing; a word signifying nothing, and
Shipbuilding : The foundation of the cradle
Soc., vol. iii., p. 496.
borrowed here to express nothing."
*Ben Jonson : Tale of a Tub, i. 1.
supporting a ship upon the sliding-ways during + bī-ling'-ūar (u as w), a. [From Lat. bi-
building and launching. The sliding-ways
lingu(is), and Eng. suffix -ar.] [BILINGUAL.]
bilk'ed, pa. par. & d. [BILK, v.] Used
consist of planks three or four inches wide
In two languages.
(1) Of a person cheated.
supported on blocks, and the bilgeways of the
“Bilk'd stationers for yeomen stood prepared.".
cradle slip thereon. The bilgeways are about
bī-lîng'-uist (u as w), s. [From Lat, bi-
Dryden.
five-sixths the length of the ship, and are
lingu(is), and Eng. suffix -ist.] [BILINGUAL.] (2) Of hope : Disappointed.
about two feet six inches square. The cradle
One who speaks two languages. (Hamilton.)
“What comedy, what farce can more delight,
is the carriage which bears the ship into the
Than grinning hunger, and the pleasing sight
water, and separates from the ship by the act bī-lửng'-uoŭs (u as w), a. [From Lat. bi-
Of your bilk'd hopes ?'
Dryden.
of floating. (Knight.)
lingu(is), and Eng. suffix -ous.] [BILINGUAL.]
bilk'-ing, pr. par. [BILK, v.]
Speaking two languages. (Johnson.)
bilge, v.i. &t. [From bilge, s. (q.v.). ] [BULGE.]
h y_ūs In Fr bilieux : Sp.. Port.. & 1 bill (1), * bille, *bylle. *bil. * bile. S.
[A.S. bil, bill = (1) any instrument or weapon
A. Intrans. : To spring a leak; to let in
Ital. bilioso; from Lat. biliosus = full of bile;
made of steel, as an axe, hoe, bill, faulchion,
Lat. bilis =gall, bile.]
water. (Skinner.)
1. Lit. : Pertaining to bile, consisting of or
sword ; (2) a bill, beak, or nib of a bird, a pro-
B. Trans. : To cause a ship to have her
boscis, horn, fore-part of a ship (Bosworth).
bilge broken in, so that she springs a leak.
containing bile; produced to a greater or less
In O. S.= a sword; Sw. bila = an axe, bill =
(Skinner.)
extent by bile ; affected by bile.
a ploughshare; Icel. bildr, bilda = an axe;
“Why bilious juice a golden light puts on,
Dut. bijl = an axe, hatchet, a bill; (N. H.)
bilg'ed, pa. par. & a. [Bilge, v.t.]
And floods of chyle in silver currents run."
Garth. Ger. beil = an axe, a hatchet, a bill ; M. H.
* bìl'-gět, a. [BULGE.) Bulged, jutting out.
“When the taste of the mouth is bitter, it is a sign Ger. bil, bile, bîhel; 0. H. Ger. bille, bial,
of a redundance of a bilious alkali."-Arbuthnot.
bihel. Compare Sans. bhil = to split.]
(Scotch.)
2. Fig.: Choleric in temper for the moment
“In barge, or bilget ballinger, ouer se."
A. Of the forms bill, * bille, and * bile :
0% Doug.: Virgit, 44, 39. (Jamieson.)
or permanently ; passionate.
1. The beak of a bird, or other animal,
bil-ġ'ing, pr. par. [BILGE, v.]
bil'-1-oŭs-ness, s. [Eng. bilious; -ness.] The consisting of two
quality of being affected by bile.
mandibles.
bil-1-a-rý, a. [In Fr. biliaire; Port. & Ital.
"... cure costiveness, headache, and biliousness.”— (a) of a bird :
biliario.] Pertaining to the bile.
Advt. in Times, 11th Nov., 1875.
“... so that when
“In this way, also, urea, lithic acid, and biliary
they are ruffled or dis-
* bi-lirten, v.t. To deprive of by fraud.
composed, the bird,
matters are excreted."-Todd & Bowman : Physioi.
with
"Sulen adam bilirten of hise lif.”
her bill,
Anat., vol. i. (Introd.), p. 12.
can
Story of Gen. and Exod., 316.
easily preen them."
Ray: Wisdom of God
biliary duct, s. The same as bile-duct
b1-1ų-rû'-bîn, S. [From Lat. bilis = bile; in Creation (ed. 1717),
od BILL OF A BIRD.
(q.v.).
ruber=red ; and suffix -in.)
P. 148.
“Voracious animals, and such as do not chew, have a
Chem: Bilirubin, C16H19N03, forms the
In the figure (a) is the upper mandible,
great quantity of gall; and some of them have the
(6) the lower one, (c,d) the commissure formed
biliary duct inserted into the pylorus."-Arbuthnot. chief part of the colouring matter of the bile.
by the meeting of the mandibles, (d) the tip,
It is insoluble in water, sparingly soluble in
* bil-1-ā-tion, s. [Eng. bile; -ation.] The alcohol and ether, but readily soluble in chlo-
point, or apex of the bill, (a, e) the ridge (cul-
excretion of bile. (Dunglison.)
roform and carbon disulphide. It dissolves
men) of the upper mandible, (f) a nostril,
in alkalies, forming an orange solution, which,
(b, g) the keel (gony) of the lower mandible
* bi-li-bre (pl. bi-li-bris), s. (From Lat. bili-
bra = two pounds, prefix bi=two, and libra
(a, f, e, g, c), the fleshy sheath enveloping the
on exposure to the air, turns green; on the
addition of an acid it gives a green precipitate
base of the bill, is called a cere.
=a pound.] A weight of two pounds.
of biliverdin, C16H20N205, which crystallises (6) Of a species of turtle :
"A bilibre of wheete for a peny, and thre bilibris of
out of glacialaceticacid in green rhombic plates. “... is the Hawk's-bill Turtle (Chelonia imbricata)
barli for a peny."-Wycliffe (Purvey), Rev. vi. 6.
... so called from the curved and pointed form of
the upper jaw, which certainly presents no very distant
bi-līe', * bileoyen (pa. par. bilowen). [The
bī-lịt'-er-al, a. [From Lat. prefix bi = two,
resemblance to the hooked bit of a predaceous bird."-
same as BELIE (q.v.).] (Piers Plowman, bk. and literalis= pertaining to letters or writing;
Dallas: Nat. Hist., p. 409.
V., 414.) (Stratmann.)
litera = a letter.]
(c) Of a cephalopod : More generally, how-
Philol., &c. : Consisting of two letters.
ever, this is called not the bill, but the beak.
bữl-1-fús-çin, s. [From Lat. bilis = bile, and
"155. Biliteral roots : From some appearances in It is sometimes found fossil. [RHYNCOLITE.]
foscin.]
the Hebrew language, it is probable that originally it
contained a greater number of biliteral roots than at
2. The front as opposed to the back; or
Chem : Bilifuscin C16H20N204. It is a dark-
present."-Moses Stuart: Heb. Gram. (ed. 1838), p. 77. (adverbially) in front, not in the rear.
green mass, dissolving in aikalies and in
alcohol, with a brown colour. It is insoluble * bi-live, * bi-liven (pret. * bilef, * bilief), v.i.
Bok and bil: Back and front.
in water and in chloroform ; it occurs in 1 [A.S. belifan = to remain.] To remain. (Relig.
"... and to hewe the Sarasyns bothe bok and bil:
here herte blod mad they swete."-Sir Ferumb. (ed.
biliary calculi.
Antiq.) [BELEAVE.]
Herrtage), 2,654.
(Naut.)
NIM
DAN
boil, boy; póut, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. tion, -sion=shăn; -ţion, -şion=zhăn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -bre, &c. = bel, běr.

536
bill
the smaller limbs to preserve the shape of a
hedge, shrub, or ornamental tree..
Other forms of the implement are c and D.
BILL-HOOKS.
3. The “boom” or hollow booming noise
made by the bittern.
“The bittern's hollow bill was heard."
Wordsworth.
B. Of the forms bill, * bil, and * bylle : This
second use of the word is so rooted in the
Teutonic languages as compared with the
limited extent that the signification A. ob-
tains among them, that it may be the primary
one. On the other hand, it is difficult to
resist the belief that such an instrument as a
pick-axe was imitated from a bird's beak, in
which case the relative arrangement of A. and
B. would be as it is here made.
1. Mechanics :
(1) A pick-axe, a mattock.
(2) The point of a hook.
2. Military:
(1) A species of halberd, consisting of a
broad blade, with the cutting part hooked
like a woodman's bill-hook, and with a spike
both at the back and at
the top. It was mounted
on a staff about six feet
long. It was known as
a “Black Bill” from the
colour of the varnish
used to protect it from
rust, and was largely
used by infantry soldiers.
Out of a levy of 200
men, in 1584, for the
Irish wars, one-fourth
were ordered to be fur-
nished with "good Black
Bills." The armament
of the Mary Rose con-
tained as many bills as
112
arquebuses. They were
afterwards carried by
sheriff's officers attend-
1. BLACK BILL,
ing execution, and finally 2. HALBERD.
by watchmen. Dr. John-
son states that as late as 1778 they were used
by the watchmen of Litchfield.
“But France had no infantry that dared to face the
English bows and bills.” — Macaulay : Hist. Eng.,
ch. i.
(2) A person whose weapon is a war-bill.
“Lo, with a band of bowmen and of pikes,
Brown bills, and targiteers four hundred strong,
I come.”
largite
Edward II. (0. Pl.), ii. 366.
3. Agric. : An iron instrument with an in-
curvated edge, and furnished with a handle.
It is used by woodmen for the purpose of
lopping trees; plumbers and basket-makers
also employ it in their respective vocations.
When short it is called a hand-bill, and when
long a hedge-bill. Both forms are sometimes
termed wood-bills or forest-bills.
“Standing troops are servants armed, who use the
lance and sword, as other servants do the sickle or the
bili, at the command of those who entertain them.” —
1
bill (2), s. A bull. (Scotch.)
“As yeld's the bill."
Burns: Address to the Deil.
bill (3), * bille, * bil, * byl, s. & a. [In Ger.
bill = only a parliamentary bill, evidently
borrowed from Eng. In Fr. and Port. bill;
0. Fr. bille = a label, noting the value of
anything; Low Lat. billa = a seal, stamp,
edict, or roll. Some writers bring the Eng.
bill from the Low Lat. billa. Littré reverses
the process, and derives Low Lat. billa, from
Eng. bill; Prov. bulla, bolla = a round piece
of metal marked with a seal ; Ital. bolla = a
seal, a stamp; bolla = (1) a bubble, a blister,
a pimple ; (2) a stamp, a seal, a Pope's bull;
Class. Lat. bulla = (1) a bubble, (2) a boss,
knob, or stud upon à door, girdle, &c. ; (3) a
boss worn upon the neck of free-born children.]
[BILLET, BULL (2), BULLETIN.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Originally : A sealed instrument. (Wedg-
wood.) A formal, solemn, and public docu-
ment, presumably sealed; or, specially-
(1) A document formally drawn out and
presumably sealed, in which complaint is
made against a person in a law-court or else-
where. [Law : Bill of Indictment.]
“As doth me right upon this pitous bill,
In which I 'plaine üpon Virginius.
And if that he woll sayn it is not thus,
I wol it prove, and finden good witnesse,
That soth is that my bille wol expresse."
Chaucer : 0. T., 12,100—4. *(Richardson.)
* (2) A petition.
“This bil putteth he fourth in ye pore beggar's
name."--Sir Thos. More: Workes, p. 302. (Richardson.)
(3) A bond or contract under which one has
come to pay a certain sum of money or other
property.
"So he [the unjust steward) called every one of his
lord's debtors unto him, and said unto the first, How
much owest thou unto my lord ? And he said, An
hundred measures of oil. And he said unto him,
Take thy bill, and sit down quickly, and write fifty."
Luke xvi. 5, 6 (see also ver. 7).
(4) A Jewish letter of divorce. [B. I. 1.]
“... let him write her a bill of divorcement ..."-
Deut. xxiv. 1.
*2. A small billet, written or printed, as,
for instance, a fragment of paper, card, or
other material, inscribed with a name, to be
used as a lottery ticket.
"...in writing of those billes or names for the
lottery."-Holland : Plutarch, p. 157. (Richardson.)
3. A written or printed document issued for
the public information.
(1) A printed broadsheet given away by
hand or affixed to some public place, to serve
for an advertisement. Now, the best-known
form of such a document is a theatric play-
bill.
"And in despair, their empty pit to fill,
Set up some foreign monster in a bill." Dryden.
(2) A bill of fare: A written or printed
paper, enumerating the several dishes at a
dinner-table; or, in the case of hotels and
public eating-houses, enumerating the prices
of the several articles which may be ordered
for meals. (Lit. & fig.)
“It may seem somewhat difficult to make out the
bills of fare for some of the forementioned suppers."-
Arbuthnot.
4. The draft of an Act of Parliament sub-
mitted to the legislature for discussion, or an
Act which has been passed into a law.
[B., III.)
(a) The draft.
“The bill went smoothly through the first stages." -
Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xi.
(6) The Act of Parliament itself.
" There will be no way left for me to tell you that I
reinember you, and that I love you, but that one,
which needs no open warrant, or secret conveyance;
which no bills can preclude, nor no kings prevent.
Atterbury.
5. A weekly record of mortality. [B. V.]
“So liv'd our sires, ere doctors learn'd to kill,
And multiply'd with theirs the weekly bill."
Dryden.
6. A physician's prescription..
“Like himn that took the doctor's bill,
And swallow'd it instead o' the pill."
Hudibras.
7. An account specifying the items which
the recipient owes, with the prices of each,
and summing up the whole.
"Anticipated rents and bills unpaid,
Force many a shining youth into the shade."
Cowper : Retirement.
8. A document for the transfer of money.
[B. IV.]
Bill of exchange :
(1) Lit. [B. IV.]
“All that a bill of exchange can do, is to direct to
whom money is due, or taken up upon credit, in a
foreign country, shall be paid."-Locke.
(2) Fig.: Exchange of anxiety for composure
through resting on the divine promise.
“The comfortable sentences are bills of exchange,
upon the credit of which we lay our cares down, and
receive provisions.”-Taylor.
B. Technically :
I. Law:
1. Jewish Law. Bill of divorce or divorce-
ment: A paper given by a husband to his
wife when he had found her unchaste. The
handing of this document entitled him to turn
her out of his house. (Deut. xxiv. 1 ; Jer. iii.
8; Mark x. 4.)
2. Eng. Law: In various senses, which will
be understood from the details which follow.
(1) Bill of Attainder: A bill declaring that
the person named in it is attainted and his
property confiscated.
* (2) Bill in Chancery: A bill filed in Chan-
cery. The same as a Bill in Equity (q.v.).
(3) Bill of Conformity: [CONFORMITY.]
(4) Bill of Costs : A bill of the charges and
expenditure of an attorney's solicitor incurred
in the conducting of his client's case.
* (5) Bill in Equity : Formerly a petition to
the Lord Chancellor for relief from some in-
justice or grievance for which the Common
Law afforded no redress. (Blackstone : Com-
ment., bk. iii., ch. 27.) Now that law and
equity have been fused together this procedure
no longer obtains.
(6) Bill of Exceptions : A bill of the nature
of an appeal from a judge who is held to
have misstated the law, whether by ignorance,
by inadvertence, or by design. This the
judge is bound to seal if he be requested by
the counsel on either side so to do. Now few
bills of exceptions are given in, the practice of
asking for a new trial having become very
prevalent. (Blackstone: Comment. : bk. iii.
ch. 23.)
(7) Bill of Indemnity: An Act of Parliament
passed each session to grant indemnity to
those who have not taken the oaths requisite
on entering certain situations.
(8) Bill of Indictment: A written accusa-
tion made against one or more persons of
having committed a specified crime or misde-
meanour. It is preferred to and presented on
oath by a grand jury. If the grand jury find
the allegations unproved, they ignore the bill,
giving as their verdict “ Not a true bill,” or
“Not found a true bill ;" if, on the contrary,
they consider the indictment proved, their
verdict is a “True bill,” in barbarous legal
Latin “billa vera." (Blackstone: Comment.,
bk. iv., ch. 23.)
(9) Bill of Middlesex (from the county of
Middlesex, where the Court of King's or Queen's
Bench sits): A kind of capias directed by the
Court of Queen's Bench to the sheriff of a
county directing him to bring thence a certain
defendant and deliver him at Westminster to
answer to a plea of trespass. The words ac
etiam then brought him into the jurisdiction
of the court on some other charge. [AC
ETIAM.] (Blackstone: Comment., bk. iii., ch. 19.)
The fictitious charge of trespass was swept
away by 2 Will. IV. c. 39, and personal actions
in the several divisions of the High Court of
Justice are now commenced by summons.
(10) Bill of Pains and Penalties: A bill in-
flicting pains and penalties (short however of
capital punishment) on persons supposed to
be guilty of treason or felony, even though
not judicially convicted of these crimes.
(11) Bill of Particulars : A paper stating
a plaintiff's case, or the set-off on defendant's
side.
Temple.
4. Naut.: The point on the end of the arm
of an anchor beyond the fluke or palm ;-the
pee. It is the first part to penetrate the
ground, and is made slightly hooked.
5. Shipwrighting: The end of a compass or
knee timber.
6. Her.: Stone-bill= A wedge.
bill-boards, s.
E Ship-building : An iron-covered board or
double planking, which projects from the side
of the ship and serves to support the inner
fluke of the anchor.
bill-cock, s. One of the English names
for a bird—the Water-rail (Rallus aquaticus).
bill-fish, s.
Ichthy.: A fish (Belone truncata) found on
the coast of North America.
bill-head, s.
Her.: The head of a bill, whether a wood-
bill or a war-bill. It is more frequently borne
on a charge than the entire instrument.
bill-hook, s.
Agric. Implem. : A thick, heavy knife with
a hooked end, useful for chopping off small
branches of trees or cutting apart entangled
vines, roots, &c. When a short handle only
is attached, this implement is sometimes
called a hand-bill.
- TA long-handled bill (A in the Fig.) is some-
times called a scimitar; it has a handle about
four feet long.
A short-handled, light-tool bill (B in the
Fig.), is called a dress-hook, and is used for
trimming off twigs, pruning or cutting back
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whất, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sön; mūte, cũb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; trý, Sýrian. æ, o=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bill
537
(12) Bill of Privilege: A bill-designed to sue
those who are privileged against arrest. [AR-
REST.] (Blackstone : Comment., bk. iii., ch. 19.)
(13) Bill of Review : A bill or petition for the
review of a decree in Chancery, erroneous in
law or obtained in ignorance of new facts after-
wards brought to light.
(14) Bill of Rights. [II. Hist.]
3. Scots Law: Every summary application
by way of petition to the Court of Session.
Spec.—
(1) Bill of advocation to Court of Justiciary :
An application to the Commissioners of
Justiciary praying that the proceedings of
an inferior court in a criminal case may be
advocated or brought for review to the Court
of Session.
(2) Bills of Signet letters: Warrants authoris-
to certain writs.
(3) Bills of suspension of Court of Justiciary:
An application to the Lords of Justiciary
praying them to suspend or stay the execu-
tion of a sentence passed in an inferior court
in a criminal case.
II. History and Law. Bill of Rights : A bill
which gave legal validity to the “ claim of
rights," i.e., the declaration presented by the
Lords and Commons to the Prince and Princess
of Orange on the 13th February, 1688, and
afterwards enacted in Parliament when they
became king and queen. It declared it illegal,
without the sanction of Parliament, to suspend
or dispense with laws, to erect commission
courts, to levy money for the use of the crown,
on pretence of prerogative, and to raise and
maintain a standing army in the time of peace.
It also declared that subjects have a right to
petition the king, and, if Protestants, to carry
arms for defence; also that members of Par-
liament ought to be freely elected, and that
their proceedings ought not to be impeached
or questioned in any place out of Parliament.
It further enacted that excessive bail ought
not to be required, or excessive fines im-
posed, or unusual punishment inflicted ; that
that all grants and promises of fines or for-
feitures before conviction are illegal; and that,
the two houses cannot come to an agreement and condition-unless the dangers of the sea,
about the amendments, a conference may fire, or enemies prevent him to the assignees
take place between them. Money bills cannot of the shipper at the point of destination, on
be altered by the House of Lords. If a bill their paying him the stipulated freight. Usu-
fail at any of the stages of its progress it ally two or three copies of a bill of lading are
cannot be reintroduced again the same session. made, worded thus: “One of which bills
When a bill has passed through both Houses being accomplished, the other stands void.”
of Parliament it then, almost as a matter of A bill of lading may be transferred by endor-
course, receives the royal assent [ASSENT],
after which it is no longer called a bill, but is (8) Bill of Parcels : An account given by a
an Act of Parliament. (Blackstone: Comment., seller to a buyer, giving a list of the several
bk. i., ch. ii., and other authorities.)
IV. Comm. & Law: A writing in which one prices.
man is bound to another to pay a sum of (9) Bill of Sale :
money on a future day or presently on de (a) In England: A deed or writing under
mand, according to the agreement of the seal designed to furnish evidence of the sale
parties at the time when it is drawn; and on of personal property. It is necessary to have
which, in the event of failure, execution may such an instrument when the sale of property
be summarily done to enforce payment.
is not to be immediately followed by its trans-
(1) Bank bill. [BANK-BILL.]
ference to the purchaser. It is used in the
“... on the forging, altering, or uttering as true
transfer of property in ships, in that of stock
when forged, of any bank-bills or notes, or other secu in trade, or the goodwill of a business. It is
rities."-Blackstone : Comment., bk. iv., ch. 17.
employed also in the sale of furniture, the
(2) Bill of Adventure: A writing signed by removal of which from the house would call
a merchant, in which he states that certain attention to the embarrassed circumstances
goods shipped in his name really belong to of its owner ; hence the statistics of the bills
another person, at whose risk the adventure
is made.
of secret distress existing in times of commer-
(3) Bill of Credit :
cial depression. In not a few cases bills of
sale are used to defeat just claims against the
(a) Among merchants : A letter sent by an
nominal or real vendor of the goods trans-
agent or other person to a merchant, desiring
ferred.
him to give the bearer credit for goods or
(b) In the United States : A writing given by
money. It is frequently given to one about
the seller of personal property to the pur-
to travel abroad, and empowers him to take
up money from the foreign correspondents of
chaser, answering to a deed of real estate, but
the person from whom the bill or letter of
without seal.
credit was received.
(10) Bill of Sight: A form of entry at the
(6) Among governments : A paper issued by
custom-house by which one can land for in-
a government on its credit, and designed to
spection, in presence of the officers, such
goods as he has not had the opportunity of
circulate as money.
previously examining, and which, conse-
"... of bills of credit issued from the Exchequer.”
-Blackstone : Comment., bk. iv., ch. 17.
quently, he cannot accurately describe.
By the constitution of the United States
(11) Bill of Store : A license granted at the
it is provided that no state shall issue bills of
credit.
stores as are necessary for a voyage, without
(4) Bill of debt: A bill acknowledging a
paying customs duty upon them.
debt, and promising to meet it at a specified
V. Statistics. Bill of Mortality: A statistical
time. It is called also a bill obligatory.
report of the number of deaths within a cer-
tain locality in a year or other specified period
(5) Bill of Entry: A written account of
of time. To make the figures as useful as
goods entered at the custom-house, whether
possible for scientific purposes, the causes
imported or designed for exportation.
of death are now specified. Bills of mortality
(6) Bill of Exchange : A bill or security for London were first issued during the
originally introduced for enabling a merchant ravages of a plague in 1592. After an interval
in one country to remit money to a corre they were resumed during another visitation
spondent in the other. It is an open letter of of plague in 1603, and have been published
request from one man to another desiring him weekly from that time till now.
to pay to a third party a specified sum and
VI. Nautical. Bill of Health : A certificate
put it to account of the first. If A in London
given to the master of a ship clearing out of a
owe £500 to B in Melbourne (Australia), and
port in which contagious disease is epidemic,
C be about to travel from Melbourne to Lon-
or is suspected to be so, certifying to the state
don, then C may pay the £500 to B before
of health of the crew and passengers on board.
departure, and carry a bill of exchange on A
in London for the amount. If the last-named bill-book, s. A book in which a mer-
gentleman be honest, and if he be solvent, he chant keeps an account of the notes, bills of
will repay the money to Con reaching London, exchange, &c., which he issues or receives in
and C will have reaped an advantage in the course of business.
having the cash in the form of a bill, which it
was safer for him to carry in this form on the
bill-broker, s. A broker of bills; one
passage than if he had had it in notes or gold. who negotiates the discount of bills.
În such a transaction, B, the person who writes
bill-chamber, s.
the bill of exchange, is called the drawer; A,
to whom it is written, is termed up to the
Scots Law: A department of the Court of
Session to which suitors may repair at all
has done so the acceptor; and C, his order, or
times, vacations included, in emergencies
the bearer-in short, whoever is entitled to
which require summary procedure. It is
receive the money—the payee. The bill may be
here that interdicts are applied for and se-
assigned to another by simple endorsement; questrations in bankruptcy obtained.
the person who thus transfers it is named the
bill-head, s.
endorser, and the one to whom it is assigned
Printing : The printed or lithographed
the endorsee or holder. Every one whose
forms used by tradesmen and others at the
name is on the back of a bill is responsible
head of their bills or memoranda.
if the person on whom payment should legi-
timately fall fail to meet his engagement. bill-holder, s.
The first bills known in England were about 1. A person who holds a bill.
A.D. 1328. Bills of exchange are sometimes 2. An instrument by means of which bills,
called drafts. Formerly it was deemed im-
memorandums, or other slips of paper are
portant to divide them into foreign, when secured from being lost, and retained in order.
they were drawn by a merchant residing There are various forms of it. The bills or
abroad or his correspondent in England, and other papers may be put between an upper and
inland when both the drawer and the drawee
reside within the kingdom. Now, the dis requisite degree of tightness by screws; or
tinction is little attended to, there being no there may be a spring clasp, or a wire on
legal difference between the two classes of which the bills are impaled.
bills.
bill-sticker, s. One whose occupation
(7) Bill of Lading : A document by which
is to stick up bills on walls, hoardings, &c.,
the master of a ship acknowledges to have
for advertising purposes.
received on board his vessel in good order and
condition certain specified goods consigned to | bìll (1), v.i. [From bill, s. (1), in the sense of
him by some particular shipper, and binds the beak of a bird. Referring to the practice
himself to deliver them in similarly good order of doves to inanifest affection for each other
laws, Parliament ought to be held frequently.
Finally, it provided for the settlement of the
crown.
III. Parliamentary Procedure & Law: A
draft of a proposed Act of Parliament, which,
if it successfully pass the Houses of Commons
and of Lords, and obtain the royal assent,
will become law, but which will almost cer-
tainly undergo some modifications in its pas-
sage through the House, and may ultimately
prove abortive. The classification of such
bills is into private and public. If the relief
sought be of a private nature, then the House
must be approached by petition ; this is gene-
rally referred to a committee to report on the
facts. Only in the event of this report being
favourable is leave given to introduce a bill.
A private bill is not printed or published
among the other laws of the session. Relief
has been granted against it when it has been
obtained by a fraudulent statement of facts.
No judge or jury is bound to take notice of it,
unless it be specially set forth and pleaded
before them. It remains, however, enrolled
among the public records of the nation.
(Blackstone : Comment., bk. ii., ch. 21.)
Formerly, public bills also were drawn in
the form of petitions, but since the reign of
Henry VI. they have been skeletons of bills
in Act of Parliament form, with blanks for
modifications. To pass into law, a bill must
ment, with intervals between each reading.
After the second reading, which is supposed
to settle the general principle, it is referred to
a committee, which, if the matter is to be
discussed, may be of the whole house. [COM-
MITTEE.] Then the third reading of it takes
place. Ifit has commenced, as most bills now do,
in the Commons, it is then sent up to the House
of Lords to undergo the same processes there.
If it began in the House of Lords it is simi-
larly sent down to the Commons. If when a
bill has gone from the Lower to the Upper
House, amendinents are proposed upon it by
the Lords, these are sent back to the Commons
for reconsideration. If the Commons assent
to these amendments, the bill is sent back to
the Lords to pass. In important bills, when
bóīl, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bençh; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shún; -țion, -şion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

533
bill—billion
ANNAT VARIA
NT
by placing their bills in conjunction.] To 2. A bar, or wedge, or ingot of gold, or any-
caress, to fondle, to show special affection for. thing similar. (Act of Parliament, 27 Edw. III.,
(1) Of doves :
C. 27.)
“Doves, they say, will bill, after their pecking and B. Technically :
their murmuring.”-Ben Jonson : Catiline.
1. Arch. [BILLET-MOULDING.)
(2) Of human beings.
2. Saddlery :
“Still amorous, and fond, and billing.
Like Philip and Mary on a shilling.
(1) A strap which enters a buckle.
Hudibras.
(2) A pocket or loop which receives the end
bill (2), v.t. [From BILL (3), s.]
of a buckled strap.
* 1. To register, to record. (Scotch.)
billet-head, s.
"In Booke of Lyfe, there shall
I see me billed.”
Naut. : A piece of wood at the bow of a
Author's Meditation in Forbes's Eubulus, p. 166.
whale-boat around which the harpoon-line
* 2. To give a legal information against; to
runs ; a loggerhead.
indict. (Scotch.)
“... and thai bill the personis offendouris in that
billet-moulding, s.
behalf aganis the treateis," &c.-Acts Ja. VI.. 1587 Arch.: An ornament used in string courses
(ed. 1814), p. 465.
and the archivolts of windows and doors. It
3. To advertise by means of bills; (of a
building) to cover with advertising bills.
“His masterpiece was a composition that he billed
about, under the name of a sovereign antidote."-
L'Est.
bil'-lage (age as ig), s. (BILGE.] The same
as BILGE, v. (Naut.) (q.v.).
bìl'-lard, s. [Etym. doubtful.]
1. A bastard or imperfect capon.
BILLET MOULDING.
2. A. fish akin to the cod.
consists of cylindrical blocks with intervals.
bil-lạr'-di-ê-rą, s. [Named after Jacques the blocks lying lengthwise of the cornice,
Julien Labillardière, a French botanist. ]
sometimes in two rows, breaking joint.
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the (Knight.)
order Pittosporaceæ (Pittosporads). The
bìl-let, v.t. [From BILLET (1), v. (q.v.).]
English name of the genus is APPLE-BERRY
I. Military :
(q.v.).
1. To direct a soldier by a billet, note, or
billed, a. (BILL.] Having a bill. Generally ticket where he is to lodge.
in composition as short-billed, tooth-billed, &c.
“Retire thee; go where thou art billeted :
Away, I say." Shakesp. : Othello, ii. 3.
*b1l-lẽrs, * bil-lüre, † bil-děrş, s. [Etym. 2. To quarter soldiers upon householders
doubtful. Probably bilders is the oldest or others.
form.] A plant not yet properly identified.
“The counties throughout the kingdom were so in-
It is called also bellragges (q.v.). T. Cooper
censed, and their affections poisoned, that they refused
to suffer the soldiers to be billeted upon them."-
(ed. of Elyots, A.D. 1559) says that some name
Clarendon.
it Yellow Watercresses. The name Bilders is
II. Fig. (of people in general) : To send to
still applied in Devonshire to Helosciadium
quarters or temporary residence in any place.
nodiflorum, which, however, is white instead
of yellow. (Britten and Holland.)
bil?-1ět-ěd, pa. par. & a. [BILLET, v.]
bíl_let (1), *byl-et. s. (In Sw. biljett; Dut. billeted-cable, s.
biljet ; Sp. boletta ; Port. bilhete ; Ital. bulletta; Arch. : Cabled moulding with cinctures.
Dan., Ger., & Fr. billet, dimin. of O. & Norm.
Fr. bille.] [BILL, BULLET.]
bil-let-ing. s. [BILLET, V.] The act or
A. Ordinary Language:
operation of directing a soldier where to lodge
or quartering him on a specified house.
1. A small paper, a note.
"This billet was intercepted in its way to the post,
billeting-roll, s. A set of rollers for
and sent up to Whitehall.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., reducing iron to shape, to merchantable bar.
ch. xxii.
2. A ticket, directing soldiers at what house
bìl®-1ětş, s. pl. [Etym. doubtful.] One of
they are to lodge; also the soldiers' quarters the English names for the Coal-fish, Merlangus
in the house.
carbonarius.
In the proverb “Every bullet has its
biliet,” the sense of billet = appointed end
bữl'-1ět-ty, bil-1ět-é, a. [Fr. billeté.]
and destination, probably
Her. : Seme of billets.
comes from A. 2.
Billetty counter billetty : Barry and paly, the
B. Heraldry :
divisions of the former being as wide again as
1. A small oblong figure,
those of the latter.
generally supposed to re-
* bill’-iard (pron. bil-yard) (pl. bill'-
present a sheet of paper
folded in the form of a
iardş, * bal-liards), s. & A. (In Sw. biljard,
letter. Its proportion is
biljardspel (s. pl.); Dan. billiardspil (s. pl.);
two squares. (Gloss. of
Dut. biljartspeł (s. pl.); Ger. billard, billard-
Her.)
spiel; Port. bilhard ; Ital. bigliardo; Fr.
2. A
billard = billiards ; Burgundian billard = a
staff as a billet,
raguled and
cripple, because he walks with a crutch, also
tricked,
called billard. From Fr. bille = a piece of
meaning a ragged staff in BILLET.
wood, which the billiard-cue is.] (Littré, &c.)
pale. (Gloss. of Her.)
A. As substantive :
billet-doux, s. [Fr. ; from billet, and * 1. Sing. (of the form billiard): The same
doux = sweet ... soft.] Love-letter.
as plural BILLIARDS (q.v.).
In the subjoined examples observe the
“ With aching heart, and discontented looks,
different words with which Pope makes billet-
Returns at noon to billiard or to books."
douoc rhyme in the singular and in the plural.
Cowper : Retirement.
a 'Twas then, Belinda, if report say true,
2. Plur. (of the forms billiards, balliards): A
Thy eyes first open'd on a billet-dou."
game of skill, said to have been invented in 1371
Pope : Rape of the Lock, i. 117-18.
by Henrique Devigne, a French artist, though
“ Here files of pins extend their shining rows,
claims have been put forth on behalf of Italy
Puffs, powders, patches, Bibles, billet-dous."
Ibid., 137-8.
rather than France. It is played on a level
and smooth rectangular table with ivory balls,
billet-note, s. A folded writing paper which are driven by a tapering stick called
six by eight inches.
the cue, according to the rules established for
the particular game played. (For these games,
bữl'-let, * byl-et, s. [From Fr. billette = a and the terms used in describing them, see
faggot of wood cut and dry for firing; billet = BRICOLE, CARAMBOLE, HAZARDS, POOL, PYRA-
a block, a clog; Prov. bilho. Billot is dimin. MIDS, WINNING-GAME, LOSING-GAME, and FOUR
of Fr. bille, ... a piece of wood.]
GAME.)
A. Ordinary Language:
"With dice, with cards, with balliards farre unfit."
1. A small log or faggot of wood for firing. 1
Spenser : Mother Hub. Tale.
“Let it alone ; let's to billiards."—Shakesp. : Ant. &
“Their billet at the fire was found."-Prior. 1 Cleop., ii. 5.
B. As adjective (of the form billiard): Of or
pertaining to billiards, or in any way con-
nected with billiards.
billiard-ball, s. An ivory ball, to be
pushed along in the game of billiards.
“Even nose and cheek withal,
Smooth as is the billiard-ball."
Ben Jonson.
billiard-cloth, s. The fine green cloth
covering a billiard-table.
billiard-cue, s. A cue or stick, dim-
inishing gradually to a point of half an inch
or less in diameter, with which billiard-balls
are pushed along the table.
billiard-mace, s. A long straight stick
with a head at the point formerly used for
playing billiards.
billiard-marker, s.
1. A person, generally a boy or young man,
who marks the points and games at billiards.
2. A counting apparatus for automatically
registering these.
+ billiard-stick, s. The stick, whether
mace or cue, with which billiards are played.
“When the ball obeys the stroke of a billiard-stick,
it is not any action of the ball, but bar
ction of the ball, but bare passion."-
Locke.
billiard-table, s. An oblong table on
which billiards are played. It is generally
about twelve feet long and six feet wide,
covered with fine green cloth, surrounded
with cushions, and containing six holes or
“pockets."
"Some are forced to bound or fly upwards, almost
like ivory balls meeting on a billiard-table."-Boyle.
Obvious compounds : Billiard-room, bil-
liard-player, &c.
bil-ling, pr. par., a., & s. [BILL, v.]
A. & B. As pr. par. & participial adj.: In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
“The strong pounc'd eagle, and the billing dove."
Dryden:
C. As substantive :
1. The act of joining bills as doves do in
token of affection.
2. The act of caressing or fondling.
"I never much valued your billings and cooings."-
Leigh Hunt.
Bil'-lings-gāte, * Bìl-ingş-gate, s. & a.
[Said to have been so called from Belinus
Magnus, a somewhat mythic British prince,
father of King Lud, about B.C. 400. More
probably from some unknown person called
Billing. ]
A. As substantive :
1. Topog. & Ord. Lang. : The celebrated
London fish-market existent at least as early
as A.D. 979, made a free market in 1699, ex-
tended in 1849, rebuilt in 1852, and finally
exposed to the rivalry of another market
begun 1874, completed 1876. (Haydn: Dict.
Dates.)
2. Foul abusive language, such as is popu-
larly supposed to be mutually employed by
those who are unable to come to an amicable
understanding as to the proper price of the
fish about which they are negotiating. Lan-
guage of the kind described, however, can
come into existence without the presence of a
fish-woman to aid in its production, and it is
called Billingsgate by whatsoever lips it may
be uttered.
(a) In a quarrel about fish.
“Much billingsgate was exchanged between the boats
of the trawlers and those who objected to trawling),
but there was no actual violence."-Scotsman.
(6) Fish not being the subject of conten-
tion.
“Let Bawdry, Billinsgate, my daughters dear,
Support his front, and oaths bring up the rear."
Pope: Dunciad, i. 307-8.
B. As adjective : Characteristic of Billings-
gate.
“... but that Rome, Venice, Paris, and all very
large cities have their Billingsgate language."-Fuller:
Worthies, pt. ii., p. 197.
* bil-lings-gą-trý, s. [Eng. Billingsgat(e);
-ry.] Abusive language. [BILLINGSGATE.]
“After a great deal of Billingsgatry against poets."
-Remarks upon Remarques (1673), p. 56. (J. H. in
Boucher.)
bill-1-on, s. [In Dut. biljoen; Ger. & Fr.
billion ; Port. bilhao. From Lat. prefix bi=
two, and (mi)llion. Trillion is on the same
model.] À million times a million. It is
written 1,000,000,000,000, that is, 1 with twelve
ciphers after it, or just twice as many as a
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hếr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sön; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; trý, Sýrian. æ, oe=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

billit-bimestrial
539
million has. The notation of the French is II. In an indifferent or in a slightly bad bil'-wą, bāle, s. The name given in the
different. They apply the term billion to sense :
Mahratta country and some other parts of
what we call 1,000 millions, and use the word
1. A boy; a young fellow; a hearty good India, to a tree of the Orange family—the
trillion for what we should call a billion.
fellow bent on pleasure.
Bengal Quince (Egle Marmelos), a thorny tree
*bil-lịt, a. [From A.S. bil, bill = any instru-
"And there I met wi' Tam o' Todshaw, and a wheen with ternate leaves and a smooth yellow fruit
o the rest o' the billies on the water side; they're a' with a hard rind. [EGLE, QUINCE.]
ment or weapon made of steel.] Shod with for a fox hunt this morning."-Scott : Guy Mannering,
iron. (Rudd.) (Scotch.)
ch. xxv.
2. A fellow.
bi-mắc-x-late,
(Used possibly rather con-
“With the wele stetit and braid billit ax."
bi-măc-u-lă–ted, a.
Doug. : Virgil, 388, 1. (Jamieson.) temptuously.)
[From Lat. prefix bi= two, and maculatus,
“ Ye cheer my heart-how was the billy pleas'd ?
pa. par. of maculo, to make spotted ; macula,
bill’-man, * bìl'-man, s. [Eng. bill (1); and
Nae well, I'wad, to be sae snelly us'd."
a spot, suff. -ed ; in Fr. bimaculé.]
man.] A man furnished with, or armed with,
Shirref : Poems, p. 35.
Biol. : Having two spots.
or who is in the habit of using, a “bill."
billy-bеntie, s. [Etymology doubtful.]
“ Advancing from the wood are seen,
A smart, roguish boy. (Jamieson.)
* bì-mâ-len, v.t. [From A.S. prefix bi, and
To back and guard the archer band
Lord Dacre's billmen were at hand."
billy-blinde, billy-blin, s.
mat= a spot, a mole.] To spot. (Piers Plow-
[Scotch
Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, iv. 14.
man, B. xiv. 4.)
blinde = Eng. blind.]
bil-lon, s. [Fr. billon = (1) copper coin, 1. A name for the Brownie, or lubber fiend. bī-mā'-ną, s. pl. [From Lat. prefix bi=two,
(2) debased coin.)
(S. of Scot.)
and manus = a hand.]
Nuniis. : A German coin-alloy of copper and 2. Blind-man's buff; he who sustained the Zool. : Cuvier's name for the first and highest
silver, the former predominating.
principal character of the game being formerly order of Mammalia. Its characteristic is that
clad in the skin of an animal, making him the two anterior extremities are formed into
bil'-lot, s. (Fr. billot =(1) a block, (2) a clog;
look like a “brownie.” [1.]
hands, whilst the two hinder ones are real
Prov. bilho.] [BILLET.] Gold or silver in the
feet. This difference does not obtain even in
bar or mass.
billy-blinder, billyblinder, s.
the highest member of the Monkey or Quad-
1. Lit. : One who blindfolds another at
bil-low, * bil-lowe, s. [In Icel. bylgja;
rumanous order. Cuvier includes under the
blind-man's buff.
Sw. bölja ; Dan. bölge ; Low Ger. bülge ;
Bimana only a single genus-Homo, or Man.
(M. H.) Ger. bulge. Cognate with Eng. bulge 2. A blind or imposition. (Jamieson.)
+ bī-māne, a. [Fr. bimane. From Lat. prefix
(q.v.).] A great swelling or crested wave of
bữl'-lý (3), s. [Etym. doubtful. Compare Fr. bi=two, and manus = a hand.] Having two
the sea or large lake, or less accurately of a
bille= ... a packer's stick, ... a rolling hands.
river.
"Are vain as billows in a tossing sea."
pin.]
bī'-mā-nous, d. [Lat. bi = doubly, and
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. ii.
1. A policeman's baton.
manus = a hand.] Two-handed.
billow-beaten, a. [Eng. (1) billow, and 2. Wool-manufacture : A slubbing-machine "A sleek bimanous animal.”—G. Eliot: Scenes of
(2) beaten.] Beaten by the billows. (Lit. & in which the partially-compacted slivers of Clerical Life, p. 208.
fig.)
wool, in the condition of cardings or rolls, are
"... the billow-beaten fate
joined end to end and receive a slight twist-
bī-mar'-gỉn-ạte, d. [From Lat. prefix bi=
Of towering statists.”
the preliminary operation in wool-spinning. two, and marginatus, pa. par. of margino =
Jordan: Divinity and Morality in Poetry, 3, b.
[SLUBBING-MACHINE.]
to furnish with a margin or border; margo,
bil®-low, v.i. [From billow, s. (q.v.).] To
genit. marginis = an edge, a border, margin.
billy-gate, s.
swell into surges; to surge; to become hollow
In Fr. bimarginé.]
and crested. (Johnson.)
Wool-manufacture: The moving carriage in Biol. : Double-bordered.
a slubbing-machine.
+ bìl'-lowed, a. [Eng. billow ; -ed.] Swelled
b11-y-cocks. Apparently from
like a billow. (Webster.)
billu. 1* bi-măt'-ter, s. [O. Eng. bi = by, and bye.
dimin. of bill = William, &c.; cock, but why
and matter.] Unimportant matters.
bil'-low-ing, pr. par. & a. [Billow.]
so called is not obvious. ]
“I eschewe to vse simulation in bimatters."-Fox :
Martyrs, p. 748.
"The billowing snow ..."-Prior.
billycock hat, s. A vulgar term for the
bĩu-lõw-ỹ, * bil-lổw-le, c. [Eng. billono ;
kind of felt hat technically called a deer-
* bì-mā’ze, * bi-mā'-sen, v. t. [The same as
stalker. Another vulgar name for it is a pot-
BEMAZE (q.v.).] (Chester Mysteries.) (Strat-
-Y.]
hat. It is stiff in texture, and not to be
mann.)
1. Of the sea : Swelling into billows.
confounded with the soft felt hats technically bi-me-dy-al. a. [In Ger. bimedial. From
. . Pontus, the barren and billowy sea."-Grote:
named Kossuths, &c.
Hist. Greece, pt. i., ch. i.
Lat. prefix bi= two, and medius = middle.]
2. Of foam : Tossed from the surface of * bìl'-man, s. [BILLMAN.]
Geom. : Made up of the sum of two medial
billows.
lines.
"Descends the billowy foam, ...
+ bī-lo'b-āte, a. [From Lat. prefix bi=two,
Thomson : Seasons ; Spring, 379.
Bimedial line, First Bimedial Line : A line
and Gr. dobós (lobos) = (1) the lobe or lower
3. Of the roar or murmur of the sea : Pro-
part of the ear, (2) the lobe of the liver, (3) a
produced by adding together two medial lines,
duced by the billows.
legume. (LOBE.) In Fr. bilobé.] Two-lobed ;
commensurable only in power; it is incom-
"But thou art swelling on, thou deep !
partly, but not completely divided into two
mensurable with either of these taken singly.
Through many an olden clime,
Thy billowy anthem ne'er to sleep
segments. Bilobed is the more common word
Thus, if two straight lines, a and 72a2, stand
to each other the one as a side and the other
Until the close of time."
for the same thing.
Hemans : The Sound of the Sea.
as a diagonal of the same square, they are
4. Of a grave: Among the billows.
bī'-lõbed, a. [From Lat. prefix bi, Gr. dobós incommensurable, though am and 2a2 are not.
(lobos) (BILOBATE), and suff. -ed.]
“But just escaped from shipwreck's billowy grave,
Their sum (the bimedial line) is a +
Bilobate
2a,
Trembles to hear its horrors named again.'
(q.v.).
which is incommensurable with both a and
Hemans : Sonnet, 80.
V2a2.
The expression now common is a watery
*bī'-loc, pa. par. [BILUKEN.] Surrounded.
* bì-mel'-den, v.t. [In Ger. bemelden.] To de-
grave.
"He biloc hem and smette among."
Story of Gen. & Exod., 2684. nounce. (Wright: Anecdota Literaria.) (Strat-
Bil-lň (1) s. [Dimin. of Bill = William. Such bi-loc'-u-lar, d. [In Fr. biloculaire. From mann.)
a name might be expected to be given to a
Lat. prefix bi=two, and loculus =a little
bird, as Robin Red-breast, Tom-tit, &c.]
7 bī-měm'-bral, a. [From Lat. bi=two.
place; a coffin, a bier, also a compartment;
membrum = members, and Eng. suffix -al.]
billy-biter, s. A name for a bird, the
a small receptacle with compartments ; dimin.
Having two members. (Used chiefly of sen-
Blue Tit (Parus coeruleus). [BLUE TIT.]
of locus = a place.]
tences.)
Bot. : Having two cells or compartments.
billy-button, s.
(Specially used of the interior of ovaries and * bi-mên', S. [From A.S. bemænen, v.]
Hort. : The double-flowered variety of Saxi ripe pericarps.)
[BIMENE.] Complaint, cry.
fraga granulata.
"And [he] to god made hise bimen."
q Other plants are also locally designated
| bī-loc-ų-lī-ną, s. [From Lat. prefix bi=
Story of Gen. & Exod., 2,894.
by the same name.
two, and loculi.] [BILOCULAR.] D'Orbigny's
*bi-mene, * by-mene (pret. *biment, *ti-
name for a genus of Foraminifera.
mente), v.t. [A.S. bemænan (pret. bimonde) -
billy white-throat, s. A name for a
bird, the Garden Warbler or
= to bemoan.] [BEMOAN.]
* bì-17'-ken (pa. par. beloked), v.t. [From A.S.
Pettychaps
(Sylvia hortensis).
gelocian = behold, see.] To look about. (Or 1. To bemoan, to weep for, to wail for.
mulum, 2,917.)
"xxx daiyes wep israel
bil'-ly (2), bil-lie, s. [Not a dimin. of Bill
For his dead ... and biment it wel."
| * bì-lon'g, prep. [Eng. prefix bi, and long.]
= William. It may be one who bills, caresses,
Story of Gen. & Exod., 4149-50.
· or fondles another (?).] (Scotch.)
Alongside of.
2. Reflexively: To make one's complaint;
"The reching wurth on God bilong."
to complain.
I. In a good sense, as a term expressive of
Story of Gen. & Exod., 2,058.
"Ghe bimente hire to abraham."
affection and familiarity :
Story of Gen. & Exod., 1,217.
* bi-loved, pa. par. or a. [The same as BE-
1. A companion, a comrade.
“'Twas then the billies cross'd the Tweed,
LOVED (q.v.).] (Chaucer : C. T., 1,429.) * bi-mên'-ing, pr. par. [BIMENE.)
And by Traquair-house scamper'd.”
Nicol: Poems, ii. 7.
* bi-la-sen, p. par. [A.S. beluca (pret. be- | + bī-měn'-sal, a. [Lat. prefix bi=two, and
2. A brother.
leac, pa. par. belocen) = to lock up, to enclose,
mensis, a month.] Occurring once in two
“I's come to 'plain of your man fair Johnie Armstrong,
to shut up.] Enclosed; shut up. [BELOCK,
months. [BIMONTHLY.]
And syne o' his billy Willie, quo' he.”
BILOC.]
Hawick : Collect., p. 26.
“Al is biluken in godes hand."
3. A lover.
+ bì-měst'-ri-al, a. [From Lat. bimestri(s),
Story of Gen. & Exod., 104.
and Eng. suffix -al. In Fr., Sp., Port., and
“Be not owre bowstrous to your billy."
Clerk : Evergreen, ii. 19. 1 * bi-lům'-pěn, pa. par. [BILIMPEN.]
Ital. bimestre.] Continuing for two months.
boil, boy; pout, jówl; cat, çell, chorus, çhin, bench; go, ģem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion=shủn; -ţion, -şion=zhún. tious, -sious, -cious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. =bel, děl.

540
bimmolle-bind
Binary theory :
Chem. : A hypothesis proposed by Davy to
reduce the haloid salts (as NaCl) and the
oxygen salts (as NaNO3) to the same type, the
monad Cl' being replaced by the monad radical
containing oxygen (NO3). Acids are hy-
drogen salts, as Hci, or H(NO3)'. A radical
is only part of a molecule which can unite with
or replace an element or another radical,
atomicity for atomicity. Thus the dyad
radical (SOL)" can replace two monad radicals,
(NO3)2, as in the equation Pb"(NO3)2 +
Mg''(SO4)' = Pb'(SO4)" + Mg''(NO3)2. A
radical cannot exist in a separate state. [See
RADICAL.]
bi’-nāte, a. [From Lat. bini = two by two,
and Eng. suffix -ate.]
Bot. : Growing two together. Having two
LUPTA
INILA
VOLT
OM
ECUT
LUKILI
IL TWIN
bim-mölle, s. [Ital.]
Music: A flat, b. [BEMOL.]
bī'-month-lý, a. [From Lat. prefix bi, and
Eng. monthly.) Happening, leaving, starting,
&e., once in two months, as “a bi-monthly
mail," a mail which is despatched once in two
months. [BIMENSAL.] (Goodrich & Porter.)
* bi-mör'ne, bimâr'-něn, v.t. [The same
as BEMOURN (q.v.).] (0. Eng. Hom., i. 49.)
* bi-mowe, * by-mowe, v.t. [O. Fr. moue
= a grin, laugh ; Eng. mow, with the same
meaning.) To mock, laugh at.
“The Lord schal bimowe hem."-Wycliffe (Purvey),
Ps. ii. 4.
bī-mŭs'-cu-lạr, a. [From Lat. prefix bi =
two, and Eng. muscular = pertaining to the
muscles.] [MUSCLE.]
Conch.: Having two muscles, and conse-
quently two muscular impressions on the
shell. (Kirby.)
* bin, portions of verb. [A.S. beonde, par, of
beon, beonne= to be; we beon = we are.]
Different portions of the verb to be. [BE,
BEN.)
1. Been. (Halliwell: Torrent of Portugal.)
2. Are.
“If thou hast formed right true vertues face herein,
Vertue her selfe can best discerne to whom they
written bin."
Spenser : Verses.
3. Were. (Nares.)
4. Is.
It occurs in this sense in some editions of
Shakespeare, but in a song which he may
have intended to be archaic.
“With every thing that pretty bin,
My lady sweet, arise."
Shakesp. : Cymbeline, ii. 3.
In the Globe edition of Shakespeare it is
altered to is in this quotation.
bìn, s. [A.S. bin, binne = a manger, crib, bin,
hutch, or trough. In Dan. bing; Dut. ben =
a basket, a hamper ; Lat. benna (originally a
Gallic word) = a kind of carriage; Wel. ben,
men = a wain, a cart.] A box, or other en-
closed place, where corn, bread, wine, or any-
thing similar is kept. Hence such compounds
as corn-bin, coal-bin, &c.
“The most convenient way of picking hops is into a
long, square frame of wood called a bin."-Mortimer.
"As when, from rooting in a bin,
All powder'd o'er from tail to chin,
A lively maggot sallies out,
You know him by his hazel snout." Swift.
bìn, interj. [Corrupted from ban, v., in the
sense of curse, anathema upon.] A curse, an
imprecation. (Jamieson.)
“Bin thae biting clegs.”—Jamieson.
bi-na, vi-na, 8. [In Hindust, bim; Hindi
bina ; Mahratta, vina.] An Indian guitar,
with a long finger-board, and a gourd attached
to each end. Seven strings or wires wound
BINATE LEAF.
"To make two or a binary, which is the first number,
add but one unto one." – Fotherby! Atheomastix,
p. 307.
| Binary was of old used as an antithesis to
unity; now in such a case duality is the word
employed.
"In nature are two supreme principles,
As namely, unity and binary."
Davies : Wittes Pilgrimage, G. 4, b.
Binary arithmetic : A method of notation in-
vented by Leibnitz, but which appears to have
been in use in China about 4,000 years ago. As
the term binary implies, there are only two
characters in this notation, these are 1 and 0.
By it, our 1 is noted by 1, our 2 by 10, 3 by 11,
4 by 100, 5 by 101, 6 by 110, 7 by 111, 8 by
1000, 9 by 1001, 10 by 1010, &c. The principle
is that ő multiplies by 2 in place of by 10,
as on the common system. Some properties
of numbers may be more simply presented
on this plan than on the common one; but
the number of places of figures required to
express a sum of any magnitude is a fatal
objection to its use. Indeed, Leibnitz himself
did not recommend it for practical adoption.
Binary compound :
Chem. : A compound of two elements, or of
an element, and a compound performing the
function of an element, or of two compounds
performing the functions of elements.
“Among the secondary organic products of the veget-
able class we meet a few instances of binary com-
pounds of simple elements.”—Todd & Bowman : Physiol.
Anat., Vol. 1. (Introd.), p. 8.
Binary engine : Usually an engine having
one cylinder, the piston being impelled by
steam, which, having done its work there, is
exhausted into another part of the apparatus,
where it is allowed to communicate its un-
utilised heat to some liquid volatile at a lower
temperature; the vapour of this second liquid,
by its expansion in a second cylinder, yields
additional useful force. Ether, chloroform,
and bisulphide of carbon, have all been tried.
(Knight.)
Binary form :
Music: The form of a movement which is
founded on two principal themes or subjects.
[SONATA FORM.] (Stainer & Barrett.)
Binary logarithms: A system of logarithms
devised by Euler for facilitating musical
calculations. Instead of having, like the
common system of logarithms, 1 as the
logarithm of 10, and 43,429,448 as the modulus,
it had 1 as the logarithm of 2, and the modulus
1,442,695.
Binary measure : Common time, that is, in
which the time of rising is equal to that of
falling. [TONIC SOL-FA.]
Binary number : A number composed of
two units.
Binary scale :
Arith. : A uniform scale of notation, the
ratio of which is two.
Binary star : A star which, closely examined
by the telescope, is found to consist of two
stars revolving around their common centre of
gravity. In some cases they are coloured
differently from each other. In 1803 Sir Wil-
liam Herschel discovered that y Leonis, e
Bootis, Š Herculis, & Serpentis, and y Virginis
are revolving double stars, and others, in-
cluding Castor, have since been added to the
list. The period of revolution in various cases
has been determined. It is found to vary
from 43 to 1,200 years.
Binary system :
Zool., &c. : A system of classification by
which each sub-kingdom, class, order, &c., is
perpetually divided into two, the one with a
positive and the other with a negative
character, till genera are reached. For in-
stance, on this system, the animal sub-kingdom
is divided into Vertebrata and Invertebrata,
that is, animals which have, and animals
which have not, vertebræ. The first is a
natural combination; the second is not so,
for several of its more or less subordinate
sections, such as Articulata, Mollusca, &c.,
are as distinct from each other as the Verte-
brata are from the Invertebrata in general.
The Rev. Prof. Fleming was the great advocate
of the Binary or Dichotomous system, which
he carried out in his “Philosophy of Zoology”
and his “British Animals,” whilst Swainson,
one of the great apostles of the rival Quinary
system, was its determined foe.
“ Binary or dichotomous systems, although regulated
by a principle, are amongst the most artificial arrange-
Inents that have been ever invented."-Swainson:
Geog. Class. of Animals, $250.
18.
leaflets growing from the same point at the
apex of the common petiole. The same as
bifoliolate.
bīnd, * bynde, * bin-děn, *býn-dýn,
(pret. bound, * bownd, * bond ; pa. par. bound,
bounden, *bownd, * bond), v. t. & i. (A.S.
bindan, pret. band, bunde, pa. par. bunden =
(1) to bind, tie, capture, (2) to pretend ; gebin-
dan (same meaning); Sw. & Icel. binda; Dan.
binde; Dut. binden, inbinden, verbinden; Ger.
binden; Goth. bindan, gabindan; Pers. ban-
dan, bandidan = to bind, to shut; Hindust.
bándhna = to bind; Mahratta bandhane;
Sansc. bandh.]
A. Transitive:
I. Literally :
1. To tie or fasten artificially.
(1) To tie a person or thing by means of
cords, ropes, chains, or anything similar. In
the case of persons this may be to prevent
one from becoming free, to bandage a bleeding
wound; to serve for utility or ornament, or
for any other purpose.
"... binding and delivering into prisons both men
and women.”-Acts xxii. 4.
"Gather ye together first the tares, and bind them
in bundles to burn them."--Matt. xiii. 30.
"Thou shalt bind this line of scarlet thread in the
window, which thou didst let us down by."-Josh. ii.
(2) To keep in shape and strengthen by
means of an artificial band or border, boards,
backs, or anything similar. Used-
(a) of the border sewed on a carpet, or any-
thing similar.
(6) Of the fastening a wheel by means of
a line.
(c) Of the stitching, pressing, and cutting a
book, and of placing covers upon it. [BOOK-
BINDING.]
"Was ever book, containing such vile matter,
So fairly bound ”.
Shakesp. : Rom. & Jul., iii. 2.
" Those who could never read the grammar,
When my dear volumes touch the hammer
May think books best, as richest bound 2"
Prior.
2. To confine or restrain by physical action.
(Used of the operations of nature under the
divine control.)
(1) Operating upon persons : To restrain by
morbid action from movement. Specially-
(a) In the case of one bent double by disease.
" And. behold. there was a woman which had a
spirit of infirmity eighteen years, and was bowed to-
gether, and could in no wise lift up herself.... And
ought not this woman, being a daughter of Abraham,
whom Satan hath bound, lo, these eighteen years, be
loosed from this bond on the Sabbath day?”—Luke
xiii. 11, 16.
(b) Any hindering the flux of the bowels, or
making them costive.
UBINA.
round pegs in the usual way are attached to
the finger-board-four on the surface, and
three at the sides. The instrument has about
twenty frets. In the performance one gourd
is rested on the left shoulder, and the other
on the right hip. (Stainer & Barrett.)
† bỉn-a-cle, s. [BINNACLE.]
f bī'-nal, a. [From Lat. bin(i) = two, and
Eng. suffix -al.] [BINARY.] Double, two-
fold.
“Binal revenge all this.”
Ford: Witch of Edmonton, ili. 2. (Richardson.)
* bi-nam, pret. of v. [BENIM, BINIMEN.]
* bī-nāme, s. [BYNAME.] (Chaucer : Boeth.
2,333.)
bi-nar-ỷ, * bĩ-nạ-le, a. & S. [In Fr. bi-
naire; Sp., Port., & Ital. binario. From Lat.
binarius = consisting of two ; bini=two by
two, two apiece; from bi, with the distribu-
tive term nus.]
A. As adj. : Consisting of two, double, dual.
* B. As subst. : That which constitutes two.
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whất, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pine, pít, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cūr, rûle, full; trý, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bind-bindheimite
541
"Rhubarb hath manifestly in it parts of contrary
operations ; parts that purge, and parts that bind the
body.”—Bacon.
(2) Operating upon things : To restrain by
the operation of the law of gravitation.
"He bindeth the floods from overflowing." -Job
xxviii. 11.
II. Figuratively:
1. To exercise restraint or moral compulsion
upon the human mind, heart, conscience, or
will, or upon the will of any of the inferior
animals.
(a) Upon man: By natural or by human
law, by an oath, a contract, a promise, a vow,
considerations of duty, kindness shown to
one, an overmastering moral impulse, or some
other influence or necessity to do some act or
abstain from doing it.
"The law, by which all creatures else are bound,
Binds man, the lord of all."
Cowper : The Task, bk. i.
"... traitors who were ready to take any oath, and
whom no oath could bind."- Macaulay: Hist. Eng.,
vol. iv., ch. xxii.
(6) Upon one of the inferior animals.
“You will sooner, by imagination, bind a bird from
singing, than from eating or flying."-Bacon.
2. To establish by a judicial decision; to
confirm; to ratify.
“... whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth shall be
bound in heaven.”—Matt, xvi. 19.
B. Intransitive:
1. To contract its own parts together; to
grow stiff and hard.
2. To make costive.
3. To be obligatory.
“ The promises and bargains for truck, between a
Swiss and an Indian, in the woods of America, are
binding to them, ..."-Locke.
C. In special phrases : (In those which
follow, bind is uniformly transitive.)
(1) Bound in the spirit : Sedeuévos tỘ Tveú-
Mati (dedemenos to pneumati), lit., bound to
the spirit = bound to my own spirit, the
ardent spirit leading forward the captive body
= under a resistless impulse.
“And now, behold, I go bound in the spirit unto
Jerusalem, not knowing the things that shall befall
me there."-Acts xx. 22.
(2) To bind an apprentice. [Bind out.]
(3) To bind down. To restrain one from
perfect freedom on any matter by inducing
him to come under formal written stipulations
with regard to it.
(4) To bind in: To shut in, so as to make
one feel like a prisoner. Used-
(a) of a physical restraint around one.
“In such a dismal place,
Where joy ne'er enters, which the sun ne'er cheers,
Bound in with darkness, overspread with damps."
Dryden.
(6) Of a moral restraint.
“Now I'm cabin'd, cribb'd, confin'd, bound in
To saucy doubts and fears."
Shakesp. : Macbeth, iii. 4.
(5) To bind out, or simply to bind an ap-
prentice, to draw out indentures, guaranteeing
his services to a particular master, on certain
conditions, for a specified time.
(6) Law. To bind over : To oblige to make
appearance in a court of law under penalties
for failing to do so.
"Sir Roger was staggered with the reports concern-
ing this woman, and would have bound her over to the
county sessions."-Addison.
(7) To bind to :
(i.) To place under indentures or contract,
or any other obligation to a person.
"Art thou bound to a wife, seek not to be loosed."-
1 Cor. vii. 27.
(ii.) To impel to a course of action.
(a) By considerations of duty.
“ Though I am bound to every act of duty,
I am not bound to that all slaves are free to."
Shakesp. : Othello, iii. 3.
(6) By the lower propensities of one's nature.
“ If still thou dost retain
The same ill habits, the same follies too,
Still thou art bound to vice, and still a slave."
Dryden.
(8) To bind up:
(i.) Lit.: To tie up with bandages or any-
thing similar. Used
(a) Of a wound tied up with bandages.
"... and when he saw him, he had compassion on
him, And went to him, and bound up his wounds."-
Luke x. 33, 34.
(6) Of anything else.
“Bind up the testimony, seal the law among my
disciples."--Isaiah viii. 16.
(ii.) Fig.: To confine, to restrain.
“... yet it is not the only cause that binds up the
understanding, and confines it for the time to one
object, from which it will not be taken off."-Locke.,
(a) Crabb thus distinguishes the verbs to
bind and to tie :-“ Binding is performed by
circumvolution round a body ; tying, by in-
volution within itself. Some bodies are
bound without being tied ; others are tied
without being bound; a wounded leg is bound
but not tied ; a string is tied but not bound;
a riband may sometimes be bound round the
head, and tied under the chin. Binding there-
fore serves to keep several things in a com-
pact form together, tying may serve to prevent
one single body separating from another; a
criminal is bound hand and foot; he is tied to
a stake." “ Binding and tying likewise differ
in degree; binding serves to produce adhesion
in all the parts of a body; tying only to pro-
duce contact in a single part.” Similarly, in
the figurative use of the terms, a “bond of
union is applicable to a large body with many
component parts; a tie of affection marks an
adhesion between individual minds."
(6) To bind, to oblige, and to engage are thus
discriminated :-“Bind is more forcible and
coercive than oblige; oblige than engage. We
are bound by an oath, obliged by circum-
stances, and engaged by promises. Conscience
binds, prudence or necessity oblige, honour
and principle engage. A parent is bound no
less by the law of his conscience, than by
those of the community to which he belongs,
to provide for his helpless offspring. Polite-
ness obliges men of the world to preserve a
friendly exterior towards those for whom they
have no regard. When we are engaged in the
service of our king and country, we cannot
shrink from our duty without exposing our-
selves to the infamy of all the world." “A
debtor is bound to pay by virtue of a written
instrument in law; he is obliged to pay in
consequence of the importunate demands of
the creditor; he is engaged to pay in conse-
quence of a promise given. A bond is the
strictest deed in law; an obligation binds
under pain of a pecuniary loss; an engagement
is mostly verbal, and rests entirely on the
rectitude of the parties." (Crabb : English
Synon.)
bīnd, * býnde (English), bīnd, * bīnde
(Scotch). s. [From bind, v. (q.v.).]
A. Ordinary Language :
* 1. The tendril (?) of a vine, or a thin
shoot (?) of a vine.
"Bynde, a twyste of a wyne (vyne, P.): Capriolus,
C. F.”—Prompt. Parv.
* 2. A name formerly given to the common
Honeysuckle or Woodbine (Lonicera pericly-
menum, Lin.)
"Bynde, or wode bynde : Corrigiola, vitella, Cath.
(edera volubilis, K.).”—Prompt. Pärv.
Common bind : Probably both Convolvulus
arvensis and C. sepium. [BINDWEED.]
* 3. Dimension, size. (Scotch.)
(1) Literally:
(a) Size, specially with reference to the cir-
cumference of anything. Thus a barrel of a
certain bind is one of certain dimensions.
"It is statute—that the barrell bind of Salmound
sould keip and contein the assyse and mesour of four-
tene gallonis, ..."-Acts Ja. III., 1487, c. 131 (ed. 1566),
c. 118.
(6) Size or dimension in general.
"The wylde geese of the greit bind, ..."-Acts Mar.
1551, c. 11 (ed. 1566).
(2) Fig.: Power, ability.
_1 Aboon my bind : Beyond my power.
(Jamieson.)
B. Technically:
I. Hop-growing: A stalk of hops, so called
from its winding round a pole or tree, or being
tied to it.
“The two best sorts are the white and the grey bind;
the latter is a large square hop, and the more hardy."
-Mortimer : Art of husb.
II. Music :
1. A curved line, ~, a sign which, when
placed over two notes of the same name or
same pitch, enharmonically changed, directs
that the two are to be sustained as one. It is
of frequent occurrence at points of syncopa-
tion and suspension. It is not the same as a
slur (q.v.).
2. A brace (Fr. accolade) which binds toge-
ther the separate parts of a score. (Stainer &
Barrett.)
III. Metal-working : Indurated clay when
mixed with oxide of iron,
IV. Fishing. A bind of eels: A quantity
consisting of ten strikes, each containing
twenty-five eels, or 250 in all.
* bind-pock, * bind-poke, s. One
who binds up his poke or sack, or pocket,
instead of opening it for charitable purposes;
a niggard. (Scotch.)
"The Scots call a niggardly man a bind-poke."-
Kelly, p. 219. (Jamieson.)
bind-rail, s.
Hydraulic Engineering: A piece to which
the heads of piles are secured by mortising
or otherwise, serving to tie several of them
together and as a foundation for the flooring-
joists or stringers. A cap.
bīnd'-corn, s. [Eng. bind; corn. So called
from its twining around the stems of corn.]
A plant, Polygonum convolvulus. (Scotch.)
bīnd'-ěr, * bīn-dére, s. [From Eng. bind,
v., and suff. -er. In Dan., Dut., & Ger. binder ;
Sw., in compos., bindare, binder.]
A. Ordinary Language:
1. One who binds.
(a) Sheaves, or anything like them literally
tied up.
“ Three binders stood, and took the handfuls reapt,
From boys that gather'd quickly up."--Chapman.
(6) Books. (In this sense generally in com-
position, as bookbinder.)
2. That which binds.
(1) A fillet, a band.
“A double cloth of such length and breadth as might
serve to encompass the fractured member, I cut from
each end to the middle, into three binders. "Wiseman.
(2) An astringent.
“Ale is their eating and their drinking surely,
which keeps their bodies clear and soluble. Bread is a
binder: and, for that, abolisht even in their ale."-
Beaumont & Fletcher : Scornful Lady.
B. Technically:
1. Carp.: A tie-beam, a binding-joist sup-
porting transversely the bridging-joists above
and the ceiling-joists below, to shorten the
bearings. (Knight.)
2. Shipbuilding: A principal part of a ship's
frame, such as keel, transom, beam, knee, &c.
(Knight.)
3. Timber trade (pl. binders): The long
pliant shoots of hazel, ash, willows, and
similar trees which have elasticity and
strength enough to make them useful in
fastening down newly- plucked sedges, in
making close fences round rabbit - warrens,
sheep-folds, &c. ; in forming hurdles, and in
tying up faggots and brooms. In various
parts of the country they are called also
WITHERS, WEEFS, EDDERS, or RODERS. (Tim-
ber Trade Journal.)
4. Agriculture :
(1) An attachment to a reaping - machine
which binds the gavels into sheaves.
(2) A wisp of straw, a cord, wire, or other
band for binding a sheaf of grain.
5. Weaving: A lever applied in a shuttle-
box to arrest the shuttle and prevent its re-
bounding.
6. Sewing-machine: A device for folding a
binding about the edge of a fabric and sewing
it thereto.
7. Bookbinding: A cover for music, maga-
zines, or papers, forming a temporary binder
to keep them in order for convenient reference.
binder-frame, s. A hanger with ad-
justable bearings by which the angular position
of the shafting may be regulated to suit the
plane of motion of the belting.
binder's-board, s.
Bookbinding: A thick sheet of hard, smooth,
calendered pasteboard, between which printed
sheets are pressed to give them a smooth sur-
face. Also the stiff pasteboards which form
the basis of the sides of book covers.
+ bīnd'-er-y, s. [Eng. bind ; -ery. In Ger.
buchbinderei ; Dut. binderij.j A place where
binding is carried on. Specially a place
where books are bound. (Pen. Cyci.) Said to
be recent in its origin, and to have come at
first from America, where it is very coinmon.
bỉnd-hei-mīte, s. [Named after Bindheim,
who analysed and described it. Eng., &c.,
suff. -ite. (Min.) (q.v.).] A. mineral, called
also bleinierite, the British Museum Cata-
logue having the latter name, whilst Dana
prefers the former one. It occurs amorphous,
reniform, spheroidal, encircling, or in other
forms or ways. The hardness is 4; the sp.
gr. 4.60—5.05; the lustre resinous, dull, or
earthy; the colour white, gray, brownish, or
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ģem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian =shạn. -tion, -sion=shun; -ţion, -şion=zhủn. -cious, -tious, -sious=shús. -ble, -cle, &c. = bel, cel.

542
binding-binn
.
Siberia.
yellowish. Composition : Antimonic acid, binding-screw, S. A set-screw which
32:71 — 47:36 ; oxide of lead, 40-73–61.38; binds or clamps two parts together. The
water, 5'43–11.98, with other ingredients. It term is applied especiaīly, in instruments of
is produced by the decomposition of various graduation and measurement, to a screw which
antiinonial ores. It occurs in Cornwall and clamps a part in a given position of adjust-
ment. For instance, the screw by which the
wire of a galvanic battery is held in
bīnd-ing, *byn-dinge, * byn-dynge,
close
contact with other metallic portions in the
pr. par., d., & s. (BIND, v.]
circuit is regarded as a binding-screw.
A. As present participle : In senses corre (Knight.)
sponding to those of the verb.
B. As participial adjective. Specially-
binding-screw clamp, s.
1. Astringent.
Galvanism: A device used with voltaic
2. Stiff and hard.
batteries; the lower portion is a clamp for
the zinc or copper element, which is suspended
“If the land is a binding land, you must make it
in the bath; the upper has a hole for the con-
fine by harrowing of it.”-Mortimer.
3. Hindering; restraining.
ductor-wire, and a screw which comes forcibly
down upon it to ensure contact. (Knight.)
"Even adverse navies bless'd the binding gale."
Thomson : Liberty, pt. iv.
C. As substantive :
binding-strakes, s. pl.
Shipbuilding : Thick strakes, planking, or
I. Ordinary Language :
wales, at points where they may be bolted to
1. The act of binding, tying, fastening, or
knees, shelf-pieces, &c. (Knight.)
otherwise restraining; the state of being so
tied, fastened, or otherwise restrained.
binding-wire, s. The wrapping-wire
2. That which binds, ties, fastens, or other-
for attaching pieces which are to be soldered
wise restrains.
together, or to hold in intimate contact the
II. Technically:
parts concerned in a voltaic circuit. (Knight.)
1. Book-binding. Spec. : The art of putting bīnd'-ing-lý, adv. [Eng. binding ; -ly.] In
covers on a book. [BOOK-BINDING.)
a binding manner; so as to bind. (Webster.)
2. Fencing: A method of securing or cross-
bīnd'-ing-ness, s. [Eng. binding; -ness.]
ing an opponent's sword by means of pressure
accompanied with a spring of the wrist.
The quality of being binding; that is, of
having force to bind. (Coleridge.)
3. Naut., Shipbuilding, &c. (pl. bindings) :
(a) The timbers of a ship which hold the
bīnd'-ingş, s.
frames together. Such are the beams, knees, Ship-building. [BINDING, C.]
clamps, water-ways, &c.
(6) The iron wrought around the dead-eyes.
bīn'-dle, s. [A.S. bindele = a binding, tying,
or fastening with bands. In Sw. bindel =
binding-cloth, s.
bandage, a fillet; Dan. & Dut. bindzel. From
Cloth manuf. : Dyed and stamped muslin for
Sw. binda ; Dan. binde; Dut. & Ger. binden
covering books. The dyed cloth is passed
= to bind. The cord or rope that binds any-
between engraved rollers, or is worked after thing, whether made of hemp or straw.
being cut into patterns of the required size. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
The engraved cylinders of hard steel confer
bīnd'-wēed, s. [Eng. bind; weed = the weed
the impress characteristic of the back and
sides along with embossed designs over the
that binds, so called from its long, slender,
surface in sharp relief. It is a cheap and
twining stem.]
good substitute for leather, which it has
1. The English name of the plants belonging
nearly superseded for general use. (Knight.)
to the extensive genus Convolvulus.
binding-guide, s.
q Bindweeds (pl.) is the English designation
given by Lindley to the order Convolvulaceæ.
In Sewing-machines: A device adapted to
receive a binding and fold it about the edge of
2. Smilax aspera, a climbing shrub, a native
a piece of material to be bound. Two methods
of the south of France, of Italy, &c.
have been tried. 1. A flattened tube folded
Bindweed is the local name of several
gradually on itself longitudinally from near its
other species of plants. In Ayrshire it is
receiving to its delivering end, but with a
applied to the Common Ragwort (Senecio
space left for the edge of the material. 2. Ad-
Jacobča), but in this case it is really a cor-
justable hooks projecting through the face of ruption of Bunweed (q.v.).
a guide and facing each other; the binding is Black Bindweed : Polygonum convolvulus, L.
directed by the guide and hooks, the material
Blue Bindweed : Solanum dulcamara, L.
to be bound rests between the hooks, and the
(Ben Jonson : Vision of Delight.)
latter are adjustable, to lap the binding more
or less on either side. Some binders turn in
Hooded Bindweeds: Plants of the family
or hem the edges of a bias strip of cloth as
Convolvulaceæ and the genus Calystegia. It
it is applied for a binding.
is only a book name.
(Knight.)
Ivy Bindweed : Polygonum convolvulus, L. -
binding-joist, s.
Nightshade Bindweed : Circcea lutetiana, L.
Carp. : A binder, a joist whose ends rest
upon the wall-plates, and which support the
Sea Bindweed : Convolvulus soldanella, L.
bridging or floor joists above and the ceiling Small Bindweed : Convolvulus arvensis, L.
joists below. The binding-joist is employed
to carry common joists when the area of the
| bınd'-with, s. [Eng. bind, and with, s. So
floor or ceiling is so large that it is thrown
called because it is used in place of “withs,'
into bays. With large floors the binding-
or withies, for binding up other plants.
joists are supported by girders. [GIRDER.)
(Prior.)] The Clematis vitalbā, or Travellers'
Binding-joists should have the following di-
mensions :-
bīnd-wood (d of bind mute), S. [Eng,
Length of Bearing.
Depth.
Width.
bind ; -wood = the wood that binds.] A
Feet.
Inches.
Inches.
Scotch name for Ivy (Hedera helix.) (Jamie-
45
son.)
10
† bīne, * byne, s. [From bind.] The run-
ning or climbing stem of a plant. (Used
especially of the hop plant.) [BIND, S., B. I.]
(Gardner.)
71
_ Great Bines : A plant, Convolvulus sepium,
(Knight.)
L. (BINEWEED.]
binding-plate, s. One of the side plates *bīn-ē-othe, * bī-nē-then, prep. & adv.
of a puddling or boiling furnace, which are The same as BENEATH (q.v.).
tied together by bolts across the furnace, and
by flanges, and serve to bind the parts of the
bī-nēr'-vāte, a. (From Lat. prefix bi = two,
furnace together and prevent the spreading of
and Eng. nervate = pertaining to a nerve.]
the arched roofs of the furnace and iron cham-
[NERVE.]
ber. [PUDDLING-FURNACE.] (Knight.)
Bot. : Two-nerved. Applied to leaves which
binding-rafter, s.
have two raised “nerves” or “veins” along
their leaf.
Carp. : A longitudinal timber in a roof,
supporting the rafters at a point between the 1 * bi-nethe, * bi-ne-then, prep. & adv. [BE-
comb and eave. (Knight.)
ENEATH.]
bīne'-weed, S. (Bine = bind, and weed.) A
name sometimes given to a plant, Convolvulus
sepium, more commonly called Bindweed (q.v.).
(Britten & Holland.)
bỉng (1), (Scotch & 0. Eng.), s. [Sw. binge =a
heap; Icel. bingr. Binge in Dan. means not a
heap, but a binn.]
1. Gen. : A heap.
"Quhen thay depulye the mekil bing of quhete."
Doug. : Virgil, 113, 49.
“Potato-bings are snuggèd up frae skaith
O coming winter's biting, frosty breath."
Burns : The Brigs of Ayr.
2. Spec. : A pile of wood, immediately de-
signed as a funeral pile.
“The grete bing was vpbeildit wele,
Of aik treis, and fyrren schydis dry,
Wythin the secret cloys, vnder the sky."
Douy. : Virgil, 117, 43.
| Bing in the last example is the rendering
of Lat. pyra.
bing (2), bynge, s. [Dan. bing= a binn, a
bin ; A.S. bin = a bin, a trough.] A trough.
The same as BIN, BINNE (q.v.).
Mining: A place for receiving ore ready for
smelting.
bing-hole, s. The opening through which
ore ready for smelting is thrown.
bing-ore, s. The largest and best of the
ore.
bing-stead, s. The place where the best
of the ore (bing-ore) is thrown when ready for
the merchant.
bằng, v.t. [From bing, s. (q.v.).] To put into
a heap. Used-
(a) Gen. : Of anything.
“The hairst was ower, the barnyard fill'd,
The 'tatoes bing'd, the mart was kill'd,” &c.
Blackwood's Mag., Dec. 1822.
(6) Spec. : Of the accumulation of money.
“Singin upo' the verdant plain,
Ye'll bing up siller o'yir ain."
Tarrás: Poems, p. 48. (Jamieson.)
* bi-nime, * be-nome, * bi-ni-men, * bi-
no-men (pret. binam, pa. par. benumen), v.t.
[A.S. beniman, pret. benam, pa. par. benumen =
(1) to deprive, to take away, (2) to stupefy, to
benumb; be, and niman = to take away.]
1. To take away.
"Fro me thine doutres bi-nimen.”
Story of Gen. & Exod., 1,7
2. To rescue..
"Ic warc al that thu was binumen."
Story of Gen. & Exod., 2,876.
3. To place.
“His heued under fote bi-numen."
Story of Gen. & Exod., 376.
4. To use.
“Sichem, sithen, hire ille binam."
Story of Gen. & Exod., 1,706.
bỉnk, v.t. Etym. doubtful.] To press down,
so as to deprive anything of its proper shape.
(Used principally of shoes when, by careless
wearing, they are allowed to fall down in the
heels.) (Jamieson.)
bỉnk (1), s. [In Dut. bank = a bench, a pew,
a bank, or a shelf.] [BANK, BENCH, BENK.]
(Scotch.)
1. A bench.
(a) In a general sense : Any bench or seat.
(6) Spec. : The long seat before the fire in a
country-house.
2. A bank; an acclivity.
Bink of a peat-moss : The perpendicular
part of a peat-moss from which the labourer
who stands opposite to it cuts his peats.
(Statist. Acc. of Scotland.)
3. A plate-rack, consisting of shelves on
which plates are kept.
"... while she contemplated a very handsome and
l-humoured face in a broken mirror, raised upon
the bink (the shelves on which the plates are disposed)
for her special accommodation." - Scott : Bride of
Lammermoor, ch. xii.
bink-side, s. The side of the long seat
before the fire. (Tarras, Poems.)
bỉnk (2), s. [From English bin, or Scotch
bunker (?) (q.v.).]
Cotton Manuf.: A sack of cotton in a bin or
on the floor, consisting of successive layers of
cotton from different bales laid in alternating
strata, in order to blend them. The supply
of cotton for the machinery is taken by raking
down the take so as to mix the cotton of the
successive layers at each take.
* bỉnn (1), s. [BIN.]
Joy.
6
M
“... Whired face in which the pla Scott: Br
SSS
63
ESSO
for her the shelves in a brokena very hand
20
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hếr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sīr, marîne; gó, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, work, whô, son; māte, cũb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; try, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē; ey=ā. qu=kw.

binn-biographer
543
.(m - 1) (0 – 20 cm<3 a3 +... &c.
an-
* bỉnn (2), s. [Etym. doubtful. Jamieson
suggests Wel. byddin = a troop, a company.]
The whole of the reapers employed on the
harvest-field. (Jamieson.)
bỉn'-na, pres. indic. & 2nd per. imper. of v.
[Be, and na = not.] Be not. (Scotch and Pro-
vincial Eng.)
"I ken naebody but my brother, Monkbarns him-
sell, wad gae through the like o't, if, indeed, it binna
you, Mr. Lovel."-Scott : Antiquary, ch. xi.
bỉn'-na-cle, t bin-a-cle, * bit-ta-cle, s.
[In Sp. bitacora = a binnacle ; Port. bitacola
= a binnacle ; Fr. habitacle = a habitation,
a binnacle; Lat. habiticulum = a dwelling-
place, a habitation; habito = to dwell, to in-
habit; frequent of habeo = to have.]
Nautical:
1. (Of the older and more correct form bittacle):
Same meaning as 2 (q.v.).
“Bittacle, a timber frame, where the compass
stands before the steersman.”—Glossog. Nov. 2nd ed.
(1719.)
The same form is in Martin's Old English
Dict. (1754) and Johnson's Dict. (1773). In these
and others of similar dates, bittacle alone
occurs. Sheridan's Dict., 4th ed. (1797), has
both binacle and bittacle, and under the latter
these words occur: “now usually called
binacle." Thus apparently the transition from
bittacle to binnacle was made between the years
1773 and 1797. Todd (2nd ed., 1827) omits
binnacle and goes back to bittacle. Webster
(ed. 1848) has both binnacle and bittacle, giving
the full explanation of the word under the
former spelling
2. (Of the modern and corrupt spelling bin-
nacle, probably from its being erroneously
supposed to mean a little binn or bin): A
wooden case or bux in which the compass on
board a ship is kept to protect it from injury.
2. (In Ger. binnit.) The same as Sartorite law, discovered by Sir Isaac Newton, by
(4.v.).
which a binomial quantity can be raised to any
power without the trouble of a series of actual
| bìn'-o-cle, s. [From Fr. binocle ; Ital. bino-
multiplications. Actual multiplication shows
culo; Lat. bini = two by two, and oculus =
that the 7th power of a + a is 27 + 7 a 6a + 21
eye.] A binocular telescope (q.v.).
2c3 a2 + 35 004 a3 + 35 23 ax + 21 22 a5 + 7 XC ab +
a>. It is evident that the several powers of
bī-noc'-ų-lạr, a. [In Fr. binoculaire; from
the two letters x and a and the co-efficients
bini=two by two, and oculus = an eye.]
stand so related to each other that study of
1. Having two eyes.
them might enable one to educe a law from
“Most animals are binocular, spiders for the most them. In its most abstract form it is this :-
part octonocular, and some senocular."-Derham.
If (x + a) be raised to the nth power, that is,
2. Pertaining to both eyes; as, “binocular
vision."
(oc + a)n, it = 2n + non-1a, tn. (n − 1)
1.2
3. Having two tubes, each furnished above
with an eye-glass, so as to enable one to see
1.2.3
with both eyes at once. Many opera-glasses,
† bī-nom'-in-oňs, a. [From Lat. binomin,
telescopes, and microscopes are now binocu-
the root of binomen, genit. binominis =
lar. (See compound words.)
having two names; from prefix bi = two,
binocular eye-piece, s.
and nomen, gen. nominis = name; suff. -ous.]
Optics: An eye-piece so constructed and Having two names.
applied to the object-glass as to divide the
“Expect not I should reckon up their several names,
optical pencil transmitted to the latter, and
because daily increasing, and many of them are bino-
minous."-Fuller: Worthies ; Norwich.
form, as to each part of the divided pencil, a
real or virtual image of the object beyond the bī'-nöt (t silent), s. [Fr. binot = a kind of
place of division.
plough; biner = to give a second dressing to
binocular-glass, s.
ground.]
Optics: An eye-glass or telescope to which Agric. : A kind of double-mould board.
both eyes may be applied.
plough.
binocular microscope, s.
bī-not-on-oủs, a. (From Lat. prefix bi=
Optics: A microscope with two eye-glasses, two; Eng. not(e), and suff. -onous.] Consisting
so that both eyes may use it simultaneously. of two notes, as the song of some birds.
When the invention of the stereoscope by (Montague.)
Professor Wheatstone had called attention to
the value of binocular vision, attempts were
bī-nòŭs, a. [From Lat. bini = two by two;
made to render microscopes also binocular.
suff. -ous.] Double.
Professor Riddel of New Orleans, Ir. Wenham 1 bi-nox'_ides [From Lat. bini = two by
of London, and Professor Nachet experi-
two, and Eng. oxide (q.v.).]
mented all more or less successfully in this
direction.
Chem. : A combination of two atoms of
oxygen with an element. [B. I., Chem.]
binocular telescope, s.
Optics : A pair of telescopes mounted in a
hal * bữnt, 3rd pers. pres. indic. [BIND, v.] Bindeth.
stand, and having a parallel adjustment for
* bi-nu-men, pa. par. [BINIMEN.)
the width between the eyes. The tubes have
a coincident horizontal and vertical adjust bỉn-wēed, s. [BUNWEED.) (Scotch.)
ment for altitude and azimuth. The inventor
of this instrument is said to have been a
bī-oç'-ěl-lāte, a. [From Lat. pref. bi= two,
Capuchin monk, Schyrleus de Rheita. Galileo and ocellatus = that which has ocelli; from
also made a binocular telescope in 1617.
ocellus = an eyelet, a little eye; dimin. of
oculus=an eye.]
bī-noc'-ų-lāte, a. [From Lat. bini= two by
Entom. : Having two ocelli on its wings.
two, oculus = an eye, and suff. -ate.] Having
two eyes. [BINOCULAR.]
bī-o-dý-năm'-ics, s. [From Gr. Bios (bios)
= life, and Eng. dynamics (q.v.).] The dyna-
bī-noc-ų-lús, s. (From Lat. bini = two by
mics of life, the doctrine of vital forces or
two, and oculus = an eye.]
activity. (Dunglison.)
Zool.: The name given by Geoffrey, Leach,
&c., to a genus of Entomostracous Crustaceans,
* bi-o'fte, s. The same as BEHOOF (q.v.).
now more generally called Apus (q.v.).
“Seide he, 'rebecca wile ic hauen
To ysac-is bi-ofte will ic crauen.''
bī-no-dal, a. (From Lat. prefix bi=two,
Story of Gen. & Exod., 1,407-8.
and Eng. nodal = pertaining to a node; from bī-o-ġěn'-ě-sis, bī-ó-gěn-ě-sis, s. [Gr.
Latin nodus = a knot.]
Bíos (bios)= life, yéveols (genesis)= generation.]
Bot. : Having two nodes. It is used speci-
Biol. : A scientific word invented by Prof.
ally of the inflorescence called the cyme, as
Huxley, and first used by him in his address
existing in some monocotyledonous plants.
as President of the British Association at
Liverpool, 1870, to indicate the view that
bī-nö'-mi-al, a. & s. [Lat. prefix bi=two;
living matter can be produced only from that
nom(en) =a name; i connective; and Eng.
which is itself living. It is opposed to abio-
suff. -al. In Fr. binome; Port. binomo.]
genesis. The first who established the doctrine
A. As adjective:
of biogenesis was Francesco Redi. He con-
1. Phys. Science : Having two distinct sidered that there were two kinds of it; the
names. [BINOMIAL SYSTEM.]
first, and by far the most common, that in
2. Algebra : Pertaining to a quantity con-
which the offspring passes through the same
sisting of two terms united together by the
series of changes as the parent, and the second
signs + or -. If x joins them, they are only
that in which the offspring is altogether and
a monomial. A binomial is ranked under the
permanently unlike the parent. The former
general term polynomial. [BINOMIAL THE-
is now called HOMOGENESIS and the latter XE-
OREM.]
NOGENESIS (9.v.). (See also ABIOGENESIS and
B. As substan.: A quantity consisting of
PARTHENOGENESIS.) Prof. Huxley, after sum- -
two terms united together by the signs +
ming up the arguments for and against Redi's
great doctrine of biogenesis, adds the words,
or -.
“ Which appears to me, with the limitations I
binomial system.
have expressed, to be victorious along the
Nomenclature of Animals, Plants, &c.: A.
whole line at the present day.” (Huxley :
system (that which now obtains), which gives
Brit. Assoc. Report, 1870, pp. lxxvi.)
to an animal, a plant, or other natural object,
two names, the first to indicate the genus and
bi-8g-ăn-ỳ, bi-8g-ăn-ỳ, s. [Gr. Bios (bios)
the second the species to which it belongs, = life, and yevvaw (gennao) = to beget, to en-
as Canis familiaris (the dog), Bellis perennis gender. ]
(the daisy).
Biol. : The doctrine that life originates only
“This system (of zoological nomenclature) is called from life. The same as BIOGENESIS (q.v.).
the binomial system from the circumstance that, ac-
"It has been a common objection of abiogenists that
cording to this method, every animal receives two
if the doctrine of biogeny is true, the air must be
names, one belonging to itself exclusively, the other
thick with germs."-Huxley : Presidential Address
in common with all the other species of the genus in
which it is included."-Dallas. Nat. Hist. ; Anim.
Brit. Assoc., 1870, p. lxxxi.
King., p. 11.
bī-og'-raph-er, s. (From Eng. biograph(y);
binomial theorem.
-er. In Sw. biograf; Dan. & Ger. biograph ;
Algebra: A theorem, or it may be called a Fr. biographe; Port. biographo; Ital. biografo ;
BINNACLE.
A light is placed within it at night to ensure
that its indications are seen. It is placed im-
mediately in front of the wheel or steering-
apparatus, and secured to the deck, usually
by metal stays. The after portion has glass
windows, so that the compass is at all times
visible to the helmsman, who stands at the
wheel.
* binne, s. [A.S. binne = a bin, a trough.] A
temporary enclosure for preserving grain.
[BIN.] (Scotch.)
* bin-nen, prep. & adv. [A. S. binnan = with-
in.] Within.
"And it wurth soth binnen swilc sel.”
Story of Gen. & Exod., 1,032.
+ bìn'-něr, v.i. [Perhaps from Wel. buanacor
= swift; buanred = rapid.]
Of wheels : To move round rapidly with a
whirring sound. (Jamieson.)
bìn-nite, s. [From the valley of Binnen,
Binnin, or Binnenthal in Switzerland, where
it occurs ; suff. -ite (min.) (q.v.).]
Mineralogy:
1. A brittle mineral with isometric crystals ;
hardness, 4.5; sp. gr., 4°477 ; lustre, metallic;
colour, brownish, greenish, or on a fresh frac-
ture black; streak, cherry-red. Composition :
Sulphur, 27.55 to 32.73; arsenic, 18.98–30.06;
copper, 37.74–46.24 ; lead, 0-2.75 ; silver,
1.23-1.91; iron, 0-0.82. It occurs in dolo-
mite at Binnen (see etym.). It is called also
Dufrenoysite. (Dana.)
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ģem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shủn; -ţion, -şion=zhủn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -cle, -dle, &c. = cel, del.

544
biographia-bi-patent
all from Gr. Bíos (bios)= the time or course of
life, life, and ypáow (grapho = to write.] [B10-
GRAPHY.] One who writes the lives or
memoirs of persons deceased.
It is used-
(1) As a simple word:
“... that industrious and exact antiquary and
biographer, Mr. Anthony à Wood, ..."-Wood :
Athence Oxon. ; Bookseller to the Reader.
(2) In compos. : In the term autobiographer
= one who is a biographer of himself, 2. e.,
who writes his own life or memoirs. [AUTO-
BIOGRAPHER.]
* bī-o-grăph'-1-ą, s. [BIOGRAPHY.]
† bī-ő-grăph'-ịc, bī-o-graph'-1-cal, a.
[In Fr. biographique ; Port. biographico; from
Gr. Bíos (bios) = course of life, and ypadiós
(graphikos) = capable of drawing, painting, or
writing. ] Pertaining to biography. [BIOGRA-
PHY.]
“The short biographical notices which were in-
scribed under the ancestorial images were doubtless in
many cases derived from an early date." -Lewis : Ear.
Rom. Hist., ch. vi., $ 2, vol. i., p. 18.
bī-o-grăph-1-cal-ly, adv. [Eng. biographi-
cal; -ly.] After the manner of biography or
of a biographer. (Ec. Rev.)
bī-og-ra-phīse, v.t. [Biograph(y), term. -ise.]
To write the life of a person.
“As a Latin poet, I biographise him.”-Southey :
Letters, i. 115.
bī-og'-ra-phy, * bī-o-grăph-1-ą, s. [In
Ger. & Fr. biographie; Port. biographia; Ital.
& Sp. biografia. From Gr. Bíos (bios) = course of
life such as man leads, as opposed to twń (zāē),
that led by the inferior animals. Bíos (Bios)
is used also to mean biography. Graphy is from
Gr. ypaoń (graphē) =a delineation, a writing,
a description ; ypáow (grapho)=to grave, to
write.] The written life of an eminent person.
It is supposed to be fuller than memoirs,
which simply record the more memorable
scenes in his history. The word biography is
quite recent. As Trench shows, it came into
the language first as biographia. This latter
term, though it looks Greek, or Latin borrowed
from Greek, is really in neither tongue, though
it occurs in Portuguese, and analogous words
exist in French, Italian, and Spanish. [See
etym.] Though the term biography is modern,
the kind of literature which it describes is
ancient. In the book of Genesis there are
biographies, or at least memoirs, of Adam,
Noah, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, and
others. Homer's “Odyssey” may be con-
sidered to be an extended biography of
Ulysses, limited, however, to the most in-
teresting period of his life—that of his wan-
derings. Though the “Iliad” may be loosely
called a history of the Trojan war, yet, more
accurately, it is a chapter from the biography
of Achilles, describing calamities brought
upon the Greeks by the revenge which he
took on Agamemnon for carrying off his
female captive Briseis. The most elaborate
ancient Greek biography was Plutarch's
Parallel Lives, Biou Tlapáñandou (Bioi Paral-
tēloi), consisting of forty-six memoirs of Greek,
Roman, and other celebrities ; it was pub-
lished about A.D. 80. In B.C. 44, Cornelius
Nepos had sent forth a biographical work,
his Vitce Imperatorum, Lives of Commanders.
In more modern times very extended bio-
graphies have been attempted. Thus France
has its Biographie Universelle in fifty-two
volumes, published between 1810 and 1828,
and England, among other works, possesses
its Biographia Britannica (five volumes) (1747–
1766), its English General Biographical Dic-
tionary, eleven volumes (1762), and Chalmers's
Biographical Dictionary, thirty-two volumes
(1812-1817), which was only an extended
edition of the already-mentioned General Bio-
graphical Dictionary.
Among works of more limited aim may be
noted various Lives of the Saints, Foxe's Book
of Martyrs, various Lives of the Poets, Boswell's
Life of Johnson, and finally Men of the Time,
in which last work are memoirs of living in-
stead of dead heroes.
One branch of biography is autobiography,
in which a person gives his own life or me-
moirs. Coesar's Commentaries is a most valu-
able example of this kind of writing.
Biography is properly a department of
history which, as Macaulay shows, should be a
history not solely of kings or similar person-
ages, but of the people also over whom they
rule. The more prominent a person has been, 1 bi-o'-plast, s. [Gr. Bíos (bios) = course of life,
the more nearly does his biography become and Taotós (plastos) = formed, moulded;
identical with history in the ordinary sense. A from Tiáoow (plasso) = to form, to mould.]
life or memoir of Martin Luther, Napoleon I.,
Biol. : A little nucleus of germinal matter,
or the first Duke of Wellington, is in all
many of which are scattered through the
essential particulars history, and that not of a
tissues of the body. It is from these that the
solitary nation, but of Europe, nay, even of growth of new matter proceeds. In the pro-
the world. .
cess of healing of a wound near the surface of
Biography is used-
the body, "lymph” is poured out, in which
(1) As a simple word.
may be found bioplasts which have descended
“ Biographia, or the history of particular men's
from white blood corpuscles. Of these, some
lives, comes next to be considered.'-Dryden.
produce epithelium, others fibrous connective
“... no species of writing seems more worthy of tissue, unless they be too freely nourished, in
cultivation than biography, since none can more cer-
which case they grow and multiply rapidly,
tainly enchain the heart by irresistible interest, or
more widely diffuse instruction to every diversity of
and no kind of tissue whatever results, but
condition.”—Johnson: Rambler, No. 60.
pus is alone formed. (Beale: Bioplasm, $ 43,
(2) As a compound, in the term autobio 133.)
grapher (q.v.).
bī-o-tīne, bī-ő-ti'-ną, s. [Ital. biotina.
bī-ó-loģ'--cal, a. [In Fr. biologique; from From Biot, a French naturalist.] A mineral,
Gr. Bíos (bios) = course of life, and loyckós called also Anorthite (q.v.).
(logikos) = pertaining to speech or reason ;
dóyos (logos) = a word, ... a discourse; suff.
bi'-o-tīte, s. [Named after Biot, a French
-al.]
naturalist; suffix -ite.]
Phys. Science : Pertaining or relating to the
Min.: A hexagonal and an optically unaxial
science of biology.
mineral, formerly called Magnesia Mica,
“... the state of biological science ..."-Dr. Allen
Hexagonal Mica, and Uniaxial Mica. It
Thomson : Brit. Assoc. Rep. (1871), pt. ii. 114.
exists in tabular prisms, in disseminated
“... biological research ..."-Ibid.
scales, or in massive aggregations of cleavable
scales. Colour: silvery-white, rarely bottle-
bī-01-o-ġist, s. [Gr. Bíos (bios) = course of green, and by transmitted light, often fiery-red.
life, and loycotus (logistē3) = a calculator, a Composition a good deal varies. One specimen
reasoner; soyíšouai (logizomai) = to count, had silica, 40.00; alumina, 16:16; sesquioxide
reckon ; from dóyos (logos) = a word, a dis of iron, 7.50; oxide of manganese, 21:54 ;
course.]
potassa, 10.83; water, 3:0; iron, 0:50; and
Phys Science: One who cultivates the science
titanic acid, 0.2. Rubellan is an altered biotite
of biology.
and Eukamptite one of a hydrous type.
.."... the problems and argumentations familiar to
(Dana.)
the professed biologist, ...-Prof. Rolleston : Brit.
Assoc. Rep. (1870), pt. ii., 92.
* bi-o-vac, s. [BIVOUAC.] (Glossog. Nov.)
bī-01-ó-gy, s. [In Fr. biologie ; from Gr. bịp'-ar-oŭs, d. [Lat. prefix bi = two, and
Bíos (bios) = course of life (BIOGRAPHY), and
pario = to bring forth, to bear.] Bringing
dóyos (logos)=... discourse.]
forth two at a birth. (Johnson.)
Phys. Science: A term, first introduced by
Treviranus of Bremen, recently adopted by | bī-par'-těd, † by-par-ted, a. [Lat. prefix
the leading British naturalists, and now ob bi = two, and Eng. parted (q.v.). ] Divided
taining universal currency. It is used in two
into two.
senses-
“By our by-parted crowne, of which
The moyetie is mine."
(1) (In a more restricted sense): Physiology.
Warner : Albion's England, bk. iv.
.. the word Biology is at present used in two Her. : The same as parted (q.v.).
senses, the one wider, the other more restricted. In
this latter sense the word becomes equivalent to the
bī-par-t-ble, a. [In Fr. bipartible. From
older and still more currently used word Physiology.'"
-Prof. Rolleston: Brit. ASSOC. Rep. (1870), pt. ii., 96.
Lat. bipartio = to divide into two parts.
(2) (In a wider sense) : The science of life in Lat. pref. bi=two, and partibilis = divisible;
its widest acceptation. It specially addresses partio = to share, to part; pars = a part.]
itself to scientific inquiries into the first Bot. : Capable of being parted in two. Ex-
origin of life and the changes it has under ample : the Calyx of Protea.
gone from the earliest traceable period until
now. There has been since the year 1865 or
bī-par'-tự-ent, a. & s. [Lat. bipartiens, * pr.
1866 a section of the British Association
par. of bipartio.] [See BIPARTIBLE.]
termed Biology, the word being used in its A. As adjective: Dividing into two parts
widest acceptation. It is lettered D, and has without leaving a remainder. (Glossog. Nov.)
at present (1880) three departments (formerly TĀ bipartient number: The same as B.
called sub-sections), the first named Zoology substantive (q.v.).
and Botany, the second Anthropology, and the B. As substantive : A number which divides
third Anatomy and Physiology.
another into two equal parts without leaving
"It is in the wider sense that the word is used when a fraction. Thus 4 is a bipartient of 8, and 25
speaking of this as being the section of Biology; and
of 50.
this wider sense is a very wide one, for it comprehends
first animal and vegetable physiology and anatomy;
secondly, ethnology and anthropology; and, thirdly,
bī-par-tīle, d. [From Lat. prefix bi, part, &
scientific zoology and classificatory botany, inclusively suffix -ile.] Bipartible, which may be divided
of the distribution of species.” -Prof. Rolleston : Brit.
Assoc. Rep. (1870), pt. ii., 96.
into two. (Martyn.)
bī-o-phy'-túm, s. [Gr. Bíos (bios) = life, and
bī-par-tīte, a. [In Ital. bipartito; from Lat.
OUTÓv (phuton) = a plant, pów (phuo = to
bipartitus, pa. par, of bipartio=to divide into
bring forth.]
two parts; prefix bi =two, and partio = to
share, to part; pars = a part. In Fr. biparti.]
Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the
order Oxalidaceae (Oxalids). The Biophytum
Divided into two, biparted. Used-
sensitivum (Sensitive Biophytum) has pin-
1. Spec. : Of things material.
nated leaves, irritable or sensitive. It is a
“His [Alexander's) empire was bipartite into Asia
and Syria.”_Gregory': Posthuma, p. 159.
very pretty annual.
2. Fig.: Of things not material.
bī'-o-plăsm, s. [Gr. Bíos (bios) = life, course “ The divine fate is also bipartite; some theists
supposing God both to decree and to doe all things in
of life, and nágua (plasma) = that which is
us (evil as well as good), or by his immediate influence
capable of being fashioned, an image, from to determine all actions, and so make them alike
Tiáoow (plasso)= to form, mould, or shape.] necessary to us.” — Cudworth: Intellectual System,
Pref., p. 1.
Biol. : A term introduced by Prof. Lionel S.
Bot. : Parted in two from the apex almost
Beale, M.B., F.R.S., to designate forming,
but not quite to the base. Applied to leaves,
living, or germinal matter; the living matter
of living beings. The term protoplasm had
been previously used in an analogous sense, + bī-par-ti-tion, s. [In Fr. bipartition; from
but Dr. Beale felt precluded from adopting it
Lat. bipartitum, supine of bipartio = to divide
by the fact that it was used by most writers, into two parts; prefix bi = two, and partio =
and notably by Professor Huxley, in a widely to share, to part; pars= a part.] The act or
extended sense, so as to require the introduc-
operation of dividing into two parts. The
tion of a word more limited in signification. state of being so divided. (Glossog. Nov., 2nd
It is distinguished from formed matter; in-
edition, 1719.)
deed, the extension of the one and that of the
other occur under different and often opposite t bī-pā'-tent, a. [From Lat. prefix bi = two,
conditions. All the organs of the body come and Eng. patent.] Open on both sides.
from bioplasm. (Beale: Bioplasm, 1872.) (Glossog. Nov.)
&c.
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pine, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; trý, Sýrian. æ, oe=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

b.peche-birch
545
VO
*bi-peche, bi-pe-chen (pa. par. bipente), v.t.
[A.S. beprecan; pa. par. bepceht = to deceive,
or seduce.] To deceive. (0. Eng. Hom., i. 91.)
bī-pěc'-tĩn-āte, a. [From Lat. prefix bi=
two, and pectinatus = sloped two opposite
ways, like a comb; pecten := a comb; pecto =
to comb.]
Bot., dc.: Having two margins each pecti-
nate, i.e., toothed like a comb. (Webster.)
bī'-pěd, a. & s. [In Fr. bipède ; Port. bipede.
From Lat. prefix bi = two), and pes, genit.
pedis = foot.)
A. As adjective: Having two feet.
“By which the man, when heavenly life was ceased,
Became a helpless, naked, biped beast."
Byron : An Epistle. (Richardson.)
B. ds substantive : A man or other being
walking on two feet as contradistinguished
from a quadruped walking on four.
“No serpent or fishes oviparous, have any stones at
all, neither bipeil nor quadruped oviparous have any
exteriourly."-Browne: Vulgar Errours.
bī'-pěd-al, bịp'-ěd-al, a. (In Fr. vipédal ;
from Lat. bipes, genit. bipedis = two-footed.]
[BIPED.] Having two feet.
"... in this case it would have become either inore
strictly quadruped or bipedal."- Darwin : Descent of
Mun, Pt. I., ch. iv.
bī-pěl'-tā-ta, s. pl. [From Lat. prefix bi =
two, and pelta; Gr. mérn (pelto) = a small,
light shielil of leather, without a rim. It
was generally crescent-shaped.]
Zool. : Cuvier's name for a family of Crus-
taceans, one of two making up the order
Stomapoda. It was so called because the
testa is divided into two bucklers, whereas in
the other family, the Unipeltata, there is but
one. The former is now generally called
Phyllosomidæ, and the latter Squillidæ, whilst
a third family, the Mysidæ, has been placed
with them under the Stomapoda. (See these
terms.)
bī-pěl'-tāte, a. [BIPELTATA.)
Zool. : Having a covering like two small
shields, or like a double shield.
bī-pěn'-nāte, bī-pěn-nā-těd, a. [From
Latin prefix bi, and pennatus = feathered,
winged. Compare also bipennis = having two
wings; bi = two, and penna = a feather, a
wing.)
1. Zool.: Having two wings.
"All vipennated insects have poises joined to the
body." --Derham.
* 2. Bot. : The same as BIPINNATED (g.v.).
bī-pěn-năt-i-par'-těd, a. [From Latin
prefix bi = two, and Eng. pennati-parted
(q.v.).]
Bot.: Twice pennati-parted, doubly divided
into partings or partitions-applied to the
venation of a leaf and its lobings. (Lindley :
Introd. to Bot.)
bī-pěn-năt-i-sèc'-těd, a. [From Lat. pref.
bi = two, and Eng. pennatisecteil (q.v.).7 The
same as bipennati-parted, except that the
double divisions are into segments instead of
into partitions. (Lindley: Introd. to Bot.)
bī-pen'-nis, s. [Lat. bipennis, as adj. = having
two edges ; as subst. = an axe with two edges,
a battle-axe; from prefix bi, and penna = a
feather; another form of pinna = a feather, a
wing.] A two-edged axe, a battle-axe.
bī'-pēş, s. [Lat. bipes = two-footed; from
prefix bi = two, and pes = foot.)
1. Ord. Lung.: A name given to a lizard
from the Cape of Good Hope-the Anguis
bipes of Linnæus, the Scelotes bipes of Gray.
2. Zool. : A genus of reptiles, belonging to
the order Sauria, and the family Gymnoph-
thalmidæ. The hinder legs are imperfect, and
thus the first step is taken towards their dis-
appearance in the Ophidia (Serpents), to which
these lizards are closely akin. Some species
are now transferred to the genus Pygopus
(q.v.). Example : Bipes lepidopodus, Lacepède,
now Pygopus lepidopodus. It is from Australia.
bī-pět'-al-oŭs, a. [From prefix bi = two,
and Lat. petalum =a metal plate. From Gr.
métalov (petalon) =a leaf, a petal, a plate of
metal.] [PETAL.]
Bot. : Having two petals in the flower.
bī'-phör-a, bī'-phor-ěş, s. pl. [From Lat.
prefix bi, and Gr. þépw (phero); the same as
Lat. fero = to bear.)
Zool.: An order of Tunicated Molluscoids,
consisting of free-swimming animals, trans-
parent on glass, and having an aperture at
each end of their tubular body, the one for
the ingress and the other for the exit of water.
The typical genus is Salpa. The nearest
affinity of the Biphora is with the Ascidians.
[ASCIDIA.]
bī - pin' - nāte, bī -
pin - nā' - těd, a.
[From Lat. prefix bi,
and Eng. pinnated.
Lat. prefix bi = two,
and pinnatus = fea-
thered ; pinna, = a
feather.]
Bot.: The term used
when the leaflets of a
pinnate leaf are them-
selves pinnate. A
great many of the
Acacias which consti-
tute so marked a fea-
ture in tropicaljungles
have beautifully bi BIPINNATE LEAF.
pinnate leaves; so
also have their near allies, the Mimosas.
bī-pỉn-năt'-1-fïd, * bī-pěn-năt'-1-fìd, a.
[From Lat. pretix bi = two; and Eng. pinna-
tifid, pennatifid (q.v.).]
Bot.: Twice pinnatifid. The term used
when the lobes or sinuations of a pinnatifid
leaf are themselves pinnatifid.
bī-pli-cāte, a. [From Lat. prefix bi = two,
and plicatus = folded; pa. par. plico = to
fold.]
Bot. : Twice folded together. (Henslow.)
+ bī-plịc-1-tý, s. [From Lat. biplex, genit.
biplicis = double, and Eng, suffix -ity.] The
state of being twice folded, reduplication.
(Roget.)
bī-po'-lar, a. [From prefix bi = two, and
polar (q.v.).] Doubly polar. (Coleridge.)
Bī-pont, Bī-põn'-tīne, a. [From Lat. bi-
pontinus = pertaining to Bipontium, now Deux
Ponts, in Bavaria.]
Biblio, : Relating to books published at
Deux Ponts. (Etym.)
*bi-pré-nan, v.t. [A.S. pref. bi, and preon
= a clasp, a bodkin.] To pin, to tag. (old
Eng. Miscellany, ed. Morris, 101.) (Stratmann.)
bī-pů'nc-tāte, a. [From Lat. prefix vi --
two, and punctatus = punctus = a puncture,
with suffix -ate.] [PUNCTATE.]
: Entom., &c. : Having two punctures.
bī-punc'-tu-al, a. [From Lat. prefix bi =
two, and punctus = a puncture, ... a point,
with suffix -al.] [PUNCTURE.] Having two
points. (Maunder.)
bi-pū'-pil-lāte, a. [From Lat. prefix bi =
two, and pupilla = (1) an orphan girl ; (2) the
pupil of the eye.)
Entom. : Having two pupil-like markings,
differing in colour in the ocellus of a butter-
fly's wing.
bī-quãd'-rāte, s. [In Ger. biquadrat. Lat.
prefix bi = two, and quadratus = şquared,
square; quadro = to make square ; quadrum
= a square ; quatuor = four.] The fourth
power of a number or quantity. [BIQUAD-
RATIC.]
"Biquadrate, the fourth power in algebra, arising
from the inultiplication of a square nuinber or quan-
tity by itself."--Glossog. Nov.
bī-quãd-răt'-ic, a. & s. [In Fr. biquadra-
tique; Port. biquadrado.] [BIQUADRATE.]
A. As adjective (Arith., Alg., &c.): Twice
squared, i.e., squared, and then squared
again; raised to the fourth power; containing
such a fourth power, or pertaining to that
which does so. [See the compound terms
which follow.]
B. As substantive (Arith., Alg., &c.): The
fourth power; that is, the square multiplied
by the square. Thus x4 is the biquadratic of
~, and at + 4 Q3 6 + 6 al 12 + 4 & 13 + 14 is the
biquadratic of a + b.
biquadratic equation. An equation
containing the fourth power of the unknown
quantity in it, whether with or without the
powers less than the fourth. Thus 24 + 3
X + 4= 2 oc? – x3 is a biquadratic equation.
biquadratic parabola. A curve of
the third order, having two infinite legs tend-
ing in the same direction.
biquadratic root. The square root of
a square root; the square root of a number,
and then its square root again extracted.
Thus 2 is the biquadratic root of 16, because
V16 is = 4, and vĀ= 2.
* bi-quash, v.i. [QUASH.] To be rent in
pieces.
"And al biquasshed the roche."-P. Plowman, 12,571.
* bī-quě'st, s. {BEQUEST.]
* bi-que-then, v.t. [From A.S. be, and cwi-
than = to speak or moan in grief, to mourn, to
lament.] To bewail,
“ And smeren, and winden and biquethen,
And waken is sithen xl uigt.
Story of Gen. & Exod., 2,448-9.
bī-quỉn'-tīle, s. [Lat. bi=two, and quin-
tilis = pertaining to the fifth month of the
old Roman year, afterwards July ; quintus=
the fifth ; quinque = five.]
Astrol. : An aspect of the planets, first
noted by Kepler, when their distance from
each otlier is į of a circle, i.e., 144º. (Glossog.
Nov.)
* bì-quua'd, pret. of v. [From pref, bi, and
A.S. cwethan = to say, tell.] [BEQUEATH.]
Ordered, appointed.
“God bi-quugd watres here stede."
S gry of Gen. & Exod., 117.
* bir, * bur, s. [O. Icel. byrr.] Rage, fury.
"To him he stirt with bir ful grim."
Iwaine and @qwuine, 1,661.
bī-rā'-di-āte, bī-rā'-di-ā-ted, a. [From
Lat. bi=two, and radiatus, pa. par. of radio
= to furnish with spokes or rays; radius =
... a spoke, a ray.] Having two rays.
bírch, * birche, * bērche, * būrche,
* bîrke (Eng.), bírk (Scotch), s. & a. [A.S.
beorc, virce, byrce; O. Icel, biörk; Sw. björk ;
Dan. birk, birke-trce; Dut. berk; (N. H.) Ger.
birke ; M. H. Ger. birche, birke ; 0. H. Ger.
birchd, piricha; Russ. bereza; Pol. brzoza;
Serv. breza; Lith. berzas, all = birch, Skeat
quotes from Benfey Sansc. bharja = a kind of
birch, the leaves or bark of which were used
for writing on.] [BYRCHE.]
A. As substantive :
1. The English name of the trees and shrubs
belonging to the botanical gems Betula (q.v.).
Two species occur wild in Britain, the Common
Birch (Betulit alba) and the Dwarf Birch (B.
nana). The Common Birch has ovate-deltoid,
acute, doubly serrate leaves. Its flowers are
in catkins, which coine forth in April and
May. It grows best in heathy soils and in
alpine districts. The Drooping or Wecping
Birch (B. pendula) is a variety of this tree.
It grows wild on the European continent and
in Asia. The wood of the birch is tough and
white. It is used for making brooms; it is
often burned into charcoal ; twigs are by
many employed for purposes of castigation.
The oil obtained from the white rind is used
in tanning Russia leather. [BIRCH-OIL.] The
Russians turn it to accountaiso as a vermifuge
and as a balgam in the cure of wounds. In
some countries the bark of the birch is made
into hats and drinking-cups. The Betula
rana, or Dwarf Birch, grows in the Highlands
of Scotland, in Lapland, &c. It is a small
shrub, one or two feet high. The Laplander
uses the wood for fuel, and the leaves, spread
over with a reindeer's skin, for a bed. B.
lenta is the Mahogany Birch, Mountain Ma-
hogany, Sweet Birch, or Cherry Birch of North
America. Its leaves are fragrant, and have
been used as a substitute for tea. The Canoe
Birch, of which the North American Indians
construct their portable canoes, is the B.
papyracea.
2. A rod of birch used for castigation.
“Why not go to Westminster or Eton at once, man,
and take to Lilly's Grammar and Accidence, and to
the birch, too, if you like it?"-Scott : Rob Roy, ch. ii.
B. As adjective or in composition : Of or be-
longing to the tree described under A. (See
the compounds which follow.)
Lady Birch : A name for Betula alba, Lin.
(BIRCH.] (Lyte, Prior, &c.)
Silver Birch : Betula alba, Lin. (Lyte, Prior.)
West Indian Birch: A terebinthaceous tree,
Bursera gummifera. (Treas. of Bot.)
birch - besprinkled, a. Besprinkled
with birch. (Used poetically of cliffs.)
bóīl, boy; pout, jówl; cat, çell, chorus, çhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
35
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shủn; -țion, -şion=zhăn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

546
birch-bird
birch-camphor, birch camphor, s.
A resinous substance obtained from the bark
of the Black Birch (Betula nigra).
birch-oil, s. An oil extracted from the
bark of the birch-tree. It is used in the pre-
paration of Russia leather, to which it im-
parts a certain fragrance, whilst at the same
time protecting it from becoming mouldy or
being attacked by insects.
birch-wine, birchen-wine, s. Wine
made from the vernal juice of the birch.
“She boasts no charms divine,
Yet she can carve and make birch wine.”
T. Warton : Progr. of Discontent.
Other obvious compounds are: Birch-broom,
Birch-canoe (Longfellow : Song of Hiawathai,
xiii.), birch-grove, birch-leaf (Ibid., iii.), birch-
rod, birch-tree, &c.
bîrch, v.t. [From birch, s.] To chastise with
a birch rod; to flog.
bîrçhed, pa, par. & a. [BIRCH, v.]
+ bîr'-chen (Eng.), bîr-ken (Scotch), a. [A.S.
beorcen, bircen, byrcen ; Dut. berken; Ger.
birken.] Pertaining to birch ; composed of
birch ; made of birch. (Gradually becoming
obsolete, its place being supplied by the sub-
stantive birch used adjectively.) [BIRKEN.]
“She sate beneath the birchen tree.”
Scott: The Lady of the Lake, iv. 27.
* bịr'-chịn, a. The same as BIRCHEN (q.v.).
Birchin Lane, * Birchen Lane,
* Burchen Lane, * Birching Lane, s.
1. (Of the three first forms): A lane or street
in the City of London in which second-hand
or ready-made clothes were formerly sold.
It is one of the lanes connecting Cornhill
and Lombard Street, and is much more aristo-
cratic in its character than in the olden time.
Stow says the name is a corruption from
Birchover, the first builder and owner thereof.
“His discourse makes not his behaviour, but he
buyes it at court, as countreymen their clothes in
Birchin-lane."-Overbury's Char., 17, of a fine Gent.
(Nares.)
* 2. Of the form Birching Lane: A cant term
for a place where one is to receive a whipping.
(Ascham.) [BIRCH, v.t.]
Sq To send one to Birching Lane: To send
one to be whipped. (Nares.)
bîrch -ing, pr. par., A., & s. [BIRCH, v.]
A. & B. As pr. par. & participial adj. : In
Ar & B AS Pri par to particima
a sense corresponding to that of the verb.
C. As subst. : The act of chastising with a
birch twig.
bírch'-wood, s. & d. [Eng. birch ; wood.]
A. As substantive :
1. A wood consisting of birches.
"Foyers came headlong down through the birchwood
with the same leap and the same roar.”—Macaulay :
Hist. Eng., ch. xiii.
2. The wood of the birch-tree.
B. As adjective :
1. Pertaining to a wood or forest of birch.
“Strewn o'er it thick as the birch-wood leaves."
Hemans : Battle of Morgarten.
2. Made of, or in any way pertaining to, the
wood of the birch-tree.
birçh'-wõrts, s.) [Eng. birch, and -worts, pl.
suffix.] [WORT.]
Bot. : The name given by Lindley to his
order Betulaceæ (q.v.).
bírd (1), * byrde, * berde, * bridde, * bryd
(Eng.), bírd, * beird, * burd, * brid
(Scotch), s. & a. [A.S. brid, bridd = the young
of any bird or animal, a brood. Cognate with
beran=to bear. (Bosworth.) Probably a thing
bred, from A.S, bredan = to breed, (Mahn,
Skeat, &c.) Bosworth defines bredan : “to
nourish, cherish, keep warm..”] [BROOD.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally:
+ (1) In the Anglo-Saxon sense of the terin:
The young of any animal; a brood.
* (0) The young of any feathered flying
biped; a chicken.
"As that ungentle gull, the cuckoo's bird,
Useth the sparrow . Shakesp. : Hen. IV., v. 1.
* (6) The young of any other animal.
* (c) A child.
"With my brestes my brid I fed.".
Holy Rood (ed. Morris), p. 133.
(2) A feathered flying biped.
(a) Gen. : Any feathered flying biped, great
or small, old or young.
".... and all the birds of the heavens were fled."-
Jer. iv. 25.
(6) Spec. : A small feathered flying biped, as
distinguished from a large one, the latter being
called a fowl. Also especially applied in
sporting phraseology to game - e.g., par-
tridges. (Colloquial.)
2. Fig.: As a term of endearment or other-
wise.
(1) A lady. Spec., a young lady, a girl, so
called probably, not only from her youth
[A. 1. (1)], but also from her beauty, her
lightness of movement, her ability to sing
sweetly, and her liveliness of demeanour.
(Chiefly Scotch.)
“Lord John stood in his stable door,
Said he was boun.to ride;
Burd Ellen stood in her bower door,
Said she'd rin by his side."
Jamieson : Popular Ball., i. 117.
(2) An appellation for a man from a woman
who loves him. [C. Bird of Arabia.]
(3) An appellation given to a man by one
who believes him too soaring in his ambition.
[C. Bird of the Mountain.]
II. Technically:
1. Zool. : The English designation of the
Aves, the second class of the sub-kingdom
Vertebrata, standing between the Mammalia
(Mammals) above, and the Reptilia (Reptiles)
below. Whilst in their warm blood they are
miore closely akin to the former than to the
latter, they approach the latter rather than
the former in various points of anatomical
structure, especially in their lower limbs.
[ORNITHOSCELIDA.] They agree also with
Reptiles, Amphibia, and Fishes in being ovipa-
rous, whilst the Mammalia bring forth their
young alive and suckle them for a time.
Birds are feathered bipeds, with wings used
by all but a few aberrant species for flight.
To facilitate this, air cells communicating
with the lungs permeate the larger bones, and
even the huge bills of the hornbill, toucan,
&c., the effect being greatly to diminish their
weight. The circulation is rapid, the blood
warmer than in other vertebrates, and the
energy, consequently, great. A bird consists
of a head, a body, and limbs, the latter term
including the legs, tail, and wings. In the
subjoined figure-
,6
and the Insessores, in which the young remain
in the nest till they are completely fledged,
being fed meanwhile by the parents. The
former section contains four orders, the Na-
tatores (Swimmers), the Grallatores (Wading
Birds), the Cursores (Runners), and the
Rasores (Gallinaceous Birds). The Insessorial
section also contains four orders, the Columbæ
(Pigeons), the Scansores (Climbing Birds), the
Passeres (Perchers), and the Raptores (Birds
of Prey). In A.D. 1711, Ray estimated the
birds known and described at “near 500.”
In 1835, Mr. Swainson conjectured that the
species, known and unknown, might be about
6,800. The late Mr. Yarrell stated the number
of known British birds at 354. Of these only
140 remain with us all the year round, 63
more visit this country in summer, 48 in
winter, and 103 occasionally..
2. Palæont. : In certain triassic strata in
Connecticut there are “ornithichnites," or
fossil footprints like those which birds would
leave upon the mud or fine sand over which
they walked. [FOOTPRINTS, ORNITHICHNITE.]
The number of joints in each of the three toes
is precisely the same as in modern birds, not-
withstanding which some think the imprints
may be those of Deinosaurian reptiles, of which
remains have been found in the same stratum.
The oldest bird, of which the actual feathered
skeleton has been obtained, comes from the
lithographic slate of upper oolitic age, quar-
ried at Solenhofen in Bavaria : it is the
Archæopteryx of Owen (q.v.). Three specimens
of it are known at present: one in Bavaria, the
second in the British Museum, from which it
will soon be removed to South Kensington,
whilst the third has just been sold to the
Berlin University Museum by Herr Haberlein
for 80,000 marks, or about £4,000. This last
specimen of Archæopteryx has been examined
by Professor Carl Vogt, who considers that
it is neither bird nor reptile, but some-
thing intermediate between the two; or, to
be more specific, that while a bird in its in-
tegument and hinder limbs, it is a reptile
in all the rest of its organisation. Bones like
those of birds exist in the Wealden; opinion
has much wavered as to whether they were
true birds or flying reptiles [PTERODACTYL];
there is, however, what appears to be a
genuine bird in the Greensand. Prof. Marsh
found in the Cretaceous rocks of America
two remarkable genera of birds: the Hesper-
ornis and the Ichthyornis, the former fur-
nished with true teeth in a groove, and the
latter having them lodged in sockets. In
these respects they approach reptiles, besides
which the Ichthyornis, like reptiles, has its
vertebræ concave at each end. Of tertiary
birds Owen, in 1846, established four species
from the London clay, described froin four
or five fragments of bones and skulls found in
that eocene deposit. These include a vulture,
a kingfisher, and an ostrich Bones of birds
have been met with somewhat plentifully
in the Paris gypsum and the lacustrine lime-
stone of the Limagne d'Auvergne, both fresh-
water strata of eocene age. From the mio-
cene beds of France have been obtained about
seventy species, among others, parrots, trogons,
flamingoes, secretary birds, and marabout
storks, suggesting the present fauna of South
Africa. There are birds in the miocene of the
Sewalik hills in India. Of post-tertiary species
the finest, and also the best known, are the
gigantic Moas from New Zealand, which seem
to have been contemporary with man, though
now they are extinct. The yet more massive
Æpiornis, the eggs of which are more than
thirteen inches in diameter, and equal in capa-
city to 148 hens' eggs, is found in surface
deposits in Madagascar. Thus few fossil birds
are known, and those few are mostly from the
tertiary or post-tertiary rocks.
3. Her.: Birds are regarded, some as em-
blems of the more active, and others of the
contemplative life. Among the terms applied
to them are Membered, Armed, and Close
(q.v.). When birds are mentioned in blazon,
without expressing their species, they should
be drawn in the form of the blackbird.
(Gloss. of Her.)
B. As adjective: Of, belonging to, or for a
bird. (See the compounds which follow.)
C. In special phrases.
1. A'the birds in the air (Eng. : All the birds
in the air): A play among children. (Scotch.)
" A' the birds in the air, and a' the days o' the week,
are also common games, as well as the skipping-rope
and honey-pots."-Blackwood: Mag., Aug., 1821, p. 36.
(Jamieson.)
=\TK
a is the bill.
h is the rump. (uropy.
+ b , the front (frons).
gium), the part
C,, the crown or summit
where the tail fea-
(vertex).
thers are inserted.
d , the ear.
the tail.
e , the nape of the neck k,, the legs.
(nucha).
1, the wings.
the back or intersca 1 m,, the belly (abdomen).
pular region.
the breast.
g , the lower back (ter. 10, the throat.
gum).
I p , the chin.
For more minute details see BILL, LEG,
WING, TAIL, &c.
Linnæus divided Birds into six orders, Acci.
pitres, Picæ, Anseres, Grallæ, Gallinæ, and
Passeres. All of these, except Picæ, are still
retained under different names, Cuvier, in
1817, recognised six orders, Accipitres, Pas-
seres, Scansores, Gaļlinæ, Grallæ, and Palmi-
pedes. Vigors, in 1825, adopted the quinary
arrangement into Raptores, Insessores, Ra-
sores, Grallatores, and Natatores, Owen, in
1866, made seven orders: Natatores, Gralla-
tores, Rasores, Cantatores, Volitores, and
Raptores ; and Huxley, in 1864, separated
Birds into Saurururæ, containing only the
Archæopteryx; the Ratitæ, including the
Ostrich and its allies; and the Carinatæ, com-
prehending all ordinary birds. Dallas (fol-
lowing Vogt's arrangement of 1851) divided
Birds into two sections, the Autophagi, in
which the young birds are capable of feeding
themselves from the moment of leaving the egg,
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whăt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sīr, marine; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; trý, Sýrian. æ, oe=ē. ey=ā. qu= kw.

bird
547
liking to say anything unpleasant, even when
it should be done.
“Ye're o'er bird-mouth'a.”
Ramsay: S. Prov., p. 86. (Jamieson )
bird-net, s. A net used for catching
birds. It is about twelve yards square, and
laid flat on the ground, to which it is affixed
by four iron pins, its sides remaining loose.
Upon it is put a cage with a decoy-biril in it,
given to singing cheerfully. When other birds
congregate around it, the inan, who has been
lying flat on his face twenty or thirty yards off,
pulls a string, which makes the loose sides of
the net collapse and fly together, imprisoning
the birds around the cage. (Mayhew.)
bird-organ, s. A small organ used in
teaching birds to sing.
bird-pepper, s. The fruit of a plant,
the Capsicum baccatum. When ripe it is
gathered, dried in the sun, pounded, and mixed
with salt, Afterwards it is preserved in
bottles with stoppers, and is called Cayenne
pepper.
bird-seed, s. A name sometimes given
to heails of Plantain, Plantago major (Linn.),
and to Canary Grass, Phalaris canariensis
(Linn.), from their being given to birds for
food. (Prior, p. 22.)
bird-spider, s. A genus of spiders—the
Mygale, and specially the M. avicularia, a
large species inhabiting Surinam, which, as
both its English and its scientific names im-
port, was formerly believed to catch birds.
(MYGALE.]
+ bird-swindler, s. [BIRD-DUFFER.)
bird-trap, s. A two-winged flap-net
sprung by hand, or a box-trap supported on a
figure-of-four, with a trigger to be touched by
uwa
TIETO
EM2
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN BIRD-TRAP.
(From " Wilkinson's Ancient Egyptians.")
2. Arabian Bird :
(a) Lit.: The fabled Phoenix.
(b) One whose reputation or whose power
is so genuine, that, even if destroyed, it will
rise again.
"Agr. 0 Antony! O thou Arubian bird !"
Shakesp. : Ant. & Cleop., iii. 2.
3. Bird and Joe (used as adv.): A phrase used
to denote intimacy or familiarity. *(Scotch.)
Sitting “Bird and Joe," sitting “cheek
by jowl,” like Darby and Joan. (Jamieson.)
4. Bird of Jove : The eagle.
"I saw Jove's bird, the Roman eagle."
Shakesp. : Cymbeline, iv. 2.
5. Bird of Juno:
(a) The peacock.
(6) The hawk.
"See the bird of Juno stooping."
Pope : Miscel. Poems.
6. Bird of Night : The owl.
“And yesterday the bird of night did sit,
Even at noonday, upon the inarket place,
Hooting and shrieking.
Shukesp: Julius Cæsar, i. 3.
7. Bird of Peace : The dove, so called be-
cause, on the subsidence of the deluge, it bore
to Noah in its bill an olive leaf, the symbol
of peace (Gen. viii. 11).
“ The rod, and bird of peace, and all such emblems,
Laid richly ou her." Shakesp. : Hen. VIII., iv, 1.
8. Bird of the Mountain :
(a) Lit. : The eagle.
(1) Fig. : A man of soaring ambition.
“Proud bird of the mountain thy pluine shall be torn."
Campbell: Lochiel.
9. Bird of the wilderness : The skylark.
“Bird of the wilderness, blythesome and cumberless."
Jumes Hogg: Ode to the Skylark.
10. Birds of a feather; Birds of self-same
feather: Men of similar tastes or proclivities;
hence the phrase.
“For both of you are birds of self-same feather."
Shakesp. : 3 Hen. VI., iii. 3.
11. Birds of a feather flock together : A preva-
lent phrase signifying that persons of similar
tastes draw together and are generally seen in
each other's company-scientists with scien-
tists, religious men with religious men, play-
actors with play-actors, thieves with thieves.
bird-bolt, s.
1. Lit.: A short arrow
with a broad flat end,
used to kill birds without
piercing them. (Lit. & fig.)
It is sometimes repre-
sented in heraldry.
2. Fig.: That which
smites one's heart or re-
putation without deeply
penetrating either.
“To be generous, guiltless, BIRD-BOLT.
and of free disposition is to
take those things for bird-bolts
that you deem cannon bullets ..."-Shakesp.:
Twelfth Night, i. 5.
“Ignorance should shoot
His gross-knobb'd bird-bolt."
Marston : What you will.
2. One of the English names for a fish-the
Burbot (Molva Lota).
bird-cage, s. A cage for birds. It is
generally made with wooden bottom and posts,
and with wire, or, if large, sometimes with
wicker-work bars on the sides and top.
“At the door he hung the bird-cage."
Longfellow: The Song of Hiawatha, xii.
bird-cali, s.
1. A little stick, cleft at one end, on which
is put a leaf of some plant, for imitating the
cry of birds. (Goodrich & Porter.)
2. A short metallic cylinder, with a circular
perforated plate at each end; used to make a
trilling noise, as a decoy for birds.
bird-catcher, s. One whose occupation
it is to catch birds.
“... and indeed,' concluded the critic, from his
fondness for flowers and for hirds, I would venture to
suggest that a florist or a bird-catcher is a much more
suitable calling for him than a poet."-Moore : L. R.
(Light of the Harem).
bird-catching, s. & A.
1. As subst. : The art, operation, or occu-
pation of catching birds. This is one of the
regular callings of the London poor, attractive
to those who practise it from the idle and
vagrant character of the life which it involves.
In Epping Forest it is carried on to such
an extent that there birds are now compara-
tively scarce. Among the kinds caught are
the linnet, the bullfinch, the goldfinch, the
chaffinch, the greenfinch, the lark, the night. I
ingale, &c. Mr. Henry Mayhew calculates
that one man, who practised the trade for
sixty years, must have caught, first and last,
about 312,000 birds. The general method
adopted is the employinent of a decoy-bird
and a net. [BIRD-NET.]
2. As adj. : Pertaining to the catching, of
birds ; a bird-catching apparatus.
bird-cherry, s. A small tree (the Prunus
padus, &c.), wild in Britain, especially in its
northern parts. It has pendulous racemes
of white flowers, which appear in May, and
are succeeded by small black drupaceous
cherry-like fruits. (Hooker and Arnott.)
bird-class, s. A class for teaching birds
to imitate the notes of an instrument. There
are generally about seven birds in a class.
The principle is to shut the class up in a dark
room, half-starving the performers till they
imitate the instrument, and gradually let in
light upon them and partially feed them as a
reward for singing. Learning to associate
the singing with the gradual appearance of
light and the exhibition of food, they sing to
obtain these necessaries. (Mayhew.)
bird-conjurer. * brydd-coniuerer,
S. A diviner by means of birds, an augur.
"Thes gentils ... bryddconiurers and dyuynours."
- Wycliffe (Deut. xviii. 14).
bird-diviner, * brid-deuyner, s. The
same as BIRD-CONJURER.
"Deuynoures and ... briddeuyneres."- Wycliffe
(Jer. xxvii. 9).
bird-duffer, s. A vulgar name for one
who sells a brightly-coloured and expensive
bird, which is found to be a common one of
dull hue painted for sale. The species com-
monly operated upon is the female greenfinch,
its light-coloured plumage adapting it for such
a purpose. (Mayhew.)
bird-eye, a. [BIRD'S-EYE.]
bird-eyed, a. Having eyes like those of
a bird, that is, possessed of piercing sight.
“Slud, 'tis the horse-start out o' the browu study-
Rather the bird-ey'd stroke, sir."
B. Jonson : Cynthia's Revels.
bird-fancier, s. One who fancies birds.
(Used either of an amateur, or of one who
makes a livelihood by trapping, keeping, and
selling birds.)
bird-grass, s. The name given by seeds-
men and others to a grass-the Pou trivialis, L.
bird-house, s. An open box for birds,
set up on a long pole, to keep it out of the way
of cats. It is erected by those who, liking
birds, wish to mpinister to their convenience.
bird-lice, s. pl. The English name given
to the small parasites so frequently seen in-
fecting birds. Naturalists place them in the
insect order Mallophaga, in iminediate proxi-
mity to the Anoplura, which contains the
human pediculi. (MALLOPHAGA.]
bird-like, d. Like a bird. (Used specially
of a life too much confined.)
"For when I see, how they do mount on high,
Waving their out-stretched wings at liberty :
Then do I think how bird-like in a cage
My life I lead, and grief can never suage."
Niccols : Mir. for Magistrates, p. 653.
bird-lime, s.
1. Lit. : A substance whitish and limy in
appearance. (Used, as its name imports, for
capturing birds.) It is in general manufactured
from the bark of the holly, though the berries
of the mistletoe, and also the bark, boiled in
water, beaten in a mortar, and then mashed,
may also be employed for the purpose.
"Holly is of so viscous a juice, as they make birdlime
of the bark of it."-Bucon : Natural History.
2. Fig. : Anything fitted to ensnare one, or
restrain his departure from a place.
“Heav'n's birdlime wraps me round and glues my
wings."
Dryden.
bird-limed, a. Smeared with bird's-lime
(lit. & fig.).
“I love not those viscosa beneficia,' those birdlimed
kindnesses which Pliny speaks of."-Howell : Letters,
i. v. 18.
bird-loops, s.pl. The bars in a bird's
cage.
“To keep the inhabitants of the air close captive
That were created to sky freedom: surely
The inerciless creditor took his first light,
And prisons their first models, from such bird-loops."
Shirley: The Bird in u Cuge, iv. 1.
bird-mouthed, s. Mealy-mouthed; not |
the bird, or sprung by a person on watch.
The netting of birds by the former method is
well pictured in the ancient Egyptian paintings.
(Knight.) The trap was generally made of
net-work, strained over a frame, It consisted
of two semi-circular sides or flaps of equal
sizes, one or both moving on the common bar
or axis upon which they rested. When the
trap was set, the two flaps were kept open by
means of strings, probably of catgut, which
the moment the bait that stood in the centre
of the bar was touched, slipped aside, and
allowed the two sides to collapse, and thus
secured the bird. The Egyptian nets were
very similar to those usel in Europe at the
present day, but probably larger, and requir-
ing a greater number of persons to manage,
which may be attributed to au imperfection
in their contrivance for closing them.
bird-witted, a. Tending to roam from
subject to subject; destitute of concentrative-
ness; without fixity of attention.
bird's-bill, s. A plant (Trigonella ornitho-
rhynchus).
bird's-bread, s. A name for a plant-
Sedum acre, which the French call by the cor-
responding term Pain d'oiscau. It is not
known why the name is given,
bird's-eye, bird's-eyes, bird-eye,
bird-een (Scotch een is = Eng. eyes), s. & a.
A. As substantive :
1. Zool. & Ord. Lang. (lit.): The eye or eyes
of a bird.
2. Bot. : The name of several plants with
small bright, usually blue flowers.
(1) A widely-diffused name for Veronica
chamcedrys.
(2) A name for a plant, called more fully
the Bird's-eye Primrose. It is the Primula
farinosa. It has pale lilac flowers with a
yellow eye. The whole plant is powdered with
a substance smelling like musk. It grows in
the north of England, or rarely in Scotland.
(3) A name sometimes given to the Adonis
autumnalis, and indeed to the whole genus
Adonis, more commonly designated “Phea-
sant's eye.”
boil, boy; podt, jówl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shún; -țion, -şion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -dle, &c. =bę1, del.

548
bird-birk
“An' our guidwife's wee birdy cocks."
Burns : Elegy on the Year 1788.
bīr'-dîng (1), pa. par., A., & s. [BIRD, v.]
A. & B. As present participle: In senses
corresponding to those of the verb.
C. As substantive : The act of seeking to
birding-piece, s. A gun to shoot birds
“Mrs. Ford. There they always use to discharge
their birding-pieces ; creep into the kilu hole."
Shakesp.: Merry Wives, iv. 2.
* bîr'-dững (2), s. [BURDEN.] (Scotch.)
bîrd'-man, s. [Eng. bird; -man.) A bird-
catcher, a fowler.
“As a fowler was bending his net, a blackbird asked
hiin what he was doing; why, says he, I am laying the
foundations of a city, and so the birdman drew out of
sight."-L'Estrange.
bīrd'-něst, v.i. [Eng. bird ; nest.] To seek
after the nests of birds.
bīrd-něst-ing, a. & s. [Eng. bird; nest;
-ing.]
A. As adjective : Going after birds' nests.
"I go out bird-nesting three times a week."---May-
hew: London Labour, ii. 82.
B. As substantive: The act or practice of
going after birds' nests.
American Bird's-eye: A plant-Primula (2) The Common Parsnip, Pastinaca sativa,
pusilla. (Treas. of Bot.)
L. (Ger. Appendix.)
3. A variety of manufactured tobacco, in (3) The modern book-name of the genus
which the ribs of the leaves are cut along Monotropa. (Hooker and Arnott.)
with the fibre.
| Yellow Bird's-nest : Monotropa hypopitys.
B. As adjective:
(4) A fern : Asplenium (Thamnopteris) nidus.
1. Resembling a bird's-eye, as “Bird's-eye I Bird's-nest Peziza : The common name for
primrose” (q.v.).
the species of Cyathus and Nidularia, two
2. Seen as a landscape might be by a bird genera of fungi.
flying over a country-i.e., seen from above.
2. Naut.: A look-out station at a mast-head
A Bird's-eye view (q.v.).
for a seaman sent up thither to watch for
Bird's-eye maple : A North American tree whales. [CROW'S-NEST.]
Acer saccharinum, called also the Sugar-maple. B. As adjective: Resembling a bird's nest;
[ACER, SUGAR-MAPLE.]
in any way pertaining to a bird's nest. [A.,
Bird's-eye Primrose : The same as Bird's II. (5).]
eye, A, 2 (2).
Bird's-nest Orchis : One of the orchideæ,
Bird's-eye view, Bird-eye view : A view such Neottic or Listera Nidus-avis, L. The English
as must present itself to a bird flying over a designation is a translation of the Latin Nidus-
country, and consequently looking at the avis. The plant is so called from having its
landscape from above. Though a country root composed of numerous fleshy fibres aggre-
represented in this way on a map has its gated in a bird's-nest fashion. Gerard indi-
prominent features exaggerated, yet to the cates the kind of nest which in his view it
unimaginative it gives a more lively and even resembles, saying that it “hath many tang-
a more correct view of the country than or ling rootes platted or crossed one over another
dinary representations or maps of the normal verie intricately, which resembleth a crowe's
type could do. During the Crimean war maps niest made of stickes." It has dingy brown
flowers growing in spikes, and is found in the
at home to conceive the aspect of Sebastopol northern parts of Britain.
and the adjacent country. (Lit. & fig.)
birds-of-paradise, s. The English de-
“Viewing from the Pisgah of his pulpit the free,
moral, happy, flourishing, and glorious state of France,
signation of a family of Conirostral birds—the
as in a bird-eye landscape of a promised land."-Burke Paradiseidæ. They are closely allied to the
on the French Revolution.
Corvidæ (Crows), with which, indeed, they are
“That government being so situated, as to have a
united by some writers. They have magni-
large range of prospect, and as it were a bird's-eye view
ficent plumage, especially the males, who can
moreover elevate quite a canopy of plumes
behind their necks. When first discovered
1. In Zool. (Lit.): The foot of a bird.
they were the subject of many myths. They
2. In Botany :
were supposed to be perpetually on the wing,
having no feet, a fable perpetuated by Lin-
(1) The English name of the Ornithopus, a næus in the name apoda or footless, given to
genus of papilionaceous plants. There is a
the best-known and finest species. The fact
British species-the Ornithopus perpusillus, or was that the inhabitants of New Guinea, their
Common Bird's-foot. It is so called from its native region, cut off the feet before selling
long seed-pods, which resemble bird's feet.
them to Europeans. The fable of the Phoenix
It has pinnate leaves with 6-9 pairs of ter is believed to have been framed from myths
minal leaflets. The flowers are white, with
current about the Birds of Paradise. [PH@NIX.]
red lines. It is found in Scotland. 0. sativus,
or the Serradilla Bird's-foot, introduced from
bird's-tare, s. A name given to a plant,
Portugal about 1818, has proved a most valu-
genus Arachis.
able fodder-plant.
bird's-tongue, S. A name given to
(2) A plant-Euphorbia ornithopus. (Treas. various plants :-
of Bot.)
1. Stellaria holostea. (Linn. : Ger. Apex.)
Bird's-foot clover : Withering's name for the Britten and Holland consider the name to
Bird's-foot Trefoil (q.v.).
Bird's-foot Trefoil : The English name of 2. The fruit of the Ash-tree (Fraxinus ex-
the Lotus-a genus of papilionaceous plants, celsior), so called from the form thereof being
with trifoliolate leaves, umbellate flowers, and like to a bird's-tongue. (Coles.)
legumes with a tendency to be divided into 3. A tree, Acer campestre, the common
many cells. Three species—the L. corniculatus,
Maple. (Evelyn.)
or Common, the L. major, or Narrow-leaved,
4. Senecio paradoxus, the Great Fen Rag-
and the L. angustissimus, or Slender bird's-foot,
wort, a composite plant.
Trefoil-occur in Britain. The first-named
plant is very common, enlivening pastures all
5. Anagallis arvensis, the Scarlet Pimper-
through the country and the sea-coast every-
nel.
where with its yellow flowers.
6. The book-name for a plant genus, Ornitho-
glossum, belonging to the order Melanthaceæ
bird's-knotgrass, s. A book-name for (Melanths.)
a plant, Polygonum aviculare (Linn.).
q Other obvious compounds are: Bird-con-
bird's-mouth, s.
noisseur (Mayhew: London Labour and the
London Poor); bird-lover (Ibid.); bird-note
1. Lit. : The mouth of a bird.
(Hemans : Siege of Valentia); bird-stuffer,
2. Carp. : The notch at the foot of a rafter bird-stuffing ; bird-trade (Mayhew), &c.
where it rests upon and against the plate.
* bird (2), s. [BIRTH.] (Story of Gen. and
bird's-nest, s. & a.
Ecod., 2,591.)
4. As substantive :
bîrd, v.t. [From bird, s. (q.v.)] To catch
I. Lit. : The nest of a bird. Those of the birds. (Generally in the present participle.)
several species vary in their minor details so | [BIRDING.]
as to be in most cases quite distinguishable "I do invite you to-morrow morning to my house to
froin each other. One of the street-trades of breakfast; after we'll a birding together.”-Shakesp. :
London is the selling of bird's-nests.
Merry Wives, iii. 3.
of the street sellers of bird's-nests.” — Mayhew: bird'-ěr, *byr-der, s. [Eng. bird ; -er.] A
London Labour, ii. 82.
bird-catcher.
Edible bird's-nests are nests built by the
“... wherewith they be caught like as the byrder
Collocalia esculenta, and certain other species beguyleth the byrdes."-Vives : Instruct. of Christian
of swallows inhabiting Sumatra, Java, China, Women, bk. i., ch. xiv.
and some other parts of the East. The nests,
which are deemed a luxury by the Chinese,
bîr'-dữe, bîr'-dý, būr'-die, s. & a. [Dimin.
are formed of a mucilaginous substance,
of bird.]
secreted by the birds themselves from their
A. As substantive :
salivary glands.
1. Lit. : A little bird,
II. Figuratively and technically:
“A' the birdįes lilt in tunefu' meed."
1. Either the popular or book-names of
2. Fig.: A name of endearment for a little
several plants.
† (1) The Wild Carrot, Daucus Carota (Linn.)
girl or for a young woman.
"For ae blink o' the bonnie burdies !".
“The whole tuft [of flowers] is drawn together when
the seed is ripe, resembling a birde's-nest; whereupon
it bath beene named of some bird's-nest.”—Gerard:
B. As adj.: Pertaining to the feathered
Herbal, 873.
class.
BEREAVE (q.v.). (Layamon, 301,311.)
*bir-êde, * bîr-rê-děn (pret. *biredde, bi-
rudde, bireaulde, biradden), v.t. [From A.S.
berædan = to counsel.] To counsel ; to ad-
vise. (Layamon, 31,072.) (Stratmann.) a
bī-rē'me, s. [Lat. biremis = (1) a two-oared
boat; (2) a galley with two banks of oars.
Bi, in comp., two, and remus = an oar.] A
Roman ship of war with two banks of oars.
It was inferior in magnitude and strength to
the trireme.
bír-găn'-děr, s. [BERGANDER.]
bīr'-gūs, s. ſMod. Lat. virgus (Leach).7 A
genus of Crustacea, belonging to the Paguridæ
(Hermit Crabs). B. latro is the Thief-Crab,
so called because it is said to climb up cocoa-
nut trees and pandanuses to feed upon their
fruit. It is found in the Isles Amboyna and
France, living in holes at the roots of trees
not far from the shore. It is sometimes
called also the Purse-crab.
bī-rhom-boi-dal, d. [From Lat. prefix
bi = two, and rhomboides = a rhomboid.]
[RHOMBOID.]
Geom. & Crystallog. : Having a surface com-
posed of twelve rhombic faces, which being
taken six and six, and prolonged in idea till
they intercept each other, would form two
different rhombs.
city, (2) a fort, a castle, (3) a court, a palace, a
house.] A city.
“He ledde hem alle to Iosepes biri."
Story of Gen. & Exod., 2,257.
* bì-rî'-den, v.t. [A.S. beridan = to ride
around.] To ride around. (Layamon, 10,739.)
* bîr-ie, . [O. Dut. berée (?) = a bier.] The
same as BIER (q.v.). (Ayenbite, 258.)
* bîr'-ied, pa. par. [BURIED.] (Story of Gen.
& Exod., 256, &c.)
* bir-i-el, * bir-iell, * bir-i-gell, * bēr'-~-
ěle, * bēr'-y-ěl, * brý-y-ěle, s. [A.S.
byrigels =a sepulchre.] A burying-place; a
tomb.
“And whanne the bodi was takein, Joseph lappide
it in a clene sendel, and leide it in his new biriet that
he had hewun in a stoon1, . . ."-Wycliffe (Purvey):
Matt. xxvii. 60.
“Yet adde Iacob birigeles non."
* bîr'-7-en, v.t.
[BURY.] (Story of Gen. &
* bir-ine, * bir-ein-en, v.t. The same as
BERAIN (q.v.).
* bì-rîn-něn (pret. bicorn), v.t. [Eng. prefix
bi, and 0. Eng. rin = to run.] To run around.
(Layamon, 26,064.) (Stratmann.)
bîrk, v.i. [A.S. beorean = to bark ; byrcth =
barks [BARK); or from Icel. berkia = to
boast.] To give a tart answer, to converse in
a sharp and cutting way. (Jamieson.)
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fall, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sīr, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; try, Sýrian. a, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu= kw.

birk-birth
549
bírk, s. [BIRCH.] A birch.
"Birlaw courts, the quhilks are rewled be consent of | bîrr, * bīrre, * bīre, * byre, * bēr (Eng.),
neighbours."-Skene : Reg. Majest., p. 74.
(a) Scotch :
bîrr, * bîr, * beīr, * bère (Scotch), s. [Imi-
“Let fragrant birks in woodbines drest,
* Sirle, s. [A.S. byrle, byrele ; 0. Icel. byrli.] | tated from the sound of a revolving wheel.]
My craggy cliffs adorn."
A cup-bearer. (Ormulum, 14,023.) . .
Burns : Humble Petition of Bruar Water.
1. Noise, cry, roar.
(6) As an English dialectic word. (Used in birled, pa. par. & a. [Birl, v.t.]
“I herd the rumour of rammasche foulis ande of
beystis that made grite beir."-Complaint S., p. 59.
East Yorkshire.-Prof. Phillips.)
+(c) As a poetic word in ordinary English : 1
bîrley, s. [Corrupted from barley (?).] (Scotch.) 2. Force, impetuosity.
“Shadows of the silver birk
birley-oats, barley-oats, s. A species
(a) In a general sense.
Sweep the green that folds thy grave."
of oats.
et bire al the droue wente heedlyng
Tennyson : A Dirge, v. 1.
in to the see ..."—Wycliffe (Purvey): Matt. viii. 32.
"... by sowing their bear immediately after their
birk-knowe, s. A knoll covered with oats ... and by using a species of oats called birley.
(6) Spec. : Of the wind.
This grain (which is also white), is distinguished from
birches. (Scotch.)
“King Eolus set heich apoun his chare,
the coininon white oats, in its appearance, chiefly by
Temperis thare yre, les thai suld at thare will
“... wrapped in her plaid upon the ... sunny its shortness. It does not produce quite so good meal,
Bere with thar vir the skyis ..."
side of the birk-knowe.”—Lights and Shadows, p. 38.
nor so good fodder."-P. Strathdon, Aberd. Statist.
Doug.: Virgil, 14, 54.
Acc. xiii. 173. (Jumieson.)
* bîrk'-en, v.t. [From birk = birch, and
bîr'-lie-măn, bîr'-ly-măn, s. [Birlaw and
birr, beir, bere, v.i. (Scotch.) To make a
verbal suffix -en.] To birch, to beat with a
man. Comp. A.S. birighman = a city officer.]
whirring sound like that of a spinning-wheel
birch twig or rod.
The petty officer connected with a burgh of
in motion.
bírk'-en, + bîr-kin, a.
“The pepill beryt like wyld bestis in that tyd.”
[From A.S. bircen barony. (Scotch.)
Wallace, vii. 457. MS.
= birchen.] Of or belonging to birch. (Scotch.)
“... wha's a Whig and a Hanoverian, and be
manag by his doer, Jamie Howie, wha's no fit to be
“Ou Yarrow banks the birken shaw."
bîrred, pa. par. & a. [BIRR.]
a birlieman, let be a bailie ..."-Scott: Waverley,
Burns : Blythe was she.
ch. xlii.
bīr'-ring, pr. par., A., & s. [BIRR, v.]
bſr-kie (1), a. (From Scotch birk = a birch,
bîr'-lìn, s. (From Gael. bhairlin.] A long A. & B. As present participle and participial
and suffix -ie = y.] Abounding with birches.
oared boat of the largest size, often with six, adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
birk-le (2), bir-kỹ (1), C. & S. [Etym.
sometimes with eight oars ; generally used by the verb.
doubtful. From A.S. beorcan = to bark, or
the chieftains in the Western Islands. It
“Rejoice ye birring paitricks a'."
Icel. berkia = to boast.]
seldom had sails.
Burns : Tum Samson's Elegy.
A. As culjective (of the form birkie):
"... the Stewart's birlin or galley.”—Martin: St. C. As substantive : The noise of partridges,
Hilda. p. 12. (Jamieson.)
&c., when they spring. (Jamieson.)
1. Tart in speech. (Jamieson.)
2. Lively-spirited, mettlesome. (Galt.)
* bſrl-îng (1), pr. par., a., & s. [Birl (1).]
* bîr'-rūs, s. [Lat. birrus = a cloak for rainy
B. As substantive of the form birkie and
A. & B. As present participle and participial weather.] A coarse woollen cloth, worn by
adjective: In senses corresponding to those
birky): A lively young fellow, a person of
the common people in the 13th century. It
mettle. (Scotch.)
of the verb.
was called also burreau. (Planché.)
“I ken how to gie the birkies tak short fees, ..."-
C. As substantive: A meeting for drinking,
* bîr'-sall, s. (BRASELL.] (Scotch.)
Scott: Heart of Midlothian, ch. xii.
a drinking bout, a drinking match, properly
Auld birky: Old boy. (Scotch.) (Collo including the idea that the drink is clubbed.
bírse (1), + birs, * byrss (pl. * byrssis), s.
quial.)
“Na, na, chap! we are no ganging to the Laird's,
[A.S. byrst; Sw. borst; Dan. börste; Dut.
“Spoke like ye’resell auld birky.”
but to a little birling at the Brokenburn-foot, where
there will be iony a braw lad and lass."—Scott : Red-
borstel ; Ger. borste= a bristle. ]
Ramsay: Poems, ii. 92.
gauntlet, Letter XI.
1. Lit. : A bristle or bristles; the beard.
bîrk-ie (3), bîrk-y (2), s. [From Icel. berkia bîr'-lựng (2), pr. par., d., & s. [BIRL (2).] (Erergreen, i. 119.) (Knox, 51.)
=to boast (?).) (Jamieson.) A childish game
A. & B. As present participle and participial 2. Fig.: Anger, passion.
at cards, in which the players throw down a
adjective: In senses corresponding to those "... he wad set up the tother's birse, and may be do
card alternately. Only two play; and the
of the verb.
mair ill thau gude."-Scott : Antiquary, ch. xxi.
person who throws down the highest takes up
the trick. It is the same as the English game
C. As substantive: A noise, as of a revolving birse, birze (Scotch), brize (0. Eng.), v.t.
of “ Beggar my neighbour.”
wheel.
[A.S. brysan = to bruise, to break smail.] To
“But Bucklaw cared no more about riding the first
“Birling-making a grumbling noise like an old bruise (Watson); to push or drive (Shirref:
horse and that sort of thing, than he, Craigengelt, did
fashioned spinning-wheel or hand-mill in motion."-
Poems); to press; to squeeze.
about a game at birkie."-Scott : Bride of Lammer-
Gloss. to Scott's Antiquury. (Jamieson.)
moor, ch. xxii.
bírn, v.t. [BURN, v.] (Scotch.)
bírse (2), bīrze, s. [From birse, v. (q.v.).]
birl (1), * bîrle, * bîr-lěn, 2.t. & i. [From
1. A bruise. (Galt.)
A.S. byrlian = to give to drink ; to serve as
bîrn (1), bîrne, s. [BURN.] (Scoich.)
2. The act of pressing; a squeeze.
a butler ; O. Icel. byrla.]
bîrn (2), s. [Ger. birn, birne = a pear, which
A. Transitive:
the portion of a musical instrument defined
* birsillit, pa. par. & d. [BIRSLE.] Burnt,
1. To administer liquor to, to pour out
below resembles in shape.]
scorched.
liquor for guests.
Mus.: The portion of a clarionet or any
“The birsillit banes."-Doug. : Virgil, 368, 27.
“The wine thar with in veschell grete and small,
similar instrument into which the mouth-piece bîrsle, bîrstle, brīssle, v.t. [A. S. brisllian
Quhilk to him gaif Acestes his rial hoist,
is inserted. (Stainer & Barrett.)
To thame he birlis ..." Doug. : l'irgil, 19, 9.
=to crackle, to burn.]
2. To ply with drink.
* bîr'-nie, *býr'-nie, s. [A.S. byrne =a
1. To burn slightly, to broil, or to birsle
“She birled him with the ale and wine."
corslet, cuirass.] A corslet; a brigandine.
peas. (Douglas : Virgil, 226, 3.)
Minstrelsy, Border, ii. 45.
(Douglas : Virgil, 280, 44.)
2. To warm ; to scoreh. (Jamieson.)
3. To drink plentifully.
“They birle the wine in honour of Bachus." bîr'-ny, a. [Scotch birn; -y.] Covered with * bīrsle, * brissle, s. [A.S. brastl=a noise, a
Doug. : Virgil, 79, 46, the scorched stems of heath which has been crackling, a breaking.] A hasty toasting or
4. To club money for the purpose of pro set on fire. (Scotch.) (Davidson : Leisons.) scorching; that which is burnt. (St. Patrick,
curing drink. “l'li birle iny bawbie.” I will
contribute my share of the expense. (Jamie-
bī-ros'-trāte, bī-ros'-trā-ted, a. (From
son.)
Latin prefix bi = two, rostratus = beaked ; ! *bīrs'-sy, a. [From Scotch birse, and suff, -y.]
B. Intransitive:
rostrum = a beak.]
1. Lit. : Having bristles. (Douglas : Virgil,
Bot., &c.: Two-beaked, having two projec 322, 4.)
1. To drink in company with others.
tions like beaks. Used especially of fruits. 2. Fig. : Hot tempered, easily irritated.
“And then ganging majoring to the piper's Howff,
Example-Trapa bicornis, the Ling of the
wi' a' the idle loons in the country, and sitting there
birling at your uncle's cost,” &c. - Tales of my Land-
Chinese, which
bîrt, * byrte, s. [Etym, doubtful. Compare
lord, ii. 104. (Jumieson.)
has fruit like a
VES
Fr. bertonneau (Mahn).] A name for a fish,
2. To contribute money to purchase liquor. bull's head. The
the Turbot, Rhombus maximus.
"Now settled gossies sat, and keen
seeds form a con-
Did for fresh bickers birle."
siderable article of
bîrth (1), * birthe, #birhehe, * birthhe,
Ramsay: Poems, i. 262. (Jamieson.)
food. The genus
* byrth, s. & al. [A.S. beorth, berth, byrd,
bîrl (2), v.i. [Dimin. from birr (q.v.). Both
belongs to the Onc-
gebyrd; from beran, beoran=to bear, produce,
gracece. There are BIROSTRA'TE FRUIT (Trapa
bring forth.
are imitated from the sound.]
In Sw. börd; Dut. geboorte;
two or three
1. To make a noise like a cart driving over
(N. H.) Ger. geburt; O. H. Ger. kapurt; Goth.
bicornis).
species known,
gabaurths; Gael, breith.]
stones, or mill-stones at work. It denotes a
natives of central and southern Europe, India, A. As substantive :
constant drilling sound.
China, and Japan. All are floating plants,
" The temper-pin she gi'es a tiri,
I. Ordinary Language:
with long, jointed root-stalks. The seeds of
An' spins but slow, yet seems to biri."
Morrison : Poems, P. 6.
1. Literally :
all abound in starch.
2. To move rapidly.
(1) The state of being brought forth.
“Now throngh the air the auld boy birla.".
bī-ros'-tri-tēş, s. [From Lat. pref. bi = two,
(0) In a general sense : With the foregoing
Davidson : Seasons, p. 39. (Jamieson.) rostrum = beak, and suffix -ites (Geol.) (q.v.).] meaning.
* bir-law, * bir-ley, * bur-law, * byr.-
Palceont.: A fossil genus founded by La-
(b) The time of being brought forth.
law, * byr-lay, s. [A corruption of boor;
marck. It was formerly believed to be a shell, " But thou art fair, and at thy birth, dear boy,,
Ger. bauer = a countryman, rustic; and Eng. but is now known to be a mould left loose
Nature and fortune join'd to make thee great.
Shakesp. : King John, iii. 1.
in the centre of the shell radiolites. [RADIO-
law.] Rustic law, local law or regulations.
LITES.] (S. P. Woodward.)
(c) Extraction, lineage. Spec., high extrac-
* birlaw court, * byrlaw court,
tion, high lineage.
* barley court, &c. Local courts chosen * bi-row-en, v.t. [From A.S. berowan = to
.. a inan raised by birth and fortune high above
by neighbours to decide disputes between row.] To row around. (Layamon, 20,128.) his fellows." —Macaulay : Hist. Eng. ch. xiv.
neighbour and neighbour.
(Stratmann.)
(d) Condition of things resulting from one's
ii. 191.)
boil, bóy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn -tion, -sion=shún; :-țion, -şion=zhŭn-tious, -sious, -cious = shús. -ble,.-dle, &c.=bel, del.

550
birth-biscuit
Used-
having been born. Consequences of birth in * bīr'-thịn, s. The same as BURDEN, s. (q.v.). | bî'-sa, bî'-za, s. [Pegu language.]
certain circumstances.
(Wycliffe, ed. Purvey, 2 Cor. iv, 17.)
1. Numis. : A coin of Pegu, value half a
“ High in his chariot then Halesus came,
ducat.
A foe by birth to Troy's unhappy naine."
* bīrth'-îng, pr. par. & s. [BERTH, v.]
Dryden.
(2) The act of bringing forth.
2. Weights & Meas. : A weight used in Pegu.
A. As pr. par. : In a sense corresponding to
that of the verb.
bi-să c'-cāte, a. [From Lat. bisaccum = a
“ And at her next birth, much like thee,
Through pangs fled to felicity." Milton.
B. As subst. Nautical : Anything added to double bag, saddle-bags; bi (pretix) = two,
(3) He, she, or that which is brought forth.
raise the sides of a ship. (Bailey.)
and saccus; Gr. Takkos (sakkos) = a sack, a
bag.] [SACK.)
bīrth'-less, a. [From Eng. birth, and suffix
Bot. : Having two little sacks, bags, or
(a) of the human race :
-less = without.] Without birth. (Scott.)
pouches. Example, the calyx of Matthiola, a
“That poets are far rarer births than kings,
Your noblest father prov'd." Ben Jonson bírth'-night (gh silent), s. & a. [Eng. birth;
genus of Cruciferous plants.
(6) of the inferior animals :
night. In Ger. geburtsnacht.]
Bỉs-cāy'-án, a. [From Biscay. See def.]
“Others hatch their eggs, and tend the birth, till it A. As substantive :
Pertaining to Biscay, one of three Basque pro-
is able to shift for itself."- Addison.
1. The night on which one was born.
vinces in the north of Spain.
(c) Of plants :
“The vallies smile, and with their flow'ry face,
"And of the angelic song in Bethlehem field,
On thy birth-night, that sung Thee Saviour born."
Biscayan forge, s. A furnace in which
And wealthy births, confess the flood's embrace."
Milton : P. R, bk. iv. malleable iron is obtained directly from the
Blackmore.
2. Figuratively: Used-
2. The anniversary of that night in future ore. It is called also a Catalan furnace.
(1) Of anything in nature coming into exist-
years, or the evening or night kept in honour [CATALAN.]
of the birthday.
ence :
* bi-scha-dwe, v.t. The same as BESHADE
“No kindly showers fall on our barren earth,
B. As udjective: Pertaining to the evening
To hatch the seasons in a timely birth."
(q.v.). (Seven Sages.)
or night kept as the anniversary of one's birth.
Dryden.
(2) In a spiritual sense. [See II.)
"A youth more glittring than a birthnight beau." * bì-sche'd-ěn, v.t. [From A.S. (bi)sceadan =
Pope : Rape of the Lock, i. 23. to sprinkle.] To shed on. (Wycliffe : 4 Kings,
II. Theology. New birth : Regeneration.
bírth'-plāce, s. [Eng. birth; place. In Dut. viii.)
B. As adjective: Of, belonging to, arising
geboorte-plaatz.] The place at which one was
from, or in any way connected with the time
* bì-schine, * bi-schí-nen, vết. & 4. The
born.
when or the circumstances in which one has
same as BESHINE (q. v.) (Ormul., 18,851.)
“... the mother-city of Rome, and birthpiace of
been born. [See the compounds which follow.] his parent Ilia."--Lewis : Astron. of the Ancients.
bỉ-schof-īte, s. [Named after the celebrated
It is sometimes used of plants.
birth-hour, s. & a.
geological chemist, Dr. Gustav Bischof.] A
“How gracefully that tender shrub looks forth
A. As subst. : The hour in which one is born.
inineral, called also Plumboresinite (q.v.).
From its fantastic birthplace.”
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. iii.
B. As adj. : Pertaining to that hour..
(Brit. Mus. Cat.)
I
A birth-hour blot. A blot or blemish on
bîrth'-rīght, s. [Eng birth; right. In Dut. * bỉs'ch-op, s. [BISHOP.]
the body at birth.
geboorterecht; Ger. geburtsrecht.] The rights
“The blemish that will never be forgot;
or privileges which one acquires in virtue of
* bi-schrewe, * bi-schrew-en, v.t. The
Worse than a slavish wipe, or birth-hour's blot."
his or her birth. Used-
same as BESHREW (q.v.). (Chaucer : C. T.,
Shakesp.: Tarquin and Lucrece.
1. Specially: Of the privileges thus acquired
6,427.)
birth-mark, S. A mark or blemish
by a first-born son.
* bi-schut-en, * bi-schut-ten (pret. bi-
fornied on the body at birth.
“In bonds retained his birthright liberty."
schet; pa. par. bischet), v.t. [The same as
“It reappears once more,
Dryden: To John Driden, Esq.
BESHUT.] To shut up. (Piers Plowm., ii. 189.)
As a birth-mark on the forehead."
2. In a more general sense : Anything ac-
Longfellow: Golden Legend, ii. quired by birth, even though it is often hard * bis'-cóct, s. [Biscuit.]
birth-pang, s. The pains of child-birth. ship rather than ease and privilege.
(Carlyle : Sartor Res., bk. ii., c. viii.)
“Who to your dull society are born,
bỉs'-cot-în, s. [Fr. biscotin = a small biscuit
And with their humble birthright rest content."
easily broken; from Ital. biscotino, dimin. of
birth-sin, s.
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. v.
biscotto.] [Biscuit.] Sweet biscuit; a con-
Theol.: Original sin. [ORIGINAL.]
* birth'-tide, s. [Eng, birth, and tide = time,
fection made of flour, sugar, marmalade, and
season, death.] The time or season of one's eggs.
birth-song, . A song sung at one's
birth.
birth. Spec., that sung by the heavenly choir
bis'-cuït, * bis'-kět, * bỏs'-cŭte, * bys-
" No ominous star did at thy birth-tide shine.”
at the birth of the Saviour. (Luke ii. 13, 14.)
Drayton : Dudley to Lady Jane Grey.
quyte, * bỉs-coct', S. & a. [From Fr.
“An host of heavenly quiristers do sing
biscuit; bis = twice, and cuit = cooked,
A joyful birth-song to heaven's late-born king."
birth'-wört, s. [From Eng. birth, and wort
baked, pa. par. of cuire=to cook. In Sw.
Fitz-geffry: Blessed Birthduy (1634), p. 45. = A.S. wyrt =a vegetable, a plant. See def.]
bisqvit; Dut. beschuit ; Ger. biskuit; Prov.
birth-strangled, a. Strangled at birth. Botany :
bescueg, bescueit; Catalan bescuyt; Sp. biz-
"Finger of birth-strangled babe.”
1. Singular: The English name of the plant cócho; Port. biscouto, biscoito ; Ital. biscotto;
Shakesp. : Macbeth, iv. 1.
genus Aristolochia. Both the scientific and
from Lat. bis = twice, and coctus = cooked,
* bírth (2), s. [BERTH.]”.
the English names arose from the belief that baked, pa. par. of coquo= to cook, to bake.]
* bírth (3), * byrth, s. [BURDEN.] (Scotch.)
the species are of use as a medicine in child A. As substantive :
birth. [ARISTOLOCHIA.]
I. Ordinary Language:
* bírth, v.t. [BERTH.]
2. Plural. Birthworts: The English name 1. Gen.: Thin flour-cake which has been
bírth'-dāy, s. & a. [Eng. birth; day.]
of the order of plants called Aristolochiaceae
baked in the oven until it is highly dried.
(4.v.).
A. As substantive :
There are many kinds of biscuits, but the
* bis, a. [Fr. bis = brown, tawny, swarthy.]
basis of all is flour mixed with water or milk.
1. More literally:
In fancy biscuits sugar, butter, and flavouring
(1) The day on which one was born.
A pale, blackish colour. [Bice, BISTRE.]
ingredients are used. Plain biscuits are more
“In Westmynstere he lis toumbed richely
(2) Its anniversary.
In a marble bis of him is mad story."
nutritious than an equal weight of bread, but
“ This is my birthday; as this very day
Langtoft, p. 230. (Boucher.) owing to their hardness and dryness, they
Was Cassius born.
should be more thoroughly masticated to en-
Shakesp.: Julius Cæsar, v. 1.
bis, adv., and in compos.
sure their easy digestion. When exposed to
2. More fig.: Origin, commencement.
A. As an independent word :
moisture, biscuits are apt to lose their brittle-
“Those barbarous ages past, succeeded next
Music : Twice.
ness and become mouldy, hence it is necessary
The birthday of Invention"
1. A direction that the passage over which to keep them in a dry atmosphere. Digestive
Cowper : The Task, bk. i.
it is placed, the extent of which is generally biscuits consist almost entirely of bran. Char-
B. As adjective: Pertaining to the day on
marked by a slur, is to be performed twice. coal biscuits contain about ten per cent. of
which one was born, or to its anniversary.
The insertion of the word bis is generally limi powdered vegetable charcoal. Meat biscuits,
“Your country dames,
ted to short passages; in the case of longer ones
which are said to be very nutritious, contain
Whose cloaths returning birthday claims."
Prior. marks of repeat are substituted. [REPEAT.] either extract of meat, or lean meat which has
* bîrth'-dom, s. [Eng. birth, and suffix -dom
2. Again, an encore, a calling for a repeti-
been dried and ground to a fine powder.
Ground roasted biscuits are sometimes used
tion of the performance. (Stainer & Barrett.)
= dominion, Jordship; as in kingdom, Christ-
to adulterate coffee.
endom.] Privileges or advantages of birth.
B. In compos. [Lat. bis=twice, for duis (as
"In Greece there is no biscoct ..."-Lodge: Illustr.
“... like good men,
bellum stands for duellum); from duo= two ;
Brit. Hist., i. 169. (Richardson.)
Bestride our downfaln birthdom."
Gr. Sís (dis) = twice ; dúo (duo)= two; Sansc. “Many have been cured of dropsies by abstinence
Shakesp. : Macbeth, iv. 3. dvis=twice; dvi = two. The English word from drinks, eating dry biscuit, which creates no
* bîr'th-el-trê, s. [O. E. birthel = fruit-bear-
thirst, and strong frictions four or five times a day."-
twice is cognate with bis. (TWICE.) Bis occurs
Arbuthnot on Diet.
ing, from A.S. beorth = birth, and treow = a
in composition in a few words, as bissextile.
2. Spec. : A kind of hard dry bread made to
tree.] A fruit-bearing tree.
In the form bi, contracted from bis, it is a
be used at sea. When designed for long
“Ilk gres, ilc wurt, ilc birthheltre."
prefix in many English words, and especially
voyages it is baked four times. The word
Story of Gen. & Exod., 119.
in scientific terms, as bidentate, bipinnate, &c.
biscuit is generally used in the singular as a
* bîr'-thěn, v.i. [From A.S. (ed]byrdan.] To
bis coctus. [Latin.) Twice cooked.
noun of multitude.
be born.
bis unca, s. [Lat. bis = twice; unca,
"All the bakers of Rotterdam toiled day and night
"Quether here sulde birthen bi-foren.”
to make biscuit.”—Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. ix.
Low Lat., in place of Class. Lat. Uncus = a
Story of Gen. & E.cod., 1471.
II. Technically:
hook.] A semiquaver (N), or note with two
* bîr'-thěn, s. [BURDEN.) (Rom. of the Rose.) | hooks.
1. Porcelain-making : Articles of pottery
moulded and baked in an oven, preparatory to
* bírth'-ie, a. [Eng. birth ; suff. -ie.] Produc- | * bis, s. [The same as BISSYN (q.v.).] (Speci the glazing and burning. In the biscuit form,
tive; prolific. (Scotch.) (Law of Merchants.) mens of Lyric Poetry, ed. Wright). (Stratmann.) | pottery is bibulous, but the glaze sinks into
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hếr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sîr, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; try, Sýrian. æ, o=ē; ey=ā. qu=kw.

biscutate-bishop
551
the pores and fuses in the kiln, forming a
vitreous coating to the ware.
2. Sculp. : The unglazed material described
under No. 1. (Used for making statuettes
and ornaments, for which it is well adapted
from its soft tone and from the absence of glaze
upon its surface.)
B. As adjective: Pertaining to the article of
food described under No. 1, or to the porce-
lain mentioned in No. 2.
biscuit-making, s. The art or opera-
tion of making biscuits.
Biscuit-making Machine: A machine for
making biscuits. In such a machine, in use
at the Portsmouth Navy Victualling Esta-
blishment, flour and water are mixed by the
revolution of two sets of knives. The dough
is then operated upon first by a breaking roller
and then by a traversing roller, and cut nearly
through by a cutting-frame, after which a
workman transfers the whole mass to an
oven.
bī-scu'-tāte, a. [From Lat. prefix bi = two,
and Eng. scutate ; or Lat. scutatus = armed
with a scutum or oblong shield.] [SCUTATE.]
Bot.: Resembling two bucklers placed side
by side. Example, the silicula (short fruit) of
biscutella (q.v.).
bī-scụ-těl'-lą, s. [From Lat. pref. bi = two,
and scutella = a salver nearly square in form,
dimin. of scutra = a flat tray or dish. Or
from Low Latin scutella, dimin. of scutum =
an oblong shield. The allusion is to the form
of the seed-vessel when bursting.)
Bot. Buckler Mustard : A genus of Cruci-
ferous plants. The species, which are from
Southern Europe, have small bright yellow
flowers.
bis'-dī-a-pā-son, s. [Lat. bis, and diapason
(q.v.). ] The interval of a double octave, or
fifteenth. (Stainer & Barrett.)
* bi-sé, * bi-sen, * bi-se-on (pret. bisay), v.t.
[A.S. biseon = to look about, see, behold.]
[BESEE.]
1. To see, to look. (Wycliffe, ed. Purvey,
Matt. xxvii. 5.)
2. To provide.
"Quat abraham, god sal bi-sen
Quor of the ofrende sal ben."
Story of Gen. & Exod., 1,313-4.
3. To ordain.
“Quan god haueth it so bi-sen."
Story of Gen. & Exod., 1,411.
4. To govern ; to direct.
“And bad him al his lond bi-sen."
Story of Gen. & Exod., 2,141.
bīse (1), s. [BICE.] (Bacon : Nat. Hist., Cent.
iii., § 291.)
bîşe (2), s. [Fr. bise : Prov. bisa, biza ; Swiss
bise, beise ; H. Ger. bisa, pisa; Bas-breton
biz.) A cold north wind prevailing on the
northern shore of the Mediterranean. It is
nearly identical with the mistral (q.v.) (Lan-
dor.)
“When on this supervenes the fierce north wind,
known as the bise, Lake Leman becomes a inimic sea.
-Times, May 18, 1880.
* bi-sêẸhe, * bi-sê-khăn, .t. [BESEECH.]
(Chaucer : C. T., 12,567.)
bī-sect', v.t. [From Lat. bi = two, and sectum,
supine of seco = to cut.] To divide into two
parts.
1. Gen. Phys. Science, &c. : To divide into
two parts, it not being necessarily indicated
that these are equal to each other.
"... the production of two distinct creatures by
bisecting a single one with a knife, or where Nature
herself performs the task of bisection." — Darwin :
Voyage round the World, ch. ix. .
2. Spec. Geom., Mathematical Geog., &c. : To
divide into two equal parts.
“The rational horison bisecteth the globe into two
equal parts."-Browne: Vulgar Errours.
“To bisect a given rectilineal angle, that is, to divide
it into two equal angles."-Euclid, i. 9.
bī-sěc'-těd, pa. par. & a. [BISECT.]
bī-sect-ing, pr. par. & d. [BISECT.]
bisecting dividers. Proportional di-
viders whose legs are permanently pivoted at
one third of their length from the shorter end,
so that the distance between the two points
at that end, when the dividers are opened, is
just one half that measured by the longer
legs.
bisecting-gauge, s. A gauge for marking
a median line along a bar. The bar has two
cheeks, one adjustable. The ends of the
toggle-bar connect to the respective cheeks,
and at the pivot of the toggle is a pencil or
scribe-awl which marks a median line between
the facing sides of the two cheeks.
bī-sēc'-tion, s. [In Fr. bissection. From Lat.
pretix bi = two, and sectio = a cutting. ]
1. Gen. Phys. Science, &c. : The division of
anything into two parts, whether equal or un-
equal. (See example under BISECT.]
2. Spec. Geom., &c. : The division of a ma-
thematical line, surface, solid, or angle, into
two equal parts.
bī-sěc'-trix, s. [From Lat. prefix bi = two,
and sectrix, used to mean that which cuts, but
in Class. Lat. it signifies one who purchases
confiscated goods.]
Min., Crystallog., Optics, &c. : The line which,
in biaxial polarisation, bisects the angle be-
tween the two axes of polarisation.
* bì-sêg'e, v.t. The same as BESIEGE.
bī-seg'-měnt, s. [From Lat. prefix bi = two,
and segmentum = a cutting, a piece cut off, a
zone of the earth ; seco = to cut.] One of the
two segments of a bisected line.
* bi-sêke, * bi-sê-ken, a.t. [BESEECH.]
(Rom. of the Rose.) (Story of Gen. & Exod.,
2,492.)
* bi-seme, v.i. & t. The same as BESEEM (q.v.).
* bis'-ěn, v.t. [BISE, v.]
* bis'-ěn, * bis -ěne, a. [Bisson.]
* bis'-ěn, * bis'-ně, s. [A.S. bysen ; O. Icel.
bysn.] An example.
* bi-sănºde, * bi-văn-dến (pret. b.sende),
v.t. [A.S. bisendan = to send.] To send to.
(Rob. Glouc., 491, 5.)
* bi-se'n-gen, * bě-zen'ġe, v.t. [From A.S.
besengan, besencan = to singe, to burn.] To
singe. (Ayenb., 230.)
* bi-văn-hăn, * bi-văn-chén, 0.. [From
A.S. bisencan = to sink.] To dip, to plunge.
bī-së'r-1-al, a. [Lat. biserialis; from prefix
bi=two, and series= a row, succession, series ;
from sero, pret. serui = to put in a row, to
connect.]
Bot. : In two rows.
bī-sěr'-rāte, a. [From Lat. prefix bi = two,
and serratus = saw-shaped ; serro = to saw.]
Bot. : The term applied to leaves or any
other portions of a plant which are doubly
serrated, that is, which have serrations and
those again themselves serrated.
* bì-sě't, v.t. [BESET.] (Chaucer : C. T., 3,014.)
bī-sē-töşe', a. [From Lat. prefix bi= two,
and setosus = bristly; from seta = a bristle.]
Having two bristles ; bisetous.
+ bī-sē-tous, a. (Lat. prefix bi, and Eng.
setous ; from Lat. seta = a bristle. Comp.
biseta = a sow whose bristles from the neck
backwards are disposed in two folds or r'ows.]
Having two bristles. (Brande.)
t bi-sếtt'e, .t. [BESET.] (Chaucer: C. T.,
281.)
+ bī-sěx'-ods, n. [Lat. prefix bi=two, and
sexus = sex.] Of two sexes.
| The more common word is bisexual (q.v.).
bī-sex-ų-al, a. (Lat. prefix bi=two, and
sexualis = pertaining to sex; from sexus =
sex.] Of two sexes. (Brande.)
bỉsh'-op, * bissh-op, * bissch-ope,
*bisch-op, s. & a. [A.S. bisceop, biscop;
Icel. & Pol. biskup; Sw. biskof; Dan. biskop,
bisp : Dut. bischop; (N. H.) Ger. bischof:
0. H. Ger. piscof; Goth. aipiskaupus; Russ.
episcopy ; Wel. asgob ; Fr. évêque; Prov.
bisbe, vesque, evesque ; Sp. obispo; Port. bispo;
Ital. vescovo; Lat. episcopus, Gr. &mío KOTOS
(episkopos), as s. = (1) an overseer, a guardian,
(a) (in Education) a tutor, a watcher, (b) an
Athenian intendant, (c) an ecclesiastical super-
intendent, in the apostolic age=mpeoBÚTepos
(presbuteros) (N. T.), but afterwards a bishop ;
(2) a scout, a watch; as adj. &tio Kotos (episkopos)
= watching over : êtri (epi) = upon,... over;
OKOTÓS (skopos) = one who watches ; okérttoual
(skeptomai)= to look about, to look carefully.]
(Liddell & Scott.)
A. As substantive :
I. Of persons :
1. New Testament :
* (1) A chief priest among the Jews.
"For he wiste that the hiyeste prestis hadden takun
hym by enuye. But the bischopis stireden the puple
that he schulde rather leeue to hem Barabas..."
Wycliffe (ed. Purvey): Mark xv. 10, 11.
(2) An ecclesiastical functionary in the
apostolical churches. There was a plurality
of such officers in that at Philippi, their
associates in government being deacouis, while
the “saints,” or ordinary Christian members,
are mentioned before both (Phil. i. 1). The
same officers in the church at Miletus,
termed in our version of the N. T. “over-
seers,” are identical with the “elders” of
the same ecclesiastical community. [See
etymology.] “And from Miletus he sent
to Ephesus and called the elders [topeofu-
Tépovs (presbuterous)] of the Church, and ...
said, ... Take heed, therefore, unto your-
selves, and to all the flock over the which the
Holy Ghost hath made you [ÈTTLO KOTOUS (epis-
kopous)] overseers.” Or the word might have
been rendered, as in other places, “bishops.”
The term peoßutépos (presbuteros) was bor-
rowed from the synagogue [ELDER, PRESBY-
TEP]; etymologically it implied that, as a
rule, the person so designated was pretty
well advanced in life, whilst etOKOTTOS (episko-
pos), borrowed from the polity of the Grecian
States, pointed to the duty incumbent on him
of overseeing the church. The qualifications
of a New Testament bishop are given at length
by St. Paul (1 Tim. iii. 1-7; Titus i. 7-9),
the only other Christian functionary men-
tioned with him being still the deacon (1 Tim.
iii. 8—13.)
2. Fig.: Christ viewed as the overseer or
spiritual director of the souls of Christians,
and as guiding them as a shepherd does his
flock.
“For ye were as sheep going astray; but are now
returned unto the shepherd and bishop of your souls."
-1 Pet. ii. 25.
II. Church History:
1. Post-apostolic period : A church function-
ary superior to, and ruling over, the elders or
presbyters. Parity among a body of men
may exist theoretically, but it cannot in
practice be realised. At the deliberations
held by the presbyters of Philippi, of Miletus,
or other Christian churches, in all probability
one of their number was voted into the
chair. Times of persecution bring the strongest
to the front, and that strong man would, at
nearly every crisis, preside over his fellows.
He would become their natural leader, and
after a time their actual ruler. A distinctive
appellation was required to discriminate him
from his colleagues, and gradually he mono-
polised the term ério KOOS (episkopos) = over-
seer or bishop, leaving the humbler desig-
nation of peoBútepol (presbuteroi)= presbyters
or elders, to his former equals. Such evan-
gelists as Timothy and Titus also exercised
functions in many respects identical with
those of an episcopate (1 Tim. i. 3; iii. 1; v.
17, 19, 20, 22; 2 Tim. i. 6; ii. 2, 14; iv. 2,
5 ; Titus i. 5–13; ii. 15.) Finally, the pastor
of a church which had a series of village
churches to which it had given birth around
it, would naturally become overseer of those
in charge of these smaller congregations. All
these influences tended in favour of episcopacy,
which Dr. Lightfoot, now Bishop of Durham,
believes to have arisen first in the Jewish
Churches, whence between 70 and 100 A.D. it
spread to those of Gentile origin, while an
inquirer of a totally different school of thought
dates the change between 120 and 130. In
the writings of Clement, one of the “Apostolic
Fathers, the presbyter and bishop are still
the same. Polycarp and Hermas speak less
decidedly. Ignatius was once studded with
passages extolling the episcopate. Most of
these have since been discovered to be inter-
polations, and even the few that remain are
not free from suspicion. Omitting various
Christian fathers, and proceeding at once to
the middle of the third century, the writings
of Cyprian, who filled the see of Carthage from
A.D. 248 to 258, are full of passages exalting
the bishop high over the presbyter, the posi-
tion claimed for the former being that of
. successor of the apostles. The views of
boll, boy; pout, jówl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn, -tion, -sion = shăn; -ţion, -şion=zhủn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, del.

552
bishop-bismare
Cyprian became those of the church in general.
[For further developments see ARCHBISHOP,
CARDINAL, POPE.]
2. More modern times, specially in England :
A spiritual overseer ranking beneath an arch-
bishop, and above the priests or presbyters
and deacons of his diocese, but his jurisdiction
is territorial, not personal. Before a bishop
can be consecrated he must be thirty years of
age. The Established Church of England is
episcopal, and of its bishops twenty-four sit
in the House of Lords. They are technically
called “lords spiritual,” but are not con-
sidered “peers of the realm ;” they are only
“lords of parliament," nor is their dignity
hereditary. They rank in precedence below
viscounts and above barons. Their style is
the Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of --
and they are addressed as My Lord. Among
the spiritual duties which they discharge are
the confirmation of young people prior to their
partaking of the communion, the ordination
of priests and deacons, the consecration of
churches and of burial-grounds, the institu-
tion or collation to vacant churches, with a
general superintendence of morals and doc-
trine of the clergy belonging to their respec-
tive dioceses, besides taking part with their
brethren in the consecration of other bishops.
For the method of episcopal election see congé
d'élire. The Church of Rome, the Greek
Church, and the Eastern Churches generally,
are under bishops. An immense majority
of Christians throughout the world regard
diocesan episcopacy as of divine institu-
tion; and inany, attaching high importance
to what is termed apostolic succession (q.v.),
unchurch any Christian community which re-
fuses to place itself under episcopal supervi-
sion, and deny that the orders of any minister
are valid who has not been ordained by a
bishop. [BISHOPRIC.]
"It is a fact now generally recognised by theologians
of all shades of opinion that in the language of the
New Testament the same officer in the church is called
indifferently 'bishop,' êtíOKOTOS (episkopos) and
‘elder' or 'presbyter' (trpeoputepos).”—Lightfoot :
Hulsean Prof. of Divinity, Trin. Coi., Cambridge, now
Bishop of Durham (St. Paul's Epis. to the Philippians,
1868), p. 93.
| Suffragan Bishop. [SUFFRAGAN.]
III. Of things :
1. A name for any of the small beetles
popularly called Lady-birds, and by entomolo-
gists placed in the genus Coccinella. [COCCI-
NELLA, LADY-BIRD.]
2. A cant word for a mixture of wine,
oranges and sugar.
“Fine oranges
Well roasted, with sugar and wine in a cup,
They'll make a sweet bishop, when gentlefolks sup."
Swift.
3. A pad or cushion which used to be worn
by ladies upon their waist behind; it was
placed beneath the skirts, to which it was
designed to give prominence; a bustle, a
tournure.
4. One of the pieces in the game of chess.
[CHESS.]
B. As adjective: Pertaining to the Christian
functionary described under A.
bishop's bible. (See VERSION (1).]
bishop-leaves, bishop's leaves, S.
[So called either because some bishop first
pointed out the medical use of the plant so
designated or because the highest flowers were
thought to resemble an episcopal mitre.] A
plant, the Water Figwort (Scrophularia aqua-
tica).
bishop's foot, s. The foot of a bishop. rics, there are ten bishoprics. In the Scottish
(Lit. & fiy.)
Episcopal Church there are seven. Connected
The bishop's foot has been in the broth : The with the Church of England in the colonies,
broth is singed. (Tyndale.) (Scotch.) Simi-
including India, there are sixty sees, besides
larly in the north of England when milk is at least eight in foreign parts. Within the
“burnt-to” in boiling it, the people say,
British Islands, besides a certain number of
“The bishop has set his foot in it." (Jamieson.) archbishopries, the Roman Catholic Church
The exact origin of the phrase is doubtful.
counts thirteen bishoprics in England, four
in Scotland, and twenty-four in Ireland. It
bishop's leaves, s. [BISHOP-LEAVES.] has sixty-eight more in other parts of the
bishop's length, s.
British Empire.
Painting : Canvas measuring 58 inches by
"The annexation to bishoprics of high political
power and large landed possessions."-Pictorial Hist.
94. (Ogilvie.)
Eng., i. 558.
Half Bishop's length: Half bishop canvas,
Crabb thus distinguishes between bishopric
measuring 45 inches by 56. (Ogilvie.)
and diocese :-“Both these words describe the
bishop's weed, s. [BISHOP-WEED.]
extent of an episcopal jurisdiction; the first
with relation to the person who officiates, the
bish'-op, v.t. [From bishop, s. (q.v.).]
second with relation to the charge. There
1. Ord. Lang. : To admit into the Church
may, therefore, be a bishopric, either where
there are many dioceses or no diocese ; but
by the rite of confirmation administered by a
bishop.
according to the import of the term, there is
properly no diocese where there is not a
"They are prophane, imperfect, oh! too bad,
Except confirm'd and bishoped by thee."-Donne.
bishopric. When the jurisdiction is merely
2. Farriery & Horse-dealing : To use arts
tituiar, as in countries where the catholic
to make an old horse look like a young
religion is not recognised, it is a bishopric, but
one, or an inferior horse one of a superior
not a diocese. On the other hand, the bishopric
type.
of Rome or that of an archbishop, compre-
hends all the dioceses of the subordinate
* bỉsh'--op-dom, s. [From Eng. bishon, and bishops.” (Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
suff. -dom = the jurisdiction.] The jurisdic-
tion of a bishop; a bishopric.
bỉsh'-ops-wõrt, s. [Eng. bishop's; wort.]
“See the frowardness of this man, he would per-
The name of two plants.
suade us that the succession and divine right of 1. The Betony (Stachys Betonica, Benthamı).
bishopdoin hath bin unquestionable through all ages."
- Milton : Animad. upon Rem. Def.
2. A ranunculaceous plant, Nigella damas-
cena, perhaps because the carpels look like a
bỉsh-oped, pa. par. & d. [BISHOP, v.]
mitre. (Britten and Holland.)
bish'-op-ing, * bish-op-ping, pr. par. & * bi-si'-dis, prep. & adv. The same as BESIDE
S. [BISHOP, v.]
(q.v.). (Wycliffe, ed. Purvey, Matt. xiii. 1.)
A. As present participle : In a sense corre-
sponding to that of the verb.
* bỉs'-ỉe, * bis'-ĩ, a. [Busy.] (Rom. of the
B. As substantive : Confirmation.
Rose.)
“That they call confirmacion ye people call bishop- | * bis'-1-1ỹ, * bis'-1-lì, adv. (BUSILY.] (Rom.
ping."-Sir Ť. More: Works, p. 378.
of the Rose.) (Wycliffe, ed. Purvey, 1 Pet. I. 22.)
* bỉsh'-op-lý, a. & adv. [Eng. bishop ; -ly.]
A. As adjective : Like a bishop; in any way
* bì-sĩn'-ken, v.t. [A.S. besincan, besencan =
pertaining to a bishop.
to sink.] Tó sink. (Cockayne. Hall: Mer-
"... and according to his bishoply office, ..."-M.
denhad, A.D. about 1200.)
Hardinge: Jewell, p. 507. (Richardson.)
* bi-sitºte, * bi-sit-ten, ... [A.S. besittum
Now EPISCOPAL has taken its place.
= to sit round, to besiege.] To sit. (Langland,
B. As adverb: After the manner of a bishop. ii. 110.)
bish'-op-ric, * bīsh'-op-rîck, * bỉsh-óp- | bī-sữl'-i-quoús (qu as kw), a. [From Lat.
riche, * býsch'-op-ryche, * bissh-op-| prefix bi = two, and siliqua (q.v.), with suffix
ricke (Eng.), * bishʻ-op-rý, * bỏssh -Ous.]
op-er-ike (0. Scotch), s. [A.S. bisceoprice;
Bot. : Having two siliquas.
from bisceop, and rice = (1) power, domain, * bysks. v. t. Etymology doubtful.1 To rub
(2) region, country, kingdom.]
over with an inky brush. (0. Scotch.)
1. The office of an apostle ; an apostolate.
“... to be bisk'd, as I think the word is, that is, to
"For it is written in the book of Psalms, Let his be rub'd over with an inky brush."- Edm. Calamy:
habitation be desolate, and let no man dwell therein : Ministers, &c., Ejected, p 581. (J. H. in Boucher.)
and his bishoprick let another take.”- Acts i. 20.
The word in Gr. is êT LOKOTTN (episkopēn).
* bisk, s. [In Fr. bisque. Littré considers the
The quotation is from Psalm cix. 8, where in
etymology unknown, Mahn suggests bis-cocta
the Septuagint exactly the same Greek word
=twice-cooked.] [BISCUIT.)
is used, correctly rendered in our version 1. Soup made by boiling together several
of the Psalms “ office."
kinds of flesh.
2. The diocese or see of a bishop, the terri-
"A prince, who in a forest rides astray,
And, weary, to some cottage finds the way,
tory over which the jurisdiction of a bishop
Talks of no pyramids, or fowls, or bisks of fish,
extends. Many of the English bishoprics date But hungry sups his cream, serv'd up in earthen
back to Anglo-Saxon times. Besides the two
dish.”
King.
Archbishoprics of Canterbury and York, the 2. Tennis-playing, Croquet, &c. : A stroke
following thirteen English sees were in exist allowed to the weaker party to equalise the
ence prior to the Norman Conquest: London, players.
Winchester, Chichester, Rochester, Salisbury,
Bath and Wells, Exeter, Worcester, Hereford,
* bisk-et (1), s. [BRISKET.] (0. Scotch.)
Coventry and Lichfield, Lincoln, Norwich and
* bisk-et (2), s. [BISCUIT.]
Durham. So were the Bishopric of Man (com-
bined with that of Sodor, probably the He * bì-slăb’-ěr-ěd, * bì-slõb’-red, pa. par.
brides, about 1113) and the four Welsh [BISLABREN.]
bishoprics of St. Davids, Bangor, St. Asaph,
and Llandaff. Of these St. Davids was once an * bì-slăb'-rěn, v.t. [In L. Ger. beslabern.]
archbishopric. Since then the following Eng The saine as BESLOBBER (q.v.).
lish sees have been created : Ely (A.D. 1109),
Carlisle (1133), Oxford (1541), Peterborough
* bịşm, * bisme, * bysyme, * bisne,
(1541), Gloucester (1541), Bristol (1541) (the * bisine, s. [Contracted from Eng. abysm
two last since united), Chester (1541), Ripon (q.v.)] An abyss, a gulf. (O. Scotch.)
(1836), Manchester (1838), St. Albans and “Depe vnto hellis flude of Acheroni,
Truro (1877), and Liverpool (1880). Of all the
With holl bisme, and hidduous swelth unrude."
Doug.: Virgil, 173, 37. (Jamieson.)
English sees London, Durham, and Winches-
ter are held to rank highest, and their occu * bis-märe, * bis-mer, * bis-mar, * bis-
pants have always seats in the House of mere, * bise-mare, * bus - mare,
Lords. The Bishop of Sodor and Man, the
* bisse-marre, S. (A.S. bismer, bismor,
lowest in point of dignity, never has this
bysmer, bysmor = filthiness, reproach, con-
privilege ; nor do the four bishops who are
tumely; from bi, and smeer = fat (?). (Bos-
juniors in point of standing possess it, only
worth.) In O. H. & O. L. Ger. bismer.]
twenty-four bishops being entitled to sit at
one time in the Upper House, and there
I. Of things : Abusive speech.
being in England twenty-nine sees. In the
“She was as digne as water in a diche,
And as full of hokir and of bismare."
Church of Ireland, besides two archbishop-
Chuucer : 0. T., 855, 856.
bishop-weed, bishop's weed, s. A
name given to two plants.
1. The Gout-weed (Ægopodium Podagraria,
L.)
2. An umbelliferous plant (Ammi majus, L.)
found wild on the continent of Europe, but
not in Britain.
bishop's cap, s. The English name of a
plant genus, Mitrella.
bishop's court, s.
Law : An ecclesiastical court held in the
cathedral of each diocese, the bishop's chan-
cellor acting as judge. If the diocese be large,
commissaries act for him in its remoter parts
for the settlement of such cases as may be
delegated to thein.
bishop's elder, s. A plant. Same as
BISHOP-WEED (1) (q.v.).
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sīr, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wºlf, work, whô, són; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cūr, rûle, füll; trý, Sýrian. æ, pe=ē. ey=ā. qu= kw.

bisme-bisoiled
563
II. Of persons:
curic sulphide Hgs. The solution is then suff. -id.] A mineral having bismuth as one
1. A bawd.
evaporated with sulphuric acid, the lead, if of the leading elements. (Dana, 3rd. ed., p. 26.)
“Douchter, for thy luf this man has grete diseis,
any, separates out as PbSO4, then ammonia
Quod the bismere with the slekit speche."
NH.H20 is added in excess, which precipi biş'-mŭth-īne, s. [Eng. bismuth; -ine.]
Doug.: Virgil, Prol. 97, 1. tates the bismuth as Bi''' (OH)3; the copper and Min. : Bismuthinite (q.v.).
2. A lewd woman, in general.
cadmium are in the solution. The salts of
"Get ane bismare ane barne, than al hyr blys gane is.” bismuth give a white precipitate with water if
bìş'-muth-in-īte, s. [Eng. bismuthin(e);-ite
Doug. : Virgil, 238, b. 27. (Jumieson.) NH3HCl ammonia chloride is first added to (Min.) (q.v.).]
* bisme, a. [The same as Bisson (q.v.).] Blind.
convert them into bismuth chloride, and they
Min. : An opaque orthorhombic mineral, in
give a yellow precipitate with K. CrO4, whicl.
"It cost thee nought, they say it comes by kind,
acicular crystals or massive foliated or fibrous.
As thou art bisme, so are thy actions blind."
is insoluble in KHO, but soluble in nitric acid.
The hardness is 2; the sp. gr., 6.4.-7.2 ; the
They are reduced on charcoal by the blowpipe-
lustre metallic, with a lead-grey streak and
flame, yielding a brittle metallic bead, and
* bis-mer-i-en, v.t. [From A.S. bismerian =
colour. Composition : sulphur, 18:19-19:61 ;
give a slight yellow incrustation of oxide.
to mock, to deride.) To mock, to insult.
bismuth, 74:55—80.96 or more. It occurs in
[BESMEAR.] [Ayenb., 22.]
2. Min. Bismuth, Native Bismuth: A sectile Cornwall and elsewhere. It is called also
and brittle mineral occurring in hexagonal Bismuthine, Bismutholamprite, Bismiuth-
crystals, or reticulated, arborescent, foliated, glance, and Sulphuret of Bismuth.
Chem. : Bi (C2H5)3 the same as Triethylbis-
or granular. The hardness is 2:25; the sp.
bìş-mŭth-o-lamp'-rīte, s. [From Eng.,
muthine. Bismethyl is obtained by the action
gr., 9.727 ; the lustre metallic, the streak and
of ethyl iodide on an alloy of bismuth and
colour of a specimen silvery-white with a &c. bismuth ; Gr. dauertpós (lampros) = bright,
brilliant, radiant; Eng. suff. -ite (Min.)(q. v.)]
potassium.
reddish tinge. Composition, bismuth 99.914,
It is a yellow, stinking liquid,
A mineral, called also Bismuthinite and Bis-
sp. gr., 1.82 ; it gives off vapours which take
with traces of tellurium and iron. It occurs,
with other metals, in veins in gneiss, clay-slate, muthite (q.v.).
fire in the air.
and other metamorphic rocks. It has been
bis-mil-lah, bìz-měl'-lah, interj. [Arab.]
bış'-mŭth-oŭs, a. [Eng. bismuth, and suff.
found in Britain in Cornwall, Devanshire,
In the name of God! a very conimon Moham-
Cumberland, and Stirlingshire. Abroad it -ous.] Belonging to bismuth.
medan exclamation or adjuration.
occurs in the silver and cobalt mines of
bismuthous chloride.
"Bismillah-'in the name of God ;' the commence Saxony, in Bohemia, in Norway, Sweden, and
Chem. : Bi'''C1z, also called Trichloride of
ment of all the chapters of the Koran but one, and of other places.
prayer and thanksgiving."-Byron : Giaour (note).
Bismuth. It is obtained by heating bismuth
3. Pharm. : Subnitrate of Bismuth, Carbon-
in chlorine gas, or by distilling the metal with
* bis-ming, * by-is-ming, * by-is-ning, ate of Bisinuth, and Oxide of Bismuth taken
twice its weight of mercuric chloride (HgCl2).
*býse-ning, * bys-ynt, a. [Etym. doubt-
internally act as sedatives on the stomach in
It is a white hygroscopic substance, melting
dyspepsia and chronic vomiting. They have at 230° and distilling at a higher temperature.
"And Pluto eik the fader of that se,
been also used in epilepsy and in the diar-
It is soluble in dilute HCl, and by the addition
• Reputtis that bisming belch hatefull to se."
rhæa attending phthisis. Preparations of
of water becomes turbid, Bi''OCI, a white
Doug. : Virgil, 217, 45. bismuth are sometimes employed externally
powder being formed, which is used as a pig.
as cosmetics, but when a sulphuretted gas
bịş'-mīte, s. [From Eng., &c. bismuth, and
ment called "pearl white."
acts upon them they blacken the face.
suflix -ite (Min.) (q.v.)
Acicular Bismuth is = Aikinite; Carbon-
bismuthous nitrate.
Min.: The same as Bismuth-ochre. It has ate of Bismuth = Bismuth Carbonate ; Cupre Chem. : Bi"''(NO3)3.5H.0. It is obtained by
been called also oxide of bismuth. It occurs ous Bismuth = (a) Aikinite, (6) Wittichenite;
dissolving the metal in nitric acid. It crystal-
massive and disseminated, pulverulent earthy,
Oxide of Bismuth = Bismite; Silicate of Bis-
lises in large transparent prisms. By pouring
or approaching to a foliated structure. The muth = Eulytite; Sulphuret of Bismuth = Bis-
a solution of this salt into a large quantity of
sp. gr. is 4:36; the lustre from adamantine to muthinite; Telluric Bismuth = Tetradymite.
water a white basic nitrate is precipitated.
earthy and dull; the colour greenish-yellow,
This is used in medicine under the name of
straw-yellow, or greyish-white. Composition,
bismuth-blende, s. [In Ger. wissmuth Bismuthi subnitras ; it acts as a direct seda-
oxygen, 10:35; bismuth, 89:65. It occurs in
blende.] Min. : Eulytine, or Eulytite (q.v.). tive on the mucous membrane of the stomach
Cornwall and abroad. (Dana.)
bismuth-carbonate, s. Min. : Bismu-
and intestines. It is given in irritant forms of
dyspepsia and chronic vomiting, also to check
*b7-smî'-ten, * bì-smit-těn, v.t. [From A.S.
diarrhoea. It is also largely used as a cosmetic,
besmitan. In 0. Dut. besmetten; O. H. Ger.
bismuth-glance, s. Min.: A mineral,
but it is blackened by sulphuretted hydrogen.
bismizzen, pismizan = to contaminate.] (Old called in the British Museum Catalogue
Eng. Hom., ed. Morris.) (Stratmann.)
Bismuthite, and by Dana Bismuthinite (q.v.).
bismuthous oxide.
Chem. : Bi''03., also called Bismuth Tri-
* bì-smit-těd, pa. par. [BISMITE.]
bismuth-nickel, s. Min.: Grünauite
(q.v.).
* bì-smoke, *bi-smo-ken, v.t. The same
of bismuth to low redness. It is a yellow
bismuth-ochre,s. Min. : Bismite (q.v.). insoluble powder. The white hydrate is ob-
as BESMOKE (q.v.). (Chaucer : Boethius, 49.)
bismuth-silicate, s. Min.: Eulytine
tained by precipitating a salt of bismuth by
*bi-smo-tér-ěn, v.t. The sarne as BESMUT
(q.v.).
an excess of ammonia.
(q.v.) (Chaucer: C. 1'., A. 76.)
bís'-mŭt-īte, bis'-mŭth-íte, s. [In Ger.
* bi-smud-det, pa. par. [M. L. Ger. mudde (q.v.).
bissmutit; from Ger., Eng., &c., bismuth, and
= mud.) To foul.
-ite (Min.) (q.v.).]
bismuth-sulphide, s. Min. : Bismuth-
“Bismuddet and bismurlet.”—Ancren Riwle, p. 214.
Min. : An opaque or subtranslucent mineral,
ite (q.v.).
occurring in minute acicular crystals or in-
biş'-mŭth, s. [In Dan., Fr., & Port. bismuth ;
bismuth-tellurium, s. Min.: Tetra crusting, or amorphous. The hardness varies
Sw. & Ital. bismutte; Mod. Lat. bismuthum, dymite (q.v.).
from 1.5 in earthy specimens to 4. or 45 in
vismuthum. From Ger. wissmuth; O. Ger. wese-
those which are more compact ; sp. gr. 6.9 to
7.7; lustre vitreous to dulī. It varies in hue,
1. Chem.: A triad metallic element, rarely
being white, green, yellow, and yellowish-
pentad At. Wt. 210.Symb. Bi''. Bismuth occurs
grey. Composition : Carbonic acid, 6.56 to
bìş-mŭth'-âur-īte, s. [From Eng., &c. bis-
native along with quartz, and is separated by
7:30; oxide of bismuth, 87.67 to 90 ; water,
av muth; Lat. aurum = gold; and suffix -ite
fusion; it is dissolved in nitric acid, and a
3:44 to 5:03. It occurs on the continent of
large quantity of water added, which precipi-
Europe and in America.
muthic gold, produced in furnaces. (Dana.)
tates basic bismuth nitrate; this is fused with
pure charcoal, which reduces it to the me-
* biş'-ně, a. [BISON, a.]
bîş’-mŭth-ic, a. [Eng. bismuth; -ic.] Of or
tallic state. Bismuth is a crystalline, hard,
belonging to bismuth.
* bişne, s. [BISEN, s.]
brittle, diamagnetic, reddish-white metal, sp.
gr. 9.9, melting at 264°C., and expanding on bismuthic-acid, s.
* bi-snêwed, pa. par. [BESNOW (q.v.).]
solidifying. It is permanent in the air, but Chem. : Bismuthic Oxide.
(Piers Plow., B. xv. 110.)
oxidises into Bi''202, at red-heat burning
with a blue flame. Powdered bismuth takes
bismuthic-cobalt, s.
* bis'-ni-ěn, v.t. [A.S. bysnian ; 0.Icel. bysna.]
fire in chlorine gas forming BiC1z. Bisinuth is Min.: A variety of Smaltine (q.v.). (Brit.
To typify. (Metrical Homilies, ed. Small.)
easily dissolved by nitric acid ; hydrochloric
Mus. Catal.)
* bi-socgt, * bi-sogte, pa. par. The same
acid has little action on it. Boiling sulphuric
bismuthic-gold, s.
as BESOUGHT (q.v.). (Story of Gen. & Exod.,
acid oxidises it with liberation of SO2. Bis-
muth is used to make fusible metal, an alloy
308, 3,693.)
Min.: Bismuthaurite.
of two parts bismuth, one of lead, and one of bismuthic-oxide, s.
* bi-soc-ne, * bi-sok-ne, s. [A. S. prefix bi-
tin ; it melts at 98°C. Bismuth forms a di-
Chen.: Bismuthic Oxide, called also Bis-
and soon = the searching of a matter, an in-
oxide Bi'',02, a trioxide Bi',O3, and a pent-
muthic Anhydride, Bismuth Pentoxide
quiry.] Petition, request.
oxide Bi,05. The so-called tetroxide Bi. O, is
"Ac thoru besokne of the king delaied it was yute."
Bi.,05. It is prepared by passing chlorine
said to be a compound of the last two oxides.
- Rob. Glouc., p. 495.
through a solution of potash holding Bi'",03
Bismuth forms one chloride Bi''C13 bismuthous
in suspension; the red precipitate is digested
* bi-sog'-ni-Ō. * bě-so'g-ni-o (g silent), S.
chloride (q.v.). Bismuth salts are precipitated
with strong nitric acid to remove any Bi.02. [From Ital. bisogno = want, necessity.] A
by H.S from an acid solution (see Analysis).
The bright red powder is bismuthic acid beggarly rascal. [BEZONIAN.)
They may be separated from the other metals of
HB103 ; this when heated to 120°C is con-
"... spurn'd by grooms like a base bisognio! thrust
that group thus : the precipitate of sulphides is
verted into Bi205, which is a dull red powder ;
out by th' head and shoulders."-old Pl., vi. 148.
washed, and then treated with (NH)HS ainmo-
(Boucher.)
when strongly heated it gives off oxygen, and
nium sulphide, which dissolves the sulphides
formas bismuth tetroxide or bismuthous bis- * bî-soil. * bi-su-li-en, v.t. [From A.S.
muthite Bi,O3Bi05.
bisolian, bi-sylian = to soil, stain.) To soil.
washed, and then boiled with nitric acid,
which dissolves all the sulphides except mer- | biş-mŭth-id, s. [Eng., &c., bismuth, and | * bì-sõlled, * bi-suiled, pa. par. [BISOIL.]
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph= f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhủn. -cious, -tious, -sious=shús. -ble, -dle, &c. =bel, del.

554
bison-bistro
*
* bī-şön, * bý'-son, * bịş-ne, * bēe'-şěn, *bi-spel, s. [A. S. bigspell, bespell = a parable, 1 + bis'-son, * bis-en, * bis-ene, * bēe-sen,
* bee-zěn, a. [From A.S. bisene = blind.] proverb, example ; big = of, by, or near, and
* bee-some, * by-some, * bîs'-mê,
Short-sighted ; half blind. [Bisson.]
spell, spel=history, relation, ... tidings. In
*bis'-nê, a. [A.S. bisene = blind.] [Bison, .]
"A dai thu art blind, other bisne.”—Hule & Nightin-
Ger. beispiel.] An example. (O. Eng. Hom., 12
gale, i, 243.
& 13 cent., ed. Morris.)
I. Literally:
1. Of persons : Half-blind.
bī'-són, bîş'-on (pl. bī'-sönş, bış'-onş, * bi-spêr-rěn, v.t. [A.S. bisparrian = to
"Quo made bisne and quo lockende ?"
* bī-son-tēş), s. [In Fr. bison ; Prov. bison, bespar, to shut.) To lock up.
Story of Gen. & Exod., 2,822.
bizon; Port. bisao ; Sp. & Ital. bisonte ; Lat.
2. Of things : Blinding.
bī'-spỉn-Ōse, a. [From Lat. prefix bi = two,
bison, genit. bisontis; Gr. Biowy (bison), gen.
“But who, oh! who hath seen the mobled queen
Blowvos (bisānos)=the Aurochs or=the Urus.
and spinosus = full of thorns or prickles ; Run barefoot up and down, threat'ning the flames
With bisson rheun ?"
(AUROCHS.]
spina = a thorn.]
Shakesp.: amlet, ii. 2.
Cf. A.S. wesent = a buffalo, a
II. Figuratively:
wild ox; urus bubalus (Bosworth); Icel. visun-
dur; O. L. Ger. bisundr; N. H. Ger. wisent;
* bi-spîtte, * bě-spête (pret. bispat, bi-
1. Of persons : Destitute of foresight.
O. H. Ger. wisent, wisant, wisunt.]
spatte), v.t. The same as BESPIT (q.v.). (Wy-
“What harm can your bisson conspectuities glean
I. Ord. Lang. : The name given to two
cliffe, Purvey, Mark x. 34; xiv. 65.) To spit out of this character ?"-Shakesp. : Coriolanus, ii. 1.
upon.
species of ruminating animals belonging to
* bîs-syn, v.t. [Byssyn.] (Prompt. Parv.)
the Ox family.
*bi-spot-ten, v.t. The same as BESPOT (q.v.).
1. The Aurochs. [II., 1 (Bison priscus).]
* bis'-sýn, s. (Lat. byssinus; from byssus; Gr.
(Chaucer, Boethius.) (Stratmann.)
Búrous (bussos) = a fine yellow flax brought
"Neither had the Greeks any experience of those
neat or buffles, called uri or bisontes."- Holland : * bì-sprê'inde, * bi-spreint, pa. par.. [BI-
from Egypt and India, or the linen made from
Pliny, pt. 2, p. 323. (Trench on Some Def. in our
it; Heb. 22 (bûts) = same meaning (1 Chron.
English Dict., note, p. 28.)
SPRENGE.] The same as BESPRINKLED (q.v.).
(Wycliffe, Purvey, Heb. ix. 19, &c.)
xv. 27).] 'Fine linen (lit. & fig.). [BIES, BIJS.]
It will be observed that the word bison at
“... that sche kyuere her with white vissyn schy-
first brought with it into the English lan- | * bi-sprên'ge, v.t. SA.S. bisprengan = to be-
nynge ; for whi bissyn is iustifyngis of seyntis."
guage its Lat. pl. bisontes. On becoming
sprinkle.] The same as BESPRINKLE (q.v.).
Wycliffe, Purvey: Apoc. xix. 8.
naturalised, however, it exchanged this for
* bi-städde, pa. par. [BESTEAD.] (Rom. of
bisons. (See the example under I., 1.]
bisque (que as l), s. [Contr. and altered
the Rose.)
2. An analogous species roaming over a
from biscuit (q.v.).]
great part of North America.
Porcelain Manufacture : The baked ceramic bi-stären, v.t. [A.S. vi, and startun = to
“Worn with the long day's march and the chase of the articles which are subsequently glazed and stare.] To stare at.
deer and the bison.
“The keiser bistarede hire."
Longfellow : Evangeline, ii. 4.
burned to form porcelain.
Legend St. Kath. (1200), (ed. Morton). (Stratmann).
II. Zool. & Palæont. : A genus of ruminants * bîs'-sarte, s. [BUZZARD.] (Scotch.)
belonging to the family Bovidæ (Oxen). They
* bi-stãy (pret. bistole), .t. [A.S. bestod, pa.
have proportionately a larger head than oxen, * bisse, s. [Bizz.] (Scotch.)
of bestandan = to stand by, to occupy.)
with a conical hump between the shoulders
1. To stand by.
and a shaggy mane. Two species are known.
* bis-sect', v.t. [BISECT.] (Glossog. Nova.)
2. To stay; as one is said to be storm-staid (?).
1. Bison priscus, sometimes called Bonasus * bis-sēc'-tion, s. [BISECTION.) (Glossog.
“Tristrem to Mark it seyd,
Bison, the European Bison. It is the Bó Nova.)
How stormes hem bistityd,
Til anker hem brast and are."
vasoos (Bonassos) or Bóvaoos (Bonasos) of
Aristotle, the Blow
Sir Tristrem, p. 40, st. 62. (Jamieson.)
* bis-sẽg-měnt, s. [BISEGMENT.) (Glossog.
(Bison) of Oppian, the
Bison jubatus, and the Bondsus of Pliny, the Nova.)
* bì-stêd', pa. par. (BESTEAD.]
Bos bison of Linnæus, and the Bison Europeus
and priscus of Owen. It is often called the
* bisse'-marre, s. Abusive speech. (Chau- * bi-stere', v.t. The same as BESTIR (q.v.).
Aurochs, which is etymologically the same
cer.) [BISMARF.]
(King Alisaunder.)
word as Cæsar's Urus [AUROCHS], but the two
species are distinct. Cæsar's Ox is best
* bìs-sět.'s. (Fr. biset=... a coarse, brown 1 bi-stip'-uled, a. [From Lat. prefix bi = two.
distinguished as the Urox, leaving the word
woollen stuff; bisette = coarse narrow lace.]
and Eng. stipuled = furnished with stipules.]
Plate of gold, silver, or copper with which Botany : Having two stipules.
Aurochs to be monopolised by the European
some stuffs were striped (?) (Scotch.) (Jamie-
bison. The Urox was a genuine Bos, the Bos
urus or primigenius which Professor Boyd
son.) (Chalmers' Mary.)
* bistod, pret. of v. [A.S. bestandan = to stand
by.] Lamented, bewailed, wept for.
Dawkins believes to have been a giant variety
* bîs'-sette, s. [BUZZARD.) (Scotch.) (Acts
"And after wune faire hire bistod,
and no more of the ordinary Bos taurus.
With teres, rein and frigtı mod."
Jas. II., 1457.)
[Bos.] Q. J., Geol. Soc., xxii., pt. i., 392, 393,
+ Story of Gen. & Exod., 3,857-8.
&c.) The European Bison was once a British
bis-sex', s. (From Lat. bis = twice, and sex = bis'-tort, s. [In Fr. bistorte; from Lat. bis =
animal, though now found only fossil. Absent
six. Twice six = 12.]
twice, and tortus=twisted; so named from
apparently from the “Early Pleistocene”
Music: A kind of guitar with twelve strings,
the twisted roots.]
period, though the Bos primigenius had already
invented by Vanhecke in 1770. (Stainer and Bot. : The English name given to a sub-
appeared, it is found in the Middle and Upper
Barrett.)
genus or sub-division of the genus Polygonum.
Pleistocene, but disappeared before the Pre-
Two British species fall under it-the Poly-
historic period. (Ibid., xxviii., pt. i., 414, &c.)
bỉs-sěx'-tile, a. & s. [In A.S. bissexte, bises = gonum Bistorta (Common Bistort or Snake-
Up to 1859, the Bison priscus had been found
a leap year; Fr. bissextil, fem. bissextile (a.), weed), and the P. viviparum, or Viviparous
twenty times in caves and twenty-nine times
bissexte (s.); Sp. bisextet, bisexto, bisiesto (a.); Alpine-Bistort. Each has a simple stem, and
in river deposits. (Ibid., xxv., pt. i., 198.)
Port. bissextil, bissexto (a.); Ital. bisestile, bi a single terminal raceme of flowers. The
Since then other instances of its occurrence
sesto. From Lat. bisextilis = containing an former has flesh-coloured flowers, and is
have been recorded. It is fossil also in
intercalary day; bisextus=an intercalary day; common; the latter has paler flowers, and is
France, Belgium, and other parts of the con-
bis = twice, and sextus =sixth (B. 1.).]
an alpine plant. It is sometimes called Alpine
tinent of Europe, and still exists in a living
state under the protection of the Czar in
A. As adjective : Containing two sixth days
Bistort.
Lithuania. [I., 1, ex.]
in the kalends of the same month; containing I Dock Bistort: Polygonum Bistorta.
an intercalary day in whatever way numbered;
2. Bison Americanus or Bonasus Americanus,
pertaining to leap year. [B.]
bis'-tour-ý, bis'-tour-, s. [In Ger. bisturi;
the American Bison, popularly but erron-
“Towards the latter end of February is the bissextile
Fr. bistouri; from Pistoja, anciently called
eously called the Buffalo. It has fifteen ribs
or intercular day: called bissextile, because the sixth
Pistorium, a city in Italy, twenty miles north-
on each side, whilst the European bison has but of the calends of March is twice repeated.”-Holder on west of Florence, where these knives were
fourteen, and the domestic ox thirteen. These Time.
made at an early period.] A surgical instru-
animals roam in herds in the western part of B. As substantive :
British America and in the United States. 1. Roman Year: An intercalary day intro-
They are large and powerful animals, with duced into the Roman month of February
great humped shoulders and a shaggy mane. once in four years. The name bissextile =
Their horns are short and taper rapidly. They twice a sixth, was given because during leap
can resist a moderate number of wolves, but year two days of February in succession were
ระยา LUNA
fall a prey to the grizzly bear. They are ex-
each called Sexta (dies) Kalendas Martii or
tensively hunted by man, on whom, however, Martias = the sixth of the kalends of March.
BISTOURIES.
they are accustomed to turn fiercely, if he
These two days corresponded to the 24th and
wound without dispatching them. Their 25th of February in our reckoning. [CALEN ment used for making incisions. It has vari-
numbers are still great, but are rapidly di DAR, LEAP YEAR.]
ous forms-one like a lancet, a second called
minishing, and their ultimate fate may be that
“The year of the sun consisteth of three hundred and the straight bistoury, with the blade straight
of the European Aurochs. [I., 1, ex.]
sixty-five days and six hours, wanting eleven minutes ;
and fixed on a handle; and a third the crooked
which six hours omitted, will, in time, deprave the
* bì spike, * bi-spê-ken (pret. bispac),
compute; and this was the occasion of bissextile, or
bistoury, shaped like a half-moon, with the
v.t. [A.S. besprecan = to speak, ... to com-
leap year."-Browne.
cutting edge on the inside.
plain, to accuse.]
2. Our own Year : The term bissextile is still - "Sir Henry Thomson has shown that the time of a
retained for leap year, though there is no brilliant man may be divided between the bistouri and
* 1. Gen. : To speak to. [BESPEAK.]
reckoning of two sixth days anywhere in it.
the palette-knife.”—Daily News, Feb. 23, 1880.
2. Specially:
When it occurs, twenty-nine days are assigned bis'-tre (tre = tēr). bīs'-těr. s. & a. [In
(1) To gainsay; to contradict.
to February instead of the twenty-eight, a
Fr. & Port. bistre; Sw. bister; Ger. biester,
“He luuede hire on-like and wel,
much more natural method of reckoning than
bister. Compare also Sw. & Dan. bister =
And sge ne bi-spac him neuere a del."
that adopted by the Romans.
Story of Gen. & E.cod., 1,444.
fierce, angry, furious, bitter.)
“Bissextile, Leap Year, which happens every fourth
(2) To blame; to condemn.
year, . . .”—Glossog. Nov.
A. As subst. : A pigment of a transparent
"Symeon and leui it bi-speken.”
brown colour. To prepare it the soot left
Story of Gen. & Exod., 1,855. bis'-some, s. [Byssym.) (Scotch.)
after beech-wood has been burnt is boiled for
0700UVE
E07ONYV
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pſt, sire, sīr, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; trý, Sýrian. æ, o=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bistride-bitch
555
OLUTI
half an hour, two pounds of the soot to each
gallon of the water. Before it has cooled, but
after it has been allowed time to settle, the
clearer part is poured off and then evaporated
to dryness, when the residuum left behind is
found to be bistre.
B. As adj.: Of the colour described under A.
* bi-stride, v.t. The same as BESTRIDE (q. v.).
b1-sŭl'-cāte, a. [From Lat. bisulcus = two-
furrowed, two-cloven ; prefix bi = two, and
sulcus = a furrow; suffix -ate. In Fr. bisulce,
bisulque.]
1. Gen. : Having two furrows, bisulcous.
2. Zool. : Cloven, as a cloven hoof; bisulcous.
bī-sul-coŭs, a. [From Lat. bisulcus.] Hay-
ing two hoofs; cloven-hoofed. The same as
BISULCATE, 2 (q.v.).
“For the swine, although multiparous, yet being
bisulcous, and only cloven footed, are farrowed with
open eyes as other bisulcous animals." - Browne:
Vulgar Errours.
* bi-sul-i-en, v.t. [Bisoil.)
bī-sůl'-phīde, s. [From Lat. prefix bi, and
Eng. sulphide (q.v.). ] A chemical compound
formed by the union of two atoms of sulphur
with another element.
bisulphide of carbon, s.
Chem. : Carbon disulphide, CS2. It is pre-
pared by passing the vapour of sulphur over
red-hot charcoal. Carbon disulphide is a
transparent, colourless, inflammable, stinking
liquid ; sp. gr. 1.272 ; it boils at 46º. It has
great refractive and dispersive power; it
burns with a blue flame, forming CO2 and SO..
It is insoluble in water, but it dissolves sui-
phur, gums caoutchouc, phosphorus and
iodine, and alkaloids. Its vapour is very
poisonous, and is very explosive when mixed
with the air or with oxygen gas. Carbon di-
sulphide unites with metallic sulphides, form-
ing salts called Sulphocarbonates, having the
composition of carbonates with the oxygen re-
placed by sulphur, as calcium-sulphocarbon-
ate CaCS3. A mixture of the vapour of CS,
and H2S passed over copper heated to redness
yields a copper sulphide Cw.S and marsh gas
CHA. Carbon disulphide is used to kill
insects, but no light must be near as its
vapour is explosive.
Bisulphide of Carbon Engine: A compound
engine in which the vapour from bisulphide
of carbon is employed in the second cylinder
instead of steam as a motive-power. A binary
engine.
bī-sŭl'-phur-ět, s. [Eng. prefix bi, and sul-
phuret (q.v.).] Also called Bisulphide (q.v.).
* bi-swî'ke, v.t. The same as BESWIKE (q.v.).
* bi-swin-ken, v.t. [From A.S. beswincan =
to labour.] To procure by labour.
"... that mowen her bred biswinke.”—Piers Plow-
man, 6, 216. (Stratmann.)
*biş-ý, ą. [BUSY.] (Rom. of the Rose, &c.)
* biş-y-nesse, s. [BUSINESS.] (Wycliffe, ed.
Purvey, 1 Pet. v. 7.)
* bỉt (1), * být. [A.S. bit, a contracted form
of biddeth.] 3rd pers. sing. pres. indic. of
A.S. biddan = bids.
"Iacob eft bit hem faren agon.".
Story of Gen. & Exod., 2,238.
* bịt (2) (pret. bitted), v.t. & i. [Apparently
from Fr. buter = to hit a mark, to aim at.]
A. Trans. : To hit.
B. Intrans. : To hit anything, alight upon
anything.
“I on her face directly made it bit."
St. Agnes' Fast, Relph Poems, p. 96. (Boucher.)
bit (3), pret. & pa. par. of bite (q.v.).
“There was lately a young gentleman bit to the bone,
who has now indeed recovered.”—Tatler.
bỉt(1), * býte, * bỉtte (1), * býtt (1), S. & a.
[A.S. bita, bit, the latter in composition as bit-
mælum = piecemeal, by bits, from bitan = to
bite. In Sw. bit; Dan. bid, biden, from bide
= to bite ; Dut. beet = bite, bitmorsel,
mouthful ; Ger. bissen, bisschen, bischen, from
beissen = to bite. Thus bit is contracted from
bite, and is = a mouthful.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Literally :
* (1) A bite; the act of biting.
" Defended froin foule Envies poisonous bit.”
Spenser: F.Q. (Verses.)
(2) As much as one might be expected to
bite off at one operation ; a bite.
“How many prodigal bits have slaves and peasants
This night englutted !" Shakesp.: Timon, ii. 2.
(3) Food. (Scotch.) (Vulgar.)
* The bit and the brat: Food and raiment.
[BRAT.] (Scotch.) (Presb. Elog.)
2. Figuratively :
(1) Gen. : A fragment; a small portion.
Used-
(a) Of a magnitude, or material body.
" His majesty has power to grant a patent for
stainping round bits of copper, to every subject he
hath."-Swift.
(b) A short space of time. (Scotch.)
“O an he could hae handen aff the smugglers a bit"
[i.e., for a bit, for a little.)-Scott: Guy Mannering,
ch. xi.
(2) Scotch : A piece of ground, a place, or
particular spot.
“Weel, just as I was coming up the bit, I saw a man
afore me that I kent was nane o' our herds, and it's a
wild bit to ineet ony other body ..."-Scott: Guy
Mannering, ch. xi.
(3) It is sometimes used of anything not ac-
tually very small, but described as being so
by one who is proud of it or who likes it.
"There was never a prettier bit o' horseflesh in the
stable o' the Gordon Arins,' said the man..."-Scott :
Guy Mannering, ch. xi.
3. Numis. & Ord. Lang.:
(a) The popular English name for a small
Spanish coin, a half pistareen circulating in
the West Indies. Its value is now about 5d.
sterling. In Johnson's time it was estimated
at 7 d.
(6) A silver coin circulating in the Southern
States of America, in value an eighth of a
dollar = 6¢d.
4. Metal-working, Carpentry, &c. :
(a) A boring-tool used by wood-workers. It
is attached to a brace, by which it is rotated.
An auger has many points of resemblance to
a bit, but has a cross-handle whereby it is
rotated, whereas a bit is stocked in the socket
of a brace, and is rotated thereby. It runs
into many varieties of form, such as the gouge
bit, the sperm bit, the gimlet bit, &c. [For
these see the word preceding bit in the several
compounds.] (Knight.)
(b) The cutting-iron of a plane. [PLANE
Bit.]
(c) The cutting-iron inserted in the revolving
head of a machine for planing, grooving, &c.
(a) The cutting-blade of an axe, hatchet, or
any similar tool. It is distinguished from the
pole, which forms a haminer in some tools.
5. Metal-working :
(a) A boring-tool for metal. There are
various kinds of it, such as the half-round
bit, the rose bit, the cylinder bit, &c.
(6) The copper piece of a soldering-tool
riveted to an iron shank; a copper bit.
See also 1, 2, and 3, under II. of BIT (2).
B. As an adjective: Diminutive.
(a) Without contempt :
"I heard ye were here, frae the bit callant ye sent to
meet your carriage."—Scott : Antiquary, ch, vii.
(6) Contemptuously :
“Some of you will grieve and greet more for the
drowning of a bit calf or stirk, than ever ye did for all
the tyranny and defections of Scotland.”- Walker :
Peden, p. 62. (Jamieson.)
C. As adverb. A bit : In the least; in the
smallest degree.
bit-holder, s. That which holds a boring-
bit.
bit-stock, s. The handle by which a bit
is held and rotated. It is called also a brace.
bit (2), * bitte (2), *bytt (2), s. [A.S. bcete,
gebote = a bit of a bridle, a bridle, trappings,
harness (Bosworth); bitol=a bridle. Sw.
betsel = a bridle ; Dan. bedsel = a bit, a curb;
Dut. gebit ... = a bit.] [BIT, v.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : Chiefly in the sense II. 1.
"Behold, we put bits in the horses' mouths, that
they may obey us; and we turn about their whole
body."-James iii. 3.
2. Fig.: A curb; a restraint of any kind.
II. Technically:
1. Iro12-working, Saddlery, &c. : The iron
part of a bridle which is inserted in the mouth
of a horse, and having rings by which the
cheek-straps and reins are attached. [See
BRIDLE-BIT.]
2. Iron-working, Locksmithing, &c. : The part
of a key which enters the lock and acts upon
the bolt and tumblers. The bit of a key con-
sists of the web and the wards. The web is
the portion left after the wards are notched,
sawn, or filed out. In the permutation locks,
each separate piece composing the acting part
of the key is termed a bit. These fit upon the
stem of the key, from which they are remov-
able, and are interchangeable among them-
selves, so as to allow the key to be set up
with various combinations agreeing with the
set of the tuinblers.
3. Iron-working, &c. :
(a) The jaw of a tongs, pincers, or other
similar grasping tool, e.g. flat-bit tongs.
(6) The metallic con-
necting joint for the
ribs and stretchers of
umbrellas.
Music: A small piece
of tube, generally fur-
nished with two raised
ears. It is used to
supplement the crook
of a trumpet, a cornet-
à-piston, or any similar
instrument, with the
view of adapting it to
a slight difference of
CORNET BIT.
pitch. (Stainer and
Barrett.)
Obvious compound, bit-maker. (Ogilvie.)
bit-key, s. A key adapted for the permu-
tation lock, the steps being formed by movable
bits, as in the Hobbs lock.
bit-pincers, s. pl.
Locksmithing: Pincers having curved or
recessed jaws.
bit (1), v.t. [A.S. bcetan = to bridle, rein in,
curb, bit.] To put the bit in the mouth of a
horse; to bridle a horse. (Johnson.)
bỉt (2), v.t. [BITT, v.]
* bi-ta’ak, * bi-take * bi-ta-ken (pret.
bitok, bitoc; pa. par. bitakun). (Wycliffe, ed.
Purvey, Matt. xxiv. 9; xxvi. 2.) The same as
BETAKE (q.v.).
* bi-tac-nen, v.t. The same as BETOKEN
(q.v.) (Stratmann.)
* bi-ta-chen, v.t. [BITECHE.]
*bi-tagt, pa. par. of v. [A.S. bitaht, bitaught,
pa. par. of betacan = to give, to deliver to.]
The same as BETAKE. Delivered, given over;
assigned.
“Sone him was sarray bi-lagt
And pharaon the kinge bitagt."
A Story of Gen. & Exod., 773.
* bi-tale, s. [A.S. bi, and tale, cf. bispel.) A
parable. (Stratmann.).
bī-tăr'-tar-āte, s. [Lat. prefix bi = two,
and Eng. tartarate (q.v.).]
Chem. : A name given to salts, as KHC4H 06,
acid tartarate of potassium, or hydric-potassic
tartarate. This salt is also called Cream of
Tartar. It is prepared from argol or tartar,
an impure acid potassium tartarate, which is
deposited from grape-juice during the process
of fermentation, the colouring matter is re-
moved by animal charcoal, and then it is
purified by crystallisation. It forms groups
of small, translucent, oblique, rhombic crys-
tals, which are slightly soluble in cold water,
but insoluble in spirit. When heated in a
close vessel, it is decomposed, leaving a residue
of charcoal and pure potassium carbonate. It
is frequently used in medicine in small doses
as a refrigerant and diuretic; and in large
doses, mixed with jalap, as a powerful hydra-
gogue purgative.
* bi-taughte, pret. [A.S. bitauhte, bitaughte,
pret. of betacan = deliver to, commend.]
Commended. [BETAKE.]
“He wold they had lenger abide, and they seyde nay,
But bitaughte Gamelyn God, and
good day."
Chaucer : C. T., Cook's Tale, 337-8.
bitch (Eng.), * bick (0. Scotch), s. & a. [A.S.
bicce, bice, bycge; Icel. bikkja; Ger. bätze,
betze, petze; Basque potzoa.]
1. The female generally of the dog, but in
some cases also of the allied species, the fox,
the wolf, &c.
“The method of education consists in separating the
puppy, while very young, from the bitch, and in ac-
customing it to its future companions." — Darwin :
Voyage round the World, ch. viii.
mouthte; Dut. Jan. bid.' bizn bitan – to
eussen = to her bissen m bite, bitoni bide
boil, boy; póut, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion=shủn; -țion, şion=zhủn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shủs. -ble, -tre, &c. = bel, tër.

556
bitched-bitrappe
2. Highly vulgar and offensive : An oppro- | bīte, * byte, s. [From bite, v. (q.v.). In Sw. | bī-tēr'-nāte, a. [From Mod. Botanical Lat.
brious epithet for a woman.
bett; Dan. bid, biden. Eng. bit is a contrac biternatus.] Twice over divided into three.
“Him you'll call a dog, and her a bitch."
tion of bite.] [BIT.]
Bot.: The term applied when from the com-
Pope: Horace; Satire ii.
I. Ordinary Language :
mon petiole there proceed three secondary
bitch-fox, s. A female fox.
1. The act of biting.
petioles, each bearing three leaflets. (Lindley.)
“Where oft the bitch-fox hides her hapless brood.”
(1) Gen. : The act of inflicting a wound with
Cowper : The Needless Alarm.
* bīte'-shēep (0. Eng.), * bytescheip (0.
the teeth or of detaching a morsel of that
bitch-wolf, * bitch wolfe, s. A female
Scotch), s. [Eng. bite; sheep.] A contemp-
which is subjected to their action.
wolf.
tuous term for a bishop, intended as a play
"The disease came on between twelve and ninety upon his official designation.
" And at his feete a bitch wolfe suck did yeeld
days after the bite."-Darwin: Voyage round the
To two young babes."
World, ch. xvi.
(a) Old English. (Foxe.)
Špenser : The Visions of Bellay, ix.
(2) Spec. : The act of a fish in snapping with (b) Scotch. (Semple.)
* bitched, a. [BICCHID.]
its teeth at bait.
"I have known a very good fisher angle diligently
* bi-thæht, pa. par. of v. [A.S. bitheccan =
bīte, *býte, * bight, * bì-těn, *bý'-týn four or six hours for a river carp, and not have a bite." to cover, to cloak.] Covered.
- Walton.
(pret. bit ; pa. par. bitten, bit), v.t. & i. [A.S.
"... : mid päelle bithæht." -Layamon : Brut. (ed.
bitan (pret. bat, bot, boot, pa. par. biten) = to
2. The wound inflicted.
Madden), 19,215, (Stratmann.)
bite; Icel. & Sw.bitc; Dan. bide ; Dut. bijten; (1) Lit. : The wound produced by the teeth
* bi-thenke, * bi-thenche (pret. * bithought,
Goth. beitan; (N. H.) Ger, beissen ; 0. H. Ger. of a man or animal.
*bithhogte, *bithogt, *bithöhte, *bithowte),
pizan.]
(2) Figuratively :
v.t., &c. [A.S. bethencan.] [BETHINK.] The
A. Transitive :
(a) Of things: A cheat, a trick, a fraud.
same as BETHINK (q.v.).
I. Lit. : To infix the teeth in anything,
“Let a man be ne'er so wise,
"... whether he sitteth not first and bithenkith
either for the purpose of detaching a portion
He may be caught with sober lies,
if he way ..."-Wycliffe (ed. Purvey), Luke xiv. 31.
of it and swallowing it for food, to inflict a
For, take it in its proper light,
'Tis just what coxcombs call a bite."-Swift.
| * bi-then-kynge, pr. par. [BITHENKE.]
wound, or for other purposes ; to break or
(6) Of persons : A trickster, a sharper; one
(Wycliffe, Purvey, Luke xii. 25).
crush with the teeth.
who cheats.
"My very enemy's dog,
* bi-thrin-gen,*bi-thrºn-gòn, .t. [From
Though he had bit me, should have stood that night 3. The fragment or mouthful of bread or A.S. prefix bi, and thringan = to press, to
Against my fire."
Shakesp.: Lear, iv. 7. anything similar ; a small quantity of bread. crowd, to throng. ] To oppress. (Ormulum,
II. Figuratively :
(1) Lit. : In the foregoing sense.
14,825. Stratmann.)
1. Of persons :
| Bite and soup: Meat and drink; the mere
* bi-tī'de (pret. vitid, bitidde), v.t. & i. (The
(1) To inflict sharp pain on the body. Spec. - necessaries of life. (Scotch.)
same as BETIDE (q.v.).] (Sir Terumbrus, 679,
(a) To cut, to wound. Chiefly in participial “... removed me and a'the puir creatures that had Rom. of the Rose, &c.)
adjective biting, as biting falchion. [BITING.]
bite and soup in the castle, and a hole to put our heads
in, ..."-Scott : Bride of Lammermoor, ch. xxiv.
(6) To inflict such torture as intense cold
* bi-time, adv. [The same as BETIMES (q.v.).]
(2) Fig.: A small portion.
does.
“ There is never a bite of all Christ's time with His
“Here feel we ... the icy phang
* bi-time, v.i. To happen, occur.
And churlish chiding of the winter's wind,
people spent in vain, for He is ay giving them reason.
able instructions."- W. Guthrie : Serm., p. 3. (Jamie-
"Gif sunne bitimed bi nihte."-Ancren Riwle, p. 324.
Which when it bites and blows upon m
son.)
Even till I shrink with cold, I smile."
II. Printing : An imperfect portion of an
bī-tặng, * bý'-ting, * bý'-týng, * bý'-
Shakesp. : As You Like It, ii. 1.
(c) To make the mouth smart by applying
impression, owing to the frisket overlapping
tặnge, pr. par., A., & s. [BITE, v.)
an acrid substance to it. (Chiefly in the pr.
a portion of the form and keeping the ink
A. As pr. par. : In senses corresponding to
par.)
from so much of the paper.
those of the verb.
"It may be, the first water will have more of the bite in, s.
B. As particip. adj. Spec. :
scent, as more fragrant, and the second more of the
taste, as more bitter, or biting.”-Bacon.
Engraving : The effect produced by the
† 1. Sharp, cutting; used of an instrument,
(2) To inflict sharp pain upon the mind. action of nitric acid on the parts of the plate
or of cold.
(a) To engage in angry contention with;
from which the etching ground has been re-
“I've seen the day with my good biting faulchion
I would have made themi skip.'
sharply to reproach; to use language fitted to
moved.
Shakesp. : Lear, v. 3.
wound.
* bì-têg', pret. of v. [A.S. beteon (pret. teah,
2. Sharp, cutting, severe, caustic. (Used of
"But if ye bite and devour one another, take heed
sing. betugon, pl., pa. par. betogeri) = to tug,
words.)
that ye be not consumed of one anothea"-Gal. v. 15.
tow, pull, go.] Accomplished.
“This would have been a biting jest.”
(6) To trick, to cheat. (Vulgar.)
Shakesp. : Rich. III., ii. 4.
“Get ist vnsene hu ic it bi-teg ?”
“Asleep and naked as an Indian lay,
Story of Gen. & Exod., 2,878.
C. As subst. : The act of biting, the state of
An honest factor stole a gem away ;
being bitten.
He pledg'd it to the knight, the knight had wit.
So kept the diamond, and the rogue was bit.”
Pope : Mor. Essays, Ep. iii. 364.
biting-in, s. [BITE IN.]
Sharp. (Layamon, 26,967.) (Stratmann.)
2. Of things : To take hold of the ground
* bitel-brouwed, a. [BEETLE-BROWED.]
bi-ting-lý, cdo. [Eng. biting ; -ly.] In a
or other surface firmly, as a skate upon ice.
biting manner, jeeringly, sarcastically, acri-
(Langland.) (P. Plowman, v. 109.)
[C. Bite in.]
moniously.
B. Intrans. : Formed by dropping the ob- 1 * bi-tel-den (pa. par. bitild), v.t. [A.S. betel-
“Some more bitingly called it the impress or emblem
of his entry into his first bishoprick, viz., not at the
jective of the verb transitive to which it cor dan = to cover, enclose.] To cover. (Liflade
door, but the window."-Harrington : Br. View of the
responds in meaning.
of S. Juliana. Stratmann.)
Church, p. 28.
"Let dous delight
To bark and bite.” Watts : Hymns. *bi-telle, * bi-tel-len (pa. par. bitold), v.t. bỉt'-less, a. [Eng. bit, and suffix -less = with-
C. In special phrases. (In these bite is gene-
[A.S. betellan=to speak about, to excuse, to out.) Without a bit.
rally transitive.)
justify; M. H. Ger. bezellen = to acquire.] To “Here, a fierce people, the Getulians lie,
defend ; to rescue.
1. To bite in: To corrode copper or steel
Bitless Numidian horse, and quicksands dire."
Sir R. Fanshaw: Tr. of Virg. En. 4.
plates as nitric acid does in the process of
"Quan abram him bi-tola.”
Story of Gen. & Exod., 920. * bỉt'-ling, s. [Eng. bit, and dimin. suffix
etching.
* bī'-tên, v.t. [A. S. beteon = to tug, go, &c.]
| -ling.] A little bit, a fragment.
2. To bite the ear: To do so after a fashion
[BITEG.] To accomplish.
"The cleavesom bitlings of body.”-Fairfax : Bulk
without hurting it ; this was intended as an
of the World, p. 56.
"And here swinc wel he bi-ten.”
expression of endearment.
Story of Gen. & Exod., 3,626. * bit'-mouth, s. [Eng. bit; mouth.] The same
"Slave, I could bite thine ear.
Away, thou dost not care for me!"
* bi-tê-on (pa. par. bitogen), v.t. [From A.S. as bit = the part of a bridle put in a horse's
Ben Jonson: Alch., ii. 3. beteon.] [BITEG, BITEN.] To employ. (0. Eng. mouth. (Bailey.)
Sometimes bite is used alone in a similar Homilies, i. 31.)
* bi-to-gen, pa. par. [A.S. teon = to pull, go,
sense
“Rare rogue in buckram, let me bite thee." * bỉt'-ēr, a. [BITTER.]
lead, entice, to allure.] [BITEG, BITEN, BITEON.ſ
Goblins, O. Pl., X. 147. (Nares).
1. Bestowed, applied.
3. To bite the thumb at; to bite the nail of the
bī-těr, * bī-těre, s. [Eng. bit(e); -er. In Sw.
"Dho[a]wath iacob, yuel ist bitogen."—Story of Gen.
thumb at: To show contempt for, this being bitare; Dan. bider; Dut. bijter; Ger. beisser.] and Exod., 1,771.
one of the methods formerly adopted of indi 1. A person who or an animal which bites. 2. Guided, directed.
cating contempt. Nares says that the thumb Used specially--
"... thou h[aueth] a skie hem wel bitogen.”—Story
in such a case represented a fig, and the
. and Exod., 3,796.
(a) Of a dog.
action of biting it was tantamount to saying,
“Great barkers are no biters." -Camden.
* bi-told, pa. par. [BITELLEN.]
“A fig for you," or, "The fico !” He cites in
proof the following lines :-
(6) Of a fish that takes the bait.
* bi-tok, pret. of v.
“He is so bold, that he will invade one of his own
[A.S. betcecan = (1) to
“Behold next I see Contempt marching forth,
kind, and you may therefore easily believe him to
show; (2) to betake, impart, deliver, commit,
giving me the fico, with his thombe in his mouth."-
a bold biter."-Walton.
or assign.] Gave, committed. [BETAKE.]
Lodge : Wit's Miserie, 1596.
“I will bite my thumb at them; which is a disgrace
2. Fig. Of persons : A mocking deceiver ; “... and bitok hem that mayde bright and schene."
to them, if they bear it."-Shakesp. : Rom. & Jul., i. 1.
a trickster, à cheat. (For special signification
Sir Ferumbras, 5,075.
"O'Tis no less disrespectful to bite the nail of your see the example.)
* bi-toc'-nunge, * bi-tok'-ninge, pr. par.
thumb, by way of scorn and disdain, and drawing your
“ A biter is one who tells you a thing you have no The same as BETOKENING (q.v.). (Black : Life
nail from between your teeth, to tell them you value
not this what they can do.”-Rules of Civility (transl.
reason to disbelieve in itself, and perhaps has given
of Thom. Beket.) (Stratmann.)
you, before he bit you, no reason to disbelieve it for
from French, 1678), p. 44.
his saying it; and, if you give him credit, laughs in
*4. To bite upon the bridle: To become a your face, and triumphs that he has deceived you. He
* bit-öre, * bit-our, * bít-tor, S. [BIT-
servant to others (?).
is one who thinks you a fool, because you do not think TERN.] (Chaucer.)
him a knave."-Spectator.
“The labouring hand grows rich, but who are idle
In winter time must bite upon the bridle."
In composition, specially in the word * bi-tră'ppe, v.t. [The same as BETRAP
Poor Robin, 1734. (Halliwell : Contr. to Lexicog.) 1. back-biter (q.v.).
| (q.v.).]
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whăt, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whồ, sôn; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; try, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu = kw.

bitraie-bitterishness
557
* bi-traie, * bi-traien, * bitrain, v.t. |
[BETRAY.)
* bi-trễnde, * bi-trănº-(pa. par. * bi-
trent), v.t. [From A.S. trendil, trendl = a
sphere, an orb, a circle ; trendlian = to roll.]
To wind around, to surround.
“ And as aboute a tre with many a twiste
Bilrent and writhen is the sweet woodbynde."
Chaucer : Troylus & Cryseyde, 4,080.
* bi-treow-then, v.t. [The same as BE-
TROTH (q.v.).] (Stratmann.)
bī-trī-crē'-nāte, a. (From Lat. prefix bi =
“... bitter as quinine, morphine, strychnine, gen-
tian, quassia, soot, &c."-Bain : Mental and Morul
Science, bk. i., chap. ii., p. 36.
(2) Having qualities fitted to impart a simi-
lar sensation to another part of the body than
the tongue; keen, sharp, piercing, making the
skin smart.
" The fowl the borders fly,
And shun the bitter blast, and wheel about the sky."
Dryden.
2. Fig. : Having qualities fitted to lacerate
the mental feelings. Spec. —
(1) Sharp, severe, stinging, reproachful,
sarcastic. (Used of words, or of visible
gestures.)
"Go with me,
And, in the breath of bitter words, let's smother
My damned son.” Shakesp. i Rich. III., iv. 4.
(2) Miserable, calamitous, mournful, dis-
tressing. (Used of events, &c.)
“ Those men, those wretched men ! who will be slaves,
Must drink a bitter wrathful cup of woe!”
Thomson : Custle of Indolence, ii. 34.
(3) Fitted to produce acrimonious feelings
. . it is an evil and a bitter thing that thou hast
forsaken the Lord thy God.”—Jer. ii. 19.
Bot.: Crenate twice or thrice over.
bī-trī-pỉn-năt'-1-fìd, a. [From Lat. prefix
bi = two, tri = three, and Eng. pinnatifid
(q.v.).]
Bot. : Pinnatifid twice or thrice over.
bī-trī-ter'-nāte, a. [From Lat. prefix bi =
two, tri= three, and Eng. ternate (q.v.).]
Bot. : Ternate, that is, growing in threes,
twice or thrice over.
* bì-trû-měn, v.t. The same as BETRIM
(q.v.).] (Stratmann.)
bitt, t bịt, s. [Dan. bitte, bidcling ; Fr. bitte.
Cognate with Eng. bite (q.v.).]
1. Nautical. Primarily: A post secured to
several decks, and
serving to fasten
the cable as the
ship rides at an-
chor.
2. Gen. Plur.
Bitts, *bits : Per-
pendicular pieces
of timber in the
deck of a ship for
fastening ropes
to, as also for
securing wind-
lasses, and the
keel of the bow-
sprit.
Hence there are pawl-bitts, carrick or
windlass bitts, winch-bitts, and belaying-bitts.
(See these words.)
bitt-heads, s. pl.;
Shipbuilding: The upright timbers bolted
to several decks, and serving as posts to which
the cable is secured. They correspond to
bollards on a wharf or quay. (KNIGHT-HEADS.)
bitt-stopper, s.
Naut.: A rope rove through a knee of the
riding-bitt, and used to clinch a cable.
bitter-blain, s.
Among the Dutch Creoles in Guinea : Van-
dellia diffusa, a plant of the order Scrophu-
lariaceæ (Figworts).
bitter-eress, s. A book-name for the
several species of the genus Cardamine, and
especially for Cardamine amara.
bitter - cucumber, S. The same as
BITTER-GOURD (q.v.).
t bitter-cup, s.
Pharm. : A cup made of some bitter wood
which imparts its taste and medicinal pro-
perties to hot water poured into it and allowed
to stand till it cools. Bitter-cups, once com-
mon, are now rarely seen,
bitter-damson, s. A tree, Simaruba
amara, belonging to the order Simarubaceæ
(Quassiads).
bitter-gourd, s. The Colocynth (Citrullus
colocynthis), a plant of the order Cucurbitaceæ
(Cucurbits). It is called also the BITTER-
CUCUMBER and the BITTER-APPLE.
bitter-herb, s. A plant, Erythrcea cen-
taurium, L., of the order Gentianaceæ (Gen-
tianworts).
bitter-king, s. Soulamea amara, a plant
of the order Polygalaceæ (Milkworts).
bitter-oak, s. A species of oak, the
Quercus cerris, called also the Turkey Oak.
The wood is prized by cabinet-makers.
bitter-salt, s. An old name for Epsom
salt (sulphate of magnesium).
bitter-spar, s. A mineral, called also
Dolomite (q.v.).
bitter-vetch, s.
1, In Hooker and Arnott: The English name
of the old papilionaceous genus Orobus. Two
species occur in Britain, the Tuberous Bitter-
vetch (Orobus tuberosus), now generally called
Lathyrus macrorrhizus, and the Black Bitter-
vetch (0, niger). The former is a common
plant with pinnate leaves, consisting of 2–4
pairs of leaflets. The tuberous roots are eaten
by the Highlanders, The Celtic name for
them is Cairmeil, supposed to be the Chara of
Cæsar (De Bello Civili, iii, 48.) The Black
Bitter-vetch turns of the colour just named
in drying. It has 3—6 pairs of leaflets. It is
found in Scotland, but is somewhat rare.
2. A modern book-name for Vicia Orobus.
bitter-weed, s. [Eng. bitter, and weed
1. Of temporary states of feeling :
(1) Keenly hostile in feeling. (Used of per-
sonal foes.)
"... the bitterest foes, as Aristotle long ago re-
marked, are drawn together by a common fear.”—
Lewis : Early Rom. Hist. (1855), ch. xii., pt. jii., $ 54,
vol. ii., p. 234.
(2) Mournful, sad, melancholy. Used
(a) Of feelings.
“Nor can I utter all our bitter grief.”
Shakesp. : Titus Andron., V. 3.
" Her head upon her lap, concealing
In golitude her bitter feeling."
Wordsworth : White Doe of Rylstone, ii.
(6) Of the outward symbols.
“ Though earth has many a deeper wae,
Though tears more bitter far must flow."
Hemans ; Tale of the Fourteenth Century.
“Caermarthen listened with a bitter sinile."-Ma-
caulay: Hist. Eng., ch, xvi.
2. Of permanent character:
(1) Disposed to use keen, sarcastic words in
quarrels or controversies, or even at other
times ; acrimonious. Used-
(a) In a general sense..
“Yet not even that astounding explosion could awe
the bitter and intrepid spirit of the solicitor."-Ma-
caulay: Hist. Eng., ch. viii.
(6) Of a religious or political partisan. .
“In youth a bitter Nazarene,
They did not know how price can stoop
When baffled feelings withering droop.''
Byron : Siege of Corir;th, 12.
(2) Mournful, melancholy, afflicted, habitu-
ally depressed in spirits.
Wherefore is light given to him that is in misery,
and life unto the bitter in soul."-Job, iii. 20.
B. As adverb :
Poet. : The same as BITTERLY (q.v.).
"For this relief, much thanks : 'tis bitter cold,
And I am sick at heart."
Shakesp. : Hamlet, i. 1.
If in the example cold be regarded as a
substantive, then bitter will be an adjective,
and the category B. will disappear,
C. As substantive :
I. Sing. In the abstract: Any substance
which has the quality of bitterness, acridity,
sharpness.
“ Nat more in the sweet
Than the bitter I meet
My tender and merciful Lord."
Cowper : Trans. from Guion, Simple Trust.
II. Plur. In the concrete : Bitters.
1. Gen. : Anything bitter. [A.]
BITTS.
one of the species of Poplars.
It is given
bitt, + bit, v.t. [From bitt, s. (q.v.). In Fr.
bitter.] To put around a bitt.
To bit the cable is to put it round the bits,
in order to fasten it or slacken it gradually,
which last is called veering away. (Falconer.)
† bỉt'-ta-cle, s. [BINNACLE.]
bit-těd, pa. par. & adj. [Bit, v.t.]
bỉt-ten, pa. par. & adj. [Bite, v.t.]
1. Gen.: In senses corresponding to those
of the verb.
"... if a serpent had bitten any man, ..."-Numb.
xxi. 9.
“... and fight for bitten apples."—Shakesp. : Hen.
VII., v. 3.
2. Bot. : Premorse, applied to a root or
sometimes to a leaf terminating so abruptly
and with so ragged an edge, as to suggest the
idea, of course an erroneous one, that a piece
has been bitten off. Example, the root of
Scabiosa succisa.
Bord.) Britten and Holland quote in connec-
tion with the so-called bitter-weed the follow-
ing popular rhyme :
“ Oak, ash, and elm tree,
The laird may hang for a' the three:
But for saugh and bitter-weed
The laird may flyte, but make naething be'et."
bitter-wood, s,
1. Gen. : A name for the genus Xylopia,
plants of the order Anonaceæ (Anonads).
2. Spec. : Xylopia glabra, a West Indian tree,
the wood of which is intensely bitter.
bỉt'-tēr, s. [From bitt (q.v.). ]
Naut. : A turn of the cable which is round
the bitts.
bitter-end, s.
1. Naut.: The part of the cable abaft the
bitts; the last end of a cable in veering out;
the clinching end.
2. Fig. (Of a quarrel): The utmost ex-
tremity.
* bìt'-ter, v.t. [A.S. biterian.) To make bitter.
“A lutel ater bitteret muchel swete.” - Ola. Eng.
Hom. (ed. Morris), i. 23. (Stratmann.)
* bỉt'-tēr-fúl, * bìt-těr-full, a. [Eng.
bitter; full.] Full of bitterness.
† bỉt-těr-ing, s. [From Eng. bitter; -ing.]
The same as BITTERN (1), 2 (q.v.).
bit-tēr-ish, a. [From Eng. bitter ; -ish.]
Somewhat bitter.
“... only when they tasted of the water of the
river over which they were to go, they thought that it
tasted a little bitterish to the palate."-Bunyan: P. P.,
Byron: Lines Addressed to the Rev. J. T. Beecher.
2. Spec. : A compound said to improve the
appetite and assist digestion, originally pre-
pared by infusing bitter herbs in water.
Bitters are now prepared by steeping a mix-
ture of bitter and aromatic herbs in spirits of
wine for ten or twelve days, straining the
(treas tēr), být'-těr, * být'-tyr, * bit-ír,
a., adv., & s. [A.S. biter, bitter ; Icel. bitr; Sw.,
Dan., Dut., & Ger. bitter : 0. Sax. bittar ; Goth.
baitrs. From A.S. bitan = to bite.]
A. As adjective. Essential meaning: Biting.
“Bitter is an equivocal word ; there is bitter worm-
wood, there are bitter words, there are bitter enemies,
and a bitter cold morning."-Watts : Logick.
I. Objectively :
1. Literally :
(1) Having qualities fitted to impart to the
taste a sensation as if the tongue had been
bitten, or subjected to the action of something
sharp, acrid, or hot.
strength of gin. The herbs generally used are
gentian, quassia, wormwood, cascarilla, and
orange-peel.
bitter-almond, s. One of the two lead-
ing varieties of the common almond, the sweet
one being the other. [ALMOND.]
bitter-apple, s. The same as BITTER-
CUCUMBER and BITTER-GOURD (q.v.).
bitter-ash, s. A name given in the West
Indies to Simaruba excelsa, a tree of the order
Simarubaceæ (Quassiads).
bit-tēr-ish-ness, s. [Eng. bitterish ; -ness.]
The quality of being somewhat bitter. (Web-
ster.)
böìl, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shăn; -țion, -şion=zhăn. -tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -cle, &c. = bęl, cel.

558
bitterly-bitume
bit-ter-lý, * bit-tir-ly, * byt-ter-lye, mer, is much smaller. B. lentiginosus is com-
a If there is an allusion to the fruit de-
* bit-ter-like, adv. [Eng. bitter ; -ly.] In mon in the United States, but is only an scribed under B. 1, then B. should precede A.
a bitter manner.
occasional straggler here. [BOTAURUS.]
B. As substantive :
I. Objectively :
“And as a bitore bumbleth in the mire."
I. Literally :
Chaucer : (. T., 6,544.
1. So as to cause a bitter taste in the mouth,
“And as a bittour bumps within a reed."
* 1. (Of the forms bittersweet and bitter
or keenly to affect the body.
Dryden. sweeting): A kind of apple.
"... the north-east wind
“That a bittor maketh that mugient noyse, or, as we
Which then blew bitierly against our faces."
This is the only sense of the word given
term it, bumping, by putting its bill into a reed as
Shakesp. : Richard II., i. 4.
most believe, or as Bellonius and Androvaudus con in Johnson's Dict.
2. So as to make the inind feel sharp pain.
ceive, by putting the same in water or mud, and after
"And left me such a bitter-sweet to gnaw upon ?"
a while retaining the ayr by suddenly excluding it
(a) Of biting language : Sharply, severely. again, is not so easily made out."--Browne: Vulgar
Fair Em., 1631. (Nures.)
Errours, iii. 27.
“Thy wit is a very bitter sweet ing; it is a most sharp
“ Thorfore hem cam wrim-kin among
That hem wel bitterlike stong.'
“Alike when first the vales the bittern fills."
sauce."--Shakesp. : Rom. & Jul., ii. 4.
Wordsworth : The Evening Walk.
Story of Gen. & Exod., 3,895-6.
2. (Ofthe forms bittersweet and *bitter swete):
(6) Of natural calamities : Affectively, ca 2. The Bittern of Scripture : TIET (Qipodh) Apparently coined by Turner as a translation
lamitously.
has not been certainly identified. The Septu-
of the Lat. Amara dulcis, or, as it is now
"... my mind misgives,
agint renders it éxivos (echinos) = a hedgehog,
written, Dulcamara. The reason of the name
Some consequence, yet hanging in the stars,
an opinion with which Gesenius agrees. But
is when the fruit is first tasted it is bitter, and
Shall bitterly begin his fearful date
afterwards sweet, there being an “after-taste.”
With this night's revels.”
the Scriptural animal seems to have been a
Shakesp. : Rom. & Jul., i. 4. bird frequenting pools of water and possessed
[AFTER-TASTE.]
3. So as to stir the mind up to anger.
of a voice, and the rendering of the authorised (a) A name for the Woody Nightshade,
“Ephraim provoked him to anger most bitterly." -
version bittern may be, and probably is, cor Solanum Dulcamara. It is of the same genus
Hos. xii. 14.
rect.
as the potato. It has large yellow anthers
II. Subjectively:
"But the cormorant and the bittern shall possess it;
collectively resembling a cone, purple flowers
the owl also and the raven shall dwell in it:...
1. With angry or other feelings manifested,
with green tubercles at the base of each seg-
Isa. xxxiv. 11.
or at least entertained.
ment, and a shrubby, flexuose, thornless stem
"... both the cormorant and the bittern shall
with cordate leaves, the upper ones nearly
"Ghe god him bitterlike a-gen."
lodge in the upper lintels of it: their voices shall sing
Story of Gen. & Exod., 2,030. in the windows; ..."-Zephan. ii. 14.
hastate. The inflorescence consists of droop-
“William had complained bitterly to the Spanish
ing corymbs inserted opposite to the leaves.
Government ...”—Macauluy: Hist, Eng., ch. xix. bit-těr-něss, * bit-těr-něsse, *být The berries are red, and are used by the com-
2. With deep sorrow; sorrowfully.
tēr-něss, * být-er-nesse, * být'-týr-
mon people for medicinal purposes. The plant
"And he (Peter) went out and wept bitterly.”—Matt. něsse, s. [Eng. bitter ; -ness.]
grows wild in Britain.
xxvi. 75.
A. Ordinary Language :
(6) A name given in America to the Celastrus
bit'-tern (1), s. [From Eng. bitter, this taste
scandens, a plant of the order Celastraceæ
I. Objectively : The act or quality of impart-
being due to magnesium salts.]
(Spindle-trees).
ing the sensation that something is bitter in
1. Comm. : A name given to the mother the literal or figurative sense of the term.
II. Figuratively: Anything which is in suc-
liquid obtained when sea-water is evaporated
cession bitter and sweet, or sweet and then
1. The quality of being bitter to the taste,
to extract the salt (NaCl). Bittern contains
bitter.
or sharp or acrid to the surface of the body.
sulphates of magnesium, potassium, and so-
“It is but a bittersweet at best, and the fine colours
: "... which [leaves of the endive] being blanched to of the serpent do by no means make amends for the
diun, also bromides. It is used as a source
diminish their bitterness ...”—Treas. of Bot., i. 283. smart and poison of his sting."-South.
of bromine. Under the name of Oil of Salt, it
2. The act or quality of being fitted to hurt
is sometimes used to rub parts of the body
the feelings.
bỉt-tér-wõrt, * by-ter-wort, s. [Eng.
affected with rheumatism.
"Shall the sword devour for ever? knowest thou not
bitter, and suff. -wort.]
* 2. An old trade name for a mixture of that it will be bitterness in the latter end?”—2 Sam. 1. Various species of Gentians, specially
ii. 26.
quassia, cocculus indicus, &c., used many years
Gentiana amarella, G. campestris, G. lutea, and
ago by fraudulent brewers to give an appear-
"... having drunk to the dregs all the bitterness of
servitude, ..."--Macaulay : Hist. Eng. ch. xii.
G. cruciata. (Gerard, Prior, &c.)
ance of strength to their beer. [BITTERING.]
3. The act or quality of being fitted to pro 2. The Dandelion (Leontodon taraxacum).
bit'-tern (2), * bit-tor, * bit-tour, * bit-
duce needless contention, or sin and scandal (Cockayne : Gloss.)
ore, s. [In Fr. butor ; Dut. butoor; Lat. butio;
of any other kind.
* bit-till, s. [BITTLE, S. (q.v.).] (Scotch.)
Low. Lat. butor, butorius ; Mod. Lat. botaurus, “... lest any root of bitterness springing up trouble
contr. froin bostaurus, i.e. bos taurus= the bull;
you, and thereby many be defiled."—Heb. xii. 15.
bſt-ting, pr. par. [Bitt, Bit, v.]
Class. Lat. taurus = a bull, bullock, or steer,
II. The state of feeling bitter.
... a small bird that imitates the lowing 1. The state of feeling irritated or angry, bitting-rigging, s.
of oxen, perhaps the bittern.]
with the effect of showing such irritation by Saddlery: A bridle, surcingle, back-strap,
1. Ornith. & Ord. Lang. : The English name
looks or words; or the state of being habitu and crupper. The bridge has a gag-rein and
for the birds of the genus Botaurus [Bo-
ally in a bad temper; acrimony, harshness or side-reins, the latter buckling to the surcingle.
TAURUS], and especially for the common one,
severity of temper,
The rigging is placed on young horses to give
Botaurus stellaris. The Bitterns are distin-
(a) Temporarily,
them a good carriage, but must be released
guished from the Herons proper, besides other
“And must she rule?'
occasionally, as the bent position of the neck
characteristics, by having the feathers of the
Thus was the dying woman heard to say
and elevation of the head is unnatural, and
In bitterness, and must she rule and reign,
neck loose and divided, which makes it appear
takes time to acquire. (Knight.)
Sole mistress of this house, when I am gone?'"
thicker than in reality it is. They are usually
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. vi.
(6) Habitually.
bit-tle (tle as tęl), bỉt-til, s. [Eng. beetle
“Save that distem per'd passions lent their force
(1) (q.v.).] A heavy wooden club or mallet,
In bitterness that banish'd all remorse."
especially one for beating clothes when at the
Byron : Lara, ii. 10.
wash. (Scotch.)
2. The state of being sorrowful; sorrow,
“Mak a gray gus a gold garland,
grief, vexation of spirit arising from outward
A lang spere of a biltill foi a berne bald
calamity, unkind treatment, or internal re-
Noblis of nutschellis, and silver of sand."
Houlate, iii. 12, MS. (Jamieson.)
morse.
"... her virgins are afflicted, and she is in bitter. | bit'-tle (tle as tel), v.t. [From bittle, s. (q.v.).
ness.”- Lam. i. 4.
3. The state of being under the influence of
See also BEETLE (1), v.] To beat clothes with
a flat-club in lieu of sinoothing them by
sin, as repulsive to the moral sense as gall is
to the taste.
machinery. (Scotch.)
“For I perceive that thou art in the gall of bitter-
"... the sheets made good the courteous vaunt of
the hostess, that they would be as pleasant as he
ness, and in the bond of iniquity."-Acts viii. 23,
could find ony gate, for they were washed wi' the
B. Mental Phil. : The quality of bitterness fairy-well water, and bleached on the bonny white
gowans, and bittled by Nelly and hersell.'"-Scott
is really a mental feeling produced by certain
Guy Mannering, ch. xxiv.
objects, but not inherent in those objects
themselves.
bit'-tled, pa. par. [BITTLE.]
BITTERNS.
“The idea of whiteness, or bitterness, is, in the mind,
exactly answering that power which is in any body to bìt-tlựng, pr. par. [BITTLE.]
spotted or striped. Three species occur in
produce it there."-Locke.
Britain--the Botaurus stellaris, or Common | bỉt'-ters, s. pl. [BITTER, B., II. 2.]
bit'-tock, s. [Eng. bit, and dim. suffix -ock.
Bittern; the B. minutus, or Little Bittern;
A diminutive of bit.] A small bit.
and the B. lentiginosus, or American Bittern. bit'-těrş-gâli, s. [Eng. bitter ; as; gall.]
TA mile and a bittock : A mile and some-
The first-named species is locally named the The fruit of the Crab, Pyrus malus, L.
what more.
“Mire-drum,” the “Bull of the Bog,” &c., in
“It is often said of a soft, silly person, 'He was born
..."The three miles diminished into like a mile and a
allusion to its bellowing or drumming noise where th' bittersgalls da grow, and one o'm ball'd on
bittock.”—Guy Mannering, ch. i., i. 6.
about February or March during the breeding his head and inade a zaate (soft) place there."-Pulman.
(Britten & Holland.)
* bìt-tor, * bīt'-tour, s. [BITTERN.) (Dry.
season. It is about two and a half feet long.
The general colour of its plumage is dull pale-
den, &c.)
bỉt'-tēr-swēet, * bit-ter swēte, * bỉt'-
yellow, variegated with spots and bars of
black.
bitts, s. [BITT.]
tēr-swēet-ing, a. & s. [Eng. bilter ; sweet ;
The feathers of the head are black,
shot with green ; the bill and the legs are pale-
-ing. ]
* bit-túr, s. (BITTERN.]
green; the middle claw is serrated on the A. As adjective: In rapid succession bitter
inner edge. It is nocturnal. It frequents and sweet.
| bī-tu-bēr'-cų-lāte,
wooded swamps and reedy marshes, but is "Do but remember these cross capers then, you bitter
"The medial region minutely bi-tuberculate."
rare in Britain ; it is only a summer visitant.
Sweet one.
Dana : Crustacea, p. 130.
W. Till then adieu you bitter-sweet one."
B. minutus, which also visits Britain in sum-
Match at Midn., 0 Pl., vii. 373. (Nares.) 1 + bì-tū'me, s. [BITUMEN.)
Mome
ALWIN
ga
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whăt, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pine, pīt, sïre, sīr, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, work, whô, són; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; trý, Sýrian. æ, oe=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bitumed-bivouac
559
* bì-tū'med, a. [From Eng. &c., bitum(e);
-ed.) Impregnated with bitumen.
"2 Sail. Sir, we have a chest beneath the hatches,
caulked and bitumed ready."-Shakesp. : Pericles, iii. 1.
bi-tu-măn, bít-u-măn, t bi-tume,
* by-tū-měn, s. [In Fr. & Ital. bitume;
Sp. betun ; Prov. bitum; Port. betume, bi-
tume; Lat. bitumen ; from the root bit, per-
haps the same as pit; in Gr. tioga (pissa),
or titta (pitta), meaning pitch (PITCH). Suffix
-Umen probably means stuff, as alb-umen =
white stuff. Hence bitumen would mean pitch
stuff. Its ordinary name in Greek, however,
is not a word derived from mioca (pissa), but
is äopadtos (asphaltos). This Liddell & Scott
consider a word of foreign origin introduced
into the Greek.]
A. Ord. Lang. : In the mineralogical sense.
[B.]
1. Of the form bitume. (Poetic.) (See etym.
Fr., Ital., & Port.).
“Mix with these
Idäan pitch, quick sulphur, silver's spume,
Sea onion, hellebore, and black biture." May.
2. Of all the forms given above. (Prose &
Poetry.)
“The fabrick seem'd a work of rising ground,
With sulphur and bitumen cast between."
Dryden.
B. Technically:
I. Min. : The same as Asphalt or Asphal-
tum (q.v.).
“Bitumen : Mineral pitch, of which the tar-like
substance which is often seen to ooze out of the New-
castle coal when on fire, and which makes it cake, is a
good example."--Lyell : Princip. of Geol., Gloss.
Elastic Bitumen : A mineral, the same as
Elaterite (q.v.). Some varieties may have
arisen from the action of subterranean heat
upon coal or lignite.
II. Geol. (For the geological origin of bitu-
mens see ASPHALT, A., II. 2, Geol.)
* bì-tū-mîn-ate, v.t. [From Lat. bituminc-
tus (a.)= impregnated with bitumen. In Fr.
bituminer ; Sp. betunar, embetunar; Port. be-
tumar.] [BITUMEN.] To impregnate with
bitumen.
bi-tu-min-a-ted, mat. Dr. & a. [From Lat.
bituminatus.] [BITUMINATE.]
.."... the bituminated walls of Babylon."-Feltham,
pt. i., Resolve 46. (Richardson.)
bi-tū-min-1'-fér-oŭs, a. [Lat. bitumen, and
fero = to bear.] Bearing bitumen. (Kirwan.)
bi-tu-min-iz-aº-tion, s. [Eng. bituminiz(e),
and suff. -ation.] The art or process of con-
verting into bitumen, or at least of impregnat-
ing with it; the state of being so changed or
impregnated. (Mantell.)
bì-tū'-mîn-īze, v.t. [Lat. bitumen, and Eng.
suff. -ize ; from Gr. suff. uſw (izo) = to make.]
To impregnate with or convert into bitumen.
(Lit. Magazine. Webster.)
bì-tūm-in-īzed, pa. par. & a. [BITUMINIZE,
bituminous limestone.
two opposite portions. This definition em-
Geol. : Limestone impregnated with bitu braces both the Conchifera (Ordinary Bi-
men. Its colour is brown or black; in struc-
valves), and the Brachiopoda, which are
ture it is sometimes lamellar, but more
bivalves of a now abnormal character, though
frequently compact, in which case it is in early geological ages theirs was the pre-
susceptible of a fine polish. When rubbed or
valent type. [1.]
heated it gives out an unpleasant bituminous
“The Brachiopoda are bivalves, having one shell
odour. Occurs near Bristol, in Flintshire,
placel on the back of the animal and the other in
front."- Woodward : Mollisca, p. 7.
and in Ireland in Galway. Alroad it is found
"The Couchifera, or ordinary bivalves (like the
in Dalmatia so bituminous that it may be cut oyster) breathe by two pairs of gills, in the form of
like soap. The walls of houses are constructed
flat membranaceous plates attached to the mantle ;
one valve is a plied to the right, the other to the left
of it, and after being erected are set on fire,
side of the body.”-ibid., p. 7.
when the bitumen burns out and the stone
2. Spec. : A two-valved shell borne by a
becomes white; the roof is then put on, and
mollusc of the class Conchifera, sometimes
the house afterwards completed. (Phillips.)
called Lamellibranchiata, as distinguished
Bituminous limestone is of different geologi-
from a Brachiopod. [See No. 1. CONCHIFERA,
cal ages.
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA, BRACHIOPOD.]
bituminous mastic. Mastic formed of
“Fossil bivalves are of constant occurrence in all
bitumen. The same as BITUMINOUS CEMENT sedimentary rocks; they are somewhat rare in the
oldest formations, but increase steadily in uumber
(q.v.).
and variety through the secondary and tertiary strata,
and attain a maximum of development in existing
bituminous schist.
seas."— Woodward : Manual of the Mollusca, p. 251.
Geol. : Schist impregnated with bitumen.
Bituminous schist occurs in the Lower Silurian
rocks of Russia. Sir R. Murchison considered
that it arose from the decomposition of the
fucoids imbedded in these rocks.
bituminous shale.
1. Geol. : Any shale impregnated with bitu-
men.
2. Spec. : An argillaceous shale so impreg-
nated, which is very common in the coal
measures. (Lyell : Princ. of Geol., Gloss.)
bituminous springs. Springs more
or less impregnated with bitumen.
bi-tu-nến (pret. bitude, pa. par. bitated),
v.t. [A.S. betynan.) To enclose. (Legend of
St. Katherine, ed. Morton, 1659.) (Stratmann.)
bi-turn, bi-tir-nen (pret. bitude), a.t. RIGHT VALVE OF ARTEMIS EXOLETA.
& i. [A.S. pref. be, and tyrnan = to turn.]
a 1 The point of attachment of the anterior ad-
To turn about. (Seinte Marherete, ed. Coc ductor muscle.
kayne, xii. 33.) (Stratmann.)
a 2 Do. of the posterior one.
c The cardinal tooth.
11 The lateral teeth.
* bi-twê'ne, * bi-twên', * bi-tvêne', * bi-
P The pallial impression marking where the border
twune, * bi-twe-nền, * bi-twi-nen, of the mantle was attached.
s The sinus.
* bi-twrp-nền, * bi-twih, * bi-twige,
* bi-tu-hen, prep. & adv. The same as BE II. Geol. ; Shells are the most useful of all
TWEEN (q.v.). (Story of Gen. & Exod., 8,251, fossils for ascertaining the geological age of
&c.)
strata; but bivalves are not so useful as uni-
valves, being, with a few exceptions, marine,
* bi-twixte, * bi-twixte, * bi-twix,
whilst some univalves are terrestrial, some
* bit-wễxe, * bi-twix-ễn, * bi-twux. fluviatile, lacustrine, or both, and yet others
* bi-tuxe, * bi-tix-ễn, * bít-thăx-ễn, marine. Still bivalves will often enable a
prep. & adv. The same as BETWIXT (q.v.). geologist approximately to sound the depths
of a sea which has passed away untold ages
* bit'-yi, * být'-ylle, s. [From A.S. bitel,
before man was on the earth. [SHELLS.]
betel, bitela = a beetle, a coleopterous insect.]
+ III. Bot.: A pericarp which opens or
[BEETLE.]
splits into two valves or portions. Example-
"... bytylle worme (bitył wyrme, K).”—Buboscus.
Prompt. Parv.
the legume of the common pea. [BIVALVED.]
bī'-ur-ět. s. [From Lat. prefix bi = two, and bi-vălv'-oŭs, a. [Eng. bivalv(e); -ous.1 The
Eng., &c., urea.]
same as BIVALVE, a. (q.v.).
Chem. : C202N3H5. Biuret is formed by bī-vălv'-ų-lạr, a. [From Lat. prefix vi, and
heating urea, CO"(NH)2, to 150° to 160°, thus-
Mod. Lat. valvularis.] [VALVULAR.] Having
two small valves. (Martin, c. 1754.)
HẠN = HN + NH3 bī'-vălved, a. (BIVALVE.]
1. Gen. : The same as BIVALVE, a. (q.v.).
2. Spec. Bot.: The indusium in the fructi-
NH
fication of some ferns.
The residue is heated with water; on cooling,
biuret separates out in long white needle bi-vâult-ed, a. [From Lat. prefix bi=two,
crystals which, when heated to 170°, decompose and Eng. vaulted.] Two-vaulted ; having two
into ammonia and cyanuric acid (C3H3N30,3). vaults or arched roofs. (Barlow.)
Heated under current of dry hydrochloric
acid gas (HCI), it yields grianidine (CH; N)
bī-věn'-tral, a. [From Lat. prefix bi= two,
with other products. Biuret is detected by
and ventralis = pertaining to the belly ; venter
adding to its solution in water a few drops
= the belly.]
of CwS04 (cupric sulphate), and then excess Anat. : Having two bellies ; as "a biventral
of NaOH (caustic soda). The liquid turns muscle." (Glossog. Nov.)
red violet.
bī'-vì-al, a. [Lat. bi = double, and via=a
* bi-uv-en, prep. & adv. (A.S. bufan=above.] way. ] Going in two directions.
(Stratmann.)
"The bivial ambulacra."-Huxley: Anat. Invert.
Animals, c. ix., p. 570.
bī-vălve, a. & s. [In Fr. bivalve (a. & s.); from
* bi-vi-i-en, v.i. [A.S. bifian, beofian ; 0. L.
Lat. bi=two, and valva (pl.) = the leaves,
folds, or valves of a folding-door; from volvo
Ger. bivon ; 0. Fris. beva; O. H. Ger. biben.]
To tremble.
= to roll.]
"Wot ic thor non that he ne biue'h."
A. As adjective (Conchol., Zool., Bot., &c.):
Siory of Gen. und Exod., 2,280.
Having two valves. [B.]
"Three-fourths of the inollusca are univalve, or have
bī-vi-ous, a. [From Lat. bivius= having
but one shell; the others are mostly binalve, or have two ways or passages; prefix bi = two, and
two shells, ..."- Woodward : Mollusca (ed. 1851), p.
via = way.] Having two ways.
36.
"In bisous theorems and Janus-faced doctrines, let
B. As substantive :
virtuous considerations state the determination."
I. Zoology:
Browne: Christ. Mor., ii. 3.
1. Gen. : A mollusc which has its shell in | bịv'-oû-ăc, * bỉ-ho-vac, * bì-Ö-vạc, s.
v.t.]
HNO
<co, HN
co"
H.N>co"
HN'
bi-tum-¡n-7'-zing, pr. par. & d. [BITU-
MINIZE, v.t.]
bì-tū-min-ous, a. [In Fr. bitumineux (m.),
bitumineuse (f.); Ger. bituminös; Port. Þetu-
minoso; Sp. and Ital. bituminoso; from Lat.
bituminosus = abounding in bituinen (there is
also bitumineus = consisting of bitumen).]
[BITUMEN.] Consisting in whole or in part of
bitumen ; having the qualities of bitumen ;
formed of, impregnated with, or in any other
way pertaining to bitumen.
“Marching from Eden towards the west, shall find
The plain wherein a black bituminous gurge
Boils out from under ground, the mouth of hell."
Milton : P. L., bk. xii.
bituminous cement. A cement made
from natural asphalt. [ASPHALT (Art and
Comm.).] It is sometimes called also bitu-
minous mastic. The pure kind of it consists
simply of mineral asphalt; the impure one has
carbonate of lime in its composition, which
prevents it from melting, as the pure variety
does when the sun's rays are powerful.
bituminous coals.
Min. : Coals which burn with a yellow,
smoky flame, and on distillation give out
hydrocarbon or tar. They contain from five
to fifteen, or even sixteen or seventeen per
cent. of oxygen. Among bituminous coals are
reckoned Caking-coal, Non-caking Coal, Cannel
or Parrot-coml, Torbanite, Brown-coal or Lig-
nite, Earthy-brown Coal, and Mineral Charcoal.
(See these words.)
boil, boy; pout, jówl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion = shủn; -țion, -sion=zhún. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -tle, &c. = bęl, tel.

560
bivouac-blabber
[In Fr. bivouac, bivac; Sp. bivac, vivac, vi bewitan = (1) to overlook, to watch over, (2) to
vaque; Dan. bivouac; Ger. 7 bivouak, beiwache; keer, preserve.] To guard, to keep. (Layu-
from bei=near, and wachen = to be awake, mon, 207, 13,028, &c.) (Stratmann.)
to watch; wache=a watch, a guard.] [WATCH,
WAKE.]
* bi-wope, pa. par. [BIWEPE.]
1. Lit. (Mil. & Ord. Lang.): The remaining * bi'-word, s. [BYWORD.]
out without tents or other than extemporized
shelter in a state of watchfulness ready for
* bi-wrey'e, * bi-wray-ăn, * bi-wrigh-
sudden attack.
en, v.t. The same as BEWRAY (q.v.). (Chaucer :
"Biovac, bihovac, bivouac, s. (Fr., from wey wach, C. T., 2,229.) (Stratmann.)
a double guard, German.) A guard at night performed
by the whole army, which either at a siege, or lying * bi-wrî-hen, v.t. [A.S. bewrihan = to
before an enemy, every evening draws out from its
clothe.] To cover. (Layamon, 5,366.)
tents or huts, and continues all night in arms. Not
(Strat-
in use."-Trevour. Harris.
mann.)
2. Fig. : Exposure and other discomfort
incident to human life.
bix'-a, s. [In Dan. & Sw. biza; from the name
“In the world's broad field of battle,
given to the plant by the Indians of the
In the bivouac of life.”
Isthmus of Darien.]
Longfellow : A Psalm of Life.
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
Johnson, it will be observed, says that
order Flacourtiaceæ (Bixads). The sepals are
this word in his time was "not in use" (as five, the petals five, the stamina many; the
under No. 1). Since his time it has thoroughly
style one long like the stamina, and a two-
revived.
lobed stigma. The fruit, which is covered
bịv'-oû-ắc, v.i. [From bivouac, s. (q.v.). In
with a dry prickly husk, separates into two
Ger. beiwachen, bivouakiren; Fr. bivouaquer,
pieces, each with numerous seeds attached to
bivaquer.] To spend the night on the ground
a parietal placenta. The flowers are in bunches,
without tents or other effective protection.
the leaves entire, marked with pellucid dots.
Four species are known, all from tropical
“We had not long bivouacked, before the barefooted
son of the governor came down to reconnoitre us."-
America. B. orellana is the Arnotto-tree.
Darwin : Voyage round the World, ch. xiii.
[ARNOTTO.]
bịv-oû-ạck-ing, pr. par. & a. [BIVOUAC, v.] * bix-ā'-çe-æ (Lindley, ist. ed., 1836, and
“As winter drew near, this bivouacking system Endlicher), * bix-in-e-æ (Kumth), S. pl.
became tou dangerous to attempt."-De Quincey : [Bixa.] An order of plants now more com-
Works (2nd ed.), i. 132.
monly called Flacourtiaceæ. [BIXA, BIXADS,
* bi-wāke, * bi-waken, v. t. [The same as FLACOURTIACEÆ.]
bewake (q.v.). A.S. wrecce = a watching, a
wake.] To keep a wake or vigil for the dead.
bịx'-ădş, s.pl. [BIXA.]
“And egipte folc him bi-waken
Bot.: The name given by Lindley to the
xl. nigtes and xl. daiges.”
order Flacourtiaceæ (q. v.).
Story of Gen. and Exod., 2,444-5.
* bi-wall-ewe, * bi-wal'-wi-en, v.t. [A.S.
bix'-ě-a, s. pl. [BIXA.]
bewealwian = to wallow.] To wallow about.
Bot. : The first tribe or family of the order
(Layamon, 27,744.) (Stratmann.)
Flacourtiaceæ (Bixads). Type, Bixa.
bì-wěd'-děn (pa. par. biwedded), v.t. [A.S. břx'-ịn, s. [From Eng., &c., bix(a); suffix -in
beweddian = to wed ; beweodded = wedded.] (Chem.) (q.v.)]
To wed. (Layamon, 4,500.) (Stratmanın.)
Chem. : C15H1804. It occurs along with a
yellow orellini in annatto, forming its colour-
bī-wēek-lý, a. [From Lat, prefix bi, and
ing matter. It is an amorphous, resinous, red
Eng. weekly.] Occurring once in every two
substance, nearly insoluble in water, but
weeks. (Goodrich & Porter.)
soluble in alcohol or in alkațies, forming a
q There is a certain ambiguity in this term, yellow solution. Annatto contains about
for some will assume that bi is the same as twenty per cent. of colouring matter.
bis = twice, and will suppose anything bi-
weekly to be twice a week. There is a similar |
nilar | * bịx'-wõrt, s. [Etym, doubtful.] An un-
ground for ambiguity about bi-monthly (q.v.).
identified plant.
“ Bixwort ... an herb.”—Johnson.
* bi'-wêile, * bi'-wêil-en. * bi'-wāil-en
(pret. biweilede.) The same as BEWAIL (q.v.).
* bi-yende *bi-yen-dis, prep. & adv. The
"And alle wepten, and biweileden hir."—Wycliffe
same as BEYOND (q.v.).
(Purvey): Luke viii. 52.
... and of biyende Jordạn."—Wycliffe (Purvey):
Matt. iv. 25.
* bi-wěn'-děn (pret, biwende, biwente), v.i, “... the thingis that bey biyendis yoų : : :"-
[A.S. bewendan = to turn; Moso-Goth. bi-
Ibid., 2 Cor. x. 16.
wandjan.) To wend about; to turn round.
+ bì-zăn-tīne, s. [BEZANT, BYZANTINE.]
(0. Eng. Miscell., ed. Morris, 45,) (Stratmann.)
bì-zar're, a. & s. [From Fr. bizarre = odd,
* bi-wệpe (pret. bi1oente, bi1oeop; pa. para bi-
whimsical, fantastical, in bad taste. In Sw.
wope; pr. par. *biwerynge), v.t. The same as
BEWEEP (q.v.). (Chaucer: Troilus, 5,585.)
bizarr; Ital, bizzarro = whimsical, smart; Sp.
& Port. bizarro = courageous, generous, mag-
“... Rachel biwepynge hir sones ..."-Wycliffe
(Purvey) : Matt. ii. 18.
nificent. From Basque bizarra = a beard ;
according to Larrainendi, from bis arra =
* bi-we-ven (pret. biwefde; pa. par. bi which becomes a man; or Arab. bâshôret = (as
weaved, biweved), v.t. To involve, to cover. s.) beauty, elegance, (as adj.) chivalrous, ex-
The same as BEWAVE (2) (Scotch) (q.v.) (Laya travagant. (Littré.).]
mon, 28,474.) (Stratmann.)
A. As adjective: Odd, whimsical, fantastic,
eccentric, extravagant, out of the ordinary
* bi-wey, s. [BY WAY.]
routine, in bad taste.
* bi-wic-chen (pret. biwicchect), v.t. The same B. As substantive. Hortic. : One of the sub-
as BEWITCH (q.v.). (Piers Plow., bk, xix., 151.)
divisions of the Carnation (Dianthus caryo-
phyllus). There are several hundred varieties
* bi-w-lėn. * bi-wiye-li-en (pa. par. of this well-known and beautiful plant, which
biwiled), v.t. [From A.S. prefix bi, and wile = are ranged by modern horticulturists in three
a wile, craftiness.] To wile, delude, or de divisions : Flakes, Bizarres, and Picotees, Bi-
ceive. (Rel. Antiq., i. 182.) (Stratmann.) zarres possess not less than three colours,
which are moreover diffused in irregular
* bî-win'-děn, v.t. [A.S. bewindan = to en spots and stripes.
fold, to wrap or wind about; Moso-Goth,
biwindan = to wind round, enwraj), swathe.] biz-ca-cha, s. [VIZCACHA.]
To wind round. (0. Eng. Hom., i. 47.) (Strat "We ascend the lofty peaks of the Cordillera and we
mann.)
find an alpine species of bizcacha, ..."-Darwin :
Origin of Species (ed. 1859), ch. xi., p. 349.
* bi-win, ý b{-win-nến (pret. biavan, bi- | & , and & bền
won), v.t. [A.S. gewinnan = to win.) To win.
| * bîz-end, * bēez-en, a. [BISSON.]
(Layamon, 29.) (Stratmann.)
bī'-zēt, s. [Etym. doubtful.]
* bị-wis'te, * bě-wis'te, * bě-oŭs'te, s. Lapiilary-work: The upper faceted portion
[From A.. bigwist, biwist = food, nourish-
of a brilliant-cut diamond which projects from
ment.] Being; living. (Rel. Antiq., i. 131.)
the setting. It has one third of the whole
depth of the gem, being cut in thirty-two
* bi-wi-teon, * bi-wi-ten, + bi-wî'-tự-en facets, which occupy the zone between the
(pret. biwitede, biwat, biwiste), v.t. [A.S. girdle and the table. (Knight.) [BRILLIANT, S.]
bizz, v.i. [Imitated from the sound. Compare
Norm. Fr. bizze = a female snake. (Kelham.).]
(Scotch.)
1. To buzz, to make a hissing sound.
“As bees bizz out wi' angry fyke
When plundering herds assail their byke."
Burns: Tum o Shanter.
2. To be in constant motion ; to bustle.
(1) To bizz aboué: The same as to buzz (2).
(2) To take the bizz. Of cattle : To rush
madly about when stung by the gadfly.
(Jamieson.)
bịzz, bişse, s. [From the verb bizz, or imi-
tated, like the verb, from the sound. ]
1. Lit. : A hissing noise.
“Alack-a-day!
An' singe wi' hair-levouring bizz,
Its curls awa
Fergusson : Poems, ii. 16.
2. Fig.: A bustle. (Scotch.)
“D'ye mind that day, when in a bizz,
Wi' reekit duds, and reestit gizz."
Burns : Address to the Deil.
biz-zý, a. [Busy.) (Scotch.)
bl, as an abbreviation.
Her.: Blue, often found in sketches of arms
instead of azure. B alone is preferable.
B.L., as an abbreviation.
In Universities : Bachelor of Law.
bla, a. [BLAE.] (0. Eng. & Scotch.) [See also
BLAMAKING.]
blăb, * blăbbe, v.t. & i. [In Ger. plappern =
to blab, bable, prate, or chat.]
A. Transitive :
*1. To utter, to tell, to communicate; not
necessarily with imprudence or breach of
confidence.
“That delightful engine of her thoughts,
That blabb'd them with such pleasing eloquence,
Is torn from forth that pretty hollow cage."
Shakesp.: T'itus Andron., iii. 1.
2. To utter, tell, or communicate by word
of mouth whatever is in one's mind, regard-
less whether imprudence is committed and
friendly confidence violated.
" Nature has made man's breast no windores,
To publish what he does within doors :
Nor what dark secrets there inhabit,
Unless his own rash folly blab it.” Hudibras.
3. To reveal a secret in any other way than
by the lips.
"Sorrow nor joy can be disguis'd by art,
Our foreheads blab the secrets of our heart."
Dryden.
B. Intransitive: To tell secrets of one's self
or another imprudently; to tattle.
“ Your mute I'll be:
When my tongue blabs, then let mine eyes not see."
Shakesp. : Twelfth Night, i. 2.
t blăb (1), * blabbe, s. [From blab, v. (q.v.).]
1. A person who by imprudent or trea-
cherous speech reveals secrets.
“Blabbe or labbe wreyare of cownselle (hewreyar
H. P.)..."-Prompt. Parv.
“To have revealed
Secrets of men, the secrets of a friend,
How heinous had the fact been, how deserving
Contempt and scorn of all, to be excluded
All friendship, and avoided as a blab."
Milton : Samson Agonistes.
2. An utterance of the lips which does so.
“Still ye duke had not made so many blabbes of his
counsaill"..."-Hali: Rich. ill. (an. ii.).
blăb (2), s. [Another form of Eng. blob, so
called from its globular form.] [BLOB.] The
gooseberry. (Ribes Glossularia, &c.) (Scotch.)
blăbbed, pa. par. & a. [BLAB, v.]
blăb'-ber, s. [From 0. Eng. blable); and
suffix -er. In Ger. plapperer.] One who tells
secrets, a tell-tale, a tattler.
blăb'-běr, a. in compos. [BLOBBER.]
blabber-lipped, a. [BLOBBER-LIPPED.]
blăb'-bőr, * blăb'-ěr, * blěb'-ěr (Scotch),
* bolăb'-ēr-in, * blă'-bēr-ýn (0. Eng.), v.i.
[Dan. Blabbre.] (Stratmann.)
1. (Of the 0. Eng. form blaberyn) : To speak
foolishly.
"Bluberyn or speke wythe-owte resone..."-
Prompt. Parv,
2. (of the Scotch form blabber, blaber, or
bleber): To babble, to speak indistinctly.
"Gif the heart be good, suppose we blabber with
wordes, yit it is acceptable to Hu."-Bruce: Eleven
Sermons, L. 2, b. (Jamieson.)
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whất, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hếr, thêre; pine, pît, sïre, sīr, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, són; mūte, cũb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian. æ, o =ē; ey=ā. qu= kw.

blabbering-black
561
blăb-bếp-ing, blăb-ễr-ing (Eng.), bla-
bēr-ạnd (Scotch), pr. par., a., & s. [BLAB-
BER.]
A. & B. As pr. par. and particip. adj. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
“... that blaberand echo . . ."-Complaynte of
Scotl., p. 59. (Boucher.)
C. As subst. : Babbling.
“My mynd misty, ther may not mys ane fall;
Stra for thys ignorant blabering imperfite,
Beside thy polist termes redymyte.
Doug. : Virgil, 3, 36. (Jamieson.)
blåb'-bîng, pr. par. & a. In senses corre-
sponding to those of the verb, tell-tale, re-
vealing secrets. [BLAB, v.]
“The gaudy, blabbing, and remorseful day
Is crept into the bosom of the sea."
Shakesp. : 2 Hen. VI., iv, 1.
* blăb'-ěr, s. [From Fr. blafard = pale, wan,
dim, faded (?). (Jamieson.)] A kind of cloth
imported from France. (Scotch.)
"... als mekle Franch blaber as will be every ane of
thame ane coit."-Regist. Counc. Edin., Keith's Hist.,
p. 189. (Jamieson.)
+ blâc, a. [BLEAK.]
blă'ck, * blăcke, * blake, * blak, * blek,
* bleke. *blecke, * blac, a., adv., & s.
[A.S. blcec, blac = black. There is also blác=
pale, pallid, shining-white; from which comes
Eng. bleak. Wedgwood believes these two
words identical, and that the latter conveys
the original signification of the word. Mahn
and Skeat consider them distinct, and give
forth a caution against confounding them
together. O. Icel. blakkr (a.), blek (s.); Sw.
(in compos.) bläck, as skrifblack = ink, bläck
fisk = black fish; Dan. blæk = ink, but blaak-
lokke is = a bluebottle; O. Dut. black (a. &
s.); O. H. Ger. blach, plach. (Stratmann).]
A. As adjective:
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Literally :
(1) Intensely dark in colour; of the darkest
possible hue.
“Blak was his berd, and manly was his face.”
Chaucer : C. T., 2,132.
“But ever lyve as wydow in clothes blake.”
Chaucer : C. T., 9,953.
(2) Of a less intense darkness.
“The heaven was black with clouds and wind, and
there was a great rain."–1 Kings xviii. 44.
“Thence the loud Baltic passing, black with storm
To wintry Scandinavia's utmost bound.”
Thomson: Liberty, pt. iv.
2. Figuratively: .
(1) Atrociously cruel, or otherwise exces-
sively wicked.
“... the blackest crimes recorded in history ..." |
-Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. xviii.
(2) Having a clouded countenance, sullen.
[B. 2.]
(3) Disastrous, unfavourable, dismal,
mournful.
"A dire induction am I witness to;
And will to France, hoping the consequence
Will prove as bitter, black, and tragical."
'Shakesp. : Rich. III., iv. 4.
II. Technically:
1. Optics : Of the colour which a body is
which absorbs all the rays of light; opposed
to white, which arises when all the rays are
rejected.
2. Physic. Science, Spec. Bot. : A genus of
colours consisting of the following species :-
(1) Pure black [Lat. ater; Gr. Médas (melas),
genit. Mélavos (melanos), in compos. mela and
melano.] Black without the admixture of any
other colour.
(2) Black (Lat. niger] : Black a little tinged
with grey.
(3) Coal-black [Lat. anthracinus]: Black a
little verging upon blue.
(4) Raven-black [Lat. coracinus, pullus] :
Black with a strong lustre.
(5) Pitch-black [Lat. piceus]: Black chang-
ing to brown. It is scarcely distinguishable
from brown-black (Lat. memnonius). (Lindley :
Introd, to Bot.)
3. Painting : For painters' colours see C., II.
4. Her.: Black is generally called sable(q.v.).
"... sable arms, black as his purpose.”
Shakesp. : Hamlet, ii. 2.
B. As adverb:
1. So as to produce a black colour. [D. 2.]
2. Sullenly, menacingly.
“She hath abated me of half my train ;
Look'd black upon me...
Shakesp. : Lear, ii. 4.
C. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Of things :
(1) The colour defined under A. I. 1 and
II. 1.
“Black is the badge of hell,
The hue of dungeons, and the scowl of night."
Shakesp. : Love's Lab. Lost, iv. 3.
(2) Certain objects of an intensely dark hue,
as-
(a) The pupil of the eye.
“It suffices that it be in every part of the air, which
is as big as the black or sight of the eye."-Digby.
(6) A mourning dress, or vestments of the
ordinary sable hue; or a black dress even
when it is not worn for mourning.
"And why that ye ben clad thus al in blak ?”
Chaucer: C. T., 913.
In this sense it was often used in the
plural for black-stuffs, or clothes worn as
mourning.
“But were they false
As o'er-dy'd blacks."
Shakesp.: Winter's Tale, i. 2.
(c) Plur. : Little pieces of soot, &c., floating
in the air are very commonly called blacks.
2. Of persons :
(1) A negro.
“But, while they get riches by purchasing blacks,
Pray tell me, why we may not also go snacks?”
Cowper : Pity for poor Africans.
(2) A scoundrel, a blackguard. (Scotch.)
II. Technically :
Painting and Comm. : The black colours
used in painting and commerce are made
from a variety of sources. Chemically viewed,
carbon is in general the substance which im-
parts the dark hue. For details see Bone-black,
Frankfort-black, German-black, Ivory-black,
Lamp-black, Pearl-black, Spanish-black, Vine-
black. See also Indian-ink, &c.
D. In special phrases:
1. A black day (formerly a blacke day) is a
mournful day, a day of misfortune and suffer-
ing.
“Never was seen so black a day as this:
| 0 woful day, O woful day!...
Shakesp. : Rom. & Jul., iv. 5.
2. Black and blue, * Black and blew, * Black
and bloe, a. & adv.
(a) As adjective. Of the varied colours pro-
duced by a bruise.
“... but the miller's men did so baste his bones,
and so soundly bethwack'd him that they made him
both black and blue with their strokes."-Rabelais, i.
294. (Boucher.)
(6) As adverb :
(i.) So as to produce the varied colours at-
tendant on a bruise.
“... beat me black and blew ..."- Mother Bombie,
v. 3.
(ii.) To the utmost.
“... we will foul him black and blue..."-Shakesp.:
Twelfth Night, ii. 5.
3. Black and white : Writing, the black re-
ferring to the ink, and the white to the paper.
"Careful I let nothing passe without good black and
white ..." - Jacke Drum's Entertainment, a l.
(Boucher.)
To put anything in black and white : To
put it on paper; to commit it to writing.
"... that I would put it in black and white, that he
might shew it to his Majestie."-Lett., Seaforth, Cullo-
den, Pap., p. 105. (Jamieson.)
Shakespeare has white and black in the
same sense. (Much Ado, v. 1.)
4. Black's your eye (black is your eye): You
have done wrong, are blameworthy.
“I can say black's your eye, though it be grey;
I have conniv'd at this your friend, and you."
Beau. & Flet. : Love's Cure, iii. 1.
* Blacke is their eye is similarly used.
"And then no man say blacke is their eye, but all is
well, and they as good christians, as those that suffer
them unpunished."-Stubbs : Anatomie of Abuses, P. 65.
5. Edward the Black Prince: The “Black
Prince of Wales," eldest son of Edward III.,
was so called from the colour of his armour.
(Shakesp. : Hen. V., ii. 4.)
Obvious compounds : Black-bearded (Tenny-
son: Drean of Fair Women); black-hooded
(Tennyson : Morte d'Arthur); black-knee (ren-
dering of proper name-Scott: Rob Roy,
Introd.); black-robe (Longfellow : Song of Hia-
wutha, xxii.) ; black-stoled (Tennyson : Morte
d'Arthur).
black-act, s. An act so called because
the outrages which caused it to be passed
were committed by persons with blackened
faces or otherwise disguised. It was sometimes
more fully termed the Waltham black-act,
because the locality of the crimes committed
was Waltham Abbey in Essex. Epping Forest
was in immediate proximity to Waltham. The
act was 9 Geo. I., c. 22, which made a number
of offences felony. Of these may be men-
tioned the setting fire to farm buildings, hay-
stacks, &c., the breaking down of the heads of
fish-ponds, killing or maiming cattle, hunting,
wounding, or killing deer, robbing warrens
with blackened faces or disguised, shooting at
any one, or forcing people to aid in such un-
lawful acts. The Black Act was repealed by
the 7 & 8 Geo. IV., c. 27. (Blackstone: Com-
ment., iv. 11, 15, 17, and other authorities.)
Plur. (Scotch) Black Acts: The acts of the
Scottish Parliament written in the Saxon
character. They included those passed in the
reigns of Jas. I. to Jas. V., Mary, and James
VI. to the year 1586 or 1587.
black-airn, S. (Eng. & Scotch black, and
Scotch airn = iron.] Malleable iron, as dis-
tinguished from white-airn, i.e., that which is
tinned. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
black-alder, black-aller, s. A shrub,
Rhamnus frangula, the leaves of which are
like those of alder, but blacker. One of the
old names was Alnus nigra, of which Black-
alder is a translation. There is, however, no
real botanical affinity between the two plants.
black-amber, s. The name given by
Prussian amber-diggers to jet. (Stormonth.)
black archangel, s. A labiate plant,
Ballota nigra, L., called also Black Horehound.
black art, s. Exorcism, the alleged
ability to expel evil spirits from haunted
houses or from persons bewitched; necro-
mancy, or anything similar.
The reason why it was called black was
that proficients in it were supposed to be in
league with the powers of darkness. A more
scientific explanation would be that such an
art is called black because it flourishes best
amid physical and intellectual darkness.
“He [Arise Evans the conjuror) was a deep student
in the black art, and Lilly assures us that he had a
most piercing judgment, naturally upon a figure of
theft, was well versed in the nature of spirits, and
had many times used the circular way of invocating.”
Pennant : Tour in Wales, ii. 108. (Boucher.)
black ash, black-ash, s.
Chem, manuf. : A mixture of twenty-five per
cent. of caustic soda with calcium sulphide,
quicklime, and unburnt coal, obtained in the
process of making sodium carbonate. The
mixture of sodium sulphate, chalk, and pow-
dered coal is fused in a furnace, gases escape,
and the residue is the black ash, which is
lixiviated with warm water, and the solution
evaporated to dryness, yields soda-ash, an
impure sodium carbonate.
black assize, s.
Hist. : An assize held at Oxford in 1557,
when the High Sheriff and 300 other persons
died of infectious disease caught from the
prisoners. It was called also the fatal assize.
black-backed, a. Having a black back.
| Black-backed gull: A gull, Larus marinus.
black-band, s.
Among Scotch miners : The ironstone of the
coal-measures which contains coaly matter
sufficient for calcining the ore without the
addition of coal.
black-bar, .s.
A. Ord. Lang. (Lit.): A bar which is black.
*B. Law: An obsolete name for what is
more properly termed blank-bar (q.v.). (Ash.)
black-beaded, a. Resembling black
beads. (Used of eyes.)
“From beneath her gather'd wimple
Glancing with black-beaded eyes.".
Tennyson : Lilian.
black-beer, s. A kind of beer, called
also Dantzic, from its being manufactured in
and largely exported from the Prussian town
of that name.
black-bent, s. [BENT.]
black-bindweed, s. [BINDWEED.]
black-birch, s. [BIRCH.]
black-blue, a. Of the colour produced
by the combination of black and blue, the
latter predominating.
“The clear moon, and the glory of the heavens.
There, in a black-blue vault she sails along."
Wordsworth : Night-Piece.
black-board, s. [BLACKBOARD.]
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
36
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhủn. -tious, -sious, -cious =shús. -ble, -dle, &c. =bel, del.

562
black
black-bonnet, s. The Scotch name for
a bird, the Reed Bunting (Emberiza schoni-
culus.)
black book, s.
I. Ordinary Language :
1. A book on the black art.
2. A name given to the histories written by
the monks in their several monasteries. So
called, perhaps, because penned with black
ink, in contradistinction to rubrics in which
the ink used was red. (Jamieson.)
3. Pl. (Black books). Fig. : The numerous
persons, things, incidents, &c., retained by
the memory being imaginatively assumed to
be preserved in a series of books, “black
books” are those in which the reminiscences
are unpleasant.
To put a person in one's black books : To
think very unfavourably of him, at least for
the time being. (Colloquial.)
II. History: A book composed by the
visitors to the monasteries under Henry VIII.,
who were sent to find proof of such immo-
ralities among the celibate monks and nuns
as might justify the government in suppress-
ing those institutions and confiscating their
large property.
black-briar, s. A plant, apparently the
Bramble, Rubus fruticosus, Linn. (Mascal
Gov. of Cattel, 1662, pp. 188, 233.) (Britten &
Holland.)
black-browed, a.
1. Lit. : Having black eyebrows.
2. Figuratively :
(1) Dark, glooiny.
“They wilfully themselves exile from light,
And must for aye consort with black-brow'd night.”
Shakesp.: Mid. Night's Dream, iii. 2.
(2) Threatening, forbidding.
“ Thus when a black-brow'd gust begins to rise,
White foam at first on the curl'd ocean fries.”
" Dryden.
black-bryony, s. The English name of
the Tamus, a genus of plants belonging to the
order Smilaceæ (Sarsaparillas). The Com-
mon Black-bryony (Tamus communis) grows
apparently wild in England. It has diccious,
greenish-white flowers, the males with six
stamens and the females with a three-celled
ovary, succeeded by a berry of three cells.
The leaves are cordate and acute, the stems
very long and twining in hedges, and the roots
fleshy and exceedingly large. It is so acrid that
it has been used as a stimulating plaster, but
the young shoots are eaten like asparagus by
the Moors, who boil them with oil and salt.
black-burning, d. Used of shame,
when it is so great as to produce deep blush-
ing, or to crimson the countenance.
black canker, s. A disease in turnips
and other crops produced by a kind of cater-
pillar. Dr. Willich recommended that a num-
ber of ducks should be turned into the fields
infected by these insects.
black-cap, blackcap, black cap,
s & a.
A. As substantive:
1. Lit. (of the form black cap) :
(1) Gen. : Any cap of a black colour.
(2) Spec. : A cap of a black colour put on by
a judge when about to pronounce sentence of
death on a criminal. It is popularly believed
that the black colour is designed to symbolise
the fatal effect the sentence is about to pro-
duce, but in reality the black cap is a part of
a judge's full dress, and is worn on state occa-
sions, even though no fatal sentences have to
be pronounced.
2. Fig. (of the forms blackcap and black-cap):
Various birds having the upper part of the
heads—that in the case of man often covered
by a cap-black; or cap may in this case be
from A.S. cop= the top or summit of any-
thing. Specially-
(1) A name for the Black-cap Warbler, Cur-
ruca atricapilla It is so called from the
black colour which exists on the crown of the
head in the male, the corresponding part in
the female being an umber or rusty colour.
In the former sex the back of the neck is
ashy-brown, the upper parts of the body grey
with a greenish tinge, the quills and tail
dusky edged with dull-green, the under parts
light-ash colour. The female is darker
and more greenish. The Black-cap is about
six inches in length. It occurs in Britain
from April to October, builds a nest in haw-
thorn bushes or similar places, deposits four,
five, or six reddish-brown mottled eggs, and
is a sweet songster.
(2) A name for the Marsh Titmouse (Parus
palustris).
(3) A name for the Great Tit (Parus major).
(4) A name for the Black-headed Gull (Larus
ridibundus).
B. As adjective: Black on the crown of the
head. (See the compound word which fol-
lows.)
| Black-cap Warbler. [BLACKCAP, A., 2(1).]
black-capped, a.
Of birds : Having the upper part of the head
black.
Black-capped Tomtit: The same as the Black-
cap Titmouse (q.v.).
Black-capped Warbler. [BLACKCAP, 2 (1).]
black-cattle, s.
Grazing: All the larger domestic animals,
including oxen, cows, horses, &c., without re-
ference to their actual colour.
“The other part of the grazier's business is what we
call black-cattle, produces hides, tallow, and beef, for
exportation."-Swift.
* black-chalk, s. The old name of a
greyish or bluish-black mineral, or rather of a
schistose rock, containing carbon alumina,
eleven parts of carbon and small proportions
of iron and water. It occurs near Pwllhelli,
Carnarvonshire, and in Isla, one of the He-
brides. It is properly a metamorphic rock,
and has no connection with chalk properly so
called. It is used in drawing and painting,
its streak being quite black.
black coal, s. An old name for common
coal. (Phillips.)
black-coat, s. A familiar name for a
clergyman. [CLOTH.]
"... besides that, the affronts of women and black-
coats are to be looked on with the saine slight and
scorn."-Skelton: Don Quixote, p. 442. (Boucher.)
black cobalt, s. A mineral, called also
Wad (q.v.).
black-cock, s. [BLACKCOCK.)
black copper, s. [Named from its being
a copper ore of a bluish or brownish-black
or black colour.] A mineral, called also Me-
laconite (q.v.).
black corn, s.
Bot. : A book-name for Melampyrum, of
which it is a translation. It is the French
Blé noir (noir = black, and blé = corn, wheat.)
It is called also Black-wheat.
black couch, s. The name of a plant
Alopecurus agrestis, L.
black cow, s.
1. Lit. : A cow which is black.
2. Fig.: An imaginary cow of such a colour,
said to tread on one when calamity comes.
[BLACK Ox.] (Scotch.)
“The black cow on your foot ne'er trod,
Which gars you sing alang the road."
Herd: Coll., ii. 120. (Jamieson.)
black-crop, s. [Eng. black; crop.] A
crop of peas or beans. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
black crottles, s. The name of a plant,
Parmelia saxatilis.
black-currant, s. The fruit of a well-
known garden bush, Ribes nigrum ; also the
bush itself.
black-death, s.
1. A dreadful malady, called also the Black
Plague or the Black Disease, which ravaged
Europe during the fourteenth century, falling
terribly on Italy in 1340, and killing in London
alone in 1349 about 50,000 people. Perhaps.
however, the Italian disease and the English
may not have been identical.
“Many also believe that the Black Death of five
centuries ago has disappeared as mysteriously as it
caine."-Tyndall: Frag. of Science (3rd edit.), xi. 314.
2. A deadly epidemic which broke out in
Dublin in March, 1866. The name black was
given from the dark blotches which came out
upon the skin of the sufferers. (Haydn.)
black-disease, s. The same as BLACK-
DEATH (q.v.).
black-diver, s. A name for a bird, the
Black Scoter (Oidemia nigra.)
black dog, s.
1. A dog of a black colour.
2. A fiend still dreaded in many country
places.
T A black dog has walked over him : Used
of a sullen person.
Like butter in the black dog's house : A
proverbial phrase signifying utterly gone.
(Scott: Antiquary, ch. xxxviii.)
black-draught, s. A name for a purga-
tive medicine in common use. It is made of
an infusion of senna with sulphate of mag-
nesia.
black-drink, s. A decoction of Ilex
vomitoria in use among the Creek Indians
when they assemble for a council. [ILEX.]
black-duck, s. A duck in which black
is a prominent colour.
Great Black-duck: One of the names of a
duck, the Velvet Scoter (Oidemia fusca.)
(Fleming.)
black-dye, s. Any dye of a black hue.
One of the commonest is made of oxide of
iron with gallic and tannin.
black-eagle, s. A name for the Golden
Eagle (Aquila chrysaëtus.)
black-earth, s. Vegetable soil, garden
or other mould.
black-extract, s. An extract or a pre-
paration made from Cocculus Indicus, which
gives an intoxicating quality to beer.
black-eye, s. A bruise upon the parts
immediately surrounding the eye.
black-eyed, a. Having black, or at least
dark-coloured eyes, i.e., having eyes with the
iris dark brown.
“When first Spain's queen beheld the black-eyed boy."
Byron : Childe Harold, i. 48.
black-faced, blackfaced, a.
1. Literally : Having a black face.
Several breeds of sheep are known as
blackfaced.
2. Figuratively:
“But when a black-faced cloud the world doth threat."
Shakesp. : Tarquin and Lucrece.
black-fasting, a. A term used of one
who has been long without any kind of food.
"If they dinna bring him something to eat, the puir
demented body has never the heart to cry for aught,
and he has been kenn'd to sit for ten hours thegither,
black-fasting."-Scott : St. Ronan's Well, ch. xvi.
black-fish, s.
1. Lit. : Centrolophus pompilus, a British fish
of the Fam. Scomberidæ—the Mackerel family.
[CENTROLOPHUS.] It is of a black colour, es-
pecially on the fins, the under parts of the
body being lighter. It has been known to
reach two feet eight inches in length. It is
rare on the British coasts.
2. Fig. : Fish recently spawned. (Scotch.)
black-fisher, s. One who fishes under
night illegally.
"Ye took me aiblins for a black-fisher it was gaun
tae ginle the chouks oye, whan I harl't ye out tae the
stenners."-Saint Patrick, iii. 42. (Jamieson.)
black-fishing, s. Fishing for salmon
under night by ineans of torches. [LEISTER.]
"The practice of black-fishing is so called because it
is performed in the night time, or perhaps because the
fish are then black or foul."-P. Ruthven : Forfars.
Statist. Acc., xii. 294. (Jamieson.)
black-flea, S. A name sometimes given
to a small leaping coleopterous insect, Haltica
nemorum, the larvæ of which are highly in-
jurious to turnips. It has not a close affinity
to the ordinary flea.
black-flux, s.
Metal. : A material used to assist in the
melting of various metallic substances. It is
made by mixing equal parts of nitre and tar-
tar, and deflagrating thein together. The
black substance which remains is a compound
of charcoal and the carbonate of potassa.
black-foot, blackfoot, s. A sort of
inatch-maker; one who goes between a lover
and his mistress, endeavouring to bring the
fair one to compliance.
"I could never have expected this intervention of
a prosceneta, which the vulgar translate blackfoot, of
such eminent dignity,' said Dalgarno, scarce concealing
a sneer."-Scott: Fort. of Nigel, ch. xxxii. (Jamieson.)
Black-Forest, s. A great forest, part of
the Hercynia Silva of the Roman period. It is
situated in Baden and Wurtemberg, near the
source of the Danube.
nicht illegally siblins forhan I harinieson.)
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pịt, sire, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; trý, Sýrian. , ce=ē, ey=ā. qu=kw.

black
563
Black-friars, s. (BLACKFRIARS.]
Black-Friday, s. The 6th December,
1745, when the news reached London that the
Pretender had come to Derby.
black-frost, black frost, s. Frost.in
which there is no snow or hoar-frost on the
ground. Opposed to white or hoar-frost.
black-game, s. A name for the Black-
cock (Tetrao tetrix) (q.v.).
black-ground, a. Having an opaque
surface behind an object.
black-ground illuminator, s.
Optics : An optical instrument in which an
opaque surface is introduced behind the ob-
ject, while illuminating rays are directed
around and upon it. (Knight.)
black gooseberry, s. A well-known
garden fruit, Ribes nigrum, L.
- black-grass, s. The name for several
grasses : (1) Alopecurus agrestis, L. (2) A. geni-
culatus, L. (3) Bromus sterilis, L.
black-guard, s. [BLACKGUARD.]
black-gum, s. A tree, called also Sour-
gum, Pepper-ridge, and Tupelo-tree. It is
Nyssa villosa. It is from forty to fifty feet
high. Its wood is made into naves for carriage-
wheels and blocks for hatters. It grows in
the United States.
black-haired, a. Having black, or at
least very dark hair.
black - headed, a. Having the head
black.
Black-headed Eagle : An eagle from South
America, the Falco atricapillus.
Black-headed Tomtit: A name for a bird, the
Marsh Tit (Parus palustris).
Great Black-headed Tomtit: A bird, the Ox-
eye Tit (Parus fungillago, Macgillivray), (P.
major, Lin.).
black-hearted, a. Having a morally
black heart; secretly, if not even openly,
wicked.
black hellebore, s. A plant, Astrantia
major, L.
black hematite, s. A mineral, the same
as Psilomelane (q.v.). It is called also Black-
iron Ore.
black-hole, s. A dungeon.
The “ black hole" of Calcutta was not a
dungeon but an unventilated room about 18
feet square. Of the 146 prisoners put into it
on June 20, 1756, only 23 came forth alive
next morning, the deficiency of oxygen in
the air being fatal to the rest.
black horehound, s. A plant, Ballota
nigra, L.
black-iron, s. Malleable iron. [BLACK-
AIRN.] It is contradistinguished from white-
iron, which is iron tinned.
black-iron ore, s. An old name for a
mineral, running into three varieties : (1) Fi-
brous, (2) Coinpact, (3) Ochrey Black-iron ore.
The first is called also Black Hematite.
black-jack, s.
I. Commerce, &c. :
+ 1. Pl.: A large leathern vessel in which
small beer was generally kept in former times.
Such receptacles for liquor were made in the
form of a jack-boot, whence it is by most
people supposed that they derived their name.
They still exist here and there, though passing
into disuse.
“There's a Dead-Sea of drink i' th' cellar, in which
goodly vessels be wreck'd; and in the middle of this
deluge appear the tops of flagons and black-jacks. like
churches drown'd i' th' marshes."-Beaum. & Fletcher,
i. 328. (Boucher.)
2. A trade-name for ground caramelor
burnt sugar, which is used to adulterate coffee.
It acts simply as a colouring agent, and gives
to the coffee infusion an appearance of great
strength.
II. Mining and Min.: The name given by
miners to a mineral, a variety of zinc sulphide
(ZnS). It is called by mineralogists Spha-
lerite and Blende (q.v.).
III. Bot.: The American name for a kind of
oak, the Quercus nigra.
black lac, s. A lac of a black colour
with which the Burmese lacquer various
kinds of ware. It comes probably from some
tree of the order Anacardiaceæ (Anacards or
Trebinths).
black-lead, s. A name given to a mineral,
Graphite or Plumbago (q.v.), which is a car-
bon containing about five per cent. of quartz
with oxides of iron and manganese as impuri-
ties. It contains no lead, but is so called
from its metallic appearance. It is used in
the manufacture of pencils and for other pur-
poses.
black-leading, s. The act or operation
of coating with black-lead.
Black-leading Machine: A machine for coat-
ing the surfaces of electrotype moulds with
plumbago. The carriage which supports the
mould is moved gradually along the bed be-
neath the brush, which has a quick, vibratory
movement in the same direction. The gra-
phite, being sprinkled on the mould, is caused
to penetrate the recesses of the letters in the
matrix by the penetrating points of the
bristles.
black-leg, s.
1. Of persons : A notorious gambler and
cheat, probably so called from gamecocks,
whose legs are always black.
2. Of things. Generally in the pl. (Black-legs):
A disease among calves and sheep in which
the legs, and sometimes the neck, become
affected by a morbid deposit of gelatinous
matter.
black-letter, blackletter, s. & a.
A. As substantive : The Old English or
Gothic character, which was conspicuous
from its blackness, whence came its name of
black-letter. It was derived from the Old
German or Gothic character. The first books
printed in Europe were in this Gothic type,
which was superseded in 1467 or 1469 by the
letters now in use, which are called Roman.
B. As adjective : Written or printed in the
Old English character; out of date.
“He scornfully thrust aside as frivolous and out of
place all that blackletter learning, which some men,
far less versed in such matters than himself, had in-
troduced into the discussion.”—Macaulay : Hist. Eng.,
ch, xi.
| Black-letter day: Unlucky day.
black-lidded, a. Having black lids.
"From whence he vewes, with his black-lidded eye.”
Spenser : Mother Hubberds Tale.
black-mail, s. [BLACKMAIL.]
black-manganese, s.
Min.: Hausmannite (q.v.).
black-martin, s. A bird, the Swift-
Cypselus apus.
black-match, s. A pyrotechnic match
or sponge. (Ogilvie.)
Black-Monday, s. Easter Monday,
specially Easter Monday of the year 1360,
when the cold was so great as to prove fatal
to many of Edward III.'s soldiers who at the
time were besieging Paris. (Stone.)
- Used by schoolboys to signify the first
day after the return to school.
black-money, * blac mone, S. A
name for the copper currency of Scotland in
the reign of James III.
“That thar be na deneris [deniers] of Franss, mailyis,
cortis, mytis, nor nain vthir conterfetis of blac mone
tane in payment in this realme bot our souerane lordis
owne blac mone strikkin and prentit be his cun-
youris."--Acts, Ja. III., 1469 (ed. 1814), p. 97. (Jamie-
son.)
black-monks, s. A name given to the
Benedictine monks from the colour of the
habit which they wore.
black-mouthed, a.
" 1. Lit. : Having a black mouth.
2. Fig.: Giving forth utterances of an intel-
lectually or morally dark character.
“... the most black-mouth'd atheists ..."-Killing-
beck : Serm., p. 118.
black-neb, s. [Eng. black, and neb =
bill.]
1. One of the English names for the Carrion
Crow.
2. One viewed as disaffected to government.
"Take care, Monkbarns; we shall set you down
among the black-nebs by and by."-Scott : Antiquary,
ch. vi.
* black-nebbed, * blak-nebbit, A.
Having a black bill.
black-necked, a. Having a black neck.
“We saw also a pair of the beautiful black-necked
swans, ..."-Darwin : Voyage round the World, ch.
xiii.
black nonesuch, s. [NONESUCH.] A
plant, Medicago lupulina.
black ore-of-nickel, s. An old name
for a mineral found at Riegelsdorf.
black ox, s. An ox which is black. (Lit.
& fig.)
I The black ox is said to tramp on one who
has lost a near relation by death, or met with
some severe calamity. [BLACK Cow.]
“I'm fain to see you looking sae weel, cummer, the
mair that the black ox has tramped on ye since I wa
aneath your roof-tree."-Scott : Antiquary, ch. xl.
black-pepper, s. Pepper of a black
colour, the Piper nigrum.
black-peopled, a. Peopled with negro
or other races of dark hue.
black-pigment, s. A fine light carbon-
aceous substance, essentially the same in
composition as lamp-black. It may be pro-
duced by the burning of coal-tar, or in other
ways. It is used chiefly in the manufacture
of printer's-ink.
black-pitch, d. Black as pitch.
“ Homeward then he sailed exulting,
Homeward through the black-pitch water."
Longfellow: The Song of Hiawatha, ix.
black-plate, s. A sheet-iron plate before
it is tinned.
black-poplar, s. Eng. name of a tree,
Populus nigra.
black-pudding, s.
1. Sing.: A pudding made with the blood of a
cow or sheep, inclosed in one of the intestines.
2. Pl. (Black Puddings): A plant, Typha
latifolia, L., so called from the shape and
colour of the flower-heads.
black-quarter, s. A disease of cattle,
apparently the same with Black Spaul.
"In former times, superstition pointed out the fol.
lowing singular mode of preventing the spreading of
this distemper: When a beast was seized with the
black-quarter, it was taken to a house where no cattlc
were ever after to enter, and there the aniinal's heart
was taken out while alive, to be hung up in the house
or byre where the farmer kept his cattle."-Agr. Surv.
Caithn., p. 203. (Jamieson.)
black-quitch, s, The name of two plants.
(1) Agrostis vulgaris, L.
(2) Alopecurus agrestis.
Black Rod, black rod, s.
1. Of things : A rod which is black.
2. Of persons : A functionary connected with
the House of Lords. His full designation is
Usher of the Black Rod, so called because
the symbol of his office is a black rod, on the
top of which reposes a golden lion.
“In one debate he lost his temper, forgot the de-
corum which in general he strictly observed, and
narrowly escaped being committed to the custody of
the Black Rod."—Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. xv.
Sometimes the article, before the words
Black Rod, is dropped.
“In the evening, when the Houses had assembled,
Black Rod knocked:"-Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxv.
black-root, s. A plant, Symphytum offi-
cinale, L.
black-row grains, s.
Mining: A name sometimes given to a kind
of ironstone occurring in Derbyshire.
black-rust, s. A disease which attacks
wheat, causing the affected part to assume a
black hue. This is a small fungus, Trichobasis
Rubigo vera.
black-salts, s. Wood ashes after they
have been lixiviated and evaporated, leaving a
black residuum behind. (American.) (Ogilvie.)
black-saltwort, s. One of the English
names given to a plant, Glaux maritima, called
also the Sea-milkwort. [GLAUX.] [SEA-MILK-
WORT.]
black-sceptered, a. Having a sceptre
or sceptres swayed in oppression.
“ That Britannia, renown'd o'er the waves
For the hatred she ever has shown
To the black-sceptered rulers of slaves,
Resolves to have none of her own."
Cowper : The Morning Dream.
Black Sea, s. A sea, called also the
Euxine, from the old Roman name Pontus
Euxinus. It is about 700 miles long by 380
broad, and separates Russia on the north from
Turkey in Asia on the south.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn, -tion, -sion=shủn; -țion, -şion=zhŭn-cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, del.

564
black-blackberry
black-seed, s. A plant, Medicago lupu- L
zina, L.
black sheep, s.
1. Lit. : A sheep of a black colour, especi-
ally one occurring in a flock of a different hue.
2. Fig.: A person of immoral or vicious pro-
clivities, especially one arising in a well-ordered
household. Also a term of reproach for one
against whom his fellows owe a grudge.
“In the breeding of domestic animals, the elimina-
tion of those individuals, though few in number,
which are in any marked manner inferior, is by no
means an unimportant element towards success. This
especially holds good with injurious characters which
tend to appear through reversion, such as blackness
in sheep, and with mankind some of the worst dispo-
sitions, which occasionally, without any assignable
cause, make their appearance in families, may perhaps
be reversions to a savage state from which we are not
removed by very many generations. This view seems
indeed recognised in the common expression that such
men are the black sheep of the family.”—Darwin: The
Descent of Man, vol. i., pt. i., ch. V., p. 173.
black-shoe, s. A shoeblack.
“A rebuke given by a black-shoe boy to another."-
Fielding: Cov. Garden Journal (Works 1840), p. 713.
black-silver, s. A mineral, called also
Stephanite (q.v.).
black snake, S. The name long ago
given by Catesby to an American snake found
in Carolina and elsewhere. It is the Coluber
Constrictor, which must not be confounded
with the Boa Constrictor of Linnæus. It is
said to be able to strangle the rattlesnake.
Its bite is not dangerous.
black snake-root, s.
1. A ranunculaceous plant, Botrophis actce-
oides.
2. An umbelliferous plant, Sanicula mari-
landica.
black spaul, s. A disease of cattle.
(Scotch.) [BLACK-QUARTER.]
“The black spaul is a species of pleurisy, incident to
young cattle, especially calves, which gives a black
hue to the flesh of the side affected..' - Prize Essays,
Highland Society, s. ii. 207. (Jamieson.)
black squitch-grass, s. A grass, Alo-
pecurus agrestis, L. [BLACK-QUITCH.]
black-strake, s. [Eng. black; and strake
= a continuous line of planking on a ship's
side, reaching from stem to stern.]
hue.
black tellurium, s.
black-wheat, * blacke wheate, s.
Min. : Nagyagite (q. v.).
Melampyrum sylvaticum.
"Horse flowre or blacke wheate... is hoate." -Lyte:
black-thorn, s. [BLACKTHORN.]
Dodoens, p. 164.
black-throated, a. Having a black black whort, whortle, or whortle-
throat.
berry, s. A plant, Vaccinium Myrtillus, L.,
Black-throated waxwing: A name for a bird, and its fruit.
the Bohemian waxwing (Bombycilla garrula). * black-whytlof, s. [Eng. black, 0.
black-tin, s. Tin ore when beaten into a Eng. whyt = white, and lof = loaf.] Bread
black powder and washed ready for smelting. intermediate in colour and fineness between
white and brown, called also Ravel-bread.
black-top, s.
1. A composite plant, Centaurea Scabiosa, L. black-wood, s.
2. The Stonechat. [BLACKYTOP.]
1. The wood of an Indian Papilionaceous
tree, Dalbergia latifolia. It is used for making
black-tressed, a. Having black tresses
furniture.
or ringlets.
2. That of Metharica melanoxylon, one of the
black-tufted, a. Tufted with black. Byttneriads, from New South Wales.
The black-tufted eagle of Africa, Falco Sene-
3. The Acacia melanoxylon.
galensis.
black varnish, s. & d.
black-work, s. The work of the black-
smith in contradistinction to bright-work, i.e.,
A. As subst. : A varnish of a black colour. I
the work of the silversmith.
'.,. , the black varnish which it yields.”—Treas. of
Bot. (ed. 1866), ii. 729.
+ blăck, * blake, * bleck, vit. [From
B. As adjective: Yielding black varnish. black, a. (q.v.), or contracted from blacken
[BLACK-VARNISH TREE.]
(q.v.).] To make black, to blacken. (Chiefly
black-varnish tree, s. A very large poetic.)
tree, Melanorrhæa usitatissima, belonging to " Then in his fury black'd the raven o'er,
And bid him prate in his white pluines no more."
the order Anacardiaceæ (Anacards or Tere-
Addison.
binths). It grows in the Eastern peninsula.
It is sometimes known as the Lignum vitae of
blăck'-a-môor, s. [Eng. black; moor—the a
Pegu, being so called from its hardness and
euphonic.]
weight, which are so great that the natives
1. Lit. : A black man, specially a negro,
make anchors of its wood. The black varnish though the Moors and the negroes belong to
is obtained from it by tapping its trunk.
different races of mankind, the former having
straight black hair, and the latter hair or
black - visaged, a. Having a black
rather wool quite curly.
visage; having a countenance of negro-like
“They are no more afraid of a blackamoor, or a lion,
than of a nurse, or a cat."--Locke.
“Hurry amain from our black-visagd shows;
We shall affright their eyes."
2. Fig.: A name for a plant, Typha latifolia,
Marston: Antonio and Mellida, Prol. 1 the Great Reed-mace.
black-vomit, s. A black liquid vomited
blăck-a-vīşed, blăck'-a-viced, a. [Nor.
in severe cases of yellow fever.
Fr. vis, vise = the face, the visage.] Dark-
black-wad, black wadd, s.
complexioned. (Scotch.)
Min. : A term used chiefly for Earthy Ochre "... looking mair like an angel than a man, if he
of Manganese. [WAD.]
hadna been sae black-a-vised."-Scott : Old Mortality,
ch. xi.
black wall, black-wall, s. & a. blăck-bâll, s. [Eng. black; and ball.]
A. As subst. : A wall which is black.
1. Gen.: A ball of a black colour.
B. As adj.: Pertaining to such a wall.
2. Spec. : Used for the purpose of balloting.
Black-wall hitch (Naut.): A bend to the back A black ball cast for one implies a vote
of a tackle-hook or to a rope, made by passing against him, and, on the contrary, a white
the bight round the object and jamming it by ball is one in his favour. (Webster.)
its own standing part. [HITCH.]
3. A composition of tallow and other ingre-
black-walnut, s. An American tree, dients used for blacking shoes.
Juglans nigra, the wood of which-dark as its
blăck-bâ'11, v.t. [From Eng. blackball, s.
name imports-is much used on the Western
continent for cabinet work.
(q.v.).
1. Lit. : To vote against one by means of a
black-ward, black ward, s. & a. black ball. (Webster.)
(Scotch.)
2. Fig. : In any other way to take means to
A. As substantive : A state of servitude to a exclude a person from the society to which he
servant.
belongs.
B. As adjective: Pertaining to such a state.
blăck-bâ lled, pa. par. [BLACKBALL, v.]
“So that you see, sir, I hold in a sort of black ward
tenure, as we call it in our country, being the ser-
vant of a servant."-Scott: Fortunes of Nigel, ch. ii.
blăck-bâi'-ling, pr. par., d., & s. [BLACK-
BALL, V.]
black-wash, s.
I. Ordinary Language:
blăck-bēet-le (le as el), s. [Eng. black ;
1. Lit. : Any wash of a black colour, as
beetle.] A popular name for the cockroach,
distinguished from whitewash.
which however does not belong to the insect
order of beetles proper (Coleoptera), but to
2. Fig. : Untruthful aspersions which hide
the. Orthoptera. The hedgehog devours the
the real character of the person blackened.
“blackbeetle,” and it in turn greedily feasts
“To remove as far as he can the modern layers of
black-wash, and let the man himself, fair or foul, be
on the bug. [COCKROACH.]
seen."-Kingsley. (Goodrich & Porter.)
II. Pharmacy: A mixture of lime-water and
blăck-běr'-ried, a. [Eng. black; berried.]
calomel. Its dark colour is due to mercurous
Producing berries of a black colour, as Black-
oxide. It is called Lotio Hydrargyri Nigra.
berried Heath, an old name for the Black
Crowberry (Empetrum nigrum). (Todd, &c.)
Black Watch, s. [So called from the
black colour of the tartan which they wore.] black-ber'-ry, s. & d. [Eng. black, berry;
The designation generally given to the com A.S. blæc-berie, blæc-berige.]
panies of loyal Highlanders, raised after the A. As substantive :
rebellion in 1715, for preserving peace in the
1. A popular name of the fruit of the common
Highland districts. They constituted the
Bramble, Rubus fruticosus or discolor, and
nucleus of the 42nd Regiment, to which the
some other allied species ; also of the shrub on
name of Black Watch still attaches.
which it grows. Blackberries ripen in the
black-water, s.
south of England in the latter part of August
1. Vet.: A disease of cattle characterised
and the early portion of September; and in the
by the passage of dark or black urine, the
north of Scotīand they are sometimes so late
colouring matter being derived from the blood
in approaching maturity that in unfavourable
and caused by scanty and unhealthy food.
seasons they are nipped by frost without pro-
[RED-WATER.]
perly ripening at all.
2. Med. : A name sometimes given to a
2. The sloe, Prunus spinosa. (Bailey, &c.)
disease generally known as Pyrosis or Water-
B. As adj. : Consisting of blackberries, as
brash (q.v.).
blackberry jam.
WIE
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BLACK-STRAKE.
Ship-building: The strake upon a ship's
side, next below the lower or gun-deck ports,
niarked A in the figure.
* black-strap, s.
Naut.: A contemptuous appellation given
by sailors in the British navy to a kind of
Mediterranean wine served out to them among
their rations, on passing the Straits of Gib-
raltar to the eastward. (Falconer.)
* black-strapped, a. Nautical :
1. Served with black-strap (q.v.).
2. Driven into the Mediterranean Sea. (Fal-
coner.)
+ black sulphuretted silver, s.
Min. : An obsolete name for Argentite
(q.v.). (Phillips.)
black-swift, s. A bird, the Common
Swift, Cypselus apus.
black-tail, s.
1. Gen. : A tail which is black.
2. Spec. : A name sometimes given to a fish
of the perch family, the Ruffe or Pope.
(Acerina vulgaris.)
black-tang, s. A sea-weed, Fucus vesi-
culosus, L. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, cũb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian. æ, o=ē. ey =ā. qu=kw.

blackbird-blackguarded
565
sum
ues.
blăck'-bírd, s. [Eng. black; bird.] A well 20th of August, except in the New Forest, blăck'-ěy, s. [Eng. black, and suffix -ey.] A
known British bird, the Turdus merula. Other Somerset, and Devonshire, where it is from familiar term for a negro. (Dr. Abbot.)
English names sometimes given to it, are the the 10th of December to the 1st of September.
Ring-ousel, the Merle, the Garden Ousel, or
“ The deer to distant covert drew,
blăck'-fāçed, a. [See BLACK-FACED.)
simply the Ousel. A book-name is also the
The black-cock deem'd it day, and crew." Blăck-fri-ar (plural Blăck-fri-arş,
Black Thrush. The male is black, with the
Scott: Lord of the Isles, v. 13.
To make a blackcock of one : To shoot one.
bill yellow; the female is deep brown above,
* Blăck-frī-ěrş, * Blăck-frý-erş), s.
lighter beneath, the throat and foreneck palé
(Scotch.) (Waverley.)
& a. [Eng. black; friar.]
brown with darker streaks; the young dusky 2. A name for the Swift (Cypselus apus).
A. As substantive :
brown above with dull yellowish streaks,
1. Sing. and plur., and often as compounds
whilst beneath they have dusky spots. | Blăck'-down, s. & a. [Eng. black; down.]
and separate words: Monks of the Dominican
Length, including tail, ten inches ; expansion
A. As substantive. Geog.: A down in Devon order. The name
of wings, fifteen inches. There are several
shire.
was given from the
varieties, one of them white. The blackbird
B. As adjective: Existing at or pertaining
colour of the habit
is a permanent resident in Britain. It feeds
which they wore.
in winter on snails, breaking their shells by
to the place mentioned under A.
“In England they
dashing them against a stone, and also on Blackdown beds, s.
[the Dominicans) were
earthworms and berries. It pairs in February
called Black Friars,
Geol.: A series of sandstones resembling in from the colour of
or March. Its nest is bulky, and is composed
mineral character the Upper Greensands of their habit; and the
externally of stalks of grasses, twigs, &c. In-
part of London where
ternally there is a lining of mud, and inside
Wiltshire, but their fossils are a mixture of
they first dwelt is still
called by that name.”
of this again fibrous roots, stalks of grasses,
Upper and Lower Greensand species. They
and decayed leaves. It lays four, five, or six
-Murdoch: Note in
are supposed to represent the littoral beds of
Mosheim's Ch. Hist.,
the sea in which the Gault was deposited.
(generally five) eggs, larger than those of the
cent. xiii., pt. ii., ch.
They contain Ammonites varicosus, Turritella 11.
thrush. They are pale bluish-green with
granulata, Rostellaria calcarata, Cardium pro-
darker markings. The song of the blackbird
2. Plur. : The
boscideum, Cytherea caperata, Corbula elegans,
is much admired.
region in London
Trigonia caudata, &c.
"The blackbird strong, the lintwhite clear."
first inhabited by
Burns : Humble Petition of Bruar Water.
blăcked, pa. par. & a. [BLACK, v.]
the Dominican
T1. Michaelmas Blackbird : One of the names
friars. [A., 1.] After
for the Ringed Thrush (Turdus torquatus). * blăck'e-lý, cudo. [BLACKLY.]
the suppression of
2. Moor Blackbird: An English name for
the monasteries BLACKFRIARS.
blăck'-en. * blăk-en, * blåk'-ýn, v.t. & i. under Henry VIII.
the Ringed Thrush (Turdus torquatus).
3. White-breasted
had scattered the friars—black, grey, and
[Eng. black, and suff. -en.] To make black.
Blackbird : An English
name for the Ringed Thrush (Turdus tor-
other colours — the part of London now
A. Transitive :
alluded to became celebrated as the residence
quatus).
I. Literally:
of Puritans, many of whom dealt in feathers.
blăck'-board, s. [Eng. black ; board.] A
1. Of things material : To make of a black “Whom not a puritan in Black-Friers will trust
colour.
So much as for a feather."
board used for teaching purposes in schools
B. Jonson: Alchym., i. 1. (Nares.)
“When metals are to be burned, it is necessary to
and colleges, mathematical or other figures
blacken or otherwise tarnish them, so as to diminish
B. As adjective: Pertaining to the Domini-
being drawn upon it with chalk. A blackboard their reflective power."-Tyndall : Frag. of Science can monks called Blackfriars ; situated in the
is generally made of different pieces of well (3rd ed.), viii., 7, p. 191.
region of London which they inhabited; more
seasoned wood completely united, and having
“While the long fun'rals blacken all the way.”
frequently of the bridge or the theatre formerly
the upper surface planed smooth. As the
Pope: Elegy on an Unfortunate Lady.
2. To make of a colour moderately dark
name imports, it is painted black. Several
in that locality.
rather than actually black; to cloud, to place
successive coatings of the colour are laid on,
The theatre there was attended by more
mixed with pumicestone or similar material
in a dark shadow.
respectable people than any other on the side
(Lit. & fig.)
so that a certain roughness may be imparted
of the Thames.
"And the broad shadow of her wing
to the surface of the board. This makes it
Blackened each cataract and spring."
“But you that can contract yourselves, and sit
Scott: Rokeby, iv. 1.
As you were now in the Black-Fryer's pit,
easier to write upon it with chalk, and easier II. Figuratively :
And will not deaf us with leud noise and to
also to rub out what has been written.
Shirley : Six New Playes (1653). (Nares.)
1. To render the character or conduct mo-
| black-guard, * black guard (ck silent;
Blăck'-brook, s. & d. [Eng. black; brook.]
rally black by the perpetration of crime or
by indulgence in flagrant vice.
u silent), s. & a. [Eng. black; guard.]
A. As subst. : A place in Charnwood Forest.
"... a life, not indeed blackened by any atrocious
A. As substantive :
B. As adj.: Pertaining or in any way re crime, ..."-Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. v.
* I. With the two words wholly separate :
lating to the place described under Å.
2. To defame the character,
* 1. Originally. (In a literal sense): The
Blackbrook Series. Geol. : A series of rocks, “... who had done their worst to blacken his repu-
humbler servants in a wealthy household who,
probably the lowest visible in Charnwood
tation."-Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xiv.
Sometimes with the object omitted.
Forest. They contain much fine detrital vol-
when journeys were in progress, rode among
the pots, pans, and other household utensils
canic material. The name was given by Rev. “There's nothing blackens like the ink of fools." --
to protect or guard them. No moral imputa-
E. Hill and Professor T. Bonney in 1880. Dr.
Pope: Epist. II., 411.
tion was conveyed in calling them, as was
Hicks thinks the whole Charnwood Series, to B. Intransitive: To become black.
done, the black guard. All that was implied
which the Blackbrook rocks belong, pre-
"The hollow sound
was that they were apt to become begrimed
Cambrian. (Proceed. Geol. Soc. London, No.
Sung in the leaves, the forest shook around,
Air blacken'd, roll'd the thunder, groan'd the ground.” on a journey by the vessels in proximity to
388, Session 1879-80, pp. 1, 2.)
Dryden. which they sat.
blăcx-cắp, s. [BLACK-CAP.]
blăck'-ened, pa. par. & a. [BLACKEN, v.t.]
"A... slave that within these twenty years rode
with the black guard in the Duke's carriage, mongst
“Blackened zinc-foil.”—Tyndall: Frag. of Science spits and stripping-pans."-Webster: The White Devil.
blăck-cock, s. [Eng. black, and cock.]
(3rd ed.), viii., 7, p. 191.
(Trench: Select Glossary.)
1. A name for the male of the Black Grouse
“The precipice abrupt
2. Next. (Figuratively): Persons morally
. the blarken'd flood."
or Black Game, called also the Heathcock
Thomson : Seasons ; Summer. black or begrimed ; persons of bad character.
(Tetrao tetrix). The female is called the Grey
"Thieves and murderers took upon them the cross
Hen, and the young are Poults. The Blackcock,
blăck-en-êr, * blăck'-ner, s. [English
to escape the gallows, adulterers did penance in their
armour. A lamentable case that the Devil's black
as its name imports, is black, having, how-
blacken ; -er.] One who blackens any person guard should be God's soldiers."-Fuller : The Holy
ever, white on the wing coverts and under the
or thing; or that which does so. (Sherwood.)
War, i. 12. (Trench: Select Glossary.)
II. Having the two words combined, first with
blăck'-en-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [BLACKEN.] a hyphen and then altogether : With the same
A. & B. As present participle & participiat meaning as No. 2. Specially used of a low
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
fellow with a scurrilous tongue. (Rather
the verb.
vulgar.)
... a blackening train
Of clamorous looks thick urge their weary flight."
B. As adjective:
Thomson: Seasons; Winter.
*1. Of persons : Serving.
C. As substantive :
"Let a black-guard boy be always about the house
to send on your errands, and go to market for you on
I. Ord. Lang. : The act or process of ren-
rainy days."-Swift.
dering black; the state of being blackened ;
2. Of language: Scurrilous, abusive; as,
the black colour so produced. (Lit. & fig.)
“blackguard language."
“... the blackening of silver ..."-Todd and
Bowman : Physiol. Anat., vol. i., Introd., p. 36.
blăck'-guard (ck silent; u silent), v.t. & i.
“But feel the shock renew'd, nor can efface
[From blackguard, s. & a. (q.v.).]
The blight and blackening which it leaves behind.”
Byron : Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, iv. 24.
A. Trans.: To call one a blackguard or to
II. Technically:
use such scurrilous language to one as only a
BLACKCCCK.
1. Founding: An impalpable powder, usually
blackguard would employ. (Vulgar.)
charcoal, employed by moulders to dust the
B. Intrans. : To act the part of a black-
tail, the two forks of which are directed out partings of the mould.
guard ; to behave in a riotous or indecent
ward. It is about as large as a domestic fowl. 2. Leather manufacture: A solution of sul-
manner.
"An' there a batch of wabster lads
It is found in some abundance in Scotland phate of iron applied to the grain side of the
Blackguardin frae Kilmarnock
and less plentifully in England. The eggs are skin while wet; it unites with the gallic acid
For fun this day."
from six to ten in number, of a yellowish-grey of the tan, and produces a black dye.
Burns: Holy Fair.
colour, blotched with reddish-brown. The
blăck'-guard-ěd, pa. par. & a. [BLACK-
close-time is from the 10th of December to the 1 *blăck'-et, pa. par. & a. [BLACKED.] (Scotch.) | GUARD, v.t.]
5010
12
boil, boy; póut, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, çhin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, eşist. ph= f.
cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shún; -țion, -şion=zhăn. -cious, -tious, -sious =shús. -ble, -tle, &c. = bel, tel.

566
blackguarding-bladder
blăcx-guard-ing (Eng.), blăck-guar-
đín (Scotch) (cle silent ; u silent), Dr. Dr.
[BLACKGUARD, v.t. ]
blăck'-guard-ışm (ck silent; u silent), s.
[Eng. blackguard ; -ism.] The language or
action of a blackguard. (Southey.)
blăck'-heads, s. pl. A plant, Typha latifolia,
The bladder of an ox, a sheep, &c., when
dried may be inflated with air, and used as a
float for nets, or for other purposes. Some-
times its buoyancy is taken advantage of to
keep those learning to swim from sinking,
while as yet they are unable to support them-
selves unaided in the water.
“Like little wanton boys that swim on bladders."
Shakesp. : Hen. VIII., iii. 2.
At other times a bladder may be used as part
of a rude wind instrument.
"... and with dance,
And music of the bladder and the bag,
Beguile their woes ...'
Cowper : Task, bk. i.
(2) A vesicle, a pustule, a blister, especially
if filled with air instead of pus.
“... bladders full of imposthume.”
Shakesp. : Troil. & Cress., v. 1.
2. Bot.: A structure of a membranous tex-
ture bulged out or inflated. Used-
(1) Of a calyx or pericarp.
(2) Of the little crested vesicles on the bases
of Utricularia. [BLADDER-WORT.]
B. As adj. : Resembling a bladder. Often
as the first word in a compound.
bladder-angling, s. Angling by means
of a baited hook fixed to an inflated bladder.
bladder-campion, s. A name given to
a plant, the Silene inflata, which has an in-
flated calyx. The flowers are pure white, and
arranged in panicles. It is common in
Britain.
bladder-catchfly, s. [The same as
BLADDER-CAMPION (q.v.).]
bladder-fern, s. The English name of
the fern genus Cystopteris. The veins are
forked, the sori roundish with involucres fixed
YA
99
16
blăck'-heart, s. A cultivated variety of
cherry.
“The unnetted black-hearts ripen dark,
All thine, against the garden wall.
Tennyson : The Blackbird.
blăck'-ing, pr. par., A., & s. [BLACK.]
A. & B. As present participle and participial
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
C. As substantive : Any black colouring
matter made artificially, such as shoe-black
or lamp-black. Blacking for shoes may be
made by mixing ivory-black, sour beer or
porter, Florence oil, molasses, and a little sul-
phate of iron. Common oil blacking is a
mixture of ivory-black or lamp-black with
linseed-oil, or else with small beer or water,
with a little sugar and gum-arabic.
blacking-case, s. A case for holding
blacking and brushes. (Knight.)
| Obvious compound : Blacking - brush.
(Knight.)
blăck-ish, d. [Eng. black; -ish.] Somewhat
black.
“Part of it all the year continues in the form of a
blackish oil."-Boyle.
blā'c-kît, pa. par. & d. [BLACK, v.] (Scotch.)
"The dress, the light, the confusion, and maybe a
touch o' a blackit cork..."-Scott: Heart of Mid-
lothian, ch. xvii.
blăck'-lead, s. [BLACK-LEAD.]
blăck-lět'-tēr, s. [BLACK-LETTER.]
blăck’-1ỹ, * blacke’-ly, adv. [Eng. black ;
-ly.] Darkly, in a moral sense ; cruelly, or
otherwise, with aggravated wickedness.
“Lastly stood War, in glittering arms yclad,
With visage grim, stern looks, and blackly hued.”
Sackville, Induct. Mir. for Magistrates.
“Deeds so blackly grim and horrid."
Feltham : Resolves, ii. 31.
blăck-mā'il, s. [Eng. black, and A.S. mal =
tribute, toll-dues; or from Norm. Fr. mail,
mayile, mael= a half-penny.]
1. Law: Quit-rents reserved in work, grain,
&c.; in contradistinction to payments reserved
in " white money,” that is, in silver. (Black-
stone : Comment., ii. 3.)
2. Ord. Lang. & Law: Money paid from
motives of prudence, not from legal obligation,
by owners of property to freebooters and
similar worthies, or their confederates or
chiefs, as the price of protection from being
plundered, or worse. The system of paying
blackmail, which once flourished in the North
of England and the South of Scotland, was
declared illegal in the former country by the
43 Elizabeth, c. 13, but it flourished in the
Highlands of Scotland till after the battle of
Culloden, in 1745.
“6. .. but the boldest of them (the thieves) will
never steal a hoof from any one that pays blackmail to
Vich Ian Vohr.'
"And what is blackmail 2'
“A sort of protection-money that Low-country
gentlemen and heritors lying near the Highlands pay
to some Highland chief, that he may neither do thein
harm himself, nor suffer it to be done to them by
others; and then if your cattle are stolen, you have
only to send him word and he will recover them; or,
it may be, he will drive away cows from some distant
place where he has a quarrel, and give them to you to
make up your loss.'” -Scott: Waverly, ch. xv.
*blăck'-môor, s. [BLACKAMOOR.] (Browne.)
blăck'-ness, * blăk'-nës, *blake'-nesse,
S. [Eng. blacken; suff. -ess.] The quality of
being black.
1. Lit. : In the above sense.
“Blackness is only a disposition to absorb or stifle
without reflection most of the rays of every sort that
fall on the bodies."-Locke.
2. Figuratively :
(1) Gloominess produced by calamity, misery.
.. wandering stars, to whom is reserved the
blackness of darkness for ever.”—Jude 13.
(2) Atrocious wickedness ; depravity.
blăck'-smith, s. [Eng. black ; smith. So
named because the nature of his occupation
tends to begrime him.] A smith who works
in iron.
“Then, with a smile of content, thus answered Basil
the blacksmith."
Longfellow : Evangeline, ii. 2.
blăck-stone, black'-stāne, s. & d. [Eng.
black; stone (Scotch stane).]
A. As substantive :
1. Gen. : A stone of a black colour.
* 2. Specially :
(1) The designation formerly given to a
dark-coloured stone, used in some of the
Scottish universities as the seat on which a
student sat when being publicly examined as
to the progress he had made in his studies
during the preceding year.
“It is thought fit that, when students are examined
publicly on the Black-stune, before Lammas, and after
their return at Michaelmas, they be examined in
some questions of the catechism."-Acts Commiss. of
the Four Universities, A. 1647. (Bower : Hist. Univ.
Edin., i. 222.)
(2) The examination itself,
“... our vicces and blackstons, and had at Pace our
promotion and finishing of our course."- Melville's
Diary; Life of A. Melville, i. 231. (Jamieson.)
B. As adj.: Connected with the blackstone
examination-e.g., blackstone medal.
blăck'-thorn, s. & d. [Eng. black, and thorn.]
A. As subst. : A name for the Sloe, Prunus
spinosa or P. communis, var. Spinosa. [SLOE.]
“Blake thorne (Prunus, P.).”—Prompt. Parv.
“The blossom on the blackthorn, the leaf upon the
tree.”
Tennyson: New Year's Eve.
B. As adj. : Made of blackthorn.
“Mukhtar Pasha threw himself among the crowd,
armed with a formidable blackthorn stick."-Daily
Telegraph, Nov. 20, 1877. (Erzeroum Correspondence.)
blackthorn may, s. The foregoing
plant, Prunus spinosa, L. The term may in-
dicates its resemblance in its white blossoms
to the May or Hawthorn, which, however, it
precedes in flower by about a month.
blăck-wei'-lì-a, s. [Named after Elizabeth
Blackwell, authoress of an old herbal.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Homaliaceæ (Homaliads). B. padiflora,
a greenhouse shrub with flowers; as its name
imports, like those of the Prunus padus, or
Bird-cherry, was introduced from Chili in 1827.
blăck'-wõrt, s. [Eng. black; wort.] A local
name for a plant, Symphytum officinale, L.,
the Comfrey.
blăck'-y-top, s. [Eng. blacky, and top.] A
name for a bird, the Stonechat (Saxicola rubi-
cola). The appellation is given because the
male has the head and throat black, and the
female has also some brownish black on the
head. [BLACK-TOP.]
* blăd'-op-ple (ple as pel), s. [From 0.
Eng. blað; A.S. blced = a blade, a leaf (?); and
appel = apple.] An old name for the Cactus
(q.v.).
*blăd'-a-rie, s. [A.S. blæddre= a bladder (?).]
Moral hollowness.
“Bot allace it is festered securitie, the inward heart
is full of bladarie, quhilk bladarie shal bring sik
terrors in the end with it, that it shal multiply thy
torments."—Bruce : Eleven Serm. (ed. 1591). (Jamieson.)
blâd, s. [BLAND.] (Scotch.)
* bladde, s. [BLADE.] (Chaucer : C. T., 620.)
blăd'-děr, * blad-er, * bled-der, * bled-
dere, * bled-dir, * bled-dyr, * blôse,
* bled-dre, * blad-re, s. & a. [A.S. blced-
dre, blædre=a bladder, a pustule, a blist;
Icel. bladra ; Sw. bläddra; Dan. blære; Dut.
blaar; N. H. Ger. blatter = a wheal, a pimple;
O. H. Ger. platra = a bladder. From A.S.
blæd=a blowing, a blast; blawan, blowan =
to blow. Icel. blær = a breeze ; Wel. pledren ;
Lat. flatus = a blowing. Compare also Dut.
blacos; Ger. blase = a bladder; Sw. blasa ; Icel.
blasa; Dan. blæse; Dut. blasen ; Moso-Goth.
blesan = to blow.] [BLOW, BLAST.]
A. As substantive :
I. Literally:
1. Ord. Lang. & Animal Physiol.
(1) A membranous bag in man and the
higher animals, designed for the retention of
the urine. This being the most important
structure of the kind in the frame is called,
by way of prominence, the bladder; any other
one is distinguished from it by a word pre-
fixed, as the gall-bladder (q.v.).
"The bladder should be made of a membranous
substance, and extremely dilatable for receiving and
containing the urine, till an opportunity of emptying
it."-Ray.
BLADDER-FERN (FERTILE PINNA AND SPORE).
at their base, and opening by a free extremity
generally lengthened. There are two British
species, the Brittle and the Mountain Bladder-
ferns (Cystopteris fragilis and montana). A
third, the Laciniate Bladder-fern (C. alpina),
has not been found recently.
bladder-green, s. A green colour ob-
tained from the berries of a shrub, Rhamnus
catharticus.
bladder-herb, s. A plant of the Night-
shade family, Physalis Alkekengi, L. The
name is given from its inflated calyx, whence
strangely it was supposed to be useful in dis-
eases of the bladder. (Prior, &c.)
+ bladder-kelp. s. A seaweed, Fucus
vesiculosus, found on the coasts of Britain and
elsewhere. It is called also Bladder-wrack.
bladder-nut, s.
1. Sing.: The English name of Staphylea,
the typical genus of the order of plants called
Staphyleaceae (Bladder-nuts). The name is
derived from the inflated capsules. They have
five stamens and two styles. The common
Bladder-nut, Staphylea pinnata, is indigenous
in Eastern Europe. It has escaped from
gardens at one or two places in England, but
is not entitled to a place in the flora. The
three-leaved Bladder-nut, Staphylea trifolia, is
American.
2. Plural. Bladder-nuts : Lindley's English
name for an order of plants, the STAPHY-
LEACEÆ (q.v.).
bladder-pod, s. The English name of a
papilionaceous plant genus, Physolobium.
bladder-seed, s. The English name of
Physospermum, a genus of umbelliferous
plants.
bladder-senna, s. The English name
of Colutea, a genus of plants belonging to the
papilionaceous sub-order of the Leguminosa.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fall, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; trý, Sýrian, , o=ē. ey=ão qu=kw.

bladder-blaids
567
The term bladder in their name refers to the II. Technically:
| *blād'-ý, A. [Eng. blad(e), S., and suff. -y.]
inflation of the membranaceous legumes, and
1. Bot. : Blade or lamina of a leaf : The ex Full of blades, hence luxurious.
senna to the fact that the leaves of Colutea
panded surface of the leaf, in distinction to “With curlingmoss and blady grass o'ergrown."
arborescens, which grows on Mount Vesuvius,
the petiole from which it springs.
Dyer : Works (ed. 1858), p. 228.
are said to be a substitute for that medicinal
drug.
2. Anat.: [BLADE-BONE, SHOULDER-BLADE.] blāe, blā, a. & adv. [From Dan. blaa ; A.S.
blae, bleoh, bleov, bleo = blue.] [BLUE.] (Scotch.)
3. Cutlery :
bladder-snout, s. A name for a plant,
Utricularia vulgaris.
(1) The expanded portion of a knife, sword, A. As adjective :
bayonet, axe, adze, &c. Less frequently used 1. Livid. (Used of the skin, when dis-
bladder-tree, S. A name sometimes
of some instruments, as the chisel and gouge, coloured by a severe stroke or contusion.)
given to an American shrub or small tree. which are driven endwise.
“His eyes are drowsy, and his lips are blue.”
Staphylea trifolia. It is called also the Three (2) The web of a saw.
Ramsay: Poems, i. 96.
leaved Bladder-nut. [BLADDER-NUT.]
4. Agric.: The share of a shovel-plough,
2. Bleak, lurid. (Used of the atmosphere.)
bladder-wort, s. The English name of cultivator, or horse-hoe.
“It was in a cauld blae hairst day that I gade to
milk the kye."- Edin. Mug., Dec. 1818, p. 503. (Jamie-
Utricularia, a genus of Scrophulariaceous 5. Nautical :
son.)
plants. Both the English and the scientific
(1) The part of the anchor-arm which re B. As adverb: Of a livid colour.
appellations refer to the fact that the leaves
ceives the palm, forming a ridge behind the Black and blae : Black and blue.
bear at their margins small bladders. There
latter.
"And baith the Shaws,
are three British species, the Greater, the
(2) The wash of an oar; that part which is
That aft hae made us black and blae,
Intermediate, and the Lesser Bladder-worts
Wi' vengefu' paws."
(Utricularia vulgaris, intermedia, and minor.)
dipped in rowing.
Burns: The Twa Herds.
(UTRICULARIA.]
(3) The float or vane of a paddle-wheel or
To look blae : To look livid or cadaverous,
bladder-wrack, s. A name sometimes
propeller.
as if depressed by disappointment.
given to a sea-weed, Fucus vesiculosus, L., found
B. As adj.: Expanded into a flat portion : C. As substantive: A bluish-coloured shale
on our shores. [BLADDER-KELP.]
pertaining to the shoulder-blade, as blade-bone. or fire-clay, such as is often found interstrati-
[II. 2.]
fied with sandstone in the coal-measures.
* blad-dér, v.i. [BLETHER, v.] (Scotch.)
blade-bone, bladebone, s. A popular
“ The mettals I discovered were a coarse free stone
and blaes (dipping, to the best of my thought, towards
* blad'-dēr-and, * blad'-drand, pr. par.
name for the shoulder-blade, what anatomists
a moss), and that little coal crop which B. Troop saw
dug."-State, Fraser of Fraserfield, &c., Lett. A., 1724,
[BLETHER.] (Scotch.)
call the scapular-bone or scapula.
“He fell most furiously on the broiled relicks of a
p. 345. (Jamieson.)
blăd'-déred, * bledderyd, a. [Eng. blad-
shoulder of mutton, commonly called a bladebone."-
Pope.
blāe-běr'-rý, s. [Dan. blaahær; Sw.blabär =
der; -ed.]
whortleberry, bilberry; blaa= blue; Sw. bla
1. Lit.: Furnished with bladders.
blade-fish, s. A name sometimes given
=blue-black; and Dan. bær; Sw. bär = berry.
2. Fig.: Inflated, puffed up, of imposing
to a fish, Trichiurus lepturus, one of the family So called from the blue-black colour of its
magnitude, but light, hollow, and certain, if
Cepolidæ (Ribbon-fishes), more commonly
fruit.] (Scotch.)
punctured, suddenly to collapse.
called the Silvery Hair-tail. (TRICHIURUS.]
1. The fruit of the bilberry or whortleberry.
“They affect greatness in all they write, but it is a blade-metal, S. The metal used for 2. The plant Vaccinium Myrtillus on which
bladdered greatness, like that of the vain man whom
Seneca describes; an ill habit of body, full of humours, making swords or other blades.
it grows. [BILBERRY, VACCINIUM.]
and swelled with dropsy."-Dryden : Dedic. of the
Æneid.
+ blade-smith, * bladsmythe, s. One * blædh, s. [A. S. blæd = a blast, breath, from
who sharpens swords or similar weapons.
* blăd'-dér-ět, s. A little bladder.
blawan = to blow.] Inspiration. (O. Eng.
The appellation is not a coinmon one. No Hom., i. 97.) (Stratmann.)
“The many vesicles or bladderets."-Crooke : Body
“blade-smiths" figure in the London Directory.
of Man, p. 200.
| * blæ'dh-fæst, a. [A.S. blced, and suffix fæst.
"Bladsmythe : Scindifaber.”—Prompt. Parv.
blad'-dér-ý, a. [Eng. bladder ; -y.]
Eng. suffix fást, as in stedfast.] Famous.
"As when an arming sword of proofe is made,
Both steele and iron must be tempred well:
(Layamon, 10,100.) (Stratmann.)
Botany: Bladder-like; viz., thin, membra-
(For iron gives the strength unto the blade,
nous, slightly transparent, and swelling equally
And steele, in edge doth cause it to excell)
blāe’-něss, s. [Scotch blae, and Eng. suffix
on all sides, as if inflated with air. Example,
As each good blade-smith by his art can tell."
Mir. for Mag. Newton to the Reader.
-ness.] Lividness. (Jamieson.)
the fruit of the Bladder-senna (q.v.).
+ blāde, * bla-din, * bla-dyn, v.t. & i. 1 * blæs, * bles, s. [A.S. blces = a blast; M. H.
*blăd-drie, s. [BLAIDRY.]
[From blade, s. (q.v.).
Ger. blâs.] A blast. (Layamon, 27,818.)
blăd'-dy, a. [From Scotch blad = a squall of A. Transitive :
(Stratmann.)
wind and rain (?).] Inconstant, unsettled. 1. To nip the blades off; Spec., to do so from * blæst, s. [BLAST, s.]
Used of the weather. (Scotch.)
colewort or any similar plant.
blāde, * blad, * blayd, S.
* blæs'-těn, v.t. [BLAST, v.]
" When she had gane out to blade some kail for the
[A.S. blced,
pat."-Edin. Mag., Sept. 1818, p. 155. (Jamieson.)
bled = a blade, a leaf, a branch, a twig.
2. To furnish or fit with a cutting blade.
* blæ’-těn, v.i. [BLEAT, v.]
0. Icel. bladh = a leaf; Sw. & Dan. blad ;
Dut. (in compos.) blad, as schonderblad =
B. Intransitive: To have a blade; to put * blaf-fěn, v.i. [Dut. blaffen = stutter, stam-
shoulder-blade ; (N. H.) Ger. blatt; 0. H. Ger.
forth blades or leaves ; to sprout.
mer.] To stammer (?). (Stratmann.)
blat. Jamieson and Skeat consider it to be
"As sweet a plant, as fair a flower is faded,
derived from Eng. blow, in the sense of bloom;
As ever in the Muses' garden bladed."
* bla'f-fere, *blaf-foorde, * blad-fard, s.
Fletcher.
Wedgwood from bladder, and various etymolo- blā'-ded, pa. par. & a. [BLADE.]
[O. Dut. blaffaud.] A stammerer. (Prompt.
gists connect it with plate.]
Parv.) [WARLARE, WLAFFERE.]
A. As pa. par. : In senses corresponding to
I. Ordinary Language :
those of the verb.
blặ- m, blà phim, blẽ năm, a.t.
1. Literally:
B. As participial adjective:
[Etym. doubtful. Bla may be from Scotch
blaw = Eng. blow, and flum from Icel. flim,
(1) A leaf of any plant.
I. Ordinary Language: Having a blade or
flimt = a jest, a mockery.
“For the earth bringeth forth fruit of herself ; first blades. Used-
As, however,
the blade, then the ear, after that the full corn in the
bleflum has a derivative bleflummery, it is
ear.”—Mark iv. 28.
1. Of grass or any similar plant, or of a
"... and the green
more probably from the same root as flum-
grass-covered field.
mery, viz., Welsh llymru llymruwd = wash,
And tender blade, that fear'd the chilling blast,
Escapes unhurt beneath so warın a veil."
“Decking with liquid pearl the bladed grass."
brew, flummery. Sour oatmeal boiled and
Cowper: Task, bk. iv.
Shakesp. : Mids. Nig. D., i. 1.
jellied.] [FLUMMERY.] To“ beflum,” to be-
(2) The whole culm and leaves of a cereal
2. Of the expanded and generally metallic
guile. [BLEPHUM.]
or other grass, or of any similar plant. Also
portion of a cutting instrument.
“Which bears him to blaflum the fair."
the whole of a herbaceous plant not in flower II. Technically :
Ramsay: Poems, i. 132. (Jamieson.)
visible above the ground.
1. Her.: A term used when the stalk of any + blag. + blague, S. [Fr. blague = hoax.)
“For the earth bringeth forth fruit of herself'; first grain is of a colour different from the ear.
Nonsense.
the blade, then the ear, after that the full corn in the
ear."-Mark iv. 28.
2. Min.: A term applied to minerals, which “The largest, most inspiring piece of blague manu.
on being broken present long flat portions factured for some centuries." --Carlyle: Fr. Revol., bk.
2. Figuratively:
longitudinally aggregated, and shaped some-
V., ch. vi., p. 313.
(1) Of things material : Anything flat or ex-
what like the blade of a knife. (Phillips :
panded with a sharp edge. Spec. : --
blāid'-ry, blăd'-drie, blethrie, s. [Con.
Min. Gloss.)
(a) The broad, expanded, metallic portion
nected with Scotch blether (q.v.).]
3. Carp. (Pl. Blades): The principal rafters
of a sword, a knife, or other cutting instru-
: 1. Phlegm. (Scotch.)
or breaks of a roof.
ment [II. 3]; the sword or other instrument
2. Fluimery, syllabub; unsubstantial food.
itself.
* blad-fard, s. [BLAFFERE.]
(M. Bruce : Letters.)
“And of a swerd ful trenchant was the blade."
1 blâ'-dịe, blâu’-die, d. [Eng, blade; and
Chaucer: C. T., 3,928.
3. Nonsense.
(6) The flat or expanded portion of an oar. suffix -ie = y.] Having large broad leaves 4. Unmerited commendation.
© The shoulder-blade. (II. 2.)
growing out of the main stem, as “blaudie
“Is there ought better than the stage
To mend the follies of the age,
“Alcides' lance did gore
kail,” « blaudie beam.” (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
if managed as it ought to be,
Pylemen's shoulder in the blade."
Frae ilka vice and blaidry free."
Chapman : Homer's Iliad, hk. v. blā'-ding, pr. par, & s. [BLADE, v.]
Ramsay: Poems. (Jamieson.)
(2) Of persons: A contemptuous appellation As subst. : Fighting.
* blāidş, s. [Compare A.S. Blæddre, blædre =
for a self-confident, forward, reckless fellow "He maketh blading his dailie breakefast."-Holin-
of doubtful morals.
shed : Chronicles, i. 17.
a bladder, pustule, or pimple.] An unidenti-
“Flush'd with his wealth, the thoughtless blade,
fied disease.
| * blâ'd-rý, s. [BLADARIE, BLAIDRY.] (0.
Despis'd frugality and trade."
“The blaids and the belly thra-
Cotton : Death and the Rake. Scotch.)
Watson : Coll., iii. 13. (Jamieson.)
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ģem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -ple, &c. = bel, pelo

568
blain-blameless
blāin, * bla'ine, * blêin, * blêyn (Eng.), / * blakin, v.t. [BLACK, v.]
and condemn may be applied to ourselves;
bláin. plāne (Scotch), s. [A.S. bleger = 4 * blāk'-něn, v.t. [BLACKEN, v.]
reproof and censure are applied to others : we
a boil ; Dan. blegn; Dut. blein.]
blame ourselves for acts of imprudence; our
consciences reproach us for our weaknesses,
1. Ord. Lang. :
* blak-wak, s. [Etymology doubtful.] The
and upbraid or condemn us for our sins.
(1) An eruption on the skin of one or bittern. (See example under BITTERN.)
(Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
more large thin vesicles, filled with a serous
or seropurulent fluid. [BULLÆ.]
blā'm-a-ble, blā'me-a-ble, a. [Eng. blame;
able ; Fr. blâmable.] Deserving to be blamed,
* blāme (1), s. [From 0. Eng. blame (1), v.
“Itches, blains.
(q.v.).] Injury, hurt.
faulty, culpable, reprehensible.
Sow all th' Athenian bosoms, and the crop
“His toward perill, and untoward blame,
Be general leprosy!" Shakesp. : Timon, iv. 1.
"Such feelings, though blamable, were natural and
Which by that new rencounter he should reare."
(2) A mark left by a wound; the discolour not wholly inexcusable."- Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ii.
Spenser : F. Q., III., i. 9.
ing of the skin after a sore. (Lit. & fig.) "... some there are who will read a blameable care-
(Scotch.)
lessness in the author."-De Quincey: Works (2nd blāme (2), s. [Fr. blâme; Prov. blāsme; O. Sp.
ed.), i. (Preface.)
“The shields of the world think our master cumber-
blasmo; Ital. biasimo; Lat. blasphémia ; Gr.
some wares,-and that his cords and yokes make blā'm-a-ble-něss, blā'me-a-ble-něss, s.
Blaoonuia (blasphēmia) = (1) profanity, (2)
blains and deep scores, in their neck."- Ruth: Lett.,
slander.] [BLAME, v. BLASPHEMY.]
Ep. 16. (Jamieson.)
[Eng. blamable ; -ness.] The quality of being
blamable or culpable; faultiness, reprehen-
1. The act of censuring any one; the ex-
2. Scripture: One of the ten plagues of
pression of censure for some fault or crime.
Egypt.
sibleness.
The rendering of the Heb. nyayar
“Scripture-mentioneth its sometimes freer use,
(abhabuoth); Sept. Gr. Oduktides (phluktides),
The act of imputing demerit to any one on
than at other, without the least blameableness." account of a fault; the state of being censured
Dúktaivai (phluktainai). Considered to be Whitlock : Manners of the English, p. 505.
or found fault with.
the black leprosy, a kind of elephantiasis.
"... no such thing as acceptableness to God when
"They were insensible to praise and blame, to pro-
[LEPROSY, ELEPHANTIASIS.] But whether this he did well, nor blamableness when he did otherwise."
mises and threats.”-Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. xv.
-Goodman : Wint. Ev. Conference, p. iii.
could attack cattle as well as men is uncertain.
2. Anything for which censure is expressed;
“And it shall become small dust in all the land of blā'm-a-bly, blā'
me-a-bly, adv. [Eng. anything blameworthy; demerit, a fault, a
Egypt, and shall be a boil breaking forth with blains
upon man, and upon beast, throughout all the land of
misdemeanour, a crime.
blamab(le); -ly.] In a manner to merit blame
Egypt."--Exod. ix. 9.
or censure, censurably, reprehensibly.
Often used in the phrase “ To lay the blame
"A process may be carried on against a person that upon”-i.e., to assign or attribute the fault to
* blain, v.t. [Eng. blain, s.] To raise or cause
is maliciously or blamably absent, even to a definitive the person named as believing that he com-
a blain or sore.
sentence."-Ayliffe.
mitted it. (In this sense it once had a plural.)
"For .bleynynge of her heles.”—Pierce the Plough-
“They lay the blame on the poor little ones, some-
man's Crede, 299.
* blā'-māk-ing, s. (From Scotch blae, bla =
times passionately enough, to divert it from them-
livid ; and Eng. making.] The act of making
selves." -Locke.
blāinch, v.t. [BLANCH.] (Scotch.)
livid, or discolouring by means of a stroke.
† To charge the blame upon : The same as to
* bläir, * bläre (pr. par. * blairand), v.i. [O.
(Scotch.)
lay the blame on (q.v.).
Dut. blâsen ; M. H. Ger. blêren=to weep, to
“Conwict for the blud-drawing, blamaking, and
strublens."-Aberdeen Regist. (1538). (Jamieson.)
"In arms, the praise of success is shared among
cry, to cry aloud, to shriek.] To bleat as a
many; yet the blame of misadventures is charged upon
one.”—Hayward.
• sheep or goat. (Scotch.)
* blame (1), v.t. [In Dut. blaam = to blame,
blā'me-a-ble, a. [BLAMABLE.]
bläir, s. [Dan. blaar = hards, blaar yaarn =
to blemish.]
yarn of hards.] Flax steeped and laid out to
1. To blemish.
blā'me-a-ble-něss, s. [BLAMABLENESS.]
dry.
“Ne blame your honor with so shamefull vaunt
Of vile revenge." Spenser : F. Q., II. viii. 16. blā'me-a-blý, adv. [BLAMABLY.]
blāis'-těr, v.i. [BLUSTER, v.] (Scotch.)
2. To injure.
“To Daunger came I alle ashamed,
blāmed, pa. par. & a. [BLAME, v.]
blāit (1), a. [Sw. blott; Dan. blot; Dut. bloot
The which aforp me hadde blamed."
= bare, naked.] Naked, bare.
The Romaunt of the Rose. blāme'-fúl, + blāme'-full, a. [Eng. blame,
“In sae far as the saull is forthy
blāme (2), * blâme, * blâ-men, v.t. & i. [In
and full.] Full of material for censure;
Far worthier than the blait body,
blameworthy. Used-
Fr. blâmer; Norm. Fr. blasmer; Prov. & O.
Many bishops in ilk realme wee see.”
* Priests of Peblis, S. P. P., i. 29. Sp. blasmar; Ital. biasimare; Lat. blasphemo; (1) Of persons.
blāit (2), blāte, a. [Icel. bleydha =a craven,
Gr. Braopnuéw (blasphēmeo), (1) to speak pro-
"Is not the causer of these timeless deaths
fanely of God or anything sacred ; (2) to speak
As blameful as the executioner.”.
coward; bleydhi= cowardice.]
Shakesp.: Rich. III., i. 2.
injuriously or slanderously of a man.] [BLAS-
(2) Of things.
1. Bashful, sheepish.
PHEME.]
“What can be more disagreeable than to see one,
"Thy mother took into her blameful bedl."...
E A. Transitive: To find fault with, to cen-
Shakesp. : 2 Gen. 17., iii. 2.
with a stupid impudence, saying and acting things
the most shocking among the polite, or others (in
sure, to express disapproval of. Formerly, it
plain Scots blate, and not knowing how to behave.'
blāme'-fül-ly, adv. [Eng. blameful, and -ly
sometimes had the preposition of before the
Ramsay: Works, i. 111.
fault.
= like.] In a blameful manner; so as to .
2. Blunt, unfeeling. (Douglas.)
"Tomoreus he blamed of inconsiderate rashness."-
merit heavy censure. (Webster.)
“We Phinicianis nane sa blait breistis has,
Knolles : History of the Turks.
Nor sa fremmytlye the son list not addres
Now such expressions are used as for, be-
blāme'-fúl-něss, s. [From blameful.] The
His cours thrawart Cartage ciete alway.”
Doug. : Virgil, 30, 50. (Jamieson.)
cause of, on account of.
state or quality of being blameful; the state or
3. Stupid, simple, easily deceived.
“He blamed Dryden for sneering at the Hiero-
quality of meriting severe censure. (Webster.)
phants of Apis.”-Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. xiv.
4. Of a market : Dull. (Ross.)
B. Intransitive: Only in the expression to
blāme'-less, * blāme'-lesse; * blāme'-
5. Of grain : Backward in growth. (Jamie-
blame = to be blamed.
les, a. [From Eng. blame, and suff. -less =
son.)
I Johnson hesitated whether to call blame
without.) Without meriting blame. Used-
blait - mouit. a. Bashful, sheepish;
in such a phrase as "you are to blame," an (1) Of a person.
ashamed to open one's mouth. (Jamieson.)
infinitive of a verb or a noun with such a
... that ye may be found of him in peace, without
construction as in the French à tort = by spot, and blameless."-2 Pet. iii. 14.
blaitie-bum, s. A simpleton, stupid wrong, wrongfully. He inclines to consider it (2) Of conduct or life.
fellow.
the latter one; with more reason Professor “But they were, for the most part, men of blameless
Bain and others regard it as the former.
life, and of high religious profession.”-Macaulay :
blā'it-lie, adv. [Scotch blait, and suff. -lie = “He could not but feel that, though others might
Hist. Eng., ch. v.
Eng. -ly.] Bashfully. (Jamieson.)
have been to blame, he was not himself blameless."-
T 1. Grammatical usage :
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch, xvii.
+ (1) It is sometimes, but rarely, followed
*blak, * blake (1), A. & S. [BLACK.] (Chaucer :
Crabb thus distinguishes between the by of placed before that with regard to which
C. T., 629, 900.)
verbs to blame, to reprove, to reproach, to up censure has or might have arisen. Such ex-
* blake (2), a. [BLEAK.]
braid, to censure, and to condemn :-“The ex pressions as “with regard to,” “regarding,”
pression of one's disapprobation of a person, or “respecting” have now all but superseded
blā'-ke-ą, s. [Named after Mr. Martin Blake
or of that which he has done, is the common
of Antigua.]
idea in the signification of these terms; but 1. "We will be blameless of this thine oath.”—Josh.
to blame expresses less than to reprove. We
ii. 17.
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
(2) It is sometimes followed by to placed
simply charge with a fault in blaming ; but in
order Melastomaceae (Melastomads). Blakea
before the person or Being who has no ground
reproving severity is mixed with the charge.
trinervia, or three-ribbed Blakea, when full-
Reproach expresses more than either; it is to for pronouncing censure.
grown has a number of slightly-pendant
"She found out the righteous, and preserved him
blame acrimoniously. ... To blame and
branches covered with rosy flowers. It is
reprove are the acts of a superior; to reproach,
blameless unto God.”-Wisdom x. 5.
one of the most beautiful plants in the West
upbraid, that of an equal : to censure and con-
2. Precise signification :
Indies.
demn leave the relative condition of the agent Crabb thus distinguishes between blame-
blāʻke-īte, s. [Named after Mr. J. H. Blake;
and the sufferer undefined. Masters blame or less, irreproachable, unblemished, unspotted, or
with suffix -ite (Min.) (q.v.).]
reprove their servants; parents, their children; spotless : “ Blameless is less than irreproach-
Min.: An iron sulphate from Coquimbo,
friends and acquaintances reproach and up able; what is blameless is simply free from
but differing from Coquimbite in possessing
braid each other; persons of all conditions blame, but that which is irreproachable cannot
may censure or be censured, condemn or be be blamed, or have any reproach attached to
regular octahedral crystals. Dana considers
condemned, according to circumstances..
it. It is good to say of a man that he leads a
that it requires further investigation.
Blame and reproof are dealt out on every ordi blameless life, but it is a high encomium to
* bia-ken, * bla-si-ăn, * blộ ren, .. nary occasion; reproach and upbraid respect say, that he leads an irreproachable life : the
[A.S. blacian; O. Icel. bleikja; 0. H. Ger.
personal matters, and always that which affects former is but the negative praise of one who
bleichen.] [BLEAK.] To become pale.
the moral character; censure and condemnation is known only for his harmlessness; the latter
“... his neb bigon to blakien."
are provoked by faults and misconduct of dif is the positive commendation of a man who is
Layamon : 19,799. (Stratmann.) | ferent descriptions." Blame, reproach, upbraid, 1 well known for his integrity in the different
of.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hộr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; try, Sýrian. ®, oe=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

blamelessly-bland
569
blanched copper, s.
Metal. : An alloy composed of copper, 8 OZ.,
and } oz. of neutral arsenical sait, fused to-
gether under a flux of calcined borax, charcoal-
dust, and fine powdered glass. Tin or zinc is
added in the white tombac of the East Indies
-mock silver. (Knight.)
blanch'-ěr (1), s. [From blanch (1), V.
- (q.v.).] A person who or a thing which
blanches or whitens.
blanch'-ěr (2), s. [From blanch (2), v.
(q.v.).] One who frightens any person or any
animal.
"... and Gynecia, a blancher, which kept the
dearest deer from her."-Sidney: Arcadia, bk, i.
* blanchet, s. [O. Fr. blanchet.] A kind of
paint (?).
"Heo smuried heom mid blanchet."-Old Eng. Hom.,
i. 53.
relations of society. Unblemished and un- 1 | blanch (1), * blan-chỉn, * blan-chẵn,
spotted are applicable to many objects, besides
* blaun'-chyn, v.t. & i. [Fr. blanchir;
that of personal conduct; and when applied
from blanc = white; Prov. blanchir, blan-
to this, their original meaning sufficiently
quir; Sp. blanquear; Port. branquear ; Ital.
points out their use in distinction from the
imbiancare = to whiten.)
two former. We may say of a man that he
has an irreproachable or an unblemished repu-
A. Transitive:
tation, and unspotted or spotless purity of life.”
I. Ordinary Language:
(Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
1. Literally :
blāme'-less-ly, adv. [Eng. blameless ; -ly.]
(1) To take out the colour from anything
In a blameless manner, innocently; without
and leave it white; to whiten, as the hair or
being worthy of censure.
cheeks by fear or sorrow.
“For deadly fear can time outgo,
"... with that conviction against which he cannot
And blanch at once the hair.
blamelessly, without pertinacy, hold out, ..."—Ham-
Scott: Marmion, i. 28.
mond.
“But thinking on an absent wife
blâme'-less-ness, s. [Eng. blameless; -ness. ]
Will blanch a faithful cheek.”
Byron : Childe Harold, i. 13.
The quality or state of being blameless ; inno-
(2) To strip or peel. (Used of fruits pos-
cence.
sessed of husks, specially of almonds, walnuts,
blā'-mēr, * bla-mere (pl.blamers, *blameris),
&c., the inside of which is white.)
S. [Eng. blam(e); -er.] One who blames or 2. Figuratively :
censures ; a censurer.
(1) To cause to lose its original appearance
"... who mistaught
of dark turpitude and look morally white or
By blamers of the times they inarr'd, hath sought
Virtues in corners."
Donne.
pure.
"And sin’s black dye seems blanch'd by age to virtue.”
blāme-wõr'-thi-ness, s. [Eng. blameworthy,
Dryden.
and -ness.] The quality or state of meriting (2) To represent things more favourably
blame; culpability.
than truth will warrant; to whitewash ; to
“Praise and blame express what actually are ; flatter.
praiseworthiness and blameworthiness, what naturally
“... nor fits it, or in warre,
ought to be the sentiments of other people with regard
Or in affaires of court, a man imploid in publick
to our character and conduct.”— A. Smith: Theory of
case,
Mor. Sent., P. 3, ch. 3.
To blanch things further than their truth, or flatter
blame-wör-thy, a. [Eng. blame ; voorthy.]
any powre."
Chapman: Il. ix.
Worthy or deserving of blame; censurable,
II. Gardening : To whiten by excluding the
light, the green colour of plants not being ac-
culpable.
quired unless light fall upon them during the
“Although the same should be blameworthy, yet
this age hath forborne to incur the danger of any such
period of their growth. The stalks or leaves
blame.”-Hooker.
of plants may be blanched by earthing them
blā'-mîng, *bla-myng, * blam-ynge,
up or tying them together.
B. Intrans. : To lose colour; to become
pr. par. [BLAME, v.]
white.
* blan, pret. of v. [BLIN.) (Sir Ferumbras
To whiten properly signifies to put a coat
(ed. Herrtage), 1,625.) (Gawain & Gol., iv. 17.) of white paint over something previously of
another colour, while the verb to blanch is
* blan, s. [Probably a corruption of blanc.]
used when without such external appliance
[BLANK, B., II. 2.] A coin.
white is produced by the gradual or sudden
“King Henry [the 6th] caused a piece to be stamped
removal of the original darker or brighter
called a salus ... and bians of eight pence a piece."-
Stowe: Chronicle, 8. a. 1,423.
colour.
* blanc, a. [BLANK.]
* blanch (2), v.t. & i. (BLENCH (2). 7
blan'-cạrd (Eng.), blanch'-ard (Scotch), s.
A. Transitive:
[In Ger. blankard ; Fr. blanchard ; from blanc
1. To blink, to slur over, to shirk, to evade,
= white. The name is given because the
to avoid, to turn aside from, to pass by.
thread of which it is woven is half bleached
[BLENCH (2).] Used
before being used.] A kind of linen cloth (a) Of a place or anything similar.
manufactured in Normandy. It is made of "I suppose you will not blanch Paris on your way.”
half-bleached thread.
-Reliquio Wottoniana, p. 343.
(6) Of danger or anything similar.
blanch, blanche, a. & s. [From Fr. blanc
“The judges of that time thought it was a dangerous
(m.), blanche (f.) = white.] [BLANK.]
thing to admit Ifs and Ands to qualifie the words of
treason, whereby every man might expresse his malice
A. As adjective:
and blanch his danger."-Bacon : Henry VII., p. 134.
Her. : White.
2. To shirk the discussion of, to take for
“Nor who, in field or foray slack,
granted.
Saw the blanche lion e'er fall black?"
“You are not transported in an action that warms
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, iv. 27.
the blood and is appearing holy, to blanch or take for
B. As substantive :
admitted the point of lawfulness."-Bacon.
Scots Law: The mode of tenure by what is B. Intrans. : To practise reticence, pur-
denominated blanch form, or by the payment
posely to avoid taking notice.
of a small duty in money or otherwise.
"Optimi consiliarii mortui : books will speak plain
when counsellors blanch."-Bacon.
“To be halden of ws and oure successouris in fre
barony and fre blanche nochtwithstanding ony oure
actis or statutis maid or to be maid contrare the rati blanch'-ard, s. [BLANCARD.] (Scotch.)
ficatioun of charteris of blanchis or tallies," &c.-Acts
Jas. V., 1540 (ed. 1814), p. 379. (Jamieson.)
* blanch'-art, a. [O. Eng. blanche (q.v.), and
blanch-farm, blanch-ferm, s.
suffix -art.] White.
Law: “White rent” (in Lat. reditus albus);
“ Ane faire feild can thai fang,
On stedis stalwart and strang,
rent anciently paid in white money, that is,
Baith blanchart and bay."
in silver, as contradistinguished from rents
Gawain and Gol., ii. 19. (Jamieson.)
reserved in work, grain, &c., one of these last
being called black maile (in Lat. reditus niger). blanche, a. [BLANCH.]
(Blackstone : Comment., bk. ii. 3.)
blanche fevere. s. [Norm. Fr. fièvres
* blanch-firm (pl. blanch firmes), s.
blanches.] The green sickness. (Chaucer.)
Law: An arrangement formerly very com-
mon, by which the purchaser of crowy rents blanched, pa. par. & a. [BLANCH (1).]
had “ dealbare firmam" (lit. = to whitewash As participial adjective: Whitened, white.
or whiten the fee or purchase-money), that is, Used
have any base coin which he tendered, or any
(1) Lit. : Of material things.
one worn below the proper weight, melted
“ Albeit the blanched locks below
down and valued according to the amount of
Were white as Dinlay's spotless snow."
standard silver which it contained ; or if he
Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, iv. 9.
desired to escape such an ordeal, he had to (2) Fig. : Of things not material.
pay twelve pence per pound beyond the no-
“The laws of marriage character'd in gold
minal purchase-money.
Upon the blanched tablets of her heart."
Tennyson : Isabel.
blanch-holding, s.
blanched almonds, s. pl. Almonds
Law : A tenure by which the occupier is
made white by having the external coloured
bound to pay no more than a nominal yearly
epidermis of the fruit peeled off. [BLANCH,
duty—a peppercorn for example-to his supe-
A., I. 2.]
rior, as the acknowledgment of the latter's
“Their suppers may be bisket, raisins of the sun,
right.
and a few blanched almonds."-Wiseman.
blanch-ìm'-e-těr, s. [From Eng. blanch (1),
v., and Gr. Métpov (metron) =a measure.] An
instrument for measuring the bleaching power
of a chloride. [CHLORIMETER. ]
blanch'-ing (1), * blanchynge, pr. par.,
a., & s. [BLANCH (1).]
A. & B. As present participle and participial
adjective : In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
C. As substantive :
I. Ord. Lang. : The act of making white;
the state of being made white.
"Blanchynge of almondys or other lyke: Dealbacio,
decorticacio."-Prompt. Parv. .
II. Technically:
1. Coining : An operation performed on
planchets or pieces of silver to give them the
requisite lustre.
2. Metal. : The tinning of copper or iron.
3. Hortic. : The act or process of making a
plant white by growing it in a dark place.
blanching-liquor, s. A solution of
chloride of lime used for bleaching purposes.
It is called by workmen chemic.
* blanch'-îng (2), pr. par., a., & s. [BLANCH
(2), v.]
* blan'-çis, s. pl. [From Fr. blanc = white (?).]
Ornaments worn by those who represented
Moors at a pageant exhibited in Edinburgh in
1590. (Jamieson.)
“ Thair heids wer garnisht gallandlie,
With costly crancis maid of gold:
Braid blancis hung aboue thair eis,
With jewels of all histories."
Watson: Coll., ii. 10. (Jamieson.)
*blănck, v.t. [BLANCH.] To put out of coun-
tenance. [For example see BLANCKED.]
* blănck-ed, * blănckt, * blănck, pa.
par. [BLANCH, V., I.]
“Th' old woman wox half blanck those wordes to
heare.”
Spenser: F. Q., III., iii. 17.
In the glossary to the Globe edition of
Spenser the word given is blanckt with a refer-
ence to the passage quoted.
blanc-mange(pron. blạ-mânge), + blanc-
man-ger, blank-man-ger, S. [Fr.
blanc-manger; from blanc= white, and manger
= food ; manger = to eat.]
Cookery:
*1. Of the forms blank-manger and blanc-
manger : A dish composed of fowl, &c. (Tyr-
whit: Gloss. to Chaucer). Some compound of
capon minced with cream, sugar, and flour
(Gloss. to Chaucer (ed. Morris), 1879).
"For blankmanger that made he with the beste."
Chaucer : 0. T., Prol. 387.
2. A preparation of dissolved isinglass or
sea-moss with sugar, cinnamon, &c., boiled
into a gelatinous mass.
* blănd (1), v.t. [BLEND, v.) To mix, to
blend. (Scotch.)
“Blude blandit with wine."
Doug. : Virgil, 89, 44. (Jamieson.)
*blănd (2) (pa. par. blandit), v.t. [From Fr.
blandir; Lat. blandior = to flatter or soothe ;
blandus = smooth-tongued.] [BLAND.] To
flatter, to soothe, caress, or coax.
How suld I leif that is nocht landit?
Nor yet with benefice am I blandit."
Dunbar: Bannatyne Poems, p. 67. (Jamieson.)
blănd, a. [In Sp. & Ital. blando; from Lat.
blandus = (1) smooth, smooth-tongued, flat-
tering, caressing, (2) (of things) alluring.]
boil, boy; póut, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhăn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

570
bland—blank
A. Ord. Lang. : Mild, soft, gentle. Used-
(1) Of a person or his temper.
“His demeanour was singularly pleasing, his person
handsome, his temper bland.”-Mucaulay : Hist. Eng.,
ch. xii.
(2) Of words or deeds, especially the former.
“In her face excuse
Came prologue and apology too prompt;
Which, with bland words at will, she thus address'd."
Milton : P. L., bk. ix.
(3) Of the soft gentle action of air or other
things inanimate.
“An even calm
Perpetual reign'd, save what the zephyrs bland
Breath'd o'er the blue expause.” Thomson.
B. Bot. : Fair, beautiful, as Mesembryan-
themum blandum. [BLONDE.]
face
* bland (1), s. [A.S. bland, blond = a mixture;
0. Icel. bland.] A mixture.
"... in bland together."-Allit. Rom. of Alexander
(ed. Stevenson), 2,786. (Stratmann.)
* bland (2), s. [In O. Sw. bliant = a precious
garment among the ancients ; Low Lat. blanda
=a rich garment adorned with purple.
Jamieson thinks it meant a rich garment.
It is, no doubt, a misprint for brand = sword.]
“Na bere buklar, nor bland.”.
Maitland : Poems, p. 359. (Jamieson.)
blăn-dā'-tion, s. [From Lat. blandior = to
flatter, to soothe ; blandus=bland.] [BLAND.]
Flattery.
“One who flattered Longchamp, Bishop of Ely, with
this blandation.”—Camden : Remains.
* blănd-ěd, a. (BLENDED.]
“Blanded bear, or rammel, as the country people
here call it, is the produce of barley and coinmon bear
sown in a mixed state. These are distinguished chiefly
by the structure of the ear; the barley having only
two rows of grain, and the common bear six."-P.
Markinchi Fife, Statist. Acc., xii. 531. (Jamieson.)
* blan-den (1), v.t. [BLAND (1), BLEND.]
* blan-den (2), v.t. [Fr. blandir.) To bland-
ish. (Shoreh., 73.) (Stratmann.)
blăn'-dér, v.t. [From Dan. blande; Icel.
blanda = to mix, to mingle.]
1. Lit.: To diffuse, disperse by scattering
thinly over a certain area. (Now only in
Fife.) (o amieson.)
2. Figuratively:
(1) To circulate a report, especially one in-
jurious to others. (Jamieson.)
(2) To introduce an element of untruth into
such scandalous report. (Jamieson.)
blăn'-dịsh-ēr, s. [Eng. blandish ; -er.] One
who blandishes; one who addresses another
with soft, loving speeches. (Cotgrave, Sher-
Wood, &c.)
blăn'-dish-îng, pr. par., d., & s. [BLANDISH,
v.]
A. & B. As present participle & participial
adjective : In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
C. As substantive: A blandishment.
“But double-hearted friends, whose blandishings
Tickle our ears but sting our bosoms, are
Those dangerous Syrens, whose sweet maid
Is only mortal treason's burnish'd glass."
Beaumont : Psyche, vi. 3.
blăn-dish-měnt, s. [Eng. blandish ; -ment.
In Ital. blandimento; Lat. blandimentum and
blanditia; from blandior.] [BLANDISH.]
1. The act of expressing fondness for any
one by soft words or gestures.
“He was both well and fair spoken, and would use
strange sweetness and blandishment of words, where
he desired to effect or persuade anything that he took
to heart."-Bacon.
2. Generally in plur.: Words or gestures
designed as the expression of real fondness or
insincerely offered with some personal object
in view. Such an object may be-
(a) To gain the heart of some one belonging
to the opposite sex.
“But now, attacked by royal smiles, by female
blandishments, ..."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. iv.
(6) To gain one's support in political or
other important matters.
“Neither royal blandishments nor promises of
valuable preferment had been spared.”—Macaulay:
Hist. Eng., ch. vii.
* blăn-dit, pe, par. & a. [BLAND (2), 0.]
blănd'-ly, adv. [Eng. bland ; -ly.]
Of speech : Gently, politely, placidly, with-
out visible excitement.
2. Figuratively: In senses corresponding to
I. 1. (1) and (2).
(1) Corresponding to I. 1. (1). Of persons :
Perplexed, distressed, dispirited, confused,
depressed, crushed in spirit.
“There, without sign of boast, or sign of joy,
Solicitous and blank, he thus began."
Milton: P. R., bk. ii.
(2) Corresponding to I. 1. (2). Of things :
Unrelieved, complete, thorough, entire, per-
fect.
“But now no face divine contentment wears,
'Tis all blank sadness or continual fears."
Pope: Eloisa to Abelard, 148.
B. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Of things material :
(1) A certain portion of a paper which re-
mains white, either because it has never been
written upon or because the writing on it has
been erased. Used-
(a) Gen. : Of any written or printed docu-
ment.
“I cannot write a paper full, as I used to do, and
yet I will not forgive a blank of half an inch froin
you."-Swift.
(6) Spec. : Of a map on which few places are
marked.
“ The map of the world ceases to be a blank."-
Darwin : Voyage round the World, ch. xxi.
(2) The white mark in the centre of a butt
at which archers aimed ; a mark at which
cannons are discharged.
" Slander.
Whose whisper o'er the world's diameter,
As level as the cannon to his blank,
Transports its poison'd shot."
Shakesp. : Ham. iv. 1.
(3) Anything void, empty, without reference
to its colour.
(4) That which has proved ineffective for its
primary purpose, Spec., a lottery-ticket which
has not succeeded in drawing a prize.
“... it's lots to blanks,
My name hath touch'd your ears ..."
Shakesp. : Cor. v. 2.
2. Of things not material :
(1) Of a person : One called a man but with-
out manly qualities, or for the moment un-
manned.
"She has left him
The blank of what he was ;
I tell thee, eunuch, she has quite unmann'd him."
Dryden.
(2) Of the thoughts, the mind, the life, or any-
thing similar : A thing or things unoccupied.
“For him, I think not on him ; for his thoughts,
Would they were blanks, rather than fill'd with me.”
Shakesp. : Twelfth Night, iii. 1.
“Life inay be one great blank, which, though not
blotted with sin, is yet without any characters of
grace or virtue."- Rogers.
(3) The range of a projectile; spec., the
point-blanc range. [POINT BLANK.]
“I have spoken for you all my best,
And stood within the blank of his displeasure,
For my free speech." Shakesp. : Oth. iii. 4.
(4) The same as BLANK VERSE(q.v.). (Poetic.)
“Sir, you've in such neat poetry gather'd a kiss,
That if I had but five lines of that number
Such pretty begging blanks, I should commend
Your forehead or your cheeks, and kiss you too."
B. & F. : Philaster, ii. 1
II. Technically:
1. Law & Eng. Hist. Plur. Blanks : An un-
written piece of paper given to the agents of
the Crown in the reign of Richard II., with
liberty to fill it up as they pleased ; their own
conscience being thus the measure of the
exactions they were permitted to make from
the unhappy people. Blanks were called also
BLANK-CHARTERS (q.v.).
"And daily new exactions are devised ;.
As blanks, benevolences, and I wot not what."
Shakesp. : Richard II., li. 1.
2. Numismatics :
(1) A kind of white or silver money of base
alloy, coined by Henry V. in the parts of
France temporarily subject to England. It
was in value about 8d. sterling, or, according
to Offord, about a French livre.
"Have you any money ? he answered, not a blanck."
Gayton's Fest. N., p. 9.
(2) A small copper coin formerly current in
France, value five deniers Tournois.
“The Minte of Paris in Fraunce.
5 tornes is a blancke.
3 blanckes is a shilling.
20 shilling is a pounde."
The Post of the World (1576), p. 86.
3. Metal-working: A piece of metal brought
to the required shape and ready for the finish-
ing operation, whatever it may be. Specially-
(a) A planchet of metal, weighed, tested,
and milled, is a blank ready for the die-press,
which converts it into a coin.
blănd'-ness, s. [Eng. bland; ness.] The
quality or state of being bland. (Chalmers.)
*blane, s. [BLAIN.] (Scotch.)
blănk, * blă'nke, * blanck, * blăncke,
* blo'nke, † blănc, a. & s. [A.S., Fr., &
Prov. blanc. Compare also A.S. blanca, blonca
=a grey horse; Sp. blánco; Port. branco; Ital.
bianco. In Sw. blankett = a blank bond; Dan.
blank = bright, shining, polished, white as a
naked sword; blanket = a blank; Dut. blank,
as adj. = white, fair, clean, blank; as subst. =
à blank; (N. H.) Ger. blank, blanche = (1)
white, (2) lustrous, bright; blinken = to
gleam, sparkle, or glisten.]
A. As adjective :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally : Void of colour or empty in
other respects.
(1) White, pale, as if with its colour ex-
tracted. Used-
(a) of things wholly material:
."... of columby blank and blew."-Gaw. Doug. :
Æneid, xii. 118. (Skeat : Eng. Liter.)
“ To the blank moon
Her office they prescribed ; . .,
Milton : P. L., bk. x.
(6) Of the human countenance : Pale with
anxiety or fear, remorse, or intense anger.
(2) Empty, void, vacant. Used-
(a) of paper : Without writing, either be-
cause all marks of ink or other writing
material have been effaced, or because they
have never been present.
"Upon the debtor side I find innumerable articles ;
but, upon the creditor side, little ingre than blank
blănd-for-di-a, s. [Named after George,
Marquis of Blandford, son of the second Duke
of Marlborough, a lover of plants.]
Botany: A genus of plants belonging to the
order Liliaceæ and the section Hemerocal-
lideæ. The species B. nobilis, or Noble, and
B. grandiflora, or Large-flowered Blandfordia,
are fine liliaceous plants from Australia.
* blăn-dil-o-quěnçe, s. (Lat. blandiloquen-
tia ; from blandiloquens (adj.) = speaking
flatteringly or soothingly : blandus (BLAND),
and loquor=to speak.] Soft, mild, flattering,
soothing speech. (Glossog. Nov.)
*blăn’-di-ment, s. [BLANDISHMENT.] Blan-
dishment.
"That they entice nor allure no man with suasions
and blandiments to take the religion upon him.
Injunctions to the Monast. temp. Hen. VIII. Burnet,
vol. i. App.
blăn-dish * bin-dise, * blăn-dis-ọn,
v.t. [From 0. Fr. blandissant, pr. par. of
blandir. In Prov. & O. Sp. blandir; Ital.
blandire; from Lat. blandior = to flatter, to
soothe ; blandus= bland.] [BLAND.]
1. With a person for the nominative: To
speak softly and lovingly to any one, to
caress; to flatter or soothe one by soft affec-
tionate words or deeds.
“If he flater or blandise more than him ought for
any necessitee; (in certain he doth sinne.)”-Chaucer :
The Persones Tale.
2. With a thing for the nominative: To
soothe, to tranquillise through the operation
of natural causes.
“ In former days a country life,
For so time-honour'd poets sing,
Free from anxiety and strife,
Was blandish'd by perpetual spring.
Cooper: The Retreat of Aristippus, Ep. 1.
paper."--Addison
(6) Of a space of any kind: With no person
or thing in it.
“Not one eftsoons in view was to be found,
But every ipan stroll'd off his own glad way;
Wide o'er this ample court's blank area.”
Thomson: Castle of Indolence, i. 29.
© Of a cartridge: Having no ball in it.
[BLANK-CARTRIDGE.]
(d) Of a season: Void of leaves and vegeta-
tion generally; waste, dreary.
"And, with this change, sharp air and falling leaves,
Foretelling total winter, blank and cold.”
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. v.
(e) of poetry: Void of rhyme, without
rhyme. [BLANK VERSE.]
(f) Of the human mind : Ignorant, vacant of
knowledge or of thought.
“Wide, sluggish, blank, and ignorant, and strange;
Proclaiming boldly that they never drew."
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. viii.
blăn'-dished, pa. par. & d. [BLANDISH, V.]
“Must'ring all her wiles,
With blandish'd parleys, feminine assaults."
Milton: Samson Agonistes.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; try, Sýrian. æ, cerē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

blank-blasfemyn
571
(6) A strip of softened steel made into the A. As substantive :
blăps, s. [From Gr. Báyıs (blapsis) = injury,
required shape is a blank, which cutting and I. Ordinary Language :
damage ; Brouw (blapsó) = fut. of Brántw
tempering transform into a file.
1. Literally :
(blapto), (1) to disable, to hinder, (2) to
(c) A piece of iron with a flaring head, and
damage.]
(1) A coarse, heavy, loosely-woven, woollen
otherwise properly shaped ready for nicking
Entom. : A genus of
and threading, is a screw-blank, which with
stuff, usually napped and sometimes twilled,
used for covering one when in bed. Being a
beetles, the typical one
the final operations becomes a screw.
bad conductor of heat it prevents the warmth
of the family Blapsidæ
4. Architect.: Blank-doors or blank-windows generated by the body from passing off, and
(q.v.). Blaps mucronata
are imitations, and used for ornamentation or
is common in kitchens ;
thus becoming lost.
to secure uniformity in the design.
Blaps mortisaga (the
"Blankett : vollon clothe. Lodix."-Prompt. Parv.
Death-presaging Beetle),
blank-acceptance, s. An acceptance
“The abilities of man must fall short on one side or
called also the Church-
other, like too scanty a blanket when you are a-bed ; if
written on paper before the amount to be paid
you pull it upon your shoulders, you leave your feet yard Beetle and the
is filled in.
bare, if you thrust it down upon your feet, your Darkling Beetle, is a
shoulders are uncovered.”—Temple.
blank-bar, s.
much rarer variety. It
(2) Any coarse woollen robe used for wrap-
Law : A plea in bar, resorted to in an action
need scarcely be added
ping purposes.
of trespass, and designed to compel the
BLAPS MORTISAGA.
“Blankett, laungelle. Langellus.”—Prompt. Parv.
plaintiff to state at what place the offence
death.
T Way says, “... the distinction here
was committed. It is called also common
made is not very clear, but lodix appears to
blăp-sī'-dæ, s. pl. [BLAPS.]
bar.
have been a bed-covering, as we now use the Entom.: A family of Coleoptera (Beetles)
* blank-bonds, s.
word blanket; langellus, blanket-cloth gene-
belonging to the section Heteromera and the
Comm. : Bonds in which the creditor's name
rally.” (Note to . Prompt. Parv., Articles sub-section Atrachelia. They are of dull, ob-
was a blank. The document then passed from
Blankett, vol. i. 38.)
scure colours, with the elytra connate and
* (3) Soldiers' colours (?). (Jamieson.)
inflexed over the sides of the abdomen. Of
hand to hand in the ordinary course of com-
the genera two are British, viz., Blaps and
merce, any one into whose legal possession it “Thereafter they go to horse shortly, and comes
came having the right to put in his name and
back through the Oldtown about ten hours in t
Misolampus. (BLAPY.]
morning, with their four captives, and but 60 to their
sue for payment. Blank-bonds were abolished
blanket."-Spalding, ii. 154. (Jamieson.)
in 1696.
bläre (1), * blörin, v.i. [In Ger. plärren ;
2. Fig.: Anything fitted to intercept vision, O. H. Ġer. blärren, vlarren, blaren ; 0. Dut.
blank-cartridge, s. A cartridge con the allusion being to the fact that a blanket blaren = to bleat, to cry, to weep. Imitated
taining powder but no ball. It is used for was formerly used as a curtain in front of from the sound (?).]
firing salutes, for giving warning of danger, the stage : it was so in Shakespeare's time.
1. (Of the form blorin): To weep. (Prompt.
or in sham fights.
(Cibber, Nares, &c.)
Parv.)
blank-charters, blank charters,
“Nor heav'n peep thro' the blanket of the dark,
To cry hold, hoid!" Shakesp.: Macbeth, i. 5.
2. To sound loudly, as a trumpet does; to
s. pl.
II. Printing : A piece of woollen, felt, or
roar, to bellow.
1. Law & Eng. Hist. : The same as BLANKS, prepared rubber, placed between the inner
“The trumpet blared.” Tennyson.
II. 1. (q.v.).
and outer tympans, to form an elastic inter-
* bläre (2), v.i. [Etym. doubtful.] To melt,
“Which to maintaine my people were sore pol'd
posit between the face of the type and the
as a candle does.
With fines, fifteels, and loans by way of prest,
descending platen.
Blank charters, oaths, and shifts not knowi of
For which the cominons did me sore detest."
B. As adj. : Made of a blanket, as BLANKET blare (3), v.i. [BLAIR.] (Scotch.)
Leg. of Rich. II., p. 294.
BAG (q.v.).
2. Fig.: Authorisation to do what one likes.
bläre (1), S. [From blare (1), V. (q.v.).]
“Men do not stand
blanket-bag, s. A blanket formed into Sound, as of a trumpet; roar, noise, bellowing.
In so ill case, that God hath with his hand
a bag.
“... and sigh for battle’s blare." Barlow.
Sign'd kings blank-charters, to kill whoin they hate."
“... but when lying on our blanket-bags, on a
Donne, Sat. 3. good bed of smooth pebbles, we passed most comfort bläre (2), s. [Etym, doubtful.]
blank-cutting, a. The cutting out of
able nights."-Darwin : Voyage Round the World, ch. x.
Naut. : A paste of hair and tar for calking
pieces of metal.
blanket-washer, S. A machine for the seams of boats.
Blank-cutting Machine. Metal-working : A washing printers' blankets. Ordinarily it
machine for cutting out pieces of metal for
consists of a vat and rollers, the blanket being bläre (3), s. [Swiss-German.] A small copper
fabrication into articles, such as keys, files,
alternately soaked and squeezed. A similar current in Berne. It is nearly of the same
buttons, &c.
- machine is used for calicoes and other fabrics. value as the batz.
blank-door, s.
blăn-ket (2), s. [In Ger. blankette.] The same
blar'-něy, s. [An Irish word (see 1.). In
Arch. : An imitation door in the side of a
as BLANQUETTE (q. v.).
sense No. 2 Mahn suggests comparison with
wall or building. Of course it cannot be + blăn-ket, v.t. [From blanket (1), s. (q.v.).] Ir. bladar, bladair-eiht=flattery.]
opened.
1. To tie round with a blanket, to envelop
1. Geog. : A village or hamlet in the parish
blank-indorsement, s. A bill or simi in a blanket.
of Garrycloyne, four miles north-west of Cork,
lar instrument in which the indorsee's name
"My face I'll grime with filth;
in Ireland. [BLARNEY-STONE.]
is oinitted.
Blanket my loins; tie all my hair in knots."
2. Ord. Lang.: Smooth, meaningless, flatter-
Shakesp.: Lear, ii. 3.
ing Irish speech, designed to put the person or
blank-tire, s.
2. To toss in a blanket for some delin-
audience addressed in good humour, and thus
Wheelwrighting : A tire without a flange. quency, or as an expression of contempt.
further any ulterior object which the orator
[BLANKETING.]
may have in view. (Vulgar.)
blank verse, s. A kind of verse destitute
of rhyme, but possessed of a musical rhythm. t blăn-ket-ěd, pa. par. & a. [BLANKET.]
blarney-stone, blarney stone, s. A
It usually has five feet, each of two syllables.
| + blăn-ket-ëer, s. [Eng. blanket; and suffix
Milton's Paradise Lost is in blank verse, so
stone with an inscription built into the wall
of an old castle in the village of Blarney
also is Cowper's Task.
-eer.] One who uses a blanket.
(1. Geog.]. The kissing of this stone is sup-
“Qurblank verse, where there is no rhyme to support
"Let us leave this place, and endeavour to get a
posed to confer the ability to use the peculiar
the expression, is extremely difficult to such as are
night's lodging in some house or other, where God
grant there may be neither blankets nor blanketeers, kind of speech to which it gives name.
not masters in the tongue."--Addison.
nor phantoins, nor enchanted Moors."-Smollet : Don
blank-window, s.
Quixote, pt. i., bk. iii., C. 4.
+ blar-něy, v.t. [From blarney, s. (q.v.).]
+ blăn-ket-îng, pr. par. & s. [BLANKET.]
Arch. : An imitation window in a building,
To operate upon by means of the persuasive
with no frame or glass, but designed simply A. As present participle: In senses corre-
kind of speech called “blarney."
sponding to those of the verb.
for symmetry.
“... blarneyed the landlord."-Irving.
B. As substantive:
* blănk, v.t. [From blank, a. & s. (q.v.).].
+ blar'-něyed, pa. par. [BLARNEY, V.]
1. The act of tossing one in a blanket, the
1. Lit. : To render white, pale, or wan; to
state of being so tossed, or the operation itself.
† blar'-něy-ing, pr. par. [BLARNEY, v.]
blanch, by exciting fear, anxiety, jealousy, or
“Ah, oh ! he cry'd ; what street, what lane, but knows
other depressing emotion.
* blas, s. [A.S. bloes = a blast.] [BLAST, s.]
Our purgiugs, pumpings, blanketings, and blows?”
"An anchor's cheer in prison be my scope !
Pope: Dunciad, ii. 154.
Sound, blast.
• Each opposite that blanks the face of joy."
2. Stuff or materials from which blankets
"Wel sore the sarysyns affraid were wan thay herde
Shakesp. : Hamlet, iii. 2.
that blas."-Sir Ferumb. (ed. Herrtage), 2,648.
2. Fig. : To extinguish, to efface, to annul.
may be made.
blănic-ly, adv. Eng. blank: ul. In a blank | bla-şe', O.
"All former purposes were blanked, the governour
(A naturalised French word. It
at a bay, and all that charge lost and cancelled."-
manner, with such confusion, fright, or abash is the Fr. blasé, pa. par. of blaser = to dull or
Spenser.
ment as to produce paleness of countenance.
blunt the senses through over-indulgence.]
* blanke, d. [BLANK.) White.
Dulled in sense or in emotion; worn out
* blank - manger, s. [BLANC - MANGER.]
through over-indulgence; incapable of being
* blanke plumbe, S. White-lead. (Chaucer : C. T., 389.)
greatly excited.
(Prompt. Parv.)
blănk'-ness, s. [Eng. blank; -ness.] The
".. . M. Belot considers the Parisian public in
quality of being blank; the quality of being
* blănked, pa. par. [BLANK, V.]
general, and that of the Ambigu in particular, as the
most blasé, the least easy to scandalise or shock, that
empty, or that of being white.
can be imagined."-Times, Nov, 5th, 1875.
blăn-ket (1), * blăn-kett, * blăn-kette,
blănks, s. pl. [BLANK, s.]
* blăn-quet, s. & d. [O. Fr. blanket : Mod.
* blas-feme, * blas-fe-mere, S. [BLAS-
PHEMER.] Á blasphemer. (Wycliffe, ed. Pur-
Fr. blanchet = a kind of bombasin fabric; a blăn-quet'te (qu as k), blăn-ket (3), s.
vey, 1 Tim. i. 13; 2 Tim. iii. 2.)
dimin. of blanc = white. In Gael. plancaid, [Fr. blanquette =(1) a kind of pear, (2) a fish
plangaid; apparently a corruption of Eng. blan =the whitebait, from blanc = white. In Ger. | * blas-fe-myn, v.t. & i. [BLASPHEME.]
ket Port. blanqueta ; only in the sense A. II.] blankette.] A kind of pear. (Johnson, &c.) (Prompt. Parv.)
boll, boy; póut, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
· cian, -tian = shạn, -tion, -sion=shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhŭn. -cious, -tious, -sious=shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bệl, del.

572
blasfemynge-blast
* blas-fe-mynge, pr. par., a., & s. [BLAS-
“ Adam.
Oh! my son,
Blaspheme not: these are serpents' words."
PHEMING.] (Prompt. Parv.)
Byron : Cain, i. I.
“Say ye of him, whom the Father hath sanctified,
blăsh, v.t. [Designed, like plash and splash,
and sent into the world, Thou blasphemest; because I
to imitate the sound produced by dabbling said, I am the Son of God?"-John X. 36.
in water (?).] To soak, to drench.
blăs-phē'med, * blas-fe'med, pa. par. & a.
To blash one's stomach : To soak, drench,
[BLASPHEME.]
or deluge one's stomach by drinking too co-
piously of any weak and diluting liquor. blăs-phē-mēr, * blas-fe'-mere, s. [Eng.
(Jamieson.)
blasphem(e); -er. In Fr. blasphémateur; Sp.
blasfemo, blasfemadór ; Port. blasphemador.]
blăsh, s. [From blash, v., or vice versâ.]
One who blasphemes.
1. A heavy fall of rain, more extreme than a
“Who was before a blasphemer, and a persecutor
“ dash” of rain.
and injurious."-1 Tim. i. 13.
“ Where snaws and rains wi' sleety blash,
"Should each blasphemer quite escape the rod
Besoak'd the yird wi' dash on dash.”
Because the insult's not to man, but God ?"
A. Scott : Poems, p. 36; Harvest. (Jamieson.)
Pope : Ep. to Satires, ii. 195.
2. A great quantity of water or weak liquid * blăs-phē-mér-ésse, s. [Eng. blasphemer,
poured into a vessel.
and -esse, suffix, making a feminine form.] A
blăsh'-ing, * blash'-an, pr. par. & d.
female blasphemer.
[BLASH, v. (q.v.).]
"... the same Jone, a supersticious sorceresse, and a
(Scotch.)
diabolical blasphemeresse of God, and of his sainctes."
“Whan a' the fiel's are clad in snaw,
-Hall : Hen. VI., an. 9.
An' blashan rains, or cranreughs fa,
Thy bonny leaves thou disna shaw."
blăs-phē'm-ing, * blas-fe-mynge, pr.
Picken : Poems (1788), p. 91 ; To a Cowslip. (Jamieson.)
par., a., & s. [BLASPHEME.]
blish-V, a. [Blash; -9.]
A. & B. As present participle & participial
1. Deluging; sweeping away by an inunda adjective : In senses corresponding to those of
tion.
the verb.
"The thick-blawn wreaths of snaw or blashy thows
"... blaspheming Jew."-Shakesp.: Macb. iv. 1.
May smoor your wethers, and may rot your ews.”
C. As subst. : The act of blaspheming ; blas-
Ramsay: Poems, ii. 82.
2. Of meat or drink : Thin, weak, flatulent;
phemy.
debilitating the stomach.
“Those desperate atheisms, those Spanish renoun-
cings, and Italian blasphemings, ..."--Sir E. Sandys:
“Ah, sirs, thae blashy vegetables are a bad thing to State of Religion.
have atween ane's ribs in a rimy night, under the bare
bougers o' a lanely barn."-Blackw. Mag., Nov. 1820, blăs'-phem-ods. * blas-phē'-mous, a.
p. 154. (Jamieson.)
[Lat. blasphemus; Gr. Bráo nuos (blasphēmos).]
blā'-și-a, s. [Named after Blasio Biagi, an Containing blasphemy; grossly irreverent to-
Italian monk.]
wards God or man, but specially the former.
Bot. : An old genus of Jangermanniaceæ
| The old pronunciation of blasphemous
(Scalemosses). The chief species is now
still lingers among the uneducated.
called Jangermannia Blasia.
“Oh argument blasphemous, false, and proud."
Milton : P. L., bk. v.
* blăng-nit, a. [From Ger. bloss = bare (?).]
“Then they suborned men, which said, We have
heard him speak blasphemous words against Moses,
Bare, bald ; without hair.
and against God."-Acts vi. 11.
" Ane trene truncheour, ane ramehorne spone,
Twa buttis of harkit blasnit ledder,
blăs'-phem-oðs-ly, adv. [Eng. blasphe-
All graith that gains to hobbill schone."
mous; -ly.] In a blasphemous manner; irre-
Bannatyne Poems, p. 160, st. 9. (Jamieson.)
verently, profanely.
* blasome (Eng.), * bla-sowne (Scotch), s.
“Where is the right use of his reason, while he
would blasphemously set up to controul the commands
[BLAZON, s.]
of the Almighty ?"-Swift.
+ blā'-şön, v.t. [BLAZON, V.)
blắs-phem-v. * blas-phe-mie. * blas-
* blăs-phe-mā'-tion, s. [BLASPHEME.] fe-mie, s. [In Fr. blasphème; Sp. blasfemia;
Blaspheming.
Port. blasphenia ; Lat. blasphemia, rarely
“The blasphematione of the name of god corruptis
blasphemium ; Gr. Blaoonuía (blasphēmia) =
the ayr."-Compt of Scotland, p. 155.
(1) a speech of evil omen, a profane speech,
... blasphemy, (2) slander.] [BLASPHEME.]
* blăs-phe-mā'-tour, s. [BLASPHEME.) A
blasphemer.
A. Ordinary Language:
“Ordeyned and made for the swerars and blasphe-
I. Of things :
matours."-Caxton: Golden Legende, fo. 431.
* 1. Slander, or even well-merited blame,
blăs-phē'me, * blăs-fê'me, * blas-fe-
applied to a person or in condemnation of a
myn, v.t. & i. [In Fr. blasphémer; Prov. &
thing.
Sp. blasfemár; Port. blasphemor = to blas-
2. Profane language towards God; highly
pheme; Ital. biasimare=to find fault with ; irreverent, contemptuous, abusive, or re-
Lat. blasphemo = to blaspheme ; from Gr. proachful words, addressed to, or spoken or
Braopnuéw (blasphēmeo)=(1) to speak pro written regarding God; or an arrogating of his
fanely, (2) to slander; Bráo nuos (blasphēmos) prerogatives.
= speaking ill-omened, slanderous, or profané “The moans of the sick were drowned by the blas-
words; BXáyıs (blapsis) = harming, damage ;
phemy and ribaldry of their comrades.”—Macaulay :
Hist. Eng., ch. xiv.
Bráttw (blapto)=to disable, to hinder, ...
to damage, to hurt. Pheme is from Gr. Onui
* II. Of persons (the concrete being put for the
(phēmi) = to say, to speak.] [BLAME, BLAPS.]
abstract): A person habitually irreverent to
God or man.
A. Transitive:
"Now, blasphemy,
I. Ordinary Language:
That swear'st grace o'er board, not an oath on shore ?"
Shakesp.: Tempest, v. 1.
1. To utter profane language against God or B. Technically :
against anything sacred; by word of mouth
I. Theol. Blasphemy against the Holy Ghost :
to arrogate his prerogatives; or grossly to dis The sin of attributing to Satanic agency the
obey his commands.
miracles which were obviously from God.
"And he opened his mouth in blasphemy against
"And whosoever shall speak a word against the Son
God, to blaspheme his name, and his tabernacle, and of man, it shall be forgiven him : but unto him that
them that dwell in heaven."-Rev. xiii. 6.
blasphemeth against the Holy Ghost it shall not be
".... that the word of God be not blasphemed.” forgiven."-Luike xii. 10.
Titus ii 5.
II. Law.: The legal crime of blasphemy
2. To utter injurious, highly insulting, is held to be committed when one denies the
calumnious, or slanderous language against a being or providence of God, utters contume-
person in high authority, especially against a lious reproaches against the Saviour, profanely
king, who may be looked on as, in certain scoffs at Scripture, or exposes it to contempt
respects, the vicegerent of God.
and ridicule. It being held that Christianity
" Those who from our labours heap their board,
is part of the laws of England, blasphemy ex-
Blaspheme their feeder, and forget their lord."
Pope.
poses him who utters it to fine and imprison-
II. Law : To deny the being or providence
ment, or even to corporal punishment. (Black-
of God; to utter contumelious reproaches
stone : Comment., bk. iv., ch. 4.) If in a trial
against Christ; to scoff at the Holy Scriptures,
before a magistrate scandalous, blasphemous,
or attempt to turn them into contempt and
and indecent statements appear in evidence,
ridicule. [BLASPHEMY.]
it is not legal to print them in any newspaper
(Blackstone : Com-
ment., bk. iv., ch. 4.)
report given of the trial.
B. Intrans.: To utter profane language blast, * blaste, s. & a. [A.S. blæst = a blast
against God, or to arrogate any of his pre of wind, a burning (Somner); Dan. blæst; Sw.
rogatives.
| blast; Icel. blastr; O. H. Ger. blast = a blow-
ing; from A.S. blosan = to blow (Lye); Goth.
blesan = to blow.] [BLAST, BLAZE, Blow,
BLADDER.]
· A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language
1. Literally:
(1) Of air in motion :
(a) A sudden gust of wind, especially if
violent.
“The tallest pines feel most the power
Of wintry blasts."
Cowper : Translation of Horace, bk. ii., ode x.
(6) A stream of air from the mouth, the pipe
of a bellows, or other aperture.
The blast of a pipe : The act of smoking.
(Jamieson.)
(2) Of an explosion affecting the air:
(a) Sudden compression of the air produced
by the discharge of a cannon.
(6) The explosion of gunpowder in a bore,
in rocks, in a quarry ; or that of “fire-damp"
in a mine.
(3) Of sounds produced by air in motion : The
sound produced by the blowing of a horn, a
trumpet, or any similar wind-instrument.
"... when they make a long blast with the rain's
horn,..."-Josh. vi. 5.
. and the solemn notes of the organ were
mingled with the clash of the cymbal and the blast of
the trumpet.”—Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. ix.
2. Figuratively :
(1) Pestilential effects produced on animals
or plants ; blight.
(2) Judgment from God, specially the
simoon (?). If so, then it should be transferred
to A. I. 1. (1).
"By the blast of God they perish, and by the breath
of his nostrils are they consumed."-Job iv. 9.
"Behold I will send a blast upon him (Sennacherib),
..."-2 Kings xix. 7; Isa. xxxvii. 7.
(3) Calamity.
" And deem thou not my feeble heart shall fail,
When the clouds gather and the blasts assail."
Hemans : The Abencerrage, c. 2.
(4) Resistless impulse, like that produced
by air in violent motion.
“Blown by the blast of fate like a dead leaf over the
desert."
Longfellow: Evangeline, ii. 3.
(5) A brag, a vain boast.
"To say that hee had faith is but a vaine blast;
what hath his life bene but a web of vices?"-Boyd :
Last Battell, p. 1,197.
II. Technically :
1. Iron-working : The whole blowing of a
forge necessary to melt one supply of ore.
(American.) (Webster.)
Hot-blast: A current of heated air.
2. Veter. Med.: A flatulent disease in sheep.
B. As adj. (in compos.): Pertaining to a
blast of air; acted on by air in motion ; de-
signed to operate upon air, &c.
blast-engine, s.
Pneumatics :
1. A ventilating machine on ship-board
to draw foul air from below and induce a
current of fresh air.
2. A machine for stimulating the fire of a
furnace. [BLOWER.]
blast-furnace, s.
Metal.: A furnace into which a current of
air is artificially introduced, to assist the
M
14
BG
VIEM
FIG. 1.-SECTION OF A BLAST-FURNACE.
natural draught or to supply an increased
amount of oxygen to a mineral under treat-
ment. Some of these are now made on a
gigantic scale, being 1,032 feet high. In Fig.
2 the hot-blast apparatus is seen at the left.
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, her, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sîr, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sön; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian. e, pe=ē; ey=ā. qu= kw.

blast-blastoderm
573
MINI
e."
Corroding
ought, and blasting all
In front is the sand-bed, into which the metal "This rock is the only stone found in the parish fit II. Of things : That which thus mars or
flows to form pigs.
for building. It is quarried by blasting with gun-
powder."-P. Lunan : Forfars. Statist. Acc., i. 442.
destroys vitality, beauty, character, or any-
(Jamieson.)
thing previously fresh and living.
II. Figuratively :
“ Foul canker of fair virtuous action,
Vile blaster of the freshest blooms on earth !"
1. To make anything withered or scorched
Marston : Scourge of Villainy, To Detraction.
by other appliances than wind, e.g., lightning,
blast'-ỉe, blas'-tý, a. [Eng. blast; -y, -ie.]
&c.
Gusty.
“She that like lightning shined while her face lasted,
The oak now resembles, which lightning had blasted.”
“In the morning, the weather was blasty and sleety,
Waller.
waxing inore and more tempestuous."--The Provost,
“You fen-suck'd fogs, drawn by the pow'rful sun,
p. 177. (Jamieson.)
To fall, and blast her pride.”
Tolas'-tſe, s. [Dimin. of Eng. blast, s.1 A
Shakesp. : Lear, ii. 4.
contemptuous appellation for a little being,
2. So to discourage a person as to stop his
person or thing, whose growth or develop-
mental growth ; to hinder a project or any ment seems to have been blasted. Used-
thing from coming to maturity.
(1) Of a “fairy" contemptuously viewed as
"To his green years your censures you would suit,
Not blast that blossom, but expect the fruit."
a shrivelled dwarf, the expression fairy not
Dryden.
implying that it is in all respects beautiful,
“The commerce, Jehoshaphat king of Judea endea but only that it is fair, light-coloured, as dis-
voured to renew ; but his enterprise was blasted by tinguished from a “brownie," which is of a
the destruction of vessels in the harbour."-Arbuthnot.
dark hue.
3. To destroy. Used-
“An' unco tales o' them are tauld,-
(a) Gen. : Of any person.
An' how the blasties did behave,
When dancing at the lang man's
FIG. 2.-EXTERIOR OF A BLAST-FURNACE.
“ Here is your husband, like a mildew'd ear,
Train: Poetical Reveries, p. 18. (Jamieson.)
Blasting his wholesome brother."
Shakesp. : Hamlet, iii. 4.
(2) Of an ill-tempered child. (Jamieson.)
In Fig. 1, A the shaft, fire-room, tunnel : Is the in-
ternal cavity.
“Agony unmix'd, incessant gall,
(3) Of a small and contemptible parasitic
B Belly : The widest part of the shaft.
insect.
c Lining, shirt : The inner coat of fire-bricks.
Love's paradise."
Thomson.
“Ye little ken what cursed speed
D Second lining, casing : An outer casing of brick (6) Of one's self or another person in coarse
The blastie's makin'!
with an interval between it and the former.
Burns : To a Louse.
E Stuffiny : The filling of sand or coke-dust between
and irreverent imprecations.
the lining and casing.
“... and without ca
without calling on their Maker to curse blast'-ing (Eng.), blast'-in (Scotch), pr. par.,
F Mantle, outer-stack, building: The outer wall of them, sink thein, confound them, blast them, and a., & s. [BLAST, v.]
masonry.
damn them."- Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. iii.
G+ Mouth, furnace-top: The opening at top for the
A. & B. As pr. par. & participial adj. : In
ore, coal, and liinestone.
4. Of one's testimony : To invalidate; to
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
Landing, platform : The stage or bank at the fur destroy the credit of; to render infamous.
nace mouth.
"He shews himself weak, if he will take my word,
I Wall, crown, dome : The wall around the furnace-
C. As substantive :
top.
when he thinks I deserve no credit; or malicious, if I. Of an act, operation, or process :
K Boshes : The lower part of the furnace descending
he knows I deserve credit, and yet goes about to blast
1. The act, operation, or process of stopping
it."-Stillingfleet.
from the belly.
L Hearth: The pit under the boshes, by which the 5. Of the ears : To split, to burst, by inflict-
the growth of plants, or otherwise injuring
melted inetal descends.
M Crucible: The hearth in which the cast-iron
them or anything else.
ing unduly piercing sounds upon.
collects. The lowest part is the sole.
“ Trumpeters,
2. The act, operation, or process of boring a
N Dam: A stone at the end of the fire-hearth.
With brazen din blast you the city's ears ;
long cylindrical hole in rocks, filling it with
Tap-hole: An opening cut away in the hardened loam
Make mingle with your rattling tabourines."
gunpowder, dynamite, or other explosive, lay-
of the dam.
Shakesp. : Antony & Cleop., iv. 8.
o Tymp-arch, working-arch, folds, faulds : The arcb
ing a train or a match, and igniting it, after
B. Intransitive :
of the mantle which admits to the fire-hearth.
having taken precautions for one's own safety
P Tuyere-arch, twyer-arch: Arch of the mantle
1. To blow with a wind instrument.
when the explosion occurs.
which leads to the tuyeres.
Q Tuyere, twyer, twere : The cast-iron pipe which (1) Lit. : In the above sense.
II. Of the means used in such an act, opera-
forms the nozzle for the blast.
tion, or process : That which causes injury to
R, S Arches for ventilation.
"He hard a bugill blast brym, and ane loud blaw."
T Channels in the masonry for the escape of moist-
Gawan & Gol., ii. 17. plants, as a cold, dry, or pestilential wind.
ure.
(Knight.)
* (2) Fig. : To boast, to speak in an ostenta-
In Scripture blasting is always combined
blast-hearth, s.
tious manner; to talk swelling words. (Scotch.)
with mildew.
“I could mak my ae bairn a match for the hichest
Metal, : A Scotch ore-hearth for reducing
laird in Scotland ; an' I ain no gien to blast." --Saxon
"I smote you with blasting and with mildew ..."-
Hag. ii. 17. (See also Deut. xxviii. 22; 1 Kings viii. 37;
lead ores.
and Gael, i. 100. (Jamieson.)
2 Chron. vi. 28; and Amos iv. 9.)
blast-hole, s.
2. To wither under the influence of blight.
blasting-fuse, s. A fuse for blasting.
Hudraul. : The induction water-hole at the blast'-ed (Eng.), blast'-it (Scotch), pa. par.
It generally consists of a tube filled with a
bottom of a pump-stock.
composition which will burn a sufficient
& a. [BLAST, v.t.]
length of time to allow the person firing it to
blast-meter, s.
“... wee, blastit wonner."
reach a place of safety before it ignites the
Pneum. : An anemometer applied to the
Burns : The Twa Dogs.
powder.
nozzle of a blowing engine.
"The last leaf which by Heaven's decree
Must hang upon a blasted tree."
blasting-needle, s. A long taper piece
blast-nozzle, s. The orifice in the de-
Wordsworth : White Doe of Rylstone, 2.
of copper, or iron with a copper point; used
livery-end of a blast-pipe; a tuyere.
"And blasted quarry thunders heard remote !"
Wordsworth: Evening Walk.
when tamping the hold for blasting, to make
blast-machine, s.
Her. Of trees: Leafless.
by its insertion an aperture for a fuse or train.
Pneum. : A fan inclosed within a box, to
blasting-oil, S. [NITRO-GLYCERINE.]
which the wings are attached, so that the | blås-tē'-mą, s. [Gr. Bráornua (blastēma)= (Rossiter.)
whole revolves together. It is closely fitted (1) a sprout, (2) increase, growth.]
blasting-powder, s. Powder for blast-
within a stationary exterior case, into which
1. Zool. Animal Physiology: The forma ing. Formerly a slow-burning powder was
it is journaled. Air is admitted at the sides
tive material of animals.
used, now it is exactly the reverse.
around the axis, and forced out through an
"In the very young embryo of mammalia, as the
aperture at the periphery by the rapid rotation
blasting-tools, s. pl. Tools for blasting.
sheep or calf, the cerebral mass in the course of forma-
of the fan, which may, by belt and pulley tion contains, in the midst of a liquid and transparent The chief of these are a hammer, a borer or
blastema, transparent cells of great delicacy with a
connections, be driven at the rate of 1,800
jumper, a gad, a pick, a scraper, a needle or
reddish yellow nucleus."-Todd & Bowman: Physiol.
revolutions per minute. [BLOWER.] (Knight.)
priming-wire, a claying-bar, tamping-iron or
Anat., i., P. 228.
"... consisting of granules resembling a formative
rammer, and a fuse or match. (See these
blast-pipe, s.
blastema or basis like that out of which all the tissues words.)
Steam-Engine: A pipe conveying the escape are evolved."-Ibid., i. 119.
steam from the cylinders up the smoke-stack 2. Botany :
blast'-it, a. [BLASTED.) (Scotch.)
of the locomotive to aid the draught. Its in-
(1) Another name for the thallus or frond of * blast'-ment, s. [Eng. blast; -ment.] In-
vention is ascribed to George Stephenson. lichens. (Lindley : Introd. to Botany.)
jury to plants, animals, or men, produced by
blast, v.t. & i. (A.S. bleestan = to blow (Lye)
dry, cold, pestilential winds, or without the
(2) A term used by Mirbel for a portion of
(of doubtful authority); Icel. blasa; Dut.
the seed comprising the radicle, plumule, and action of wind, by any hurtful influence. (Lit.
blazen ; Ger. blasen; Moeso-Goth. blesan (a
& fig.)
cauliculus, indeed every part of it except the
“And in the morn and liquid dew of youth,
cotyledons. (Lindley : Introd. to Botany.)
hypothetical root) = to blow.]
Contagious blastments are inost imminent."
A. Transitive:
blăs-tē'-mal, d. [From blastema (q.v.), and
Shakesp. : Hamlet, i. 3.
I. Literally :
blăst-o-car'-poŭs, a. (Gr. Bractòs (blastos)
suffix -al.] Pertaining to a blastema.
1. To produce a blight upon plants, to stop
=a sprout, a shoot, and kaptòs (karpos) =
or impede their growth, or cause them to blas't-ér, s. [BLAST, v.]
fruit.]
wither by the blowing on them of a dry, cold,
I. Of persons :
Bot. (Veg. Physiol.): Germinating inside the
or in any way pestilential wind. + Similarly
1. Lit. : One who is employed to blow up pericarp. Example, the Mangroves. (Brande.)
to injure animals.
stones with gunpowder.
"And, behold, seven thin ears and blasted with the
blăst'-o-chēme, s. [Gr. Blactòs (blastos) =
“A blaster was in constant employ to blast the great
east wind sprung up after them."-Gen. xli. 6.
stones with gunpowder.”—Pennant : Tour in Scotland
a sprout, shoot, or sucker, and xóun (chēmē) =
2. To split or shatter rocks by boring in
(1769), p. 95. (Jamieson.)
a yawning, a gaping.]
them a long cylindrical hole, filling it with 2. Fig.: One who mars or destroys the Zool. : Special generative buds developed
gunpowder, and then firing it by means of a
beauty or character of a person or the vitality from radiating canals in the various Medusas.
match so timed as to allow the operator and
of anything.
his fellow-workmen to reach a place of shelter
“I am no blaster of a lady's beauty."
blăst'-o-dérm, s. [Gr. Bractòs (blastos) = a
before the explosion takes place.
Beaumont & Flet. : Rule a Wife. I sprout, and dépua (derma) = skin.]
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian =shạn. -tion, -sion=shủn; -ţion, -şion=zhăn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

574
blastodermic-blaze
Zool. (Animal Physiol.): The membrane in * blăt-tēr-ā-tion, * blåt-er-ā-tion, S. blāy, s. [Corrupted from bleak (?).] A fish,
an ovum, or egg, enclosing the yoke. (Car-
[Eng. blatter; -ation.] The act of blattering ; | the Bleak (q.v.).
penter.)
a blurting out of nonsense, or worse. (Coles.)
+ blāy'-bēr-rý, s. [BLAEBERRY.]
blăst-o-dễrm'-ic, a. [BLASTODERM.) Per-1 *blăt'-ter-er, S. [Eng. blatter ; -er.One
taining to blastoderm (q.v.).
who blatters ; a blatteroon. (Spenser.)
blāze (1), * blase, * blaise (Eng.), blēeze,
blēize, blēise, * blēis, * bless, * bles
blastodermic vesicle. The germinal * blăt'-tēr-ing, pr. par. & s. [BLATTER.] (Scotch), s. [A.S. blæse, blaze, blize = a blaze,
membrane in an egg in process of being A. As present participle : In senses corre-
what makes a blaze, a torch. (Not the same
hatched. (Todd & Bouman : Physiol. Anat.,
sponding to those of the verb.
as blces = a blast.) Dan. blus = a flambeau ;
vol. ii., p. 576.)
B. As substantive : The act of blurting out
Icel. blys; M. H. Ger, blâs = a taper, a candle.]
blăst-o1'-dě-ą, s. pl. [Gr. Blactòs (blastos)
I. Literally:
boastful, silly, or malignant words. (Lee.)
1. The flame sent forth when any thing is in
=a shoot, and eidos = form. So called from *blăt-tēr-ôon', s. [Eng. blatter, and suffix a state of fierce combustion.
their oval or globular form like that of a
-oon.] One who blatters.
“What if the vast wood of masts and yardarms
bird.]
"... his face, which you know he hath no cause to below London Bridge should be in a blaze /"-Macau-
Palceont.: An order of Echinoderms, called brag of; I hate such blatteroons."-Howell, bk. ii. lay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv.
Lett. 75.
also Pentremites. They are found only in
2. The illumination afforded.
Palæozoic Rocks.
blåt-ti-dæ, s. [From blatta (q.v.).] Cock-
(a) By such a flame.
roaches.
“Within the Abbey, nave, choir, and transept were
+ blăst'-us, s. - [Gr. Bractòs (blastos) = a
in a blaze with innumerable waxlights."-Macaulay :
Entom.: A family of insects belonging to
sprout.]
Hist. Eng., ch. xx.
the cursorial section of the order Orthoptera.
(6) By bright sunlight.
Bot.: The designation given by Richard to Dr. Leach raised them to the rank of an order
“Through thee, the heavens are dark to him,
what is more generally termed a cotyledon. -Dictyoptera. It is by means of the Blattidæ
The sun's meridian blaze is dim."
that transition is made to the order Dermap-
Hemans : Part of Eclogue, 15.
* bla-syn, v.t. [BLAZE (2).]
tera, which contains the Earwigs. The com-
“ Ten thousand forms, ten thousand different tribes,
mon Cockroach is Blatta orientalis.
People the blaze.”
* bla-synge (1), pr. par. & a. [BLAZING (1).]
A second
Thomson : Seasons ; Summer.
species, common with it in ships, is B. Ameri (c) By anything gleaming; a gleam.
* bla-synge (2), pr. par. & a. [BLAZING (2).] cana. In addition to these and two others not
“I rear'd him to take joy
properly indigenous in this country, Stephens
I' th' blaze of arms, as eagles train their young
blā'-tant, a. [In Provinc. Eng. blate = to
To look upon the day-king!"
enumerates seven genuine natives. The exotic
Hemans : The Siege of Valencia.
bellow. It is the same as Mod. Eng. to bleat.
species are numerous. Some limit the genus
A.S. blæetan=to bleat; blcet=bleating. (Som-
3. Spec. : (a) A lively fire made by means of
Blatta to those in which both sexes have
furze, &c.
ner.).] [BLEAT.] Bellowing like a calf ; brawl-
wings, giving the name Kakerlac (an American
“An' of bleech'd birns pat on a canty bleeze."
ing, noisy.
designation of the cockroach) to those like the
Ross: Helenore (1st ed.), p. 71. (Jamieson.)
“Led by the blatant voice along the skies,
Blatta orientalis, in which the females are all (6) A torch.
He comes, where faction over cities flies.”
but wingless. [BLATTA, COCKROACH, DICTY-
Parnell : Queen Anne's Peace.
“The ferefull brandis and bleissis of hate fyre,
OPTERA.]
The blatant beast of Spenser was probably
Reddy to birn thy schippis, leinand schire."
Doug. : Virgil, 120, 3.
the Puritans, to whom the poet, like his royal blâud (1), blâd (1), s. [From Gael. blad = an (c) A signal made by fire. (In this sense it
mistress, Queen Elizabeth, was opposed. That
enormous amount; bladhail = substantial.] A
is still used at some ferries, where it is cus-
of Dryden was the same as his “ wolf”-i.e., crude lump; a large piece or considerable
tomary to kindle a bleise, when a boat is
the Presbyterian ministers.
portion of anything; an unnecessary quantity.
wanted from the opposite side.) (Jamieson.)
“But now I come into my course againe,
(Scotch.)
II. More or less figuratively :
To his atchievement of the Blatant Beast;
Who all this while at will did range and raine,
“Grit blads and bits thou staw full oft."
Evergreen, i. 121, st. 4. (Jamieson.)
Whilst none was him to stop, nor none him to
1. An object shining forth in lively colours ;
restraine."
Spenser: F. Q., VI. xii. 2.
.. but Dougal would hear nothing but a blaud of anything gorgeous.
“You learn'd this language from the blatant beast.”
Davie Lindsay, ..."-Scott : Redgauntlet, Lett. xi.
"The uniforms were new: the ranks were one blaze
Dryden: The Hind and Panther, pt. ii.
“I'll write, an' that a hearty blaud,
of scarlet.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvii.
This vera night."
2. Anything which bursts forth fiercely.
blāte, blāit, * blêat, a. [A. S. bleat =
Burns : To J. Lapraik.
“For Hector, in his blaze of wrath."
gentle, slow; Icel. blautr ; Dut. blood = blâud (2), blâd (2), blâad, s. [From Gael.
Shakesp. : Troil. & Cress., iv. 5.
bashfúl; Ger. blöde; Dan. blöd = soft, bladh = substance, pith, energy (?).] A severe
“... his rash, fierce blaze of riot.”.
smooth, tender; Sw. blöt = soft, yielding. blow or stroke.
Ibid., Richard II., ii. 1.
Bashful; modest; sheepish. (Scotch & N. of
“They lend sic hard and heavy blads"
“Natural rebellion, done i' the blaze of youth,
Eng. dial.)
Jacobite Relics, ii. 139. (Jamieson.)
When oil and fire, too strong for reason's force,
O'erbears it, and burns on."
"And if ye ken ony puir body o' our acquaintance *blâun'-dísh-ing, * blaun'-diss-ing, pr.
Shakesp. : All's Well that Ends Weli, v. 8.
that's blate for want o'siller, and has far to gang
3. Anything which acts with transcendent
hame,..."-Scott: Old Mortality, ch. iv.
par. [BLANDISHING.]
illuminating power.
blāt'e-ness, s. [Scotch Hlate, and Eng. suff.
*blaunderel, * blawndrelle, s. [O. Fr. "Fires thy keen glance with inspiration's blaze."
blandureau, blanduriau, brandureaux (?), con-
-ness.] Bashfulness; sheepishness.
Hemans : To the Eye.
nected with Fr. blanc = white.] A "white
“If ye dinna fail by your ain blateness, our Girzy's
4. Widely diffused fame; a report every-
surely no past speaking to."-The Entail, i. 27, 28. apple.”
where spread abroad.
(Jamieson.
"Blawndrelle, frute (blaunderel). Melonis." -
"How dark the veil that intercepts the blaze
Prompt. Parv.
Of Heaven's mysterious purposes and ways !"
* blăth'-ěr, v. [BLETHER, v.]
Cowper : Charity.
* blâu'n-nêr. * blan'-ni-ēr, s. [Connected blāze (2), s. [In Sw. blës, bläsa ; Dan. blis;
* blăth'-ěr, s. [BLETHER, S.]
with Eng. laun (?).] A species of fur (?) or Icel. ölesi ; Dut. bles = a firelock, a blaze, a
blătt, s. [Ger. blatt = leaf.]
fine linen (?).
horse with a blaze.]
“With blythe blaunner ful bryght, and his hod bothe."
Bot.: The name given by Oken to such
Gawayne and the Green Knight (ed. Morris), 155.
Farriery: A white mark upon a horse, de-
leaves as are not articulated to the stem, and
scending from the forehead almost to the
which he considers mere foliaceous prolonga blā'-vēr, blā'-vērt, s. [From Dan. blaa = nose. (Johnson, &c.)
tions of it. This structure is found in some blue, and ver or vert, a corruption of wort (?).]
blāze (1), * bla-sen, * bla-syn', * bla-sin,
endogens and acrogens, whereas the leaves of 1. In parts of Scotland and in the North of
v.i. & t. [From blaze, s., or A.S. blæse.] [BLAZE
exogens are really articulated with the stem.
England : A plant, Centaurea Cyanus.
[LAUB.]
(1), s.]
2. The violet. (Scotch.) -
A. Intransitive :
blăt-ta. s. [In Fr. blatte = (1) a cockroach,
blā'-vēr-õle, s. [From blaver, and suff. -ole.]
I. Literally:
(2) a mill-moth; Ital. blatta; from Lat. blatta
A plant, Centaurea Cyanus. [BLAVER, 1.]
1. To burn with a conspicuous flame in
= a cockchafer or some other beetle.]
place of simply being red with heat, or smoul-
Entom.: A genus of insects, the typical one blâw, * blâwe, * blâwen, * blâue, dering.
of the family Blattidæ (q.v.). It contains the
“When numerous wax lights in bright order blaze."
various species of cockroaches. Blatta orien-
* blâuwen, v.t. & i. [Blow, v.] (Scotch.)
Pope : Rape of the Lock, iii. 168.
talis is the common species in houses in this
To blaw in one's Tug. Lit.: To blow in
"As it blazed, they threw on him
country, though, as its name implies, it is one's ear; to flatter.
Great pails of puddled mire to quench the hair."
"Hout wi' your fleeching,' said Dame Martin.
believed to have come first from the East.
Shakesp.: Com. of Errors, v. 1.
• Gae wa'-gae wa', lad; dinna blaw in folk's lugs that
2. To shine forth with a gradually expand-
[COCKROACH.]
gate; ine and Miss Lilias even'd thegither!'"-Scott: ing, or expanded stream of light. Spec., of
Redgauntlet, ch. xii.
* blăt'-tēr, v.i. [In Ger. blattern, bladern,
sunlight.
.. where the rays
blodern, plaudern. From Lat. blatero = to
blawn (Scotch), * blawne, * blawene (0.
Of eve, yet lingering, on the fountain blaze."
babble, to prate.]
Eng.), pa. par. & d. [BLOWN.]
Hernans : The Abencerrage, c. 1.
1. Lit. Of persons : To talk rashly; to blurt * blawnchede, pa. par. [BLANCHED.) (Morte
3. To shine forth in brilliant colours.
out boastful, nonsensical, or calumnious
"... that splendid Orange Hall, which brazes on
d'Arthur, 3,039.)
every side with the most ostentatious colouring of
speeches.
Jordaens and Hondthorst."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng.,
"For before it (the tongue] she hath set a pallisado blā'-wört, blāe'-wört, s. [Froin Dan. blaa
ch. V.
of sharp teeth, to the end that if peradventure it will
not obey reason, which within holdeth it hard as if
= blue, azure, and Eng. suff. wort = an herb.] II. Figuratively:
with a straight bridle, but it will blatter out and not The name given in Scotland to two plants.
1. Of emotion : To be enkindled; to shine;
tarry within,..."-Holland : Plutarch, p. 109.
1. Campanula rotundifolia.
to gleam forth.
"... however envy list to blatter against him." -
“ Affection lights a brighter flame
Spenser : On Ireland.
| Blawort Hill, in the parish and county of
Than ever blazed by art."
2. Fig. Of things: To patter.
Renfrew, is called after it.
Cowper : To the Rev. w. Cawthorne Unwin.
“... the rain blattered ..."-Jeffrey.
2. Centaurea Cyanus.
2. To gasconade; to brag.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pine, pīt, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; müte, cũb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; trý, Sýrian. e, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

blaze-bleach
575
“And ye'll specially understand that ye're no to be
“Saw ye the blazing star?
“He wears their motto on his blade,
bleezing and blusting about your master's name and
The heavens look'd down on freedom's war,
Their blazon o'er his towers displayed."
mine."-Scott : Rob Roy, ch. xxvii.
And lit her torch on high !”
Scott: Marmion, v. 15.
B. Transitive: To fire off, to let off, to
Hemans : Owen Glyndwr's War Song.
2. Scots Law. Spec. : A badge of office worn
cause to explode. [C. 1.]
“The year 1402 was ushered in with a comet or
biazing star, which the bards interpreted as an omen
by a king's messenger on his arm.
C. In a special phrase : To blaze away (collo favourable to the cause of Glendwr."-Hemans : Note
"In the trial of deforcement of a messenger, the
libel will be cast if it do not expressly mention that
quial). (Trans. & Intrans.)
on the above lines.
the messenger, previously to the deforcement, dis-
2. An American name for two plants.
1. Lit. : To fire off.
played his blazon, which is the badge of his office." -
"He bleezed away as muckle pouther as wad hae
(a) Liatris squarrosd, a composite cichora Erskine : Inst., bk. 4, tit. 4, § 33. (Jamieson.)
shot a' the wild-fowl that we'll want atween and
ceous species with long narrow leaves and
II. Ordinary Language :
Candlemas." --Scott: Tales of my Landlord, ii. 104. fine purple flowers. [LIATRIS.]
1. Literally:
(Jamieson.)
(6) Chamcelirium luteum.
2. Fig. : To boast, to brag.
(1) & (2) In the same sense as I., 1 & 2.
“... to sit there bleezing away with your lang
II. Her. : A comet. [I., 1.)
2. Figuratively :
tales, as if the weather were not windy enow without
your help."-Scott: Pirate, ch. v.
blā'z-ing (2), pr. par. & a. [BLAZE (2), v.]
(1) In a good sense : Fame, celebrity.
“ Where rapture reigns, and the ecstatic lyre
“I am a gentleman.-I'll be sworn thou art;
blāze (2), * bla-sen, * bla-syn', v.t. [A.S.
Guides the blest orgies of the blazing quire."
Thy tongue, thy face, thy limbs, action, and spirit,
blæsan (?) = to blow (Lye); Sw. blåsa = to
Cowper : Transl. of Milton, On the Damon.
Do give thee five-fold blazon.”
Shakesp. : Twelfth Night, i. 5.
blow, to wind, to sound, to smelt; Icel. blasa ;
blā'z-ing (3), * blas-ynge, pr. par. & s.
(2) In a bad sense : Ostentatious display.
Dan. bläse ; Dut. blasen = to blow a trumpet;
Moso-Goth. (in compos. only) blesan.] To
[BLAZE (3), v.]
“Men con over their pedigrees, and obtrude the
blazon of their exploits upon the company."-Collier.
proclaim far and wide; to spread abroad, as
As subst. : The act of emblazoning.
Blazon (2), especially in its figurative
a report, fame, &c.
“Blasynge of armys. Descripcio.”—Prompt. Parv.
sense, is closely akin in meaning to blazon (1),
“The noise of this fight, and issue thereof, being
blazed by the country people to some noblemen there-
blaz-ing-lý, cdo. [Eng. blazing ; -lu.] So s. (q.v.).
abouts, they came thither."-Sidney.
as to blaze, or in a blazing manner.
blā'-zöned (1), pa. par. & a. [BLAZON (1), v.]
T It is almost always followed by abroad,
about, forth, or any word of similar import.
blāʻ-zón (1), + bla'-şon (1), * bla-soun,
| blā'-zoned (2), pa. par. & a. [BLAZON (2), v.]
" Whose follies, blaz'd about, to all are known,
* bla-sen (1), v.t. & i. [From Eng. blaze =
“Now largesse, largesse, Lord Marmion,
And are a secret to himself alone.” Granville. to proclaim.] [BLAZE (2), v.]
Knight of the crest of gold!
“The heav'ns themselves blaze forth the death of
A. Transitive:
A blazon'd shield, in battle won."
princes."
Shakesp. : Jul. Cæs., ii. 2.
Scott: Marmion, i. 11.
“... and blaze abroad
1. To display, to exhibit, to show off.
“ And from his blazon'd baldric slung
Thy name for evermore."
“O thou goddess,
A mighty silver bugle hung."
Milton : Transl. of Ps. lxxxvi.
Thou divine Nature ! how thyself thou blazon'st
Tennyson : The Lady of Shalott, pt. iii.
In these two princely boys! they are as gentle
* blāze (3), * blasyn, v.t. [Contracted from
As zephyrs blowing below the violet.
blā'-zön-ěr (1), s. [From Eng. blazon (1), and
blazon (2) (q.v.).]
Not wagging his sweet head.”
suff. -er.] One who blazes, publishes anything
Shakesp. : Cymbeline, iv. 2.
Her.: To emblazon ; to blazon (q.v.).
extensively abroad. (Webster.)
2. To publish extensively.
“These historians, recorders, and blazoners of virtue
* Used formerly in prose.
(1) To proclaim publicly by means of a .."-Burke: Letter to a Noble Lord.
"Blasyn, or dyscry armys. Describo.”—Prompt.
herald. (Eng. & Scotch.)
Ραου.
blāʻ-zón-êr (2), s. [From Eng. blazon (2), and
“This, in ancient times, was called a fierce; and you
“The herald of Ingland blasonit this erle Dauid for suff. -er. In Fr. blasonneur.] One who
ane vailyeant and nobil knicht." —Bellend: Chron., bk.
should then have blazed it thus : he bears a fierce,
xvi., ch. 10. (Jamieson.)
sable, between two fierces, or ..."-Peacham.
blazons coats of arms.
(2) To advertise an article by word of mouth
blāze (4), v.t. [From blaze (2), s.] To mark
blā'-zon-ing. pr. par. [BLAZON. v.1
or by pen. [See example under BLAZONING.]
a tree by pealing or chipping off a part of the
"One that excels the quirks of blazoning pens.".
(3) To avow and publicly glory in a shame-
Shakesp. : Othello, ii. 1.
bark, so as to leave the white wood displayed.
ful deed, or in anything.
blāʻ-zon-ment, s. [Eng. blazon ; -ment.] The
blāzed, pa. par. [BLAZE (1, 2, 3, & 4), v.]
"And blazoning our injustice everywhere?”.
act of blazoning; the act of diffusing abroad ;
Shakesp.: Tit. And., iv. 4.
blā'z-ěr (1), *blā'-soũr, s. [From Eng. blaz(e) | B. Intrans. : To shine, to be brilliant or
the state of being so blazoned.
(2), v., and suff. -er.] One who blazes abroad conspicuous.
blā'-zön-rý, s. [Eng. blazon; -ry.]
any intelligence, and especially a secret which
blāʻ-zón (2), + blā'-şón (2), * bla-sen (2),
he was in honour bound not to divulge.
Heraldry:
"Utterers of secrets he from thence debard,
* bla-syn, v.t. [In Ger. blasoniren ; Fr. & 1. The art of blazoning.
Bablers of folly, and blazers of cryme.".
Prov. blasonner; Sp. blasonár ; Port. brazonar; (1) The art of describing a coat of arms in
Spenser: F.Q., II. ix. 25.
Ital. blasonare; from blazon, s. (q.v.).]
such a way that an accurate drawing niay be
* blā'-zér (2), s. [BLAZE (3).] A blazoner, 1. Her.: To describe a coat of arms in such made from the verbal statements made. To
herald.
a manner that an accurate drawing may be do this a knowledge of the points of the shield
"After blaseris of armys there be bot vj coloris.”-
made from the description. [BLAZONRY.]
[POINT] is particularly necessary. Mention
Juliana Barnes : Heraldry.
should be made of the tincture or tinctures of
2. Figuratively:
the field ; of the charges which are laid im-
bla'z-ing (1), * bla's-ing (Eng.), * blễe-
(1) To emblazon, to render conspicuous to
mediately upon it, with their forms and tinc-
zing (Scotch), pr. par., A., & s. [BLAZE (1), v.] the eye.
tures; which is the principal ordinary, or, if
A. As present participle : In senses corre “And well may flowers suffice those graves to crown there is none, then which covers the fess
That ask no urn to blazon their renown."
sponding to those of the verb.
point; the charges on each side of the prin-
Hemans: Restor. of Works of Art to Italy.
“Look to the Baltic-blazing from afar,
(2) To deck, to embellish, to adorn.
cipal one; the charges on the central one, the
Your old ally yet mourns perfidious war."
bordure—with its charges ; the canton and
Byron : Curse of Minerva.
"She blazons in dread smiles her hideous form:
B. As adjective :
So lightning gilds the unrelenting storm."
chief, with all charges on them; and, finally,
Garth. the differences or marks of the cadency and
1. Lit.: Burning with a conspicuous flame;
| blā'-zon (1), s. [From blazon (1), v.] Procla-
emitting flame.
the baronet's badge.
“Give certain rules as to the principles of blazonry."
mation ; diffusion abroad by word or pen.
"Dundee was moved to great wrath by the sight of
Peacham on Drawing.
the blazing dwellings.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch.
“ But this eternal blazon must not be
xiii.
To ears of flesh and blood."
(2) The art of deciphering a coat of arms.
2. Fig.: Emitting light, radiant, lustrous ;
Shakesp. : Hamlet, i. 5.
2. That which is emblazoned.
shining conspicuously from afar.
“How light its essence ! how unclogg'd its powers,
" The men of Carrick may descry
Beyond the blazon of my mortal pen !"
Saint Andrew's cross, in blazonry
“The armed Prince with shield so blazing bright.”
Thomson : Castle of Indolence, ii. 63.
Of silver, waving wide!"
Spenser : F. Q., V. xi. 26.
" The glorious train ascending ; He, through heaven,
Scott: Lord of the Isles, V. 32.
blā'-zón (2), + blā'-şon, *bla-soun (Eng.),
That open'd wide her blazing portals, led
* bla-sowne (0. Scotch), s. [Fr. blason (in
* blāz-ure, s. [BLAZE (3).] Blazonry.
To God's eternal house direct the way.”
Milton : P. L., bk. vii. eleventh century)= a buckler, a shield ; next, “The blasure of his armes was gules . . ."-Berners:
Froissart, ch. 281, p. 421.
C. As substantive : The act or state of burn-
a shield with a coat of arms painted on it;
ing with a conspicuous flame.
then towards the fifteenth century, a coat of *blē, * blēe, s. [BLEE.] (William of Palerne,
" Blasynge, or flamynge of fyre. Flammacio."-
arms (Skeat); Sp. blasón; Ital. blasone ; Port.
3,083.)
Prompt. Parv.
brasao ; Prov. blezo, blizo; from A.S. blæse=a
torch.]
* blēa (1), S. [Etymology doubtful.]
blazing comet, s.
The
I. Technically:
part of a tree immediately under the bark.
Pyrotech.: A kind of firework.
1. Heraldry:
blêa (2), s. [Contracted from bleak, s.] The
blazing-off, s.
(1) Formerly: Dress over the arınour on fish called a bleak. (Kersey.)
Metal-working : Tempering by means of which the armorial bearings were blazoned.
burning oil or tallow spread on the spring or
blēa'-ber-ry, S. (BLAEBERRY.] A name
“ William of Spens percit a blasowne,
blade, which is heated over a fire.
And throw thre fawld of Awbyrchowne."
sometimes given to the Vaccinium uliginosum,
Wyntown, viii. 33, 21. a British plant, called also Great Bilberry or
blazing star, s.
(2) Now:
Bog - Whortleberry. [BILBERRY, WHORTLE-
I. Ordinary Language :
(a) The art of accurately describing coats of BERRY, VACCINIUM.]
1. A comet. (Lit. & fig.)
arms so that they may be drawn from the
blēach (1), * blêche, * blê'ch-ěn, v.t. & i.
description. Also the art of explaining what
* (a) Used formerly in prose as well as
is drawn upon them. [BLAZONRY.]
[A. S. blæcan, blæcean, ablæcan (trans.), blacian
poetry.
“Proceed unto beasts that are given in arms, and
: "Thus you may long live an happy instrument for
(intrans.)=to bleach, to fade; Sw. bleka,
your king and country; you shall not be a meteor, or
teach me what I ought to observe in their blazon." òlekna; Dan. blege ; Dut. bleeken; Ger. blei-
a blazing star, but stella fixa ; happy here and more
Peacham.
chen. From A.Š. blcc, blác=pale, pallid,
happy hereafter.”-Bacon.
(6) That which is blazoned ; a blazoned coat shining, white, light.] [BLEAK, a. See also
(6) Now only in poetry.
of arms.
BLANCH.]
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, dęi.

576
bleach-bleat
A. Trans. : To remove the colour from
cloth, thread, or anything else, so as to leave
it of a more or less pure white.
1. By human art. [BLEACHING.]
At A napkin, white as foam of that rough brook
By which it had been bleach'a, o'erspread the board :
And was itself half-covered with a load.”
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. ii.
2. By the chemistry of nature.
“While on the ankle's slender round
Those strings of pearl fair Bertha wound,
That, bleach'd Lochryan's depths within,
Seem'd dusky still on Edith's skin.”
Scott : Lord of the Isles, i. 5.
B. Intrans. : To become white through the
removal of the previously-existing colour,
either by human art or by some natural
agency.
“The white sheet bleaching on the hedge."
Shakesp. : Winter's Tale, iv. 2. (Song.)
“The deadly winter seizes ; shuts up sense;
Lays him along the shows, a stiffen'd corse,
and bleaching in the northern blast."
Thomson : Seasons ; Winter.
* blēach (2), v.t. [A.S. blac, blæc.] To
blacken, darken.
"Noirier. To black, blacken ; bleach, darken,” &c.
-Cotgrave.
blēached, pa. par. & A. [BLEACH, V.t.]
blēach'-ěr, s. [Eng. bleach; -er. In Sw.
blekare; Dan. blegen ; Dut. bleeker.] One
whose trade or occupation it is to bleach cloth
or thread. (Webster.)
+ bleach-ẽr-ỹ, s. [Eng. bleach ; -erg. In Dut.
bleckerij.] A place for bleaching.
"On the side of the great bleachery are the publick
walls.”—Pennant.
blēach'-fiēld, s. [Eng. bleach ; field.) A
field in which cloth or thread is laid out to
bleach. (Webster.)
blēach'-ing, pr. par., A., & s. [BLEACH, v.]
A. & B. As present participle & participial
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
C. As substantive: The art of rendering
materials colourless. This is done by exposing
them to the actinic rays of the sun, or by the
action of bleaching agents. The chief of these
is called bleaching-powder. It is chloride of
lime, and is prepared by exposing moistened
quicklime to the action of chlorine, when
hypochlorite and chloride of calcium are
formed, the former being the bleaching agent.
By the action of an acid on good bleaching-
powder thirty per cent. of chlorine is liber-
ated. Substances are bleached by alternately
dipping them in dilute solutions of bleaching-
powder and of dilute sulphuric acid. Bleach-
ing-powder is also used to purify an offensive
or infectious atmosphere.
bleaching-liquid, s. A liquid used for
taking colour out of cloth or thread.
bleaching-powder, s. A powder em-
ployed for the same purpose. There are
several, but the one generally used consists of
chloride of lime. [BLEACHING, C.]
* blead, v.t. [Etymology doubtful. Compare
Dut. beleid = conduct, direction.] To train,
or to lead on to the chase (?).
“Na, na, my lord, I'll blead the whelps mysell;
they'll bite the better."-Statist. Acc., P. Rhymie, xix
294. (Jamieson.)
blēak, * bleik, * bleike, * blêyke,
* blêche, * blak, * blac, a. [A.8. bide, blác
= pale, pallid, shining, white, light (not to be
confounded with blæc, blac unaccented, blaca
= black). In 0. Icel. bleikr; Sw. blek ; Dan.
bleg ; Dut. bleek; O. L. Ger. blêc; (N. H.) Ger.
bleich = pale, wan; O. H. Ger. bleicher. From
A.S. blican = to shine, glitter, dazzle, amaze ;
O. H. Ger. bliken = to shine; Gr. déyw
(phlego) = to burn, to scorch, to make a flash,
to shine; opúyw (phrugo) = to roast ; Lith.
blitzgu = gleam; Sansc. bharg, bhârgê= to
shine.)
1. Of persons : Pale, pallid, wan, ghastlý.
[BLEAK-FACED.]
“ Bleyke of coloure: Pallidus, subalbus.”—Prompt.
Parv.
“When she came out, she seemed as bleak as one that
were laid out dead."-Foxe : Book of Martyrs. Escape
of Agnes Wardall. (Trench.)
2. Of things :
(1) of the air: Cold, cutting, keen.
“In such a season born, when scarce a shed
Could be obtain'd to shelter Hiin or me
From the bleak air: a stable was our warmth."
Milton: P. R., bk. ii.
(2) Of anything which in its normal state is 1 watery liquid, produced by catarrh, by a
clothed with vegetation, as a portion of land, a blow, or in any other way.
country, &c. : Bare of vegetation.
"It is a tradition that blear eyes affect sound eyes."
“ Beneath, a river's wintry stream
-Bacon.
Has shrunk before the suminer beam,
2. Figuratively :
And left a channel bleak and bare,
Save shrubs that spring to perish there.'
(1) Subjectively. Of the mental perception :
Byron : The Giaour. Dulí, obfuscate.
"In his bleak, ancestral Iceland.”
Longfellow : To an old Danish Song-book.
(2) Objectively : Looking dim, obscure, ob-
(3) Desolate, cheerless.
fuscate to the mental vision which beholds it;
deceptive, illusory.
(a) Literally.
“Thus I hurl
“At daybreak, on the bleak sea-beach."
My dazzling spells into the spongy air,
Longfellow : Wreck of the Hesperus.
Of power to cheat the eye with blear illusion,
(6) Figuratively.
And give it false presentments.” Milton : Comus.
“Those by his guilt made desolate, and thrown
B. As substantive : Anything which renders
On the bleak wilderness of life alone."
the eyes sore and watery or which dims vision.
Hemans: The Abencerrage.
“ 'Tis nae to mird with unco fouk ye see,
Nor is the blear drawn easy o'er her ee."
bleak-faced, a. (Scotch.)
Ross: Helenore, p. 91. (Jamieson.)
* 1. Lit. : Having a “bleak,”. i.e., a pallid
Sometimes used in the plural. (Scotch.)
face. [BLEAK, 1. ]
“I think ane man, Sir, of your yeiris
Suld not be blyndit with the bleiris."
2. Fig. : Having a bleak aspect. In the
Philotus : S. P. Rep., iii. 7. (Jamieson.)
subjoined example the reference is primarily
to the desolate aspect of the country on the blear-eye, s. An eye which has its vision
2nd November (Hallowmas), and then to obscured by watery humour.
the dispiriting memories of death which the
Roman Catholic festival of All Souls, held on
blear-eyed, * blear-eeyde, * bleare-
that day, inspires.
eyed, * bler-eyed, * bler-ied, * bler-
"As bleak-fac'd Hallowmas returns.”
eighed, * bler-yed, * blere-eyed, a.
Burns : The T'wa Dogs.
Having blear eyes. Used-
1. Lit. Of eyes : Having watery sore eyes,
blēak, * blêa, + blēik, + blîck, + blēis,
with dimmed sight.
t blāy, s. [In Ger. blicke. Named from its
“bleak” or white colour.] [BLEAK, a.] A fish,
(1) Gen. Of those of man.
the Leuciscus alburnus of Cuvier, belonging to (2) Of those of the owl : This sense is founded
the family Cyprinidæ. It is a river fish five or
on inaccurate observation; the owl has no
six inches long, and is found in Britain. It is defect of vision, the idea no doubt having
said to be one of those fishes the scales of arisen from its frequent blinking in the day-
which are employed in the manufacture of light.
artificial pearls. [ALBUM, 2.]
“It is no more in the power of calumny to blast the
“The bleak, or freshwater sprat, is ever in motion,
dignity of an honest inan, than of the blear-eyed owl
and therefore called by some the river swallow. His
to cast scandal on the sun.”—L'Estrange.
back is of a pleasant, sad sea-water green ; his belly (3) Of the eyes of any imaginary being per-
white and shining like the mountain snow. Bleaks
are excellent meat, and in best season in August.”-
sonified in human form.
Walton.
“Yes, the year is growing old,
“ Alburnus. An qui nostratibus, the Bleis ?"-Sibb.:
And his eye is pale and bleared!”
Scot., p. 25. (Jamieson.)
Longfellow : Midnight Mass for the Dying Year.
2. Figuratively. Of man's mental perception :
* blēaked, a. [Eng. bleak; -ed.] Made “bleak," Dull, obfuscate. [BLEAR, A., I. 2.]
pallid, or pale.
"That even the blear-eyed sects may find her out."
"By the fourthe seale, the beast, the voyce, and the
Dryden: The Hind and Panther, il.
pale horse, unayest thou vnderstande the heretykes,
whiche dyd dyuerse wayes, and a long tyme vexe the blëared (Eng.), blëar-it, bler-it (Scotch),
holy churche with false doctrine. And haue made it,
pa. par. & a. [BLEAR, v.t.]
as it were pale & bleaked for very sorow & heuynes."-
Udal. : Rev., ch. vi.
“The Dardanian wives,
With bleared visages, come forth to view
blēak'-ish, s. [Eng. bleak ; -ish.] Somewhat
The issue of th' exploit."
bleak. (Ogilvie.)
Shakesp. : Mer. of Ven., iii. 2.
blëar' -ěd - nėss, * blëar' -ěd - nės,
blēak'-ly, * blēake'-ly, adv. [Eng. bleak;
* blēer'-ěd -něss, * bler-yd-nesse,
-ly.] In a bleak manner; coldly.
* blere-iy-ed-ness, S. [Eng. bleared
“Near the sea-coast they bleakly seated are."
May: Lucan, bk. 9.
blear-eyed; -ness.] The state of being bleared,
or having the eyes rendered sore and watery
blēak'-ness, s. [Eng. bleak ; -ness.] The through catarrh or other causes.
state or quality of being bleak; coldness, "The defluxion falling upon the edges of the eyelids,
chilliness.
makes a blearedness."--Wiseman.
“The inhabitants of Nova Zembla go naked, without
complaining of the bleakness of the air; as the armies
blëar-ing, * bler-ynge, pr. par. & a.
of the northern nations keep the field all winter."-
[BLEAR, v.] (Prompt. Parv.)
Addison.
* blēak'-ý, a. [Eng. bleak; -Y.] The same as blëar'-ness, s. [Eng. blear; -ness.] The same
BLEAK.
as BLEAREDNESS (q.v.).
"But bleaky plains, and bare, inhospitable ground."
“The Jewe putteth awaye his wife for stench of
Dryden : The Hind and Panther, iii. breth, for blearnes of the eyes, or for any such like
fautes, ..."-Udal.: Mark, ch. 10.
blëar, * blëare, * blëere, * blere, * bler-
en, v. t. & i. (A modification of blur. (Skeat.)] bleat, k biếte, * biế-tin, * biế-tyn,
A. Transitive :
* blæ'-těn, vi. [A.S. bloetan = to bleat ;
1. Lit. Of the eyes : To make watery or sore.
Dut. blaten ; (N. H.) Ger. blöken ; 0. H. Ger.
plâhan, blazan, plazan ; Fr.beler; Prov. belar;
(Used chiefly of the action of catarrh.)
Sp. balár; Ital. belare ; Lat. balo= to bleat;
"Is't not a pity now that tickling rheums
Should ever tease the lungs, and blear the sight,
Gr. Banxáqual (blēchaomai)=to bleat; Lett.
Of oracles like these?” Cowper : Task, bk. iii. blaut ; Lith. blauti.]
" When I was young, I, like a lazy fool,
1. To utter the plaintive cry proper to the
Would blear my eyes with oil, to stay from school;
Averse to pains."
lamb, the sheep, the ram, the goat, the calf,
Dryden.
2. Fig.: To blind the intellectual perception
or any allied animal.
of a person by a false argument or by flattery.
“You may as well use question with the wolf,
Why he hath inade the ewe bleat for the lamb."
Used in the phrase to “blear one's eye” (Eng.),
Shakesp.: Mer. of Ven., iv. 1.
to “blear one's ee” (Scotch).
“... Neptune a ram, and bleated."
"This may stand for a pretty superficial argument,
Ibid., Wint. Tale, iv. 3.
to blear our eyes, and lull us asleep in security." —
“... a calf when he bleats ..."—Ibid., Much Ado,
Ralegh.
"I want nane o' your siller,' she said, 'to make ye 2. To emit the somewhat similar cry proper
think I am blearing your ee."-Scott: Guy Mannering,
to the snipe. [BLEATING, A. & B., ex. from
ch. xxxix.
B. Intrans.: To make wry faces.
Darwin.]
"And grymly gryn on hyin and blere."
On this account the cock snipe is called
"Hampoie : Pričke of Conscience, 2,226.
in Ettrick Forest the bleater.
blëar, * bleare, * bler (Eng. & Scotch), blēat, * blēate, s. [From bleat, v. (q.v.). In
* bleir (Scotch), a. & s. [From Sw. plira = | A.S. blæet (Somner); Dut. geblaat.] The cry
to blink ; blirtra = to lighten, to flash"; Dan. of a lamb, a sheep, a ram, a goat, a calf, or
plire = to leer. Cognate with Eng. blur (q.v.).] any allied animal.
A. As adjective :
“ The bellowing of oxen, and the bleat
Of fleecy sheer
1. Lit. Of the eyes : Dim and sore with a
Chapman : Hom. Odyss., bk. xii.
iii. 3.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pīne, pît, sire, sír, marîne; gó, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; trý, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bleat-bleland
577
* bleat, * blêt, * bloute, a. [A.S. bleat = tal; the fertile ones pinnated and erect with † (3) To yield. (Used of the productiveness
miserable ; 0. Icel. blautr = soft; O. Dut. numerous segments. Both are smooth. The of grain or pulse when thrashed, as “the aits
bloot = naked; M. H. Ger. bloz = naked.] pinnæ are linear, bluntish, entire, nearly equal dinna bleed well the year,” i.e., the oats when
Naked, bare, miserable.
at base. Along the back of the fronds in these thrashed do not furnish an abundant supply
“He maden here backes al so bloute.”
of grain this year.)
Havel., 1,910. (Stratmann.) narrow, continuous line on each side of the
B. Transitive: To draw blood from, as a
blēat'-îng, * ble't-ynge, pr. par., a., & s.
mid-rib. This line has a covering in its early
surgical measure for relieving disease. (Lit. &
[BLEAT, v.]
stages, but it soon splits down the side next
fig.)
A. & B. As pr. par. & part. adj. : In senses
the mid-rib, and the spore-cases appear to
“That from a patriot of distinguish'd note,
corresponding to those of the verb.
cover the whole under-surface of the fronds.
Have bled, and purg'd me to a simple vote.".
The sori at first are distant from the margin,
Pope : Sat., vi. 197.
"... and bleating herds
Attest their joy, ..
while in the very closely allied genus Lomaria
' Milton : P. L., bk, ii.
blēed'-ing, * bledynge, pr. par., a., & s.
they are truly marginal. The Hard-fern most
C. As substantive :
resembles the Bracken in the fruiting. It will
[In Sw. blödning; Dut. bloedens.] [BLEED,
v.t. & i.]
I. Literally :
readily grow on rockwork in the open air.
A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj. : In
1. The utterance of the cry proper to the
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
lamb, the sheep, the ram, the goat, the calf, * bleck (1), * blek, v.t. [BLACK, v.] (Scotch.)
or any similar animal.
I. Intransitive:
(Polwart Flyting. Abp. Hamilton : Catechism, “With that the chief the tender victims slew;
"And in the fields all round I hear the bleating of the
1552, fol. 93c.)
And in the dust their bleeding bodies threw.
lamb."
Tennyson : Conclusion.
Pope: Homer's Iliad, iii. 364, 365.
It may have a plural to indicate that the 1 + blěck (2), v.t. [From Ger. blacken, placken
“Blest are the slain! they calmly sleep,
plaintive utterances emanate simultaneously
= to vex, to harass.] To puzzle, to nonplus,
Nor hear their bleeding country weep!”.
from many distinct individuals, or are fre-
Hemans : Wallace's Invocation to Bruce.
in an examination or disputation. (Scotch.)
quently repeated.
II. Transitive: [BLEDYNGE YRYN.]
“Why abodest thou among the sheepfolds, to herr * blecke (1), * bleake, s. [O. Dut. (?) Etym. C. As substantive :
the bleatings of the flocks?"-Judg. v. 16.
doubtful.] A small town; a town.
I. Ordinary Language :
2. The utterance of the peculiar cry of the “... wee arrived at a bleake, alias a towne, an 1. Lit. : The state of loosing blood from a
snipe (Scolopax gallinago).
Taylor : Workes, 1630.
wound, from the nostrils, or other aperture ;
II. Fig. : The utterance of anything as
“A long Dutch mile (or almost sixe English) is a hæmorrhage.
meaningless to us.
small towne or a blecke called Groning, ..."-Ibid.
2. Fig. : Acute pain.
“Well spoken, advocate of sin and shame,
Known by thy bleating, Ignorance thy name." I * blecke (2), s. [BLACK.]
"And staunch the bleedings of a broken heart.”
Cowper : Conversation.
*bleaunt, * bleeant, s. [BLIANT.] (Ear. Eng.
blěd, * blěde, * bledde, pret. & pa. par. II. Bookbinding: The act or operation of
Allit. Poems (ed. Morris), A. 163).
[BLEED, v.]
trenching upon the printed matter of a book
"And som with arwes blede of bitter woundes."
when cutting the edges of the volume.
blěb, t blob (Eng.), bleib (Scotch), s. [Another
form of bubble. In Sw. blåsa, blemma; Dan.
“The aspiring Noble bled for fame,
blễed-ỹ, a. [BLOODY.] (Scotch.)
The Patriot for his country's claim."
boble, bliere.]
Scott: Lord of the Isles, vi. 26. blëe'red, blëe'r-ît, pa. par. & d. [BLEARED.]
filled with a watery liquid arising on the
(Scotch.) (Burns : Meg o' the Mill.)
* blêd, s. [A.S. blêd ; 0. H. Ger. bluot, from
body; an air-cell, a bubble in glass, or any-
blöwen.] A flower, a sprout, an herb. (Laya Bleert and Blin': Bleared and blind.
thing similar.
mon, 28,832.) (Stratmann.)
(Scotch.) (Burns : Duncan Gray.)
"Thick pieces of glass, fit for large optick glasses,
* blěd'-dýr, * bled-der, s. [BLADDER.] * bleet, * blete, s. Beet-root. [BLITE.]
are rarely to be had without blebs.”—Philos. Transac-
tions, No. 4.
(Piers Plowman, 222.) (Prompt. Parv.)
2. Med.: A blister, a thin tumour filled with
blēeze (1), v.t. . [BLAZE, v.] (Scotch.) (Scott :
a watery liquid arising upon the surface of the
* blěd'-der-ýd, a. [BLADDERED.) (Prompt. Rob. Roy, ch. xxvii.)
Parv.)
body. If idiopathic, it is called pemphigus.
blēeze (2), v.i. & t. [From Dut. blazen ; Ger.
If produced by external irritation or some
b]ěd'-1-ús, s. [Etymn. doubtful.] .
blasen ; 0. H. Ger. blâsan ; O. Icel, blâsa = to
similar cause, it is a vesicle. In the plural
Entom.: A genus of Coleoptera, section
blow (?).]
it is sometimes used as a synonym of the
Brachelytra and family Stenidæ. They are A. Transitive. Of milk: To make a little
order of cutaneous diseases called Bullæ.
small insects, with the body black and the
(Dr. Todd : Cycl. Pract. Med., i. 333. Ibid.,
sour. (Used when the milk has turned but
elytra more or less red. They are gregarious. not congealed.) (Jamieson.)
Dr. Corrigan, ii. 266.]
They occur only on the sea-coast, where they
B. Intrans. Of milk: To become a little sour.
blěb, v.t. [From bleb, s.] To spot, to beslob burrow in wet clay or in sand near pools of
ber, to blur, to besmear. (Used specially water. Three species are British.
blēeze, s. [BLAZE, s.] (Scotch.)
when children beslobber their clothes with
soft or liquid food on which they have been
*bled-ynge, pr. pa., A., & s. [BLEEDING.]
* bleeze-money, s. A gratuity formerly
given by scholars to their teachers at Candle-
* bledynge boyste, s. A cupping glass.
mas, the time of the year when fires and lights
blěb’-bỉt, * blob'-bỉt, pa. par. [BLEB, v.t.] [BOYSTE.] (Prompt. Parv.)
(Scotch.)
* bledynge yryn, s. [Old form of bleed (Scotch.)
blěb'-by, a. [Eng. bleb; -y.] Full of blebs ing iron.]
bleezed (1), pa. par. & d. [BLEEZE (1).]
or anything resembling them.
"Bledynge yryn : Fleosotomium, C. F. (fleobotho-
mium, P.).”—Prompt. Parv.
(Scotch.)
* blecere, * blechure, s. [Fr. blessure.] A
| blēezed (2), pa. par. & d.
* blēe, * ble (Eng.), * blie (Scotch), s. [A.S.
wound, hurt. [BLESSURE.]
[BLEEZE (2).]
"Our socoure and helpe in al oure hurtes, blechures
(Scotch.)
bleo= colour, hue, complexion, beauty; bleoh=
and sores."-Caxton : Golden Legende, fo. 303.
a colour.] Countenance, colour, complexion. blēezed (3), a. [From Fr. blesser = to inflict
“Without hurt or blecere.”-Romans of Portmay,
“Wan that mayde y-hurde hure speke, chaunged was
a wound or contusion, to hurt.] Ruffled, or
al hure blee."-Sir Ferumb. (ed. Herrtage), 1360.
made rough ; fretted. (Jamieson.)
* bleche, v.t. & i. [BLEACH.] (Chaucer :
Gawan and Gol., iii. 20.
Boethius.)
blēez/-îng, pr. par. [BLEEZE, v.] (Scotch.)
Dunbar: Evergreen, ii. 56, st. 15. (Jamieson.)
* bleched, pa. par. [BLEACHED.]
* biệez-ỷ, * bleez-e, S. [Scotch bleeze=
blēed, * blêde, * bledyn (pret. bled, blede, Eng. blaze, and suff. -y, -ie.] A small blaze.
* blechen, v.t. [BLEACH, v.] (Prompt. Parv.)
bledde), v.i. & ť. [A.S. bledan = to bleed, to (Siller Gun.) (Jamieson.)
blěch'-num, s. [In Fr. blégne ; Lat. blechnon; draw blood ; Sw. blöda (v.i.); Dan. blöde (in-
trans.); Dut. bloeden ; Ger. bluten; O. H.
* blē'f-fert, bli'f-fērt, s.
Gr. Bañxvov (blēchnon)=a kind of fern (Lastrea
[Cf. A.S. blá-
Ger. bluoten.]
filix mas ?). ] Hard-fern ; a genus of ferns be-
wan=to blow.) (Scotch.)
A. Intransitive :
I. Literally (only in Scottish dialects):
1. More or less literally:
1. A sudden and violent storm of snow.
(1) To emit blood.
(Dialect of Mearns.)
“Another, bleeding from many wounds, moved
2. A squall of wind and rain. (Aberdeen-
feebly at his side.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii.
shire.)
Formerly used at times for losing blood II. Figuratively: An attack of calamity.
medicinally, as he bled for a fever.
(General through Scotland.) (Terras: Poems.)
(2) To die by a wound.
* blě-fiūm'. * blě-phúm', s. [BLAFLUM, V. ]
“The lamb thy riot dooms to bleed to-day.”
Pope : Essay on Man, i. 81.
A sham; an illusion; what has no reality in it.
2. Figuratively:
"... when they go to take out their faith, they
(1) To feel acute inental pain.
take out a fair nothing (or as ye used to speak), a
bleflume.”-Rutherford : Letters, p. i., ep. 2. (Jamieson.)
“Chr.-True; methinks it makes my heart bleed to
think that he should bleed for me."-Bunyan : P. P., ble-flūm'-mêr-ý, s. [From Scotch bleflum;
pt. ii.
-ery.] (Scotch.) Vain imaginations.
“ If yet retain'd a thought may be
Of him whose heart hath bled for thee."
“ Fient ane can turn their fit to his satisfaction, nor
Hemans : Part of Eclogue, 15.
venture a single cheep anainst a' that blaefiummery
BLECHNUM BOREALE OR SPICANT.
that's makin' sic a haliballoo in the warld."-Campbell,
(2) To drop from a plant or anything else i. 328. (Jamieson.)
as blood does from a wound.
longing to the order Polypodiaceæ. The sterile
“For me the balm shall bleed, and amber flow."
| * bleh-and, * blih-and, s. [O. Fr. bliaut.]
fronds are pectinato-pinnatifid and horizon-
Pope : Windsor Forest, 393. L [BLIANT.) A kind of rich cloth.
3,572.
CS
mtu
boil, boy; póut, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ģem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
37
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhún. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

578
bleib-blencher
" In a robe Tristrem was boun,
That he fram schip hadde brought;
Was of a blihand broui,
The richest that was wrought,
In blehand was he cledde."
Sir Tristrem, pp. 28, 29, st. 38, 41. (Jamieson.)
bleib, s. [BLEB.] (Scotch.) “A burnt bleib,”
a blister caused by burning.
* bleik, a. [BLEAK.]
* blêine, s. [BLAIN.] (Chaucer.)
blei'-nì-ēr-īte, blei'-ni-êre, s. (From Ger.
blei = lead, and niere = a kidney. Lit. lead
kidneyite (Dana.).]
Min.: The same as Bindheimite (q.v.).
* bleir-is, s. pl. [BLEAR, S.]
blëir-ing, pr. par. [BLEARING.) (Scotch.)
Bleiring bats : The botts, a disease in horses.
“The bleiring bats and the benshaw."
Polwart : Watson's Coll., iii. 13. (Jamieson.)
* bleis, * bleise, s. [BLAZE.]
* bleis, a. [BLEAK, s.] (Scotch.)
bleī-schweīf, s. [Ger. blei = lead, and
schweif=a tail.]
Min.: An impure galenite. [GALENITE.]
* blêit, a. [BLATE.]
blēize, s. [BLAZE.] (Scotch.)
*bleke, s. [BLACK, s.]
1. Gen. : Anything black. (Prompt. Parv.)
2. Spec. : Stain or imperfection. (Scotch.)
“Bot geve ony spot or bleke be in the lauchful ordi-
nation of our pastores.”—Q. Kennedy : Tract Keith,
App. 206. (Jamieson.)
* blek-kit (1), pa. par. [BLACK, v.]
* blek-kit (2), pa. par. & d. [Icel. blekkia =
to deceive.] Deceived. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
* blěk’-kỳn, * ble-kyn, v.t. [BLACKEN. ]
(Prompt. Parv.)
blěl-lum, s. [Etymology doubtful.] An idle,
talking fellow. (Scotch, originally an Ayr-
shire word.)
“She tauld thee weel thou wast a skellum,
A blethering, blustering, drunken blellum."
Burns: Tam o' Shanter.
* bleme, v.i. [BLOOM, v.] (Scotch.)
* blemis, s. pl. The same as Eng. blooms, pl.
of bloom. [BLOOM, s.] (Houlate.)
blem'-ish, * blem-ysshe, v.t. [From O.
Fr. blemisant, blesmisant, pr. par. of blêmir,
blesmir = to soil, strike, or injure (Mod. Fr.
blêmisant, pr. par. of blêmir = to grow pale);
from 0. Fr. bleme, blesme; Mod. Fr. blême =
pale, wan; Icel.blár= blue. The original
sense of blemish is thus to beat “blue," i.e.,
“black and blue.”]
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Lit. : To inflict injury on the face or any
other part of the body by a blow; the wound
of a missile.
“Likelier that my outward face might have been
disguised, than that the face of so excellent a mind
could have been thus blemished."-Sidney.
2. Figuratively:
(1) To make a stain upon the mind by
morally injuring it, or a blot upon the cha-
racter by defaming it.
“Those, who by concerted defamations, endeavour
to blemish his character."-Addison.
(2) To impart defect or deformity to any-
thing previously perfect; to impair the good-
ness of anything.
“And blemish Cæsar's triumph."
Shakesp.: Ant. & Cleop., iv. 10.
II. Her. [BLEMISHED.]
blèm'-ish, s. [From blemish, v. (q.v.).]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. A mark of defect, a deformity; anything
which seriously diminishes or mars physical
beauty in the body of man or beast.
"And if a man cause a blemish in his neighbour; as
he hath done, 80 shall it be done to him; Breach for
breach, eye for eye, tooth for tooth: as he hath caused
a blemish in a man, so shall it be done to him again."-
Lev. xiv. 19, 20.
"For whatsoever man he be that hath a blemish, he
shall not approach ; a blind man, or a lame, or he that
hath a flat nose, or any thing superfluous, Or a man
that is broken-footed, or broken-handed, Or crook-
backt, or a dwarf, or that hath a blemish in his eye, or
be scurvy, .. No man that hath a blemish of the
seed of Aaron the priest shall come nigh to offer the
offerings of the Lord made by fire: he hath a blemish
For animal blemishes see II. Theol.
means of a blow, or in any other way; the
2. A blot or taint upon the mind, moral
state of being so injured.
character, or reputation.
"Blemschynge : Obfuscacio.”—Prompt. Parv.
“Evadne's husband ! 'tis a fault
2. The act of tarnishing honour or anything
To love, a blemish to my thought."
similar ; the state of being so tarnished.
Waller.
“... to the losse of vs and greate blemishyng of our
“None more industriously publish the blemishes of
honours."-Hall : Hen. VIII., an 4.
an extraordinary reputation, than such as lie open to
the same censures."-Addison.
* blěm'-ish-less, * blēm'-ish-lesse, a.
3. A defect in anything.
[Eng. blemish; -less; 0. Eng. -lesse.] Without
“Spots they are and blemishes, sporting themselves blemish.
with their own deceivings while they feast with you."
-2 Pet. ii. 13.
“A life in all so blemishlesse, that we
“It was determined to remove some obvious ble-
Enoch's return may sooner hope, than he
Should be outshin'd by any.'
mishes.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv.
Feltham : Lusoria, c. 37.
II. Theology:
* blěm'-ish-měnt, s. [Eng. blemish; -ment.
Under the Jewish ceremonial law it was
In Norm. Fr. blemishment, blemissment = in-
enjoined that no animal should be vowed and
fringement, prejudice.] [BLEMISH.] The state
offered in sacrifice unless it were without
of being blemished; blemish, disgrace.
blemish, Lev. xxii. 20, 21. See also Exod.
“But ruld her thoughts with goodly governement,
xii. 5; Lev. i. 3; xiv. 10; Numb. xxix. 8, For dread of blame and honours blemishment."
&c., &c. What were held to constitute
Spenser : F. Q., IV. ii. 36.
blemishes in an animal may be learned from blē'-mūs. s. [From Gr. Banua (blēma) = (1) a
Lev. xxii. 21–25. The general opinion of
theologians is that this absence of blemish
throw, a cast of dice or of a small missile,
was designed to typify the spotless character
(2) a shot, a wound, (3) a coverlet.]
of Christ.
Entom.: A genus of predatory Beetles of
“... he shall take two he lambs without blemish,
the family Harpalidæ. About six are British;
and one ewe lamb of the first year without blemish." —
all but one of a pale yellow or ochre colour.
Lev. xiv. 10.
The type is Blemus fasciatus.
“But with the precious blood of Christ, as of a lamb
without blemish and without spot."-1 Pet. i. 19. blěnch (1), * blěnche, * blěn-chen,
(1) Crabb thus distinguishes between
* blĩnche, * blanch (pret. blinte, blente,
blemish, stain, spot, speck, and flaw :-“In the bleynte, &c.), v.t. & i. (From A.S. blencan
proper sense blemish is the generic, the rest
(Stratmann & Skeat, not Bosworth) = to de-
specific ; a stain, a spot, speck, and flaw are ceive; O. Icel. blekkja; 0. Eng. blench, blenke
blemishes, but there are likewise many = a device, an artifice (Stratmann). A causal
blemishes which are neither stains, spots, specks form of blink (q.v.) (Skeat), meaning properly
nor flaws. Whatever takes off from the seemli-
“to make to blink,” to deceive, to impose
ness of appearance is a blemish. In works of
upon.]
art the slightest dimness of colour or want of
A. Trans. : To obstruct, to hinder, to im-
proportion is a blemish. A stain and spot
sufficiently characterise themselves, as that
pede.
which is superfluous and out of place. A
"The rebels besieged them, winning the even ground
on the top, by carrying up great trusses of hay before
speck is a small spot; and a flaw, which is con them, to blench the defendants' sight, and dead their
fined to hard substances, mostly consists of a shot.”—Carew.
faulty indenture on the outer surface. A B. Intrans. : To shrink back, to draw back,
blemish tarnishes ; a stain spoils; a spot, speck, to turn aside, to flinch; to give way from lack
or flaw disfigures. A blemish is rectified, a of resolution, or from the perception of danger
stain wiped out, a spot or speck removed. which cannot be met. (In this sense con-
Blemish, stain, and spot are employed figura founded with blink, Skeat.)
tively. Even an imputation of what is im-
“Thanne shaltow blenche at a berghe bere-no-false-
proper in our moral conduct is a blemish in witnesse.”—Langt ; Piers the Plowm.; Passus, B. v. 589
our reputation; the failings of a good man are
(ed. Skeat).
“But blench not thou-thy simplest tress
so many spots in the bright hemisphere of his
Claims more from me than tenderness."
virtue; there are some vices which affix a
Byron : Bride of Abydos, i. 12.
stain on the character of nations, as well as of
the individuals who are guilty of them. A
* blěnch (2), *blen-schyn, * blem-yssh-
blemish or a spot may be removed by a course of
en, vit. [BLEMISH, v.] To blemish.
good conduct, but a stain is mostly indelible:
" .. yif it blenched were."
it is as great a privilege to have an unblemished
William of Palerne, 2,471.
reputation, or a spotless character, as it is a blěnch, s. [From blench (1), v. (q.v.).]
misfortune to have the stain of bad actions 1. Gen.: A start.
affixed to our name.”
* 2. Spec. : A deviation from the path of
(2) Blemish, defect, and fault are thus distin rectitude.
guished :-“ Blemish respects the exterior of “Most true it is, that I have look'd on truth
an object; defect consists in the want of some
Askance and strangely; but, by all above,
specific propriety in an object; fault conveys
These blenches gave my heart another youth,
the idea not only of something wrong, but
And worse essays prov'd thee my best of love."
Shakesp. : Son. 110.
also of its relation to the author. There is a
blemish in fine china ; a defect in the springs
blēnch, a. [From Fr. blanc (m.), blanche (f.)
of a clock; and a fault in the contrivance.
= white.] [BLANCH.] White, as in the fol-
An accident may cause a blemish in a fine
lowing compounds :
painting ; the course of nature may occasion
* blench cane, s. “Cane,” by which is
a defect in a person's speech; but the careless-
meant duty paid to a superior, whether in
ness of the workman is evinced by the faults
money or kind in lieu of all other rent; quit-
in the workmanship. A blemish may be easier rent. [CANE.] So called probably from being
remedied than a defect is corrected or a fault often paid in white money-i.e., in silver.
repaired.” (Crabb: Eng. Synon.)
(Acts Jas. VI.) (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
* blěm'-ish-a-ble, d. [Eng. blemish ; able.] blench-holding, blanch-holding, s.
Able to be blemished.
Law : Tenure of land by the payment of
In compos. in the word unblemishable rent in "white" money, i.e., in silver, in con-
(Milton) (q.v.).
tradistinction to blackmail = rent paid in
work, in grain, &c. (Blackstone : Comment.,
blēm'-ìshed, * blěm'-ýsshed, * blěm' bk. ii., ch. 3.)
schýde, pa. par. & al. [BLEMISH.]
blench - lipped, blench lippit, a.
I. Ord. Lang. : In senses corresponding to Having white lips.
those of the verb.
"She was lang-toothed, an' blench-lippit."
“Huge crowds on crowds out-poured with blemish'd
Edin. Mag. (June, 1817), p. 238.(Jamieson.)
As if on time's last verge this frame of things had * blěnche, v.t. [BLENCH (1), v.]
shook.” Thomson : Castle of Indolence, ii. 44.
II. Her. : Having an abatenent or rebate | blěnçhed, pa. par. & a. [BLENCH, v.t.]
ment. (Used of a sword having the point
* blěnch'-ēr, * blěnch-ar, s. [From Eng.
broken off.)
blench, v., and suff. -er, -ar.] [BLANCHER.]
blěm'-ish-îng, * blěm'-ish-yng, * blěm' * 1. A person who or a thing which inspires
schặnge, pr. par., A., & s. [BLEMISH, v.]
fear, or makes one start, or renders anything
ineffectual.
A. & B. As pr. par. and particip. adj.: In
"Lyke as the good husbande, when he hath sowen
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
-Lev. xxi. 18-21.
his grounde, setteth vp cloughtes or thredes, whiche
C. As substantive :
some call shailes, some blenchars, or other lyke shewes,
to feare away byrdes, ..."-Sir T. Elyot : The Go-
1. The act of disfiguring or damaging by ! vernovr, i. 23.
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hếr, thêre; pīne, pſt, sïre, sīr, marine; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; try, Sýrian. ~, ce=ē; ey=ão qu=kw.

blenching-bless
579
LA
“His valour should direct at, and hurt those
I The form blent is now only poetic.
bleph'-ar-ís, s. [Gr. Baebapis (blepharis) =
That stand but by as blenchers.
Beaum. & Fiet.; Love's Pilgrimage, ii. 1.
"I heard a thousand blended notes,
the eye-lash.]
While in a grove I sat reclined.'
blěnch'-îng, pr. par., a., & s. [BLENCH, v.i.
Wordsworth : Lines; In Eurly Spring.
Zoology:
& t.]
“Rider and horse-friend, foe-in one red burial blent." 1. A genus of fishes belonging to the order
Byron : Ch. Har., iii. 28. Acanthoptera (spiny-finned fishes), the family
A. & B. As present participle & participial
blended beer, blendit beer, s. Beer
Scomberidæ (Mackerels), and the section of
adjective : In senses corresponding to those of
it of which the genus Zeus is the type--that
the verb.
or big mixed with barley. (Scotch.)
C. As substantive:
containing fishes of extraordinary breadth in
“Blended beer, that is, a mixture of rough beer and
The act of shrinking
of barley (so common in Fifeshire), is not used in this comparison with their length.
back; the state of giving way; a blink, a county."- Agr. Surv. Peeb., p. 145.
2. A genus of insects, order Orthoptera,
winking, a wink.
“And thus thinkende I stonde still
blěnd'-ěr, s. [Eng. blend; -er.] One who or fam. Mantidæ, or a sub-genus of Mantis.
Without blenchinge of mine eie."
that which blends.
Blepharis elegans is from Tenasserim.
Gower : Con. A., bk. vi.
blěnd'-ing, pr. par., A., & s. [BLEND, v.i. & t.]
BLEND. 0.2. & tuj | blēps'-1-ăs, s.
blend, * blěnde, * blěn'-děn, * blăn'-
[Gr. Breyias (blepsias) = a
A. & B. As present participle & participial
particular fish.]
děn (pret. blended, tblent; pa. par. Blended,
adjective : In senses corresponding to those of Ichthy.: A genus of spiny-finned fishes be-
* blent) (Eng.), blěnd, blănd (Scotch), v.t. & the verb.
longing to the family Triglidæ (Gurnards).
i. [A.S. blandan, pret. bland, pa. par. blonden
C. As substantive :
The only known species is from the Aleutian
=to mix, blend, mingle. In Sw. & Icel. blanda;
Islands.
Dan, blande, all = to mix; 0. H. Ger, blantan.
I. Ordinary Language :
Compare also A.S. blendan = to blind; blen 1. The act of mixing any two things toge- * blere (1), v.t. [BLEAR, v.]
dian = to blind (Lye) (of doubtful autho-
ther.
* blêre (2), * blêr'-ěn, v. i. [M. H. Ger.
rity); Sw. förblinda, forblända = to blind ; 2. The state of being so mixed.
blêren.] To weep. (Prompt. Parv.)
Dan. forblinde ; Dut. verblinden ; Ger. blinden ;
II. Painting : The method of laying on
O. H. Ger. blenden = to blind.) [BLIND.]
different wet colours so that when dry they * blered, pa. par. & a. [BLEARED.) (Rom. of
A. Transitive :
may appear to the eye to blend insensibly the Rose.)
I. To mix together in such a way that the into each other.
* bler-eyed (eyed as īd), * blere-iyed, a.
things mingled cannot easily be separated
blěnd'-oŭs, a. [From blende (s.), and suffix [BLEAR-EYED.) (Prompt. Parv.)
again; to confuse, to confound. Used-
-ous.] Full of blende. (Webster.)
1. In an indifferent sense :
*bler-yd-nesse, * blere iyed-nesse, s.
(1) Lit. : Of two liquids, or two gases, or blěnk, s. [BLINK.) (Scotch.)
[O. Eng. bler, blere, iyed = blear-eyed; -niesse
anything similar. (In this sense it is often
= Eng. -ness.] The state or quality of having
used of the mixture of two kinds of whisky.)
blěn'-nì-1-dæ, s. pl. [BLENNIUS.]
blear eyes. [BLEAR-EYED.]
Less properly of the mechanical apposition of
Ichthy.: A family of fishes separated from
"Blerydnesse (blere iyednesse, P.) Lippitudo."-
a solid and a liquid.
Prompt. Parv.
the Gobiidæ, to which they are much akin,
but from which they differ in the ventral fins.
(2) Figuratively :
* bler-ynge, s. [BLEARING.] The act of
These, if present at all, have two, or at most
(a) Of persons sprung from the blood of two
making faces at, or insulting a person.
only a few rays, and are placed far forward on
distinct races.
(Prompt. Parv.)
the breast, or even on the throat. The best-
“... Indians and Spaniards blended in various
known genera are Blennius and Anarrhicas.
degrees."-Darwin : Descent of Man, vol. i., pt. i., ch.
* blêş, s. [BLAZE (2).]
vii., p. 225.
The latter has no ventral fins. [BLENNIUS,
(6) Of things generally.
ANARRHICAS.]
* blê'-şạnd, pr. par. [BLAZE.] Blazing.
“Quhill shortly, with the blesand torch of day."
“Happy the bard (if that fair name belong
blen'-ni-ús, s. [Lat. blennius and blendius - :
Gawin Douglas: neid, bk. xii. Prologue, 33.
To him that blends no fable with his song)."
Cowper: Hope.
a marine fish worthless for food ; Gr. Brevvos
blěs-bock, s. [Dut. bles = forelock, blaze, a
(blennos) = (adj.) drivelling, (s.) (1) mucous
* 2. In a bad sense: To spoil, to corrupt, to
defile, or blemish by such intermixture; or
matter, (2) the above-named fish. Named
simply to blemish.
from the abundance of mucous matter spread
over its minute scales.]
“Yet ill thou blamest me for having blent
My name with guile and traiterous intent."
Ichthy. : A genus of spiny-finned fishes, the
Spenser : F. Q., I. vi. 42.
typical one of the family Blenniidæ. The
* II. To blind, to obscure, to blot, to stain. species are small, agile fishes of no economic
(Once a common meaning of the word.)
value, often left behind in pools by the retreat-
“Whylest reason, blent through passion, nought ing tide. They have long dorsal and large
descryde."
Spenser : F. Q., II. iv. 7. pectoral fins, whilst their heads are often fur-
B. Intrans.: To become mixed, or to be nished with tentacles, simple or branched.
mixed, in the same senses and connections as Yarrell enumerates five species as British,
the transitive.
viz., Blennius Montagui (Montagu's Blenny),
“ Widens the fatal web-its lines extend,
B. ocellaris (the Ocellated Blenny, or Butter-
And deadliest poisous in the chalice blend."
fly-fish), B. gutturiginosus (the Gutturiginous
Wordsworth : Ode for a General Thanksgiving.
Blenny), B. pholis (the Shanny, or Shan), and
“ Fragrance, exhaled from rose and citron bower,
Blends with the dewy freshness of the hour.”
B. Yarrelli (Yarrell's Blenny.)
Hemans: The Abencerruge, c. 1.
“ Away ! bring wine, bring odours, to the shade blen-nor-rhoe'-a, s. [Gr. Blévva (blenna),
Where the tall pine and poplar blend on high !" and Blévvos (blennos) = mucus ; and péw (rheo)
BLESBOCK.
"Hemans: The Last Constantine.
=to flow.]
blende, blend, s. [In Ger. blende = (1) a
Med. : A genus of diseases, including those
horse with a blaze; bok = goat, he goat.] An
blind, a folding-screen, a mock window, (2)
which consist of mucous discharges, especially
antelope, the Gazella albifrons, found in South
the mineral described below ; from blenden =
from the genital and urinary systems.
Africa.
to blind, to dazzle.]
blěn'-ný, s. [BLENNIUS.] The English name
* blesch'-in, * blesch'-yn, v.t.
1. Min.: A native sulphide of zinc (Zns).
[O. Dut.
Compos. : Sulphur, 32:12 -33.82; zinc, 44:67 |
bleschen ; cf. O. L. Ger. leskian ; 0. H. Ger.
of the several fishes belonging to the genus
-6746, sometimes with smaller amounts of
Blennius (q.v.).
lescan = to extinguish.] To extinguish. (Used
of fire.)
iron and cadmium. It occurs in regular tetra-
* blenschyn, v.t. [BLEMISH, v.]
“Bleschyn', or qwenchyn' (blesshyn, P.) Extinguo."
hedra, dodecahedra, and other monometric
"Blenschyn (blemysshen, P.) Obfusco, Cath.”_
Prompt. Parv.
forms; it is found also fibrous, columnar,
Prompt. Parv.
“Aaron this fier blessede and with-drog."
radiated, plumose, massive, foliated, granular,
Genesis and Exodus, 3,803.
&c. Its colour is either white, yellow, or
* blensshinge. s. The act of extinguishing | *blesch-ynge, s. [BLESCHIN.] Extinction.
brown-black. Different varieties of it exist a fire. [BLESCHYNGE.]
"Bleschynge, or qwenchynge of fyre (blensshinge, P.)
in Derbyshire, Cumberland, and Cornwall, as
Extinctio."-Prompt. Parv.
well as on the continent of Europe, in
+ blěnt (1), pa. par. [BLENDED.) (Obsolete in
America, &c. The Derbyshire variety is called
prose, still used in poetry.)
* blese, s. [BLAZE, s.] (Prompt. Parv.)
“Punishment is blent with grace."
by the miners “Black-jack.” [No. 2. See
Scott: The Bride of Triermain, ii. 26. bless (1), * blesse, * blésse, * blýs'-sýn,
also BLACK-JACK.) Blende is called also
Sphalerite (q.v.). Dana divides it into (1) * blent (2), pret. of v., pa. par., & s. [BLINK, v.] * blěs'-sěn, * blis'-sën, * bles-si-en,
Ordinary (containing blende or sphalerite, A. As preterite of verb :
* blet'-sť-ěn (pret. & pa. par. blessed, blest,
little or no iron). [CLEIOPHANE.) (2) Ferri-
1. Glanced ; expressing the quick motion of
*blessede, *blissed, * bliscede, * bletsed), v.t. & i.
ferous (containing 10 or more per cent. of the eye.
[A.S. blessian, bletsian, bledsian. Causal from
iron). MARMATITE.] (3) Cadmiferous (con-
“ Eneas blent him by, and suddanly
blissian, blyssian (v: i.)= to rejoice, to be
taining cadmium). [PRZIBRAMITE.] (Dana, &c.)
Vnder ane rolk at the left side did spy
merry; though there is also a transitive or
Ane wounder large castell.”
2. Mining & Manufac. : The above-men-
Doug.: Virgil, 183, 25.
causal form of blissian = to make to rejoice.
tioned “Black-jack” treated by roasting and 2. Lost.
There is also blithesian = to be glad, blithe, or
destructive distillation in combination with
"That of my sicht the vertew hale I blent."
merry; blithe (adj.) = joyful. In O. Icel.
charcoal in a vessel from which the air is ex-
King's Quair, iii. 1. (Jamieson.) blessa (but from A.S.); Goth. blotan ; O. H.
cluded. By access of air the metal burns and
B. As past participle : Seen at a glance. Ger. blozan.]
passes off as the white oxide, which is col [YBLENT.]
A. Transitive:
lected and forms a pigment known as zinc C. As substantive: A glance.
I. Ordinary Language:
white.
“ As that drery vnarmyt wicht was sted,
And with ane blent about simyn full raed."
1. Of happiness conferred :
+ blend-bd, t biếnt (Eng.), biến-đét
Doug.: Virgil, 40, 50. (Jamieson.)
(1) Essential meaning : To make “blithe,"
(Scotch), pa, par. & d. [BLEND, v.t.]
* bleo, s. [BLEE.]
1 i.e., joyful. [BLITHE.] To render happy or
a
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shăn; -ţion, -şion=zhủn. -tious, -sious, -cious =shús. -ble, -dle, &c.=bel, del.

580
bless—blethisa
tion.
successful, or confer advantage upon, by 2. Of things : Producing happiness, bestow-
“As different good, by art or nature given,
giving one a gift, by acquitting one from a ing health and prosperity.
To different nations makes their blessing even.”
Goldsmith: The Traveller.
charge, by preserving one, by promising or “Of mingled prayer they told : of Sabbath hours ;
prophesying to one future happiness in this Of inorn's farewell, and evening's blessed meeting."
(2) Spec. Among the Jews: A gift, a dona-
world or the next, or in any other way.
Hemans : Tomb of Madame Langhans.
D. As substantive (formed by omitting the
“... now therefore, I pray thee, take a blessing of
“ The quality of mercy is not strain'd;
thy servant. But he said. . . I will receive none."—2
It droppeth, as the gentle rain of heaven
noun or pronoun with which the adjective
Kings v. 15, 16.
Upon the place beneath. It is twice bless'd;
blessed or blest agrees): Happy people or See also ver. 20 and Gen. xxxiii. 10, 11.
It blesseth him that gives, and him that takes."
beings.
Shakesp.: Mer. of Venice, iv. 1.
(3) A person or community diffusing happi-
“A father bless'd with an ingenious son.”
1. In a general sense.
ness abroad.
Cowper: Trocinium.
“... but there they still enjoy a secondary honour,
"In that day shall Israel be the third with Egypt
(2) To felicitate or congratulate another or as the blest of the under-world."-Grote : Hist. Greece,
and with Assyria, even a blessing in the niidst of the
one's self on being for the time happy, or ex-
pt. i., ch. ii.
land." -Isa. xix. 24.
pecting to be so in the future.
2. Spec. : Persons or beings happy in the
*blessure,s. [Fr.] A wound, hurt. [BLECERE.]
“Then Toi sent Joram bis son unto king David, to
other world.
salute him, and to bless him, because he had fought
against Hadadezer, and smitten him: for Hadadezer blessed-fair, a. Blessedly fair; happy
blěst, pret., pa. par., d., & s. [BLESSED.]
had wars with Toi."-2 Sam. viii. 10.
as well as fair.
* blêt (1), s. [BLEAT.]
"... Death
"But what's so blessed-fair that fears no blot?”
Grinn'd horrible a ghastly sinile, to hear
His fainine should be fill'd; and bless'd his maw
Shakesp. : Sonnet 92. blet (2), s. [Fr. blette, s.; blet, m., blette, fem.,
Destin'd to that good hour.'
blessed-thistle, s. The English name
adj. = mellow, half rotten (applied to fruit);
Milton: P. L., bk. ii.
of a thistle, Cnicus benedictus, formerly called
Norm. Fr. blèque; Pied. biet; Arm. bläd; Wél.
(3) To wish or pray for, or to prophesy or
C. centaurea benedicta. Both the English name
blydd = soft, tender; Dan. blöd = soft ; Sw.
promise happiness, success, or advantage to
and the Latin specific appellation refer to the
blot; 0. H. Ger. bleizza.]
another; to pronounce a benediction upon.-
fact that formerly it was believed to destroy Bot, and Hort. : A spot formed on an over-
“Whom the Lord of hosts shall bless, saying, Blessed
intestinal worms, to cure fevers, the plague, ripe fruit, when the latter has begun obviously
be Egypt my people, and Assyria the work of my
hands, and Israel inine inheritance.”—Isa. xix. 25.
and even the most stubborn ulcers and can to decay. (Generally in the plural.)
(4) To extol, to magnify, praise, or glorify
cers, an opinion for which there seems to
blět, v.i. [From blet (2), s. (q. v.).]
have been no foundation whatever.
God or any other being.
Bot. and Hort.: A word coined by Professor
“Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus
Christ, who hath blessed us with all spiritual blessings
* bles-sede, pret. of v. [BLISJEN.]
Lindley in translating some of De Candolle's
iu heavenly places in Christ."-Ephes. i. 3.
statements with regard to fruits. He uses it to
* blěs'-sěd -full, a.
(5) To confer an advantage upon a person or
[Eng. blessed ; full.]
signify the acquiring a bruised appearance, as
Full of happiness.
thing by means of a sacred ceremony. [II.
fleshy fruits do after they have passed their
Ritualism.]
"This blessedfull state of man ..."- Udul : Rom. iv. prime, and if they have not begun to rot.
2. Of a brandished weapon : To swing, to * blěs'-sěd-ly, * bles'-sed-lye, adv. [Eng.
(Lindley : Introd. to Bot. (3rd ed.), 1839, p. 356,
flourish, to brandish.
note.)
blessed ; -ly, -lye.]
According to Dr. Johnson, the connection
1. Happily, fortunately.
* blete, s. [A.S. blêd = a shoot, small branch.]
of this meaning with the last is that in the
“By foul play, as thou say'st, were we heaved thence;
Foliage.
Church of Rome it was the practice when a
But blessedly holp hither.”
“Yif ich ... me schilde wit the blete.”-Owl and
field was to be consecrated to swing or direct
* Shakesp. : Tempest, i. 2.
Nightingale, 57.
the arms in succession to every part of it. 2. Holily; in a holy manner.
* blete, * bletin, v.i. [BLEAT, v.]
But perhaps signification No. 2 should be “The time was blessedly lost."-Shakesp. : Hen. V.,
transferred to BLESS (2)= to injure.
iv. 1.
* blethe-ly, * blethe-li, adv. [BLITHELY.]
“Their shining shieldes about their wrestes they tye, blěs'-sěd-ness, * blēs'-sed-nes, s. [Eng.
(Morte Arthur, 4,147.) (William of Palerne,
And burning blades about their heades doe blesse."
Spenser: F. 2., I. v. 6.
blessed ; -ness.]
1,114.)
"To blisse thy bait.”—Lauson : Secret of Angling 1. Of happiness :
* bleth, * blath, a. [A.S. bleath = gentle,
(1652). (Halliwell : Cont. to Lexicog.)
(1) Gen.: The state of being blessed or timid; 0. Icel. blauthr; O. L. Ger. blôth ;
II. Christian Ritualism :
happy.
O. H. Ger. blôder.] Timid, fearful.
1. Of persons : To sign with the sign of the
“And found the blessedness of being little."
"Ghe was for him dreful and bleth."
cross.
Shakesp. : Henry VIII., iv. 2.
Story of Gen. and Exod., 2,590.
“... he lifte vp ys hond and blessed him than, and (2) Spec. : The state of being so from the blěth'-ēr, * blăth'-ēr, * blăd'-dér,
recomandedem to god almighte."-Sir Ferumb. (ed.
favour of God, and the feeling of it.
* bladdre, v.i. & t. [BLATTER.]
Herrtage), 256.
2. Of things:
(a) In this world.
A. Intrans. : To talk idly or nonsensically.
(1) To consecrate ; to set apart for a holy
"Where is the blessedness I knew
"An some are busy bleth'rin'."
When first I saw the Lord."
Burns : The Holy Fair.
or sacred purpose.
Cowper : Olney Hymns.
B. Trans. : To speak indistinctly, to stam-
"And as they were eating, Jesus took bread, and (6) In the other world.
mer.
blessed it, and brake it, ..."-Matt. xxvi. 26.
“ The assurance of a future blessedness is a cordial
“It blather'd buff before them a'
(2) To return thanks to God for.
that will revive our spirits more in the day of ad-
And aftentimes turn'd doited."
versity, than all the wise sayings and considerations
“And they had a few small fishes: and he blessed,
Ramsay: Poems, i. 70. (Jamieson.)
and commanded to set them also before them." -
of philosophy.”—Tillotson, vol. i., Ser. 5.
2. Of holiness : Holiness, sanctity, real or
bleth'-ěr (1), s. The same as bladder. (Scotch.)
Mark viii. 7.
B. Intransitive: To give blessing or thanks. imagined.
[BLATTER, V.]
“Blescieth on and gledieth."-Ancren Riwle, p. 358.
[ Single blessedness: The state of being un- | bleth'-er (2), * bláth'-er, s. (From blether,
married.
v. (q.v.).]
* bless (2), * bliss (pret. & pa. par. blist),
1. Babbling, empty or foolish talk, non-
v.t. [From Fr. blesser = to hurt, to injure.] | blěs'-ser, . [Eng. bless; -er.) One who
sense. (Scotch.)
To wound, to strike.
blesses. (Used specially of God.)
“For an they winna had their blether,
"And with his club him all about so blist,
“... reflecting upon him as the giver of the gift, or
They's get a flewet."
That he which way to turne him scarcely wist."
the blesser of the action, or the aid of the design."-
Hamilton: Ramsay's Poems, ii. 336. (Jamieson.)
Spenser: F. Q., VI. viii. 13.
Bishop Taylor : Holy Living, s. 4. Of Humility.
Sometimes in the plural.
.. they blest my shoulders with their fines, in
such sort as they wholly deprived me of my sight and * bléss'-fül-něss, s. [BLISSFULNESS.]
“... and then they didna need to hae the same
the force of my feel together."-Skelton: Trans. of
blethers twice ower again."-Scott : Rob Roy, ch. xiv.
Don Quixote.
bles'-sằng, *bles'-sînge, * blěs'-syng, 2. A stammering way, a stammer. (Used of
* bles'-synge, * blět'-sîng, pr. par., a.,
doggerel rhymes which do not read smoothly.)
blěs'-sěd, blest, * blissed * blis-çede,
& s. [BLESS (1).]
“... as if the holy Psalmist thought o rattling
* blet'-sed, pret., pa. par., d., & s. [BLESS
rhymes in a blether, like her ain silly..."-Scott :
A. & B. As pr. par. and particip. adj. : In Rob Roy, ch. xxi.
(1), v.]
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
A. & B. As pret. & past participle : In senses
bleth'-ēr-ěr, s. [Scotch blether; -er.] A
C. As substantive : [A.S. bletsung (Benson);
corresponding to those of the verb.
babbler. (Jamieson.)
bledsung (Somner).]
C. As participial adjective. Spec.-
I. The act of wishing, praying, or prophesy- | blěth'-er-ing, * blěth'-er-in, * blē'th-
1. Of persons or Beings
ing good to; benediction.
ēr-and, * blăd-drand, pr. par., a., & s.
(1) Happy.
“... as he delighted not in blessing.”—Ps. cix. 17.
[BLETHER.]
“ Blest country, where these kingly glories shine!
+ II. The state of being blessed.
A. & B. As pr. par. and particip. adj.: In
Blest England, if this happiness be thine!”
Cowper : Table Talk.
“... receiveth blessing from God.”—Heb. vi. 7. senses corresponding to those of the verb.
(2) Holy.
III. The words thus pronounced ; also the “Blyth and bletherand in the face lyk ane angell.”
“When you are desirous to be blest,
Fordun: Scotichron., ii. 376. (Jamieson.)
divine favour, the happiness, or other advan-
I'll blessing beg of you."
C. As substantive :
tage promised.
Shakesp. : Hamlet, iii. 4.
(3) Worthy of great veneration (the idea of
1. The words pronounced.
1. Nonsense, foolish language. (Jamieson.)
holiness and happiness still remaining).
“The person that is called kneeleth down before the 2. Stammering. (Jamieson.)
chair, and the father layeth his hand upon his head,
(a) Worthy of absolutely limitless venera or her head, and giveth the blessing.”—Bacon.
blěth'-1-sa, s. [From Gr. Bandels (blētheis),
tion, all-adorable, as the Blessed Trinity.
2. The Divine favour, or the feeling of it; a aor. participle of Bállo (ballo) = to throw.]
(6) Worthy of high veneration, as “the
Divine gift.
Entom.: A genus of predatory beetles, be-
Blessed Virgin."
“ The blessing of the Lord, it maketh rich, and he longing to the family Harpalidæ, or to that of
“And then their worship of images, and invocation
addeth no sorrow with it.'-Prov. x. 22.
Elaphridæ. One species is British, the Blethisa
of Angels and Saints, and the blessed Virgin, in the
3. Means or materials for happiness, favour,
multipunctata. It is a beautiful insect of a
game solemn manner, and for the same blessings and advantage.
benefits which we beg of God himself." -Tillotson (3rd
bronze or brassy colour, about half an inch
ed. 1722), vol. i., ser. ix.
(1) Gen.: In the foregoing sense.
long, with prominent eyes and many-punctate
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whất, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian. a, oe=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bletia-blight
581
elytra. It is found in marshy places, where it
inay occasionally be seen crawling on willows.
blět'-1-a, s. [Named after Luis Blet, a Spanish
apothecary and botanist.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Orchidaceæ (Orchids). The species,
which are elegant plants-the Bletia Tanker-
villice (Tankerville's Bletia) being specially
fine-are not arboreal, but grow on the ground.
Several have been introduced into hot-houses
from the West Indies and China.
blět-1-dæ, s. pl. [From bletia (q.v.).]
Bot. : A family or sub-tribe of Orchids,
belonging to the tribe Malaxeæ. Type, bletic
(q.v.).
blět'-on-işm, blē'-ton-işm, s. [Named
after Bleton, a Frenchman, who alleged that
he possessed the faculty described below.] An
alleged faculty of perceiving and indicating
subterranean springs and currents by sensa-
tion.
blět'-on-ist, blē'-ton-ist, s. [Named after
Bleton, a Frenchman.) [BLETONISM.] One
who claims that he possesses the faculty of
bletonism.
* blět'-sing, . [BLESSING.) (Ormulum,
10,661.)
biết-ting, pr. par., củ., & s. [BLET, 0.]
A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj. : In
a sense corresponding to that of the verb.
C. As substantive. Bot. and Hort. : A word
introduced by Professor Lindley to signify
acquisition by a fleshy fruit of a bruised ap-
pearance, after it has passed its prime, and
when it has not begiin to decay. The process
is best seen in the Ebenaceæ and Pomaceæ ;
fleshy fruits belonging to other orders in
general do not blet but rot away. [BLET.]
"Bletting is in particular a special alteration."-
Lindley: Introd. to Bot., 3rd ed., p. 356.
* blêr-týn, v.t. [BLEAT, v.]
"Bletyn', as a schepe. Balo.”—Prompt. Parv.
* blê'-tynge, pr. par. & s. [BLEATING.]
"Bletynge of a schepe. Bulatus."- Prompt. Parv.
* bleu, a. [BLUE.] (Castel off Love, ed. Wey-
mouth.) (Stratmann.)
bleu-turquin, s. [From Fr. bleu = blue,
and turquine = a kind of turquoise.]
Geol., Comm., Arch., &c. : A kind of marble
occurring near Genoa and elsewhere. It is
deep-blue upon a white ground with grey
spots and large veins.
* blêve, * blê-ven, * blê-výn, v.t. [A
shorter form of BILEAVE (q.v.).] To remain.
"Blevyn, or levyn aftyrwarde (Blenyn or abydyn,
K. P.). Remaneo, restat.”—Prompt. Parv.
* blê-výnge, pr. par. & s. [BLEVE.)
A. & B. As present participle & participial
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
C. As substantive : Things left; relics.
“ Blevynge, or releve, or relefe (or levynge or relef,
K.). Reliquia, vel reliquiæ.”—Prompt. Parv.
blew (ew as û), pret. of v. [Blow, v.]
“... the winds blew, and beat upon that house; ..."
---Matt. vii. 27.
* blew, * blewe, a. & s. (Rom. of the Rose, &c.)
[BLUE.]
* blew'-art (ew as û), s. [Scotch blae, bla=
blue; or from Eng. blue, and suff. art.) A
plant, the Germandar Speedwell (Veronica
chamaedrys). [BLAWART.]
"When the blewart bears a pearl.”
Hogg: When the Kye come Hame.
blew'-ball (ew as û), s. [O. Eng. blew =
blue, and ball.] A plant, the Corn Bluebottle
(Centaurea cyanus). [BLEWBLOW.]
blew'-blow (ew as û), s. [O. Eng. blew =
blue, and blow (2).] The same as BLEWBALL
(q.v.).
blew'-ît, ble'-wỉts (ew as û), s. [From
0. Eng. blew = blue, and its or wits of doubt-
ful etymology.] A mushroom, Agaricus per-
sonatus. (Chiefly in the North of England.)
* blêx'-tere, s. [From A.S. blac = and
(originally feminine) suff. -stere.] He who or
that which blackens any person or thing.
“Blextere, K. Obfuscator.”—Prompt. Parv.
affecting the growth of cereal plants, flowers,
* bleyis, s. [BLEEZE, BLAZE.]
fruits, or whatever else is cultivated, nipping
the buds, making the leaves and blossoms
bleyis-silver, s. The same as BLEEZE-
curl up and wither, imparting to them a
MONEY. (Jamieson.)
sickly yellow hue, covering them with spots
of an abnormal colour, or injuring them in
* blêyk, a. [BLEAK.) (Lydgate : Storie of any similar way.
Thebes, 1286.)
2. Spec. : A certain noxious influence in
* bleyk, v.t. The same as BLEACH, v. (q.v.).
the air, of which the haze often seen in hot
weather is the accompaniment, which is
"Bleykclothe, or qwysters (blechen clothe, K. P.
blekyn, H.). Candido."-Prompt. Parv.
popularly supposed to injure plants, either
directly by destroying their vitality, or indi-
* bleyke-ster, s. [BLEYSTARE.]
rectly by calling into existence fungi and
insects, to which they become a prey. (For
*bley'-ly, adv. [Corrupted from blithely (q.v.). ]
the real explanation of the phenomena, see II.)
"Bleyly or gladely (blythely, P.).”—Prompt. Parv.
“... Ah, gracious heaven! attend
* blêyne, s. [BLAIN.)
His fervent prayer; restrain the tempest's rage,
The dreadful blight disarm.”
“Bleyne. Papula, Cath. et Ug. in popa.”—Prompt.
Dodsley: Agriculture, c. 3.
Parv.
3. Figuratively :
* bleynte (1), pret. of v. [BLINK, v.] (William
(1) Anything which makes a person droop,
of Palerne, 3,111.)
or that which is fruitful or valuable waste
away, decay, and die.
* bleynte (2), pret. of v. [BLENCH.] Turned ; “When you come to the proof once, the first blight
inclined.
of frost shall inost infallibīy strip you of all your
glory." -L'Estrange.
“He cast his eyen upon Emelya,
And therwithal he bleynte and cryed, a!”
(2) The act of causing to wither; the state
Chaucer : C. T., 1,079-80. of being withered.
* blêyn'-ynge, s. Blaining.
"But should there be to whom the fatal blight
Of failing Wisdom yields a base delight."
"Nou han thei bucled schon for bleynynge of her
Byron : Death of Rt. Hon. M. B. Sheridan.
heles."
Piers the Ploughman's Crede (ed. Skeat.), 299.
II. Science : To explain the effects on plants
described under No. I., recourse must be had
* blêy-stare, * blêye-stare, * blêy-stēr, to the teachings of meteorology, botany, and
* blêyke-ster, s. [From 0. Eng. bleyk = zoology.
bleach, and suff. - stere = -ster.] He who or 1. Meteor. : If in early spring, when the
that which makes any person or thing white. shoots of plants are tender and succulent, and
“Bleystare, or wytstare (bleyster, K. bleyestare or exhale much moisture, the east wind, which
qwytstare, H. bleykester or whytster, P). Candi is dry as well as cold, blow upon them, it
darius, Cath. C. F."-Prompt. Parv.
makes the plants part with their moisture too
* bliant, *bleaunt, * bleeant, s. [O. Fr.
rapidly, and thus does them injury. If night
blialt, bliaud, bliaut, from Low Lat. blialdus,
frosts congeal the moisture in the delicate
bliaudus.] Fine linen, or a robe made of it.
tissues, these are likely to be rent asunder and
“A mayden of inenske, ful debonere
die. The turbid and hazy state of the atmos-
Blysnande whyt watz hyr bleaunt."
phere, to which so much evil is popularly
Morris : Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems; The Pearl, A. 162-3. attributed, is caused by difference of tempera-
ture between the earth and the air, and has
* blībe, s. (Essentially the same word as
not in it anything noxious to vegetation.
BLEB (q.v.).] The mark of a stroke.
"I complained to the oldest and best gardeners, who
"Some parli'
menters may tak bribes,
often fell into the same misfortune, and esteemed it
Deservin something war than blibes.".
some blight of the spring."- Temple.
Taylor : S. Poems, p. 9. (Jamieson.)
2. Botany :
* blịcht (ch guttural), a. [From A.S. blican = (1) Gen.: Many “blights" are produced by
to shine, to glitter ; bleite, pret. (Somner);
the attacks of parasitic fungi. The great
Icel. blika, blikja = to gleam.] Emitting fungologist, the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, believed
flashes of light. (Used of the coruscation of that the fungi which in some cases have
armour in a battle.)
arrested the development of corn and other
“The battellis so brym, braithlie and blicht,
cereals, and made the plants decay, have at-
Were joint thraly in thrang, mony thowsand."
Houlate, ii. 14. (Jamieson.)
tacked their roots, having grown originally on
* blie, s. [BLEE.]
the decomposing remains of the previous
year's crop still rooted in the ground. [BAR-
* bliew, a. [BLUE.] (Chaucer : C. T., 10,093.) BERRY BLIGHT, MILDEW, RUST, &c.]
* blif, adv. [BELIVE, BLIVE] (Sir Ferumb.,
(2) Specially:
ed. Herrtage.)
(a) Plants of the fungoid genus Ustilago.
(Minsheu.)
blĩf-fạrt, s. [BLEFFERT.] (Scotch.)
(6) The English name of the fungoid genus
blīgh'-1-a (gh silent), s. [Named after Captain
Rubigo. It is called also Mildew (q.v.).
Bligh, who sailed from Spithead for Otaheite
3. Zool. : Other“ blights” are produced by
on 23rd December, 1787, as captain of H.M.S. the attacks of insects. The curling up of
Bounty, to obtain bread-fruit trees for intro leaves generally arises from the caterpillars
duction into the West Indies. He was deprived of lepidopterous insects. Some caterpillars
of his command of the Bounty by mutineers
hatched from eggs deposited inside leaves
on board, and turned adrift in his shirt, with
mine within the latter unseen for a time.
eighteen of the crew, in a small launch, on
For instance, those of the Small Ermine Moth
the 28th April, 1789 ; reached Timor on 14th (Ypononienta padella) do so when young ;
June of the same year, and England on March
then, when grown sufficiently, they emerge in
14, 1790; was sent again in 1791 (and this untold numbers and commence to devour the
time successfully) to carry out his original
leaves themselves. Curled leaves often shelter
mission; became Governor of New South Aphides, and sometimes Coccidæ (APHIS, COC-
Wales in 1806, and on 26th January, 1809, was CUS]. Galls are formed by Gall-flies [CYNIPS).
arrested and deposed for tyranny.]
Species of many other genera and families can
“blight” plants. [AMERICAN BLIGHT.] -
Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the
order Sapindaceæ (Soapworts). Blighia sapida
blīght (gh silent), * blīte (0. Scotch), v.t. & i.
is the ash-leaved Akee-tree [AKEE). Blig hia
is now considered only a synonym of Cupania
[From blight, s., or vice versa.]
(q.v.).
A. Transitive:
I. Literally :
blīght (gh silent), s. [Etym. doubtful. Mahn
1. To affect plants with wasting disease,
derives it from a hypothetical A.S. belihtan =
produced by drought, frost, fungi, the attacks
to alight, to fall upon, blast up, wither up;
of insects, or other deleterious agencies.
from lihtan, alihtian = to alight or descend.
“This vapour bears up along with it any noxious
Skeat thinks that it may be abbreviated from mineral steams; it then blasts vegetables, blights corn
A.S. blicettan = to shine, to glitter (Lye); and fruit."—Woodward.
blican = to shine, to glitter; Icel. blika, blikja † 2. Similarly to affect animals or any of
= to gleam ; M. H. Ger. blichen = to grow their organs
pale. The reference would be either to the
.. blighted be the tongue
pale colour of some half-withered plants or to
That names thy name without the honour due !"
Scott: The Vision of Don Roderick, v. 51.
the wood of a tree laid bare through the strip-
II. Fig.: To mar the mental or moral deve-
ping of the bark by means of lightning.)
lopment of any person ; to prevent the reali-
I. Ordinary Language :
sation of hopes, projects, or anything similar;
1. Gen. : Any physical cause unfavourably 1 to mar or stunt anything, or cause it to decay.
boil, bóy; pout, jówl; cat, çell, chorus, çhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f,
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion = shủn; -țion, -şion = zhủn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, dei.

582
blighted-blind
(a) of persons :
“Sear'd in heart, and lone, and blighted."
Byron: Fare Thee Well.
(6) Of things :
“The stern domination of a hostile class had blighted
the faculties of the Irish gentleman." - Macaulay :
Hist. Eng. ch. xii.
“In such men all virtue was necessarily blighted."-
Arnold : Hist. Rome, i. 475.
B. Intrans. : To cause to wither (lit. or fig.).
“The Lady Blast, you must understand, has such a
particular malignity in her whisper, that it blights
like an easterly wind."-Spectator, No. 457.
blīght-ěd (gh silent), pa. par. & d. [BLIGHT,
v.]
A. Ord. Lang. : In senses corresponding to
those of the verb.
“Nor pause to raise from earth a blighted flower."
Hemans : The Abencerrage.
"... the blighted prospects of the orphan children."
-- Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. xiv.
B. Her. : Blasted. [BLASTED.]
+ blight'-en (gh silent), v.t. [Eng. blight; -en.]
[BLIGHTNING.) (Scotch.) To blight. (Jamie-
son.)
blīght'-ing (gh silent), pr. par. & a. [BLIGHT,
v.]
Ye worms that eat into the bud of youth !
Infectious as impure, your blighting power
Taints in its rudiments the promised flower."
Cowper: Conversation.
blight-ing-lý (gh silent), ado. [Eng. blight-
ing; -ly.] In à blighting manner, so as to
blight.
* blight? -năng nghe silent), pr. par. & cô. |
[BLIGHTEN.] Same as blighting.
"... in a place not subject to blightning winds,
which are very destructive to these "flowers" [hya-
cinths).—Maxwell: Sel. Trans., p. 266. (Jamieson.)
* blî-ken, v.i. [A.S. blican ; M. H. Ger.
blichen. ] To grow pale. (Stratmann.)
“His lippes shulle bliken."-Relig. Antiq., i. 65.
* blîk-1-ěn (pret. blykked), v.i. [O. Icel. blika;
M. H. Ger. blicken.) To shine, to glitter.
"The blod brayd fra the body that blykked on the
grene.”—Gaw. and the Gr. Knight, 429.
* bliknen, v.i. [O. Icel. blikna.] To shine,
to grow pale.
“Thenne blykned the ble of the bryght skwes." —
Early Eng. Atlit. Poems (ed. Morris), 1759.
blîn, * blyn, * blyne, * blynne, * blin-
nen, * blane (pret. blan), v.i. & t. [A.S.
blinnan (pret. blun) = to cease (Somner);
blin, blina = a ceasing (Lye).]
A. Intrans. : To cease, to desist, to stop, to
halt.
“ Till hem thai raid onon, or thai wald blyne,
And cryt, Lord, abyde, your men ar martyrit doun."
Wallace, i. 421, MS. (Jamieson.)
B. Trans. : To cause to cease.
“Other God will thai non have
But that lytill round knare
Thair baillis for to blin."
Sir Penny Chron., S.P., i. 141.
* blinck, v.i. & t. [BLINK.]
* blincked, pa. par. [BLINK, v.t.]
blīnd (1), * blīnde, * blynde, * blend, a. &
S. [A.S., O.S., Sw., Dan., Dut., & (N. H.) Ger.
blind ; Icel. blindr; Goth. blinds; O. H. Ger.
plint. The A.S. is from blandan = to blend,
to mix, to mingle. Hence blind originally
meant “ obscured, because of the intermixture
of two or more things.”] [BLEND.]
A. As adjective:
I. Subjectively : Unseeing.
(i) Literally. Of men or other beings possessed
of bodily eyes : Unable to see, destitute of
sight, either from being born so or because
some disease of or accident to the eye has
fatally injured its power of vision.
"... : a certain blind man sat by the way-side
begging.”—Luke xviii. 35.
(ii) Figuratively:
1. Of persons :
(1) Not seeing or pretending not to see, self-
love, or love for another obscuring physical or
mental vision.
“ 'Tis gentle, delicate, and kind,
To faults compassionate or blind."
Cowper : Mutual Forbearance.
(2) Intellectually without light, destitute of
understanding, without foresight (formerly
had of applied to the thing unforeseen).
"Blind of the future, and by rage misled."
Dryden.
(3) Destitute of that illumination which
springs from high moral or spiritual character.
· and knowest not that thou art wretched.
and miserable, and poor, and blind."- Rev. iii. 17.
2. Of abstractions to a large extent personified :
(1) Of love, veneration, respect, or other emo-
tions personified : Without intellectual dis-
cernment.
“Her faults he knew not, Love is always blind."
Pope : Junuary und May, 244.
(2) Of elements, natural objects, &c., per-
sonified : Unconscious; unable to plan or
consciously to work out its own destiny.
"... exult to see
An intellectual mastery exercised
O'er the blini elements."
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. viii.
3. Of things. Of needles (in a sort of pun-
ning sense): Without an eye, or with one not
easily seen.
"The smaller sort, which matrons use,
Not quite so blind as they."
Cowper: A Manual more ancient than the art of
Poetry.
II. Objectively : Unseen.
1. So made that the light does not freely
traverse it. Specially-
(1) Dark.
"Her threw into a dongeon deepe and blind."
Spenser: F. Q., IV. xi. 2.
(2) Closed at the further end. [BLIND-
ALLEY, BLIND-LANE.]
“These tubes are nearly as large as crow quills and
of great length. They end by a blind extreinity."-
Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., i. 426. Note.
2. Not visible or not easily found because
concealed from view, whether naturally or by
human artifice; or finally, because informa-
tion respecting it is withheld.
“ There be also blind fires under stone, which flame
not out; but oil being poured upon them, they flame
out.”-Bucon.
“ To grievous and scandalous inconveniences they
make themselves subject, with whom any blind or
secret corner is judged a fit house of common prayer."
-Hooker.
In many parts of England an imperfectly
marked path is known as a blind path. Cf.
the Lat. cæcum iter.
3. Not planned beforehand, unpremedi-
tated, unintended, fortuitous.
“Few-none-find what they love or could have loved,
Though accident, blind contact, and the strong
Necessity of loving, ..
19, . Buron: Childe Harold, iv. 125.
B. As substantive (formed by the omission
of a noun after the adjective blind):
"... the intellectual, moral, and religious improve-
ment of the young blind will soon ..."-Pen. Cycl.
iv. 524.
The blind : Blind people taken collectively.
“The blind receive their sight ..."-Matt. xi. 5.
For the causes which produce blindness
see BLINDNESS. By the census of 1871 there
were in Great Britain and Ireland 31,159 blind
persons enumerated, or 1 in 1,015 of the popu-
lation. The deprivation of sight in an indi-
vidual makes him attend to his other senses,
which by continued exercise become more
acute. The intellectual development of the
blind is not prevented by their infirmity nearly
so much as it is in the case of the deaf, and
the list of blind men who have distinguished
themselves is a long one. When modern
Christian philanthropy began to turn special
attention to the blind, it was thought enough
to furnish them here and there with an
“asylum” [BLIND ASYLUM]; the extent to
which they could be educated by proper means
was not as yet understood. The Abbé Valen-
tine Häuy will for ever be gratefully remem-
bered by the blind, he having established the
first school for their education in Paris in
1784. Two years later he had books for their
benefit printed in raised or embossed cha-
racters. In his footsteps have followed Mr.
Jas. Gall of Edinburgh, Mr. John Alstone of
Glasgow, Dr. How of America, Mr. Lucas of
Bristol, Mr. Frere of London, Mr. Moon of
Brighton, Mr. Wait of New York, and others.
About 1848 the whole Bible was printed at
Glasgow in raised Roman characters, and in
1855–6 the Rev. W. Taylor, F.R.S., edited a
sixpenny magazine for the benefit of the blind.
blind-alley, blind alley, s. An alley
which has no exit except by the aperture
through which entrance was made.
blind area, s.
Arch. : A space around the basement wall
of a house to keep it dry.
blind asylum, s. An asylum for the
blind, properly a place where the blind may
obtain an inviolate place of refuge, which was
all that was originally thought of in con-
nection with them; now their education is
a primary object, though the word asylum
is still often retained. Of blind asylums,
schools for the blind, &c., one was founded in
Memmingen by Weef VI. in 1178, and anotlier
in Paris by St. Louis in 1260. The first in
Britain was commenced at Dublin in 1781, the
next in Liverpool in 1791. Others followed
at Edinburgh in 1792, Bristol 1793, London,
1799, &c. The Yorkshire asylum for the blind,
opened in 1835, was erected in memory of the
great Wilberforce.
blind-axle, s. An axle which runs but
does not communicate motion. It may form
the axis of a sleeve-axle. It is called also a
dead-axle. It may, however, become a live-
axle at intervals. (LIVE-AXLE.]
blind-ball, s. A popular name given to
various species of fungi belonging to the genus
Lycoperdon, and specially to L. bovista.
(Britten & Holland.) [BLINDMAN'S BALL.]
blind-beetle, S. A popular name for
any of the large lamellicorn beetles (Geotrupes
stercorarius or others) which are apt to fly
against people.
blind-blocking, s.
Book-binding : The ornamentation of book-
covers by the pressure of an engraved or coin-
posed block with heat, but without gold-leaf.
blind-buckler, s.
Naut. : A hawse-hole stopper.
blind-coal, S. (Called blind because it
produces no flame.] A mineral anthracite.
(Chiefly Scotch.)
blind-fish, s. An eyeless fish (Amblyopsis
spelceus), found in the Mammoth Cave in
Kentucky.
blind-gallery, s. A gallery without a
window.
blind harry, * blind harrie, * blind
harie, s.
1. Blindman's buff. (Scotch.)
"And some they play'd at blind harrie."
Humble Beggur Herd's Collection, ii. 29. (Jamieson.)
2. A fungus, the Puff-ball (Lycoperdon
bovista), and other species.
blind-lane, s. A lane narrow, dark, and
with only one entrance, so that it could easily
escape the eye of a pursuer.
"And even he made shift to flie and escape through
by-waies and blind-lanes."-Holland : Suetonius, p. 44.
blind-level, s.
Mining: A level or drainage gallery which
has a vertical shaft at each end and acts as an
inverted siphon.
blind-needle, s. A needle without an
eye. [Cf. A., I. 3.]
blind-nettle, s. [The appellation nettle
is given to these plants because their blades
resemble those of the nettle proper, while
blind implies that they do not sting. ] The
name given to various labiate plants with the
character mentioned in the etymology. Spec. -
1. The genus Lamium, and particularly the
species Lamium album. [LAMIUM.]
2. Stachys sylvatica. [STACHYS.]
blind-shell, s.
Artillery: An empty or nnloaded shell, used
only in practice.
blind-side, blindside, s. That side of
one on which one's intellectual vision or one's
moral perceptions are weakest, and on which
he may be most easily assailed.
“He is too great a lover of himself: this is one of his
blindsides ; the best of men, I fear, are not without
them." _Swift.
To get the blind side of a person : To assail
one on the blind side with the view of gaining
a favour from him, if not even of deceiving
or cheating him.-
blind-story, s. [From Eng. blind, a.,
and story = a floor.]
Arch.: A term sometimes applied to the
triforium as opposed to the clerestory-i.e.,
the clear story.
blind-tooling, s.
Book-binding: The ornamental impressions
of heated tools upon book-covers without the
interposition of gold-leaf. (Knight.)
blind-vessel, s.
Chem.: A vessel which has no opening in
the side.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marine; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; trý, Sýrian. , ce =ē. ey=ā. qu= kw.

blind-blindman
583
blind-worm, blindworm, S. [Eng. from planks, finishing also their sides and
blind; and worm. In Dan. blindorm. So ends.
called from the small size of its eyes.] The Blind-slat Planer :
Carp.: A wood-planing machine with side
and edge cutters, adapted to act upon a
7
narrow slat suitable for Venetian shutters and
blinds.
Blind-slat Tenoning-machine:
Carp.: A machine for cutting tenons on the
end of blind-slats where they are to enter the
stiles of the blind. (Knight.)
blind-stile, s. (From Eng. blind (2), s.,
BLIND-WORM.
and stile (Carp.) = the upright piece in fram-
English name of a reptile, the Anguis fragilis,
ing or panelling.)
formerly considered a serpent, but now classed Blind-stile Boring-machine :
with the most aberrant of the lizards. It is Carp. : A machine for boring in blind-stiles
more commonly called the Slow-worm. It is the holes for the reception of the tenons on
not venomous. It feeds on slugs. [ANGUIS, the end of the slats.
SLOW-WORM.]
Blind-stile Machine :
“There the slow blind-worm left his slime
Carp.: A machine for boring holes in a stile
On the fleet limbs that mocked at time."
Scott : Lady of the Lake, iii. 5. I for slats or mortises, sometimes spacing as
blīnd (2), s. & a. [From blind (1), adj. (q.v.).
well. (Knight.)
In Sw. & Dut. blind ; Dan, blinde (Mii.). 7
blind-weaving, a. Pertaining to the
A. As substantive:
weaving of a blind or anything similar.
I. Ordinary Language:
Blind-weaving Loom :
1. Literally :
Weaving: A loom with its warps far apart,
and with an automatic device for placing
(1) Gen. : Anything which hinders vision by
interposing an opaque or partially opaque body
within the shed the thin woollen slips which
form the filling or woof.
between the object looked at and the eye.
(2) Specially :
blind-wiring, a. Wiring a blind..
(a) A screen.
Blind-wiring Machine :
(b) A cover, a hiding-place.
Carp.: A machine for the insertion of the
“So, when the watchful shepherd, from the blind,
scaples connecting a rod with a blind.
Wounds with a random shot the careless hind." (Knight.)
Dryden: Æneid, iv.
2. Figuratively :
* blīnd (3), * blīnde, s. [BLENDE.]
(1) Anything which obscures the mental or blīnd, * blynde, * blyn'-dýn, v.t. & i.
moral vision.
[From A.S. blindan (Bosworth), blendan (Skeat),
“Hardly anything in our conversation is pure and blendean (Lye). In 0. Icel. blinda; Sw. för-
genuine; civility casts a blind over the duty, under
some customary words."--L'Estrange.
blinda, förblända; Dan. forblinde; Dut. ver-
(2) Anything which stands as a cover or
blinden ; Moso-Goth. blindjan, gablindjan.]
pretext for something else ; anything con A. Transitive:
spicuously put forward with the intention of I. Lit. : To deprive of sight by fatally in-
concealing something else hidden behind it. juring the eyes.
“These discourses set an opposition between his
“Blinded like serpents, when they gaze
commands and decrees; making the one a blind for
Upon the emerald's virgin blaze!"
the execution of the other.”—Dr. Henry More: Decay
Moore: The Fire Worshippers.
of Piety.
II. Fig. : In any way to hinder perception.
II. Technically:
1. Of physical vision :
1. Carpentry, Upholstery, &c. : A sun-screen
(1) Subjectively: To dim or impede the
or shade for a window. Blinds are of two
kinds-inside and outside.
vision of the eye by putting something in it.
“I, blinded with my tears."
(1) Inside blinds : A window blind of the
Tennyson : A Dream of Fair Women.
normal type, technically called a roller window
(2) Objectively : So to darken or cloud an
blind, is a sheet of cloth dependent from a
object that the eye cannot see it distinctly.
roller, and is used so as to cover the glass of
“So whirl the seas, such darkness blinds the sky,
a window and prevent people outside from
That the black night receives a deeper dye.”
seeing what passes within. It also prevents
Dryden.
too bright sunlight from entering the room. 2. Of mental vision :
A Venetian blind is a blind formed not of (1) Subjectively: To darken the understand-
cloth but of long thin laths of wood, tied ing; to blind the intellectual perceptions, by
together, and within certain limits movable ; self-interest, prejudice, or the deadening of
they are generally painted green. Other moral sensibility through indulgence in vice.
window blinds are made of wire-gauze, per-. “... or of whose hand have I received any bribe to
forated zinc, &c. There are also dwarf, spring,
blind mine eyes therewith ? and I will restore it you."
and other inside blinds.
-1 Sam. xii 3.
“Who could have thought that any one could so for
(2) Outside blinds: The chief of these are have been blinded by the power of lust?"-Bunyan :
Spanish, Florentine, Venetian, and shutter P. P., pt. ii.
blinds.
In this sense it is sometimes used re-
2. Fortif. : The same as BLINDAGE (fortif.)
flexively.
(q.v.). It is called also a blinded cover.
“... the violation of these is a matter on which
conscience cannot easily blind itself, ..."-J. S. Mill:
3. Saddlery: The same as BLINDERS (sad Polit. Econ. (ed. 1848), bk. i., ch. ix., $ 2.
dlery) (q.v.).
(2) Objectively: To obscure or darken to the
B. As adjective : Pertaining to a screen or mind any object of intellectual perception.
anything similar.
"The state of the controversy between us he endea-
voured, with all his art, to blind and confound."-
blind bridle, s. A bridle with blinds. Stillingfleet.
(Saddlery.) [BLIND (2), S., II. 3. BLINDERS.]
B. Intransitive. (Of the form blynde) : To
blind operator, s. An appliance for
become faded or dull.
opening or closing a blind from the inside,
" That ho blyndes of ble in bour ther ho lygges."
and holding it securely closed, fully open, or
Earl. Eng. Allit. Poems; Cleanness (ed. Morris), 1, 126.
in any intermediate position which may be blīnd'-age (age=ſg), s. [Fr. blindage ;
desired. (Knight.)
from blinder = blind, in a military sense.
More remotely from Eng. blind, a. & s. ]
blind-slat, s. [From Eng. blind (2), and
slat = a narrow board designed to connect
I. Saddlery: A hood to be cast over the
two larger ones or to support something.)
eyes of a runaway horse with the view of
Carp., &c. : An obliquely set slat in a shutter,
stopping hiin.
designed to throw off rain while still admitting
II. Fortification :
some light.
1. A screen of wood faced with earth as a
Blind-slat Chisel :
protection against fire.
Carp.: A hollow chisel for cutting mortises
2. A mantelet designed to protect gunners
in a common blind-stile [BLIND-STILE] to re-
at embrasures or sappers and miners prose-
ceive the ends of slats.
cuting a siege. [MANTELET.]
Blind-slat Cutter :
blīnd'-ěd, * blynd-ed, pa. par. & a.
Carp.: A machine for cutting blind-slats L [BLIND, vit.]
blīnd'-ěr, s. [Eng. blind ; -er. In Fr. blinder
(Mil.).]
I. He who or that which blinds.
II. Harness-making. Pl, Blinders: Flaps
shading the eyes of a carriage-horse on the
right and left to prevent his seeing properly
on either side. They are called also blinkers
and winkers.
blīnd'-föld, * blind-felde, * blynd-fel-
len, v.t. (Eng. blind, and fold, a corruption
of O. Eng. fyllan = to strike, fell, hence the
original meaning is to strike one blind.]
1. Lit. : To prevent one from seeing, and
thus virtually render him temporarily blind
by binding a cloth round his eyes.
"Blyndfellen' ...”—Prompt. Parv.
“And when they had blindfolded him, they struck
him on the face, and asked him, saying, Prophesy,
who is it that smote thee?”—Luke xxii. 64.
2. Fig.: Deprived of mental or spiritual
vision by the interposition of prejudice, or in
any similar way.
“If ye will wincke in so open and cleare light and
let yourselues be led blindfolded, and haue your part
with the hypocrites in lyke sinne and mischief, ..."
-Tyndall : Workes, p. 341.
blind'-föld, * blyn-feld, * blinde-fylde,
* blind-fel-lyd, a. [Contracted from blind-
folded (q.v.).]
1. Lit. : Having the eyes bandaged, so as to
render them virtually “blind” for the time.
“Through Solway sands, through Tarras moss,
Blindfold, he knew the path to cross.”
Scott : The Lay of the Last Minstret, i. 21.
2. Fig.: Not able to see or foresee anything.
“Fate's blindfold reign the atheist loudly owns,
And Providence blasphemously dethrones."
Dryden: Suum Cuique.
blīnd'-föld-ed, * blynde-fold-ed, pa.
par. & a. [BLINDFOLD.]
“ The shrift is done, the Friar is gone,
Blindfolded as he came.”
Scott : Rokeby, v. 27.
blīnd'-föld-îng, pr. par. [BLINDFOLD, v.]
blīnd'-îng, * blönd'-inge, pr. par., d., & s.
(BLIND, v.]
A. & B. As present participle & participial
adjective : In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
1. As participial adjective. Spec. : Imparting
actual blindness.
“ You nimble lightnings, dart your blinding Alan
Into her scornful eyes !". Shakesp. : Lear, ii. 4.
2. Fig.: Obscuring physical, mental, or
spiritual vision.
“... through the midst of blinding tears."
Hemans: The Siege of Valencia.
C. As substantive: A coating of sand, fine
gravel, or anything similar laid over a newly-
paved road to fill the interstices between the
stones. (Knight.) It is sometimes called
binding.
* blīnd'-lînş, * blynd-lĩng-is, * blind-
linge, adv. [Ger. & Dan. blindlin gs. Eng.
blind, and adv. suff. -ling, a nasalized form of
-lice.] Having the eyes closed ; hoodwinked.
“Quhen blyndlingis in the batall fey thay ficht."
Doug.: Virgil, 50, 22. (Jamieson.)
blind-lý, * blinde-lý, cdo. [Eng. blind,
* blinde; -ly. A.S. blindlice.]
1. Lit. : Without sight.
2. Figuratively :
(1) Without proper thought or inquiry, im-
plicitly; with implicit trust in the advice,
judgment, or guidance of another.
"How ready zeal for interest and party is to charge
atheism on those who will not, without examining,
submit, and blindly swallow their nonsense."-Locke.
(2) Without judgment or direction.
“How seas, and earth, and air, and active fiame,
Fell through the mighty void ; and, in their fall,
Were blindly gather'd in this goodly ball.”
Dryden.
blind-măn, blind măn, S. [Eng. blind,
and man.] A man who is blind. (Lit. & Fig.)
Generally the two words, blind and man,
are quite distinct, except in the compounds
which follow. Bunyan, however, combines
them to make a proper name.
"And first among themselves. Mr. Blindman, the
foreman, said, I see clearly that this man is a heretic."
-Bunyan: P. P., pt. i.
blindman's ball, blind man's ball.
S. [So called because it is believed in Sweden,
Scotland, &c., that if its dust copiously enter
the eye, blindness will result.] A Scotch
name for a certain fungus, the Common Puff-
ball. It has also other names, as the Devil's
Snuff-box, &c. [BLIND-BALL.]
Into her scornfulevass,,,dart your blinding flames
bóll, boy; pout, jówl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhắn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, del.

584
blindness-bliss
"Lycoperdon bovista. The Blind man's Ball. Scot
aust.“-Lightfoot, p. 1,122. (Jamieson.)
blindman's buff, s. [From Eng. blind;
man; and O. Eng. buff = a blow. [BUFF.] In
Sw. blindbock; Dan. blindebuk, from blinde;
and 0. Dan. buk = a blunder. Possibly Eng.
buff may be a corruption of the Dan. buk.]
1. Lit. : A game in which a person has his
eyes bandaged, and is required to pursue the
rest of the company till he catches one. On
naming the person caught, he is released, and
the one he has taken, being bandaged, becomes
in turn the pursuer.
2. Figuratively :
(1) The act, operation, or "game” of finding
one's way in literal darkness.
“Disguis'd in all the mask of night,
We left our champion on his flight;
At blindman's buff to grope his way.
In equal fear of night and day.”-Uudibras.
(2) The closing of one's eyes against facts or
arguments in a controversy.
“He imagines that I shut my eyes again; but surely
he fancies I play at blindman's buff with him; for he
thinks I never have my eyes open."-Stillingfleet.
blindman's een, blind man's een, s.
[Een in Scotch is = eyes.] The same as BLIND-
MAN'S BALL (q.v.). (Scotch.)
blindman's holiday, s. Twilight, or
rather the hour between the time when one
can no longer see to read or work, and the
lighting of candles, &c.
blīnd'-něss, * blīnd'-něsse, * blīnde-
nesse, * bly'nd-něsse, * blý'nd-něs, s.
[From A.S. blindnes. ]
1. Lit. : The state of being blind; temporary
or permanent want of sight.
Sometimes blindness exists from birth ;
at other times it is the result of disease at
some period or other of life. It may be pro-
duced by the severer kinds of ophthalmia.
Many soldiers of the British ariny which, on
the 8th and 21st of March, 1801, fought the
battles of Aboukir and Alexandria, were seized
with ophthalmia while in Egypt, and on re-
turning home communicated the disease to
regiments which had never been in Africa;
many in consequence lost their eyesight.
Malignant small-pox can produce the same
result; a large proportion of the blind men
now in India were deprived of vision in this
way. Patients become blind after fever,
measles, hooping-cough, or convulsions, or
through cataract, inflammation of some part
of the delicate machinery of the eye, violence,
accident, or the decay of the system produced
by old age. [For the treatment of the blind,
see BLIND (1), s.]
2. Fig.: Absence of intellectual perception,
produced by ignorance, prejudice, passion, &c.
“Our feelings pervert our convictions by smiting us
with intellectual blindness."-Bain: The Emotions
and the Will (2nd ed.); The Emotions, ch. i., p. 25.
“It may be said there exists no limit to the blind-
ness of interest and selfish habit. "-Darwin :
Voyage round the World (ed. 1870), ch. ii., p. 25.
blínk, * blincke, * blenk, v.i. &t. [From
Dan.blinke = to shine, to glitter, to twinkle,
sparkle, wink, twinkle with the eye, or blink;
Sw. blinka = to wink, to connive; Dut. &
Ger. blinken = to gleam, to sparkle, to glitter,
to glisten. Compare also A.S. blícan = to
shine, glitter, dazzle, amaze; Dut. blikken =
to turn pale, to twinkle, to glitter; Ger. blec-
ken=to look, to glance.]
A. Intransitive:
I. To shine, to glitter, to twinkle.
1. Gen. Of the sun or anything luminous,
whether by inherent or reflected light : To shine,
especially to do so for a brief period and then
withdraw the light.
“When seven years were come and gane,
The sun blinked fair on pool and stream."
Scott: Thomas the Rhymer, pt. ii.
2. Spec. Of the eye :
(1) Lit. : To give the eye the twinkling ino-
tion of anything glittering.
(a) To wink designedly or unintentionally
through weakness of eyes.
" So politick, as if one eye
Upon the other were a spy ;
That, to trepan the one to think
The other blind, both strove to blink."
Hudibras.
"His figure such as might his soul proclaim;
One eye was blinking, and one leg was lame."
Pope : Hom. Iliad, bk. ii.
(6) To open the eyes, as one does from a
slumber,
"The king wp blenkit hastily."
Barbour, vii. 203, MS. T
(c) To take a momentary glance, even though
the eye does not wink in doing so.
Johnson interprets blenk in the example
quoted as meaning, to see obscurely.
“ Blenk in this mirrour, man, and mend;
For heir thou may thy exempill see.”
Poems, 16th Cent., p. 212.
“Sweet and lovely wall,
Shew me thy chink, to blink through with mine eyne."
Shakesp. : Mid. Night's Dream, v. 1.
(2) Fig. : To look with a favourable eye.
"All would go well, if it might please God to blink
upon Scotland, to remove the three plagues that we
hear continue there, ..."-Baillie: Lett., ii. 117
(Jamieson.)
II. To become a little sour. (Used of milk.
In Scotch phrase bleezed [BLEEZE). It pro-
bably meant originally turned sour by a blink
or gleam of lightning, or, it may be, bewitched
by the wink of some evil eye.) [B. 2.]
"I canna tell you fat was the matter wi't [the ale),
gin the wort was blinkit, ..."-Journal from London,
p. 3. (Jamieson.)
B. Transitive :
1. Purposely to avoid seeing, or at least
attending to, a particular thing, as if by
winking at the moment when it was presented
for observation, as “to blink a fact."
2. To bewitch, to dim. (See example under
blinked.)
blínk, * blýnke, * blynck, * blenk, s. & a.
[From blink, v. (q.v.). In Sw. & Dan. blink, s.
= a twinkling, glimpse, beam, glance, or
sparkle.]
A. As substantive :
I. Literally:
1. Gen. : A ray, rays, or sparkle of light.
(1) A momentary glimpse or gleam of light
directly emitted by a fire, a candle, or other
luminous body, or reflected from any surface.
“Of drawin swerdis sclenting to and fra
The bricht mettell, and vthir armour fere
Quharon the son blenkis betis clere."
Doug. : Virgil, 226, 8.
“Gi'e me the blink o' a candle.”—Jamieson.
(2) The reflection of light, not necessarily
temporary, from the surface of a body.
Blink of the ice. Among Greenland
whalers, Arctic navigators, &c. : That dazzling
whiteness about the horizon, which is occa-
sioned by the reflection of light from fields of
ice. It is now more generally called the ice-
hlink (q.v.). (Falconer.)
2. Spec. : The act of winking, a wink, or
sudden glance of the eye, whether unintention-
ally or as a signal to some other person.
" The amorous blyncks flee to and fro.”.
Turberville : The Lover obtaining his wish.
"But trow ye that Sir Arthur's command could
forbid the gibe o' the tongue or the blink o' the e'e, or
gar them gie me my food wi' the look o' kindness that
gars it digest sae weel ..."-Scott : Antiquary, ch. xii.
II. Figuratively :
1. Of time :
(1) A very brief period of time, taking only
about as long as the twinkling of an eye; a
“ twinkling.”
“For nineteen days and nineteen nights,
Of sun, or inoon, or midnight stern
Auld Durie never saw a blink,
The lodging was sae dark and dern."
Minstrelsy of the Border, iii. 116.
(2) A short period, but by no means so brief
as that indicated under II. (1).
“A blenk, or blink, a twinkling of fair weather."
Sir J. Sinclair, p. 113.
“Since human life is but a blink,
Why should we then its short joys sink.".
Ramsay: Poerns, ii. 377.
2. Of space : A short distance, a little way,
such as may be passed over in a “blink" of
time.
“There cam'a fiddler out o' Fife,
A blink beyond Balweary, &c."
Jacobite Relics, i. 21. (Jamieson.)
3. Of mental action or emotion: A spiritual
glance.
“... soul-refreshing blinks of the Gospel, . . ."-
Walker: Remark, Passages, p. 85.
4. Of the Divine favour, or of worldly advan-
tage bestowed :
(a) A glance of loving favour from God.
(6) A gleam of prosperity during adversity.
“ By this blink of fair weather in such a storme of
forrain assaults, things were again somewhat changed,
and the Brucians encouraged."-Hume: Hist. Doug.,
p. 69.
III. Abnormally (always in the plural,
blinks): Boughs of trees used to barricade a
path in a forest along which deer are expected
to pass. (Crabb.) [Comp. BLENCHER.]
B. As adjective : Blinking. [BLINK-EYED.]
blink-beer, s. Beer kept unbroached
until it is sharp.
blink-eyed, a. Having winking eyes.
“... the foolish blink-eyed boye." — Gascoigne :
Hearbes.
* blĩnk'-ard, s. (Eng. blink; and suff. -ard.]
1. Lit. : He who willingly, or from his eyes
being weak, “blinks,” i.e., winks.
“ Brayneless blynkards that blowe at the cole.”
Skelton : The Crown of Laurel. (Trench.)
2. Figuratively :
(1) One who wilfully or inadvertently fails
to take notice of something presented to his
view.
"Or was there something of intended satire; is the
professor and seer not quite the blinkard he affects to
be?”—Carlyle : Sartor Resartus.
(2) Anything the light of which is feeble
and twinkling.
“In some parts we see many glerious and eminent
stars, in others few of any remarkable greatness, and
in some none but blinkards and obscure ones."-Hake-
will.
blĩnked, * blincked, pa. par. & d. [BLINK,
v.t.]
A. As pa. par.: See the verb.
B. As participial adjective :
1. Dimmed.
“... and keepe continuall spy
Upon her with his other blincked eye."
Spenser : F. Q., III. ix. 5.
2. Evaded.
blĩnk'-ēr, s. [Eng. blink ; -er.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. In the singular :
(1) In contempt : One who winks at the sight
of dangers which he cannot avert. (Scotch.)
“There, seize the blinkers !"
Burns : Scotch Drink.
(2) A person who is blind of one eye.
(Jamieson.)
2. In the plural:
(1) Literally: In the sense given under II.
Saddlery (q.v.).
“On being pressed by her friends some time after the
Restoration to go to court, “By no means,' said she,
"unless I may be allowed to wear blinkers.'"--Gilpin :
Tour to the Lakes, vol. ii., p. 154.
(2) Fig. : A device to prevent mental vision.
“... nor bigots who but one way see,
Through blinkers of authority."
Green: The Grotto.
II. Saddlery : Prolongations of a horse's
bridle on either side, intended to prevent his
seeing to the right and left or behind, and thus
diminish the likelihood of his shying at ima-
ginary danger or asserting his independence.
Called also blinders and blinds. [I.]
| blink'-ing, * blěnk'-ing, pr. par. & a.
[BLINK.]
A. & B. As pr. par. and particip. adj. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
“Who by a blinking lamp consume the night."
Cotton : Epigram.
C. As subst. : The act of winking.
“ The amorous blenking
Of fair Creseide.'
Chaucer : The Complaint of Creseide.
* blinking - chickweed, blinking
chickweed, s. A plant, Montia fontana.
(Prior.) [BLINKS.]
blinks, s. The name of a plant, the Water-
chickweed (Montia fontana), and the book-
name of the genus to which it belongs.
(Prior, Hooker & Arnott, &c.) [BLINKING-
CHICKWEED.]
* blĩnne, v.i. & t. [BLIN.]
* blírt, v.i. [Ger. blaerren, plärren = to
bellow.] To make a noise in weeping, to cry.
(Scotch.)
" I'll gar you blirt with both your een."
S. Prov., Kelly, p. 397. (Jamieson.)
* blírt-ie, d. [From Scotch blirt = a burst of
wind and rain.]
Lit. : Gusty with wind and rain.
"O! poortith is a wintry day.
Cheerless, blirtie, cauld, an' blae."
Tannahill: Poems, p. 19. (Jamieson.)
* blisch-en, v.i. [BLUSH, v.]
*hison
bliss, * blýsse, * blesse, * blís, * blysse,
* blýss, * blys, * blísce, s. [A.S. blis, blys
= bliss, joy, gladness, exultation, pleasure.
From blithe =joyful.] [BLITHE.]
I. Happiness of the highest kind, unalloyed
felicity. Used-
1. Of heavenly felicity enjoyed by angels or
ransomed human spirits. [BLISSED.]
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whăt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pſt, sire, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian. a, crē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

blisse_blithe
585
blister-steel, s.
Iron-working : Steel of blistered appearance
formed by roasting bar-iron in contact with
carbon in a cementing furnace. Two subse-
quent processes convert it into shear-steel and
cast-steel (q.v.).
blựs’-těr, v.i. & t. [From blister, s. (q.v.).]
A. Intrans. : To rise in vesications.
"If I prove honeymouth, let my tongue blister,
And never to my red-look'd anger be
The trumpet any more.”
Shakesp. : Wint. Tale, ii. 2.
B. Transitive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally :
(1) To raise vesications on the skin, unin-
tentionally, by burning; designedly, for medi-
cal purposes; or in any other way.
"I blistered the legs and thighs, but was too late; he
died howling."—Wiseman.
(2) To raise small swellings like vesications
on a plant.
... that no part of them (graffes] be seene either
scorched drie with the sunne, or cicatrized (as it were)
and blistered.”-Holland : Plinie, bk. xvii., ch. 14.
2. Fig.: To injure, as the reputation, &c. ;
to annoy, irritate the temper, as a blister acts
on the skin.
“Look, here comes one: a gentlewoman of mine,
Who, falling in the flaws of her own youth,
Hath blister'd her report."
Shakesp. : Meas. for Meas., ii. 3.
II. Technically :
1. Med. & Phar. : To produce vesications on
the skin by means of a blister-plaster, or in
any similar way. (BLISTER, S., A. II.]
2. Bot. [BLISTERED. See also I., 1. (2).]
blis'-tered, pa. par. & a. [BLISTER, v.t.]
I. Ord. Lang. : In senses corresponding to
those of the verb.
II. Bot. : Having the surface raised, so as to
resemble the elevations on the blistered skin
of an animal.
"And blew alle the blessed into the blisse of paradise."
Langl. : Piers Plowman Vision, ii. 503.
“That if the happie soules, which doe possesse
Th' Elysian fields and live in lasting blesse."
Spenser: FQ,IV. x. 23.
“... and antedate the bliss above.”—Pope : Ode on
St. Cecilia's Day, 1123.
2. Less forcibly: Of earthly felicity enjoyed
in certain circumstances.
(1) By man.
“Bliss is the same in subject or in king."
Pope : Essay on Man, iv, 58.
(2) By the inferior animals.
“He leapt about, and oft did kiss
His master's hands in sign of bliss."
Wordsworth: Blind Highland Boy.
II. Glory.
“And king of blisse in come sal he,
Wha es he the king of blesse that isse ?
Lauerd of mightes es kinge of blisse."
Met. Eng. Psalter (bef. 1300), Ps. xxiii. (xxiv.) 9, 10.
Formerly it was at times used in the
plural.
“Ther may no man have parfyt blisses tuo."
Chaucer: C. T., 9,512.
Obvious compound, bliss-producing.
*blisse (1) (pret. blist; pa. par. blissed, blist), v.t.
[From A.S. blissian (i.) = to rejoice (t.), to
make to rejoice (not the same as bletsian = to
bless.] [BLESS.]
1. To fill with bliss, to make happy.
2. To bless.
"... and how the ground he kist.
Wherein it written was, and how himselfe he blist.”
Spenser : F.Q., IV. vii. 46.
3. To wave to and fro. [BLESS (1), II.)
(Lawson : Secret of Angling, 1652.) (Halliwell :
Cont. to Lexicog.)
* blựsse (2), v.t. [BLESS (2).] To wound.
(Spenser: F. Q., VI. viii. 13.)
* blțs'-sěd, * blýs'-sýd, pa. par. & a.
[BLESSED.]
"Blyssyd, hevenly: Beatus,
Blessyd, erthely: Benedictus, felix."
Prompt. Parv.
* blựs'-sěd-ly, adv. [BLESSEDLY.]
* blis-sen, v.t. [From Dut. bleschen = to
quench.) To lessen.
“For to blissen swilc sinnes same.”
Story of Gen. & Exod., 553.
bliss'-fúi, * blis'-fúl, a. (Eng. bliss; -ful.]
1. Of persons :
(1) Full of bliss, as happy as it is conceiva-
ble that one could be, or at least very happy.
· (2) Causing bliss.
“That bar that blisful barne ..."
Langt. Piers Plowman Vision, ii. 3.
2. Of times : During which bliss has been
felt.
“So peaceful shalt thou end thy blissful days,
And steal thyself from life by slow decays.
Pope.
3. Of places : Characterised by the presence
of bliss.
(a) Generally : Characterised by bliss of any
kind.
“First in the fields I try the silvan strains,
Nor blush to sport in Windsor's blissful plains."
Pope: Pastorals; Spring.
(6) Spec. : Characterised by heavenly bliss.
“But none shall gain the blissful place."
Cowper : Olney Hymns; A living and a dead faith.
4. Of things:
“If Love's sweet music, and his blissful cheer,
E'er touch'd your hearts, or mollify'd your ear."
Drayton: The Owl.
| Blissful vision : [BEATIFIC VISION.]
“The two saddest ingredients in hell, are depriva-
tion of the blissful vision, and confusion of face.”-
Hammond.
* bliss-ful-head, * blys-ful-hede, S.
[Eng. blissful; -head.] The state of being in
bliss.
"Endeles blysfulhede in alle thyng."-Hampole :
Pricke of Consc., 7,836.
bliss'-fúl-ly, adv. [Eng, blissful; -ly.] In a
blissful manner, very happily, felicitously.
“But the death of Christians is nothing else but a
slepe, from the which they shall awake agayne at the
commyng of Christ, to lyve a great deale more bliss-
fully."-Udal: Thess. c. 4.
bliss'-ful-něss, * blựs'-ful-něsse, s. [Eng.
blissful; -ness.] The state or quality of being
blissful.
1. Of beings or persons : The state or quality
of being blissful; intense happiness, joyful-
ness.
.. incapable of admitting any accession to his
perfect blissfulness.”_Barrow, vol. i. Ser. 8.
2. Of times, places, or things : The quality of
being characterised by the presence of bliss,
or of imparting bliss.
* blissien, v.t. [BLESS, v.] (Stratmann.)
"To blission mire dughethe.”—Layamon, 19,041.
* blựs-sîng, s. [BLESSING.) (Metrical Eng.
Psalter, before A.D. 1300, Psalm xxiii. 5.)
+ bliss'-lěss, a. [Eng. bliss; -less.] Without
bliss.
"... my blissless lot."-Sydney: Arcadia.
* blựs'-som, v.i. [O. Icel. blæsma = to be
maris appetens, from blær = a ram.] To be
lustful, to be lascivious. (Coles.)
* blîst, pa. par. & a. [BLISSE.]
blís'-tēr, * blựs-tre, s. & a. [From 0. Dut.
bluister = blister. In Sw. blåsa = a bladder,
a blister, from blasa ; Icel. blisa = to blow.
Skeat considers blister practically a diminu-
tive of the word blast, in the sense of swelling
or blowing up. To a certain extent cognate
also with Sw. bläddra ; Dan. bloere; Dut.
blaar, all = blister; and with Eng. bladder
(q.v.). ]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally. (Borrowed from the medical and
pharmaceutical uses of the word):
(1) A vesication on the human body or on
the body of an animal. [II. 1.)
“In this state she gallops, night by night,
O'er ladies' lips, who straight on kisses dream,
Which oft the angry Mab with blisters plagues,
Because their breaths with sweetmeats tainted are."
Shakesp. : Rom. & Jul. i. 4.
"I found a great blister drawn by the garlick, but had
it cut, which run a good deal of water, but filled again
by next night.”—Temple.
(2) An appliance for producing it. [II. 2.)
2. Fig. : Anything resembling a vesication
on a plant, on a painted surface, on iron, or
anything else. (II. 3.]
II. Technically:
1. Med.: A vesication produced upon the
skin by an external irritating application, or
by the friction of something hard. But the
special use of the term is for a vesication pro-
duced intentionally for medical purposes by
the application of a blister-plaster, of which the
virtue consists in the powdered “Spanish” or
“blister” flies scattered over the surface [2].
When this is first placed upon the skin there
arises a sense of tingling and heat, followed
by redness and pain, after which the cuticle
rises into a vesicle or bladder filled with a
watery fluid like the serum of the blood. On
the puncturing of the bladder this at once
escapes. In a few days the destroyed cuticle
has its place supplied by new skin. Such
blisters by attracting blood to them tend to
withdraw it from morbidly gorged internal
organs in a state of inflammation, besides
setting up a second morbid action of which
the tendency is to counterwork the first, with
great relief to the system. [BLEB, PEMPHIGUS,
VESICATION.]
2. Pharm. : A vesicatory designed to act
upon the skin. It is generally made of the
Spanish or blister-fly [BLISTER-FLY] powdered,
mixed with lard and wax; the whole spread
upon leather. It is commonly applied to the
skin of the patient for ten or twelve hours.
3. Bot. : A morbid swelling like a vesication
in a leaf, produced by the puncture or excava-
tion of insects, or by any other cause.
"Upon the leaves there riseth a tumour like a
blister."-Bacon.
B. As adjective: Producing vesications on
the skin, as BLISTER-BEETLE (q.v.).
blister-beetle, s. The same as BLISTER-
FLY (q. v.).
blister-fly, s. The name for any “fly,"
using that term in its widest sense to designate
any flying insect. The more common blister-
flies are beetles, and they are in consequence
sometimes called blister-beetles. That most
frequently employed by medical men for raising
blisters on the skin is the Lytta vesicatoria,
formerly called Cantharis vesicatorius. It
feeds on the ash. It is indigenous in the
South of Europe, and being among other
places imported from Spain, is often called the
Spanish-fly. [BLISTER-BEETLE, CANTHARIS,
LYTTA, SPANISH-FLY.]
blister-plaster, s. A plaster medically
prescribed to blister the skin. (BLISTER, II.
2, Pharm.]
blis'-ter-ing, pr. par., A., & s. [BLISTER, v.]
A. & B. As present participle & participial
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
C. As substantive: The act of raising vesi-
cations on the skin; the state of having them
raised upon one's skin.
"Blistering, cupping, bleeding are seldom of use but
to the idle and intemperate."-Spectator, No. 195.
blựs'-tēr-wõrt, s. [Eng. blister ; wort.] A
plant—the Celery-leaved Crowfoot (Ranun-
culus sceleratus). (Lyte.)
t blis-tẼr-V, a. [Eng. blister; -9.] All covered
with blisters. (Webster.)
blīte, s. [BLITUM.] A name for various plants.
1. Amaranthus blitum.
2. The Good King Henry (Chenopodium
Bonus Henricus.) (Prior.)
3. Various species of Atriplex and other
Chenopodiaceæ. (Britten & Holland.)
(a) Sea-blite: An English name for plants
of the genus Suoda.
(6) Strawberry Blite : The English name for
plants of the genus Blitum. [BLITUM.]
blīthe, * blythe, * blīth, * blyth, a. [A.S.
blidhe = (1) joyful, (2) single, simple, kind, (3)
luxurious, lascivious; Icel. blidhr; Św. blid =
mild, propitious; Dan. blid = cheerful, gay;
Dut, blij, blyd, blyde =joyful, cheerful ; . H.
Ger. blidhi = glad; Moso-Goth. bleiths =
merciful, kind.]
1. Of persons, or, indeed, of any sentient
being : Gay, cheerful, joyous, merry, mirthful.
(a) Of the human countenance.
“We have always one eye fixed upon the counten-
ance of our enemies; and, according to the blithe or
heavy aspect thereof, our other eye sheweth some
other suitable token either of dislike or approbation."
-Hooker : Eccl. Pol., bk. iv., ch. ix., $ 2.
(6) Of man's thoughts, feelings, or demeanour.
“Stole in among the morning's blither thoughts."
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. 2.
(c) Of the lower animals :
" To whom the wily adder, blithe and glad ;
Empress! the way is ready, and not long."
Milton: P. L., bk. ix.
2. Of things : Exciting, attended by, or asso-
ciated with gaiety, cheerfulness, joy, or mirth.
“And the New-year blithe and bold, my friend."
Tennyson: The Death of the Old Year.
T an old poet uses it for the adverb blithely.
"Than doth the nyghtyngale hir myght,
To make noyse, and syngen blythe."
The Romaunt of the Rose.
boil, boy: pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ģem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-oian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shủn; -ţion, -şion=zhŭn. tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -tre, &c. = bel, tēr.

586
blithe-block
* blīțhe, * blythe (0. Scotch), * bli-then, 2. Figuratively :
blob-lipped, a. The same as BLOBBER-
* bly-then (0. Eng.), v. t. [Compare A.S. (1) Of persons : To puff up as with unwonted LIPPED (q.v.). (Johnson.)
blithsian = to be blithe or glad; from A.S. commendation; to render conceited.
blidhe.] [BLITHE.] To gladden. (Prompt.Parv.) “ Then damn not, but indulge his rude essays,
blob'-bēr, * blob'-ēr, * blůb'-ēr, * blob'-
Encourage him, and bloat him up with praise,
ure, * blo-byr, s. (BLUBBER, BLEB.]
* blīthe'-fúl, a. [Eng. blithe ; ful(l). ] Full
That he may get more bulk before
Dryden : Prologue to Circe.
1. A bubble.
of gaiety; gay, sprightly, mirthful, joyous.
" Blober upon water (or bubble), bouteillis."—Palsgr.
(2) Of things : To cast a turgidness upon; to
(Minsheu.)
swell out upon; to create inflation.
* 2. A medusa (?).
blithe’-lý, * bith-lý, * blithe - like,
“... where fear's black banner bloats the troubled sky."
“There swimmeth also in the sea a round slimy sub-
stance, called a blobber."-Carew.
*blithe-liche, adv. [Eng. blithe ; -ly. In
Beattie : Ode to Hope.
A.S. blidhelice.] In a blithe manner; gaily,
B. Intrans. : To swell; to grow turgid.
blobber-lip, blobberlip, s. Having
cheerfully. [BLEYLY.]
“If a person of a firm constitution begins to bloat, a thick, blubbery lip.
from being warm grows cold, his fibres grow weak.”—
“And he here bitagten blithelike."
Arbuthnot.
“They make a wit of their insipid friend,
Story of Gen. & Exod., 1,424.
His blobberlips and beetlebrows commend,"
“Blithely they saw the rising sun
bloat(2), + blote (2), v.t. & i. [Comp. Sw. blöt-
Dryden.
When he shone fair on Carlisle wall."
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, vi. 11.
fisk = soaked fish; from blöta, v.t. = to steep, blobber-lipped, blobberlipped, a.
to macerate, to sop; blotna, blötna, v.i. = to Having tumid lips ; thick-lipped. Used –
* blithe'-meat, * blyth'-meat, s. [Eng. & soften, to melt, to relent; blöt = soft, yielding,
1. Of man or the higher animals.
Scotch blithe, and meat.] The meat distributed pulpy.)
"His person deformed to the highest degree; flat-
among those who are present at the birth of a A. Transitive: To cause to dry in smoke.
nosed and blobberlipped." -L'Estrange.
child, or among the rest of the family.
“I have more smoke in my mouth than would blote 2. Of shells.
“ Triformis Howdie did her skill
a hundred herrings."-B. & F. : Isl. Prin., ii.
"A blobberlipped shell seemeth to be a kind of mus-
For the blyth-meat exe: t.”
Taylor : S. Poems, p. 37. (Jamieson.)
sel."-Grew.
It occurs most frequently in the past par-
ticiple or as a participial adjective. [BLOATED.]
* blithen, * blythyn, v.t. [BLITHE.] To B. Intrans. : To become dry in smoke.
*blob'-bỉt, particip. a. (From blob, s. (q.v.).]
cheer, make happy.
Blotted ; blurred.
[BLOATING (2).]
"Blythyn, or welle-cheryn. Exhillero." -Prompt.
"... congruit and not rasit [erased), na blobbit of
suspect placis."- Acts Ja. 1., 1429, c. 128, edit. 1566,
Parv.
* bloat (1), a. [From bloat (1), V. (q.v.).] c. 113. (Jamieson.)
“This blythis me mekill mor."- Wallace, ix. 251. Swelled with gluttony, intemperate use of
* blob'-tāle, s. (From blob, a corruption of
blīthe'-ness, * blīth'-ness, * blīth' -
beer, &c.
"Let the bloat king tempt you again ..."
blab, v., and Eng. tale.] A tell-tale; a blab.
něsse, s. [A.S. blidhnes.] The quality of
Shakesp. : Hamlet, iii. 4.
“These blobtales could find no other news to keep
being blithe ; gaiety, cheerfulness, sprightli-
bloat (2), a. [Contracted from bloater (q.v.).]
their tongues in motion."—Bp. Hacket: Life of Abp.
ness, joyousness.
Williams, pt. ii., p. 67.
“The delightfulness and blithness of their (poets]
* bloat-herring, s. A dried herring, a * blo'-bure, * blo-byr, s. [BLOBBER.)
compositions, ..."-Digby: On the Soul, ch. 3.
bloater.
"... like so many bloat-herrings newly taken out
blīķhe'-sóme, + blīth' -some, d. [Eng.
bloc, s. [Fr. bloc = a block, lump, ...)
of the chimney."—B. Jonson: Masque of Augures.
[BLOCK, s.]
blithe ; some.]
bloat:-ěd (1), pa. par. & a. [From bloat (1), v. En bloc. [Fr.) In lump, altogether, in
1. Of persons : Somewhat blithe ; to a certain
(q.v.).]
mass; without separating one from another.
extent cheerful or gay.
A. As past participle: In senses correspond “Mr. Dodson strongly dissuaded the House from
2. Of things : Inspiring cheerfulness.
ing to those of the verb.
accepting the recommendations en bloc." - T'imes,
“On blithsome frolics bent, the youthful swains."
March 25, 1876.
Thomson: Seasons; Winter.
B. As adjective:
1. Literally: Turgid. Used of human or
1 block, * blok (Eng.), block, * blocke,
bithe-söme-l, ado. [Eng. blithesome ; -lg.]
animal bodies.
* blok, * bloik (Scotch), s. & a. [In Sw. &
In a blithesome manner, cheerfully, gaily.
... an overgorg'd
Ger. block; O. H. Ger. bloch; Dan. & Dut. blok ;
And bloated spider,
Icel. blegdhr; Flem. bloc; Pol. kloc; Russ.
blīthe'-some-ness, + blīth'-some-něss,
Cowper : Task, bk. v.
plakha ; Wel. ploc, plocian, plocyn, plocynan =
S. [Eng. blithesome; -ness.] The quality of 2. Figuratively:
a block, a plug; Gael. pluc=a lump, a bump,
being bīithesome. (Johnson.)
(1) Of mental abstractions, as ease : Pampered. a jumble of a sea; ploc = any round mass, a
“Oh! there is sweetness in the mountain air,
blī-túm, s. [In Fr. blette ; Prov. bleda ; Sp.
junk of a stick, a potato-masher, a large clod,
And life, that bloated Ease can never hope to share."
blédo; Ital. blito; Mod. Lat.blitum; Gr. Britov
a very large head; Ir. ploc = a plug, a bung.
Byron: Childe Harold, i. 30.
Cognate with break and plug (q.v.).]
(bliton), Bantov (leton)= strawberry blite, or (2) Of persons : Inflated with praise or with
amarant blite. Compare also Ger. blutkraut.]
pride.
A. As substantive :
[BLITE.]
Strange, that such folly, as lifts bloated man
I. Ordinary Language :
To eminence fit only for a god."
Bot. Strawberry Blite: A genus of plants
Cowper: Task, bk. v.
1. Literally:
belonging to the order Chenopodiaceæ (Cheno-
(1) Gen.: A massive body with an extended
| bloat'-ěd (2), pa. par. & a. [BLOAT (2), v.]
pods). The heads of the several species, when
surface, whether in its natural state or artifi-
ripe, resemble wood-strawberries in colour and
“Three pails of sprats, carried from mart to mart,
Are as much meat as these, to more use travel'd,
cially smoothed on one or more sides.
appearance. They are succulent, and were for-
A bunch of bloated fools !" B. & Fl.: Q. of Cor. ii. 4.
“... violently career'd round into our own placid
merly used by cooks for colouring puddings.
watery vista a huge charging block of waters." --
Locality, Southern Europe.
bloat'-ed-ness, s. [Eng. bloated (1); and Quincey: Works, 2nd ed., i. 103.
suffix -ness.] The quality of being bloated; a (2) Spec. : A thick piece of timber, iron, or
* blive, adv. [BELIVE.] Quickly. (Spenser : swelling of the cheeks, the stomach, &c., from
other material more or less shaped by art; as-
F. Q., II. iii. 18.)
intemperate indulgence in the appetites, from
(a) The massive piece of wood on which
disease, or other causes.
* blô, củ. [A.S. bleo; N. Fris. bla; O. H. Ger.
state criminals when doomed to death are be-
"Lassitude, laziness, bloatedness, and scorbutical
blao.) Blue, livid, pale. [BLAE, BLA.] (Story
headed.
spots, are symptoms of weak fibres."-Arbuthnot.
of Gen. & Exod., 637.)
“Slave! to the block 1-or I, or they,
bloat'-ēr, s. [From blote (2), v. (q.v.), and suff.
Shall face the judgment-seat this day!'"
blo erye, blo erthe, s. White clay, -er.) [BLOTE.) A dried herring ; a herring
***Scott : Rokeby, vi. 31.
potter's earth.
prepared by being cured in smoke. Yarmouth (6) Squared timber, as for shipbuilding.
“Blo erye (blo erthe, P.) : Argilla.”—Prompt. Parv. is often prefixed to the word bloater, that sea-
" Thus,' said he will we build this ship;
port being the greatest seat of this industry
Lay square the blocks upon the slip.'”
bloached, a. (BLOTCHED.) Spotted, varie-
Longfellow : The Building of the ship.
in England.
gated.
(3) In the same sense as II. 1. (q.v.).
"Those leaves whose middles are variegated with | bloat-ing (1), pr. par. & a. [BLOAT (1), v.]
“Though the block is occasionally lowered for the
yellow or white in spots, are called bloached.”—
inspection of the curious, the birds have not forsaken
Croker : Compl. Dict.
bloat'-ing (2), pr. par. & s. [BLOAT (2), v.]
the nest."-Cowper : A Tale, June, 1793.
bloat(1), # blote (1), v.t. & i. [Etym. doubtful. As subst. : The act of curing herrings.
(4) The wooden mould on which a hat is
Johnson, Todd, Mahn, and others derive it "For herrings in the sea are large and full,
formed, or by metonymy the hat itself. [II.,
from Eng. blowed, the pa. par, of blow, from
But shrink in bloating, and together pull."
5.)
Sylvester : Tobacco Batt., p. 101.
“He wears his faith but as the fashion of his hat; it
which it is supposed by Mahn that it may come
ever changes with the next block."-Shakesp. : Much
by the process blowed, blowt, bloat. Webster | blob, blăb, s. [BLEB.] (Chiefly Scotch.)
Ado, i. 1.
suggests for comparison Wel. blywth (bloth)=a
(5) A row of buildings connected together
1. Anything tumid. Spec.-
blast, a puff ; blythach = a fat paunch. Skeat
without the interruption of streets, open
thinks it rather connected with Icel. blotna =
(1) A small globe or bubble of any kind, as
spaces, or semi-detached edifices.
to become soft, to lose courage ; blautr = soft,
a soap bubble.
Goodrich and Porter consider this sense
effeminate, imbecile; Dan. blöd=soft, pulpy;
“Gif thay be handillit, they melt away like ane blob
of water."-Bellend : Descr. Alb., ch. 11.
American; but it has become naturalised in
Sw. blöt=soft, mellow; blöta=to steep, to
(2) A blister, or that rising of the skin which
macerate; from the same root as Lat. fluidus
England.
"The new warehouses of the Pantechnicon, Belgrave
=fluid, moist; Gr. Olúw (phluo)= to swell,
is the effect of a blister or of a stroke.
Square, erected in detached blocks, are ready for storing
to overthrow.]
“Brukis, bylis, blobbis, and blisteris."
furniture, ..."-Times, Sept. 7th, 1876. Advt.
Roul: Curs Gl. Compl., p. 330.
A. Transitive :
2. Figuratively:
(3) A plant, the Marsh Marygold (Caltha,
1. Lit. : To inflate with wind, with watery palustris), or the Yellow Water-lily (Nuphar
(1) Of things :
liquid, with blood, or anything which will lutea). (Britten & Holland.)
(a) An obstruction, a hindrance, an impedi-
make the cheeks or other portion of the human (4) A large gooseberry; so called from its
ment, or its effects; as a block on the rail-
or animal body seem swelled or turgid.
globular form, or from the softness of its skin.
way, in the streets, in one of the shafts of a
"I cannot but be troubled to see so many well-shaped
coal-pit, &c.
innocent virgins bloated up, and waddling up and
2. A circular spot; a spot, a blot, as a.
“... therefore infirmity must not be a block to our
down ..."-Addison.
“blob of ink.” (Jamieson.)
entertainment."-Bunyan: P. P., pt. ii.
*
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whất, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pine, pît, sïre, sir, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, ftill; trý, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē. ey=ão qu=kw.

block-blockade
587
(b) A scheme, a contrivance; generally used
in a bad sense. (Scotch.)
“Rolling in mynd full inony cankirrit bloik
Doug. : Virgil, 148, 4.
(c) A bargain, agreement. (Scotch.)
“This christian conjunction-aboue all conjunc-
tiones bindis ine and thee to deale truelie in anie blocke
we haue with our brother."--Rollock: On 1 Thess.,
p. 175. (Jamieson.)
(2) Of persons :
(a) A stupid person.
“What tongueless blocks were they! would they not
speak?"
Shakesp. : Richard III., iii. 7.
(b) An obstinate person, one impossible to
move.
“All considerations united now in urging me to
waste no more of either rhetoric, tallow, or logic, upon
my iinpassive granite block of a guardian." - De
Quincey: Works (2nd ed.), p. 67.
II. Technically :
1. Mech.: A pulley, or a system of pulleys
rotating on a pintle mounted in its frame or
VO
Vil man
BLOCKS.
shell with its band and strap. The pin or
pintle of a block of pulleys is the axis or axle.
It passes through the bushing of the shell and
the coak of the sheave, and is generally of
iron. The sheave or wheel is generally of
lignum-vitæ or of iron, and has around its
circumference a groove for the rope, called the
gorge. It has a bushing, called a coak, around
the pintle-hole. The space between the sheave
and its block, through which the rope runs,
is called the swallow or channel. It answers
to the throat of some other machines ; the
pass in a rolling-mill. The shell, pulley-frame,
or body of the block is made of a tough wood,
or sometimes of iron; it has one or two
grooves, called scores, cut on each end to re-
tain the strap which goes around it. The
shell is hollow inside to receive the sheave or
sheaves, and has a hole through its centre to
receive the sheave-pin, called the pintle; this
is lined with bronze or gun-metal, called a
bouching or bushing. When the shell is made
of one piece, it is called a mortise-block; when
more than one are employed, it is termed a
made block. The side plates of the shell are
cheeks. The strap, strop, iron-binding, grom-
met, or cringle, is a loop of iron or rope,
encircling the block, and affords the means of
fastening it in its place. The hook of iron-
strapped blocks is frequently made to work in
a swivel, so that the several parts of the rope
forming the tackle may not become “foul" or
twisted around each other. (Knight.)
There are many kinds of blocks, as a pulley-
block, a fiddle-block, a fish-block, a fly-block, a
heart-block, a hook-block, &c. See these words.
| Block and tackle : The block and the rope
rove through it, for hoisting or obtaining a
purchase. [TACKLE.]
2. Sawyers' work: One of the frames on
which an end of a log rests in a saw-mill.
3. Carp.: A square piece of wood fitted in
the re-entering angle formed by the meeting
edges of two pieces of board. The blocks are
glued at the rear and strengthen the joint.
(Knight.)
4. Wood-cutting : A form made of hard
wood, on which figures are cut in relief by
means of knives, chisels, &c.
5. Hat-making : A cylinder of wood over
which a hat or bonnet is shaped in the process
of manufacture.
6. Saddlery: A former or block on which a
piece of wet leather is moulded by haminering
or pressing.
7. Military :
(a) Short pieces of scantling, used for ele-
vating cannon and supporting them in position
a short distance from the ground, or in assist.
ing in their transfer from higher to lower
levels, and vice versa. These are designated
as whole, half, and quarter blocks, and have a
uniform length of twenty and width of eight
inches, their respective thickness being eight,
four, and two inches. (Knight.)
(6) The term is used also as part of the small holes in the material and indicated the
compound gin-blocks (q.v.).
exact position. Next, an improved system
8. Falconry: The perch on which a bird of
by Perrot was introduced, in which the calico
prey is kept.
passed between a square prism and three en-
graved blocks, brought in apposition to three
9. Cricket : The spot where the striker places
faces of the prism, and delivered their separate
his bat to guard his wicket; also called block-
impressions thereupon in succession. Each
hole. [GUARD.]
block was inked after each impression, and
10. Hairdressing : A barber's block = a the cloth was drawn through by a winding
stand for a wig.
cylinder. The blocks were pressed against
B. As adjective: Pertaining to or resem the cloth by springs. Perrot's system did
bling a short, thick, lump of wood or other twenty times as much work in an hour as that
material. (See the compounds which follow.) which it all but displaced. Now block-print-
block-book, s.
ing has been superseded by cylinder or roller-
printing, which works twenty times as fast as
Printing : A book printed not from mov-
even Perrot's method. (Knight.)
able types, but from engraved blocks, each
one forming a page. Block-printing had long
block-system, block system, s.
been known (BLOCK-PRINTING] before the art Railway Travelling : A method of signalling
was used in the preparation of books. In specially designed to prevent collisions be-
1438 Laurenza John Koster of Haarlem pub tween trains travelling on the same line of
lished his Speculum Humance Salvationis with rails. The route to be traversed is divided
blocks; the Biblia Pauperum, published early into small sections by telegraph boxes erected
in the fifteenth century, was also a block-book. at intervals. Let A D in the fig. be a portion
About 1450 movable types began to be used, of such a line A " B ' C D
and block-books were superseded. [PRINTING. ] with signal-
block-brush, s. [So named because used
boxes at A.
>
B, C, and D. Let t' and ti be two trains
by butchers to clean their blocks.]
both moving in the direction of the arrows.
Her,: A bunch of the plant called Butcher's
If t" overtake t there will be a collision, but
Broom (Ruscus aculeatus). It is borne by
the block-system prevents this by setting the
butchers in the insignia of their company.
danger-signal at B against the train ť" till ť
block-furnace, s.
has passed C. Then the danger-signal is set
Metal. : A blomary.
at Cagainst train t" till ť has passed D, and so
in succession. Thus the two trains are never
block-letters, s. pl.
for a moment in the saine section of the rail-
Printing : Type of large size cut out of way, and cannot therefore come into collision.
wooden blocks. Block-letters, or wooden
block-teeth, s.
type, are generally made of cherry, cut end-
Dentistry: Two or more teeth made in a
wise. They are made of sizes from two or
three-line pica up to 150-line pica, more than
block carved by hand from ivory, whale's or
two feet in length.
walrus's teeth, &c.
block-letter cutting-machine, s.
block-tin, s. [Eng. block, and tin. In
A machine for cutting block-letters. (For
Sw. blocktenn; Dut. bloktin; Ger. blockzinn.]
various forms of them see Knight's Practical
Comm. : A name given to an impure tin
Dictionary of Mechanics.)
cast into ingots. When the metal is allowed
to cool gradually the upper part is the purest,
block - machinery, block machi-
the impurities being contained in the lower
nery, s.
part. Block-tin contains iron, arsenic, lead,
Mech. : Machinery for cutting, shaping, and &e. [TIN.]
adjusting the “blocks” to be associated with
“ tackles" in the navy and in merchant vessels.
block-wood, blockwood, s. An un-
In A.D. 1781, Mr. Walter Taylor of Southamp known wood, presumably suitable for being
ton took out a patent for such machinery, and
carved into blocks.
from his works on the Itchen supplied the “ Blockwood, logwood, and other forbidden ma-
navy with all the blocks it required for more
terials, ..."-Golden Fleece (1657). (Halliwell: Cont.
to Lexicog.)
than twenty years. About the beginning of
the present century, Mr., afterwards Sir Mark block, v.t. [From Eng. block, s. (q.v.). In Sw.
Isambart Brunel, constructed an improved blokkera, blockera; Dan. blokere=to block up;
machine, or rather series of machines, for Dut. blokkeeren; Ger. blokiren ; Fr. bloquer ;
block-cutting, mortising, shaping, scoring, Sp. & Port. bloquear ; Ital. bloccare.]
drilling, &c., which being adopted by the 1. Literally : To shut up so as to hinder
government, led to their becoming their own egress or ingress; to obstruct.
block manufacturers at Portsmouth, and
“ They block the castle kept by Bertram,
turning out the most beautifully-made and
But now they cry, Down with the palace, fire it."
adjusted articles in numbers amply sufficient
Dryden.
to supply the whole navy, without assistance
It is often followed by up, implying that
from any private firm. The machines used for
the obstruction is effectual.
dressing the shells of the blocks are (1) a re-
“Recomiend it to the governor of Abingdon to send
ciprocating cross saw, (2) a circular cross-cut
some troops to block it up, from infesting the great
road."-Clarendon.
saw, (3) a reciprocating ripping saw, (4) a bor-
ing-machine, (5) a mortising-machine, (6) a
I In Cricket : To stop a ball dead without
attempting to hit it.
corner-saw, (7) a shaping-machine, and (8) a
scoring-machine. A reciprocating, a circular,
"If Mr. -_- could have secured a companion to
block whilst he batted to play steady whilst he hit,
and a crown saw are used for rounding the the match would have been even closer than it was.”—
sheaves and boring the centre hole. There Daily Telegraph, Sept., 1880.
are, besides, a coating-machine, a drilling-
2. Figuratively (block out):
machine, a riveting-machine, and a facing-lathe.
(1) To plan, to devise. (Scotch.) [BLOCK
block-printing, s.
OUT.]
Printing : The art or process of printing
“The committee appointed for the first blocking of
all our writs."-Baillie : Lett., i. 75.
from blocks instead of from movable types.
It is supposed to have been invented by the
(2) To bargain. (Scotch.)
Chinese about A.D. 593. It has been long
“ Efter that he had long tyme blockit,
With grit difficultie he tuik thame."
employed in calico-printing in that country, Leg. Bp. St. Androis Poems, 16th cent., p. 334. (Jamieson.)
as well as in India, Arabia, and Egypt. In T To block out: Roughly to mark out work
Europe the same process was adopted for afterwards to be done. Used-
printing playing-cards, and during the first
(1) Of workers in wood or stone, who cut
half of the fifteenth century books were pro-
out or select actual blocks of the materials on
duced by means of block-printing; they were
hence called block-books. [BLOCK - BOOK. ]
which they operate.
Now block-printing is used for printing cotton
(2) Of anyone rudely marking out work
cloth or paper for hangings. Two stages of
afterwards to be done more carefully.
progress in the method are to be traced. First
| bloc-kāde', s. [From Eng. block; and suffix
the pattern was dabbed upon the colour and
-ade. In Sw. blockad ; Dan. blokade; Dut.
iinpressed by hand upon the material, which
blokkade; Ger. blockade; Fr. blocus (a con-
lay upon a table before the workman. When
traction, according to Littré, of Ger.block-
the pattern was in several colours, different
blocks of the same size were employed, the
haus; Ó. Ger. block-hús) = a blockade; Sp.
raised pattern in each being adapted for its
bloquéo; Port. bloqueio ; Ital. bloccatura.j
special portion of the design. The exact cor-
I. Mil., Naut., & Ord. Language :
respondence of each part, as to position, was 1. Gen.: The act of surrounding a town
secured by pins ou the blocks, which pierced with a hostile army, or, if it be on the sea-
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expeot, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-oian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion = shŭn; -ţion, -şion = zhún. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, del.

588
blockade-bloik
coast, of placing a hostile army around its
landward side, and ships of war in front of its
sea defences, so as if possible to prevent sup-
plies of food and ammunition from entering it
by land or water. The object of such an in-
vestment is to compel a place too strong or
too well defended to be at once captured by
assault, to surrender on account of famine.
“It seemed that the siege must be turned into a
blockade.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii.
Almost every siege involves a blockade,
but in a siege, properly so called, military
approaches are pushed on against the place
with the view of ultimately capturing it by
assault, whereas in a blockade no assault is
contemplated. Most of the sieges of antiquity
were only blockades.
2. Spec. : The investment of a place by sea,
to prevent any ships from entering or leaving
its harbour. The practice seems to have been
introduced by the Dutch about A.D. 1584.
I (1) To break a blockade : Forcibly to enter
a blockaded port, if not even to compel the
naval force investing it to withdraw.
(2) To raise a blockade :
(a) To desist from blockading a place.
(6) To compel the investing force to do so.
(3) To run a blockade : Surreptitiously to
enter or leave a blockaded port at the risk of
being captured.
II. International Maritime Law: As a block-
ade seriously interferes with the ordinary
commercial right of trading with every place,
international law carefully limits its operation,
the principle adopted being this : that belli-
gerents are not entitled to do anything likely
to incommode neutrals more than it benefits
themselves. Neutrals are therefore entitled
to disregard a blockade except it be effective,
that is, unless the town be invested by a fleet
sufficient to prevent the ingress and the exit
of vessels. When on the 21st November, 1806,
the Berlin decree of Napoleon I. declared the
whole British Islands in a state of blockade,
that blockade, being ludicrously ineffective,
was illegal; so also, though to a somewhat
less extent, were the British orders in Council
of the 11th and 21st November, 1807, which
placed France and all its tributary states in a
state of blockade. The retaliatory Napoleonic
Milan decree of 27th December, 1807, extend-
ing the previously announced blockade to the
British dominions in all quarters, laboured to
a still greater extent under the same defect.
More effective, as being more limited in area,
were the blockades of the Elbe by Britain
in 1803, that of the Baltic by Denmark in
1848-9 and 1864, and that of the ports of the
Confederate States of America by President
Lincoln on April 19, 1861. A blockade should
be formally notified before it is enforced, per-
mission being granted to neutral vessels then
to depart, carrying with them any cargo which
they may already have on board; when it ter-
minates, its cessation should also be formally
declared. Any one running a blockade does
so at his own peril; one's own government
cannot by international law protect him from
forfeiting his vessel with its cargo and his
liberty, if he be captured by the blockading
fleet.
blockade-runner, s.
1. Of things : A vessel used for the purpose
of trading by sea with a blockaded town.
† 2. Of persons: A man engaged in trading
by sea with a blockaded town.
blockade-running, s. The art or occu-
pation of trading by sea with a blockaded
town. During the American Civil War of
1861–1865, many of the British engaged in
blockade-running, attempting to enter Rich-
mond and other harbours of the Confederate
States.
bloc-kā'de, v.t. [From blockade, s. (q.v.).
See also BLOCK, v.]
1. Ord. Lang., Military, &c. : To surround a
town with troops, or, if it be a seaport, to
surround its landward portion with troops,
and place ships of war in front of its harbour,
so as to cut off all supplies from the garrison
and inhabitants till they surrender the place.
. the approaches were closed, and the town
effectually blockaded."-Froude : Hist. Eng. (1858),
vol. iv., 437.
2. Fig. : To obstruct the passage to any-
thing. Sometimes ludicrously.
“Huge bales of British cloth blockade the door,
A hundred oxen at your levee roar.'
Pope: Mor. Essays, iii. 57.
bloc-kā'-děd, pa. par. & d. [BLOCKADE, v.] tion of tools under pressure. It is called
blind or gold blocking. In the latter case,
bloc-kā'-ding, pr. par. [BLOCKADE, v.]
gold-leaf is used; in the former, the bare
block.
blocked, pa. par. & d. [BLOCK.]
3. Carpentry: A mode of securing together
* block'-ěr, * blõk'-ēr, s. [Eng. block ; -er.] the vertical angles of wood-work. Blocks of
One who plans and accomplishes a bargain; wood are glued in the inside angle.
a broker. (Scotch.)
blocking-course, s.
"Oure souerane Lord, &c., vnderstanding of the
fraude and frequent abyse committed by many of his
Architecture : The upper course of stones or
Maiesties subiectis, byeris and blokeris of victuell." brick above a cornice or on the top of a wall.
Acts Ja. VI., 1621 (ed. 1814), p. 614. (Jamieson.)
blocking-down, s.
block-head. S. Eng. block; head.) A
person, with a good deal of exaggeration, said
Metallurgy: The art of adjusting sheet-metal
to a mould or shape. This is done by laying
to be as destitute of understanding as if his
above it a thick piece of lead, and striking the
skull enclosed a block of wood in place of
latter by a mallet or hammer. This mode is
hemispheres of brain; a dolt, a fool, an ass, a
sometimes adopted to bring a plate partially
stupid person.
to shape before swagging it between the dies.
"The Christian hope is—Waiter, draw the cork-
If I mistake not-Blockhead! with a fork,!”
(Knight.)
Cowper: Hope.
blocking-kettle, s.
block-head-ed, a. [Eng. blockhead; -ed.]
Hat-making: A hot bath in which hats are
Having such a mind as is possessed by a softened in the process of manufacture, so as
blockhead; stupid, dull.
to be drawn over blocks. (Knight.)
"Says a blockheaded boy, these are villainous crea-
tures."-L'Estrange.
• blocking-press, s.
Bookbinding: A bookbinder's screw-press
block-head-ışm, s. [Eng. blockhead ; -isin.]
in which blocking is performed. It has less
The procedure or characteristics of a block-
power than the embossing-press, which ope-
head.
rates with large dies, being used for orna-
“... though now reduced to that state of block-
headism."-Smart : Notes to the Hilliad.
mentation, requiring but a comparatively small
pressure. The die is adjusted in the upper
block'-head-lý, a. [Eng. blockhead; -ly.] bed or plate, and is heated by means of gas-
Like a blockhead.
jets coming down through a cavity at its back.
"Some mere elder-brother, or some blockheadly hero." The book-covers are introduced seriatim upon
— Dryden : Amphitryon.
the lower bed by the operator, who by a turn
block-house, t block'-hâus, s. [Eng.
of the handle brings the upper bed down with
block =... a thick, heavy mass of wood, and
a gentle and equable pressure, fixing the gold-
house. In Sw. blockhus; Dan. blookhuus;
leaf, when this is employed, upon the surface,
Dut. blokhuis ; Ger. & Fr. blockhaus.]
previously prepared for the purpose. A boy,
who assists, removes the superfluous portions
Fortif. & Ord. Lang. : A small fort built of
with a rag, which becomes thoroughly satu-
heavy timber or logs, and with the sides loop-
rated with the precious metal in the course of
holed for musketry, or if it be sufficiently
use, and is sold to the refiners. (Knight.)
large and strong, with ports or embrasures for
cannon. It may be built square, rectangular, block-ish, a. [Eng. block; -ish.] Rather
polygonal, or in the form of a cross. If more stupid, somewhat wanting in intellect.
than one storey high the upper storey may
“Make a lottery;
And, by device, let blockish Ajax draw
The sort to fight with Hector."
Shakesp. : Troil. and Cressid., i. 3.
block-ish-ly, adv. [Eng. blockish; -ly.]
In a blockish manner, stupidly, with deficient
intellect.
“ These brave doctors fail most absurdly and block-
ishly in this so necessary an article."-Harmar: Trans.
of Beza's Serm., p. 426.
block-ish-ness, s. [Eng. blockish ; ness. ]
The quality of being blockish, stupidity.
“ Being dull, and of incurable blockishness, he be-
came a hater of virtue and learning."-Whitlock : Man.
of the Eng., p. 140.
block'-like, a. [Eng. block; -like.] Like a
block, stupid.
“Am I twice sand-blind? twice so near the blessing
I would arrive at, and blocklike never know it.”
BLOCKHOUSE.
Beaum. & Fl. : Pilgrim.
* blod (1), * blode, s. [BLOOD.] (Layamon,
project over the lower so as to obtain a fire 23,973.) (Prompt. Parv.)
directly downwards. It is generally sur-
* blod (2), s. [Morris thinks it is from Welsh
rounded by a ditch, and sometimes has earth
llawd = a youth, a lad; 0. Sw. glott. Or it
on its roof that it may be more difficult to set
may be an old form of blood.]
it on fire.
“But, when they had passed both frigate and block-
1. A child.
house without being challenged, their spirits rose.”— “And vche blod on that burne blessed schal worthe."
Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch, xvi.
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 686.
2. A woman.
bloc'k-in-course, s. & a. [Eng. block; in;
"A thusant plates of silver god
course.] A term used only in the subjoined
Gaf he sarra that faire blod.”
compound.
Story of Gen. & Exod., 1191, 1192.
block-in-course masonry, s.
* blod'e-wort, s. [BLOODWORT.] A plant-
Masonry: A kind of masonry which differs
Polygonum Hydropiper. (Grete Herball.)
from ashlar masonry chiefly in being built of
(Britten & Holland.)
smaller stones. The usual depth of a course is
* blo-di, * blody, a. [BLOODY.] (Wright :
from seven to nine inches.
Spec. of Lyric Poet., 62.) (Stratmann.) (Prompt.
block-ing, pr. par., d., & s. [BLOCK, v.]
Parv.)
A. & B. As present participle and participial | bloe'-dīte, * blö-dīte, s. [In Ger. blodit.
adjective : In senses corresponding to those of
Named after a chemist and mineralogist,
the verb.
Blöde.]
C. As substantive :
Min.: A mineral classed by Dana with his
I. Ordinary Language : The act of shutting hydrous sulphate. Colour, fast red to blue
up or obstructing; the state of being shut up red or white; fracture, splintery. It occurs
or obstructed ; obstruction.
massive or crystallised. Comp. : Sulphate of
“... by blocking of trade ..."-Clarendon.
soda, 33344582; sulphate of magnesia,
II. Technically:
33.19 to 36.66 ; water, 18.84-22 00, &c. It is
found in the Old World at Ischl and near
1. Leather-working : The process of bending
Astrakan, and in the New World near San
leather for boot-fronts to the required shape.
Juan at the foot of the Andes. (Dana.)
[CRIMPING.]
2. Bookbinding: The art of impressing a * bloik, * blok, S. [BLOCK, s.] (Scotch.)
pattern on a book-cover by a plate or associa- (Doug.: Virgil, 148, 4.)
-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-
UNIN
HUU
Tito
Tim
UNITE
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whāt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pīne, pît, sire, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; trý, Sýrian. 2, ce=ē. ey =ā. qu=kw.

blok-blood
589
*blok, * bloke, s. [BLOCK, s.) (Ear. Eng.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), Patience, 272.)
(Prompt. Parv.)
blôm'-a-rý, bloom-a-rý, s. [From A.S.
bloma = metal, a mass, a lump (Somner and
Lye) [BLOOM (2)]; and suffix -ary.]
Metallurgy: The first forge in an ironwork
through which iron passes after having been
melted from the ore. The pig-iron having
been puddled and balled, is brought to the
hammer or squeezer, which makes it into a
bloom. [BLOOM (2).]
* blome, s. [BLOOM.] (Prompt. Parv.)
* blom-yn, v.i. [BLOOM, v.] (Prompt. Parv.)
* blonc, a. [BLANK, a.] (Relig. Antiq., i. 37.)
* blõnc'-kět, * blõn'-ket, a. [Compare
A.S. blonca, blanca = a grey horse, a horse.]
(Kemble.)
Grey bloncket liveryes : Grey coats.
“Our bloncket liveryes bene all to sadde
For thilke same season, when all is ycladd
With pleasaunce." Spenser : Sheps. Cal. v.
blond, blonde, a. & s. [In Dut. blond ; Sp.
blóndo = fair, flaxen; in Dan. blondine = a
female with light-coloured hair. In Sw. blon-
der, s. pl.; Dan. blonde (sing.); Ger. blonde ;
Sp. blonda are = blond-lace. All from Fr.
blond, adj., m., blonde = fair, flaxen, white of
complexion ; blond, s., m. = a flaxen colour,
a man or boy with flaxen hair ; blonde, s., f. =
a girl or woman with fair hair ; blond-lace.
Prov. blon, blonda = fair of complexion.
Compare A.S. blonden feax = mixed hair, grey-
haired (Bosworth), from blonden = mingled.
Professor Skeat, however, thinks that the Fr.
blond may be altered from Fr. blanc = white.]
[BLANK.]
A. As adjective: Fair or light in colour.
ture rarely varies from 36.6° C = 98° F., but in
birds it sometimes reaches 42:8 C = 109° F.
The blood in reptiles, amphibia, and fishes,
and the circulating fluid in the invertebrata, is
cold, that is, in no case more than a little above
the temperature of the surrounding medium.
The vessels which conduct the blood out from
the heart are called arteries, and those which
bring it back again veins. The blood in the
left-hand side of the heart and in the arteries,
called arterial blood, is bright red; that in the
right side of the heart and in the veins, called
venom blood, is blackish-purple. Viewed by
spectrum analysis, the hæmoglobin of arterial
blood differs from that of venous blood, the
former being combined with oxygen, and the
latter being deoxidised. The film of the two
also differs, besides which carbonic acid pre-
dominates in the gaseous matter held in solu-
tion in the former, and free oxygen in the
latter. The density of blood is 1.003 to 1.057.
Its composition in 1,000 parts is as follows :-
Water . . . 780.15 to 785.58
Film
2:10 , 3:57
Albumen.
. 65.09 6941
Colouring matter, 13300 , 119.63
Crystallisable fat .
4:30
Fluid fat. .
2.27
Extractive matter of 24.
2:43 ,
1:31 »
1979 ,
1.92
uncertain kinds
1.26 ,
2:01
8:37
Albumen, with soda
Sodium and potas-
sium chlorides,
carbonates, phos-
phates, and sul-
phates . .
Calcium and magne-
sium carbonates,
phosphates of cal-
cium magnesiuni
and iron, ferric
oxide.
Lon.
2:10 ,
1:42
Used-
2:40 ,
2.59
9 Formerly it might in this sense have a
plural.
“As many, and as well-born bloods as those,
Stand in his face to contradict his claim."
Shakesp.: King John, ii. 1.
† (6) of persons : Child, progeny. (In this
sense generally combined with fresh.)
“But yet thou art my flesh, my blood, my daughter."
Shakesp.: Lear, ii. 4.
A half-blood: A half-breed.
(2) Temper, passions ; or one in whom these
are prominent.
(a) of things : Temper, passions.
“The Puritan blood was now thoroughly up."-
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii.
(6) Of persons: A person of hot temper; a
man (in most cases young) of fiery character ;
one brave, but unrestrained by prudence or
perhaps even by moral principle, and from
whom in consequence violence may in times
of excitement be expected.
“The news put divers young bloods into such a fury
as the ambassadors were not without peril to be out-
raged."-Bacon.
(3) Life; the vital principle, especially
with reference to the taking away of life.
Hence closely allied to (4).
“Shall I not therefore now require his blood of
your hands?"--2 Sam. iv. 11.
(4) The shedding of blood or its conse-
quences.
(a) The shedding of blood; the taking of
life away, especially in an unlawful manner;
murder.
“Blood follows blood, and through their mortal span,
In bloodier acts conclude those who with blood began.”
Byron : Childe Harold, ii, 63.
(6) The atoning death of Christ.
“... the blood of Jesus Christ his Son cleanseth us
from all sin.”—1 John i. 7.
(C) The responsibility of shedding blood,
sacrificing a life, or the soul.
“ Your blood be upon your own heads..."-Acts
xviii. 6.
The price of blood : Reward or retribution
for shedding it, or for taking a life.
“ It is not lawful for to put them into the treasury,
because it is the price of blood.”—Matt. xxvii, 6.
(5) Any liquid resembling blood in colour,
or in some other obvious character. (Used
especially of the juice of a fruit as the grape.)
“.... and thou didst drink the pure blood of the
grape.”—Deut. xxxii. 14.
| With some similitude to this, the wine in
the communion is the sacramental symbol of
the blood of Christ.
“And he said unto them, This is my blood of the new
testament, which is shed for many.”—Mark xiv. 24.
3. In special phrases, the word blood having
the same signification :
(1) As in A. I. 1.
Flesh and blood: Human nature. [FLESH.]
“... for flesh and blood hath not revealed it unto
thee, but my Father which is in heaven."-Mutt. xvi. 17.
(2) As in A. I. 2. (a).
(a) A prince of the blood : A prince of royal
extraction, not one raised to the dignity of
prince by law or mandate.
"They will almost
Give us a prince o' th' blood, a son of Priam,
In change of him."
'Shakesp. : Troil. & Cress., iii. 3.
(6) The blood-royal : Royal descent.
(3) As in A. I. 2. (2).
(a) Bad blood: A feeling of animosity
towards one.
(6) In cold blood : With the passions unex-
cited, coolly, and therefore, presumably, with
more or less deliberation.
“Who cannot condemn rashness in cold blood ?"
Shakesp. : Timon, iii. 5.
(C) In hot blood : With the passions excited.
"Upon a friend of mine ; who, in hot blood.
Hath stepp'd into the law ...
Shakesp. : Timon, iii. 5.
(4) As in A. I. 2 (3).
* For his blood : Though his life depended
upon it. (Vulgar.)
"A crow lav battering upon a muscle, and could not.
for his blood, break the shell to come at the fish."-
L'Estrange.
II. Technically :
1. Physiol. : The red circulating fluid in the
bodies of man and the higher animals. It is
formed from chyle and lymph when these sub-
stances are subjected to the action of oxygen
taken into the lungs by the process of inspira-
tion. It is the general material from which
all the secretions are derived, besides which
it carries away from the frame whatever is
noxious or superfluous. In man its tempera-
1. Of hair.
“ The brown is from the mother's hair,
The blond is from the child.'
Longfellow : The Two Locks of Hair.
2. Of the complexion, which is usually light
when the person is fair-haired. [SANGUINE.]
B. As substantive:
1. Of persons: A fair-haired person, hence a
person of light complexion. [A. 2.]
+ 2. Blond-lace (q.v.).
blond-lace, s. [So called from its colour.]
A silk lace of two threads, twisted and formed
in hexagonal meshes.
T Obvious compound, blond-lace-maker.
* blondir, * blond-ren, v.i. [BLUNDER, V.]
* blo-nesse, s. The same as BLAENESS (q.v.).
* blonk, * blonke, * blonkke, * blouk,
* blunk, s. [A.S.blonca, blanca = a white
horse; Icel. blakkr = a horse.] A steed, a
horse. (Scotch.)
“Syn grooms, that gay is,
On blonks that brayis."
Poems, Edin., 1821, p. 221. (Jamieson.)
| See Gawayne and the Green Knight, 434.
*blonket, s. [BLONCKET.]
* blont, a. [BLUNT.] (Spenser : Shep. Cal. viii.)
* bloo, d. [BLUE.] (Prompt. Parv.)
* blooc, s. [BLOCK, s.] (Prompt. Parv.)
blood, * bloode, * bloud, * blûde, * blûd,
* blôd, * blôde (Eng.), blûid, blûde
(Scotch), s. & d. [A.S. blód = blood; Icel.
òlodh ; Sw. & Dan. blod; Dut. bloed ; Moso-
Goth. bloth; Ger.blut; O. H. Ger. pluot, ploot.
From A.S. blówan, geblowan = to blow, bloom,
blossom, or flourish. (Bosworth, Skeat, &c.). ]
[BLOW (2), v.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally: The fluid circulating by means
of veins and arteries through the bodies of man
and of the lower animals. [II. 1.]
"For the life of the flesh is in the blood : and I have
given it to you upon the altar.”—Lev. xvii. 11.
2. Figuratively:
(1) Lineage, descent, progeny.
(a) of things : Lineage, descent; specially
royal or noble descent, high extraction.
"O! what an happiness is it to find
A friend of our own blood, a brother kind!”
Waller.
1,000 1,000
Blood has a saline and disagreeable taste, and,
when fresh, a peculiar smell. It has an alka-
line re-action. It is not, as it appears, homo-
geneous, but under a powerful microscope is
seen to be a colourless fluid with little round
red bodies called blood-discs or blood-corpuscles,
and a few larger ones called white-corpuscles
floating about in it. [BLOOD-DISC, CORPUSCLE.)
When removed from the body and allowed to
stagnate it separates into a thicker portion
called cruor, crassamentum, or clot, and a thinner
one denominated serum. [See these words. ]
“The blood is the immediate pabulum of the tissues;
its composition is nearly or entirely identical with
them; it is, indeed, as Borden long ago expressed it,
liquid flesh.”-Todd' & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., i. 43.
2. Law:
(1) Whole blood is descent not simply from
the same ancestor, but from the same
pair of ancestors, whilst half blood is descent
only from the one. Thus in a family two
brothers who have the same father and mother
stand to each other in the relation of whole
blood, but if the mother die, and the father
marry again and have children, these stand to
the offspring of the first marriage only in the
relation of half-blood. (Blackstone : Comment.,
bk. ii., ch. xiv.)
“According to the common law of England, in ad-
ministrations, the whole blood is preferred to the half
*
*
blood.”—Ayliffe.
(2) Corruption of blood is the judicial strip-
ping it of the right to carry with it up or down
The advantage of inheritance [ATTAINDER];
its purification or restitution is in it the re-
storation to it of the privilege of inheritance.
(Ibid., ch. xv., bk. iv., ch. 29, 31.)
B. As adjective : Of lineage or pure breed,
and presumably of high spirit or mettle.
“... a pair of blood horses.”—Times, Sept. 8, 1876.
Obvious compounds: Blood-besotted (Shakesp.:
2 Hen. VI., v. 1, Globe ed.), blood-bespotted
(Ibid, Todd, Schmidt), blood-desiring (Spenser :
Ruines of Rome; by Bellay, xiii.), blood-
drenched (Webster), blood-dyed (Everett), blood-
like (Jodrell), blood-marked (Webster), blood-
polluted (Pope), blood-spiller (Quar. Rev.), blood-
spilling (Dr. Allen), blood-stream (Scott: Lady
of the Lake, iii. 11), &c.
blood-band, * blode bande, S. A
bandage to stop bleeding.
"Vs bus haue a blode bande, or thi ble change."
Morte Arthure (ed. Brock), 2,576.
blood-baptism, s.
Theol. & Ch. Hist.: Baptism by means of
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion = shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious, -cious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c.=bel, del.

590
blood-bloodily
blood, i.e., by martyrdom. If any one who
had not been baptized showed his firm faith
in Christianity by dying a martyr's death
rather than renounce it, the early Christians
regarded him as if he had been baptized, his
death being held to be the equivalent of
baptism. (Coleman.)
blood -besprinkled, a. Besprinkled
with blood.
+ blood-boltered, A. [Eng. blood, and
bolter = a sieve for separating bran from flour,
or coarse from fine meal.] Sprinkled with
blood as from a sieve or bolter; having the
hair clotted with blood.
“The blood-bolter'd Banquo smiles upon me."
Shakesp.: Mucb., iv. 1.
blood-bought, a. Bought with blood ;
achieved through the sacrifice of life.
"Incomparable gem! thy worth untold ;
Cheap, though blood-bought, and thrown away when
Cowper : Table Talk.
blood-brother, s. A brother by blood,
as contradistinguished from a brother-in-law,
brought into that relation by marriage.
blood-cemented, a.
1. Lit. : Cemented by blood.
2. Fig.: Cemented together in political or
other feeling by being of one blood, or by
having shed their blood in a common enter-
prise.
" (Educing good froin ill) the battle groan'd,
Ere, blood-cemented, Anglo-Saxons, saw."
Thomson: Liberty, pt. iv.
blood-colour, s.
Her. : Sanguine. It is distinguished from
bloody, Her. (q.v.).
blood-coloured, a..
1. Coloured by means of blood.
2. Of the colour of blood. (Webster.)
blood-consuming, a. Consuming the
blood, preying on the blood. (Used of sighs.)
“Might liquid tears, or heart-offending groans,
Or blood-consuming sighs recall his life.”
Shakesp. : 2 Hen. VI., iii. 2.
blood-corpuscle, s. [CORPUSCLE.]
blood-descendants, s. Descendants
from the blood of a common ancestor. (Used
of men or of the inferior animals.)
"... still fewer genera and species will have left
modified blood - descendants." — Darwin : Origin of
Species (ed. 1859), ch. X., p. 341.
blood-disc, s. The same as BLOOD-COR-
PUSCLE. [CORPUSCLE.)
"... certain particles, the blood-discs, which float
in it [the blood] in great numbers." -Todd & Bowman:
Phys. Anat., i. 60.
blood-drinking, a.
1. Lit. : Drinking blood, in the sense of ab-
sorbing it or being soaked with it.
“In this detested, dark, blood-drinking pit."
Shakesp. : Tit. And., ii. 4.
2. Figuratively :
(1) Preying on the blood.
“I would be blind with weeping, sick with groans,
Look pale as primrose with blood-drinking sighs.”
Shakesp. : 2 Henry Vi., iii. 2.
(2) Bloodthirsty.
"As cognizance of my blood-drinking hate.”
Shakesp. : 1 Hen. VI., ii. 4.
blood-drop, s. A drop of blood.
"Like blood-drops from iny heart they dropp'd.”
Wordsworth: The Last of the Flock.
blood-drunk, a. Drunk with blood.
(More.)
blood-extorting, a. Extorting blood;
forcing blood from the person. (Used of a
screw. Possibly a thumb-screw ?)
"... knotted scourges,
Matches, blood-extorting screws."
Cowper : Negro's Complaint.
blood-flag, s. A red flag, as a symbol
of bloodshed.
! For a sheet of flame, from the turret high,
Waved, like a blood-flag, on the sky.”
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, iii. 29.
blood-friend, s. [BLOODFRIEND.]
blood - frozen, a. Having the blood
frozen, in a literal or figurative sense.
“ Yet nathemore by his bold hartie speach
Could his blood frosen hart emboldened bee."
Spenser : F.Q., I. ix. 25.
blood-grass, s. [Eng. blood ; and grass.]
Vet. Med. Bloody urine : A disease of cows,
said to be brought on when they are changed
from one kind of pasture to another. (Ayr:
Surv. Suther.) (Jamieson.)
blood-gout, s. [Eng. blood, and gout. (1) Of the eyes.
From Fr. goutte = a drop.] A drop of blood.
“Their blood-swoln eyes
“That hath made fatal entrance here,
Do break.
May: Lucan, bk. vi.
As these dark blood-gouts say."
(2) Of the breast.
Scott : Marmion, vi. 5.
“So boils the fired Herod's blood-swoln breast,
blood-guiltiness, s. [BLOODGUILTI-
Not to be slak'd but by a sea of blood."
NESS.]
Crashaw: Poems, p. 54.
blood-happy, a. Happy in having shed
blood-vessel, s. [BLOODVESSEL.]
or in lapping blood. (Used of a hound which
blood-warm, a. As warm as the blood;
has seized its prey.)
lukewarm. (Coles.) [BLOOD-HEAT.]
“Blood-happy, hang at his fair jutting chest,
And mark his beauteous checker'd sides with gore."
blood-won, s. Won by blood, or by the
Thomson: Seasons ; Autumn.
expenditure of life. (Scott.)
blood-heat, S. The ordinary heat of
blood in a healthy human body. Arterial is blood-worthy, a. Worthy of blood;
one degree warmer than venous blood. In deserving of blood in the sense of capital
man the latter stands at 98° Fahrenheit. In
punishment. (Webster.)
fierce inflammation it rises to 105°. In some
continued fevers it is 102°, whilst in the cold blood, v.t. [From blood, s. (q.v.).]
fit of ague it falls to 94°, and in cholera to 90°. 1. Literally :
blood-horse, s. - A horse, the lineage of (1) To bleed, to take blood from.
which is of the purest or best blood.
+ (2) To stain with blood.
blood-hot, blood hot, a. As hot as
." And, scarce secure, reach out their spears afar,
And blood their points to prove their partnership in
blood at its ordinary temperature in a healthy
war."
Dryden : Fables.
human body.
2. Figuratively:
A blood-iron, * bloode-yryn, S. An * (1) To excite; to exasperate.
instrument for letting blood or bleeding.
"By this means matters grew more exasperate; the
“Bloode yryn, supra in Bledynge yryn.”—Prompt.
auxiliary forces of French and English were mi
Parv. (Fitzherbert : Husbandry, fo. F. 4).
blooded one against another."-Bacon : Henry VII.
(2) To inure or accustom to the sight or to
blood-letter, s. [BLOODLETTER.]
the shedding of blood. (Used of soldiers, of
blood-letting, pr. par. & s. [BLOOD hunting-dogs, &c.)
LETTING.]
“It was most important, too, that his troops should
be blooded.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ix.
blood-money, * bloudmoney, S.
The price paid for blood.
blood'-ěd, pa. par. & a. [BLOOD, v.]
"It is not laufull to put them into the God's chest,
for it is bloudmoney."-Coverdale: Matth., XXV. 6.
blood-flower, s. [From Eng. blood, and
blood-name, s. A national name.
flower.]
"The blood-name of the bulk of the population."-
Bot.: The English name of the Hæmanthus,
Gladstone : Homer, i. 163.
a genus of plants belonging to the order
blood-offering, s. An offering of blood,
Amaryllidaceæ (Amaryllids). The allusion is
to the brilliant red flowers. The species,
literally or figuratively.
which are mostly from the Cape of Good
“Resign'd, as if life's task were o'er,
Its last blood-offering amply paid."
Hope, are ornamental plants. [HÆMANTHÚS.]
Moore: . R.; The Fire-Worshippers.
blood-friěnd, blood friend, s. [Eng.
blood-particle, s. The same as a blood- |
blood; friend. Dut. bloodvreend; bloodver-
corpuscle or blood-dise. [BLOOD, CORPUSCLE.]
want = relation, relative, kinsman, kins-
“If a fragment of a frog's muscle, perfectly fresh, be woman ; Ger. blutfreund.] A relation by
examined, series of blood-particles will be seen in the
longitudinal capillaries.”—Todd & Bowman: Physiol.
blood. (Scotch.)
Anat., i. 167.
"The laird of Haddo vields to the earl Marischal.
being his blood-friend and lately come of his house."-
blood-pudding, s. [BLOODPUDDING.]
blood-receiving, a. Receiving blood, blood-guilt-ï-ness, blood guiltiness (u
or, figuratively, receiving the atonement.
silent), s. [Eng. blood ; guilty; -ness.] The
“Faith too, the blood-receiving grace."
guiltiness or guilt of having without proper
Cowper : Olney Hymns, lxiv. Praise for Faith.
justification shed blood.
blood-red, a. & s.
_"Deliver me from blood-guiltiness, O God, ..."-
A. As adjective :
Ps. li. 14.
1. Strictly : Red with actual blood, or of the blood'-hound, * blood hounde, * bloode
precise colour of blood.
hounde, * bloode hownde, * blod
“Or on Vittoria's blood-red plain,
honde, s. [Eng. blood ; hound.]
Meet had thy death-bed been."
Hemans.
1. Lit. : A variety of hound or dog, so called
2. More loosely : Of a red which may be from the ability which it possesses to trace a
poetically compared to that of blood, but is
wounded animal by the smell of any drops of
in reality much less bright.
blood which may have fallen from it. It is
'Tis mine--my blood-red flag! ...
the Canis familiaris, var. B. sagax of Linn.,
Byron : Corsair, iii. 15. now called var. sanguinaria. It is the Sleuth-
“ Till the transparent darkness of the sky
hound of the Scotch. It has large, pendulous
Flush'd to a blood-red mantle in their hue."
ears, a long curved tail, is of a reddish-tan
Hemans: The Forest Sanctuary.
colour, and stands about twenty-eight inches
B. As subst. : The colour described under A.
high. The breed is not now often pure. It
“But those scarfs of blood-red shall be redder, before
was formerly employed to track out moss-
The sabre is sheathed and the battle is o'er.'
Byron : Childe Harold, ii. 12. troopers on the English and Scotch borders,
blood-relation, s. A relation by blood,
deer-stealers, escaped prisoners, and other
fugitive delinquents. There are other sub-
that is, by descent.
varieties, specially the Cuban bloodhound,
“Even if they left no children, the tribe would still
include their blood-relations."-Darwin : Descent of
used in the Maroon wars in Jamaica during
Man, vol. i., pt. i., ch. V., p. 161.
the last century, as well as more recently
blood - shaken, bloodshaken, a.
against escaped negro slaves in the swamps of
Shaken with respect to the blood ; having the
Virginia before the abolition of American
blood shaken or put in commotion.
slavery; and finally the African bloodhound,
used in hunting the gazelle.
“They may, bloodshaken then,
Feel such a flesh-quake to possess their powers."
“The parishes were required to keep bloodhounds for
Ben Jonson : New Inn. Verses at the end.
the purpose of hunting the freebooters."-Macaulay :
Hist. Eng. ch. iii.
blood-sized, a. Sized with blood.
2. Fig. : One who relentlessly pursues an
“ Tell him if he i’ the blood-siz'd field lay swoln,
opponent till he has done him mortal injury.
Shewing the sun his teeth, grinning at the moon,
What you would do."
“Hear this, hear this, thou tribune of the people!
Beaum. & Fl.: Two Noble Kinsmen.
Thou zealous, publick bloodhound, hear and melt."
Dryden.
blood-spavin, s. A disease of horses.
* blood-ſed, a. [BLOODY, v.] Stained with
(Ash.) (SPAVIN.)
blood from spurring.
blood-stain, s. [BLOODSTAIN.]
“To breathe his bloodied horse.”
Shakesp.: 2 Henry IV., i. 1.
blood-stained, a. [BLOODSTAINED.]
* blood'-1-ly, adv. [Eng. bloody; -ly.] In a
blood-swelled, a. Swelled by blood;
bloody manner, to the effusion of blood; san-
distended with blood ; blood-swoln. (Webster.) guinarily.
blood-swoln, a. Swollen or swelled
.. how mine enemies
To-day at Pomfret bloodily were butcher'd.”.
with blood ; blood-swelled. Used
Shakesp. : Richard III., iii. 4.
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whất, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hõr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marine ; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, work, whô, sõn; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian, æ, o =ē; ey=ām qu=kw,

bloodiness-bloody
591
xvii
blood-1-něss, * blod-i-ness, s. [Eng. † 1. A murder.
| blood-thirst-ý, * blood-thirstie, a. & s.
bloody ; -ness.] The state or quality of being
“All murders past do stand excus'd in this;
[Eng. blood, and thirsty.]
bloody.
And this so sole, and so unmatchable,
A. As adjective: Eager to shed blood ; de-
Shall prove a deadly bloodshed but a jest."
(a) In the sense of being besmeared or
Shakesp.: King John, iv. 3. lighting in sanguinary deeds. Used-
stained with blood.
2. Slaughter in war, rebellion, &c.
1. Lit. : Of man or of beings, real or ima-
"It will manifest itself by its bloodiness; yet some-
acts of bloodshed, outrage, and rapine." ginary.
times the scull is so thin as not to admit of any."-
Arnold : Hist. of Rome, vol. iii., ch. xlv., p. 283.
Sharp: Surgery.
"... and one of the most bloodthirsty of Barclay's
accomplices, ..."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii.
+ blood-shěd'-děr, s. [Eng. bloodshed; -er;
* (6) In the sense of being disposed to shed
or, blood ; shedder.] One who sheds blood.
:.. the bloodthirsty god Mars, ..."—Ibid., ch.
blood; cruelty.
"Boner, bishop of London, by his late bloodiness,
"He that taketh away his neighbour's living slayeth
2. Fig.: Of things personified.
procured an eternal stain of cruelty upon his name."-
him, and he that defraudeth the labourer of his hire
Le Neve: Lives of Bishops, pt. i., p. 32.
is a bloodshedder."-Ecclus. xxxiv. 22.
“ And, high advauncing his blood-thirstie blade,
Stroke one of those deformed heades."
blood'-îng, pr. par. & s. [BLOOD, v.]
tblood-shěd'-dîng, s. [Eng. bloodshed; -ing.]
Spenser : F.Q., I. viii. 16.
As substantive: (1) The act of bleeding.
1. The act or operation of shedding blood.
B. As substantive (formed by omitting the
noun after the adjective bloodthirsty): People
(2) A bloodpudding.
"These hands are free from guiltless bloodshedding."
Shakesp. : 2 Henry VI., iv. 7.
delighting in bloodshed.
“Some kinds of meats, as swine's flesh or bloodings."
2. The state of having one's own blood shed.
Sanderson : Serm.
“The bloodthirsty hate the upright.”—Prov. xxix. 10.
:: our Master and only Saviour Jesus Christ,
blood'-less, * blood'-lesse, a. [Eng. blood,
blood'-trēe, s. [Eng. blood ; tree.] A Euphor-
thus dying for us, and the innumerable benefits which
and suffix -less = without. A.S. blódleas; Dut.
by his precious bloodshedding he hath obtained for
biaceous plant, Croton gossypifolium. (Treas.
us."-Communion Service.
bloedloos; Ger. blutlos.]
of Bot.)
1. More or less literally :
blood'-shot, a. (Eng. blood; shot, pa. par, of blood'-věs-sel, s. [Eng. blood ; vessel.] One
(1) Without blood. Applied to the cheeks
shoot.] With blood shot into it. (ūsed espe of the numerous vessels, great or small, in the
in some diseases, or to all parts but the heart
cially of the small tubular vessels of the iris human or animal frame, which convey the
in a dead body.
when injected with blood.)
blood through the body; an artery or a vein.
"I will not shrink to see thee with a bloodless lip and
"Blood-shot his eyes, his nostrils spread.”
“Blood, the animal fluid contained in the tubes
cheek.” Hemans : Ulla ; or, The Adjuration.
Scott: Marmion, vi. 27.
called from their office blood-vessels."-Pen. Cycl., V. 3.
(2) Without effusion of blood; without 1 + blood'-shot-těn, a. [Eng. blood, and M.
slaughter.
Eng. shotten, standing in the same relation to
*blood'-wīte, * blood'-wit, * bloud-veit,
“But beauty, with a bloodless conquest, finds
shot as gotten to got.]
S. [A.S. blódwite = a fine for drawing blood
The same as BLOOD-
by a blow or wound ; blód = blood, and wite
A welcome sov'reignty in rudest minds."
SHOT (q. v.).
Waller.
=... a fine to the king for a violation of the
2. Fig. : Spiritless.
* blood-shot-těn-něss, s. [Eng. blood ; law.] [WITE.]
"Thou bloodless remnant of that royal blood."
shotten; -ness.] The state of being “ blood-
1. English law : A fine for shedding blood.
Shakesp. : Richard III., i. 2. shotten," i.e., bloodshot.
2. Scots law : A riot in which bloodshed
blood'-less-ly, adv. [Eng. bloodless ; -ly.] “He saw the enemies of the church's peace could
In a bloodless manner; without effusion of
vex the eyes of poor people, first to water or tears,
took place.
next to bloodshottenness and fury."-Bp. Guruien : Life
blood. (Byron.)
of Hooker.
blood'-wood, s. [Eng. blood; wood.] Various
t blood-lět, v.t. [A. S. blodldetan = to let blood'-snāke, s. (Eng. blood ; snale., The
shrubs or trees of which the wood may with
blood.] To let blood. Chiefly in the present English name of Hæmorrhus, a genus of
some latitude be called blood-red.
participle bloodletting (q.v.).
Snakes. (Ash.)
1. In Jamaica : Gordonia hoemdtoxylon.
2. In Victoria : A Myrtaceous tree, Euca-
blood'-?ět-tēr, *bloode latare, s. [A.S. blood'-stāin, s. [Eng. blood; stain.] A stain
blód loétere.]
lyptus corymboza.
produced by blood.
One who lets blood; a phle-
botomist; a surgeon; a medical man.
“If tears, by late repentance pour'd,
3. In Queensland: Another Myrtaceous tree,
May lave the blood-stairs from my sword !"
“Bloode latare : Fleobotomator ..."-Prompt.
Eucalyptus paniculata.
Hemans : Wallace's Invocation to Bruce.
Parv.
4. In Queensland & Norfolk Island : Baloghia
“This mischief, in aneurisms, proceedeth from the blood'-stāined, a. [Eng. blood ; stained.] lucida, a Euphorbiaceous plant with a blood-
ignorance of the blood-letter, who, not considering the Stained by blood.
red sap, which oozes from the tree if inci-
errour committed in letting blood, binds up the arm
carelessly.”- Wiseman.
(a) Literally:
sions be made in it, and is a pigment of an
“ Turning the leaves with blood-stain'd hands."
indelible character. (Treas. of Bot.)
blood'-let-ting, pr. par. & s. [BLOODLET.)
Moore: L. R.; The Fire-worshippers.
A. As present participle : In a sense corre (6) Figuratively :
blood'-wõrt, * blode'-wort, * blöd'-
sponding to that of the verb.
“Shrouded in Scotland's blood-stain'd plaid,
wurte, * bloud'-worte, s. [A.S. blódwyrt,
Low are her mountain-warriors laid
B. As substantive : The act, process, or art
blódwyrte = bloodwort, knot-grass (Bosworth);
of taking blood from the arm or from some
Dan. blodurt.]
other portion of the body to allay fever, or to
blood'-stone, s. [Named from the small 1. Of British plants :
effect some similar end. This may be done by
spots of red, jasper-like blood-drops which it
* (1) A kind of Dock, Rumex sanguineus,
the lancet, without or with cupping-glasses, or
contains.]
called by Hooker & Arnott the Bloody-veined
by means of leeches. It is now much more Min. : Heliotrope, a variety of quartz. Dock. (Gerarde, Coles, &c.)
rarely resorted to than was formerly the case. Dana places it under his Cryptocrystalline
(2) The Biting Persicaria (Polygonum hydro-
“The chyle is not perfectly assimilated into blood varieties of quartz and the sub-variety Plasma.
piper).
by its circulation through the lungs, as is known by
experiments in blood-letting.”-Arbuthnot : Aliments. + blood'-strānge, * bloud strange, s. “Some call it Sanguinary or bloudworte, because it
[Eng. blood. Strange is from Lat. stringo =
draweth bloud in places yt is rubbed on.”—Treveris.
blood-pūd'-dîng, s. [Eng. blood; pudding.
to bind; or from staunch (?) (Skinner.) Or
(3) The Elder-tree (Sambucus ebulus) (Lyte).
In Ger. blutpudding.] A pudding made of
corrupted from staying (?) (Parkinson).] A
It was called also Dane's Blood.
blood, suet, &c. [BLACK-PUDDING.]
ranunculaceous plant, the Common Mouse (4) The variety of Dutch Clover (Trifolium
blood-rāin, s. [Eng. blood; rain.]
tail (Myosurus minimus) (Lyte). (Britten & repens), which has deep - purple leaves.
1. Gen. : Rain nearly of the colour of blood,
Holland.)
(Withering.)
and which many of the unscientific suppose blood-suck-ér, s. [Eng. blood, and sucker.]
(5) The Common Yarrow or Milfoil (Achillea
to be actual blood. It arises either from
millefolium.) (Britten & Holland.)
1. Lit. : Any animal which sucks blood,
minute plants, mostly of the order Algæ, or
such as leeches, gnats, gadflies, &c.
2. Of foreign plants : Sanguinaria canc-
from infusorial animalculæ. It is akin to red
densis, one of the Papaveraceæ (Poppyworts).
“Thus the females of certain flies (Culicidæ and
snow, which is similarly produced.
Tabonidæ) are blood-suckers."-Darwin : Descent of
The English name is given because the plant
2. Spec. : A bright scarlet alga or fungus,
Man, vol. i., p. 254.
when wounded in any part discharges a blood-
2. Figuratively:
red fluid.
called Palmella prodigiosa, sometimes deve-
The root is tuberous and fleshy;
loped in very hot weather on cooked vegetables (1) A person with a propensity to shedding
there is but one leaf from each root-bulb, and
or decaying fungi.
blood; a man prone to cruelty.
one scape with a solitary flower, which is very
fugacious. It is abundant in the backwoods
"The colour of the bloodrain is so beautiful that
"The nobility cried out upon him that he was a
of Canada, where the Indians stain themselves
attempts have been inade to use it as a dye, and with
bloodsucker, a murderer, and a parricide."-Hayward.
some success; and could the plant be reproduced with
(2) A money-lender who financially ruins
with the juice.
any constancy, there seems little doubt that the
colour would stand.”-Rev. M. J. Berkeley, in Treasury his debtor by charging him an extortionate
Burnet Bloodwort. [BURNET.]
of Botany (ed. 1866), i. 150.
rate of interest.
blồod-ỷ (1), * bloud-dy, * bloud-ie,
blood'-rôot, s. [Eng. blood; root.]
blood'-suck-ing, a. [Eng. blood ; sucking.]
* blod'-y, * blod-ye, * blôdi (Eng.),
I. Ord. Lang. In the Sing. : Various plants. 1. Lit. : Sucking blood.
bleed-, * blua-ỷ (Scotch), củ. & ada. [Eng.
1. In Britain : The Tormentil (Potentilla
2. Fig. : Preying on the blood.
blood ; -Y; A.S. blodig; Sw. & Dan. blodig;
Tormentilla.) (In Scot. & North of England.)
E “For this I draw in many a tear,
Dut. bloedig; Ger. blutig.]
(Britten & Holland.)
And stop the rising of bloodsucking sighs.".
A. As adjective:
Shakesp. : 3 Hen. VI., iv. 4.
2. In America :
blood-thirst, s. [Eng. blood ; thirst. ] Thirst
(1) Sanguinaria canadensis.
I. Ordinary Language :
(2) Geum canadense. (Treas. of Bot.)
1. Literally. Of persons or things :
for blood.
II. Bot. In the Plur. (Bloodroots): The
“It was not blood-thirst, nor lust, nor revenge (1) Stained with blood.
which had impelled them, but it was avarice, greedi.
“The year before
English name of the endogenous order Hæmo ness for gold.”—Motley: Dutch Rep., pt. iv., ch. v.
A Turkish army had marched o'er ;
doraceæ (q.v.). (Lindley.)
blood-thĩrst'-ï-něss, s. [Eng. blood;
And where the Spahi's hoof hath trod,
The verdure flies the bloody sod."
blood'-shěd, * bloud'-shedd, s. [Eng. thirsty ; -ness.] The quality of feeling a certain
Byron: Mazeppa, ii
blood; -shed.] The act of shedding blood. zest in shedding blood, or at least in cruel (2) Attended by the shedding of blood on a
Specially—
deeds. (Eccl. Rev.)
large scale.
Hemans: Wallace's Invocation to Bruce.
boll, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian =shạn. -tion, -sion =shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhŭn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

592
bloody-blooming
bloom.
“By Archibald won in bloody work,
occurred in the Middle Ages, the causes being, prived of its dross by shingling or squeezing.
Against the Saracen and Turk."
Scott : Marmion, vi. 16.
on the one hand, excessive terror of death or (Knight.)
2. More figuratively:
outrage, with extreme bodily debility; or on
bloom-hook, s.
the other, violent anger, joy, or other excit-
(1) Of persons :
ing emotion. No well authenticated modern
Metal.: A hook or similarly-shaped tool for
*(a) Related by blood, nearly akin.
instance of the disease has been recorded. handling or moving about the heated bloom
“They are my blody brethren, quod pieres, for God [DIAPEDESIS.] (Stroud : Physical Cause of the so as to place it under the hammer or other-
boughte vs alle.”- Piers Plowman, vi. 210.
Death of Christ; Smith: Dict. of the Bible, &c.) wise deal with it.
(6) Cruel, delighting in bloodshed.
"By thine agony and bloody sweat.”—Litany.
bloom-tongs, s. pl. A peculiar kind of
.. thou art taken in thy mischief, because thou
art a bloody man.”—2 Sam. xvi. 8.
bloody-twig, s. The Cornus sanguinea. tongs used for similar purposes.
(2) Of communities : Characterised by the [BLOODY-ROD.] (Pratt.) (Britten & Holland.)
blôom, * blôme, * blo'-myn (English),
extensive prevalence in them of bloodshed.
bloody-veined, a.
“Woe to the bloody city! it is all full of lies and
blûme, * blôme, * bleme (Scotch), v.i. & t.
robbery."—Nah. iii. 1.
Of the leaves, petals, calyces, &c., of plants : A. Intransitive:
* II. Her.: The same as gules. Example, a
Having red veins.
1. Lit.: To blossom, to come into flower,
“ bloody hand” (q.v.).
Bloody-veined Dock : Rumex sanguineus.
especially of a conspicuous kind.
| This differs in colour from sanguine.
bloody-warrior, bloody-warriors,
“It is a common experience, that if you do not pull
off some blossoms the first time a tree bloometh, it will
B. As adverb : In a bloody manner, in a s. The wallflower Cheiranthus cheiri, and blossom itself to death."-Bacon : Nat. History.
sanguinary way, with effusion of blood. especially the double dark-flowered variety of
2. Figuratively :
Bloodily is more generally used.
it. (Prior, &c.)
(1) To be in a state of immaturity ; to give
bloody-bones, s. An unidentified willow, 1 blood'-ỹ (2), a. Corrupted from Fr. blé =
promise of rather than to have actually reached
it may be “the dog-willow" of Nemnich, if
wheat; de=of.]
full development.
willow, indeed, it be.
Bloody Mars : [Corrupted from blé de Mars.] “The spring was brightening and blooming into
summer."- Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv.
bloody-dock, s. A plant, Rumex san-
bloo'-dy, v.t. [From bloody, a. (q.v.).]
guineus. [BLOODWORT, 1.]
(2) To shine, to gleam.
To
stain with blood, to render bloody.
“— And he himself in broun sanguine wele dicht
* bloody-eyed, a.
"With my own hands, I'll bloody my own sword."-
Aboue his vncouth armour blomand bricht."
t. Having eyes of the colour of blood. Beam. & Fl. : Philaster.
Doug. : Virgil, 393, 2. (Jamieson.)
B. Transitive :
2. Fig.: Having eyes delighting in the sight | bloo'-dy-îng, pr. par. [BLOODY, v.]
1. Lit. : To cause to blossom.
of blood.
“He bids them haste their charge ; and bloody-eyed, bloom (1), * blôm, * blôme (Eng.), * bleme,
“The rod of Aaron for the house of Levi was budded,
and brought forth buds, and bloomed blossoms, and
Beholds his son, while he obeying died.”
* blywm (0. Scotch), s. & a. [In Icel. blóm, yielded almonds."-Numó. xvii. 8.
Ld. Brooke : Mustapha.
bloody-faced, a.
blómi = bloom; Sw. blomma; Dan, blomster,
2. Fig.: To produce anything morally beau-
blomst; Dut. bloem ; 0. Sax. blômo; Moso-
1. Literally. Of the face: Having the face
tiful or attractive.
Goth. blôma = a flower, a lily ; (N. H.) Ger.
"Rites and customs, now superstitious, when the
stained with blood.
blume, all = bloom; M. H. Ger. bluome; O. H. strength of virtuous, devout, or charitable affection
*2. Fig. Of a project: Of a sanguinary Ger. bluomo, bluama, pluama. From A.S. bloomed them, no inan could justly have condemned
complexion, involving the probability of blowan = to blow, bloom, blossom, or flourish
as evil."-Hooker.
bloodshed.
Blow (2)7. Not the same as blawan = to
blôom'-a-rý, s. [BLOMARY.]
“In a theme so bloody-fac'd as this.”.
blow or breathe, as the wind does.]
Shakesp. : 2 Hen. IV., i. 3.
A. As substantive :
blôomed (Eng.), * ble-mit (0. Scotch), pa.
bloody-flixwort, s. A composite plant,
I. Ordinary Language:
par. & a. [BLOOM, v.]
Filago minima.
A. As past participle : In senses correspond-
1. Literally :
bloody-flux, s. [Eng. bloody; flux. In
ing to those of the transitive verb.
* (1) A flower.
Sw. blodflod.] A popular name for the disease
B. As adjective: Possessed of bloom; in
“ Man his daies ere als hai
called dysentery, the leading feature of which
Als blome of felde sal he welyn awai.”
ultimately is a passage from the intestines of
“The low and bloomed foliage."
Metr. Eng. Psalter; Psalm cii. 15.
matter mixed with blood.
Tennyson : Recollect. of the Arabian Nights.
(2) A delicate blossom, or a blossom in
“Cold, by retarding the motion of the blood, and
general.
blôom'-ēr (1), s. & a. [Eng. bloom ; -er. So
suppressing perspiration, produces giddiness, sleepi-
ness, pains in the bowels, looseness, bloody-fluxes." —
| Bloom, as Trench justly remarks, is a
named because of a “ bloom” on a hide treated
Arbuthnot on Air.
more delicate inflorescence even than blossom ;
in the way intimated in the definition.]
bloody-hand, s.
thus we speak of the bloom of the cheek, but bloomer-pit, s.
not of its blossom.
1. Ord. Lang. : A hand literally covered,
Leather-manufacture: A tan-pit in which
“The blemis blywest of blee fro the sone blent.”.
smeared, or stained with blood.
hides are subjected to the action of strong
Foulate, i. 1. MS.
ooze. It is called also a layer. Pits contain-
2. Technically :
“Haste to yonder woodbine bow'rs ;
The turf with rural dainties shall be crown'a,
ing a weaker solution of the liquid are called
(1) Forest laws : Red-handed, when a person's
While opening blooms diffuse their sweets around.” handlers.
hands were imbued with blood, presumably of
at Pope : Spring, 100.
a deer, which he had illegally killed. Any (3) The very delicate blue colour upon newly-
bloom'-er (2), S. & a. [Named after Mrs.
trespasser found in a forest in such a state gathered plums and grapes, beautiful as that Bloomer, an American lady, the originator of
could be arrested by a forester.
of a blossom but yet more fleeting.
the style of dress described under No. 1.]
(2) Her.: A hand coloured gules [GULES), (4) The similar bloom on a cucumber.
A. As substantive:
i.e., red. It is an emblem of martial prowess.
2. Fig.: The state of immaturity in man's 1. A dress for ladies, consisting of a short
[BLOODY (1) II.]
youth, or in anything susceptible of growth
skirt, and long loose drawers or trowsers like
bloody-hunting, a. Hunting for blood.
and development.
those of the Turks, gathered tightly round the
“Mad mothers with their howls confus'd
“ 'Tis not on youth's smooth cheek the blush alone,
ankles. The head-dress appropriate to these
Do break the clouds, as did the wives of Jewry
which fades so fast,
envelopments is considered to be a broad-
At Herod’s bloody-hunting slaughtermen."
But the tender bloom of heart is gone, ere youth
brimmed hat of quakerly type.
Shakesp. : Hen. V., iii. 3.
itself be past." Byron : Stanzas for Music.
2. One wearing such a costume.
“... to a date within the florescence, or bloom, of
bloody-minded, a. Having a mind
the Egyptian Empire.”—Gladstone : Homeric Syn-
B. As adjective: Invented by Mrs. Bloomer,
disposed to delight in meditating or gloating chronism, pt. ii., ch. i., p. 165.
as “bloomer dress.”
over bloodshed.
II. Leather-manufacture: A yellowish pow-
“And when the old bloody-minded tyrant is gone to dery coating on the surface of well-tanned † blôom'-ér-ışm, s. [Eng. bloomer ; -ism.]
his long account.”—Darwin : Voyage round the World, leather. It may consist of a deposit of surplus
ch. vii.
The views of Mrs. Bloomer considered as a
tannin.
bloody-red, a. Normally of the colour
system.
B. As adjective: Having a blossom, or
of blood, though the word is used with some
latitude.
having a blossom of a particular character. | blôom'-ing, pr. par. & d. [BLOOM, v.]
[BLOOM-FELL.]
A. As present participle : In senses corre-
" These flowers are supported by small pedunculi, or
flower-stalks, of a bloody-red colour, which swell into bloom – fell, fell -- bloom, and fell sponding to those of the verb.
seed-vessels, having at their base an acute denticle.”— bloom, s. The Bird's-foot Trefoil, Lotus B. As participial adjective:
Philos. Trans., liii. 81.
corniculatus. (Scotch.)
1. Lit. : Coming first in bloom.
bloody-rod, s. A plant, the Cornus san-
“Ling, deer-hair, and bloom-fell, are also scarce, as
guinea. [BLOODY-TWIG.] (Nemnich.) (Britten they require a loose spungy soil for their nourishment."
(1) As a flower.
& Holland.)
-Prize Ess. Highl. Soc. Scot., iii. 524. (Jamieson.)
“Fresh blooming flowers, to grace thy braided hair."
Thomson : Seasons; Spring, 489.
bloody-sceptered, a.
| bloom (2), s. [A.S. bloma = metal, a mass, a (2) As a plant, a branch, twig, or spray.
1. Lit. : Having a sceptre with actual blood | Tump.]
"Hear how the birds, on every blooming spray,
With joyous music wake the dawning day!”
upon it.
Metallurgy:
Pope: Pastorals; Spring, 23, 24.
2. Fig.: Having a sceptre obtained by deeds * 1. Originally: A cubical mass of iron
2. Fig.: Giving promise of something greater
of blood.
about two feet long.
or more important than he, she, or it is now.
“O nation miserable!
“Bloom in the iron-works is a four-square mass of
With an untitled tyrant, bloody-scepter'd,
Used
iron about two foot long."-Glossog. Nova.
When shalt thou see thy wholesome days again ?”
2. Neat (plur.): Malleable iron after having
Shakesp. : Macbeth, iv. 3.
(1) Of a child, a boy, a girl, a young man or
young woman, a bride, &c.
received two beatings, with an intermediate
bloody-sweat, * bloody sweat, s. A
scouring.
"This blooming child,'
popular name for a disease called by medical
Said the old man, 'is of an age to weep
“ The blooms are heated in a chafery or hollow fire,
men diapedesis, which is transudation of
At any grave or solemn spectacle.'"
and then drawn out into bars for various uses."- Agr.
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. ii.
blood through the pores of the vessels. Surv. Stirl., p. 348. (Jamieson.)
“The blooming boy has ripen'd into man."
Several instances of it are said to have 1 3. Now: A loop or ball of puddled iron de-
Pope: Homer's Odyssey, bk, xi,. 556.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pit, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, work, whô, son; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; try, Sýrian, æ, oe=ē. ey=ā. qu= kw.

bloomingly-blotch
593
Parv.
(2) Of anything.
“That blossemith er that the fruyt i-waxe be."
obliterate : “All these terms obviously refer
"O greatly bless'd with every blooming grace !"
Chaucer : C. T., 9,336.
to characters that are impressed on bodies;
Pope: Odyssey.
“Although the fig tree shall not blossom, ..."-
Habak. iii. 17.
C. As substantive : The state of appearing
the first three apply in the proper sense only
to that which is written with the hand, and
2. Figuratively :
in blossom,
bespeak the manner in which the action is
Technically: An appearance resembling
(1) To become beautiful, or to be beautiful. performed. Letters are blotted out, so that
the bloom on fruit, which sometimes is seen
" Blossomed the lovely stars the forget-me-nots of the they cannot be seen again; they are expunged,
angels." . Longfellow : Evangeline, i. 3.
on the varnish of paintings which have been
so as to signify that they cannot stand for
exposed to damp.
(2) To give promise of fruit or of develop-
anything ; they are erased, so that the space
ment.
“Change of colour, cracking and blooming."-Timbs
may be re-occupied with writing. The last
& Gullick: Painting Pop. Described (1859), p. 204.
" Blossomed the opening spring, and the notes of the three are extended in their application to
robin and blue-bird
Sounded sweet upon the wold, and in wood, yet
bloom-ing-lý, cdo. [Eng. blooming ; -ly.]
other characters formed on other substances :
Gabriel came not.”
efface is general, and does not designate either
In a blooming manner. (Webster.)
Longfellow : Evangeline, ii. 4. the manner or the object; inscriptions on
blôom'-îng-ness, s. [Eng. blooming ; -ness.] blos'--somed, * blosmed, pret. of v. & a.
stone may be effaced, which are rubbed off so
The state of being in a blooming condition. 1 [BLOSSOM.]
as not to be visible. Cancel is principally
(Webster.)
confined to written or printed characters;
1. Preterite of verb : To blossom.
they are cancelled by striking through them
blôom'-less, a. [Eng. bloom ; -less.] Without 2. Participial adj.: In bloom, covered with with the pen ; in this manner, leaves or pages
blossoms or flowers.
flowers, in flower.
of a book are cancelled which are no longer to
"Amid a bloomless myrtle-wood.”
“ Where the breeze blows from yon extended field be reckoned. Obliterate is said of all characters,
Shelley : Rosalind and Helen.
Of blossom'd beans.”
Thomson ; Seasons ; Spring.
but without defining the mode in which they
bloom-y, a. [Eng. bloom ; -g.] Full of
are put out; letters are obliterated which are
blooms; flowery.
blos'-som-îng, * blos'-sŭm-mynge, in any way made illegible. Efface applies to
“O nightingale, that on yon bloomy spray."
* blõos'-mîng, * blos'-mynge, pr. par.,
images, or the representations of things; in
Milton : Sonnet to the Nightingale. a., & s. [BLOSSOM.]
this manner the likeness of a person may be
bloomy-down, s. A plant, Dianthus
effaced from a statue. Cancel respects the
A. & B. As pr. par. & participial adj. : In
barbatus.
subject which is written or printed ; obliterate
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
respects the single letters which constitute
* blôosme, s. [Blossom.]
“With greene leaves, the bushes with bloosming buds."
words. Efface is the consequence of some
Spenser : Shep. Cal., v.
* bloos'-mîng, pr. par.
direct action on the thing which is effaced ; in
"Is white with blossoming cherry-trees, as if just
[BLOSSOMING.]
covered with lightest snow.”
this manner writing may be effaced from a
(Spenser : Shep. Cal., v.)
Longfellow : The Golden Legend, iv. wall by the action of the elements. Cancel is
.. melt their sweets
the act of a person, and always the fruit of
* blöre (1), s. [BLADDER.]
On blossoming Cæsar.”
Shakesp. : Antony & Cleopatra, iv. 10.
design. Obliterate is the fruit of accident and
*blöre (2), s. [From Eng. blare (q.v.). Or from C. As substantive :
circumstances in general; time itself may
Gael. & Ir. blor = a loud noise.] The act of
obliterate characters on a wall or on paper.'
1. Lit. : The state of coming forth in flower.
blowing; a blast, as of wind.
(Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
"Blosmynge, blossummynge. Frondositas.”—Prompt.
"Being hurried head-long with the south-west blore,
blot (2), v.t. [Probably from Dan. blot = bare,
In thousand pieces gainst great Albion's shore."
Mirrour for Magistrates, p. 838.
2. Fig.: The state of giving promise of naked.] [BLOT (2), s.] To puzzle, to nonplus.
further and fruitful development.
* blör-înge, * blör'-ynge, pr. par. & s.
(Scotch.) (Dúff: Poems.)
"She lifts her head for endless spring,
[BLORYN.]
For everlasting blossoming."
blot (1), * blott, * blotte, s. [Icel. blettr;
As substantive : Weeping, lamentation.
Wordsworth : Song, At the Feast of Brougham Castle.
Dan. plet = a spot, blot, stain, speckle, flaw,
"Blorynge or wepynge (bloringe). Ploratus, fletus.” | blos'-som-less, a. [Eng. blossom ; and suff.
freckle.]
Prompt. Parv.
-less.] Without blossoms.
I. That which blots or causes an erasure.
* blör-ýn, v.i. [From O. Dut. blaren = to
1. That which blots.
blỗs-sổm-ỹ, * bsbs-sem-v, * blösº-mỹ,
weep.] [BLARE.] To weep; to lament.
(1) Lit. : A spot or stain of ink or any
“Bloryn' or wepyn' (bleren, P.). Ploro, fleo.”— * blẽs-mi, a. [Eng, blossom ; -9.] Full of
Prompt. Parv.
similar fluid on paper or other substance
blossoms. (Lit. & fig.)
capable of being blurred.
* blosche, v.i. [From blusch, s. (q.v.).] To
"A blossemy tre is neither drye ne deed.”
_ “Blotte vpon a boke.
Chaucer : C. T., 9,337.
look.
Oblitum, C.F.” - Prompt.
Parv.
“The bonk that he blosched to and bode hym bisyde.” blót (1), * blot'-tìn, * blot-týn, v.t. & i. (2) Figuratively :
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 343. [Not in A.S., in which blót is = a sacrifice. (a) A spot or stain upon the moral nature,
* blöse, s. The same as BLAZE (1), s. (q.v.).
În Icel. blettr = a spot, stain ; Dan. pletter
or upon the reputation ; a blemish, disgrace.
(Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, The Pearl,
to spot, to stain.] [BLOT, s.]
"A lie is a foul blot in a man, yet it is continually
911.)
A. Transitive:
in the mouth of the untaught."-Ecclus. XX. 24.
1. Lit. : Purposely or by inadvertence to
(6) Censure, reproach; attack on one's re-
* blos'-mě, s. [BLOSSOM, s.] (Prompt. Parv.)
allow a spot of ink or a similar fluid to fall on
putation.
"He that reproveth a scorner getteth to himself
paper, or on any substance capable of being
* blosme, v.i. [BLOSSOM, v.]
defiled ; to blur, to stain.
shame: and he that rebuketh a wicked man getteth
himself a blot.”—Prov. ix. 7.
* blos'-my, a. [BLOSSOMY.] (Chaucer.)
"Here are a few of the unpleasant'st words
2. That which causes an erasure or oblitera-
That ever blotted paper !".
blos'-som, * blos-some, * blos'-om,
Shakesp. : Mer. of Ven., iii. 2. tion of something written, printed, or other-
wise inscribed.
2. Figuratively:
*blos'-sům, * blos'-séme, * blosme,
(Lit. & fig.)
* blostme, * blosstme, * bloosme, s. (1) With a material thing for the object :
II. The act of blotting; the state of being
[A.S. blósma, blostma; Dut. bloesem. Cog-
blotted.
(a) Of paper, &c. : To obliterate, efface; to
nate with Eng. bloom, which, however, is of
“A disappointed hope, a blot of honour, a stain of
erase.
Scandinavian origin, whereas blossom is Teu-
conscience, an unfortunate love, will serve the turn."
"Blottyn' bokys. Oblitero.”—Prompt. Parv.
-Temple.
tonic. Compare also Gr. Bláornua (blastēma)
(6) Of anything lustrous: To darken,
“Let flames on your unlucky papers prey,
= a sprout, shoot, or sucker; increase,
Your wars, your loves, your praises, be forgot,
And make of all an universal blot."
“He sung how earth blots the moon's gilded wane.”
growth.] [BLASTEMA.]
Se: Cowper.
Dryden : Juvenal.
I. Ordinary Language :
(c) of anything symmetrical, beautiful, or blot (2), s.
blöt (2)
[From Dan. blot; Sw. blott; Dut.
1. Lit.: The flower of a plant, especially
both : To disfigure.
bloot = bare, naked.]
when it is conspicuous and beautiful.
“Unknit that threatning unkind brow;
It blots thy beauty, ...
“ Bringing thee chosen plants and blossoms blown
Backgammon : An exposed piece, a single
Among the distant mountains, flower and weed.”
Shakesp. : Taming of the Shrew, v. 2. “man” lying open to be taken up.
o Wordsworth : Farewell.
(2) With an immaterial thing for the object :
To hit a blot : To take advantage of the
2. Fig.: That which is beautiful and gives
To sully; to produce a stain of fault, sin, or
error committed in exposing the “man;” to
promise of fruit.
crime upon the moral nature, or of disgrace
carry the “man" off.
“ To his green years your censure you would suit.
upon the reputation.
“He is too great a master of his art, to make a blot
Not blast the blossom, but expect the fruit."
"Blot not thy innocence with guiltless blood.”
which may so easily be hit."-Dryden: Ded. prefixed
Dryden.
Rowe.
to Æneid.
II. Technically:
(See also blotless.)
Farriery: A “peach-coloured” horse ; a B. Intrans. (formed by the omission of the I blotch, * blatçhe, v.t. [Formed from Eng.
horse having white hairs interspersed with objective): To let ink or anything similar fall
black, v.= to blacken, in the same way as
others of a sorrel or bay colour.
upon paper, &c. (Lit. & fig.)
bleach is from bleak. (Skeat.).] To affect
blossom - bearing, a.
with tumours, rays, pustules, scabs, or any-
“Heads overfull of matter, be like pens overfull of
[A. S. blostm-
ink, which will sooner blot than make any fair letter." thing similar.
odrende.] Bearing blossoms.
-Ascham.
"If no man can like to be smutted and blatched in
his face, let us learn much more to detest the spots
blossom-bruising, a.
C. As part of a compound. To blot out: To
Bruising blos-
and blots of the soul."-Harmar: Trans. of Beza's
soms. (Used of hail.)
efface, to erase.
Sermons, p. 195.
"Skin-piercing volley, blossom-bruising hail.”
1. Lit. : Of things written.
Cowper : The Task, bk. v.
“... while he writes in constraint, perpetually
| blotch, s. [From blotch, v. (Skeat.).]
NLUNYA
blos'-som, * blos'-some, * blos'-sům, softening, correcting, or blotting out expressions."
1. Gen. : A blot of any kind, as a blotch of
Swift.
bibs-seme, * blosme, * blbst-mi-ăn,
2. Fig. : Of anything.
vii. [A.S. blostmian ; from blosma, blostma =
2. Spec. : A tumour, a large pustule, a boil,
“... that I may destroy them, and blot out their
a blossom.] [BLOSSOM, s. ]
name from under heaven."-Deut. ix. 14.
a blain upon the skin.
1. Lit. : To come forth into flower, to put Crabb thus distinguishes between to blot
“ Meantime foul scurf and blotches him defile,
And dogs, where'er he went, still barked all the
forth flowers, to bloom, to blow.
out, expunge, rase or erase, efface, cancel, and
while.” Thomson : Castle of Indolence, ii. 77.
ink:
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=1.
38
cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhŭn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del

594
blotched-blow
blotched, * blatched, pa. par. & a. (BLOTCH,
v.]
1. Ordinary Language. (See the verb.)
“The sick man's gown is only now in price,
To give their blotch'd and blister'd bodies ease.”
Drayton : Moses; his Birth and Miracles, bk. ii.
2. Bot., Zool., &c. : Having the colour dis-
posed in broad, irregular patches.
blótçh'-ing, pr. par. [BLOTCH, v.]
blotch'-ý, a. [Eng. blotch; -y.] Having
blotches ; full of blotches.
* blote, a. (O. Icel. blautr.] Soft.
“Blote hides of selenth beslis." —Relig. Antiq., ii. 176.
* blöte, v.t. [BLOAT, v.] To dry, as herrings.
* blo'-těd, pa. par. [BLOTE, v.]
* blõ’-ting, pr. par. [BLOTE, v.]
blot-těd, * blot'-tyd, * blot-ten, pa. par.
& a. [BLOT, v.t.]
"Blottyd, P. Oblitteratus.”—Prompt. Parv.
“And all true lovers with dishonor blotten.”
Spenser : F. Q., IV. i. 51.
blot'-tēr, s. [From blot, v., and suff. -er.]
1. Gen. : One who blots or defiles.
“Thou tookest the blotting of Thine image in Para-
dise as a blemish to Thyself; and Thou saidst to the
blotter, Because thou hast done it, on thy belly shalt
thou creep." - Abp. Harsnet, Serm. with Stuart's
Serm., 1656, p. 131.
2. That which does so. Specially, a device
for absorbing the superfluous ink from paper
after writing. The blotter may be merely a
thin book interleaved with bibulous paper, or
a pad or cushion covered with blotting-paper,
and having a handle, being used after the
manner of a stamp. Another form consists
of a roller covered with successive layers of
blotting-paper, and revolving on an axis, a
handle being attached for convenient use.
The layers of paper may be removed as they
become soiled, and fresh paper substituted.
(Knight.)
blot-ting, * blot'-týnge, pr. par., a., & s.
[BLOT, v.]
A. & B. As present participle & participiat
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
C. As substantive :
1. The act of blurring or disfiguring any-
thing; that which does so.
"The most accurate pencils were but blottings,
which presumed to mend Zeuxis' or Apelles' works."
Bp. Taylor : Artif. Handsomeness, p. 35.
2. The act of effacing anything by blacken-
ing it over, erasing it, or in any other way.
“ Blottynge. Oblitteracio.”—Promp. Parv.
blotting-pad, s. An instrument con-
sisting of a few sheets of blotting-paper on
the writing-table or desk, to form a soft bed
for the writing-paper, and to serve as a blotter.
blotting-paper, s. A thick, bibulous,
unsized paper, used to imbibe superfluous ink
from undried manuscripts. A coarse variety
is used in culinary processes to imbibe super-
fluous fat or oil.
blốt”-ting-lý, calo. [Eng. blotting; -lu.] By
blotting. (Webster.)
* blough'-ty, a. [From bloated (?).] Puffy,
swelled out, thick.
“One dash of a penne might thus justly answer the
most part of his bloughtie volume."-Bp. Hail:
Honour of the Married Clergy, b. i., S. 2.
bloure, * blowre, s. [Cognate with bladder.
Cf. Dut. blaar.] A pustule, swelling.
"Where thay byte thay make grete blowre.”—
Townley Myst., p. 62.
blouşe, * blowşe, s. [Fr. blouse, blaud; 0.
Fr. Jliaus, bliaut; Prov. blizaut, bliaut, blial
= upper clothing ; Sp. Erial; L. Lat. bliaudus,
blialdus, bliaus = a kind of dress of Oriental
origin. Mahn suggests comparison with Pers.
baljad = a garment, a simple cloth.]
1. A smock-frock.
† 2. The wearer of a smock-frock.
* bloust, v.i. Apparently the same as BLAST,
v. (q.v.). (Scotch.).] To boast.
* blout, a. [Dan. blot; Sw. blott; Dut. bloot
= bare, naked.] Bare; naked. (Lit. & fig.)
(Scotch.)
“ Woddis, forestis, with naket bewis blout,
Stude stripit of thare wede in euery hout."
Doug. : Virgil, 201, 15. (Jamieson.)
* blout, s. [Sw. blät = soft, yielding, pulpy.)
1. The sudden breaking of a storm.
"- Vernal win's, wi' bitter blout,
Out owre our chimlas blaw."
Tarras: Poems, p. 63.
“A blout of foul weather”: A sudden fall
of rain, snow, or hail, accompanied with wind.
2. A sudden eruption of a liquid substance
accompanied with noise. (Jamieson.)
+ bloute, a. [BLEAT, a.]
blow(1), * blowe(1), * blow-ěn(1), * blow'-
yn, * blâue,* blâwe, * blâu'-wěn, * blâ'-
wěn (Eng.), blâw (Scotch) (pret. blew, * bleu,
* blu, * bleou, * bleow; pa. par. blown, * blau-
wen, *blawen), v.i. & t. [Ā.S. bláwan, pret.
bleow, pa. par. bláwen = to blow, to breathe;
(N. H.) Ger. blähen = to blow up, to swell;
O. H. Ger. blâhan, plâjar. Compare Lat. flo
= to blow.]
A. Intransitive :
1. Lit. Of air:
(1) To be in motion, so as to produce a
strong or a gentle breeze,of wind.
“... and the winds blew, ...”—Matt. vii. 27.
In this sense sometimes impersonally.
“It blew a terrible tempest at sea once, and there
was one seaman praying."-L' Estrange.
(2) To pant, to puff; to be out of breath.
"Here's Mrs. Page at the door, sweating and blowing,
and looking wildly."-Shakesp. : Merry Wives, iii. 3.
(3) To sound, to give forth musical notes.
Used-
(a) Of the performer on a wind instrument.
"But when the congregation is to be gathered to-
gether, ye shall blow, but ye shall not sound an alarm."
-Numb. x. 7.
(6) Of the instrument itself.
"And brightened as the trumpet blew.”
Scott : Rokeby, iv. 14.
2. Fig.: To boast. [See also C. III. To
blow hot and cold.]
“That owte of tyme bostus and blawes.”-Avowynge
of K. Arthur, st. 23.
B. Transitive :
I. Ordinary Language:
(i) Literally :
1. To direct the breath or any other current
of air against a person or thing.
(1) The agent in doing so being directly or
indirectly man :
(a) To use the breath, a pair of bellows, a
blowpipe, or any other instrument or appli-
ance for directing a current of air into or
against anything, either to remove it (as in
ex.), or to fill it with air, as in an organ, or to
produce fiercer combustion in a flame.
“... as I blow this feather from my face."
Shakesp. : 3 Hen. VI., iii. 1.
(6) To warm by breathing upon, or to cool
by directing a current of colder air upon.
“When icicles hang by the wall,
And Dick the shepherd blows his nail.”
Shakesp. : Love's Labour Lost, v. 2. (Song.)
(c) To inflate ; to cause to take a balloon-
like form by means of the breath. (Often
followed by up.) [BLOW-UP.]
(d) To sound a wind instrument of music.
"If, when he seeth the sword come upon the land, he
blow the trumpet.” – Ezek.xxxiii. 3.
(2) The agent in doing so being natural law,
without the intervention of man.
“What happy gale blows you to Padua ?”
Shakesp. : Tam. of Shrew, i. 2.
2. To put out of breath; to cause to be
short of breath; to make to pant. (Used
chiefly with a horse or horses for the ob-
jective.) [Generally in the pa. par. blown
(q.v.).]
3. To boast.
“The pomp oft the prid furth schawis,
Or ellis the gret boist that it blawis."
Barbour: Bruce, iii. 349.
(ii) Abnormally: To deposit upon. (Used
of eggs laid by flesh-flies.) Johnson can see
no connection between this and the former
meanings. Can the connection be that the
deposition of the eggs often causes a tumour,
inflation, or balloon-like swelling on the skin?
[B., I. 1. (1) (c)] Or should this signification
be transferred to blow (2), v. (q.v.)?
"I would no more endure
This wooden slavery, than I would suffer
The flesh-fly blow my mouth."
Shakesp. : Tempest, iii. 1.
(iii) Figuratively:
*1. To spread as a report; to blaze, to blazon.
“So gentle of condition was he known,
That through the court his courtesy was blown."
Dryden.
* 2. To make known, to betray.
"I must not be seen anywhere among my old ac-
quaintance, for I am blown."—Hist. of Colonel Jack
(1723). (Nares.)
3. To inflate, as ambition. [BLOWN.]
II. Technically. [See example under blown,
as particip. adj.]
1. Glass-manufacture : To cause glass to
take certain definite forms by blowing through
it when in a soft state through the operation
of heat.
2. Metal. : To create an artificial draught of
air by pressure. [BLOWER.]
3. Among some butchers : To swell and in-
flate veal.
C. In special compounds and phrases:
I. To blow away: So to blow as to cause
the removal of the object thus treated. (Lit.
& fig.)
II. To blow down : So to blow that the
object thus treated falls down.
III. To blow hot and cold : At one time to
advocate an opinion or a measure with hot
zeal, and soon after speak of it with cold in-
difference, the motive impelling to action
being self-interest, and not mental conviction.
“Says the satyr, if you have gotten a trick of blowing
hot and cold out of the same mouth, I've e'en done
with ye."--L'Estrange.
IV. To blow off :
1. Lit. : So to blow that the object thus
treated loses the hold which it had on some-
thing else.
2. Fig.: To cast off belief in or responsi-
bility for.
“These primitive heirs of the Christian church could
not so easily blow off the doctrine."-South.
V. To blow out:
1. Lit.: To extinguish a fire or light by the
operation of wind or the breath directed
against it.
"As when a lamp is blown out by a gust of wind at a
casement." Longfellow: Evangeline, ii. 5.
2. Figuratively :
(a) of light or flame: To appear to extin-
guish by air directed against anything, while
really this is done in another way.
“Moon, slip behind some cloud, some tempest rise,
And blow out all the stars that light the skies."
Dryden.
(6) Of anything: To extinguish, to make to
cease.
“And now 'tis far too huge to be blown out."
Shakesp.: King John, v. 2
VI. To blow over, v.t. & i. :
1. Transitive:
(a) Lit. Of storm-clouds : To blow the storm
from the region described to another one.
(Used whether the district where the person
using the expression “blow over" at the time
wholly escapes or is only temporarily sub-
jected to the tempest.)
“When the storm is blown over,
How blest is the swain." Granville.
(6) Fig. : To pass away. (Used of a trial, a
disturbance, sorrow, &c.)
“But those clouds being now happily blown over,
and our sun clearly shining out again, I have re-
covered the relapse.”-Denham.
2. Intrans. : In a similar sense to the verb
transitive. [BLOW-OVER, s.]
"Storms, though they blow over divers times, yet
may fall at last."-Bacon: Essays.
VII. To blow up, v. t. & i.
1. Transitive :
(1) To inflate ; to render turgid.
(a) Lit.: To inflate as a bladder.
“Before we had exhausted the receiver, the bladder
appeared as full as if blown up with a quill."-Boyle.
(6) Fig.: To render the mind swelled, in-
flated, turgid, or puffed up, or conceited by
means of imagined divine afflatus, by flattery,
&c.
"Blown up with the conceit of his merit.”-Bacon.
(2) To kindle by blowing. Used-
(a) Lit. : Of fire.
(6) Fig. : Of strife, war, &c.
“His presence soon blows up th' unkindly fight.”
Dryden.
(3) To break and scatter in different direc-
tions by the action of ignited gunpowder or
some other explosive.
(a) Lit. : In the foregoing sense.
“Their chief blown up in air, not waves expir'd,
To which his pride presum'd to give the law."
Dryden.
(6) Fig. : To scold ; to censure severely.
(Colloquial & vulgar.)
2. Intrans. : To explode, to fly in fragments
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pỉt, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sön; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; trý, Sýrian. æ, oe=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

blow-blowing
595
into the air through the operation of gun boiler - steam is admitted to a condensing
powder or some other explosive.
steam-engine to blow through and expel air and
“On the next day, some of the enemy's magazines condensed water, which depart through the
blew up, ..."-Tatler,
way of the snifting-valve. It is the first
VIII. To blow upon.
operation in starting an engine of this cha-
1. Lit. : To direct a stream of air against.
racter, the condenser being then brought into
“... like dull embers suddenly blown upon, ..."-
operation to condense the vaporous contents
Tyndall : Frag. of Science, 3rd ed., X. 282.
of the cylinder and make the first stroke.
2. Figuratively :
(Knight.)
(1) To reduce or diminish in amount by the
blow-tube, s.
operation of the Divine displeasure.
1. The hollow iron rod used by glass-makers
“Ye looked for much, and Jo, it came to little ; and
when ye brought it home, I did blow upon it."-Hag.
to gather“metal” (melted glass) from the pots,
i. 9.
to blow and form it into the desired shape;
(2) To render stale ; to discredit. [B., I. iii. 2.] a ponty.
“... till the plot had been blown upon and till 2. A tube through which arrows are driven
juries had become incredulous."- Macaulay : Hist. by the breath. [BLOW-GUN.]
Eng., ch. iv.
blow (2), * blowe (2),* blow-en (2), v.i. [A.S.
blow-up, a. Designed for allowing steam
blówan, geblowan=to blow, bloom, blossom,
to blow up into.
or flourish; O.S. blöjan ; Dut. bloeijen =
Blow-up Pan. Sugar-machinery : A pan
to bloom, to blossom; (N. H.) Ger. blühen ; used in dissolving raw sugar preparatory to
M. H. Ger. blüon, blüen, blüejen ; 0. H. Ger. the process of refining. Steam is introduced
pluon, pluohan, pluojan ; Lat. floreo = to blos-
by means of pipes coiled round within the
som, to come into flower ; Gr. Bauw (bluo) = to
vessels to dissolve the sugar, which thence
bubble ; déw (phleo)= to gush. Cognate also
becomes a dark, thick, viscous liquid; a
with Lat. folium, and Gr. púxlov (phullon)
small portion of lime-water is admitted to
= a leaf.] [FOLIATE.]
the sugar, and constant stirring with long
1. Lit. : To come into blossom.
slender rods assists the process of liquefaction.
The blow-up pans are generally rectangular,
“I know a bank whereon the wild thyme blows."
Shakesp.: Mid. Night's Dream, ii. 2.
six or seven feet long, three or four feet wide,
2. Fig.: To bloom, to flourish, to come to
and three feet deep, with perforated copper
the maximum of beauty at which the person
pipes near the bottom, through the holes of
or thing is susceptible in the course of deve-
which steam is blown into the sugar. (Knight.)
lopment.
blow-valve, s.
“ This royal fair
Shall, when the blossom of her beauty's blown,
Steam-engine : The valve by which the air
See her great brother on the British throne."
expelled from the cylinder escapes from the
Waller.
blow (1), a. & s. [From blow, v.i.]
condenser on the downward stroke of the
piston when a steam-engine is first set in
A. As adjective (chiefly in compos.):
motion; the snifting-valve.
1. Through which blowing takes place.
[BLOW-HOLE, BLOW-VALVE, &c.]
blow (2), s. [From Eng. blow (2), v. In Ger.
2. Inflated, or by means of which inflation,
blüthe, blüte.] A blossom.
swelling, or tumour takes place. [BLOW-BALL,
| In blow : In flower, in blossom.
BLOW-FLY.]
“ The pineapples, in triple row,
Were basking hot, and all in blow.”
B. As substantive. [This may possibly be
Cowper : The Pineapple and the Bee.
from blow (2), v., in place of blow (1), v.]
Chiefly in the plur.: The eggs or larvæ of a
blow (3), * blowe, s. [O. Dut. blauwe = à
flesh-fly so often seen in decaying carcases.
blow; (N. H.) Ger. bleuen, bläuen = to beat ;
“I much fear, lest with the blows of flies
M. H. Ger. bliuwen; O. H. Ger. bliwan,
His brass-inflicted wounds are filled.”
pliuwan; Moeso-Goth. bliggvan = to kill, to
Chapman: Iliad.
murder. Skeat considers it cognate with
blow-ball, s. [BLOWBALL.]
Lat. fligo = to strike or strike down, and
flagellum = a whip, a scourge. Compare also
blow-fly, s. The name popularly given to
Lat. plaga ; Gr. anyń (plēgē) = a blow, a
such two-winged flies as deposit eggs in the
stroke.]
flesh of animals, thus inaking tumours arise.
Several species of musca do this, so do breeze-
I. Ordinary Language :
flies, &c. [BREEZE-FLY, MUSCA.]
1. Literally :
blow-gun, s. A gun for blowing arrows
(1) A stroke.
instead of impelling them by a bowstring. It (a) Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
is in use among the Barbados Indians of “Hee (Sir J. Gates] ... then refusing the kerchiefe
Brazil and the Malays of the Eastern Archi layde downe his head, which was stricken off at three
blowes."-Stowe : Queen Mary, an. 1553.
pelago ; the latter race of men call it sumpitan.
(6) Spec. : A fatal stroke; a stroke causing
blow-hole, s. A hole for blowing through. death.
Blow-holes of a whale : Two apertures on the “Assuage your thirst of blood, and strike the blow."
top of the head in the more typical Cetacea,
Dryden.
but really constituting the nostrils, through
(2) A series of strokes, fighting, war, assault;
which air and water are blown to a consider resistance by force of arms.
able height.
... and that a vigorous blow might win it
(Hanno's camp] with all its spoil." —Arnold: Hist.
blow-milk, s. Milk from which cream Rome, vol. iii., ch. xliv., p. 227.
has been blown. (Ogilvie.)
2. Figuratively :
blow-off, a. Pertaining to that by which (1) Anything which strikes the senses or
steam or anything else passes out with more the mind suddenly and calamitously, as re-
or less noise.
proachful language, sad intelligence, bereave-
Blow-off Cock. Steam-engine: A faucet in a
ment, loss of property, &c.
steam-boiler for allowing a quantity of water
“A most poor man, made tame to fortune's blows."
Shakesp. : King Lear, iv. 6.
to escape, to rid the boiler of mud; or, in
† (2) Sickness or other suffering divinely
marine engines, to rid it of a strong solution
sent on one, even when there is no suddenness
of salt.
in the visitation.
Blow-off Pipe. Steam-engine: A pipe at the
“Remove thy stroke away from me: I am consumed
lower part of a steam-boiler by which at in-
by the blow of thine hand.”—Ps. xxxix. 10.
tervals sediment is driven out.
(3) A stroke struck by the voice, the pen, or
blow-out, s. A vulgar expression for a 1 anything similar..
“A woman's tongue,
hearty meal.
That gives not half so great a blow to th' ear,
blow-over, s.
As will a chesnut."
Shakesp. : Taming of the Shrew, i. 2.
Glass - manufacture : An arrangement in
Special phrases:
blowing glass bottles or jars in moulds in
(1) At a blow: As the result of one defeat;
which the surplus glass is collected in a
chamber above the lip of the vessel with but
all in a moment.
“Every year they gain a victory and a town, but if
a thin connecting portion, so that the surplus
they are once defeated, they lose a province at a blow.”
is readily broken off without danger to the -Dryden.
vessel itself. (Knight.)
(2) To come to blows :
blow-through, a. Designed for allowing (a) of individuals : To pass from angry dis-
steam to pass through with noise.
putation to the use of the fists.
Blow-through Valve. Steam-engine: A valve (6) Of nations : To cease diplomatic nego-
commanding the opening through which tiation and send armies to fight.
† (3) To go to blows: Essentially the same as
to come to blows, No. (2).
“... to prevent the House of Brunswick Wolfen-
buttel from going to blows with the House of Brunswick
Lunenburg."- Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xx.
Precise signification of blow : Crabb thus
distinguishes between blow and stroke :-
“ Blow is used abstractedly to denote the
effect of violence; stroke is employed relatively
to the person producing that effect. A blow
may be received by carelessness of the re-
ceiver, or by a pure accident; but strokes are
dealt out according to the design of the giver.
Children are always in the way of getting
blows in the course of their play, and of re-
ceiving strokes by way of chastisement. A
blow may be given with the hand or with any
flat substance; a stroke is rather a long-drawn
blow, given with a long instrument like a stick.
Blows may be given with the flat part of a
sword, and strokes with a stick. Blow is
seldom used but in the proper sense; stroke
sometimes figuratively, as 'a stroke of death,'
or 'a stroke of fortune.'” (Crabb: Eng. Synon.)
II. Naut.: A violent wind, a gale.
blow'-bâll, s. [From Eng. blow; and ball.
It is called ball because the entire compound
fruit of the plant when mature is globular
like a ball, and the epithet blow is applied
because children are accustomed to blow away
portions of it to ascertain the hour of the day.
If the whole sphere of balloons, each with a
seed for its car, depart at the first vigorous
puff of breath, it is, in childish estimate, one
o'clock, if at two puffs two o'clock, and so
forth.] The fruit of the Dandelion (Leontodon
Taraxacum). [DANDELION, LEONTODON.]
“Her treading would not bend a blade of grass,
Or shake the downy blow-ball from its stalk.”
B. Jonson : Sad Sheph., i. 1.
* blow'-ěn, pa. par. [Blown.]
blow'-ěr, s. [Eng. blow; -er.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Of persons :
+(1) As a separate word : One who blows.
"Add his care and cost in buying wood, and in
fetching the same to the blowing-house, together with
the blowers' two or three months' extreme and in-
creasing labour."-Carew.
(2) In compos.: As a glass-blower, &c.
.. chief captaine and trompet blower ..."-
Tyndall : Works, p. 25. (Richardson.)
2. Of things : That which blows. [II.]
(1) In the foregoing sense.
(2) A child's name for the downy heads of
Dandelion (Leontodon Taraxacum). [BLOW-
BALL.]
II. Mechanics :
1. A machine for creating by means of
pressure an artificial current of air. It is the
same as a plenum engine as distinguished
from a vacuum engine, such as an aspirator.
A blower in the form of wooden bellows was
used at Nuremberg in 1550. An improved
blower with a flat vane reciprocating in a
sector-shaped box, with a pipe for the egress
of the air, was made about 1621, by F. Fannen-
schmid of Thuringia. The next type was that
of cylinders with pistons, which is still in use.
Another one still in use is the fan-blower,
believed to have been invented by Teral in
1729. Yet another is the Water-bellows or
Hydraulic bellows, first made by Hornblower.
Blowing-machines were erected by Smeaton
at the Carron Ironworks in 1760. The hot-air
blast was patented in 1828 by the inventor,
James Neilson of Glasgow. The main use of
blowers is to increase draughts in furnaces,
to ventilate buildings, to dry grain or powder,
to evaporate liquids, &c.
2. An iron plate temporarily placed in front
of an open fire, to urge the combustion,
3. A simple machine designed to furnish air
to an organ or harmonium.
“... composition pedals, hand and foot blowers ..."
Advt., Times, Nov. 4, 1875.
III. Hat Manufacture: A machine for se-
parating the hair froin the fur fibres. [BLOW-
ING-MACHINE.]
Blower and Spreader (Cotton Manufacture):
A machine for spreading cotton into a lap,
the action of beaters and blower being con-
joined for the purpose. [COTTON-CLEANING
MACHINE.]
blow-ing (1), * blow'-ynge, * blo-ynge,
*blow-ạnd, pr. par., a., & s. [BLOW (1), v.]
A. & B. As pr. par, & particip, adj.: In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian = shạn, tion, -sion=shún; -țion, -şion=zhăn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

596
blowing-blowth
C. As substantive :
blowing-tube, s.
metallurgic purposes is represented in an
I. Ord. Lang.:
Glass-making : An iron tube from four to
ancient painting at the Egyptian Thebes. It
five feet in length, and with a bore from one-
1. The act or operation of directing a cur-
was used by jewellers during the Middle Ages
rent of air to, upon, or through anything
third to one inch in diameter.
for fusing metals; its adoption as an instru-
It is used to
ment for mineralogical and chemical analysis
"Bloynge (blowynge, P.): Flacio, fatus." --Prompt.
blow melted glass or metal, as it is called, into
Parv.
some kind of hollow vessel. [GLASS-BLOWING,
is mainly due to Antony Swab, a Swedislı
PONTY, PONTIL.]
2. Puffing, panting.
councillor of mines, in 1738, and Cronstedt,
who published a “System of Mineralogy” in
"Broken wynded and pursyfnes is but schorte blow-
blow'-ing (2), pr. par., d., & s. (Blow (2), v.] 1758. There are various forms of blowpipe,
ynge."-Fitzherbert : Husbandry.
A. & B. As pr. par. & a. : In senses corre-
as Gahn's, Wollaston's, and Dr. Black's.
II. Technically:
1. Blowing of Glass : The art of fashioning
To use the blowpipe it is necessary to ac-
sponding to those of the verb.
“... as the bloom
quire the art of keeping the lungs supplied
glass into hollow tubes, bottles, &c., by
Of blowing Eden fair, ..
with air through the nostrils, whilst securing
directing a current of air through it by means
Thomson: The Seasons; Summer.
a steady stream through the blowpipe from
of a blowpipe [BLOWPIPE), or in any other + C. As subst. : The act of blossomning.
the mouth; the communication between the
way.
“To assist this flower in its blowing."-Bradley : mouth and the lungs being closed by a peculiar
2. Blowing of Firearms :
Family Dict., 1,725.
action of the tongue, which is drawn back
Gunnery: The art or operation of construct | blown (1), * blowne, * blowen, * blowun,
against the orifice. The small body to be
ing firearms in such a way that the vent or
subjected to examination may be held in a
* blowe, pa. par. & a. (Blow (1), v.]
touch-hole is run or “gullied,” and becomes
A. As past participle : In senses correspond-
small forceps, or if easily fusible, in a small
wide, allowing the powder to blaze out. -
silver or platinum spoon, but the ordinary
ing to those of the verb.
rest, the one used to support metallic oxides
3. Blowing up: The act of exploding a mine
B. As participial adjective :
and many other minerals, is of well-burnt wood
charged with gunpowder or anything similar;
charcoal, in which a small cavity has been
1. Literally :
the state of being exploded.
made with a knife. The body to be examined
"The captains hoping, by a mine, to gain the city,
(1) Driven by the wind, as “blown sands."
approached with soldiers ready to enter upon blowing
should not be larger than a peppercorn.
(2) Inflated, as a “blown bladder."
up of the mine."-Knolles : Hist. of the Turks.
In chemical analysis the blowpipe is used
A blowing up: A scolding. (Colloquial
"Grete blowen bladdyrs."-Seven Sages, 2,181.
to examine solid substances.
2. Figuratively:
and vulgar.)
(a) Heated on charcoal, oxides of lead,
(1) Inflated, swollen, tumid.
blowing-cylinder, s.
copper, and silver, &c., yield metallic beads in
“No blown ambition doth our arms incite.”
the reducing-flame, especially when mixed with
Pneumatics, &c. : A form of blowing-engine.
Shakesp.: Leur, iv. 4.
carbonate of sodium or cyanide of potassium.
In 1760 Smeaton introduced the blowing-
“How now blown Jack, how now quilt?"-Ibid.,
Hen. IV., iv. 2.
(6) The blowpipe is used to make borax-
cylinders at the Carron Ironworks, and
smelted iron by the use of the coke of pit-
(2) Proud, insolent.
beads (q.v.).
"So summe ben blowun with pride."-Wycliffe (1
coal.
(c) Under its operation some substances are
Cor., iv. 18). (Purvey.)
found to be fusible and others volatile; in
blowing-engine, s.
“I come with no blown spirit to abuse you."
Beaum. & Fletcher: Mad Lover.
the latter category are ranked mercury, ar-
Pneumatics, &c. :
blown (2), pa. par. [Blow (2), v.]
senic, and aminonium compounds.
1. Strictly: An engine applied to the duty
(d) Salts of zinc give a green colour when
“It was the time when Ouse display'd
of driving a blower.
His lilies newly blown."
heated on charcoal with CO(NO3)2 cobalt ni-
2. Less properly: A machine by which an
The Dog and the Water Lily. trate; aluminum salts, phosphates or silicates
artificial draught by plenumpis obtained.
"Against the blown rose may they stop their nose, a blue colour, salts of magnesia a pink colour.
That kneel'd unto the bu
(e) Chromium salts fused with potassium
Shakesp. : Ant. & Cleop., iii. 11.
blowing-furnace, s.
nitrate, on platinum foil, give a yellow mass
Glass-making : A furnace in which articles | blow-pīpe, s. & d. [Eng. blow ; pipe.]
of potassium chromate; manganese salts, a
of glass in process of manufacture are held to A. As subst. : An instrument for directing
green mass of potassium manganate.
be softened, when they have lost their plas the flame of a lamp, of a candle, or jet of
(f) Salts of certain metals give characteristic
ticity by cooling.
gas, mixed with air, against a spot on which
colours when moistened with hydrochloric
blowing-house, s.
is placed a minute body which the operator
acid and heated in the blowpipe flame. Thus
designs to subject to the action of more than
Metal. : The blast-furnace in which tin-ore
sodium salts give yellow, potassium salts
ordinarily intense heat. The several types of
is fused. (Stormonth.)
violet, strontium and lithium salts crimson,
blowpipe are :-
calcium salts orange-red, barium salts yellow-
blowing-lands, blowing lands, 1. The Mouth Blowpipe : This consists of a
green, thallium salts green, and copper salts
8. pl.
conical tube of tin plate about eight inches
blue-green colours.
Agric. : Lands of which the surface soil long, open at the narrow end and closed at its
(g) Certain metals give incrustations on
is so light that when dry it crumbles, and is
lower part, from the side of which projects a
charcoal when heated in the oxidising flamé.
liable to be blown away by the wind.
small brass tube about an inch long, at the
Lead gives yellow, bismuth brownish-yellow,
extremity of which is a brass jet. The jet is
antimony bluish-white, and cadmium reddish-
blowing-machine, s.
inserted about one-eighth of an inch into the
brown incrustations.
1. Iron-manuf.: A machine for creating an
flame of a lamp, and a current of air is blown
2. The Bellows Blowpipe, i.e., a blowpipe in
artificial draft by forcing air. [BLOWER.]
into the flame, which then assumes the
which the flame is supplied by air not by the
2. Hat-making: A machine for separating
human breath but from a pair of bellows. It
the “ kemps ” or hairs from the fur fibres.
is used chiefly by glass-blowers, glass-pinchers,
3. Cotton-manuf.: A part of the batting-
enamellers, &c.
machine, or a machine in which cotton
3. The Oxyhydrogen Blowpipe is one in which
loosened by willowing and scutching, one or
not common air but a mixture of oxygen and
both, is subjected to a draught of air produced
hydrogen is used.
BLOWPIPE FLAME.
by a fan, and designed to remove the dust,
These being made to issue
&c., from the fibre.
0. Oxidising flame.
from two separate reservoirs and afterwards
R. Reducing flame.
unite in a single jet, or to pass from a com-
blowing off, s.
form of a pointed cone (see figure). In the
mon bladder through the safety jet of Mr. Hem-
centre there is a well-defined blue cone, con-
ming, are then directed through the flame,
Steam-engine: The process of ejecting the
with the result of producing a heat so intense
sisting of a mixture of air with combustible
super-salted water from the boiler, in order to
as to fuse various bodies which are found
gases; in the front of which is a luminous
prevent the deposition of scale or salt.
portion, containing the unburnt gases at a high
quite intractable under the ordinary blowpipe.
blowing off taps, s.
temperature. This is the reducing flame; and
The oxyhydrogen blowpipe was invented in
1802 by Prof. Robert Hare, of Philadelphia.
outside it is a pale yellow one terminating at
Steam-engine: A tap for blowing off steam.
the point O. The part now described contains
One was also made by Sir Humphrey Davy at
“Blowing off taps, for use when the pistons are in
motion.”-Atkinson : Ganoť: Physics, bk. vi., ch. 10.
oxygen at a high temperature, mixed with the the suggestion of Mr. Children.
4. The Airohydrogen blowpipe, in which at-
products of complete combustion, being the
blowing-pipe, s.
mospheric air and hydrogen are the two gases
Glass-making: A glass-blower's pipe; a
used.
bunting-iron; a pontil.
5. Bunsen's burner (q.v.).
blowing-pot, s.
B. As adjective: Pertaining to, relating to,
Pottery: A pot of coloured slip for the or-
or ascertained by the instrument described
namentation of pottery while in the lathe.
under A.
The pot has a tube, at which the mouth of
"Physical and blowpipe characters.”—Dana : Min.,
5th ed., p. XX.
the workman is placed, and a spout like a
quill, at which the slip exudes under the
blow-point, s. [Eng. blow; point.] A
pressure of the breath. The ware is rotated
child's play, perhaps like push-pin. Nares
in the lathe, while the hollows previously
thinks that the players blow small pins or
made in the ware to receive the slip are thus
points against each other.
filled up. Excess of slip is removed, after a
“Shortly boys shall not play
certain amount of drying, by a spatula or
At spancounter or blowpoint, but shall pay
Toll to some courtier."
knife, known as a tournasin. (Knight.)
blowşe (1), s. (BLOUSE.]
blowing-through, s.
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN BLOWPIPE.
Steam-engine: The process of clearing the
blowşe (2), s. [BLOWZE.]
engine of air by blowing steam through the oxidising part of the flame. The mouth blow- | * blowth, s. [From Eng. blow. In Ger.
cylinder, valves, and condenser before starting pipe is of great antiquity; a man using one for blüthe ; Ir. blath, blaith = blow, blossom,
Donne.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fall, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sire, sīr, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, work, whô, son; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; trý, Sýrian. æ, pe=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

blowy-blue
597
ii.
flower.] In the state of blossoming; bloom,
blow, flower. (Lit. & fig.)
"Ambition and covetousness being but green, and
newly grown up, the seeds and effects were as yet but
potential, and in the blowth and bud."-Raleigh : Hist.
of the World, bk. i., ch. ix., $ 3.
I Still used by the Americans. (Webster.)
+ blow'-ý, a. [Eng. blow; -y.] Windy, as a
“blowy day.” (Mon. Rev.)
*blow-ýn, v.i. & t. (Prompt. Parv.) [Blow.]
* blow'-ynge, * blo'-ụnge, s. [BLOWING.]
(Prompt. Parv.)
* blowze, t blowse, * blowesse, s. [Cog-
nate with blush (q.v.). Or from blow, V.,
signifying one who has been well blown upon.]
A ruddy, fat-faced woman.
“Sweet blowse, you are a beauteous blossom sure."
Shakesp.: Titus Andron., iv. 2.
“I had rather marry a faire one, and put it to the
hazard, than be troubled with a blowze ; ..."-Burton :
Anat. of Mel., p. 628.
* blowzed, a. [Eng. blowz(e); -ed.] Rendered
of a high colour ; tanned into a ruddy hue by
exposure to the weather ; blowzy.
"I protest I don't like to see my daughters trudging
up to their pew all blowzed and red with walking."
Goldsmith : Vicar of Wakefield, ch. x.
blow'-zý, a. [Eng. blowz(e); -.] Like a
blowze, high-coloured, ruddy, sunburnt.
* blúb, v.t. [BLEB.] To swell.
“My face was blown and blub'd with dropsy wan."
Mir. for Magistrates, p. 112.
* blúbbed (Eng.), blůb'-bit (Scotch), pa. par.
& a. [BLUB.] Blubbered.
“Your cheeks are sae bleer't, and sae blubbit adown.”
Tarras: Poems, p. 124. (Jamieson.)
blúb’-běr, * blúb’-bîr, * blúb-ěr, * blõb'-
ēr, * blõb'-ūr, * blõb'-ūre, * blob'-ir,
*blob'-běr (Eng.), * blõb-ýr (Sc.), s. [From
Provinc. Eng. blob, bleb = a bubble. Imitated
apparently from the sound of a stream or
spring bubbling up, that is emerging from an
aperture as a mixture of water and air, the
latter disengaging itself from the former and
escaping in the form of bubbles.]
* 1. A bubble of air.
“Blobure (blobyr, P.): Burbulium ... Burbalium."
-Prompt. Parv.
“And at his mouth a blubber stode of fome."
Chaucer : Test. Creside.
Blubber is still used in Norfolk in this
sense.
2. A thick coating of fat with which whales
are enveloped, with the view of preserving the
temperature of the body amid the cold ocean.
It lies just under the skin. It is chiefly for
the blubber that the whale is so remorselessly
pursued.
blubber-guy, s.
Naut. : A rope stretched between the main-
mast and foremast heads of a ship, and serving
for the suspension of the “speck-purchase,”
used in flensing whales. (Knight.)
blubber-lip, blobber-lip, s. A thick
“His blobber-lips and beetle brows commend.”
Dryden.
blubber-lipped, blobber-lipped, a.
Having thick lips.
“A blobber-lipped shell ...”—Grew.
blubber-spade, s.
Naut. : A keen-edged spade-like knife at-
tached to a pole, used by whalers in removing
the blubber which encases the body of a
whale. The carcase denuded of the blubber
is called krang. (Knight.)
blúb’-běr, v.i. & t. [From blubber, s. (q.v.).]
A. Intransitive:
1. To bubble, to foam.
... nov is a see called
That ay is drouy and dym and ded in hit kynde,
Blo, blubrande, and blak ..
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 1015.17.
2. To weep in a noisy manner, and so as
to make the cheeks swell out blubber or
bubble-like.
“Soon as Glumdalclitch miss'd her pleasing care,
She wept, she blubber'd, and she tore her hair.”
Swift.
B. Trans. : To swell the cheeks with weep-
ing. (Used chiefly as a participial adjective.)
[BLUBBERED.]
"And her fair face with teares was foully blubbered.”
Spenser : F. Q.
blůb'-bēred, * blúb'-bred, pa. par. & a.
[BLUBBER, v.t.]
1. Swelled with weeping. (Specially of the (6) Of various plants. [BLUEBELL, BLUE-
cheeks or the eyelids.)
BOTTLE.]
“With many bitter teares shed from his blubbred (c) Of the cloudless sky, azure.
eyne."
Spenser : F. Q., V. i. 13.
“ Three gaudy standards flout the pale blue sky."
2. Swelled ; protuberant from whatever
Byron : Childe Harold, i. 41.
cause. (Specially of the lips.)
(d) Of water in certain circumstances. -
“ Thou sing with him, thou booby! never pipe
(i.) Of the sea.
Was so profan'd, to touch that blubber'd lip."
Dryden.
Poets conventionally call the sea “blue."
blue-bếp-ing, * blue-bring, * blub Near the shore it is generally green, yellow
rande, pr. par., a., & s.
Far
sand below. often affecting its colour.
[BLUBBER, v.]
A. & B. As present participle & participial
from the land it is oftener blue. The “Red ”
adjective : In senses corresponding to those of
Sea may often be seen of a beautiful blue
the verb.
colour.
“The sea, the blue lone sea, hath one-
C. As substantive: The act of crying so as
He lies where pearls lie deep."
to swell the cheeks.
Hemans: The Graves of a Household.
“So when her teares were stopt from eyther eye
(ii.) Of lakes. This also is somewhat c912-
Her singults, blubbrings, seem'd to make them flye ventional.
Out at her oyster-mouth and nose-thrils wide."
“O'er the blue lake ...
Browne : Britannia's Pastorals, bk. ii., $ 1.
Hemans : Edith.
(iii.) Of rivers and streams. So also is this
Blû'-chẽr (ch guttural), a. & s. [Named after
somewhat conventional. .
the celebrated Prussian Field-Marshal Lebe-
“The past as it filed by my own blue streams!"
recht von Blücher, who was born at Rostock,
Hemans : The Land of Dreams.
December 16, 1742, was victorious over the 2. Figuratively: Highly derived, aristo-
French at Katzbach on August 25, 1913, was
cratic-as “blue blood.”
defeated by them at Ligny on June 16, 1815,
II. Technically :
and completed their defeat and rout at Waterloo
on the 18th of the same month.)
1. Optics : The colour produced in a body
A. As adjective : Named after Marshal
when the blue rays which constitute one com-
ponent in light are reflected, all other rays
Blücher.
being absorbed.
"... pots, tobacco-boxes, Periodical Literature, and
Blücher Boots."-Carlyle : Sartor Resartus, bk. i., ch. 2. Physic. science, spec. Bot.: A series of
colours containing, besides the typical species,
B. As a common substantive (pl. bluchers) : Prussian blue, indigo, sky-blue, lavender-colour,
The kind of boots defined under A.
violet, and lilac (q.v.). The typical blue most
nearly approaches indigo, but is lighter and
* blŭd'-dér, * blúth'-ěr, v.t. & i. (From duller than that deep hue. (See Lindley :
Sw. plottra = to scribble; plotter = a scrawl.]
Introd. to Bot., 3rd ed., 1839, pp. 479, 480.)
A. Transitive :
3. Painting : For painters' colours see C. II.
1. Lit. : To blot paper in writing ; to dis 4. Her. : [AZURE.]
figure any writing.
(1) Costume, livery, &c. : Formerly blue was
2. Figuratively:
the appropriate colour worn by persons of
(1) To disfigure the face with weeping, or in
humble position in society, and by social out-
casts. It was so Spec.,
any other way.
"On sic afore his een he never set,
(a) Of servants.
Tho'bluddert now with strypes of tears and sweat.” "In a blew coat, serving-man like, with an orange," &c.
Ross: Helenore, p. 28.
Mask of Christmas. (Nares.)
(2) Morally to disfigure.
Prior to A.D. 1608 these blue coats had been
"... blotted and bluthered with these right-hand exchanged for cloaks not readily distinguish-
extreams, and left-hand defections, ..."-Walker : able from those worn by masters.
Remark. Passages, p. 57. (Jamieson.)
“... for since blew coats have been turned into
B. Intrans. : To make a noise with the
cloaks, one can scarce know the man from the master."
mouth or throat in taking any liquid. (Jamie -Act ii., Anc. Drama, v., p. 151. (Middleton.) (Nares.)
son.)
(6) Of beadles. [BLUEBOTTLE, a.]
“And to be free from the interruption of blue
+ blûde, s. [BLOOD.) (Scotch.) (Scott : Guy beadles, and other bawdy officers."-Middleton : Mich.
Mannering, ch. xxii.)
Term. (Nares.)
(c) Of harlots in the house of correction.
blūd'-geon, s. [Etymology doubtful. Cf. Ir. (d) Of beggars. [BLUE-GOWN.]
blocan = a little block; Gael. plocan = a III. Political, religious, & academical sym-
wooden hammer, a beetle, a mallet, &c.,
bolism : Now redeemed from former humble
dimin. of ploc = any round mass, “a junk of
associations, see II. 4, it stands-
a stick” (McAlpine), "a club or bludgeon
with a round or large head” (Macleod &
1. Politically : In London and many parts
Dewar). Compare also Moeso-Goth. bleggwan
of England, though not everywhere, for a
Conservative.
= to kill ; pa. par. bluggwuns.] A short stick,
thick, and sometimes loaded at one end, used
2. Religiously :
by roughs, or in desperate emergencies by (1) In England: Originally a strict Puritan
other persons as an offensive weapon.
of Presbyterian views; a rigid Protestant
“... had armed themselves with flails, bludgeons, belonging to the Church of England.
and pitchforks, ..."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. v.
(2) In Scotland : A rigid Presbyterian sup-
blûe, * blôo, * bleu, * blwe, * blo (Eng.),
porting the Church of Scotland.
In senses III. (1) and (2) the expression
blue, blā, blāe (Scotcl), a., adv., & s. [A.S.
bleo, óleah (Somner), a word the existence of
“true blue” is sometimes used. Thus a true
which Skeat doubts ; Icel. blár = livid ; Sw.
blue Protestant is one who shows no pro-
blå = blue, black; Dan. blaa = blue, azure;
clivities towards Roman Catholicism, a true
Dut. blauw = blue ; 0. Dut. bla; (N. H.) Ger.
blue Presbyterian one very strict in his belief
blau ; O. H. Ger. blâo, plâo: Fr. bleu ; Prov.
and practice.
“For his religion, it was fit
blau, blava; O. Sp. blavo; O. Ital. biavo. A
To match his learning and his wit,
Scandinavian word. ]
'Twas Presbyterian true-blue,
For he was of that stubborn crew."
A. As adjective :
Hudibras, I. i. 189-91.
I. Ordinary Language :
3. Academically: In the annual boat race
1. Literally:
and cricket match between the Universities
(1) Originally livid ; of the colour of a
of Oxford and Cambridge those in favour of
Oxford wear dark-blue colours, and those in
wound produced when one has been beaten
“black and blue.” [BLAE.]
favour of Cambridge light-blue. So also dark-
blue is worn by partizans of Harrow, and
"Bloo coloure: Lividus, luridus."-Prompt. Parv.
light-blue by those of Eton.
The expression “blue" milk, used of
skimmed milk, seems to be a remnant of this
B. As adverb:
meaning.
1. As if blue. [To look blue.]
“... skimmed or blue milk being only one half-
“The lights burn blue."
penny a quart, and the quart a most redundant one,
Shakesp. : Rich. III., V. 3.
in Grasmere."-De Quincey: Works (ed. 1863), vol. ii., 2. Into a blue colour; so as to look blue.
p. 14.
"There pinch the maids as blue as bilberry.”
† (2) Blue-black. [BLAEBERRY.]
Shakesp.: Mer. Wives, v. 5.
(3) Of any other shade of blue. Spec.—
C. As substantive :
(a) of the veins.
I. Ordinary Language:
ro
... and here
1. Of things :
My bluest veins to kiss ; .
Shakesp. : Ant. & Cleop., ii. 5. I. (1) Lit. : (a) The colour described under A.
lip..
boil, boy; póut, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f
-cian, -tian=shạn. tion, -sion =shăn; -țion, -şion=zhŭn-cious, -tious, -sious =shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, del.

593
blue
“There was scarce any other colour sensible besides
red and blue; only the blues, and principally the
second blue, inclined a little to green.” – Newton.
(6) The Blue-butterfly,
“On the commons and open downs the lovely little
blues are frisking in animated play.”—Gosse: Nat.
Hist., p. 5.
© A substance used in washing clothes.
(2) Fig. Pl. (blues): The same as BLUE-
DEVILS (q.v.).
2. Of persons: Persons dressed in blue.
Specially-
(1) Either the Dutch troops in general, of
which blue is now the uniform, or more pro-
bably the blue-clad Dutch troops of life
guards which came over with Williain III. in
1688.
.. while vainly endeavouring to prevail on their
soldiers to look the Dutch Blues in the face.”-Ma-
caulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xvi.
(2) The Royal Horse Guards in the British
army. Though the term “the blues” is
limited to these, the following regiments are
also clad in blue :—The 6th Dragoon Guards,
the 3rd and 4th Hussars, the 5th Lancers, the
7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, and
15th Hussars, the Royal Regiment of Artillery
and the Royal Marine Artillery.
“If it were necessary to repel a French invasion or
to put down an Irish insurrection, the Blues and the
Buffs would stand by him to the death."--Macaulay :
Hist. Eng. ch. xxiv.
(3) Blue-stockings.
“The Blues, that tender tribe, who sigh o'er son-
nets."
Byron : Don Juan, canto xi.
(4) Boys educated at Christ's Hospital.
II. Painting : The chief pigments used are
Prussian blue, Indigo blue, Verditer, Ultra-
marine, Cobalt blue, and Smalt. (See these
words.)
D. In special phrases :
1. To look blive: To feel disappointed to
such an extent that to the imaginative the
colour seems to change to blue.
2. To look blue at : To look angrily at.
blue asbestus, or asbestos, s.
Min. : The same as Crocidolite (q.v.).
blue billy, s.
Metal.: A name given to the residue from
the combustion of iron pyrites (FeS2) in the
manufacture of sulphuric acid. It is em-
ployed as an iron ore, and for the fettling of
puddling furnaces in the Cleveland district.
blue-black, a. Of a colour produced by
the commingling of black and blue, the former
predominating.
* blue blanket, s. The name formerly
given to the banner of the craftsmen in Edin-
burgh.
"The Crafts-men think we should be content with
their work how bad soever it be; and if in any thing
they be controuled, up goes the Blue Blanket."-R. Jä.
Basilicon Dor, and Pennecuil's Hist. Acc. Bl. Blanket,
pp. 27, 28.
blue bonnet, s.
I. Ordinary Language :
1. A bonnet of a blue colour.
2. One wearing a “bonnet” of a blue colour.
II. Technically:
1. Zool: A name for the Blue Tit (Parus
coeruleus). [BLUE TIT.]
2. Botany :
(1) Sing. : A name sometimes given to the
Centaurea cyanus. [BLUEBOTTLE.]
(2) Plur. Blue bonnets : A plant, Scabiosa
succisa. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
blue-breast, s. A name sometimes given
to a bird, the Blue-throated Warbler (Phoeni-
cura suecica). It is a native of Britain.
blue-butterfly, s. A name occasionally
applied to any butterfly of the genus Poly-
ommatus, which has the upper side of its
wings blue, their normal colour.
blue-cap, s.
1. One of the names for the Blue Titmouse
(Parus coeruleus).
“ Where is he that giddy sprite,
Blue-cap, with his colours bright."
Wordsworth: The Kitten and the Fatling Leaves.
2. A fish of the salmon family, with blue
spots on its head.
blue-cat, s. A Siberian cat valued for its
fur. (Ogilvie.)
blue-coat, blue coat, s. & a.
A. As subst. : A coat which is blue.
“The whips of furies are not half so terrible as a
blue coat.”-Microcosmus, O. Pl., ix. 161.
B. As adj. : Of which the uniform is a blue
coat, as a blue-coat school.
blue-coated, a. Wearing a blue coat.
“Then was brought in the lusty brawn
By old blue-coated serving man."
Scott : Marmion. Introd. to Canto vi.
blue copper, blue copper ore, s.
Min.: The same as Azurite and Chessylite
(q.v.).
blue-devils, s. pl.
1. Frightful apparitions which present them-
selves to the excited brain in delirium tremens.
(Colloquial.)
2. Lowness of spirits ; hypochondria.
blue-disease, blue disorder, blue
jaundice, s.
Med. : Popular names for a disease or a
morbid symptom which consists in the skin
becoming blue, purple, or violet, especially on
the lips, the cheeks, and other parts where
the cutaneous capillary vessels are superficial.
[CYANOSIS.]
blue-eyed, a. Having blue eyes. Blue
eyes generally go with fair hair and a sanguine
temperament. They are more common in the
Teutonic race than in the other races of the
world.
"Glenalvon's blue-eyed daughter came."
Byron : Oscar of Alva.
It is generally believed that blue eyes occa-
sionally occurred in the Greek race; Athene
(Minerva) was thought to have possessed them,
but ydavkÔTLS (glaukopis) was originally fierce-
eyed' or grey-eyed rather than blue-eyed.
(Liddell & Scott.)
“Thus while he spoke, the blue-eyed maid began."
Pope: Homer's Odyssey, bk. xiii. 327.
| Blue-eyed grass : An iridaceous plant,
Sisyrynchium anceps, or Bermudiana. It
grows in Bermuda, in the United States, &c.
blue felspar, s.
Min.: The same as Lazulite (q.v.).
blue-fish, s.
1. A species of Coryphæna found in the
Atlantic. [CORYPHÆNA.]
2. Temnodon saltator: A fish like a mackerel
but larger, found on the Atlantic coast of the
United States. It is called also Horse-mack-
erel and Salt-water Tailor.
blue-fly, blue fly, s. A bluebottle,
Musca (Lucilia) Cæsar.
blue-glede, s. A name for the Ring-
tailed Harrier, Circus cyaneus. [BLUE-HAWK.]
blue-gown, s.
1. Of things : A gown of a blue colour.
2. Of persons : A pensioner, who annually,
on the king's birthday, receives a certain sum
of money and a blue gown or cloak, which he
wears with a badge on it.
“Here has been an old Blue-gown committing
robbery!"-Scott : Antiquary, ch. xxxvii.
blue gramfer greygles, s. A lilia-
ceous plant, Scilla nutans.
blue hafit, s. The Scotch name for the
Hedge-sparrow (Accentor modularis).
blue-haired, a. Having blue hair.
« This place,
The greatest and the best of all the main,
He quarters to his blue-hair'd deities."
Milton.
blue-hawk, s.
1. The Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus).
2. The Ring-tailed Harrier (Circus cyaneus).
blue-hearts, s. An American name for
the botanical genus Buchnera (q.v.).
blue iron earth, s.
Min. : The same as Vivianite (q.v.).
blue-john, s.
Min. : The same as Fluorite or Fluor (q.v.).
It is a blue variety of fluor-spar (CaF), found
in Derbyshire.
blue-kite, s. A name for a bird, the
Ring-tailed Harrier (Circus cyaneus).
blue laws, s. pl. [Called probably from
the Puritan colour “true blue.”] (Kingsley.)
[BLUE, III. 2.) Severe puritanic laws alleged
to have existed at Newhaven, in Connecticut,
and the adjacent parts. They were not laws,
but a selection of judicial decisions. (Ripley
& Dana.)
blue-lead, s.
Min.: A variety of Galena. It is lead sul-
phide (PbS.). [GALENA.]
blue-light, s. A signal light which when
ignited burns with a steady blue colour and
reflection. The materials used in the com-
position of blue lights are saltpetre 9 lb. 10
oz. ; sulphur, 2 lb. 6} oz. ; and red orpiment,
11 oz. These are all incorporated together
and pressed into cups of wood, covered with
cartridge paper, and furnished with a handle.
blue malachite, s.
Min.: The same as Azurite or Chessylite
(q.v.).
blue-mantle, s. & a.
A. As substantive : A mantle which is blue.
B. As adjective: Having a blue mantle.
Blue-mantle pursuivant (Her.). [PURSUI-
VANT.]
“As sacred as either garter or Blue mantle."-Scott:
Waverley, ch. i.
blue-metal, s.
Metal. : Copper at one stage of the process
of refining. It is called also fine metal.
blue-Monday, s. The Monday preced-
ing Lent, when, in the 16th century, the
churches were internally decorated with blue.
blue moor-grass, s. A book-name for
a grass, Sesleria coerulea.
blue-mould, s. The inould, of the colour
indicated, so often seen upon cheese. It con-
sists of a fungus, Aspergillus glaucus.
· blue-ointment, s.
Pharm. : Mercurial ointment.
blue-peter, s. [Corrupted from blue re-
peater, one of the British signal flags.]
Naut. : A flag, blue with a white square in
the centre, used as a signal for sailing, for re-
calling boats, &c.
blue-pill, s.
Pharm. : Pilula Hydrargyri, a pill made by
rubbing two ounces of mercury with three
of confection of roses till the globules dis-
appear, and then adding one of liquorice-root
to form a mass. It is given when the secretion
of the liver is defective as a “cholagogue
purgative,” i.e., as a purgative designed to
promote evacuation of the bile.
blue-poker, s. One of the names of a
duck, the Pochard (Aythya farina).
blue-poppy, s. A plant, Centaurea
cyanus, more commonly termed Bluebottle.
blue-pots, s.
Comm. : Pots, also called Black-lead cru-
cibles. They are made of a mixture of clay
with a coarse variety of graphite. They are
much less likely to crack when heated than
those made from fire-clay only.
blue-rocket, s. Several species of Aco-
nite, specially Aconitum pyramidale. [ACO-
NITE.]
7 blue-ruin, s. A cant name for gin and
other strong alcoholic liquors used in England.
“This latter I have tasted, as well as the English
blue-ruin, and the Scotch whisky, analogous fluids used
by the sect in those countries."-Carlyle: Sartor
Resartus, bk. iii., ch. 10.
blue-shark, S. Ashark (Carcharias
glaucus).
•blue-shone, s. An Australian miners'
term for the basaltic lava through which they
have sometimes to dig in search of gold.
(Stormonth.)
blue-skate, s. A skate (Raia batis).
(Scotch.)
* blue-spald, S. A disease of cattle ;
supposed to be the same with the black spaul.
"If the cattle will die of the blue-spala, what can I
help it?"-Saxon and Gael, i. 152. (Jamieson.)
blue-spar, s.
Min. : The same as Lazulite (q.v.).
blue-stocking, s. & a.
A. As substantive :
1. Lit. : A stocking of a blue colour.
2. Fig.: A literary lady, generally with the
imputation that she is more or less pedantic.
Boswell, in his Life of Johnson, states that in
his day there were certain meetings held by
ladies to afford them opportunity of holding
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fall, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sīr, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; māte, cũb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian, æ, ce=ē; ey=ā. qu=kw.
ere
, prin
pit, sire, marinosem pšt.

blue-bluid
599
converse with eminent literary men. The
most distinguished talker at these gatherings
was a Mr. Stillingfleet, who always wore blue
stockings. His absence was so felt that the
remark became common, “We can do nothing
without the blue stockings." Hence the
meetings at which he figured began to be
called sportively “Blue-stocking Clubs,” and
those who frequented them blue-stockings.
B. As adjective:
1. Lit. : Pertaining to stockings of a blue
colour.
2. Fig.: Pertaining to literary ladies; such
as characterises literary ladies.
"... how much better this was adapted to her
husband's taste, how much more adapted to uphold
the comfort of his daily life, than a blue-stocking
loquacity.”—De Quincey: Works (ed. 1863), vol. ii.,
p. 133.
blue-stockingism, s. The procedure of
literary ladies, generally with the imputation
of pedantry.
blue stone, s.
Comm.: A name given to cupric sulphate,
CuSO4.5H,O. [CUPRIC SULPHATE.]
blue-tail, s. A popular name for an
American lizard--the Five-lined Plestiodon
(Plestiodon quinquelineatum).
blue tangles, s. The name of a plant,
Vaccinium frondosum, from North America.
blue-throated, a. Having a throat with
blue feathers on it.
Blue-throated Redstart: A bird, Ruticella
cyanecula. [REDSTART.]
blue tit, blue titmouse, s. A bird,
called also Blue Tomtit, Blue-cap, Blue-
bonnet, Hick-mall, Billy-biter, and Ox-eye.
It is Parus coeruleus, L. It has the upper
part of the head light-blue, encircled with
white; a band round the neck and the spaces
before and behind the eye of a duller blue;
cheeks white; back light yellowish-green, the
lower parts pale greyish yellow; the middle of
the breast dull blue. The male is more brightly
coloured than the female. Average length to
end of tail, which is rather long : male, 43
inches ; expansion of wings, 73; female, 4.7
inches; expansion of wings, 7*. It is perma-
nently resident in Britain, placing its nest in
the chink of a wall, under eaves or thatch,
or in a hole of a tree, and laying from six to
eight, some say twelve or even twenty, eggs
of a slightly reddish colour, marked all over
with irregular small spots of light red.
blue titmouse, s. [BLUE Tit.)
blue-veined, a. Having blue veins.
(Used of plants rather than of man.)
“These blue-vein'd violets whereon we lean.”
Shakesp. : Ven. and Adonis.
blue verditer, s. (VERDITER.]
blue-vitriol, blue vitriol, s.
1. Min. : The same as Chalcanthite (q.v.).
2. Comm. : The mineral mentioned under
No. 1. It is crystallized sulphate of copper
(CwSO4.5H20). [CUPRIC SULPHATE.]
blue-weed, s. An American name for a
plant, Echium vulgare, known here as the
Viper's Bugloss. [BUGLOSS, ECHIUM.]
blue-winged, a. Having blue wings.
11. Blue-winged Jay: A name for the jay
(Garrulus glandarius). (Macgillivray.)
2. Blue-winged Shoveller : One of the English
names for a bird, the Common Shoveller
(Spathulea clypeata).
blûe, v.t. [From blue, adj. In Sw. blåna.
blåci ; Dut. blauwen ; Gér. blauen ; Fr. bledir. ]
To make blue.
Blûe'-bëard, s. & a. [From Eng. blue, and
beard.]
A. As substantive: A man resembling that
children's bogie, the Bluebeard well known
in story, though wholly unknown in history.
B. As adjective: Haunted by such another
as the mythic personage described under A.
_“Except the Bluebeard room, which the poor child
believed to be permanently haunted.'-De Quincey:
Works, 2nd ed., i. 167.
blûe'-běll, blûe-bělls, * blew-bělles
(ew as û), s. [Eng. blue; bell, bells. So
called from the colour and shape of the
flowers.] Two plants.
1. The English name of the plant genus
Agraphis, and specially of the Wild Hyacinth
(Agraphis nutans of Link, Scilla nutans of blû'e-căp, blue cap, s.
Smith, Hyacinthus nonscriptus of Linnæus.) - I. Of the form blue cap: A cap which is
blue.
II. Of the form bluecap and blue-cap : A
name given in different localities to various
plants. Spec., to two kinds of Scabious-(1)
Scabiosa succisa, (2) Scabiosa arvensis.
blûed, pa. par. [BLUE, v.]
blûe'-ing, + blu'-ing, pr. par., A., & s.
blûe'-lý, adv. [Eng. blue; -ly.] With a blue
colour or tint.
“First clear and white, then yellow, after red,
Then bluely pale.”
More : Infinity of Worlds, s. 94.
blûe'-něss, * blew'-ness, * blû'-nesse,
* blo'-nesse, s. [Eng. blue; -ness.] The
quality of being blue.
"... our liquor may be deprived of its blueness, and
BLUEBELL.
restored to it again."-Boyle: Works, ii. 579.
blûes, s.pl. [BLUE, C., I. 1, 2.]
2. The Bluebell of Scotland: The round-
leaved Bell-flower or Hairbell (Campanula blú'-ěts, s. [From Fr. bluet=a blue plant.
rotundifolia).
Centaurea cyanus; dimin. of Fr. bleu = blue.]
"The frail bluebell peereth over.”
1. A plant, the Vaccinium angustifolium,
Tennyson : A Dirge.
which grows in North America.
blûe'-bēr-ry, s. [Eng. blue, and berry.] An 2. The Hedyotis coerulea.
American name for the genus Vaccinium, that
which contains the Bilberry, called in Scot-
blû-ette, s. The same as BLEWIT (q.v.).
land the Blaeberry (Vaccinium myrtillus).
t blû'-ey, a. [Eng. blue ; -y.] Somewhat blue.
blûe'-bîrd, s. [Eng. blue ; bird.] A beautiful (Southey.)
bird, the Sylvia sialis of Wilson, occurring in
Carolina, Bermuda, &c. Its whole upper parts
bluff, a. & s. [Etymology doubtful. Mahn
are sky-blue, shot with purple, with its throat,
suggests for comparison 0. Eng. bloughty =
swelled, puffed, and Skeat O. Dut. blaf = flat,
neck, breast, and sides reddish-chestnut, and
broad. He believes it connected with Eng.
part of its wings and its tail-feathers black.
It is about seven and a half inches long. It
blow (1), &c. (q.v.).]
is a favourite with the Americans as the Robin A. As adjective:
Redbreast is with us, but pays its visits in 1. Of banks, cliffs, &c. : Large and steep.
spring and summer rather than in winter.
“The north west part of it, forming a bluff point,
“Sent the blue-bird, the Owaissa."
bore north, 209 east, two leagues distant." - Cook:
Longfellow : The Song of Hiawatha, ii.
Voyage, bk. iv., ch. 6.
2. Of persons :
blûe'-book, s. [Eng. blue; book.]
(1) Massive, burly (?).
1. Originally & properly: A book which is
“Black-brow'd and bluff, like Homer's Jupiter."
bound in a blue cover.
Dryden.
2. Subsequently & now: Most published Par (2) Plain spoken in a good sense, or too
liamentary papers being bound in blue the abrupt and plain in speech, as some men of
term “ bluebook” has come to signify a book massive frame and strong nerve are liable to
containing returns, reports of commissions, be.
Acts of Parliament, &c., in short, the official
"Bluff Harry broke into the spence,
And turn'd the cowls adrift.*
record of Parliamentary investigations and
Tennyson: The Talking Oak.
regulations.
B. As substantive : A large, high bank, pre-
blûe'-bot-tle, blue bottle, s. & a. [Eng.
cipitous on one side, in most cases constituting
blue; and bottle.]
a promontory jutting out into the sea.
“The steep slate-quarry, and the great echo flap
A. As substantive:
And buffet round the hills from bluff to bluff."
I. (Of the form blue bottle): A bottle which is
Tennyson: The Golden Year.
blue.
bluff-bowed, a.
II. (Of the forms bluebottle and blue-bottle) : Naut. : Having a broad, flat bow.
1. Popular zoology:.
bluff-headed, a.
(1) Lit. : A two-winged fly, Musca (Lucilia)
Naut. : Bluff-bowed ; having a full, square
Caesar, the body of which has some faint re-
semblance to a bottle of blue glass. [BLUE-
stem.
“Bluff-headed, so a ship is said to be that hath a
FLY.]
small Rake forward on, and her stem too straight up."
(2) Figuratively:
-Glossog. Nov., 2nd ed.
(a) A servant. (O. Pl., v. 6.)
blŭf-file-head-ěd, a. [From Eng. bluff ; le
"Say, sire of insects, mighty Sol,'
=ly = like, and headed.] Having a large
A fly upon the chariot pole
head, accompanied with the appearance of
Cries out, What bluebottle alive
Did ever with such fury drive?"
dulness of intellect. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
Prior.
(6) A beadle. [See B. adj.]
blúff-ly, adv. [Eng. bluf; -ly.] In a bluff
(c) One who hovers round a celebrated | manner, bluntly.
person attracted by the glitter of his fame, as
blúff-ness, s. [Eng. bluff ; -ness.] The quality
some flies are by a light.
of being bluff.
“Humming like flies around the newest blaze,
The bluest of bluebottles you e'er saw.”
1. Of things material:
Byron : Beppo, 74.
(1) Of banks, cliffs, headlands, &c. : Precipi-
2. Popular botany : A name given in various
tousness.
parts of England to different plants with
bottle-shaped blue flowers. Spec.,
(2) of the human fuce: Broadness, puffiness,
bloatedness (?).
(1) The Wild Hyacinth. [BLUEBELL, 1.
“A remarkable bluffness of face, a loud voice, and a
AGRAPHIS.]
masculine air."-The World, No. 88.
(2) Centaurea cyanus, more fully named the 2. Of things not material: Abruptness of
Corn Bluebottle, from its being found chiefly manner. (Used of speech or behaviour.)
in corn-fields. It belongs to the order As-
teraceæ (Composites), and the sub-order Tu blúf-fý, a. [Eng. bluf ; -y] Having bluffs,
bulifloræ. It is from two to three feet high, or bold headlands.
with the florets of the disky, which are small
and purple, and those of the ray few, larger
blûid, s. [BLOOD.) (Scotch.)
and bright blue. It is common in Britain and
“But feels his heart's bluid rising hot.”
Burns: Earnest Cry and Prayer.
throughout Europe.
bluid-tongue, s. [So called because
"If you put bluebottles, or other blue flowers, into an
ant-hiſl, they will be stained with red."-Ray.
children are accustomed to use it to bring
B. As adjective: Wearing a blue garment.
blood from the tongues of their playmates if
(Used of a beadle.) [BLUE, a.]
the latter submit to the operation.] A name
"I will have you as soundly swinged for this, you
for a stellate plant, Galium aparine (the Goose-
bluebottle rogue." -Shakesp. : 2 Hen. IV., V. 4.
grass or Cleavers.) (Eng. Border & Scotland.)
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, eşistph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -tle, &c. =bel, tel.

600
bluidveit-blunt
* blûid'-veit, * blûid'-wyte, s. [BLOOD- blû'-mīte, s. [In Ger. blumit. Named after "Blunderer or blunt warkere (worker, P.). Hebe-
WIT.] A fine paid for effusion of blood.
the mineralogist Blum.]
factor, hebeficus.”—Prompt. Parv.
"Bluidveit, an unlaw for wrang or injurie, sik as Mineralogy :
blūn'-dễr-head, s. [Eng. blunder; head.]
bloud.”—Skene. (Jamieson.)
1. Blumite of Fischer. The same as Blei A blockhead; a person who is always making
blu-ing, * blue-ing, p. par., C., & s. ] nierite (q.v.).
blunders.
[BLUE, v.]
"At the rate of this thick-skulled blunderhead,
2. Blumite of Liebe. The same as Mega-
every plow-jobber shall take upon him to read upon
A. As present participle & adjective. (See basite (q. v.).
divinity."-L'Estrange.
the verb.)
B. As substantive: The act, art, or process
blūn'-dêr, * blon-der, * blon-dir. | blun-der-ing, * blún'-der-ụnge, pr.
of rendering blue by means of a dye, or in any
* blon-dre, * blon-dren, v.i. & t. [Cf. par., a., & s. [BLUNDER, v.]
other way.
Sw. blunda; Dan. blunde, all = to sleep A. & B. As present participle & participial
lightly, to dose, to nap ; Icel. blundr ; Sw. &
1. Metal. : The process of heating steel till
adjective. (See the verb.)
Dan. blund, all = a wink of sleep, slumber, a
it becomes blue.
".. . a series of blundering attacks, . . ."—Times,
dose, a nap. Remotely connected with blend Dec. 12, 1877.
2. Dyeing: The process of colouring goods and blind. (Skeat).]
C. As substantive : The act of making a
by a solution of indigo.
A. Intransitive :
gross mistake.
blâ'-1sh, * blûe'-ish, * blew-ish (ew as 1. Originally:
blin-dễr-1ng-lý, cao. [Eng. blaundering ;
û), a. [Eng. blue; -ish.] Somewhat blue.
(1) To pore over anything, the sleepy way -ly.] In a blundering manner; with many
"Side sleeves and skirts, round underborne with a
in which one deals with it preventing his gross mistakes.
bluish tinsel.”—Shakesp. : Much Ado, iii. 4.
despatching it quickly; or to fall into con-
"... they have done what they did in that kind
bluish-green, a. Green with a bluish
rather ignorantly, supinely, or blunderingly, than out
fusion, to confuse, to confuse one's self, to be
mazed.
of a premeditated design to cover falsehood."--Lewis :
tinge. A mixture of green and blue, with the
Trans. of the Bible Diss.
former colour predominating.
(2) To run heedlessly.
“... both are coloured of a splendid bluish-green,
* blŭ'-něsse, s. [BLUENESS.] (Prompt. Parv.)
“ Ye been as bolde as Bayard the blinde,
one living invariably in the lagoon, and the other
That blundreth forth and peril casteth noon."
amongst the outer breakers." --Darwin : Voyage round
blún'-ģēr, s. [Corrupted from Eng. plunger.]
Chaucer : The Chanoun Yemannes Tale, 1,413-14.
the World, ch. xx.
2. Now: To fall into a gross mistake, to err A plunger, a wooden blade with a cross
greatly from native stupidity or from censur handle, used for mixing clay in potteries.
bluish-white, a. White with a bluish
(Tomlinson.)
able carelessness.
tinge. A mixture of white and blue, with the
“It is one thing to forget matter of fact, and another
latter colour predominating.
to blunder upon the reason of it.”—L'Estrange.
blůn'-gîng, s. [Corrupted from plunging
“... a black mark, surrounded by orange-yellow,
3. To flounder ; to reach an object of attain (q.v.). See also blunger.]
and then by bluish-white."-Darwin : Descent of Man.
ment, as for instance an intellectual inquiry, Pottery: The process of mixing clays for the
blû'-ish-ly, adv. [Eng. bluish ; -ly.] In a not directly under the guidance of proper manufacture of porcelain.
bluish manner. (Webster.)
intelligence, but circuitously, with various
stumbles, and as if accidentally at last.
blůnk, v.t. [BLINK, v.] (Scotch.) To spoil a
blâ'-ìsh-ness, * blûe'-ish-ness, s. [Eng.
thing; to mismanage any business. (Jamieson.)
bluish ; -ness.] The quality of being bluish,
Often followed by round about, &c.
i.e., somewhat blue.
“He who now to sense, now nonsense leaning,
* blůnk (1), s. [BLONK.] A steed. (Gaw. &
Means not, but blunders round about a meaning."
"I could make, with crude copper, a solution without
Pope: Prol. Satires, 186.
the Green Knight, 440.) [BLUK.]
the bluishness that is wont to accompany its vinegar
solutions."-Boyle.
B. Trans. : To mistake, to err regarding, to
blůnk (2), s. [Etym. doubtful.] A heavy cotton
introduce a gross error into, specially by con-
blûi'-tér (1), v.i. [Etym. doubtful. Compare
or linen cloth, wrought for being printed ; a
founding or“ blending" things which differ.
Dut. blaten = to bleat. Jamieson derives it
calico. (Scotch.)
(See etym.)
from Ger. plaudern = to talk nonsense and
"... for he blunders and confounds all these
Often in the plural blunks.
untruth (?).]
together; ..."-Stillingfleet.
blůnk'-ēr, s. [Probably from blunk, v., not
1. To make a rumbling noise.
blún'-dễr, * blūn'-dūr, * blon'-der, s. blunk, s.] (Scotch.) Jamieson derives it from
2. To blatter; to pour forth lame, harsh, [From blunder, v. (q.v.).]
blunk, s., and defines it “ One who prints
and unmusical rhymes.
1. Confusion, trouble.
cloths.” In the Glossary to Black's edition of
"I laugh to see thee bluiter.
Sir Walter Scott's Works, it is rendered, “A
“ Where werre and wrake and wonder
Glory in thy ragments, rash to raill."
Bi sythez hatz wont therinne
bungler; one who spoils every thing he
Polwart : Flyting ; Watson's Coll., iii. 7. (Jamieson.)
And oft bothe blysse and blunder,
meddles with.”
blùi'-tér (2), v.i. [Dimin. from blout (q.v.).
Ful skete hatz skyfted synne."
Sir Gaw. and the Green Knight (ed. Morris), 16-19.
“Ye see, they say Dunbog is nae mair a gentleman
(Jamieson.)] To dilute.
than the blunker that's biggit the bonuie house down
2. A gross mistake; a great error in calcu in the howm.”-Scott: Guy Mannering, ch. iii.
To bluiter up with water: To dilute too
lation or other intellectual work.
much with water.
... the wild blunders into which some minds were
blůnk'-et, s. [Etym. doubtful.] “Pale blue,
burried by national vanity, and others by a morbid perhaps any faint or faded colour
blûi'-těr, blút-těr, s. [From bluiter, v. love of paradox.”-Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. iii.
blanched." (Sibbald.)
(q.v.).]
blún-dér-bůss, s. [From Dut. donderbus;
1. A rumbling noise, as that sometimes
Sw. donderbössa ; Ger, donnerbüsche= a blun-
| blúnk'-it, blĩnk'-it, pa. par. [BLUNK.)
made by the intestines.
derbuss. These are from Dut. donder, Ger. (Scotch.)
2. Liquid filth. (Cleland : Poems, p. 102.) donner = thunder, and Dut. bus = the barrel
(Jamieson.)
blůnks, s. pl. [BLUNK.] (Scotch.)
of a gun ; Sw. bössa; Ger. büsche, all = a box,
an urn, the barrel of a gun. Thus blunderbuss
* bluk, s. [Etymology doubtful.] An error
blúnt (1), * blont, a. & s. [Etym. doubtful.
is a “thunder-gun.”]
for blunk= horse (Sir F. Madden). Altered
Compare Sw. & Dan. blund= a wink of sleep,
from the word bulk, i.e. =a trunk (Morris.)
1. Mil. & Ord. Lang. : A short gun, unrified slumber, a nap; Sw. blunda = to shut the
and of large bore, widening towards the eyes ; Dan. blunde = to sleep slightly, to nap;
“He brayde his bluk aboute."
Gaw. and the Green Knight, 440. muzzle. It is by no means to be ranked with Icel. blunda = to sleep. Mahn suggests with
some of these provincial Ger. bludde = a dull
* blúm'-dămme, s. [Corrupted from plumbe-
or blunt knife. Compare also Gr. áp Blús
dame.] A prune. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
(amblus) = blunt, used of an instrument, the
blû'-me-a, s. [From the eminent botanist
eyesight, or the mind.)
Dr. Blume, who in 1828 published a Flora of
A. As adjective:
BLUNDERBUSS.
Java.]
I. Ordinary Language :
Bot. : A large genus of composite plants,
1. Of persons :
with purple or yellow flowers, found in India arms of precision, but is loaded with many
(1) Dull in intellect, not of sharp intelli-
and the Eastern islands, a few stragglers ex balls or slugs, which scatter when fired, so
gence, wanting in mental acuteness.
isting also in Australia and Africa. Blumea that there is hope of some one of them hitting
If the etymology given above is correct,
aurita and B. lacera, yellow-flowered species
the mark.
then the primary meaning must be dull in
growing in India, are used by the natives of “The hatchway was constantly watched by sentinels
intellect, and not dull as the edge of a weapon
the country in cases of dyspepsia.
armed with hangers and blunderbusses.”—Macaulay :
Hist. Eng., ch. V.
may be, though the analogy of many other
blû-men-băch'-1-a (ch guttural), s. [From 2. Figuratively:
words renders it hard to believe that this is
the celebrated J. F. Blumenbach, of Göttin (1) A controversialist who discharges at his really the correct order.
gen, who was born in 1752, and died in 1840.] adversary a confused mass of facts, arguments,
“Blunt of wytte. Hebes.”—Prompt. Parv.
“Valentine being gone, I'll quickly cross,
Bot.: A genus of climbing plants belonging &c.
By some sly trick, blunt Thurio's dull proceeding."
to the order Loasaceæ (Loasads). Several (2) (With a mistaken etymology): A person
Shakesp. : Two Gen., ii. 2.
species exist, of which two are cultivated, the who habitually makes blunders.
(2) Obtuse in feeling, with emotions, espe-
Blumenbachia insignis and the B. multifida.
" Jacob, the scourge of grammar, mark with awe,
cially the softer ones, the reverse of keen.
Both have large beautiful flowers and stinging
Nor less revere him, blunderbúss of law."
"I find my heart hardened and blunt to new impres.
bristles, and are natives of the southern por-
Pope : Dunciad, bk. iii.
sions; it will scarce receive or retain affections of
tion of South America.
| blůn-déred, pa. par. & d. [BLUNDER, v.]
yesterday.”-Pope.
* (3) Faint.
blû-men-bach'-īte (ch guttural), s. [In Ger. blůn'-der-ēr, s. [Eng. blunder; -er.]
"Such a burre myght make myn herte blunt."
blumenbachit. Named after Blumenbach,
1. One who blunders ; one who habitually
Ear. Eng. Atlit. Poems (ed. Morris); The Pearl, 176.
author of a natural history handbook, of
makes gross mistakes.
2. Of the products of such mental dulness or
which the 8th edition was published at Göt-
such obtuseness of feeling :
"Your blunderer is as sturdy as a rock.”
tingen in 1807.]
Cowper : Progress of Error.
(1) Unintellectual, stupid, foolish. (Used
Min.: The same as Alabandite (q.v.).
* 2. One who makes blunt.
of an opinion, &c.)
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whất, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pỉt, sïre, sîr, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūtē, cūb, cüre, unite, cūr, rûle, full; trý, Sýrian. ®, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu = kw.

blunt-blush
601
. . , farr beyond the blunt conceit of some, whọ (I blūn'-tỉe, blůnt'-ý, s. [Eng. blunt; and
remember) have upon the same woord Farrih, made a
suffix -Y ; 0. Eng. ie.] (Scotch.) A sniveller,
very gross conjecture; ..."-Spenser : State of Ireland.
(2) Abrupt, inelegant. (Used of composi-
a stupid person.
tion.)
“They snool me sair, and haud me down,
And gar me look like bluntie, Tam!”
"To use too many circumstances, ere one come to
Burns : 0, For Ane and Twenty, Tam.
the matter, is wearisome; to use none at all, is blunt.”
--Bacon.
blůnt-îng, pr. par., d., & s. [BLUNT, v.]
(3) Unpleasantly direct; rude, uncivil, im-
A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj. : (See
polite ; avoiding circumlocution in making
the verb).
unpleasant communications ; not sparing the
feelings of others; brusque. (Used of the
C. As subst. : The act or process of dulling
temperament, of manners, of speeches, &c.)
the edge or point of anything. (Lit. & fig.)
"Blunt truths more mischief than nice falsehoods
"Not impediments or bluntings, but rather as whet-
stones, to set an edge on our desires after higher and
do.”
Pope.
more permanent beauty.”—Bp. Taylor : Artif. Hand-
“To his blunt manner, and to his want of con someness, p. 73.
sideration for the feelings of others, ..."-Macaulay :
Hist. Eng., ch. vi.
blúnt'-ish, a. [Eng. blunt; -ish.] Somewhat
3. Of cutting instruments or other material blunt. (Ash.)
things : Having the edge or point dull as “Tubular or bluntish at the top."-Derham : Physico-
opposed to sharp.
Theology, p. 5.
“If the iron be blunt, and he do not whet the edge,
blúnt'-ly, adv. [Eng. blunt; -ly.] In an un-
then must he put to more strength.”—Eccles. X. 10.
II. Botany :
pleasantly direct manner, brusquely, without
circumlocution, without regard to the feelings
(1) Terminating gradually in a rounded end.
of others.
This corresponds to the Latin obtusus.
“But came straight to the point, and blurted it out
(Lindley.)
like a schoolboy;
Blunt with a point : Terminating abruptly
Even the Captain himself could hardly have said it
more bluntly."
in a rounded end, in the middle of which
Longfellow : Courtship of Miles Standish, iii.
there is a conspicuous point. Example, the
“Thou comest in so bluntly."
leaves of various species of Rubus (Raspberry
Shakesp. : Rich. III., iv. 3.
and Bramble.) (Lindley.)
blúnt'-něss, * blúnt'-nesse, s. [Eng.
(2) Having a soft, obtuse termination, cor blunt; -ness.]
responding to the Lat. hebetatus. (Lindley.)
1. Of a person's manner : Unpolite, not to
B. As substantive :
say coarse, plainness of speech, or offensive
1. Needle manufacture (pl. Blunts): A grade rudeness of behaviour; straightforwardness;
of sewing-needles with the points less tapering want of regard for the feelings of others.
than they are in sharps or even in betweens.
“... expressed that feeling, with characteristic
2. Cant language : Money. Sometimes it
bluntness, on the field of battle.”—Macaulay: Hist.
Eng. ch. xvi.
has the prefixed, and becomes “the blunt."
2. Of a cutting or pointed instrument : Dull,
Compounds of obvious signification : Blunt-
the reverse of sharp at the edge or point.
edged (Ogilvie); blunt - pointed (Darwin :
Regarding the relative order of 1. and 2.,
Voyage round the World, ed. 1878, ch. xviii.);
blunt-witted (Shakesp. : 2 Hen. VI., iii. 2).
which appears unnatural, see BLUNT (1), a.
blunt-file, s. A file which has but a
blûr, v.t. Mahn considers this as probably a
contraction from Scotch bludder, bluther.
slight taper. It is intermediate in grade
(BLUDDER, BLUTHER.) Skeat deenis it a dif-
between a regular taper and a dead parallel
ferent spelling of blear. (BLEAR.). ]
file.
1. Of material things : To make a blot, spot,
blunt-headed, a. With the head ter or stain upon anything inadvertently or in-
minating obtusely.
tentionally, with the effect of marring but not
The Blunt-headed Cachalot: A name of the
of obliterating it.
Spermaceti Whale (Physeter macrocephalus).
2. Of things immaterial : To blot, to stain,
to sully.
blunt-hook, s.
“ Such an act,
Surgery: An obstetric hook for withdraw-
That blurs the grace and blush of modesty.”
ing a foetus without piercing or lacerating it.
Shakesp. : Hamlet, iii. 4.
blúnt (2), a. [From Sw. blott; Dan. blot; Dut.
blūr, * blũrre, s. [From blur, v. (q.v.).]
A dark spot, a blot, a stain, or any other
bloot, all = bare, naked.] [BLOUT.] Stripped,
bare, naked.
material thing which mars that on which it
falls but does not obliterate it.
“The large planis schinis all of licht,
And, throw thir hait skaldand flambis bricht,
1. Lit. : On any material thing, as on paper.
Stude blunt of beistis and of treis bare.”
Doug.: Virgil, 469, 53. (Jamieson.)
2. Fig. : On any immaterial thing, as on
reputation, &c.
blúnt (1), * blūn'-těn, v.t. & i. [From blunt, “Leste she wil els at length come againe, and being
a. Gr. ambaúvw (ambluno) = to blunt.]
so many times shaken of, will with her raillyng sette
a greate blurre on myne honeste and good name."-
A. Transitive:
Udal: Luke, c. 18.
1. Of persons :
“... some unmortified lust or other, which either
leaves a deep blur upon their evidences for heaven,
(1) To dull the intellect; to weaken passion or ..."-Hopkins: Works, p. 756.
or emotion of any kind.
“Blunt not his love ;
blũrred, pa. par. & d. [BLUR, V.]
Nor lose the good advantage of his grace,
1. Ord. Lang. : In senses corresponding to
By seeming cold.”
Shakesp. : 2 Hen. IV., iv. 4.
those of the verb.
† (2) To repress the outward manifestation
"The writing is coarse and blurred.” — Stubbs:
Constit. Hist., ii. 625.
of feeling
2. Bot. : Marked by spots or rays which
“For when we rage, advice is often seen
appear as if they had been produced by abra-
By blunting us to make our wits more keen.”
Shakesp. : A Lover's Complaint.
sion of the surface. Rare, Dr. Lindley in his
2. Of the edge or point of a cutting instrument,
vast experience never having once met with
or any other material thing that is sharp : To the structure described. (Lindley.)
dull, to render the reverse of sharp. (Lit. &
| * blũr'-rēr, s. One who or that which blurs.
non n e me
fig.)
* He had such things to urge against our marriage
Paper blurrer: A contemptuous name for
As, now declar'd, would blunt my sword in battle,
writers.
And dastardize my courage."
Dryden.
"I... am now admitted into the company of the
“Blunt not the beams of heav'n, and edge of day."
paper blurrers."-Sidney: Defence of Porsie.
ibid.
B. Intrans. : To become blunt.
blūr'-rîng, pr. par. [BLUR, v.]
"Its edge will never blunt." —Bunyan: P. P., pt. ii.
blúrt (Eng.), * blírt (0. Eng. & 0. Scotch), v.i.
blůnt (2), v.i. [Etymology doubtful.] To rush & t., also as interj. [Mahn derives it from
(Morris); to enter (?).
Scotch bluiter=to make a rumbling noise, to
"Till he blunt in a blok as brod as a halle."
blurt ; while Skeat considers it a mere exten-
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Patience, 272.
sion of blare=to make a loud noise. (BLARE,
blún’-těd, pa. par. & d. [BLUNT, v.]
BLORE, BLEREN.) Blurt, spurt, squirt, and
“This visitation
flirt, v.t., may possibly be in imitation of the
Is but to whet thy most blunted purpose."
sound of a liquid suddenly jerked forth.)
Shakesp. : Hamlet, iii. 4.
A. As a verb :
+ blún'-tēr, s. One who makes blunt. (Lit. I. Intrans. : To hold a person or thing in
& fig.)
contempt.
* Followed by at : To hold in contempt.
“But cast their gazes on Marina's face,
Whilst ours was blurted at."
Shakesp. : Pericles, iv. &
“And all the world will blurt and scorn at us."
Edw. III., iv, 6. (Nares.)
II. Transitive:
1. Followed by out: To utter indiscreetly,
to emit, to fling forth. (Used specially of
uttering words bearing on delicate matters
without taking time to consider what effect
the remark is likely to produce.)
"... an indiscreet friend who blurts out the whole
truth."-Macaulay : Hist. Eng. ch. vii.
2. With out omitted.
“And yet the truth may lose its grace
If blürted to a person's face."
Lloyd. (Goodrich & Porter.)
B. As interjection : An exclamation of con-
tempt. [A., İ.]
"Shall I ?-then blurt o' your service!”
0. Pl., iii. 314
"Blirt / a rime; blirt, a rime!”
Malcontent, O. Pl., iv. 21.
“Blurt, blurt! there's nothing remains to put thee
to pain now, captain.”—Puritan, iv. 2, Suppl. to Sh.,
ii. 610. (Nares.)
| Blurt, master constable : A fig for the con-
stable. (Nares.)
“Blurt, master constable, or a fig for the constable,
seems to have been a proverbial phrase; it is the title
of a play written by Thos. Middleton, and published
in 1602.”-Nares.
* blũrt, s. [From blurt, v. (q.v.).] A sudden
start; an unexpected blow.
"Polyperchon, ... meaning to give Cassander a
slampant and blurt, sent letters patent unto the people
at Athens, declaring how the young king did restore
unto them their popular state again.”-North : Plu-
tarch, p. 633.
blũrt'-ěd, pa. par. [BLURT.] A
blūrt'-ing, pr. par. [BLURT.]
"The blurting, rallying tone, with which he spoke."
-G. Eliot : Middlemarch.
blúsh, * blúsch, * blŭsche, * blösche,
*blús-chěn, * blús'-shěn, * blis'-chen,
* blýs'-chěn, v.i. & t. [A.S. blysgan = to
redden, to blush ; ablysian = to blush ; Sw.
blygas = to be bashful, to blush ; from blyg =
bashful; Dan. blues=to blush, to be bash-
ful; blusse = to blaze, to flush, to blush, to be
ashamed ; Dut. blozen = to blush (not blus-
schen, which is = to extinguish, to quench.
See Blush, s.) Cognate with BLAZE (q.v.).]
A. Intransitive:
I. (Chiefly of the form blush): To become or
be red.
1. Of persons : To become red in the cheeks,
and to a certain extent also on the forehead,
from agitation or confusion produced by more
or less of shame—that shame springing from
consciousness of guilt, demerit, or error, or
from modesty or bashfulness.
“The lady blushed red, but nothing she said."
Scott: Eve of St. John:
Formerly the person or thing causing the
blush, if mentioned, was generally preceded
by at ; now for is much níore frequently em-
ployed.
(a) Followed by at.
“He whin'd, and roar'd away your victory,
That pages blush'd at him."
Shakesp. : Coriol. v. 5.
“You have not yet lost all your natural modesty,
but blush at your vices.”-Calamy: Sermons.
(6) Followed by for.
“To her who had sacrificed everything for his sake
he owed it so to bear himself that, though she inight
weep for him, she should not blush for him.”-Ma-
cautay: Hist. Eng., ch. v.
2. Of things :
(1) To be of a bright red colour. (Used of
flowers, of the sky, &c.)
“But here the roses blush so rare.”
Crashau.
“In that bright quarter his propitious skies
Shall blush betimes,..
* Cowper : Tirocinium.
† (2) To be of any bright colour; to bloom.
"Long wavy wreaths
Of flowers, that fear'd no enemy but warmth,
Blush'd on the pannels.” Cowper : Task, bk. v.
* II. (Of the forms blusch, blusche, blosche,
blusshen, blyschen): To glance, to look.
“As quen I blusched upon that baly."
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Pearl, 1083.
* B. Trans. : To offer in the shape or form
of a blush.
"I'll blush you thanks ..."
Shakesp. : Wint. Tale, iv. 4.
blush (1), * blusch, * blusche, s. [In Sw.
blygsel = shame ; Dan. blussen = blazing,
| blushing; Dut. blos= a blush.] [BLUSH, v.]
boil, boy; póut, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhŭn. -cious, -tious, -sious=shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, del.

602
blush-blyssyn
1. Lit. Of persons : The state of blushing;
the crimson hue produced in the cheeks, fore-
head, &c., by remorse, shame, modesty, bash-
fulness, or any similar cause.
“Here's a light crimson, there a deeper one,
A maiden's blush, here purples, there a white,
Then all commingled for our more delight."
Henry Peacham : Ellis, vol. ii.
To put to the blush : To force one uninten-
tionally to become red through shame.
“Ridicule, instead of putting guilt and error to the
blush, turned her formidable shafts against innocence
and truth."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ii.
2. Fig. Of things :
(1) A crimson or roseate hue. (Used of the
colour of a rose, of the sky, &c.)
"Hamet, ere dawns the earliest blush of day.”
Hemans : The Abencerrage.
(2) A look, a glance; sudden appearance.
“To hide a blysful blusch of the bryght sunne.”
Gaw. & the Green Knight, 520.
At the first blush, at first blush : At the
first glance; at the first and sudden appear-
ance of anything.
"All purely identical propositions, obviously, and at
first blush, appear to contain no certain instruction in
them."-Locke.
+ blush (2), s. [From 0. Sw.blosa =a blister.]
[BLISTER.]
1. A kind of low blister. (Jamieson.)
2. A boil. (Jamieson.)
blush'-ěr, s. [Eng. blush; -er.] A person
who blushes, or a thing which is red.
"I envy not Arabia's odours, whilst that of this
fresh blusher charms my sense; and I find my nose
and eyes so ravishingly entertained here, that the bee
extracts less sweetness out of flowers."-Boyle: Occas.
Reflect., § 5, ref. 4.
* blúsh'-et, s. [Dimin. of blush.7 A young
bashful or modest girl prone to blush with
slender cause for doing so.
Nares says that it is apparently peculiar
to Ben Jonson.
“No Pecunia
Is to be seen, though mistress Bond would speak,
Or little blushet Wax be ne'er so easy."
B. Jonson: Staple of News.
blush'-fúi, d. [Eng. blush ; ful(l).] Full of
blushes; suffused with blushes. (Lit. & fig.)
“ While, from his ardent look, the turning Spring
Averts his blushful face, .
Thomson : Seasons; Summer.
blush'-fúl-ly, adv. [Eng. blushful; -ly.] In
a blushful manner; so as to be suffused with
blushes. (Webster.)
(2) Of fruits, or anything similar.
* blut-er-nesse, s. [A corruption of blunt-
“Blossoms of trees, that are white, are commonly ness (q.v.).] Bluntness. (Prompt. Parv.)
inodorate; those of apples, crabs, peaches, are blushy
and smell sweet."-Bacon : Nat. Hist.
* blúth-ěr, v.t. & i. [BLUDDER.]
* blus'-nen (pret. blisned, blysned; pr. par.
A. Trans. : To blot, to disfigure.
blusnande, blisnande, blysnande), v.i. [Dan. B. Intransitive:
blusse = to glow; Icel. lysa = to shine;
1. To make a noise in swallowing.
L. Ger. bleistern = to glisten. From Icel.
2. To make an inarticulate sound.
blys; Dan. blus = a torch; Dut. blos=red-
ness.] [BLUSH, v. & s.] To shine.
3. To raise wind-bells in water. (Jamieson.)
“And brode baneres ther-bi blusnande of gold."
* blúth'-rỉe, * bleth'-rỉe, S.
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 1,404.
[Probably
the same as blatter (q.v.). Compare bluther =
* blúss' - chande, pr. par. [BLUSH, v.]
to blot, to disfigure; bluthrie, in Ettrick
Blushing, glittering.
Forest=thin porridge or water-gruel.]
“That here blusschande bemez as the bryght sunne.”
Gaw. & the Green Knight, 1,819.
1. Lit. : Phlegm.
2. Fig.: Frothy, incoherent discourse.
blús'-tēr, * blais'-ter, * blús-tren, v.i.
& t. [In A.S. blæstan = to puff; Icel. blastr =
(Jamieson.)
a blast, a breath. Modified from blast (q.v.).] * blyf, adv. [BELIVE.) (Sir Ferumbras, ed.
A. Intransitive :
Herrtage, 1,002.)
I. To make a blast.
* blykked, pret. of v. [BLIKIEN.] (Gaw, and
1. Lit. : To roar as a storm; to make a loud
the Green Knight, 429.)
noise among the branches of trees, the rigging
of ships, in the interior of chimneys, &c. (For * blyk-kande, * bly-cande, pr. par. [BLI-
example see BLUSTERING, particip. adj.)
KIEN.] (Gaw. and the Green Knight, 305, 2,485.)
2. Fig. : To swagger, to adopt a loud, boast-
* blyk-nande, pr. par. [BLJKNEN.] (Ear.
ful, menacing, defiant manner; to bully, to
Eng. Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, Cleanness, 1,467.)
utter probably hollow threats of what one is
able and intends to do.
* blyk-ned, * blaykned, pret. & pa. par.
“Glengarry blustered, and pretended to fortify his The same as bleakened. [BLEAK, a., 1.] (Ear.
house.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xviii.
Eng. Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, Cleanness, 1,759.)
* II. To wander or stray blindly about.
" That thay blustered as blynde as bayard watz euer.” * blym, * blyym, v.t. [Contracted from
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 886. blithen (q.v.).] To make glad.
See also Piers Plowman, v. 521.
“Blym, or gladde, or make glad (blyym, or glathyn
B. Transitive :
in herte, K. blithen or gladden, P.). Letifico. " -
Prompt. Parv.
1. To blow with violence.
“Ithand wedderis of the eist draif on so fast,
* blynde, a. [BLIND, a.] (Prompt. Parv. &c.)
It all to blaisterit and blew that thairin baid."
Rauf Coilyear Aij, a. (Jamieson.) * blynde, v.t. & i. (Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems :
2. To disfigure in writing. (Scotch.) (Baillie.) Cleanness, 1,126.)
blus'-tēr, s. [From bluster, v. (q.v.).]
* blynde'-fylde, a. [BLINDFOLD, A.] (Prompt.
1. Of things : Boisterousness, noise with
Parv.)
menace of danger. Used-
* blynd'-fél-1ěn, v.t. [BLINDFOLD, v.]
(1) Of the wind in a storm.
(Prompt. Parv.)
“The skies look grimly,
And threaten present blusters."
* blynd'-fěl-lěd, pa. par. & d. [BLINDFOLD,
Shakesp.: Wint. Tale, iii. 3.
v.]
But also (2) of other sounds.
“ So by the brazen trumpet's bluster,
* blynd'-něsse, s. [BLINDNESS.) (Prompt.
Troops of all tongues and nations muster.”
Parv.)
Swift.
2. Of persons :
* blynd'-ýn, v.t. [BLIND, V. See also blend.]
(1) Loud, boisterous menace.
(Prompt. Parv.)
“Indeed there were some who suspected that he had
never been quite so pugnacious as he had affected to * blynke, v.i. [BLINK.] (Robert Mannyng of
be, and that his bluster was meant only to keep up his Brunne, 5,675.)
own dignity in the eyes of his retainers.”—Macaulay :
Hist. Eng., ch. xiii.
* blýn'-nyn, * blyne, * blynne (0. Eng.),
(2) Turbulence, fury.
* blyn, * blyne (0. Scotch), v.i. (BLIN, v.]
“ Spare thy Athenian cradle, and those kin,
(Prompt. Parv., &c.)
Which in the bluster of thy wrath must fall
With those that have offended.”
Shakesp.: Timon, v. 5. * blype (1), s. [Etym. doubtful.] A shred, a
large piece. (Scotch.)
blús-téred, pa. par. & d. [BLUSTER, V., B. 2.)
“An' loot a wince, an' drew a stroke,
"I read to them out of my blustered papers ..."-
Till skin in blypes cam haurlin'
Baillie : Lett., i. 125. (Jamieson.)
Aff's nieves that night."
Burns : Halloween.
blús'-tēr-ēr, s. [Eng. bluster; -er.]
* blype (2), s. [Etym, doubtful.] A stroke or
1. Of persons : One who blusters, a swaggerer,
blow. (Scotch.) (St. Patrick.) (Jamieson.)
a bully. (Johnson.)
2. Of things : That which makes a loud noise *blys-ful, * blys-fol, a. [BLISSFUL.] (Eur.
suggestive of danger. (Used chiefly of the Eng. Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, Pearl, 279, 409.)
wind in a storm.)
blyş-mús, s. [Gr. Bivouós (blusmos), BXúrua
blus'-tér-ing, pr. par., d., & s. [BLUSTER, V.] (blusma), or Blúois (blusis) = a bubbling up;
A. & B. As present participle & participial from Blúw (bluo = to bubble or spout forth.
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
So called because the plants usually grow
the verb.
near the source of streams.]
“ Back to their caves she bade the winds to fly,
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
And hush'd the blustering brethren of the sky.”
order Cyperacea (Sedges.) The British flora
Pope : Zomer's Odyssey, v. 490-1.
contains two species, B. compressus or Broad-
C. As substantive: The act of speaking in a
leaved, and B. rufus, or Narrow-leaved Blys-
noisy, boastful, menacing way.
mus. Both are tolerably common, the latter
“Virgil had the majesty of a lawful prince, and
species especially in Scotland.
Statius only the blustering of a tyrant."-Dryden.
blús'-tēr-ing-ly, adv. [Eng. blustering ; -ly.]
blys-nande, pr. par. [BLUSNANDE, BLUS-
In a blustering manner; with noisy menace,
NEN.] (Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems, ed. Morris,
Pearl, 163.)
with bullying. (Webster.)
blús-těr-ý, a. [Eng. bluster, and suffix -y.]
* blysned, pret. of v. [BLUSNEN.] (Ear. Eng.
Blustering, blustrous. (Lit. & fig.)
Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, Pearl, 1,048.)
“He seems to have been of a headlong blustery, un 1 * blýss, * blysse, s. [Bliss.] (Prompt. Parv.;
certain disposition."-Carlyle: Frederick the Great,
vol. i., bk. iii., p. 296.
Morte Arthur, 1,485.)
| * blýsse, v.t. [BLISS, V., BLESS.] To bless.
of bluster; boisterous, boastful, noisy, tu-
multuous.
* blýs'-sýd, pa. par. & a. [BLESSED.] (Prompt.
Parv.)
“ The ancient heroes were illustrious
For being benign, and not blustrous."
*** Hudibras. | * blýs'-syn, v.t. [BLESS, v.t.] (Prompt. Parv.)
Hudibras.
* blush'-fül-ness, s. [Eng. blush, ful; -ness.]
The state of being blushful or covered with
blushes.
"Let me in your face reade blushfulness.”—Hey-
wood: Brazen Age, ii. 2.
blúsh'-ing, pr. par., A., & s. [BLUSH, v.]
A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: In
senses corresponding to those of the verb."
Blushing honours : Honours fitted to elicit
commendations likely to put the bearer or
possessor, if modest, to the blush. Or as
BLUSH, V., A. 2 (2).
'«To-day he puts forth
The tender leaves of hope; to-morrow blossoms,
And bears his blushing honours thick upon him.".
Shakesp. : Hen. VIII., iii. 2.
C. As substantive: The state of having the
face, the neck, and even the breast suffused
under the influence of emotion with a red
colour.
For the physiological cause of blushing
see the subjoined examples.
“Blushing is produced through an affection of the
mind, acting primarily on the centre of emotion, and
through it on the nerves, which are distributed to the
capillary vessels of the skin of the face."--Todd &
Bowman : Physiol. Anat., vol. i., ch. ii., p. 35. A
"The region affected by blushing is the face and
neck; and the effect arises from the suspension of the
cerebral influence that keeps up the habitual contrac-
tion of the smaller bloodvessels over that region."-
Bain: The Emotions and the Will, 2nd ed., ch. i., p. 11.
blúsh'-ing-ly, adv. [Eng. blushing; -ty.]
In a blushing manner. (Webster.)
* blúsh-less, d. [Eng. blush ; -less.] With-
out a blush ; without blushes.
"Blushless crimes." Sandys.
“Wonien vow'd to blushless impudence.”
Marston.
* blush'-ý, a. [Eng. blush; -y.] Of the colour
which a blush produces; crimson. Used-
(1) Of the human countenance.
“Stratonica, entering, moved a blushy colour in his
face; but deserting him, he relapsed into paleness and
languour."-Harvey: On Consumptions.
Full
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whất, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hếr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sîr, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian. æ, oe=ē; ey=ā. qu= kw.

blyssyng-board
603
* blyssyng, s. [BLESSING.] (Morte Arthur, or uproar, but in Arabic and Aramæan
4,103.)
thunder.]
blythe, a. [BLITHE.] Merry, cheerful, gay.
1. As a proper name, Scripture Hist. : An
In England now only in poetry; in Scotland
appellation given by Christ to two of his
disciples, the brothers James and John,
used also commonly in prose.
apparently on account of their fiery zeal.
“Blythe and mery. Letus, hillaris.”—Prompt. Parv.
[See etym.]
“Blythe Bertram's ta'en him ower the faem."
Scott : Guy Mannering, ch. xi. (poetic quotation).
“And James the son of Zebedee, and John the
brother of James ; (and he surnamed them Boanerges,
* blyth'e-ly, adv. [BLITHELY.] (Ear. Eng.
which is, The sons of thunder.)”—Mark iii. 17.
Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, Pearl, 385.)
2. As a common noun: An orator who gives
forth his utterances in a loud impassioned
*blyth'e-nesse, s. The same as BLITHENESS voice.
(q.v.). (Chaucer : Boethius, ed. Morris, p. 37,
957.)
böar (1), böre, * böor, *bör, * bare, *bar,
* bær (0. Eng.), * bere (0. Scotch), s. & a.
* blyth'-ýn, v.t. [BLITHEN.] (Prompt. Parv.) [A. S. bár, cognate but not identical with bar
unaccented and bera = a bear; Dut. beer;
* blyve, * blyue (ue as ve), adv. [BELIVE.] M. H. Ger. bér; 0. H. Ger. bér, pêr. Compare
“Gamelyn,' seyde Adam, 'hye the right blyve,
also Ger. eber; Fr. verrat; Ital. verro; Sp.
And if I faile the this day, evel mot I thryve!'”
Chaucer : C. T., 581-2.
verraco; Lat. verres, aper, &c., all = a boar;
Lat. fera = a wild beast; Sansc. varâha=a
B.M. Initials, as well as an abbreviation of, wild boar.] [BEAR, CAPRA.]
and the symbol for, Bachelor of Medicine.
A. As substantive :
bo, * bõh, interj. [From Gael. bo (as subst.) 1. Ord. Lang. & Zool.: The uncastrated male
=an exclamation to frighten children, as of the swine (Sus scrofa), or of any other
adj.) = strange; Wel. bo = a bugbear, a species of the genus.
scarecrow.]
“... and bente hym brymly as a bor ..."
* 1. Of the form bo and boh : A word of
Sir Ferumbras (ed. Herrtage), 545.
“The fomy bere has bet
terror. (Scotch.)
Wyth hys thunderand awful tuskis grete,
“I dare, for th' honour of our house,
Ane of the rout the hound maist principall
Say boh to any Grecian goose."
Doug. i Virgil, 458, 54.
Homer Travestied, bk. vii. p. 20. (Jamieson.)
Wild boar : The male of a swine either
2. Of the form bo (if it ever find its way to aboriginally wild or whose ancestors have
paper at all): An exclamation used in playing escaped from domestication. The Common
with infants.
Wild Boar is Sus scrofa; var., aper. It is of a
brownish-black colour; but the young, of
* bo, a. [A.S. begen = both.] (Alisaunder,
which six or eight are produced at a birth, are
6,763.)
white or fawn-coloured, with brown stripes.
bo'-a, s.
It is wild in Europe, Asia, and Africa, lives in
[In Dan., Fr., &c., boa; from Lat.
boa or bova (Pliny) = an enormous snake, said
forests, sallies forth to make devastations
to have been anciently found in India. None,
among the crops adjacent, is formidable to
however, are at present known to occur there
those who hunt it, turning on any dog or man
more than six feet long. The spelling bova is
wounding it, and assaulting its foe with its
from bos, bovis = an ox, either from the
powerful tusks. Sus larvatus is the Masked
Boar.
notion that these snakes could carry off oxen,
"Eight wild boars roasted whole.”
or from the erroneous notion that they
Shakesp. : Ant. & Cleop., ii. 2.
sucked the teats of cows.]
2. Palæont.: Though two extinct species
1. Zool.: A genus of serpents, the typical one of the genus Sus appeared in France as early
of the family Boidæ. The species are found as the mid-Miocene times, yet the genuine
native only in America, the analogous genus wild boar did not come upon the scene in
in the East popularly confounded with it, Britain till the early Pleistocene. To the
namely Python, being distinguished from it palæolithic hunter of the Pleistocene the hog,
by the presence of intermaxillary teeth.
Sus scrofa, was only a wild animal; but the
2. Ord. Lang. : A long fur tippet or com neolithic farmer and herdsman had it in a
forter worn by some ladies round their necks. domesticated state. (Prof. W. Boyd Dawkins
The name is given on account of its resem-
in Q. J. Geol. Soc., xxxvi., 1880, pp. 388, 396,
blance to the boa constrictor or some other
large snake.
3. Ord. Lang. Fig.: A violent savage.
“Sir Christopher, tell Richmond this from me:
boa constrictor, boa-constrictor, s.
That, in the sty of this most bloody boar,
The Mod. Lat. word constrictor is = he who or My son George Stanley is franked up in hold."
that which binds or draws together; from
Shakesp. : Rich. III., iv. 5.
Class. Lat. constrictum, supine of constringo =
B. As adj.: Of or belonging to a boar;
to bind together; con = together, and stringo designed for hunting or wounding a boar; in
(supine strictum) = to draw tight. [See I. Zool.] which a boar is the object of pursuit; re-
1. Zool. : The best known species of the
sembling a boar.
genus Boa. The specific name constrictor, T Obvious compound : Boar-hunt.
meaning binder or drawer together, refers to
boar-fish, s. The Capros aper, a fish not
the method through which the animal destroys
unlike the dory but with a more attenuated
its prey by coiling itself round it and gradu-
and protractile mouth, a scaly body, and no
ally tightening the folds. It is about thirty
filaments or no long filaments to the dorsal
feet long. It is found in South America. [BOA.]
2. Ord. Lang. : Any very large snake which
crushes its prey by coiling itself round it.
The unscientific portion of the British public
are not particular as to where the animal
came from at first; with them it is a boa
constrictor whether its original habitat was
in the Eastern or in the Western hemisphere.
[I. Zool.] Used Lit. & fig.
"... but what, except perhaps some such Universal
Association, can protect us against the whole meat-
devouring and man-devouring hosts of boa-constric-
tors.”—Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. ii., ch. x.
* bõad (1), pret. of v. [BIDE.) An old pret. of
BOAR-FISH.
bode = abode.
“Seeing the world, in which they bootles boad.". spines. It is pale carmine above, and silvery-
Spenser : Mother Hubb. Tale. white below. It is about six inches long. It
*boads (2), pres. of v. [BODE.] An old form
is a native of the Mediterranean, but has
of bodes = bodes.
occasionally found its way to the British seas.
"Good on-set boads good end."
boar-spear, S. [A.S. bár-spere, bar-
Spenser : F. Q., VII. vi. 23.
spreot.] A spear with which to attack a boar
* boal, s. [BOLE.) (Scotch.)
in a hunt.
“Each held a boar-spear tough and strong,
bo-an-er-ges, s. [Gr. Boavepyés (Boanerges).
And at their belts their quivers rung.
Their dusty palfreys and array,
Translated in Mark iii. 17 “sons of thunder.”
Showed they had marched a weary way."
Of doubtful etymology, but probably the
Scott: Marmion, i. 8.
Aramaic pronunciation of Heb. Wa? 2 (benei boar (2), s. SA corruption of bur] Only in
regesh), War (regesh), in Heb. meaning tumult | compos.
boar-thistle, s. Two thistles, viz. :-
(1) Carduus lanceolatus.
(2) Carduus arvensis.
+ boar, 2... [From boar, s.]
Of a horse : To shoot out the nose, to toss it
high in the air.
böard (1), * börd, *börde, * burd,* böorde,
s. & à. [A.S. bord = (1) a board, a plank,
(2) what is made of boards, a table, a house, a
shield, (3) a border; Icel. bord ; Sw., Dan.,
O. Fris., 0. L. Ger., Gael. & Ir. bord ; Dut.
bord, boord ; Goth. baurd ; (N. H.) Ger. bord,
bort; O. H. Ger. bort; Wel. bord, bwrdd.
Compare also A.S. bred = a surface plank,
board, or table; Sw. brad=board, deal table;
Dan. bræet; Ger. bret.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Literally :
(1) Gen.: A piece of wood of considerable
length, of moderate breadth and thickness,
used in the building of houses or other edifices,
ships, the making of altars, boxes, &c. (Essen-
tially the same sense as II. 1., but less precise.)
“... and covered the house with beams and boards
of cedar.”—1 Kings vi. 9.
“They have made all thy ship boards of fir ..."-
Ezek., xxvii. 5.
“Hollow with boards shalt thou make it [the altar]."
Exod. xxvii. 8.
(2) Specially :
(a) A table spread with dishes for food.
“We miss them when the board is spread.”
Hemans : The Deserted House.
(6) A table around which a council sits for
deliberation.
“Both better acquainted with affairs, than any
other who sat then at that board."-Clarendon.
(©) Plur. : The stage of a theatre.
2. Figuratively :
(1) (Corresponding to 1. (2) (a).] The dishes
spread upon a table, a meal or meals.
“And the fire was heap'd, and the bright wine pour'd,
For those, now needing nor hearth nor board."
Hemans: The Lady of Provence.
(2) [Corresponding to 1. (2) ().] A council
seated for deliberation around a table; or the
members of such a council or other delibera-
tive body wherever they may be. Many such
boards are appointed by government, as the
Board of Trade, the Board of Admiralty, the
Poor Law Board ; others are made up of
directors elected by shareholders in com-
panies, as a board of directors, a board of
management, &c.
“The answer of the board was, therefore, less obse-
quious than usual.”—Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. vi.
(3) [Corresponding to 1. (2) (c) P1.7 The
theatrical profession. Specially in the phrase,
To go upon the boards = to enter the theatrical
profession,
Some of the other senses given under II.
have made their way into general language.
II. Technically:
1. Carpentry, &c. :
(1) A sawed piece of wood, relatively broad,
long, and thin, exceeding 41 inches in width
and less than 24 inches in thickness.
In this sense board is sometimes used as
a synonym for plank, but, properly speaking,
a plank is a grade thicker than a board.
(2) A rived slab of wood, as a card-board.
(3) A flat piece of plank or a surface com-
posed of several pieces, used in many trades ;
as, a modelling-board, a moulding-board, &c.
2. Paper manuf. : A thick kind of paper,
composed of several layers pasted together.
It is generally called pasteboard. [PASTE-
BOARD.] There are several varieties of it; as,
card-board, mill-board (q.v.).
3. Bookbinding:
(1) Flat slabs of wood used by bookbinders.
They are known by names indicating their
purpose; as, backing, burnishing, cutting,
gilding boards, &c
(2) A pasteboard side for a book. [No. 2.]
1. Game-playing: A level table or platform
on which a game is played, as a chess-board.
5. Naut. : The deck of a vessel or her in-
terior.
"He ordered his men to arm long poles with sharp
hooks, wherewith they took hold of the tackling
which held the mainyard to the mast of their enemy's
ship; then rowing their own ship they cut the tack-
ling, and brought the mainyard by the board."
Arbuth. on Coins.
(1) On board :
(a) In a ship.
&c.)
WALHUN
SEM
THI
MARTINA
WW
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-eian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shủn; -țion, -şion=zhún. -tious, -sious, -cious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. =bęl, del.

604
board-boasted
cut.
“Our captain thought his ship in so great danger, 2. One told off along with others to board a boarding-school, s. A school in which
that he confessed himself to a capuchin who was on
board."-Addison.
ship in a naval action, especially if he succeed the pupils lodge and are fed as well as receive
(6) Into a ship.
instruction.
in the enterprise. (Mar. Dict.)
“Mr. Anson was to take on board three independent | böard'-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [BOARD, v.]
“ A block head, with melodious voice,
In boarding schools can have his choice."
companies ..."-Anson : Voyages, 15th ed. (1780), p. 3.
(2) To fall overboard : To fall from the
A. & B. As pr. par. & participial adj.: In
Swift.
deck or from the interior of a vessel into the
senses corresponding to those of the verb. böar'-ish, a. [Eng. boar ; -ish.] Pertaining
sea, harbour, or dock. (Used of persons.)
C. As substantive :
to a boar; swinish, hoggish.
(3) To go by the board : To fall overboard. I. Ordinary Language :
"... nor thy fierce sister
In his anointed flesh stick boarish fangs."
(Used of masts.)
1. In the same sense as II., 1.
Shakesp.: Lear, iii, 7.
(4) To go on board a vessel : To go into a 2. The act of obtaining for money one's bo-art. s. [BORT.1
vessel.
food, as well as one's lodging, at a place, the
(5) To make a good board : When close reefed boarder sitting down at the table with the
Min. : A variety of diamond.
to lose little by drifting to leeward, to pursue rest of the establishment.
boast (1), * boste, * bös'-těn, * boos'-ton
a tolerably straight course.
II. Technically :
(Eng.), boast, * boist (Scotch), v.i. & t.
(6) To make short boards : To tack frequently. 1. Carp., &c. : The act of covering with
[From Wel. bostio, bostiau = to brag, to boast;
B. As adjective: Pertaining to a board in boards, the state of being so covered; the Gael. bòsd.]
any of the senses given under A; as, board boards viewed collectively.
A. Transitive :
wages (q.v.).
2. Naut. : The act of going on board a
1. To speak vauntingly.
vessel, especially with the design of capturing
board-cutting, a, Cutting or designed
it.
(1) In a bad sense: To speak of vainglori-
for cutting a board or boards.
ously, to brag of. Used-
3. Leather manuf. : The process of rubbing
Board-cutting knife:
leather with a board to raise the grain after it (a) of things.
Bookbinding: A hinged knife with a counter
has been shaved, daubed, and dried.
"In youth alone its empty praise we boast."
weight and a treadle to assist in effecting the
Pope : Essay on Criticism, 496.
+ boarding-brand, S. A “brand” or
(6) (Reflexively) of one's self.
sword [BRAND] used as an offensive weapon
board-rack, s.
It was formerly followed in this and other
by a person boarding an enemy's vessel.
Printing : A rack consisting of side-boards
senses by in; now of is used instead of in.
“Be the edge sharpen'd of my boarding-brand,
with cleats to hold shelves for standing matter.
And give its guard more room to fit my hand.”
“They that trust in their wealth, and boast them-
Byron : The Corsair, i. 7.
selves in the multitude of their riches.”—Ps. xlix. 6.
board-rule, s.
"Confounded be all they that serve graven images,
boarding-gage, s.
that boast themselves of idols."—Ibid., xcvii. 7.
Mensuration: A figured scale for finding the
Carp. : A graduated scribing tool used as a (2) In a good sense : To speak of with legiti-
number of square feet in a board without the
measurer of width and distance in weather mate pride.
trouble of making a formal calculation.
boarding sides of houses.
(a) Of things.
board-wages, s. Wages given to ser boarding-house, s. A house in which
“You who reason boast.”
vants in lieu of food, as when the family is boarders are accommodated.
Pope: The Basset-table, ix. 85.
from home and they are left in charge of the
(6) Of persons (generally of another than one's
house. [BOARD, v.t., A. 3.]
boarding-joists, s. pl.
self):
"And not enough is left him to supply
Carp. : Joists in naked flooring to which "For if I have boasted any thing to him of you, I am
Board-wages, or a footman's livery.".
the boards are fixed.
not ashamed.”—2 Cor. vii. 14.
Dryden.
“No braver chief could Albion boast."
böard (2), s.
Cowper : The Castaway.
boarding-machine, s.
[From Fr. bord=border, edge,
brim, bank, brink, shore, side, party; Sp.
Leather manuf.: A machine for boarding * 2. (Of the forms boast and * boist): To
borde=edge, brim.] The side of a ship.
threaten.
leather. [BOARDING.] More than one form
“His majesty thought it not meet to compelor
exists.
"Now board to board the rival vessels row."
Dryden.
much to boast them ..."--Baillie : Letters, i. 162.
boarding-nettings, s.
(Jamieson.)
board, v.t. & i. [From board (1), s. (q.v.).]
Naut. : Strong cord nettings designed to
B. Intransitive:
A. Transitive :
prevent a ship from being boarded in battle. 1. In a bad sense : To brag, to glory, to
1. To enclose or cover with boards.
speak ostentatiously or vaingloriously. (Used
2. To make a forcible entrance into an
boarding-out, boarding out, a. & si generally of one's self or one's own exploits.)
“Sir,
As adj. : Causing to be boarded outside the
enemy's ship in a naval combat, or at least in
In Cambria are we born, and gentlemen :
workhouse.
time of war.
Further to boast were neither true por modest,
(1) Lit. : In the foregoing sense.
Boarding-out system. Poor Law administra-
Unless I add, we are honest,"
Shakesp. : Cymbeline, v. 5.
“Our merchantmen were boarded in sight of the
tion: A system by which workhouse children
ramparts of Plymouth.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch.
are sent to be boarded in the houses of poor 2. In a good sense : To talk with becoming
xiv.
people, to whom the sum paid for their main pride of the exploits of another, whose good
(2) Figuratively : (The meaning having been tenance is an object. They are then brought deeds reflect only indirect glory on the
influenced by the Fr. aborder = to approach, up, presumably in habits of industry, as mem speaker.
to accost.)
bers of the family in which they live. The “For I know the forwardness of your mind, for
which I boast of you to them of Macedonia.”—2 Cor.
boarding-out system is prevalent in Scotland.
(a) To accost, to address.
ix. 2.
"I am sure he is in the fleet; I would he had boarded
In England it exists only in a few places, and
has become the subject of controversy. Its
Formerly it might be followed by in, now
me.”-Shakesp. : Much Ado, ii. 1.
friends claim for it the advantage that when
(6) To woo.
of is used.
", .. for, sure, unless he knew some strain in me,
"Some surgeons I have met, carrying bones about in
children are brought up away from the work-
their pockets, boasting in that which was their
that I know not myself, he would never have boarded house their pauper associations and feelings shame."- Wiseman.
me in this fury.”-Shakesp. : Merry Wives of Windsor, are permanently broken, and they tend to
“My sentence is for open war; of wiles,
ii. 1.
become ordinary members of society, living by
More unexpert I boast not.'
3. To furnish for a periodical payment,
their own industry and not on the ratepayers.
Milton : P. L., bk. ii.
generally a weekly one, food and lodging to a
Its opponents point out the danger of the | boast (2), v.t. [Etymology doubtful.]
person. [B.]
poor people ill-treating the child not allied to
1. Masonry. Of stones: To dress with a
"In 1661 the justices at Chelmsford had fixed the
them by blood. Both parties will probably
wages of the Essex labourer, who was not boarded, at
broad chisel.
six shillings in winter and seven in summer.”—Ma-
agree in this, that when children are boarded
2. Sculp. & Carving. Of a marble block : To
caulay : Hist. Eng., ch. iii.
out, lady or other visitors should from time
shape roughly, for the moment neglecting
B. Intrans. : To obtain food and lodging to time visit the houses where they live to
attention to details.
ascertain the kind of treatment they are
for a stipulated weekly or other payment from
one who engages to do so.
receiving from their foster-parents, as well as boast. * bost, s. [Wel. bost; Gael. bosd.]
"We are several of us, gentlemen and ladies, who
from the genuine children of the household.
1. An illegitimate or a legitimate vaunt, a
board in the same house; and, after dinner, one of
our company stands up, and reads your paper to us boarding-pike, s.
vainglorious speech.
all.”—Spectator.
"The world is more apt to find fault than to com-
To be boarded out. Poor Law administra-
Naut. : A pike used to defend a ship against
mend; the boast will probably be censured, when the
enemies who may attempt to board it. Or it great action that occasioned it is forgotten."-Spectator.
tion : To be boarded outside the workhouse.
I To make boast : To boast. (Followed by
[BOARDING-OUT.]
of.) [Comp. Blow (1), v., A. 2, and B. 3, “To
* böard'-a-ble, a. [Eng. board; able.] Able
boast.”]
to be boarded. (Sherwood.)
“Nought trow I the triumphe of Julius,
Of which that Lukan maketh moche bost."
Bost.
Chaucer : C. T., 4,820-21.
böard'-ěd, pa. par. & d. [BOARD, v.t.]
2. A cause of speaking in a vaunting spirit;
böard'-er, s. [Eng. board ; -er.]
occasion of vainglory.
"Edward and Henry, now the boast of Fame."
1. One who for a certain stipulated price,
Pope: Epistles, ii. 7.
paid weekly or at longer intervals, not merely
*3. Threatening. (Scotch.) (Doug. : Virgil,
lodges with a family, but sits with the other
BOARDING-PIKES.
274, 29.)
members of it at table as if one of themselves.
Or a pupil at school, who lives on the pre-
boast'-ěd, pa. par. & a. [BOAST, v.t.]
mises teinporarily on the same footing as the may be employed as an offensive weapon by
the boarders themselves. Such pikes are re-
As par. adj. : Made the occasion of boasting.
members of the resident master's family.
“... capitation fees, and right to take boarders,
presented in a sea-fight at Medinet Aboo, in
“Slaves of gold, whose sordid dealings
Tarnish all your boasted powers."
with other advantages."— Times, Nov. 18, 1878. Advt. Egypt.
Cowper : The Neyro's Complaint.
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sire, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, work, whô, sõn; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; trý, Sýrian. _æ, o=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

boaster-boation
605
boast'-ěr (1), * bös-töwre, * bös'-tare, s.
[Eng. boast; -er.] One who boasts, a bragger,
a braggadocio, a vainglorious man.
" Then Iagoo, the great boaster,
He the marvellous story-teller."
Longfellow : The Song of Hiawatha, iii.
“The boaster Paris oft desir'd the day,
With Sparta's king to meet in single fray."
Pope : Homer's Iliad, bk. iii., 537-8.
boast'-ēr (2), s. [BOAST (2), v.]
Masonry: A stone-mason's chisel with an
edge two inches wide, used for dressing stone.
It is intermediate between an inch tool and a
broad tool; the former, as the name implies,
1 inch, and the latter 31 inches wide.
boast-fúl, a. [Eng. boast; ful(l).]
1. Of persons : Full of boasting; perpetually
and offensively vaunting of one's exploits.
(Sometimes followed by of.)
“He became proud, punctilious, boastful, quarrel.
some.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iv.
“While his lov'd partner, boastful of her hoard.”
Goldsmith : The Traveller.
2. Of language : Boasting, vainglorious.
(Also at times followed by of.)
"... to think that we Englishmen and our
American descendants, with their boustful cry of
liberty, have been and are so guilty."-Darwin :
Voyage round the World (ed. 1870), ch. xxi., p. 500.
boast'-fúl-ly, adv. [Eng. boastful; -ly.] In
a boasting manner, vauntingly, vaingloriously.
"... that vast monarchy on which it was boastfully
said that the sun never set."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng.,
ch. xix.
boast-fúll-něss, s. [Eng. boastful; -ness.]
The quality of indulging in boasting. (Webster.)
boast'-îng (1), pr. par., A., & s. [BOAST (1), v.]
A. & B. As present participle & participial
adjective : In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
C. As substantive : The act of vaunting or
speaking vaingloriously.
"But now ye rejoice in your boastings : . . ."-Ja.
iv. 16.
boast-ing (2), s. & a. [BOAST (2), v.]
1. Masonry : The act of dressing the surface
of stones with a broad chisel and mallet.
2. Sculpture & Carving : The act of roughly
hewing out an ornament, so as to give the
general contour before attention is paid to
details.
boasting-chisel, s. A steel chisel with
a broad, fine edge, used for dressing marble,
so as to bring it to a nearly smooth surface
before operating upon it with a “ broad tool.”
boast-ing-ly, adv. [Eng. boasting ; -ly.] In
a boasting manner ; boastfully, vauntingly,
vaingloriously, ostentatiously.
“We look on it as a pitch of impiety, boastingly to
avow our sins;..."-Dr. H. More: Decay of Piety.
+ bo'ast-ive, a. [Eng. boast; -ive.] Boasting,
vainglorious.
how must his fellow streams
Deride the tinklings of the boastive rill!”.
Shenstone: Economy, pt. i.
t bõ'ast-less, a. [Eng. boast, and suff. -less. ]
Without a boast.
“Diffusing kind beneficence around,
Boastless, as now descends the silent de
Thomson : Seasons ; Summer.
bo'as-ton, s. [In Fr. boston, from Boston in
the United States, the siege of which by the
English is hinted at in the game (Littré).] A
game at cards.
bõat (1), * böt, * boot, * bat (Eng.), boat,
* bait, * bate, * bat (Scotch), S. & a. [A.S.
bát = a boat, ship, or vessel ; Icel. bátr; Sw.
båt; Dan. baad ; Dut. & Ger. boot; Wel. & Ir.
bad; Gael. báta ; Fr. bateau ; Prov. batelh ; Sp.
batel ; Port. botl ; Ital. battello, battelletto, batto
(battello and battelletto are diminutives); Low
Lat. batus.]
A. As substantive :
1. As a separate word :
(1) Literally :
(a) A very small vessel, generally undecked
and propelled by oars, though in some cases
sails are employed. Canoes scooped out of
the trunk of a single tree seem to have been
the earliest boats ; boats made of planks did
not come into use till a later period.
"He, with few men, in a bate."
Barbour, xiii. 645, MS.
"I do not think that any one nation, the Syrian
excepted, to whom the knowledge of the ark came, did
find out at once the device of either ship or boat, in
which they durst venture themselves upon the seas."
-Raleigh: Essays.
The boats attached to a large and fully boat-like, a. Like a boat in shape or in
equipped vessel are the launch, the long other respects.
boat, the barge, the pinnace, the yawl, the . “His boat-like breast, his wings rais'd for his sail,
galley, the gig, the cutter, the jolly-boat, and
And oar-like feet, him nothing to avail
the dingy. The first five are curve built, and
Against the rain." Drayton : Noah's Flood.
the last five clinker built. (Knight.)
boat-lowering, a. Lowering a boat, or
(6) A steam vessel of whatever size, as “one
designed to do so.
of the P, and 0. boats." (Chiefly colloquial.) Boat - lowering and detaching apparatus :
[No. 2.]
Apparatus for lowering a boat, keeping it all
(2) Fig.: Anything like a boat, a shell for the while in a horizontal position, and then
instance, as a sauce-boat (q.v.).
detaching from both ends of it simultaneously
I Neptune's boat: A shell, Cymba Neptuni.
the hooks or anything else by which it is held.
[BOAT-DETACHING HOOK.]
2. In compos.: A ship, small or large, of a
particular character, a word being prefixed to
boat-race, s. A race on the water be-
boat to indicate what that character is ; as, an
tween two or more boats. The most cele-
advice-boat, a canal boat, a fishing-boat, a life-
brated in Britain is that between rowers
boat, a packet-boat, a steam-boat. (See these connected with Oxford and Cambridge Uni-
and similar words.)
versities.
B. As adjective : Pertaining to a boat in boat-rope, s.
any of the foregoing senses, as a boat-hook.
Naut. : A rope with which to fasten a boat.
boat-bill, s.
It is called also a painter (q.v.).
Ornith.: The English name of Cancroma, a boat-shaped, a.
genus of birds belonging to the sub-family Bot. : Resembling a boat; concave, taper-
Ardeina, or True Herons, and specially of the
ing at the ends, and externally keeled. Nearly
Cancroma cochlea-
the same as KEELED.
ria. The bill, from
which the English
boat-shell, s.
name comes, is
Zool. : The English name of the shells
very broad from
ranked under the genus Cymba (q.v.). [BOAT,
right to left, and
A., 1 (2).]
looks as if formed
by two spoons ap-
boat-tails, s. pl. [So called from their
plied to each other
tails, which are long and graduated, with the
on their concave
sides curving upwards like those of a boat.]
sides. The C. coch-
Ornith.: The English name for the Quisca-
learia is whitish,
linæ, a sub-family of Sturnidæ (Starlings).
HEAD OF THE BOAT-BILL.
with the back grey
They are found in North and South America,
or brown and the
moving northwards in spring and returning
belly red; the front is white, behind which again southward in immense flocks late in the
is a black cap, changed into a long crest in autumn. Though at one time devouring
the adult male. It inhabits the hot and many grubs, yet at others they help them-
humid parts of South America. [CANCROMA.] selves freely to the farmer's Indian corn and
the other produce of his fields. [QUISCALINÆ.]
boat-bridge, s. A bridge of boats.
[BRIDGE, PONTOON.]
boat-wise, s. Of a boat shape.
"Full bowls of milk are hung around,
boat-builder, s. One whose occupation
From vessels boat-wise form'd they pour a flood
it is to build boats.
Of milk yet smoking, mix'd with sable blood.”
Lewis : Thebaid of Statius, bk. vi.
boat-car, s. A car for transporting boats
+ boat (2), s. [Sw. bytta = a bucket, a pail.] A
up and down inclined planes. On the Morris
and Essex Canal, connecting the Hudson and
barrel, a tub. (Scotch.) [BEEF-BOAT.] (Jamie-
the Delaware Rivers in the United States, the
son.)
boats are transported from one level to another
TA beef-boat: A barrel or tub in which
by means of boat-cars instead of locks.
beef is salted and preserved.
(Knight.)
"... the barn and the beef boat, the barrel and the
bed blanket.”—Perils of Man, ii. 70. (Jamieson.)
boat-detaching, a. Detaching a boat
or hoats.
boat, v.t. & i. [From boat, s. (q.v.).]
Boat-detaching hooks (pl.). Naut. : Hooks
† A. Trans. : To transport in a boat ; to
designed to disengage themselves simulta-
carry in a boat.
neously when a boat is removed into the B. Intransitive: To take boat, to enter into
water. This is done by causing the hooks to a boat, to row in a boat.
upset, by opening sister-hooks, or by the “The Lord Aboyn ... boats at the Sandness, and
goes aboard of his own ship, and to Berwick sails he."
tripping of a trigger.
-Spalding, i. 177. (Jamieson.)
boat-fashion, adv. After the fashion or
“I boated over, ran
manner which obtains in boats.
My craft aground, and heard with beating heart."
Tennyson : Edwin Morris.
“... sand gets into one's meat, when cooked and
eaten boat-fashion.” - Darwin; Voyage round the f boat'-a-ble, a. [Eng. boat ; -able.] That
World (ed. 1870), ch. X., p. 224.
may be traversed by boat; navigable. (Morse.)
boat-fly, s.
| More common in America than England.
Entom. : The English
boat'-aġe (age as ig), s. [Eng. boat; -age.]
name of the water-bugs
A toll on articles brought in boats.
of the genus Notonecta,
“ Droict de rivage. Shorage or Boatage, the Custome
so called because they
or Toll for wine or other wares, put upon, or brought
swim on their backs,
from the water by boats."-Cotgruve.
thus presenting the
| boat'-ed, pa. par. & a. [BOAT, v.t.]
appearance of boats.
[BOAT-INSECT.]
boat'-re, s. [Dimin. of boat.] A small boat, a
boat-head, s. The
yawl. (Scotch.)
head or bow of a boat,
" The boatie rows, the boatie rows,
The boatie rows indeed ;
BOAT-FLY.
whatever form it may
And weil may the boatie row,
possess.
That wins the bairnies bread.”
... did I turn away
Aula Song. (Jamieson.)
The boat-head down a broad canal."
Tennyson : Recoll. of the Arabian Nights.
| boat'-ing, pr. par., d., & s. [BOAT, v.]
boat-hook, s.
A. & B. As pr. par. & participial adjective :
Naut.: A pole, the end of which is furnished
In senses corresponding to those of the verb.
with iron, having a point and hook. It is
C. As substantive :
designed for holding on to a boat or anything 1. Ordinary Language :
else. It is called also a gaff, a setter, a setting (1) The act or practice of transporting in a
pole, a pole-hook, and a hitcher.
boat.
boat-house, s. A house for accommodat (2) The act or practice of sailing or rowing
ing a boat.
in boats.
boat-insect, s.
2. In Persia : A form of capital punishment
in which an offender is laid on his back on a
Entom. : The English name of the genus
boat till he perishes.
of bugs called Notonecta, which, swimming in
a reversed position, viz., upon their backs, *bo-ā-tion, s. [From Lat. boatum, supine of
present a certain resemblance to boats. [BOAT boo = to cry aloud, to roar.] The act of roar-
FLY.]
ing; a roar, a loud shout.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shún; -ţion, -şion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

606
boatman-bobbin
“In Messina insurrection, the guns were heard
from a distance as far as Augusta and Syracuse, about
an hundred Italian miles, in loud boation."-Der.
Physico-Th.
vo
2. Anything which is “bobbed,” struck, or bob-sled, s. A compound sled composed
aimed at; a mark, a butt. (Jamieson.)
of two short sleds, one in front and another
3. Anything which bobs or moves freely to
behind, connected together longitudinally by
and fro.
a reach.
(1) Anything solid hanging loosely so that bob-sleigh, s. A sleigh made up of two
it may move backwards and forwards or up short (bob) sleighs connected by a reach or
and down. Specially-
coupliug.
(a) An ear-ring, a pendant.
bob-wig, bob-
“The gaudy gossip, when she's set agog,
wig, s. A short
In jewels drest, and at each ear a bob.
Dryden.
wig. Short wigs are
(6) A bunch of flowers, a nosegay, a parterre,
very ancient, being
found on old Egyp-
or a thick patch.
tian and Assyrian
“ Ane cow of birks in to his hand had he,
To keip than weill his face fra midge and fle,
sculptures and tab-
With that the King the bob of birks can wave.". lets. Long wigs
Priests of Peblis, p. 21. (Jamieson.) are comparatively
(c) A bait bobbed up and down.
modern. It is said
“Peuren. To take eeles in the night with a bob of that they were in-
wormes.”—Hexham: Dutch Dict.
troduced by Louis
T A bob of cherries : A bunch of cherries. XIV., of France, to
BOB-WIG
“Have a bob of cheris.”—Town. Myst., 118.
hide his shoulders,
(d) A branch.
which were not well matched with each other.
“Bat in this on honde he hade a holyn bobbe."
“ A young fellow riding towards us full gallop, with
Gawayne and the Green Knight, 206.
a bobwig and a black silken bag tied to it, stopt short
at the coach, to ask us how far the judges were behind.”
(e) A wig. [BOB-WIG.]
-Spectator.
(2) A gust, a blast of wind. (Scotch.) (Jamie-
bo'-băc, s. [Pol. bobak = the animal described
son.)
below.]
4. More fig.: A dry sarcasm, a taunt, a
Zool.: A burrowing squirrel,
scoff, a jibe.
Arctomys
bobac. It is called also the Polish Marmot.
“Have you not sometimes observed what dry bobs.
and sarcastical jeers, the most underling fellows wilí
It inhabits Poland, Russia, and Gallicia.
now and then bestow upon their betters. " - Goodman :
Wint. Ev. Conference, pt. i.
*bo'-baunçe, * bob'-baunçe, * bo'-bançe,
To give the bob : To outwit, to impose s. [Burgundian bobance ; Fr. bombance, from
upon. A similar phrase once existed, To give bombe, altered from Lat. pompa = pomp ; or
the dor. [Dor.]
from Lat. bombus = a humming or buzzing.]
"C. I guess the business. S. It can be no other
Pride, boasting, presumption.
But to give me the bob, ..
Massing. : Maid of Honour, iv. 5.
"... and am y-come wyth the to fight! for al thy
grete bobbaunce.'
II. Technically:
Sir Ferumb. (ed. Herrtage), 383.
1. Horol., Mech., &c. : The weight at the | Often combined with bost = boasting.
lower part of a pendulum. (Airy: Popul. “... and with bobaunce and with bost brent fell
Astron., 6th ed., p. 263.)
tounes."—William of Palerne (ed. Skeat), 1,071.
2. Mechanics :
bobbed, * bob'-bìd, * bob'-bỹd (Eng.),
(1) The suspended ball of a plumb-line. bob'-bỉt (Scotch), pa. par. & a. [BOB, v.]
(2) The shifting weight on the graduated bob'-běr, bab’-běr, s. [Eng. bob, -er;
arm of a steelyard.
Scotch bab, -er.]
(3) The working beam of a steam-engine.
1. Gen. : A person who or a thing which
3. Metallurgy: A small buff-wheel used in
polishing the insides of spoons. It is a disk
2. Fly-fishing : The hook which plays loosely
of leather nearly an inch thick, known as
on the surface of the water, as distinguished
sea-cow or bull - neck. It is perforated,
from the trailer at the extremity of the line.
mounted on a spindle, and turned into a
(Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
nearly spherical form.
4. Mining: A rocking-post framed into a 1 + bob'-ber-ý, s. [From bob, v. (?) (q.v.). Sp.
pivoted bar and driven by the crank of the boberia = folly, foppery.)
water-wheel or engine-shaft. To one end of 1. Nonsense. (Forby, in Worcester.)
the beam is suspended the pump-rod, to 2. A disturbance; nonsense. (Forby, in
balance which the other end is counter-
Worcester.)
weighted.
5. Music: A term used by change-ringers bob'-bin, * bõb-in, s. [From Fr. bobine;
to denote certain changes in the working of
Sp. bobina = a bobbin, reed, or reel. Com-
the methods by which long peals of changes
pare Ir. & Gael. baban = a tassel, a fringe ;
are produced (Troyte); a peal consisting of babag = a tassel.]
several courses or sets of changes. When I. Ord. Lang. : A wooden pin with a head
there are more than three bells the several on which thread is wound for making lace.
changes are called bob-majors, bob-triples, [II. 1.]
Norwich Court bobs, grandsire bob-triples,
“Yon cottager, who weaves at her own door,
and caters (quaters). A bob is sometimes
Pillow and bobbins all her little store."
opposed to a single (q.v.). (Stainer & Barret :
Cowper : Truth.
Dict. Musical Terms. Grove: Dict. Music, &c.)
II. Technically:
1. Spinning: A spool with a head at one or
B. As adjective: Pertaining to a bob in any
both ends to hold yarn. It has one head
of the senses given under A.; as, bobtail, bob-
when it serves as a cop in spinning, as a
wig (q.v.).
thread-holder in shuttles of looms, and as cop
bob-cherry, bobcherry, s. A game
in warping-machines. In spinning or warping
among children in which a cherry is so hung
it is slipped on a spindle and revolves there-
as to bob against the mouth. The little with, being held thereon by a spring or by the
player tries by jumping up to seize it with tightness of its fit. (Knight.)
the teeth, the assistance of hands in the 2. Sewing-machine: A small spool adapted
matter being disallowed.
to receive thread and to be applied within a
"Bobcherry teaches at once two noble virtues, pa shuttle. (Knight.)
tience and constancy; the first, in adhering to the
pursuit of one end, the latter, in bearing a disappoint bobbin and fly frame. The ordinary
ment."- Arbuthnot & Pope.
roving machine of the cotton manufacture.
bob-fly, s. A kind of fly found upon
Its function is to draw and twist the sliver,
water.
and wind the roving on a bobbin. The bobbins
containing the slivers are mounted in several
“You can easily find the bou-fly on the top of the
water."-Jesse : Gleanings in Nat. Hist., i. 300.
rows on a creel which has skewers for their
reception. Each sliver passes between a pair
bob major, S. [From Latin major = of guides, which give it a horizontal traversing
greater.]
motion, so that it shall not bear upon a con-
Music: A peal rung on eight bells.
stant part of the surfaces of the drawing-
rollers between which it next passes. These
bob maximus, s. [From Lat. maximus
drawing-rollers are arranged in pairs (see
= greatest. ]
DRAWING-FRAME), and have a relatively in-
Music: A peal rung on twelve bells.
creasing rate of speed, the second revolving
faster than the first, and the third faster than
bob minor, s. [From Lat. minor = less.] | the second. The bobbin has two notions-one
Music: A peal rung on six bells.
around the spindle on which it is sleeved, and
boat-mạn, t bõats-mạn, s. [Eng. boat,
boats, and man.]
· Boatsmen through the crystal water show,
To wond'ring passengers, the walls below."
Dryden.
“A chieftain, to the Highlands bound,
Cries, ‘Boatman, do not tarry !'”
Campbell : Lord Ullin's Daughter.
Boatman's shell: A shell, Philine aperta.
It belongs to the family Bullidæ. It is found
about 50 fathoms deep, on sandy bottoms, in
the British seas.
boat'-swain (often pronounced bosn), s.
[Eng. boat; -swain. A.S. bát-swán = a boat-
swain, a boatman; bát = boat, and swán = a
swain, a herdsman, a servant. In Sw. högbäts-
man ; Dan. baatsmand ; Dut. bootsman ; Ger.
hochbootsmann.]
1. Naut. : A warrant officer on board a ship
of war, whose special function it is to take
charge of the rigging, cables, cordage, anchors,
sails, boats, flags, and stores. He must in-
spect the rigging every morning and keep it in
good repair, and must either by himself or by
deputy steer the life-boat. He must call the
men to their duty by means of a silver whistle
given him for the purpose ; besides taking into
custody those condemned by a court-martial,
and, either by himself or by deputy, inflict on
them the punishment awarded.
“The chief ambition of the great conqueror and
legislator was to be a good boatswain and a good ship's
carpenter.”—Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii.
2. One of the English names of a gull, the
Arctic Skua (Cataractes parasiticus).
bob, * bobbe (Eng.), bob, bab (Scotch), v.t.
& i. [Etymology doubtful. It looks, and is
by Mahn and others held to be, an onomato-
poetic word, i.e., in this case imitated from
the sound of a body moving up and down.
He considers the substantive the original
word (BOB, s.) Mahn connects it with Eng.
buff = to strike. Skeat believes it an altered
form of Gael. bog = to wag, to shake; Ir.
bogaim = to wag, to shake, to toss.] [BOB, s.]
A. Transitive :
I. Of action operating on things physical :
1. To cause to move with a short jerking
motion; to cause to play to and fro loosely.
2. To beat, to strike; to drub, to thump.
“These bastard Bretons, whom our fathers
Have in their own land beaten, bobb'd, and thump'd.”
Shakesp. : Richard III., v. 3.
+ 3. To cut the hair of a man, the tail of a
horse, or anything similar. [BOBTAIL, BOB-
TAILED.]
II. Of action operating on the mind :
1. With a thing for the object : To cheat,
swindle; to obtain by fraud.
“ He calls me to a restitution large
Of gold and jewels that I bobb'd from him."
Shakesp. : Othello, v. 1.
2. With a person for the object : To cheat, to
swindle; to delude, to mock.
“Here we have been worrying one another, who
should have the booty, till this cursed fox has bobbed
us both on't.”-L'Estrange.
B. Intransitive:
1. Gen. : To have a short jerking motion, to
move to and fro or up and down, to play to
and fro, to play loosely against anything.
"And when she drinks against her lips I bob.”
Shakesp. : Mid. Night's Dream, ii. 1.
2. Specially :
(1) To dance up and down. (Scotch.)
“I swung and bobbit yonder as safe as a gabbart
that's moored by a three-ply cable."-Scott : Rob Roy,
ch. xxxi.
(2) To courtesy. (Scotch.)
“When sho cam ben sho bobbit.”
Auld Song. (Jamieson.)
(3) To angle with a bob, or with a bobbing
motion of the bait.
"He ne'er had learned the art to bob
For anything but eels."
Saxe.
bob, * bobbe (Eng.), bob, bab (Scotch), s. &
a. [From bob, v. (q.v.). Stratmann and Mahn
compare it with Icel. bobbi = a knot, a cockle-
shell.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. The act of bobbing ; a jerk, jog, knock,
"A peece of breade, and therwithal a bobbe."
Gascoigne, 1,116.
"I am sharply taunted, yea, sometimes with pinches,
nips, and bobs."-Ascham: Schoolmaster.
bobs.
fillip.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whăt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sīr, marîne; go, pot,
etc
2660
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; trý, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bɔbbinet-boclar
607
one up and down on the spindle. The former ni. It was called also BOCEDISATION (q.v.). boc'-çi-ūs līght, boccius-light (gh silent),
is for the winding on of the roving, and the The friends and the opponents of the system s. [LIGHT.]
latter to distribute the roving in coils along carried on a controversy which continued till
side each other along the length of the bobbin. the beginning of the eighteenth century. boc-co'-ni-a, s. [Named after Paolo Boccone,
Bobbin and fly frames are of two kinds, coarse (Stainer & Barrett.)
M.D., a Sicilian and Cistercian monk, who
and fine, or first and second. The coarse, or
published a botanical work in A.D. 1764.]
first, bobbin and fly frame acts upon slivers
bo'-bì-ēr-rite, s. [Named by Dana after
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
from cans filled at the drawing-frame and Bobierre, who first described it in 1868.]
order Papaveracea (Poppyworts). Bocconia
placed at the back of the machine. The fine, Min.: A colourless mineral occurring in
frutescens (Tree Celandine) has fine foliage.
or second, bobbin and fly frame acts upon six-sided prisms. It is a tribasic phosphate of It grows in the West Indies, where its acrid
rovings, or slubbings as they are often called, magnesia. It was found in Peruvian guano.
juice is used to remove warts.
from bobbins filled at the first frame and
noned on the skewers of the creel placed be. I bob'-o-link, bob'-link, * bob-in-coln, * boce (1), s. [Boss. sl (Promot. Parv.: also
hind the roller-beam. (Knight.)
S. [Evidently from a proper name, Bob Lin-
coln or Bob o(f) Lincoln.] A bird' belonging
Act Dom. Conc., A. 1489, p. 129.) (Jamieson.)
bobbin-lace, s.
to the family Sturnidæ (Starlings), and the
* boce (2), s. [BOOSE, s.] (Prompt. Parv.)
Weaving : Lace made upon a pillow with sub-family Agelainæ. It is found everywhere
bobbins. The pillow is a hard cushion covered in North America below 54° of N. latitude, boçe (3), s. [In Fr. bogue ; Sp. & Port. boga;
with parchment, on which the pattern of the passing the winter in the West Indies, and Ital. boca. From Lat. box, genit. bocis; Gr.
meshes is drawn. Pins are inserted into the going northward in summer. In the United
BWÉ (box), Bóaš (boax).]
lines of the pattern and determine the meshes. States it is known as the Rice-bird, the Reed-
Ichthyol. : A name for any fish of the genus
Thicker thread, called gimp, is interlaced with bird, the Rice Bunting, the Rice Troopial, and
the meshes, according to the pattern on the in the West Indies, when fat, as the Butter-
Sparus.
parchment. The thread is wound upon bob bird. It is the Emberiza oryzivora of Linnæus, bo-çē-dış-a'-tion, s. [Low Lat. bocedisatio,
bins, and is twisted, crossed, and secured by Icterus agripennis of Bonaparte, and Doli-
from bo, ce, di, the first three of the abbrevia-
pins. [PILLOW-LACE.]
chony oryzivorus of Swainson. It feeds on
tions used in the relation.] [BOBIBATION.]
rice and other cereals, and is in turn itself
bobbin-stand, s. A frame for holding
extensively shot for food.
* boc-fel, s. [A.S. bóc = book, fell = skin,
the bobbins for warps of a loom, threads of a
bob'-stāy, s. [Eng. bob; stay.]
thin parchment.] A skin prepared for writing,
warping-machine, and yarns of a spinning-
machine. The bobbin or reel rotates on a
parchment.
Naut.: One of the chains or ropes which
spindle fixed in a base-plate. It is covered tie the bowsprit end to the stem, to enable it * boch, * boche, s. [BOTCH.] (Chaucer;
with a metallic disk, supported a little above
to stand the upward strain of the forestays. Piers Plow., iii. 70; Boethius (ed. Morris), p.
the top of the spool on a shoulder of the
spindle, and held down by a screw-nut.
bobstay-piece, s.
72, line 1,977.)
Naut.: A piece of timber stepped into the * boch'-chare, s. [BOTCHER.] (Prompt. Parv.)
bobbin-winder, s.
main piece of the head, and to which the bob-
Weaving: A device for winding thread or stay is secured. [STEM.]
* boch'-ēr, * boch'-ere, S. [BUTCHER.]
yarn upon a bobbin. The bobbin is supported
(Prompt. Parv.)
on a fixed shaft, which is made to rotate con-
bob'-tāil, s. & a. [From bob, in the sense of
tinuously.
cut, and Eng. tail.]
*boçh'-er-ye, *boçh'-er-ie, s. [BUTCHERY.]
Sewing-machine: A device adapted to re-
A. As substantive : A cut tail ; a short tail. (Prompt. Parv.) (Wycliffe (ed. Purvey), 1 Cor.
ceive a shuttle-bobbin and rotate it so that it B. As adjective: With a tail cut short or
X. 25.)
may be wound with thread. The winders are short naturally ; resembling a cut tail.
* boch'-měnt, s. [BOTCHEMENT.) (Prompt.
usually operated by being turned in contact
“Avaunt, you curs !
Parv.)
with the driving-wheel, balance-wheel, or
Be thy mouth or black or white,
Or bobtail tike, or trundle tail.”
band. Some winders are supplied with an
Shakesp. : Lear, iii, 6.
1 * boc-hus, * boc-house, s. [A.S. bóchús = a
automatic thread-distributor, to lay the thread
Tagrag and bobtail: [TAGRAG].
library.] A library. (Ayenb. i.)
evenly.
bobtail-wig, s. A short wig.
* bocilæred, a. [A.S. bóc, and lærde =
bob'-bỉn-ět, s. [Eng. bobbin ; (n)et.]
learned.] Learned.
Weaving : A machine-made cotton net. | bob'-tailed, a. [Eng. bob, and tailed. 1
originally imitated from the lace made by Of a dog or other animal: Having the tail böck, * bok (Scotch & 0. Eng.), v.t. [BOLK.]
bobbins upon a pillow. It consists of a series cut short.
1. Literally. Of persons :
of parallel threads which may be considered “There was a bobtailed cur cried in a gazette, and (1) To belch.
as warp-threads, and two systems of oblique one that found him brought him home to his master."
threads which proceed from the right to the
-L'Estrange.
“He bocketh lyke a churle.”—Palsgrave.
(2) To vomit, or incline to do so.
left, and from the left to the right respectively.
* boc, S. & C. [A.S. bóc = (1) a beech, (2) a "Quhill ather berne in that breth bokit in blude.”
Each weft thread has a single turn around
book.] [Book.] (Story of Gen. & Exod., 523.)
Gaw. & Gol., ii. 21. (Jamieson.)
each crossing of a warp, and the contrary
boc'-al, S.
strain of the respective weft threads gives a
2. Of things: To cause to gush intermittently.
[In Fr. and Sp.
serpentine course to the warps.
bocal = a bottle, decanter, or
“While burns, wi' snawy wreaths up-choked,
Wild-eddying swirl,
jug with a wide opening and a
Or through the mining outlet bocked,
bobbinet-machine, s. A machine for very short neck ; Ital. boccale
Down headlong hurl."
making bobbinets. It was originally derived = a decanter, a mug; Low Lat.
Burns: A Winter Night.
from the stocking-frame, invented in 1589 by baucalis, from Gr. Bavkálov
bock, s. [From bock, v. (q.v.).] Vomiting,
William Lee, M.A., of Cambridge. Hammond (baukalion)= a narrow-necked
spitting up.
(about 1768) modified a stocking-frame to vessel, which gurgles when
“Withut a host, a bock, or glour."
make a coarse imitation of Brussels ground; water is poured in or out, Baú-
Cleland : Poems, p. 105. (Jamieson.)
this was the pin-machine. In 1784, the warp kalis (baukalis) = a vessel for
frame was invented, for making warp-lace; cooling wine or water.]
*bock-blood, s. A spitting or throwing
and in the next decade, the bobbin-frame. In
Glass Manuf.: A cylindrical
up of blood.
1809, Heathcote invented the bobbinet-ma-
glass jar with a short, wide
“ Bock-blood and Benshaw, spewen sprung in the
chine. (Knight.)
BOCAL,
spald, ..."-Polwart's Flyting, P. 13. (Jamieson.)
neck, used for preserving solid
bob'-bing, pr. par. & d. [BOB, v.]
substances.
bock'-ěl-ět, bock'-er-ěı, böck'-ēr-ět, s.
bo'-cāque, bo'-cāke (que as k), s. [Rus-
[Etym. doubtful.]
“Wi' bobbing Willie's shanks are sair.”
A kind of long-winged
"Hend. Coll., ii. 114. (Jamieson.) sian (7.] A mammal like a rabbit, but with-
hawk.
"You may tell her,
out a tail, found on the banks of the Dnieper
I'm rich in jewels, rings, and bobbing pearls,
bock'-ing (1), pr. par. & s. [BOCK, v.] Vomit-
Pluck'd from Moors' ears.”
Dryden.
and elsewhere.
ing. (Scotch.)
bob'-bîn-wõrk, S. [Eng. bobbin; work.] | + bo-car'-do, s. [BOKARDO.]
bock'-Ìng (2), s. [From Bocking, near Brain-
Work wrought partly by means of bobbins.
* bocare, s. [A.S. bocere; Moeso-Goth. bo-
tree, in Essex, where it was originally made.]
“Not netted nor woven with warp and woof, but
Weaving : A coarse woollen fabric.
after the manner of bobbinwork."--Grew: Musæum.
kceries = a book man.] A scholar. (Layamon,
32,125.)
bob-bit, pa. par. [BOBBED.] (Scotch.)
* bock-lér, s. [BUCKLER.] (Chaucer.)
boc'-a-sĩne, s. [In Fr. boucassin; from 0.
bõb -ět, s. [Dimin. of bob = a blow (Skeat).]
t bock'-whēat, s. [BUCKWHEAT.]
Fr. boccasin; Sp. bocacin, bocaci; Ital. bo-
[BOB, BUFFET.] A slight blow, a buffet.
cassino.]
* boc-land, * bock'-land, * boo -land,
"Bobet. Collafa, collafus, Cath."-Prompt. Parv.
Weaving: A kind of calamanco or woollen
* book'-land, s. [From AS. bóc = a book,
*bob-et-ýn, v.t. [From bobet, s. (q.v.).] To stuff ; a fine buckram.
a volume, a writing, ... a charter, and land,
buffet; to give a slight blow to.
lond = land.]
"Bobettyn'. Collaphizo.”—Prompt. Parv.
boc-ca, s. [Ital. bocca.]
0. Law: Land held by charter or deed, and
Glass Manuf. : The round hole in a glass-
therefore sometimes called charter-land or
* bõb -ět-ynge, s. [BOBETYN, V.)
furnace from which the glass is taken out on deed-land. It was essentially the same as
“Bobetynge. Collafizacio.”—Prompt. Parv.
the end of the pontil.
modern freehold, except that the grantee had
bo'-bi-bā-tion, s. [From Low Lat. bobisatio, boc-ca-rel-la, s. [Ital. boccarella. ]
certain rents and free service to the lord of
of same meaning.]
the manor. It is opposed to folcland, which
Glass Manuf.: A small bocca or mouth of a was somewhat analogous to modern leasehold
Music: A kind of sol-faing taught by
glass-furnace; a nose-hole.
tenure. [FOLCLAND.]
Huberto Walraent at the end of the sixteenth
century for scale practice, the designations of * bocchen, v.t. [BOTCH, v.] (Wycliffe : 2 Chron. | * boc-lar, s. [A.S. bóc=book, lár = lore,
the notes used being bo, ce, di, ga, la, mi, and Xxxiv.)
learning. í Learning.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shủn; -ţion, -şion=zhủn. -cious, -tious, -sious =shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

608
bocle-bodkin
and as bliue.
" Her bodice half way she unladid.
oute bod, he braydes to the qnene."
* bocle, s. [BUCKLE.) (Prompt. Parv.)
Wm. of Palerne (ed. Skeat), 149.
About his arms she slily cast
boclyd, pa. par.
The silken band, and held him fast." Prior.
[BUCKLED.] (Prompt. | bõde, pret. of v. [Pret. of bide: A.S. bidan
Parv.)
(2) Fig.: Restraint of law, or restraint of
(q.v.).]
any kind.
* boc-rune, s. [A.S. bóc=a book, and run 1. Abode.
“It was never, he declared with much spirit, found
=a letter.] A letter. (Layamon, 4,496.)
“My body on balke ther bod in sweuen."
politic to put trade into straitlaced bodices, which,
Eur. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Pearl, 62.
instead of making it grow upright and thrive, must
either kill it or force it awry.”—Macaulay: Hist.
* boc-staf, s. [A.S. bóc, and stref=a staff, a
2. Delayed, waited.
Eng., ch. xviii.
letter. In Ger. buchstabe.] A letter.
“I found no entress at a side,
Unto a foord ; and over I rode
* bod'-ỉe, s. [BODY.]
* boc-sum, d. [Buxom.]
Unto the other side, but bode."
Sir Egeir, p. 5. (Jamieson.) bod'-ïed, prep. & pa. par. of body, v. (q.v).
* boc-sum-nesse, s. [BUXOMNESS.]
* bode (1), bo'-den (1), pa. par. [BODE, v.]
[ABLE-BODIED.]
* bocul, * boculle, s. [BUCKLE.] (Prompt.
* bõde (2), * bo-den (2) (Eng.), * bodyn,
* bod'-1-kĩn, s. [BODKIN (q.v.).]
Parv.)
* bodun (Scotch), pa. par. [O. Eng. bede =
bod'-7-less, a. [Eng. bod(y), and suff. -less. ]
* boc-ýn, v.i. [From 0. Eng. bosse; Mod. to bid.] [BID.] (Piers Plow., ii. 34; Wycliffe
Without a body; having no body; incorporeal.
Eng. boss = a lump.] To be tumid, to swell.
(Purvey), Matt. xxii. 3, Luke xiv. 7; Barbour,
“Bocyn' owte or strowtyn'.
xvi. 103.)
* bod'-7-lĩ-ness, s. [Eng. bodily); -ness.]
Turgeo.”—Prompt.
Parv.
The quality or state of possessing a body.
t bode'-fúl, a. [Eng. bode ; -ful.] Ominous,
(Minsheu.)
* böç'-ynge, pr. par. & s. [BocYN.]
portentous; foreboding or threatening evil.
A. As pr. par.: (See the verb).
"... and glide bodeful, and feeble, and fearful ;..." bbd--lý, * böd-1-1, *b8d-y-lý, * bod-
-Carlyle : Sartor Resartus, bk. iii., ch. 8.
i-liche, * bod-i-licke, a. & adv. [Eng.
B. As subst. : A swelling, tumefaction.
“ Bocynge, or strowtynge.
body; -ly.]
* bode-kịn, s. [BODKIN.]
Turgor.” — Prompt.
Parv.
A. As adjective:
* bõde'-měnt, s. [Eng. bode; -ment.] Presage 1. Of the human or animal body: Pertaining
bod (1), s. [Etymology doubtful.] A person ment; partial prognostic.
to the body ; constituting part of the body;
of small size ; a dwarf. (Generally somewhat
“This foolish, dreaming, superstitious girl
made by the body ; affecting the body; inci-
contemptuously.)
Makes all these bodements.
Shakesp. : Troil., v. 3.
dent to the body.
"Like Vulcan, an' Bacchus, an' ither sic bods."
Picken: Poems, ii. 131. (Jamieson.) |
* bồ-đen (3), * b5-din, * bố-dỳn, a. [O.
When the human body is referred to, it
* bod (2), s. [BODE.) (Scotch & Eng.)
Sw. bö; Icel. boa = to prepare, to provide.]
is generally as opposed to the mind.
Prepared, provided ; furnished, in whatever “I would not have children much beaten for their
bo'-dach, s. [Gael.] An old man. (Scott.)
way.
faults, because I would not have them think bodily
pain the greatest punishment."-Locke.
" Ane hale legioun about the wallis large
bod'-dle, s. [BODLE.) (Scotch.) (Burns : The Stude waching bodin with bow, spere, and targe.”
"... an example of personal courage and of bodily
Doug. : Virgil, 280, 53.
exertion."— Macaulay : Hist. Eng. ch. xiii.
Brigs of Ayr.)
It seems to be used, in one instance, in
2. Gen. Of a body in the sense of anything
bod'-dům, s. [BOTTOM.] (Scotch.)
an oblique sense.
material : Composed of matter; pertaining to
“I trow he suld be hard to sla,
matter, or to material things ; appreciable to
bode, * bo'-dị-ěn, v.t. & i. [From A.S.
And he war bodyn ewynly."
the senses.
bodian, bodigean = (1) to command, to order,
Barbour, viii. 103, MŠ. (Jamieson.)
“What resemblance could wood or stone bear to a
(2) to announce, (3) to propose or offer; Icel.
spirit void of all sensible qualities, and bodily dimen-
bo'-den-īte, s. [From Boden, near Marien-
bodha; Sw. båda=to announce.]
sions?"-South.
berg, in the Saxon Erzgebirge.]
3. More fig. : Real, actual, as distinguished
A. Transitive :
Min. : A variety of Orthite (q.v.).
from what is merely thought or planned.
* 1. Of persons or of abstractions personified :
“Whatever hath been thought on in this state,
(1) To tell beforehand.
* böde'-wõrd, * bode'-wurd, * bod'-
That could be brought to bodily act, ere Rome
worde, * bod-word, s. [O. Eng. bode, s.
Had circumvention."
“Whanne Love alle this hadde boden me,
Shakesp. : Coriol., i. 2.
I seide hym : 'Sire, how inay it be?'"
(q.v.), and word.]
B. As adverb:
Chaucer: The Romaunt of the Rose.
1. Commandment; prohibition.
1. Corporeally, united with matter.
† (2) To forebode; to make shrewd conjec-
" And this is gunge beniamin,
“It is his human nature, in which the god head
tures, founded on the observation of analogous
Hider brogt after bode-word thin."
dwells bodily, that is advanced to these honours and
cases, as to the immediate future; to presage,
Story of Gen. & Exod. (ed. Morris), 2,281-2. to this empire." - Watts.
to vaticinate.
2. Message
In Col. ii. 9, bodily is the rendering of the
2. Of things: To forebode, omen, to pre-
“... bodeword and tiding fro gode.”
Gr. owuatuks (somatikos), which is an adverb.
sage, to foreshadow, to herald ; to indicate
Story of Gen. & Exod. (ed. Morris), 396. The precise meaning is uncertain ; it may be
beforehand by signs.
* bodge, v.t. [Corrupted probably from budge
(1) corporeally, (2) truly, or (3) substantially.
"... the unfortunate results which it boded to the
(q.v.), or from botch.] To “budge,” to yield,
"For in him dwelleth all the fulness of the Godhead
bodily.”—Col. ii. 9.
harmony of a young married couple, ..."-De Quincey: to give way.
Works (ed. 1863), vol. ii., p. 65.
2. So to act as in some way or other to affect
“With this we charg'd again; but out, alas !
B. Intrans. : To be an omen for good or
the whole body; wholly, completely, entirely ;
We bodg'd again; as I have seen a swan,
evil. (Generally followed by well or ill; used
With bootless labour, swim against the tide."
as “... leaps bodily below.” (Lowell, in
Shakesp. : 3 Hen. VI., i. 4. Goodrich & Porter.)
almost like substantives.)
“Sir, give me leave to say, whatever now
* bodge (1), s. [Corrupted probably from botch
So also colloquial phrases like these are
The omen proved, it boded well to you."
(q.v.).] A botch, a patch.
used—“The tiger carried off the man bodily."
Dryden.
"Because it followeth in the same place, nor will it
or, “ the flood carried away the bridge bodily."
* bõde (1) (Eng.), bõde, bod (Scotch), s.
be a bodge in this, ..."—Whitlock : Manners of the
English, p. 437.
böd'-îng, pr. par. & s. [BODE, v.]
[From A.S. bod, gebod = a command; 0.
Fris. bod; 0. Icel. bodh =a bid, an offer.] bodge (2), s. [Etym. doubtful.]
A. As pr. par. : In senses corresponding to
those of the verb.
1. Corresponding to A.S. bodian, v., in the Weights & measures : A measure of capacity,
“Not free from boding thoughts, a while
first sense of to command = a command, an believed to have been half a peck.
The shepherd stood; ..
order.
"To the last bodge of oats, and bottle of hay."
Wordsworth : Fidelity.
“... the balleful burde, that neuer bode keped.”
Ben Jonson : New Inn, i. 5.
“ Then darkly the words of the boding strain
Ear. Eng Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 979.
Like an omen rose on his soul again.'
2. Corresponding to A.S. bodian, v., in the
* bod-gěr, s. [Corrupted from badger.] One
Hemans : Sword of the Tomb.
second sense = to announce. [See etym. of
who forestalls the market. [BADGER.]
B. As substantive :
bode, v.]
"They wage one poore man or other to become a 1. Of persons: A foreboding, an expectation,
bodger."-Harrison: Descrip. of Eng., ch. xviii.
a prophecy, a vaticination, a forecast.
* (1) A message, an announcement.
"Say—that his bodings came to pass."
"Bode or massage (boode, H.). Nuncium.”-Prompt. | bo'-di-an, s. Etym. doubtful. Compare Fr.
Byron : The Giaour.
Parv.
bodine = the keel of a ship. Or possibly from
† 2. Of things : An omen, a portent.
(2) A foreboding; a foreshadowing.
some Oriental tongue (?).]
“The jealous swan, against his death that singeth;
Ichthy. : A genus of fishes, Diagramma; | bod'-kẫn (1), * bod'-1-kĩn, * bỏd'-e-kin,
The owl eke, that of death the bode ybringeth.”
family, Scianidæ. Cuvier's Bodian, Dia * boy'-de-kin, * bod-y-kin, s. [Wel.
Chaucer : Assemb. of Fowls, v. 343.
3. Corresponding to A.S. bodian, v., in the
gramma lineatum, is found in the Eastern bidogan, bidogyn = a dagger, a poignard ;
seas.
dimin. of bidog = a hanger, a bayonet; hence
third sense = to propose or offer, and the Icel.
bidogi = to stab, to bayonet, and bidogwr,
bodh = a bid, an offer.
bod'-içe, bod'-dịçe, * bod'-ies, s. & a.
bidogwyr = bayoneteer, cut-throat. In Ir.
(1) An offer made in order to a bargain ; a [Corrupted from Eng. bodies, pl. of body.] bideog; Gael. biodag='a dirk, a dagger.]
proffer.
1. Originally plur. Of the form bodies, plur. I. Ordinary Language :
"Ye may get war bodes or Beltan:..."-Ramsay:
S. Prov., p. 83.
of body: A pair of bodies, i.e., of stays or 1. Of things :
(2) The price demanded.
corsets fitting the body.
* (1) Originally: A small dagger.
“Ye're ower young and ower free o' your siller-ye
“But I who live, and have lived twenty years,
Where I may handle silke as free and neare
“With bodkins was Cæsar Julius
should never take a fish-wife's first bode.”-Scott :
As any mercer: or the whale bone man
Rome of Brutus Cassius."
Antiquary, ch. xxxix.
That quilts thae bodies I have leave to span."
Chaucer : Cens. Liter., ix. 369.
Ben Jonson : An Elegy.
“When he himself might his quietus make
* bode (2), s. [A.S. boda; O. L. Ger. bodo ;
2. Now, always sing.; if a pl. be required,
0. H. Ger. boto, poto.] A messenger. (Laya-
With a bare bodkin."
* Shakesp. : Hamlet, iii. 1.
mon, 4,695.)
bodices being used:
Still used in this sense in poetry of an
(1) Lit. : A corset or waistcoat, quilted with
antiquarian cast.
* bõde (3), * bod, s. [From bode, v. (q.v.).] whalebone or similar material, worn by
"Long after rued that bodkin's point."
Abiding, delay.
women.
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, v. 9.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, work, whô, son; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; try, Sýrian. ~, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bodkin-body
609
Pope: Rape Codkin's eyes,
62. Of person
(2) Subsequently :
(a) An instrument wherewith to dress the
hair.
“You took constant care
The bodkin, comb, and essence to prepare :
For this your locks in paper durance bound."
Pope: Rape of the Lock, iv. 98.
(6) A large-eyed and blunt-pointed threading
instrument for leading a tape or cord through
a hem.
“Or plung'd in lakes of bitter washes lie,
Or wedg'd whole ages in a bodkin's eye."
Pope : Rape of the Lock, ii. 128.
* 2. Of persons. (Of the forms bodikin,
bodekin, boydekin, bodykin ; probably the
same word as bodkin): Daggers (?). A scurri-
lous term applied to a human being, or a
parenthetical exclamation.
"God's bodykins, man, much better." — Shakesp. :
Hamlet, ii. 2.
" Bodykins, Master Page, ..."-Ibid., Mer. Wives,
ii. 3.
II. Technically :
1. Printing : A printer's awl, for picking
letters out of a column or page in correcting.
2. Bookbinding : A pointed steel instrument
for piercing holes, used by bookbinders and
others.
bod'-kẫn (2), s. [A corruption of baudkin, or
baudekin (q.v.).] A rich kind of cloth worn
in the Middle Ages, the web being gold and
the woof silk, with embroidery.
The word bodkin (2) does not much occur
alone; it is used chiefly in the expression,
“ Cloth of bodkin."
“Or for so many pieces of cloth of bodkin,
Tissue, gold, silver, &c."
Mass.: City Madam, ii. 1.
bö'-dle, + bod'-dle, s. [Corrupted from Both-
well, an old Scottish mint-master, as other
coins were called Atchesons for a similar
reason.]
1. Lit. : A copper coin, of the value of two
pennies Scots, or the third of an English half-
penny.
“So far as I know, the copper coins of two pennies,
commonly called two penny pieces, boddles, or turners,
began to be coined after the Restoration, in the be-
ginning of Charles II.'s reign; those coined under
William and Mary are yet current, and our country-
men complain, that since the union, 1707, the coinage
of these was altogether laid aside, whereby these old
ones being almost consumed, there is no small stag-
nation in the commerce of things of low price, and
hinderance to the relieving the necessities of the poor."
-Rudd : Introd. Anderson's Diplom., p. 138. (Jamie-
son.)
2. Fig.: Anything of little value.
Not to care a bodle corresponds in Scotch
to the English phrase, not to care a farthing.
."He cares na' for that a bodle."-Scott: Waverley,
ch. xxix.
"Fair play, he cared na deils a boddle.".
Burns : Tam O'Shanter.
Bod-lēi'-an, † Bod-lēy'-an, a. & s. [From
Sir Thos. Bodley, who was born A.D. 1544,
and died A.D. 1612.]
_A. As adjective: Pertaining to Sir Thos.
A. As substantive ;
I. Ordinary Language :
(i) Lit. : The material framework of man or
of any of the inferior animals, including the
bones, the several organs, the skin, with hair,
nails, and other appendages.
“And that most blessed bodie, which was borne
Without all blemish or reprochfull blame."
Spenser: Hymne of Heavenly Love.
“All the valiant men arose, and went all night, and
took the body of Saul and the bodies of his sons from
the wall ..."-1 Sam. xxxi. 12.
Out of the body, absent from the body : Dead,
having the soul dismissed from the body by
death.
"... to be absent from the body, and to be present
with the Lord.”—2 Cor. v. 8.
(ii) Figuratively :
1. Of things :
(1) Bodily strength or ability.
“How he mycht help him, throw body
Mellyt with hey chewaliy.
Barbour, x. 516, MS. (Jamieson.)
(2) Matter as opposed to spirit, matter as
opposed to other matter; a material sub-
stance; a portion of matter; as, a metallic
body, a combustible body.
“Even a metalline body, and therefore much more a
vegetable or animal, may, by fire, be turned into
water."-Boyle.
(3) Substance, essence.
(a) Gen.: In the foregoing sense.
"... to hold, as 'twere, the mirror up to nature ;
to show virtue her own feature, scorn her own iinage,
and the very age and body of the time his form and
pressure."-Shakesp. : Hamlet, iii. 2.
(6) Of wine : Strength; as, wine of a good
body.
improper sense for a dead body, ... is appli-
cable to either men or brutes, corpse to men
only, and carcase to brutes only, unless when
taken in a contemptuous sense. When speak-
ing of any particular person who is deceased,
we should use the simple term body; the body
was suffered to lie too long unburied. When
designating its condition as lifeless, the term
corpse is preferable ; he was taken up as a
corpse. When designating the body as a life-
less lump separated from the soul, it may be
characterised (though contemptuously) as a
carcase ; the fowls devour the carcase." (Crabb:
Eng. Syn.)
II. Technically :
1. Geom. : Any solid figure; as, a spherical
body.
“The path of a moving point is a line, that of a
geometric body is another body."-Weisbach : Trans.
(Goodrich & Porter.)
2. Physics : An aggregate of very small
molecules, these again being aggregates of
still smaller atoms. The object of physics is
the study of the phenomena presented by
bodies. (Ganot: Physics (trans. by Atkinson),
5th ed., p. 1.)
3. Alchem. Pl. (bodies): Metallic bodies,
metals, answering to the celestial bodies-
i.e., to the planets. They are contradistin-
guished from spirits—i.e., such bodies as can
be driven off in vapour ; four such spirits and
seven bodies were recognised. (See ex.)
“I wol you telle as was me taught also
The foure spiritz, and the bodies seuen
By ordre, as ofte herd I my lord neuen.
The firste spirit quyksilver called is ;
The secound orpiment: the thridde I wis
Sal armoniac, and the ferthe bremstoon.
The bodies seven, eek, lo hem heer anoon.
Sol gold is, and Luna silver we threpe ;
Mars yren, Mercurie quyksilver we clepe ;
Saturnus leed, and Jubitur is tyn,
And Venus coper, by my fader kyn."
Chaucer: C. T., Group C., 819-829.
* 4. Arch.: The old term for what is now
generally called main or middle aisle of the
nave of a church, and is perhaps occasionally
used for the whole nave, including the aisles.
“And the forsaide Richard sall make the body of the
Kirke accordaunt of widenes betwene the pilers to
the quere.”—Contract for Catterick Church, p. 9.
(Gloss. of Her.)
5. Fortif. : By the body of a place is meant-
(1) The works next to and surrounding a
town, in the form of a polygon, regular or
irregular. (Griffiths.)
(2) The space inclosed within the interior
works of a fortification.
6. Vehicles : The bed, box, or receptacle
for the load.
7. Agricultural Implements : The portion
of an instrument, a plough for example,
engaged in the active work.
8. Printing : The shank of a type, indicating
size, as agate face on nonpareil body. (Knight.)
9. Music: (1) The resonance box of a
stringed instrument, (2) the part of a wind
instrument which remains after the removal
of mouthpiece, crooks, and bell. (Stainer &
Barrett.)
10. Painting : Consistency, thickness.
| To bear a body: A term used of colours
which can be ground so fine and so thoroughly
mixed with oil that they seem a coloured oil
rather than colour to which oil has been
added.
11. Law :
(1) Of things: The main part of an instru-
ment as distinguished from the introduction
and signature. (Wharton.)
(2) Of persons : The person ordered to be
brought up under a habeas corpus act.
(Wharton.)
B. As adjective: Designed for the body; as,
body-clothes ; personal, as, a body-servant; in
any other way pertaining or relating to the
body. (See the compound words.)
body-bending, a. Bending the body.
(Used of toil.)
“ With the gross aims and body-bending toil
Of a poor brotherhood who walk the earth
Pitied, and, where they are not known, despised."
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. viii.
body-clothes, * body cloaths, s. pl.
Clothing for the body. (Used more of cloths,
rugs, or anything similar cast over or wrapped
around horses, than of vestments for human
beings.)
"I am informed that several asses are kept in body-
cloaths, and sweated every morning upon the heath."-
Addison.
body-colours, s. pl. Colours which have
|
Bodley.
(c) Substance as opposed to a shadow ;
reality as opposed to representation.
"A shadow of things to come; but the body is of
Christ.”—Col. ii. 17.
(4) The main portion of anything as dis-
tinguished from the smaller and detached
portions, as the body—i.e., the hull of a
ship, the body of a coach, of a church, of a
tree, &c.
“... from whence, by the body of Euphrates, as far
as it bended westward ; and afterward by a branch
thereof."--Raleigh.
“This city has navigable rivers that run up into the
body of Italy; they might supply many countries with
fish."-Addison.
(5) A general collection, a pandect; as, a
body of divinity, a body of the civil law.
(6) A garment, a vestment.
“A Body round thy Body, wherein that strange
Thee of thine sat snug, defying all variations of
cliinate.”—Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. i., ch. ix.
2. Of persons :
(1) Individually.
(a) A person, a human being, with no con-
tempt indicated. (Eng.)
In this sense it is now rarely used,
though it was once, as an independent word,
but it still remains in the very common com-
pound terms, anybody, nobody, somebody, every-
body, &c. (q.v.). [ANYBODY, SOMEBODY, &c.]
"'Tis a passing shame
That I, unworthy body as I am,
Should censure thus on lovely gentlemen."
Shakesp.: Two Gent. of Verona, i. 2.
“A deflowr'd maid !
And by an eminent body, that enforc'd
The law against it."
Shakesp. : Meas. for Meas., iv. 4.
(6) A contemptuous term for a human being,
man or woman, of humble lot, or in a pitiable
plight. (Scotch.) (Generally in this sense
pronounced in the pl. búdděs.)
"... and that's the gate fisher-wives live, puir
slaving bodies."-Scott: Antiquary, ch. xxvi.
“ Town's bodies ran, an' stood abeigh,
An' ca't thee mad."
Burns : The Auld Farmer's New Year Morning
Salutation to his Auld Mare Maggie.
(2) Collectively.
(a) A corporation ; a number of men united
by a common tie or organized for some pur-
pose, as for deliberation, government, or
business.
“... every peer accused of high treason should be
tried by the whole body of the peerage.”—Macaulay :
Hist. Eng., ch. xviii.
(6) A mass of men, even when not so united.
“... life and death have divided between them the
whole body of mankind."-Hooker.
(c) The main part of an army; the centre,
as distinguished from the wings, the van-
guard, and the rear-guard.
"The van of the king's army was led by the general
and Wilmot; in the body was the king and the prince ;
and the rear consisted of one thousand foot, com-
manded under Colonel Thelwell."-Clarendon.
Crabb thus distinguishes between body,
corpse, and carcase :-“ Body, here taken in the
B. As substantive: The library described
below. (Lit. & fig.) [BODLEIAN LIBRARY.]
"... by the gift of many Large-Paper copies, that
vast submarine Bodleian, which stands in far less risk
from fire than the insolent Bodleian of the upper
world."-De Quincey: Works, 2nd ed., i. 145.
Bodleian or + Bodleyan Library, s.
A library founded at Oxford by Sir Thos.
Bodley, in 1597, who presented to it about
£10,000 worth of books, and induced others
also to become donors to the institution. The
library was opened to the public on November
8, 1602. The first stone of a new building to
accommodate it was laid on July 10, 1610.
In 1868 it contained about 250,000 volumes.
All members of the University who have taken
a degree are allowed to read in it, as are
literary inen belonging to this and other
countries. As in the case of the British
Museum library, the books are not allowed to
be taken out of the reading-room.
* bod-rage, * bod-rake, s. [BORDRAGE.]
* bod-word, s. [BODEWORD.] (Barbour : The
Bruce, xv. 423.)
bod'-ý, * bõd'-ye, * bod'-ie, * bod'-, s. &
a. [A.S. bodig=(1) bigness of stature, (2) the
trunk, chest, or parts of it, † (3) the body, the
whole man (Somner); O. H.Ger. botach, potach
=body; Gael. bodhaig = the human body;
compare also budheann = a body in the sense
of a hoop or band. Hindust. badan ; Sans.
bandha.]
boil, boy; póūt, jówl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph= f.
39
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhắn. -cious, -tious, -sious =shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bộl, del.

610
body-bog
“ body," thickness, or consistency, as distin-
guished from tints or washes. (Ogilvie.)
body-heart, s. [HEART. (Her.).]
body-hoop, s.
Naut.: The bands of a built mast.
body-loop, s.
Vehicles : An iron bracket or strap by which
the body is supported upon the spring bar.
body-plan, s.
Shipbuilding : An end elevation, showing
the water-lines, buttock and bow lines, diago-
nal lines, &c.
body politic, s.
1. The collective body of a nation under
civil government. As the persons who com-
pose the body politic so associate themselves,
they take collectively the name of people or
nation. (Bouvier.) (Goodrich & Porter.)
""The Soul Politic having departed," says Teufels-
dröckh, 'what can follow but that the Body Politic be
decently interred, to avoid putrescence ?'1-Carlyle :
Sartor Resartus, bk. iii., ch. v.
2. A corporation. (Wharton.)
body-post, s.
Shipbuilding: The post at the forward end
of the opening in the dead-wood in which the
screw rotates.
body-servant, s. A valet.
“The laird's servant—that's no to say his body-
servant, but the helper like-rade express by this e'en
to fetch the houdie."-Scott: Guy Mannering, ch. i.
(Jamieson.)
body-snatcher, s. One who snatches
or steals a body from a graveyard for the
purpose of dissecting it, or selling it to those
who will do so.
body-snatching, s. The act of stealing
a body from a graveyard for the purpose of
dissection. Now that the prejudice against
allowing corpses to be anatomized has all but
passed away, body-snatching is a nearly ex-
tinct offence.
body-whorl, s.
Conchol. : The last turn of the shell of a
Gasteropod.
bod'-ý (pret. bodied), v.t. [From body, s.
(q.v.). ]
1. To clothe with a body, to assume a body.
(Used reflexively of a spirit or any similar
* boet-ings, * buit'-ings, s. [O. Eng. boet,
buit = Eng. boot, and dim. suff. -ing.] Half-
boots, or leathern spatterdashes.
“Thou brings the Carrik clay to Edinburgh cross,
Upon thy boetings hobbland hard as horn."
Dunbar: Evergreen, ii. 58 ; also 59, st. 22. (Jamieson.)
* bof-et, s. [BOFFET, BUFFET.)
* bof-et-ynge, s. [BUFFETING.]
* bof-fet, * bof-fete, * bof-et, s. [BUFFET.]
(Prompt. Parv.)
boffet stole, s. [BUFFET-STOOL.]
* bofte, * bi-hofte, s. [From A.S. behófian
= to behove.] [BEHOOF.] Behoof.
" And to min louerdes bofte bi-crauen.
For kindes luue he was hire hold."
Story of Gen. & E.cod. (ed. Morris), 1,388-9.
* bog, a. [The same as Big (q.v.).] Big,
tumid, swelling, proud.
“The thought of.this should cause the jollity of thy
spirit to quail, and thy bog and bold heart to be
abashed." - Rogers : Naaman the Syrian, p. 18. (Trench,
On some Def. in our Eng. Dict., p. 14.)
bog (1), * bogg, s. & a. [In Ir. boglach, bogach
=a bog, a moor, a marsh ; Gael. boglach = a
marsh, a quagmire, any place where a beast is
apt to stick fast ; bogaich = to moisten, to
soften, from bog = soft, miry, moist, damp;
Ir. bog = soft, tender, penetrable.]
A. As substantive :
1. Lit. : A moss, a morass, a quagmire.
(1) As a common noun.
“Birkin bewis, about boggis and wellis.”
Gawan and Gol., i. 3.
“A gulf profound ! as that Serbonian bog,
Betwixt Damiata and mount Casius old,
Where armies whole have sunk.”
Milton: P. L., bk. ii.
"... in order to obtain the applause of the Rap-
ch. xii.
(2) As a noun of multitude.
composing vegetable fibre. Gardeners highly
prize it, especially for American plants. ·
bog-featherfoil, s. [Eng feather, and
0. Eng. foil; Fr. feuille ; from Lat. folium =
leaf. So named from its feathery leaves.]
Bot. : A book-name for a primulaceous
plant, the Water-violet (Hottonia palustris.)
bog-gled, s. A bird, the Moor Buzzard
(Buteo cruginosus). (Scotch.)
bog-hay, s. Meadow hay ; hay which
grows naturally in meadows. (Scotch.)
“Meadow hay, or, as it is termed in Renfrewshire,
bog-hay, ..."-Wilson : Renf., p. 112.
+ bog-house, s. A house of office, a privy.
(Johnson.)
bog iron-ore, bog-ore, s.
Mineralogy:
1. A variety of Limonite. It occurs in a
loose and porous state in marshy places, often
enclosing wood, leaves, nuts, &c., in a semi-
fossilized state.
2. A variety of Limnite.
bog-jumper, bog jumper, s. The
Bittern (Botaurus stellaris). (Scotch.)
bog-land, bog land, s. & a.
A. As substantive : Land or a country which
is boggy.
a marshy country.
“Men without heads and women without hose,
Each bring his love a bog-land captive home.”
bog-manganese, s.
Min.: A variety of Wad (q.v.). It consists
of oxide of manganese and water, often with
lesser amounts of oxide of iron, silica, alumina,
&c. Groroilite and Reissacherite are sub-
varieties of it.
bog-moss, s. A common book-name for
various species of Sphagnum. (Prior; Britten
& Holland.)
bog-myrtle, bog myrtle, s.
Bot. : A name for the Sweet Gale or Dutch
Myrtle (Myrica gale). Though fragrant like
the Myrtle, it has no real affinity to it. [GALE,
MYRTLE.]
bog-nut, s.
Bot. : The Buckbean, or Marsh Trefoil
(Menyanthes trifoliata.)
bog-oak, s. Oak timber from a bog.
bog-orchis, s.
Bot. : The English name of the orchideous
genus Malaxis, and specially of the single
British species, M. paludosa. It is a small
cauluy: Aist. Eng., ch. xii.
2. Fig. : Anything in which one is apt to
sink hopelessly bemired.
“And thine was smother'd in the stench and fog
Of Tiber's marshes and the papal bog."
Cowper : Expostulation.
“He walks upon bogs and whirlpools ; wheresoever
he treads, he sinks." --South.
B. As adjective:
1. Growing in bogs; as, bog-asphodel, bog-
rush.
2. Living in bogs; as, bog-bumper.
bog-asphodel, s.
Bot. : The English name of a plant genus,
the Narthecium, and specially of the N. ossifra-
gum, or Lancashire Bog-asphodel. It belongs
to the order Juncaceae (Kushes). It has a
yellow-coloured perianth, which distinguishes
it from ordinary rushes. The leaves are all
radical. It is frequent in bogs, on moors and
mountains, and is by no means confined, as
its English specific name would imply, to
Lancashire. [NARTHECIUM.]
entity.)
"For the spiritual will always body itself forth in
the temporal history of men ; the spiritual is the be-
ginning of the temporal."-Carlyle: Heroes, lect. iv.
2. Mentally to give “body," or a nearer
approach to substantiality, to some airy con-
ception.
“As imagination bodies forth
The forms of things unknown, the poet's pen
Turns them to shapes.".
Shakesp. : Mid. Night's Dream, v. 1.
3. To trace out, to image forth, to fore-
shadow.
“Of many changes, aptly join'd,
Is bodied forth the second whole."
Tennyson: Works (Strahan, 1872), vol. i., p. 269.
bod'-y-guard (u silent), S. [Eng. body;
guard.] A guard of soldiers or other armed
men, whose office it is to protect and defend
the person of a sovereign, a prince, a general,
or a similar dignitary.
“... whenever he moved beyond the walls of his
palace, the drawn swords and cuirasses of his trusty
bodyguards encompassed him thick on every side."
Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. i.
* bod'-y-lý, a. & adv. [BODILY.] (Prompt.
Parv.)
* bodyn, pa. par. [BIDDEN.] (Scotch.) Spec.,
bidden or challenged to battle.
“And he war bodyn all evynly."
Barbour : Bruce, vii. 103.
* boef, s. The same as BEEF (q.v.).
“And bet than olde boef is the tendre vel.”
Chaucer: 0. T., 9,294.
Boe-o'-tian (tian as shan), a. [From
Boeotia. See def. 1.]
1. Geog.: Pertaining to Boeotia, a country
of ancient Greece, west and north of Attica.
Its atmosphere was thick, which was held to
make the inhabitants stupid. Nevertheless,
the region produced the great military generals
Epaminondas and Pelopidas, the historian
Plutarch, and the poets Hesiod and Pindar.
2. Fig. : Stupid, dull in intellect.
“Or yield one single thought to be misled
By Jeffrey's heart, or Lambe's Boeotian head.”
Byron : English Bards and Scotch Reviewers.
minute erect greenish spikes of flowers. It
lives in spongy bogs, flowering from July to
September.
bog-ore, s. [BOG IRON-ORE.)
bog-pimpernel, bog pimpernel, s.
Bot.: A British species of Pimpernel, Ana-
gallis tenella. It is found, as its English
name imports, in bogs, and not like its con-
gener, the Scarlet Pimpernel (A. arvensis), in
corn-fields. It is a small creeping plant with
rose-coloured flowers.
bog-rush, s.
1. Bot.: An English book-name for Schonus,
a genus of the order Cyperaceæ (Sedges). As
now limited it contains only the Black Bog-
genus Menyanthes, more commonly called
Buckbean (q.v.).
bog-berry, s.
Bot. : A name for the Cranberry (Vaccinium
Oxycoccus).
bog-blaeberry, S. The same as the
BLUEBERRY(q.v.). (Rural Cyclopædia; Britten
& Holland.)
bog-blitter, s. The Bittern (Botaurus
stellaris). (Scotch.)
bog-bumper, s. A name for the Bittern.
Jamieson limits this word to Roxburgh-
shire, but it is so natural an appellation for
the bird that it is probably in use in various
other parts.
bog-butter, s.
Min. : The same as Butyrellite (q.v.)
bog-cutting, a. Cutting or designed to
cut through a bog.
Bog-cutting plough :
Agric. & Hortic.: An instrument for cutting
and turning up boggy or peaty soil for fuel
or chemical uses.
bog-earth, s. The kind of earth or mud
deposited by bogs over an impervious sub-
soil. It consists chiefly of silica, with about
twenty-five per cent. of decomposed and de- !
nisable on account of its dark brown, nay,
almost black, heads of flowers. The additional
British Species once placed in it are now
transferred to other genera.
2. Ornith. : A species of warbler about the
size of a wren.
bog-spavin, s.
Far.: An encysted tumour filled with gela-
tinous matter inside the hough of a horse.
(White.)
bog-stalker, s. An idle and stupid va-
grant. (Scotch.)
Has harms mair than e'er ye had,
Ill-bred bog-stalker."
Ramsay : Poems ii. 338. (Jamieson.)
To stand like a bog-stalker; to look like a
bog-stalker : To stand or look as if perplexed,
as one seeking the eggs of certain birds in
boggy ground requires to look anxiously where
he puts his foot in the treacherous quagmire.
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pît, sire, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sön; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; trý, Sýrian. @e, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bog-bogwort
611
bog-tract, s. A tract or expanse of land terrified by imaginary or real dangers or per (3) A scarecrow, a bugbear; anything which
abounding in bogs.
plexed by difficulties.
frightens, or is at least designed to frighten.
.. the vast moorlands and bog-tracts of West 2. Fig. : A woman who swerves from the “ The leaf blenkis of that bugil fra his bleirit eyne,
Hauts and Dorset ..."-Hooker & Arnott: Brit. Flor.,
As Belzebub had on me blent, abasit my spreit.”
7th ed. (1855), p. 418.
path of virtue and becomes bemired in vice.
Dunbar: Maitland Poems.
“You have been a boggler ever:
bog-violet, bog violet, s.
2. Of things, abstract conceptions, &c.: A
But when we in our viciousness grow hard-
Bot. : A name for the Common Butterwort
O misery on't -the wise gods seal our eyes."
play of children or young people, in which one
Shakesp. : Ant. arid Cleop., iii. 13.
(Pinguicula vulgaris.)
hunts the rest around the stacks of corn in
a farm-yard. Hence it is sometimes called
bog-whortleberry, bog-whort, s. bog'-gling, pr. par. [BOGGLE, v. (q.v.).]
bogill about the stacks.
Bot. : The Great Bilberry (Vaccinium uligi- * bog'-glish, a. [Eng. boggle); -ish.] Obliged
“At e'en at the gloaming nae swankies are roaming
nosum). [WHORTLEBERRY, VACCINIUM.]
to turn aside when difficulty presents itself.
'Mong stacks with the lassies at bogle to play.”
Ritson : Songs, ii. 8. (Jamieson.)
“What wise man or woman doth not know, that
* bög (2), s. [A.S. boga = (1) a bow, an arch,
nothing is more sly, touchy, and bogglish, nothing
T Bogle about the bush :
(2) anything that bends. ] A bough.
more violent, rash, and various, than that opinion,
1. Lit.: To chase a number of other children
“The seuendai eft ut it tog,
prejudice, passion, and superstition, of the many, or
round a bush. [BOGEY.]
cominon people." —Bp. Taylor : Artif. Handsomeness,
And brogt a grene oliues bog."
Story of Gen. & Exod. (ed. Morris), 607-8.
p. 172.
2. Fig.: To circumvent.
bog, v.t. & i. [From bog (1), s. (q.v.).]
bog'-gly, bog'-1l-ly, * bog'-lïe, a. [Scotch
“I played at bogle about the bush wi' them, I cajoled
them."-Scott: Waverley, ch. lxx.
bogle ; and suffix -y.] Infested with hob-
A. Transitive :
goblins. (Scotch.)
bo'-gle, v.t. [From bogle, s. Compare also
1. Lit. : To plunge into a bog.
“... down the boglie causie."
Wel.bygylu = to threaten; bwgwth = to
"Of Middleton's horse three hundred were taken,
Remains of Nithsdale Song, p. 94. threaten, to scare, to terrify.]
and one hundred were bogged."—Whitelock : Mem.
“... alone in a boggly glen on a sweet summer's
(1682), p. 580.
+ 1. To terrify.
night."-Blackw. Mag., Aug., 1820, p. 515. (Jamieson.)
2. Fig.: To cause to sink into contempt or
2. To enchant.
oblivion.
* bogg-sclent, v.i. [From Eng. bog, and
“... that you may not think to bogle us with
“ 'Twas time; his invention had been bogg'd else."
Scotch sklent = to slant (?).] To avoid action beautiful and blazing words..."-McWard : Con-
Ben Jonson : Every Man out of his Humour.
by slanting or striking off obliquely into a bog tendings.
B. Intrans. : To be bemired; to stick in
in the day of battle.
bo'-gle-bo, * bo'-gill-bo, s. [According to
marshy ground.
“Some lodg'd in pockets, foot, and horse,
Yet still bogg-sclented when they yoocked."
Warton, Boh was the son of Odin, and one of
"That ... his horse bogged ; that the deponent
the most formidable Gothic generals, whose
helped some others to take the horse out of the bogg."
lvil : Mock Poem, pt. i., p. 84. (Jamieson.)
very name was a terror. More probably from
-Trials of the Sons of Rob Roy, p. 120. (Jamieson.) bog'-gý, a. [Eng. bog; -y.] Pertaining to a Wel. bo= a bugbear, a scare-crow.]
* bõge, s. [A. S. boga = a bow.] A bow.
bog, containing a bog or bogs.
1. A hobgoblin, a spectre.
“Lamech with wrethe is knape nam,
“Quench'd in a boggy syrtis, neither sea,
Vn-bente is boge, and bet, and slog.
Nor good dry land: nigh founder'd, on he fares.".
“Has some bogle-bo
Milton: P. L., bk. ii
Glowrin frae many auld waurs gi'en ye a fleg?”
Story of Gen. & Exod. (ed. Morris), 482-3.
Ramsay: Poems, ii. 4.
bo-gěy, bö'-gỹ, s. [Cognate with boggart
* bog'-gỹsche, a. [BOGGISSHE.]
2. A petted humour.
“Quhat reek to tak tbe bogi77-bo
and bogle, s. (q.v.).] A bugbear; anything * bbg-gysche-lý, s. [BoGEYSLICHE.] Tu-
My bonie burd for ane's."
designed to frighten.
midly, proudly.
Philotus: S. P. R., iii. 15.
“I am Bogey, and I frighten every body away.”-
"Boggyschely. Tumide.” –Prompt. Parv.
According to Skinner, used in Lincoln-
Thackeray.
shire to mean a scarecrow.
“There are plenty of such foolish attempts at * bogh, v.i. [A.S. bugan = to bow.) To bow.
playing bogy in the history of nations."-C. Kingsley.
(Cursor Mundi, 307.)
* bog-o'-ġēr, S. [From bog, and hogers =
* bo-geys-liche, * bbg-gVsche-lý, ada.
stockings (?).] An article of dress of little
* bogh, s. [BOUGH.] (Cursor Mundi, 314.)
[Probably from the same root as buige. Cf.
value worn when one is engaged in work likely
Gael. bulgach = protuberant. It is, there-
to injure good clothes.
* böghe, s. [A.S. boga = a bow.] A bow.
fore, connected with bag.] In a boasting,
“If ye bot saw me in this winter win
With old bogogers, hotching on a sped
boisterous, or bold manner.
* boghe-draghte, s. Bow-shot.
Draiglet in dirt..."
“... & bogeysliche as a boye · busked to the
“With strengthe thay reculede that host a-bak,
Montgomery: Poems, p. 96.
kychene."-William of Palerne (ed. Skeat), 1707.
more than a boghe-draghte."-Sir Ferumb. (ed. Herr-
tage), 3040.
Bö-go-mil-1-an (bo-go-mi-lēş, s. pl.), a.
bog'-gart, s. [The same as O. Eng. bug-word
& s. [From Moesian Sclav. bogomilus = one
= a terrifying word. In North of England
* boghe-schot, s. Bow-shot. (Sir Ferumb.,
who implores the divine mercy, which the
boggart = a spectre; from Wel, bwg bwgan,
ed. Herrtage, 90.)
founder of the sect, described under B., and
buvgan, bwganod = a hobgoblin, a bugbear.]
* bog-hére, s. [BOWYER, BOGHIEN, Bow, v.] his followers constantly did.]
[BOGEY, BUG-WORD.) A bugbear. (Scotch.)
A. As adjective: Pertaining to the sect de-
“It is not as men saye, to wit, Hell is but aboggarde * boght (1), pret. of v. [BUY.] Bought.
scribed under B.
to scarre children onelie."-Rollock : On the Passion,
“Lavyne, and thou Lucresse of Rome toune,
P. 132.
And Polixene, that boghten love so dere.”
"The Bogomilian sect, that strange renaissance of
Chaucer : Prol. to Legende of Goode Women.
dualism.”—Canon Liddon: The Slavs, Dec. 8, 1876.
* bog'-gísshe, * bog'-gysche, * bag'-
B. As substantive. Ch. Hist. : A Sclavonic
gysch-ýn, u. [From bag, and suff. -ish.] * boght (2), pret. of v. [Bow, v.] Stooped, Christian sect, founded in the 12th century
Inflated like a bag. (Used chiefly in a fig. bent.
by a monk called Basil. His tenets were akin
sense = tumid, proud.) (Prompt. Parv.)
"A bnght adoun on that tyde, and caught hym by to those of the Manicheans and of the
the snoute, and cast him on the ryuer vnryde, and Gnostics. He believed that the human body
bog'-gle, * bo-gle, v.i. [Probably from Prov.
folghede tho forth the route." - Sir Ferumb. (ed.
Herrtage), 1760, 1761.
was created not by God, but by a demon
Eng. boggle = Scotch bogle (q.v.). See also
whom God had cast from heaven. Basil was
boggart and bogie.]
* boght, s. [BIGHT.]
burnt alive at Constantinople for his tenets
I. Lit. : To shrink back, or to hesitate to
under the Emperor Alexius Comnenus.
| bo'-gie, bo-gý, s. & d. [Probably a different
move forward along a road on account of real
(Mosheim : Ch. Hist., cent. xii., pt. ii., ch. V.,
spelling of bogey (q.v.).]
or apprehended dangers in the way.
§ 2.)
A. As subst. Steam-engine: A four-wheeled
“We start and boggle at every unusual appearance,
truck supporting the fore-part of a locomotive.
* bogt, pret. of v. [BOUGHT. A.S. bóhte. See
and cannot endure the sight of the bugbear.”—Glan-
ville.
also Boy.] Bought.
The same as bogie-frame (q.v.).
“So michel fe thor is hem told,
II. Figuratively :
B. As adj. : Pertaining to such an engine
He hauen him bogt, he hauen sold.”
1. To shrink back, in a figurative sense, or anything similar.
Story of Gen. & Exod. (ed. Skeat), 1,993-4.
from any danger or difficulty, to be timid
bogie-engine, s.
bog'-trot-ter, s. [Eng. bog; trotter = one
about moving forward.
Steam-engine: A locomotive - engine em-
who trots. ]
"... he bogling at them at first."-Wood : Athence
Oxon.
ployed at a railroad station in moving cars 1. Gen.: A contemptuous appellation for
“Nature, that rude, and in her first essay,
and making up trains. The driving-wheels an Irishman, as inhabiting a country with
Stood boggling at the roughness of the way;
and cylinders are on a truck, which is free to many bogs to be traversed.
Usd to the road, unknowing to return,
turn on a centre-pin.
“... and two Irishmen, or, in the phrase of the
Goes boldly on, and loves the path when worn."
Dryden.
newspapers of that day, bogtrotters, ..."-Macaulay:
bogie-frame, s.
Hist. Eng., ch. xxii.
2. To hesitate or doubt what conclusion to
Railroad engineering: A four-wheeled truck, 2. Spec. : An Irish secret society.
come to in a matter of doubt presented to the
turning on a pivoted centre, for supporting “While in Ireland, which, as mentioned, is their
judgment.
“And never boggle to restore
grand parent hive, they go by a perplexing multipli-
the front part of a locomotive-engine.
city of designations, such as Bogtrotters, Redshanks,
The members you deliver o'er,
Ribbonmen, Cottiers, Peep-of-Day Boys, Babes of the
Upon demand.”
Hudibras. * bo'-gill-bo, s. [BOGLE-BO.]
Wood, Rockites, Poor-Slaves."-Carlyle: Sartor Re-
“ The well-shaped changeling is a man that has a
sartuś, bk. iii. ch. x.
rational soul, say you. Make the ears a little longer
nd more pointed, and the nose a little flatter than Wel. bygel, bygelydd = a bugbear, a scarecrow,
bo'-gus, d. [Etymology doubtful.} Sham,
ordinary, and then you begin to boggle."-Locke.
a hobgoblin. Compare also bygylu = to counterfeit. A cant term first applied to
+3. To dissemble, to play the hypocrite.
threaten; bugad = confused noise.] [BOGGLE, corn, now to anything spurious, as bogus
“When summoned to his last end it was no time to BUGBEAR.]
degrees, a bogus suicide. (Chiefly American.)
boggle with the world.”-Howel.
I. Of the forms bogle, bogill, and bugil bog'-wood. s. [Eng. bog ; wood.] Wood
bog'-gle, s. [BOGLE.] (Scotch and Prov. Eng.) (Scotch):
taken from a bog.
bog'-gled, pa. par. & d. [BOGGLE, v.]
1. Of beings:
“A piece of lighted bog-wood which he carried in a
(1) A hobgoblin, a spectre. (Scotch.)
:-Scott. Fair Maid of Perth (1828), iii. 107.
t bog'-glêr, s. [Eng. boggle, v., & suffix -er.]
“Ghaist nor bogle shalt thou fear.” Burns. bog'-wõrt, s. [Eng. bog, and suff. -Wort.] The
1. Lit. : One who boggles, one who is easily (2) Anything designed to frighten.
same as BOG-BERRY (q.v.).
m
lante
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, çhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhŭn. tious, -sious, -cious = shús. -ble, -gle, &c. =bel, gel

612
bogy-boiler
bo-gỹ (1), s. [BOGEY.]
* bo'-iche, S. [BOTCH.] (Scotch.) (Aberd. | boîl (1), * bīle, * bule, s. [A.S. 641= a boil,
* bo-gý (2), s. A kind of fur. [BUDGE.]
bolde ; Dan. byld; Ger. beule.] [BEAL, BILE.]
bo'-i-dæ, s. pl. [From Lat. boa (q.v.).]
* bohçhe, s. [BOTCH.] (Prompt. Parv.)
I. Ordinary Language :
Zool.: A family of Ophidiæ (Serpents) be-
bo-hê'a, s. & d. [From Wui, pronounced by
1. Lit. : The disease described under II. 1.
longing to the sub-order Colubrina. They
Med.
the Chinese Bui, the name of the hills where have no poison fangs. They have the rudi-
“Roynouse scabbes,
this kind of tea is grown (Mahn).]
ments of hind limbs. The chief genera are
Bules and blotches, and brennyng aguwes,
Frenesyes and foul eviles."
Boa, Python, and Eryx (q.v.).
A. As substantive :
Piers Plowman.
“But houndis camen and lickiden hise biles."
*1. Originally: Any kind of black tea, the + boie, s. [Boy.]
Luke xvi. 20.
“Boils and plagues
assumption being made that it came from
Plaster you o'er."
the Wui hills in China or their vicinity. | bo'-i-ga, s. [From a Bornean language.]
Shakesp.: Coriol., i. 4.
Green tea was distinguished as hyson. Per Zool. : A small tree serpent, Ahætulla lio 2. Fig.: One who is a morally offensive
haps in the poetic examples bohea may mean cerus, from Borneo.
spectacle.
tea in general.
"... thou art a boil,
“ As some frail cup of China's fairest mold
bo-1-gua-cû, s. [From an American Indian
A plague-sore."
The tumults of the boiling bohea braves,
language or dialect.]
Shakesp. : Lear, ii. 4.
And holds secure the coffee's sable waves.”
II. Technically:
e Ticketl.
Zool.: The true Boa Constrictor (q.v.).
"To part her time 'twixt reading and bohea,
To inuse, and spill her solitary tea.”
furunculus (q.v.). It is a phlegmonous tumour,
Pope: Epistle to štrs. Blunt, 15, 16. (Scotch.) The piece of beef called the brisket. which rises externally, attended with redness
2. Spec. : A designation (which became ob Jamieson.)
and pain, and sometimes with a violent, burn-
solete or obsolescent about the middle of the
ing heat. Ultimately it becomes pointed,
19th century) given to a particular kind or
bo'-1-kịn (2), s. The same as bodkin, Eng. breaks, and emits pus. A substance called
quality of black tea. Nearly all the bohea (q.v.). (Scotch.)
the core is next revealed. It is purulent,
imported came from the upland parts of the
boil, * boyi, * boîl'-en, * boy-lyn, * bul'-
but so thick and tenacious that it looks
province of Fokien, the remainder being
solid, and may be drawn out in the form of
lyn, v.i. & t. [In Fr. bouillir ; Prov. & Sp.
grown in Woping, a district of the Canton
bullir; Ital. bollire; from Lat. bullo, bullio
a cylinder, more pus following. The boil
province. Of the black teas, bohea was the
then heals.
= to be in bubbling motion, to bubble, to be
least valuable in quality, the order in the
in a state of ebullition (in imitation of the
sound of a boiling liquid).
chong, and pekoe. Part of the bohea sold
purate.
Compare A.S.
consisted of the fourth crop of the Fokien
2. The boil of Scripture : 974 (shechin) seems
weallan = to spring up, to boil.]
A. Intransitive :
to be used for two or three diseases.
the season of exportation had passed. Mr. I. Literally :
(1) In Exod. ix. 9, 10, 11; Lev. xiii. 18, it
Hugh M. Matheson writes, “Its colour was 1. Of liquids :
may be an inflamed ulcer.
brown, the make rather ragged and irregular,
(1) To effervesce, to bubble up, as takes
(2) In 2 Kings xx. 7, and Isaiah xxxviii. 21,
and the flavour coarse.”
place when water or other liquid reaches what
it may be carbuncle, or the bubo of the plague.
to export European commodities to the
is called the boiling point. [BOILING POINT.]
(3) In Job ii. 7, it may be black leprosy.
countries beyond the Cape, and to bring back shawls,
saltpetre, and bohea to England."-Macaulay: Hist. “The formation and successive condensation of these
In Deut. xxviii. 27, 35, the same word
Eng., ch. xxiii.
B. As adjective: Growing in Wui, brought
before they begin to boil.”—Ganot : Physics (trans. by
77" (shechin) occurs, though translated botch.
Atkinson), 3rd ed., p. 267.
"The flesh also, in which, even in the skin thereof,
from Wui (see etymology); consisting of, or
(2) To be agitated and send forth bubbles,
was a boil, and is healed, And in the place of the boit
in any way pertaining to the tea described
there be a white rising, .."-Lev. xiii. 18, 19.
the cause being mechanical agitation, as of
under B.
the sea by the wind, and not great heat. boîl (2), s. [From boil, v. (q.v.).] (Scotch.)
“Coarse pewter, consisting chiefly of lead, is part of
the bales in which bohea tea was brought from China."
The state of boiling.
"He [leviathan) maketh the deep to boil like a
-Woodward.
pot; he maketh the sea like a pot of ointment.”—Job
xli. 31.
Maxwell : Sel. Trans., p. 372. (Jamieson.)
"In descending it may be made to assume various
At the boil : Nearly boiling.
forms—to fall in cascades, to spurt in fountains, to
A. As adjective: Pertaining or belonging to boil in eddies, or to flow tranquilly along a uni-
form bed.”—Tyndall: Frag. of Science, 3rd ed., xiv.
boīl'-ar-ý, s. [Eng. boil; -ary.] [BOILERY.]
or brought from Bohemia (in Ger. Böhmen), an
438.
Water arising from a salt well belonging to a
old kingdom now merged in the Austrian
2. Of anything placed in a liquid: To be for person who is not the owner of the soil.
empire. Its present limits are from lat. 48°
(Wharton.)
a certain time in a liquid in the state of effer-
33 to 51:3° N., and from long. 12° to 16:46.
vescence through the application of great
It is a saucer-like plateau surrounded by
heat.
boiled, * böyld, pa par. & d. [Boil, w.t.]
mountains.
“Fillet of a fenny snake,
B. As substantive: A native of Bohemia.
In the cauldron boil and bake.”
boil-ěr, s. & a. [Eng. boil; -er.]
Shakesp. : Macb. iv. 1.
A. As substantive :
Bohemian chatterer, s.
3. Of a vessel containing a liquid: To have 1. Of persons : One who boils anything;
Ornith.: A bird, Ampelis garrula. The same
spec., one whose occupation is to do so.
as BOHEMIAN WAXWING (q.v.). [AMPELIS, of ebullition.
“That such alterations of terrestrial matter are not
"The kettle boitd ..."
impossible, seems evident from that notable practice
Cunningham : The Broken China.
of the boilers of saltpetre."-Boyle.
Bohemian garnet, s.
II. Fig. Of human passions: To be in 2. Of things : A vessel in which water or
Min.: Pyrope, a variety of Garnet (q.v.). tensely hot or fervent, or temporarily effer-
other liquid or any solid is boiled.
vescent. [See example under BOILING, pr. par.
Bohemian glass, s.
“This coffee-room is much frequented ; and there
& a.]
are generally several pots and boilers before the fire."
Glass manuf. : A clear crown glass, a silicate
B. Transitive:
- Woodward.
of potash and lime, a little of the silicate of
1. Of liquids : To cause to bubble and rise
alumina being substituted for the oxide of
II. Technically :
lead. The silica for this glass is obtained by
to a certain point of the thermometer [BOILING
Pneum.: A vessel in which liquid is boiled.
pounding white quartz.
POINT] by the application of heat.
Most kinds have separate names. Various
household boilers are called kettles, sauce-
2. Of things in such a liquid :
Bohemian waxwing, s.
Ornith.: A bird, Ampelis or Bombycilla gar-
(1) Strictly: To subject to the action of heat
pans, and clothes-boilers; one for raising
steam, a steam-generator; one for dyeing, a
in á liquid raised to the point of ebullition,
rula, the only representative of the family
copper; one used in sugar-refining, a pan;
with the view of cooking, or for any other
Ampelidæ which visits Britain. It is called
one for distillation, a still; one for chemical
also the Bohemian Chatterer. In the male
purpose; to seethe.
purposes, a retort or an alembic; one for re-
"In eggs boiled and roasted, into which the water
ducing lard and tallow, a digester, or, in some
entereth not at all, there is scarce any difference to be
are velvety - black, the forehead reddish discerned."-Bacon.
cases, a tank. (Knight.)
brown, the erectile crest reddish-chesnut, the
(2) More loosely : To subject to the action of B. As adjective: Designed for a boiler, or in
upper parts purplish-red, brown, and ash
a liquid heated to a less extent.
any other way pertaining to a boiler. (See the
coloured, the lower parts purplish-ash and
"To try whether seeds be old or new, the sense can compounds which follow.)
brownish-red, the vent and tail coverts yellow. not inform; but if you boil them in water, the new
The wings are black and white, with a yellow seeds will sprout sooner."-Bacon.
boiler-alarm, s. An apparatus or device
spot, and have seven or eight of the secondary (3) To separate by evaporation; as, to boil
for indicating a low stage of water in steam-
feathers tipped with small, oval, flattish ap-
boilers. [STEAM-BOILER ALARM, LOW-WATER
sugar.
pendages like sealing-wax. The female is less C. In special compound verbs. To boil over,
bright in colours. Length, about eight inches.
v.i. :
boiler - feeder, S. An arrangement,
usually automatic and self-regulating, for
winter, eating berries, insects when it can
obtain them, and indeed almost all sorts of
supplying a boiler with water.
the influence of heat as to become too large
food. It is not specially common in Bohemia.
for the vessel or other cavity in which it is
boiler-float, s.
Its breeding-place is not completely known.
contained, and in fact escape over the margin
Steam-engine: A float which rises and falls
or brim.
[AMPELIS, BOMBYCILLA, CHATTERER, WAX-
with the changing height of water in a steam-
WING.]
"This hollow was a vast cauldron, filled with melted
matter, which, as it boiled over in any part, ran down
boiler, and so turns off or on the feed-water.
the sides of the mountain."-Addison on Italy.
boi-är, s. [BOYAR.]
boiler-furnace, s.
2. Fig.: To be effusive in the manifestation
of affection or other passion.
bon-ar-în, s. [BOYAR. ]
Steam-engine: A furnace specifically adapted
for the heating of a steam-generator. The
In Russia: A gentleman, a person of dis-
“A few soft words and a kiss, and the good man
melts: see how nature works and boils over in him."-
shapes vary with those of the boilers them-
Congreve.
selves.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pít, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian. 2, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

boilery-bokardo
613
boiler-iron, s. Rolled iron of to z-inch
thickness, used for making steam-boilers,
tanks, the skin of ships, &c.
boiler-maker, s. A maker of boilers.
boiler-making, a. & s.
A. As adj.: Designed to be used in the
making of boilers.
"... boiler-making shop."--Times.
B. As subst. : The act or occupation of
making boilers.
boiler-plate, s. A plate or sheet of iron,
1 to j-inch thick, used in the construction of
boilers.
boiler-protector, s. A non-conducting
covering to prevent the escape of heat. Among
the devices for this purpose may be cited-
felt, treated in various ways, asbestos, and
lagging. Allied to the above in position, if
not in duty, are water-jackets to utilize the
heat, air-flues and shields to protect surround-
ing bodies against the radiated heat.
boiler-prover, s.
Hydraulics : A force-pump with pressure-
indicator, used to try the power of a boiler to
resist rupture under a given stress of hydraulic
pressure.
boiler-stay, s.
Steam-engine: A tie-bar by which the flat
plates on the opposite sides of boilers are
connected, in order to enable them to resist
internal pressure. The stays cross an inter-
vening water or steam space.
boiler-tube, s.
Steam-engine : The tubes by which heat from
the furnace is diffused through the mass of
water in locomotive and other boilers of the
smaller class. They are usually arranged
longitudinally of the boiler, and are fitted by
steam and water-tight connections to its heads.
bo11'-ēr-ý, s. [Eng. boil; -ery or boiler ; -y.
In 0. Fr. boillure.] A salt-house or place
where brine is evaporated. [BOILARY.]
bo11'-ing, * boy-lyng, * boy'-lònge, pr.
par., a., & s. [BOIL, v.]
A. & B. As present participle & participial
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
“The boiling waves and treacherous rocks of the
Race of Alderney.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. xviii.
“Their wrath had been heated to such a tempera-
ture that what everybody else would have called boil-
ing zeal seemed to them Laodicean lukewarmness.”—
Ibid., ch. v.
“Despairing Gaul her boiling youth restrains,
Dissolv'd her dream of universal sway.
Thomson : Liberty, pt. v.
C. As substantive :
1. Chem. & Ord. Lang. (from the intransitive
verb):
(1) Boiling or ebullition is the rapid forma-
tion in any liquid of bubbles of vapour of a
pressure equal to that of the superincumbent
atmosphere at the time.
"Gelatine obtained by boiling is in combination
with a considerable quantity of water."-Todd & Bow-
man : Physiol. Anat., vol. i., ch. i., pt. 41.
(2) (From the transitive verb). The art or
operation of cooking by means of heating in
water raised to the point of ebullition.
"If you live in a rich family, roasting and boiling
are below the dignity of your office, and which it
becomes you to be ignorant of."-Swift.
2. Fig. Of the human passions : Inflamed,
hot, greatly agitated.
“God saw it necessary by such mortifications to
quench the boilings of a furious, overflowing appetite,
and the boundless rage of an insatiable intemperance."
-South : Serm., vol. ii., § 10.
*3. Law : Boiling to death was established
as the punishment for poisoning by 22 Hen.
III., c. 9. This inhuman enactment was
swept away by 1 Ed. VI., c. 12.
boiling-furnace, s.
Metallurgy: A reverberatory furnace em-
ployed in the decarbonisation of cast-iron to
reduce it to the condition for mechanical
treatment by hammer, squeezer, and rolls, by
which it is brought into bar or plate iron.
boiling point, boiling-point.
Physics, Chem., &c. : The point or degree of
the thermometer at which any liquid boils.
[BOILING.] The boiling point of any liquid is
always the same, if the physical conditions
are the same. It is altered by adhesion of
the liquid to the surface of the vessel in which
it is contained, or solution of a solid in the
liquid raises the boiling point. Increase of bois'-ter-ous-ness, S. [Eng. boisterous ;
pressure raises, while diminution of atmo -ness.] The quality of being boisterous; tu-
spheric pressure lowers, the boiling point. multuousness, turbulence.
The boiling point of distilled water under the "... the boisterousness of men elated by recent
pressure of 760 millimetres is 100° C., or 212° authority.”—Johnson : Life of Prior.
F. A difference of height of about 327 metres
* bol'st-oŭs, *boy-stows, * boyste-oús,
lowers the boiling point of water about 1° C.,
or 597 feet ascent lowers it l° F. Whatever
* bouste-ous, * buys-tous, a. [Wel.
bwystus = brutal, ferocious; from bwyst =
be the intensity of the source of heat, as soon
as ebullition commences the temperature of the
savage, ferocious.] Boisterous, noisy. [BOIS-
liquid remains stationary. The boiling point of
TEROUS, BOYSTOWS.]
“ The fader roos and for they shuld here
organic compounds is generally higher as the
What that he did, in a boistous manere
constitution is more complex. In a homo-
Vnto his chest
logous series the boiling point rises about 19°
Occleve: De Regimine Principium (1420), 606.
for every additional CH2 in normal alcohols,
* boi'st-oŭs-ly, * boysteously, adv. [Eng.
and 22° in the normal fatty acids, as ethylic
alcohol, C,H5(OH) 78.4° ; propylic alcohol,
boistous; -ly.] In a boisterous manner.
C3H (OH) 970; acetic acid, ČH, ČO:OH118°;
“... inflamed also with anger, spite, and vengeance,
they boysteously entered among the people."-Bale :
propionic acid, C2H5.CO•OH 149•6º. The Image, p. ii.
secondary and tertiary alcohols have lower
* boi'st-ods-ness,
boiling points than the primary alcohols. The
* boi'st-ous-nesse,
replacement of hydrogen in a hydrocarbon by
* boysteousnes, * boystowenesse, s.
chlorine, or by a radical, raises the boiling
[O. Eng. boistous; -ness.] Boisterousness.
point, as benzene C6H6 82°, chlorbenzene
Used-
CoH;bl. 135°, amidobenzene C6H5NH2) 182º. 1. Of the wind.
“These are the very solutions, it will be remembered,
“... the boysteousnes of the winde.”
which behave singularly in respect of their refractive
Udal: Matt., ch. xiv.
indices, and also of their boiling points.”—Proceedings
2. Of persons temporarily or permanently
of the Physical Society of London, p. ii., P. 60.
violent.
boil-ing-lý, do. [Eng. boiling; -lg.] In a “.. my boistousnesse.”—Chaucer : Dreame.
boiling state, with ebullition.
“And lakes of bitumen rise boilingly higher.”—
* bo'-it (1), s. (Scotch.) The same as boat,
Byron : Manfred, i. 1.
Eng. (q.v.). (Aberd. Reg., v. 15.) (Jamieson.)
bo'-îng, s. [Imitated from the sound.] [Bo.] boit-schipping, s. A company belong-
(Scotch.) The act of lowing.
ing to a boat.
“Whimpring of fullmarts, boing of buffalos."
“For him and his boit-schipping on that ane part,
Urquhart: Rabelais.
&c. Gif ony of thaim, or ony of their boitschipping,
* bo-ís, a. [Boss.] (Scotch.)
war convict,” &c.-Aberd. Reg., A. 1538, v. 16.
boit (2), s. [BUTT.] (Scotch.) A cask or tub
* boisch, * bousche, * böysche, s. [BUSH.]
used for the purpose of curing butcher-meat,
(Wycliffe.)
or for holding it after it is cured; sometimes
bois-dūr'-çi (s mute), s. [From Fr. bois =
called a beef-boat.
wood; and durci, pa. par. of durcir = tobo--ti-a'-pā, s. [From a Brazilian Indian
harden.) A compound of sawdust from hard
name.] A venomous serpent found in Brazil.
wood, such as rosewood or ebony, mixed with
blood and other cementing material, and used bo'-itt, vii. (Scotch.) The same as boat, V.,
to obtain medallions or other objects by pres Eng. (q.v.). (Acts Jas. VI., 1606 (ed. 1814),
sure in moulds.
v. 310.) (Jamieson.)
bo'-iss, s. [Boss.] (Scotch.)
* boly, s. [Boy.] A boy.
“And bliue in a bourde · borwed boiyes clothes."
boist, v.t. [BOAST, v.] (Scotch.)
William of Palerne (ed. Skeat), 1705.
boist (1), s. [Bost.) (Scotch.) (Barbour : * bok, v.i. [BOCK.] (Scotch.)
Bruce, iv. 22.)
* bok (1), s. [BOCK.) (Scotch.)
boîst (2), * boyste, s. [O. Fr. boiste ; Mod.
Fr. boîte = a Low. Lat. accus. Boxida, buxida,
* bok (2), s. [Book.] (Chaucer : C. T., 4,472.)
from Gr. Tušída (puzida), accus. of ušís
* bok-lered, a. Book-learned.
(puxis) = a box, a pyx (Skeat).] [Box, Pyx.]
“He bede his burnes bogh to that were bok-lered."
“And every boist ful of thy letuarie.”
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 1551.
Chaucer : C. T.; The Pardoneres Tale, 307,
"Boyste or box. Pix (pixis, P.), alabastrum, C. F.” | * bok (3), s. [BACK.] The back. [BILL (1), s.]
-Prompt. Paru.
| Bok and bil: Back and front.
bois'-tēr-oŭs, a. [In Sw. & Dan. bister =
“... and to-hewe the Sarasyns bothe bok and bil;
here herte blod mad they swete.”—Sir Ferumb. (ed.
furious, outrageous, raging, grim ; Icel. bistr ;
Herrtage), 2,654.
Wel. bwystus = brutal, ferocious; from bwyst
= wildness, ferocity.ſ [BOAST, BOISTOUS. ] * bók (4), s. [Etym. doubtful. Is it O. Eng.
Wild, unruly, untractable, rough, roaring, bok = back? Only in plur. (boks).] Corner
noisy, tumultuous, rudely violent, stormy. | teeth.
Used —
“My boks are spruning he and bauld.”
Maitland : Poems, p. 112. (Jamieson.)
(1) Of the wind, the sea, waves, or anything
similar.
bo-kar-do, tbő-car-dö, s. [A word without
"But when he saw the wind boisterous, he was afraid; obvious meaning, constructed artificially to
and, beginning to sink, he cried, saying, Lord, save contain the vowels o, a, and again 0, these
me !"-Matt. xiv. 30.
being logical symbols. See def. ]
(2) Of men or animals of violent character
or their actions.
I. Generally of the form bokardo :
"O, boisterous Clifford ! thou hast slain
Logic: The fifth mood of the third figure of
The flower of Europe."
syllogisms. A being the universal affirmative
Shakesp. : 3 Hen. VI., ii. 1. and o the particular negative, bokardo has a
“ Brought hither Henry Hereford thy bold son,
particular negative in the major premise, a
Here to make good the boisterous late appeal.”
Ibid., Rich. II., i. 1.
universal affirmative in the minor one, and the
(3) Of heat : Strong, powerful.
conclusion, if correctly drawn, will also have
a particular affirmative. In logical formula
“When the sun hath gained a greater strength, the
heat becomes too powerful and boisterous for them."-
some Y's are not X's, every Y is z, therefore
Woodward : Natural History.
some Z's are not X's; as, not all the kings of
(4) Of hair : Copious or dishevelled.
the world are really kingly, all doubtless are
"As good for nothing else; no better service
called so by the courtiers who surround them,
With those thy boisterous locks, no worthy match but this only shows that in some cases at least
For valour to assail, nor by the sword.”
the interested statements of courtiers are
Milton: Samson Agonistes.
wholly untrustworthy. Bokardo is sometimes
boisterous - rough, boisterous called Dokamo.
rough, a. Boisterously rough, rudely vio II. Of the form bocardo :
lent.
Ordinary Language & Topography:
"Alas! what need you be so boisterous-rough?”
Shakesp.: King John, iv. 1.
1. Lit. : The old north gate of Oxford,
bois'-tēr-oŭs-ly, adv. [Eng. boisterous; -ly.]
taken down in 1771. It was sometimes used
In a boisterous manner, violently, tumult-
as a prison. (Nares.)
uously.
2. Gen. : Any prison.
“A sceptre snatch'd with an unruly hand
“ Was not this [Achab) a seditious fellow? Was he
Must be as boisterously maintain'd as gain'd.”
not worthy to be cast in bocardo or little-ease ?"-
Shakesp. : King John, iii. 4.
Latimer : Šerm., fol. 105, C. (Nares.)
boil, boy; póūt, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shún; -ţion, -şion=zhŭn. tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -dle, &c. =bel, del.

614
boke-boldly
is positive ; fearlessness is negative; we may
therefore be fearless without being bold, or
fearless through boldness. Fearlessness is a
temporary state : we may be fearless of danger
When of stone, although not larger than an apple,
they are sent with such force as sometimes to break
the leg even of a horse. I have seen the balls made of
wood, and as large as a turnip, for the sake of catching
these animals without injuring them. The balls are
sometimes made of iron, and these can be hurled to
the greatest distance. The main difficulty in using
either lazo or bolas is to ride so well as to be able at
full speed, and while suddenly turning about, to whirl
them so steadily round the head as to take aim; on
foot any person would soon learn the art."-Darwin :
Voyage round the World, ch. iii., pp. 44, 45.
* boke, s. [Book.] (Piers the Plowman ; Vision,
vii. 85.)
* boke, pt. t. & pa. par. [BAKE.] (Wycliffe.)
bo-kē'ik, s. [From bo, a meaningless mono-
syllable used in playing with children.
Scotch,' &c., keik = peep. [BO-PEEP.] In
Mod. Scotch the syllables are now often in-
verted, and it becomes keik-bo.] Bo-peep.
“Thay play bokeik, even as I war a skar."
Lindsay: Pink. S. P. R., ii. 148.
* bokeled, pa. par. [BUCKLED.] (Prompt.
Parv.)
* bok'-el-er, * bokelere, s. [BUCKLER.]
“ 'Brother,' sayde Gamelyn, 'com a litel ner,
And I wil teche the a play atte bokeler.'”
Chaucer : C. T.; Cook's Tale of Gamalyn, 135-6. (See
also Prompt. Parv.)
* bok'-el-ing, s, [BUCKLING.] (Chaucer:
the like; boldness is a characteristic, it is
associated with constant fearlessness. Intre-
pidity and undauntedness denote a still higher
degree of fearlessness than boldness : boldness is
confident, it forgets the consequences; intre-
pidity is collected, it sees the danger, and
faces it with composure ; undauntedness is
associated with unconquerable firmness and
resolution ; it is awed by nothing. The bold
bol-boç'-ēr-ús, s. [Gr. Boxßos (bolbos), Lat.
bulbus = a certain bulbous plant, a bulb, and
képas (keras), a horn = bulbous-horned.]
Entom. : A genus of lamellicorn beetles
with bulbous antennæ. They belong to the
family Geotrupidæ. In India they often fly
into the European bungalows in the evening,
attracted, like other insects, by the glare of
the lamps. At least sixteen species are known,
of which Bolbocerus mobilicornis and testaceus
are British insects; both are very rare.
* bok-el-yn, v.t. [From bokel = a buckle, and
0. Eng. suff, -yn = Mod. Eng. -ing.)
“Bokelyn, or spere wythe bokylle. Plusculo."-
Prompt. Paru.
* bok'-en, s. pl. Books.
“Thog he ne be lered on no boken,
Luuen god and seruen him ay."
Story of Gen. & Exod. (ed. Morris), 4, 5.
* bók'-ěr-am, s. [BUCKRAM.] (Prompt. Parv.)
* bok'-ět, * bók'-ětt, s. [BUCKET.] (Chaucer:
The Knightes Tale, 675.) (Prompt. Parv.)
* boks, s. pl. [BOK, s. (3).]
*bók'-yll, * bók-ŭlle, s. [BUCKLE.] (Prompt.
Parv.)
* bol (1), s. [BOLE.) (Sir Gawayne, 766.)
* bol (2), s. [BULL.] Bull.
“Bot a best that he be, a bol other an oxe.”
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 1,682.
* bol'-açe, s. [BULLACE.] (William of Palerne.)
* bă1-bổn-ác, S. [Etym. doubtful.]
Popul. Bot.: A cruciferous plant, Lunaria
biennis (Lyte). Another name for it is Honesty.
It is cultivated in English gardens.
bõld, * bõlde, * bõold, * bõolde, * bâid,
* belde, * beald (Eng.), bâuld (Scotch), a.,
adv., & s. [A.S. beald, bald, bold = bold ; Sw.
båld = proud, haughty, audacious; Icel. ballr;
Dan. bald ; O. H. Ger. pald; Gothic balths
= bold; Dut. bout; Fr. baud; Prov. baudos,
baut; Ital. baldo.]
A. As adjective :
I. Of persons or other responsible beings capa-
ble of action:
(1) In a good sense : Heroic, brave, gallant,
courageous, daring, brave, intrepid, fearless.
“The wicked flee when no man pursueth; but the
righteous are bold as a lion.”—Prov. xxviii. 1.
Some Anglo-Saxon proper names have the
A.S. bald = bold, in them; as, Baldewin,
Balduin = bold in battle, win being = a con-
test, a battle.
(2) In an indifferent sense : Confident, not
doubting, with regard to a desired result.
“We were bold in our God to speak unto you the
gospel of God with much contention.”—1 Thess., ii. 2.
(3) In a bad sense :
(a) Bad.
“Eue,' seide he, at neddre bold,
'Quat oget nu that for-bode o-wold.'"
Story of Gen. & E.cod. (ed. Morris), 323-4.
Pertaining to bole; having the qualities of
bole. [BOLE 5010, having the qualities of
"A weak and inanimate kind of loadstone, with a
few magnetical lines, but chiefly consisting of a bolary
and clammy substance."-Browne : Vulgar Errours.
* bol'-as (1), s. [BULLACE.] (Prompt. Parv.)
bo'-lās (2), s. [In Sp. bolas; from the Para-
guay Indian language (?). But compare also Sp.
bolear ...=to throw a ball.] [BOLIS.) A kind
of missile consisting of a single stone at the end
of a rope, two or more stones connected by a
and vivacity; the intrepid man calmly ad-
vances to the scene of death and destruction ;
the undaunted nian keeps his countenance in
the season of trial, in the midst of the most
terrifying and overwhelming circumstances."
(Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
B. As adverb : Boldly.
“And he him answerede modi and bold."
Story of Gen. & Exod. (ed. Morris), 2,728.
C. As substantive. Plur. (Formed by the
omission of a substantive, such as persons,
after the adjective.) Daring persons; as, “the
bold."
D. In special phrases :
To make bold: To take the liberty of
saying or doing something audacious.
"I will make bold to send them.".
Shakesp.: Cymb., i. 6.
“Making so bold ..."-Ibid., Hamlet, v. 2.
"I durst not make thus bold with Ovid..."-
Dryden.
bold-face, boldface, s. A term for
an impudent person.
“How now, boldface ! cries an old trot; sirrah, we
eat our own hens, I'd have you know; what you eat
you steal."-L'Estrange.
bold-faced, a. Of a bold face; generally
in a bad sense ; impudent, shameless.
“The other would be said nay, after a little argu-
mentation, and somewhat else; but this bold-faced
Shame would never have done."-Bunyan : P. P., pt. i.
bold-following, a. [Eng. bold; follow-
ing.] Poet. for “boldly following.”
“And faced grim Danger's loudest roar,
Bold-following where your fathers led!”
Burns : Address to Edinburgh.
bold-spirited, a. Of a bold spirit;
courageous, daring, valiant, brave. (Scott.)
* bold, s. [A.S. & 0. Fries. bold = a house.]
A house.
“Häh bold hi makede."-Layamon, 7,094.
* bold, * bolde, v.t. [From bold, a. (q.v.).]
To render bold. [BOLDEN.]
“Pallas bolds the Greeks."
A. Hall: Transl. of Iliad. iv. (1581.)
* bõlde-lých (ch guttural), adv. (BOLDLY.]
(Chaucer : C. T., 711.)
* böl'-den (1) (Eng.), *ből'-dẫn, * böl-dýn
(Scotch), v.t. (From bold, a., and suff. -en = to
make bold.] To render bold. (Prose and
poetry.)
I Now embolden is the word employed.
“... being boldened with these present abilities to
say more, ..."-Ascham: Schoolmaster.
“I am much too venturous
In tempting of your patience; but am bolden'd
Under your promised pardon."
Shakesp. : Hen. VIII., i. 2.
* böl-den (2), v.i. [Cf. O. Eng. bolnyn = to
swell.] To swell threateningly. (Scotch.)
“The wyndis welteris the se continually:
The huge wallis boldynnys apoun loft.”
Doug. : Virgil, 74, 8.
† böl’-děr, s. (BOULDER.]
* bold-hede, s. [From bold, a., and hede =
hood = state.] Boldness.
“I fallen is al his boldhede.”
Owl and Nightingale, 514.
bõld-lý, * bõlde'-ly, * bölde-lých (ch
guttural) (Eng.), * bâuld'-lie (Scotch), adv.
[Eng. bold; -ly. In A.S. bealdlice, baldlice.]
1. In a good or in an indifferent sense : In
a bold manner, daringly, audaciously, cour-
ageously, valiantly, bravely.
“ Than may he boldely bere up his heed.”
Chaucer: C. T., 9,232.
.. and the secret bounds
Of jealous Abyssinia boldly pierce.”
"Tho wex her hertes nithful and bold.”
Story of Gen. & Exod. (ed. Morris), 1,917.
which is used by the Patagonians, the Para-
guay Indians, and the Spanish and Portuguese
"Bolde, or to homely. Presumptuosus, effrons, C. F."
Prompt. Parv.
“But in thy prosperity he will be as thyself, and
will be bold over thy servants."-Ecclus. vi. 11.
"... little Callum Beg (he was a bauld mischievous
callant that) ..."-Scott: Waverley, ch. lxiii.
II. Of things :
1. Of an enterprise : Requiring courage for
its execution
“... the flame of bold rebellion.”
2 Hen. IV. (Induction).
2. Of joy or other mental emotion : Vehement,
swelling, exuberant.
“The father-him at this unlook'd-for gift
A bolder transport seizes.”
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. vii.
3. Of figures and expressions in literary
composition, of details in painting, architec-
ture, &c. :
(1) In a good sense : Executed with spirit;
the reverse of tame.
“Catachreses and hyperboles are to be used judici-
ously, and placed in poetry, as heightenings and
shadows in painting, to make the figure bolder, and
cause it to stand off to sight."-Dryden.
“The cathedral church is a very bold work, and a
master-piece of Gothick architecture." — Addison on
Italy.
(2) In a slightly bad sense: Overstepping the
usual limits; audacious, even to temerity, in
conception or execution.
“The figures are bold even to temerity.”—Cowley.
“ Which no bold tales of gods or monsters swell,
But human passions, such as with us dwell."
Waller.
4. Of a coast or line of cliff : Standing out to
the eye; running out into prominence; high
and steep, abrupt, or precipitous.
“And mingled with the pine trees blue
On the bold cliffs of Ben-venue."
Scott : Lady of the Lake, i. 5.
5. Of type or handwriting : Conspicuous,
easily read, “ A good, bold type.”
Crabb thus distinguishes between bold,
fearless, intrepid, and undaunted :-“Boldness |
BOLAS.
inhabitants of South America. In war a
Patagonian uses a one-stone bolas, hurling the
stone at his adversary while retaining the
string in his own hand. The Esquimaux bolas
is made of a number of walrus teeth at the
end of strings knotted together. For the
bolas of the South Americans of remote
European descent, see the example which fol-
lows.
2. In a bad sense : Impudently, with effron-
tery.
“For half so boldely can ther no man
Swere and lye as a womman can.”
Chaucer : 0. T., 5,809, 5,810.
"Boldely, or malapertly. Effronter, C. F. presump-
tuose.”—Prompt. Parv.
“The bolas, or balls, are of two kinds: the simplest.
which is chiefly used for catching ostriches, consists of
two round stones, covered with leather, and united by
a thin plaited thong about eight feet long. The other
kind differs only in having three balls united by the
thongs to a common centre. The Gaucho holds the
smallest of the three in his hand, and whirls the other
two round and round his head ; then, taking aim,
sends them like chain-shot revolving through the air.
The balls 110 sooner strike any object, than, winding
round it, they cross each other, and become firmly
according to the purpose for which they are made.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; try, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

boldness--bolled
615
66
bõld'-ness, * bõlde'-něsse (Eng.), bâuld-bo-lěc'-tion, s. [BALECTION.]
| *boll (1), s. [From Dut. bol = a globe.] [BALL,
něss, * bâuld'-něs (Scotch), s. [Eng. bold;
BOIL, Bowl, &c.] A head, a rounded top.
-ness.] The quality of being bold. Specially,
bolection-mouldings, s.
“He wyll nocht want ane boll of beir."
Joinery: Mouldings surrounding the panels
Sir David Lyndsay, bk. iii., 4,694.
I. Ordinary Language :
of a door, gate, &c., and which project beyond
1. Of persons :
* bõll (2), s. [In Wel. (but from Eng.) but, bulion
its general face.
=the seed-vessel of some plants, the hull ; N.
(1) In a good or in an indifferent sense :
* bo'-lěn, pa. par. of bolge. [TO-BOLLEN, BOLGE,
and M. H. Ger. bolle= a seed-vessel of flax.]
(a) Physical or moral courage, bravery,
BULGE.]
[BOLN.] The “pod” or globular capsule of a
spirit, daring, intrepidity.
plant, specially of flax.
... that in nothing I shall be ashamed, but that bol-êr'-7, s. [Sp. bolero, bolera ; from bola =
with all boldness, as always, so now also Christ shall be
magnified in my body, whether it be by life, or by
ball.]
* boll (3), * bolle, bole, s. [A.S. &0. Fries.
death."- Phil. i. 20.
1. A favourite dance in Spain. It is lively,
bolla = a bowl.]
(b) Freedom, liberty of speech or action. in triple time, and slower than the fandango. I. Ordinary Language : A bowl, specially a
“Great is my boldness of speech toward you, great is 2. The air to which it is danced.
wooden one.
my glorying of you.”—2 Cor. vii. 4.
“And brought eek with yow a bolle or a paune."
(c) Confidence in God.
bol-ět'-ic, a. [Fr. bolétique ; from boletus Chaucer : C. T. (ed. Skeat), The Chan. Yem. Tale, 1,210.
“Having therefore, brethren, boldness to enter into (q.v.).] Pertaining to, existing in, or derived II. Weights and Measures :
the holiest by the blood of Jesus.”—Heb. x. 19.
from boletus, a genus of fungi.
1. As a measure: [In Gael. bolla = (1) a
(d) Self-assurance, freedom from bashful-
net or anchor-buoy, (2) a measure of capacity,
ness.
boletic-acid, s. [Fr. acide bolétique.]
as “bolla mine” = a boll of meal, “bolla bun-
“Wonderful is the case of boldness in civil business ;
Chem.: An acid discovered by Braconnot in tata” =a boll of potatoes (Mc Álpine : Gael.
what first? Boldness. What second and third ? Boldness. the juice of Boletus fomentarius, var. pseudo Dict.). But the Gael. bolla is simply the 0.
And yet boldness is a child of ignorance and baseness,
far inferiour to other parts.”-Bacon.
igniarius. It has since been shown by Bolley Eng. boll = a bowl, and is in this case =a
(2) In a bad sense : Hardihood, shameless
and Dessagnes to be identical with fumaric
bowlful.]
audacity or impudence.
acid (q.v.).
* (1) Originally: A bowlful, a bushel.
"Boldenesse, or homelynesse (to-homlynes, K.). bol-ě-to-bî-ús, s. [From Lat. boletus, and
“He sent thre bollis to cartage.”
Presumpcio.”—Prompt. Parv.
Barbour (ed. Skeat): Bruce, bk. iii., 211.
2. Of things:
Gr. Bíos (bios) = life, course of life.]
* (2) Next :
.
Entom.: A genus of beetles belonging to the
(1) Of an enterprise: Necessitating courage,
(a) A Scotch measure of capacity. For
section Brachelytra, and the family Tachy-
the offspring of courage.
wheat and beans it contains four Winchester
poridæ. The species, of which a number occur
(2) Offigures in composition, painting,
bushels; for oats, barley, and potatoes, six
in Britain, are active little insects which live
sculpture, &c. : The offspring of bold concep-
bushels.
in decaying boleti and other fungi.
tions.
“Of good barley put eight boles, that is, about six
“The boldness of the figures is to be hidden sometimes
English quarters, in a stone trough."-Mortimer.
bol-ēr-tús, s. [In Sp., Port , & Ital. boleto ;
by the address of the poet, that they may work their Lat. boletus ; Gr. Bwdirns (bolitēs) =a kind of
(6) A measure of salt of two bushels.
effect upon the mind."-Dryden.
fungus; Bôros (bālos) = a clod or clump of
2. As a weight: A boll of meal, 140 pounds
II. Mental Phil. : For definition see ex-
earth.]
avoirdupois.
ample.
By an Act which came into operation on
Boldness is the power to speak or do what we intend,
Bot. : A genus of fungi belonging to the
before others, without fear or disorder.”—Locke.
order Hymenomycetes or Agaricallæ. It may January 1, 1879, these and all other local
be distinguished at a glance from Agaricus,
weights and measures were abolished, and
bõle (1), boal, s. [Etym. doubtful.]
by having the under-surface of the cap or
uniformity in these respects established
1. A square aperture in the wall of a house “pileus” full of pores in place of its being through the three kingdoms.
for holding small articles ; a small press, divided in a radiated manner, as Agaricus is,
generally without a door.
into lamellæ or gills. Several species occur in
* boll (4), s. [Bowl.] (Prompt. Parv.)
“ That done, he says, 'Now, now, 'tis done,
Britain and elsewhere on the ground or on old
Bộl'-land-íst, a. & s. [From Bolland, a
And in the boat beside the lum;
trees. Boletus edulis, B. granulatus, and B.
Now set the board, good wife, gae ben,
Jesuit, see def.]
Bring from yon boal a roasted hen.'”
subtomentosus are eatable.
A. As adjective: Pertaining to Bolland, a
Ramsay: Poems, ii. 526.
2. A perforation through the wall of a house
* boley, * bolye, * buala, s. [Ir. buailli,
Jesuit of Tillemont, in Flanders, who com-
for occasionally giving air or light, usually
buailidh = an ox-stall, a cow-house, a dairy
menced a large work, the Acta Sanctorum, of
(O'Reilly).]
with a wooden shutter instead of a pane of
which vol. I. was published in 1643. Five
A place situated in a grassy
hollow enclosed by man, in which to put
more were issued during his lifetime. After
glass ; a window with blinds of wood, with
one small pane of glass in the middle, instead cattle in the spring and summer months,
his death, in 1665, the work was continued
by Henschen, a Jesuit of Antwerp, who died
while they are on the mountain pastures ; a
of a casement. (Jamieson.)
"Open the bole,' said the old woman, firmly and
in 1682, and Papebroch, also an Antwerp
place which ensures safety. (Henry Kinahan :
hastily, to her daughter-in-law, 'open the bole wi' In the Athenæum, No. 2,167, May 8, 1869.)
Jesuit, who died in 1714.
speed, that I may see if this be the right Lord Ger-
“... to keepe theyr cattell, and to live themselves
B. As substantive (pl. Bollandists) : The
aldine.'”-Scott : Antiquary, ch. xxxii.
the most part of the yeare in bolyes, pasturing upon continuators of Bolland's Acta Sanctorum,
TA perforation in the wall of a barn is the mountayn, and wast wild places."-Spenser : State
which the original author did not live to
of Ireland.
called a barn-bole.
finish. [A.]
* bole (2), s. [BULL] (Chaucer: Boethius (ed.
* bolġe (pa. par. bolen, bollen), v... [BULGE.]
.. very much the larger portion of the marvels
in the vast volumes of the Bollandists, have melted
Morris), p. 148, line 4,274.) (Fordun, ii. 376.) * bol-i-monge, s. [BULLIMONG.]
away into the dim page of legend, . "-Milman: Hist.
Jews, vol. i.
böle (3), s. [Icel. bolr; Dan. bul; Sw. bål=
*bol-ís (pl. bol-7-dēş), s. [Lat. bolis, from
trunk of a man's body.] The round stem of a
bol-lard. s. & a. [Probably from bole = the
Gr. Bodis (bolis) = anything thrown, a missile,
stem of a tree.] [BOLE (3).]
“By bole of this brode tre we byde the here."
a javelin, ... a flash of lightning.)
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 622.
Meteor.: A fire-ball dashing through the air,
A. As substantive :
“At thy firmest age
followed by a train of light.
Nautical :
Thou hadst within thy bole solid contents,
That might have ribb'd the sides and plank'd the
“Bolis is a great fiery ball, swiftly hurried through
1. A large post or bitt on a wharf, dock, or
deck
the air, and generally drawing a tail after it. Aristotle on shipboard, for the attachment of a hawser
Of some flagg'd admiral.” Cowper : Yardley Oak. calls it capra. There have often been immense balls
of this kind."-Muschenbroech.
or warp, in towing, docking, or warping.
* bole (4), s. [BOLL.] (Mortimer.)
"They explode in small fragments as bolides and 2. Often in the Pl. (Bollards): A rundle in
fireballs have been observed to do.”—Proctor : Other the bow of a whale-boat around which the
böle (5), s. [In Fr. bol; Mod. Lat. bolus; from Worlds, &c., ch. ix., p. 192.
line runs in veering; called also LOGGER-
Gr. Bôdos (bālos) = a clod or lump of earth.]
bo-liv'-1-an-īte, s. [In Ger. bolivian, from
HEAD.
I. Ordinary Language :
Bolivia, or Upper Peru, a South American
B. As adjective: Pertaining to a bollard in
1. The kind of clay described under II. Min. republican state between lat. 10° and 23° S. and either of the two senses of the substantive.
+ 2. A bolus, a dose. [Bolus.]
long. 57° 30' and 70° 10' N.]
(See the compound.)
II. Min. Of the forms bole and bolus : A • Min.: A mineral resembling Stibnite. It
bollard timber, s.
brownish, yellowish, or reddish coloured occurs rhombic, prisms and tufts sometimes
unctuous clay.
Shipwrighting: A timber, one on each side
finely columnar.
It contains more or less
T. Richter considers it an
of the bowsprit near the heel, to secure it
oxide of iron, which is the colouring matter antimonial sulphide of silver. (Dana.)
laterally; a knighthead.
in it; there is besides about 24 per cent. of
water. Dana ranks it as a variety of Halloy-
* bolke (1), s. [A.S. balca = a heap, a ridge.]
* bõlle, s.
A heap.
site, but considers that some of the specimens
[A.S. bolla = any round vessel,
“Bolke, or hepe. Cumulus, acervus.”—Prompt. Parv.
cup, pot, bowl, or measure ; Icel. bolli.)
belong to other varieties.
[BOWL.) A bowl.
* bole-armoniac. * bole armoniak. ) * bolke (2), * bolk, S. [From botkyn, V. “ Thagh hit be bot a bassyn, a bolle, other a scole,
* bole armeniack, * bole armenie. 1 (q.v.).] A belch.
A dysche other a dobler that dryghtyn onez serued."
* bole armeny, * bol Armenian, s.
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 1,145-6.
* bol-kyn, v.i. & t. [A.S. bealcian, bealcettan
Min. : An astringent earth brought from
= to belch.] [BELCH, v.]
+ bõlled, a. [From boll (2), s. (q.v.).]
Armenia. It was sometimes called Armenian
1. Gen. : Swelled.
earth. It was used as an antidote to poison * bol-kynge, * bul-kynge, pr. par., a., & s.
and for staunching of blood, &c.
[BOLKYN.]
2. Specially :
“As bole armoniak, verdigrees, boras."
A. & B. As present participle & participial
(1) Of a flower : Having the petals of the
Chaucer : 0. T. (ed. Skeat), The Chan. Yems. Tale, 790.
adjective: (See the verb).
corolla unfolded. In the subjoined example,
* boleax, * bulax, s. [O. Icel. boloxi.] A
bolled is the rendering not of a Heb, adjective,
C. As subst. : Belching, eructation.
poleaxe.
"Bolkynge, or bułkynge. Orexis, eructuacio, C. F.”.
but of a Heb. noun, Syaa (gibeol) = either the
"Two Boleaxys grete and longe."--Octonian, 1,039.
-Prompt. Parv.
calyx or the corolla of a flower. The literal
tree...
boil, boy; póūt, jówl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shún; -țion, -şion=zhún. tious, -sious, -cious =shús. -ble, -dle, &c.= bel, dçl.

616
bollen-bolt
rendering is : “for the wheat was on ear (= in Bologna-stone, Bologna stone, s. 8. Railroad Engineering : The principal
ear) and the flax a corolla (i.e., possessed a Min.: A variety of Barytes, or, to use
cross-beam of a railroad truck or car body.
corolla unfolded).”.
Dana's term, Barite (q.v.). It is a globular, 9. Civil Engineering : The resting-place of a
(2) Of sculptures : Embossed.
radiated mineral, often of a reddish-grey truss-bridge on its pier or abutment.
“Pinacles pyght ther apert that profert bitwene, colour, found at Mount Paterno, near Bologna.
10. Cutlery :
And al bolled abof with braunches & leues.”
Heated with charcoal, it is phosphorescent.
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 1,463-4.
(1) The shoulder of such instruments and
[BOLOGNA-PHOSPHORUS]
tools as knives, chisels, &c., at the junction
* bol-len (1), v.t. [BOLL.]
Bo-logn-1-an (g silent), a. [From Bologna, of the tang with the blade or the shank, as
* bol-lén (2), v.t. [From Dut. ballen = to beat and Eng. suff. -an.] Pertaining to Bologna ;
the case may be.
to death.] To beat to death. (0. Eng. & found at Bologna.
(2) A metallic plate on the end of a pocket-
Scotch.)
knife handle.
Bolognian-spar, s.
“And that samyn tyme he tuke schir James Stewart
B. As adjective: In any way pertaining to
the lord of Lornis brother, & William Stewart, & put Min. : The same as Bologna-stone (q.v.).
a bolster in some one of the senses given
thaim in pittis, and bollit thaim.” – Addicioun of
Scot. Corniklis, p. 3.
under A.
Bolognian-stone, s. [BOLOGNA-STONE.]
*bol-len, * bol-lun, pa. par. [BOLGE, BULGE.] ||
bol-oph'-ěr-īte, s. [In Ger. bolopherit; from
bolster-case, s. A case to hold a bolster.
Bulged, swollen. (Chaucer.) (Wycliffe (Pur-
Gr. Bôros (bolos) = a clod, a lump of earth, a
vey), 2 Tim., iii. 4.)"
lump of anything ; Dépw (phero)= to bear;
bolster-plate, s.
* bol-let, s. [BULLET.] (Spenser : F. Q., I.
and -ite (Min.) (q.v.).
Vehicles : An iron plate on the under side
of the bolster, to diminish the wear caused by
vii. 13.)
Min. : The same as Hendenbergite (q.v.).
its friction on the axle.
* böl'-ling (1), s. [From bollen, pa. par. of böl'-stēr, * böl'-star, *böl'-stír, * bol-bol-stěr, * böl'-stre, v.t. & i. [From bolster,
bolge.] [BOLLEN, BOLGE, BULGE.] Swelling.
styr, S. & a. [A.S. bolster = a bolster, a
s. (q.v.). In Ger. bolstern, polstern.]
(Piers Plow. : Vis., vi. 218–vii. 204.)
pillow; Sw. bolster = a bed ; Dan. bolster = a A. Transitive :
* böl-lựng (2), s. [From bole (3) (q.v.). Or
bed-ticking; Icel. bolstr = a bolster; (N. H.) I. Ordinary Language :
polling, pr. par. of pole = to reinove the poll
Ger. polster; O. H. Ger. bolstar, polstar. In
1. Literally :
or head, to clip, to lop.] [PoLL.] A pollard
Dut. there is bolster, but it is = a hull, a
(1) To support the head with a bolster.
husk, a cod, a shell.]
tree, a tree with its top and its branches cut
off. (Often in the plural.)
A. As substantive :
(2) To support any part of the frame, or fill
up a vacuity in the dress.
* bol'-lit, pa. par. [BOLLEN.] (0. Eng. &
I. Ordinary Language:
"Three pair of stays bolstered below the left shoul-
Scotch.)
1. Something laid along the upper side of a der."— Tatier, No. 245.
bed to raise and support the head; a pillow. 2. Fig. Of things not material : To support,
* bol-lynge, pr. par., A., & s. [BOILING.] The name is generally limited to that particu to keep from falling or collapsing. (Contemp-
A. & B. As present participle and participial lar pillow which is longer and more cylindrical tuously.)
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
than the others, and is placed beneath them.
"We may be made wiser by the publick persuasions
the verb.
“... and put a pillow of goats' hair for his bolster, grafted in men's minds, so they be used to further the
truth, not to bolster errour."- Hooker.
and covered it with a cloth.”—1 Sam, xix. 13.
C. As substantive : Boiling; ebullition.
2. Any substitute for such an article of bed II. Med. : To hold wounds together with a
“Bollynge owere as pottys plawyn. Ebullicio, C. F."
equipment.
-Prompt. Parv.
compress.
"Perhaps some cold bank is her bolster now,
“The practice of bolstering the cheeks forward does
* bõlme, s. [Boom.] (Scotch.) (Doug. : Virgil,
Or 'gainst the rugged bark of some broad elm
little service to the wound, and is very uneasy to the
Leans her unpillowed head.”
134, 30.)
patient.”-Sharp.
Milton : Comus.
“This arm shall be a bolster for thy head;
B. Intrans. : To make a bolster by lying
* boln, * bolne, v.i. [Icel, bolgja ; Sw. bulna
I'll fetch clean straw to make a soldier's bed."
one under the other.
Gay.
=to swell; Dan. bolne, bulne.] To swell.
"Damn them then,
3. Anything designed as a support to any
If ever mortal eyes do see them bolster
“... and blossumez bolne to blowe.”
other part of the bodily frame, or to fill up any
More than their own!”
Gaw. and the Green Knight, 512.
Shakesp.: Othello, iii. 3.
vacuity. (Swift.)
* bol-nande, pr. par. [BOLNYN.]
C. In compounds or special phrases :
4. A pad or compress to be laid upon a
* 1. To bolster out: To prevent from over-
* bolne, pa. par. [BOLLEN.)
wound.
turning or collapsing. (Contemptuously.)
“Whom cold winter all bolne hid ynder ground.”
“The bandage is the girt, which hath a bolster in
the middle, and the ends tacked firmly together."-
Surrey: Æneid, bk. ii., 616.
"The lawyer sets his tongue to sale for the bolstering
Wiseman.
out of unjust causes."-Hakewill.
* bol'-nit, * boln-yd, pa. par. [BOLNYN.] II. Technically:
2. To bolster up: To support, to prevent
“Bolnyd. Tumidus.”—Prompt. Parv.
1. Vehicles : The transverse bar over the
from falling. (Contemptuously.)
“It was the way of many to bolster up their crazy
* bol-nyn, v.i. [Dut. bolne = to swell.] To
axle of a waggon, which supports the bed,
and into which are framed the standards
doating consciences with confidences."-South.
swell.
which secure the bed laterally.
böl’-stěred, pa. par. & d. [BOLSTER, v.]
“Bolnyn'. Tumeo, turgeo, tumesco.” — Prompt.
Parv.
2. Machinery:
1. As participial adjective: Supported, sus-
(1) A bed-tool in a punching-machine. The tained, held up.
* bol-nyng, * bol'-nynge, * bol-nande,
perforated part on which a plate rests when 2. Swelled out.
pr. par., A., & s. (BOLN, BOLNYN.]
The punch drives out the bur or planchet. It
A. & B. As present participle & participial has an opening of the same size and shape as t böl'-stēr-ér, s. [Eng. bolster; -er.] A person
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the punch itself. (Knight.)
who, or a thing which supports the head,
the verb.
(2) A perforated block of wood on which
any other portion of the bodily frame, or any-
"As for bobaunce and bost and bolnande pryde."
sheet-metal is laid for punching. (Knight.)
thing material or immaterial.
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (Morris); Cleanness, 179.
(3) The spindle-bearing in the rail of a spin-
C. As substantive : Tumefaction, swelling;
"That which is commonly reported of great roh-
beries, may fitly serve to satisfy the bolsterers of such
a tumour. (Lit. & fig.)
ning-frame. It forms a sleeve-bearing for the lewdness.”—Bp. Bancroft : Dangerous Positions, iv. 12.
“Bolnynge. Tumor.”-Prompt. Parv.
vertical spindle some distance above the
"Alecto is the bolnung of the hert. "
lower bearing, which is called the step.
bol-ster-ing, pr. par., d., & s. [BOLSTER, v.]
Henrysone : Orpheus, Moralitas.
(4) The part of a mill in which the axle-tree A. & B. As pr. par. and particip. adj. : In
“Bolnyngis bi pride.”—Wycliffe (Purvey), 2 Cor., moves. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
xiii. 20.
3. Music: The raised ridge which holds the C. As substantive: The act of supporting;
Bo-logn'-a (pronounced Bồ-lon-ya or Bo tuning-pins of a piano.
the state of being supported.
lo'-na), s. & a. [Ital. Bologna.]
4. Nautical:
"Crooked and unequal bodies are made to meet,
A. As substantive: A city of Italy, in lat.
without a miracle by some iron bodies, or some
(1) A piece of timber adjoining the hawse-
benign bolsterings."-Bp. Taylor : Artif. Handsome.
44° 30' N., long. 11° 21' E. It was anciently hole, to prevent the chafing of the hawser ness, p. 60.
called Felsina, and subsequently Bononia.
against the cheeks of a ship's bow.
B. As adjective: Made at Bologna; found
* bol-straught, d. [From A.S. bælg = the
(2) A cushion within the collar of a stay, to belly, and streccan = to stretch.] Prostrate,
at Bologna. (See the subjoined compounds.) keep it from chafing on the mast.
stretched on the belly.
Bologna-phials, s.
(3) A piece of wood or roll of canvas, upon
and braid him doun be the brest. bolstraught
Glass Manuf.: A small unannealed vessel
which a rope rests, to keep it from chafing
to the erthe."-William of Palerne, 1,852.
of glass, open at the upper end and rounded
something or to give it a proper bearing.
bolt (1), * bolte, s., a., & adv. [From A.S. bolt
at the bottom end, which is thick. It will 5. Carpentry:
= a catapult; Dan. balt= a bolt, a peg; Dut.
withstand a moderate blow on the bottom, (1) A horizontal cap-piece laid upon the top
bout= a bolt, a pin ; N. H. Ger. bolzen, bolz
but is cracked by dropping into it a small, of a post or pillar, to shorten the bearing of = a bolt; M. H. Ger. bolz: 0. H. Ger. bolz,
angular piece of flint. It is an example of the the beam of a string-piece above.
polz= a bolt, an arrow; Bret. bollt. Skeat
inherent strain and unstable static condition (2) One of the transverse pieces of an arch thinks that the reference is to the roundness
incident to unannealed glass.
centering, running from rib to rib and sup of what is designated a bolt. (Def. A., 1.).]
Bologna-phosphorus, s. A composi-
porting the voussoirs.
A. As substantive:
tion made by powdering Bologna-stone and
6. Saddlery : A padded ridge on a saddle.
I. Ordinary Language:
uniting it into sticks with gum.
“The bolsters of a saddle are those parts raised upon
1. Properly: A kind of arrow with a round
the bows, to hold the rider's thigh."-Far. Dictionary.
Bologna-sausage, s. [Ital. salsiccia di 7. Ordnance: A block of wood fixed on the
bob at the end of it; any arrow. [BIRD-BOLT.]
Bologna.] A large sausage made of bacon, stock of a siege-gun carriage, on which the
(1) Literally : In the foregoing sense.
veal, and pork suet, chopped fine and enclosed breech of the piece rests when it is shifted (2) Figuratively: Anything capable of in-
in a skin.
backward for transportation.
flicting a mental wound.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, păt, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; trý, Sýrian. æ, o=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bolt-bolting
617
"I hate when vice can bolt her arguments,
“ Yet mark'd I where the bolt of Cupid fell:
bolt-head (2), bolthead, s.
“To do that thing that ends all other deeds;
It fell upon a little western flower."
Which shackles accidents, and bolts up change."
Shakesp. : Mid. Night's Dream, ii. 1.
Glass Manuf. : A long glass matrass or re-
Shakesp. : Ant. & Cleop., v. 2.
To make a bolt upon anything : To take
ceiver with a straight neck.
(2) To blurt out, to throw out precipitately.
the risk of anything.
"This spirit abounds in salt, which may be separated
by putting the liquor into a bolthead with a long
"I'll make a shaft or a bolt on't.”-Shakesp. : Mer.
And virtue has no tongue to check her pride."
narrow neck."-Boyle.
Wives, iii. 4.
• Milton.
2. A “thunderbolt."
bolt-header, s.
(3) To cause to start; as, to bolt a rabbit, &c.
“As the bolt bursts on high
Mach. : A machine for swagging down the B. Intransitive:
From the black cloud that bound it."
end of a bolt-blank to form a head; the form 1. To start suddenly forward, aside, or in
Byron: Bride of Abydos, i. 12.
any direction, as if a bolt were unexpectedly
of this depends upon that of the die.
3. The bar of a door.
bolt-making, a. Making, or designed
“ 'Tis not in thee to oppose the bolt
withdrawn. Used
Against my coming in."
for making bolts.
(1) Of a horse going off suddenly.
Shakesp. : Lear, ii. 4.
Bolt-making machine: A machine in which
“He bolted, sprung, and reared amain.”
4. Iron to fasten chains ; chains, fetters.
- Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, iv. 12.
bolts are threaded and headed, though this is
"Away with him to prison ! lay bolts enough upon
usually done in separate machines, as the
(2) Of any other animal than a horse.
him."-Shakesp. : Meus. for Meas., V. 1.
threading is done by cutters on the cold iron ;
"As the house was all in a flame, out bolts a mouse
II. Technically :
from the ruins, to save herself."-L'Estrange.
heading by swagging upon the end of the hot
1. Mach.: A stout metallic pin employed
blank. [BOLT-HEADER, BOLT-THREADER.)
(3) Of a man.
for holding objects together, frequently screw-
(a) Literally :
headed at one end to receive a nut. There bolt-rope, s. & a.
“They erected a fort, and from thence they bolted
are two principal classes of bolts : those A. As substantive :
like beasts of the forest."-Bacon.
which are intended for permanently fastening
Naut. : A rope around the margin of a sail
(6) Figuratively:
objects together, and movable bolts, such as
to strengthen it.
“I have reflected on those men who from time to
tiine have shot themselves into the world. I have
lock, sash, door, and gate bolts.
B. As adjective: Designed for, or in any seen many successions of them; some bolting out upon
2. Locksmithing : That portion of a lock
way pertaining or relating to a bolt-rope.
the stage with vast applause, and others hissed off.”—
which is protruded beyond or retracted within
Dryden.
(See the example which follows.)
the case or boxing by the action of the key,
* bölt (2), * bõult, v.t. [O. Fr. bultel = a
Bolt-rope needle :
and which engages with the keeper or jamb to
boulting sieve; bulter = a bolter or sieve
form a fastening. The thick protruding por Naut. : A strong needle for sewing a sail to
(Kelham); buleter, bluter (Mahn); Low. Lat.
tion is the bolt-head, and the flat part within its bolt-rope.
huleto; (N. H.) Ger. beuteln = to bolt or sift;
the lock is the bolt-plate.
bolt-sawing, a. A word used only in
M. H. Ger. biuteln.] [BOLTER (2), s.]
3. Household Hardware : A movable bar
the compound which follows.
I. Ordinary Language :
protruded or retracted by hand to fasten or
Bolt-sawing machine :
1. Lit.: To separate the coarser from the
release a door, gate, window-sash, &c.
Wood-working: A machine for sawing super-
finer particles of anything, Spec., thus to sepa-
4. Wood-working :
fluous wood, such as corners, from stuff to be
rate bran from flour by means of a bolter, or
(1) A rough block from which articles are
turned. It has an iron carriage with centres,
in any other way.
to be made; as, a bolt for riving into shingles,
between which the work is chucked while
“Saying, he now had boulted all the floure.”
spokes, &c.
Spenser: F. Q. II. iv. 24.
being fed to the circular saw.
· "The fann'd snow,
(2) A number of boards adhering together
bolt-screwing, a.
by the stub-shot.
That's bolted by the northern blast twice o'er."
A word used only in
Shakesp.: Wint. Tale, iv. 4.
5. Fabric: A piece or roll of cloth; a long
the compound which follows.
2. Fig.: To examine by sifting, used, Spec.,
narrow piece of silk or stuff.
Bolt-screwing machine : A machine for cut of the search after truth. Often followed by
ting screw-threads on bolts, by fixing the
6. Naut.: The iron rod beneath a yard, to
out.
bolt-head to a revolving chuck, and causing “It would be well bolted out, whether great refrac-
which a square sail is attached.
the end which it is required to screw to enter
tions may not be made upon reflections, as upon direct
7. Ordnance : An elongated solid projectile
beams."-Bacon.
a set of dies, which advance as the bolt re-
for rifled cannon, as the Whitworth and Arm-
volves. A bolt-threader.
II. Law: To discuss or argue cases privately
strong guns.
for the sake of improvement in one's know-
8. Bookbinding: The fold in the fore-edge bolt-strake, s.
ledge and skill in the law.
and head of a folded sheet.
Shipbuilding : That strake or wale through
“The judge, or jury, or parties, or the counsel, or
attornies, propounding questions, beats and bolts out
9. O. Botany :
which the beam-fastenings pass.
the truth much better than when the witness delivers
only a formal series.”—Hale.
(1) A “buttercup ;” any species of Ranun bolt-threader, s.
culus. (Prior.)
Mach. : A machine for cutting screw-threads bolt'-ant, pr. par. [BOLTING.]
(2) The Mountain Globe-flower, Trollius on bolts.
Her. : Springing forward. (Used of a hare
Europæus. (Ger. Appendix.)
bolt-upright, bolt upright, adv.
B. As adjective: Designed for a bolt; operat-
or rabbit).
ing on a bolt; in any way pertaining or relating
[From bolt, adv. (q.v.), and upright.]
* bolte, s. '[From bolt, boult, v.]
to a bolt. (See the compounds which follow.) 1. In a strict sense : Straight as an arrow, *0. Law: A moot. (Stowe: Sur. of London,
C. As adverb : As a bolt (in the phrase
and erect. Used
p. 59.)
which follows).
(1) Of persons :
Bolt-upright : “Upright” as an arrow, or "As I stood bolt upright upon one end, ..."- | bolt'-ed, pa. par. [BOLT (1), v.]
Addison.
a bar of iron ; unbendingly. [BOLT-UPRIGHT.]
“At evening, till at length the freezing blast
† (2) Of things :
That sweeps the bolted shutter, summons home
The recollected powers ; . .
bolt-auger, s. An auger used by ship-
"Brush iron, native or from the mine, consisteth of
Cowper: Task, lk. iv.
wrights in sinking holes for bolts.
long striæ, about the thickness of a small knitting
needle, bolt upright like the bristles of a stiff brush." t bol-tel, s. [BOULTINE, BOWTEL.]
-Grew.
* bolt-bag, s. A quiver.
2. More Toosely: Straight as an arrow but
In Architec. : A name given to a convex
“His arrow sheues they heard, and rattling noyse
prostrate. (Chaucer : C. T., 4,263.)
of bolt-bag fire."-Phaer : Virgil, bk. ix.
moulding, such as an ovolo. (Gwilt.)
+ bolt'-er (1), s. [From bolt (1), v.] One who
bolt-boat, s. A strong boat for a rough bolt (2), s. [From bolt (2), v., or bolter, s.]
suddenly breaks away from his party. (Good-
sea.
Milling: A sieve of very fine stuff, for rich & Porter.)
bolt-chisel, s.
separating the bran and coarser particles from
| More common in America than here.
flour. [BOLT (2), v., FLOUR-BOLT.]
Mach. : A cold chisel for cutting off the
bõlt'-er (2), S. [From bolt (2), v. In Fr.
extra length of a bolt; a cross-cut chisel; a | bolt (1), v.t. & i. [From bolt, s. (q.v.).]
bluteau, blutoir; Ger. beutel = a bolter, a
deep chisel with a narrow edge.
A. Transitive:
bolter-bag; Low. Lat. bultellus, buletellum,
bolt-cutter, s.
I. Literally (of things material):
buletellus.] [BOLT (2), v.]
Machinery:
1. To shut or fasten by means of a literal 1. A sieve to separate the finer from the
bolt. (Used of a gate or door, or anything
It usually
coarser particles of anything, Spec., an instru-
(1) A tool for cutting off bolts.
similar.)
ment to separate meal from bran and husks.
consists of a sleeve with a radial cutter setting
inwardly and rotated around the bolt to be
2. To pin together, to fasten, though not by (1) Literally : In the foregoing sense.
cut by means of a handle.
means of a literal bolt.
“Dowlas, filthy dowlas : I have given them away to
“ That I could reach the axle, where the pins are
bakers' wives, and they have made bolters of them.”
(2) A machine for cutting the thread on
Which bolt this frame, that I might pull them out!”
-Shakesp.: 1 Hen. IV., iii. 3.
bolts.
Ben Jonson.
(2) Figuratively: A kind of net.
* 3. To support by iron bands.
bolt-extractor, s. A tool or implement
"These hakes, and divers others of the forecited, are
“... or bolted with yrne.”
taken with threads, and some of them with the botter,
for extracting bolts by a lifting force.
Piers Plow. Vis., vi. 138. which is a spiller of a bigger size."-Carew.
4. To put fetters upon a person.
bolt-feeder, s.
2. A mental apparatus for sifting opinions,
Milling : A: device for regulating the rate of
II. Figuratively :
testing character, &c.
passage of the meal to the flour-bolt.
1. Of things material : To swallow the food + bõlt-éred, a. Eng. bolter ; -ed.] Clotted.
without chewing it.
Only in compos. in the word blood-boltered =
* bolt-foot, s. A club-footed person.
“Some hawks and owls bolt their prey whole, and clotted with blood. [BLOOD-BOLTERED.]
"Auld Boltfoot rides into the rear."-Scott.
after an interval of from twelve to twenty hours dis-
gorge pellets."-Darwin : Origin of Species (ed. 1859).,
bolt-head (1), * bolt-hed, s. The tip
ch, xi, p. 362.
bolt-îng (1), pr. par., a., & s. [BOLT (1), v.]
or head of a bolt or arrow.
2. Of things immaterial:
A. As present participle & adjective:
“Hec cuspis, a bolt-hed."-Wright : Vocab., p. 278. (1) To fetter, to confine, to prevent progress. 1. Ordinary Language : (See the verb).
boil, boy; póut, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhŭn. tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, del.

618
bolting-bombard
bom, s. (From the sound made by the animal.]
A large serpent found in America.
bomb, s. & d. [In Fr. bombe ; Sp., Port., & Ital.
bomba = a bomb, &c.; from Lat. bombus; Gr.
Bóubos (bombos) = a humming or buzzing
sound. A military bomb is so named from
the sound it makes while it flies.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
* 1. Gen.: A humming, booming, or buzzing
one form of the weapon the arrangement is
that when the harpoon strikes the fish,” the
bar, which is pivoted obliquely in the head of
the instrument, shall serve to release a spring
acting on the hammer, which then explodes
the cap and bursts the charge-chamber.
bomb-proof, a. & s.
A. As adjective: So strongly built that it is
proof against the momentum of bomb-shells,
whether striking it laterally or descending on
it from above.
B. As substantive. Fortif.: A structure in
2. ller.: The same as boltant (q.v.).
B. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. The act of fastening with a bolt.
2. The act of starting off suddenly.
* II. O. Law : A private arguing of cases in
the Inns of Court. (Wharton.)
bõlt-îng (2), pr. par., A., & s. [BOLT (2), v.]
A. & B. As present participle & particip. adj.:
In senses corresponding to those of the verb.
C. As substantive :
1. Ord. Lang. : The act of sifting.
“In the bolting and sifting of fourteen years of
power and favour, all that came out could not be pure
meal."— Wotton.
2. Law: Private arguing of cases for legal
practice, in a less formal way than is done in
moots.
bolting-chest, s. The inclosure or case
of a flouring-bolt.
bolting-cloth, s. Cloth of hair or other
substance with meshes of various sizes for
sieves.
bolting-house, s. The place where meal
is sifted.
“ The jade is returned as white, and as powdered, as
by the vibration of metal.
“An upper chamber, being thought weak, was sup-
ported by a pillar of iron, of the bigness of one's arm in
the midst; which, if you had struck, would make a
little flat noise in the room, but a great bomb in the
chamber beneath.”—Bacon.
2. Specially :
(1) In the same sense as II., 1.
+ (2) The stroke upon a bell.
II. Technically:
1. Ordnance : The same as a bomb-shell; a
hollow iron ball, spheroid, or anything similar,
filled with gunpowder, and provided with a
bomb-shell, s.
1. Ordnance : The same as BOMB, II. 1. (q.v.).
2. Her.: The same as FIRE-BALI, (q.v.).
bomb-vessel, s. The same as BOMB-
KETCH (q.v.).
“Nor could an ordinary fleet, with bomb-vessels, hope
to succeed against a place that has in its arsenal
gallies and men of war."- Addison on Italy.
* bomb, v.t. & i. [From bomb, s. (q.v.).]
A. Trans. : To attack with bombs, to bom-
bard.
“Our king thus trembles at Namur,
Whilst Villeroy, who ne'er afraid
BOMB.
bolting-hutch, s.
1. Literally: A tub or box into which flour
or meal is bolted.
2. Figuratively: Any receptacle.
“That bolting-hutch of beastliness, that swollen
parcel of dropsies."-Shakesp.: 1 Hen. IV., ii. 4.
bolting-mill, s. A machine in which
Prior.
B. Intrans. : To emit a humming, buzzing,
or other similar sound.
bom-bā'-çě-æ, s. [From Mod. Lat. bombax,
genit. bombacis (q.v.). ]
Bot.: A section of the order Sterculiaceæ
(Sterculiads). Type, Bombax (q.v.).
bom-bā'-çě-oŭs, a. [From Mod. Lat. bom-
bax, genit. bombacis (q.v.).] Pertaining to
plants of the genus Bombax.
“The Leguminous and Bombaceous orders." —Bates :
Naturalist on the Amazon, p. 139.
* bom'-bançe, s. [BOBAUNCE.] Pride, arro-
gance.
“Come prykand with bombance."--R. C. de Lion,
4,494.
bom-bar'd, * bom-bar'de, s. & d. [In
Ger. & Fr. bombarde; Sp., Port., Ital., & Low
time or percussion fusee. It is fired from a
mortar or howitzer. Bombs were used at the
siege of Naples in 1434. Mortars for throwing
bombs were cast in England in 1543. Bombs
are now generally called shells, though the
word bomb is not the least obsolete in the
words bombard, bomb-shell, bombardier, &c.
[BOMB-SHELL, CARCASE, CASE-SHOT, GRENADE,
SHELL.]
2. Geol.: A bomb, or, more fully, a volcanic
bomb, is a bomb-like mass of lava, spherical,
pear-shaped, or more irregular in form, and of
various sizes, from that of an apple to that of a
man's body. Bombs exist in the vicinity of
recent or of extinct volcanoes or lava flows,
and are supposed by Mr. Darwin to have been
produced by a mass of viscid scoriaceous
matter projected with a rapid rotatory motion
through the air. Lyell makes them a modifi-
cation of basaltic columns divided by cross
joints. They may be seen near the prison in
Edinburgh, or the flat-tipped basaltic hills of
Central India, and elsewhere. Old volcanic
rocks made up of a series of bombs fitting each
other are sometimes called concentric nodular
basalt.
“... to conclude that these bombs are connected
with the trap-eruption of the neighbourhood."-Q. J.
Geol. Soc., xi., pt. i., 404.
B. As adjective : Consisting of a bomb;
containing, or in any way pertaining or re-
lating to a bomb. (See the compounds.)
bomb-chest, s.
Mil. mining: A kind of chest filled with
bombs, or in some cases only with gunpowder,
buried in the earth, and designed to be ex-
ploded at a predetermined moment and blow
up those who may be above and around.
bomb-ketch, s.
Naut.: A small, strongly-built vessel, ketch-
grades.
bolting-tub, s. A tub to sift anything
in; a bolting-hutch.
“The larders have been search'd,
The bake-houses and bolting-tub, the ovens."
Ben Jonson: Magn. Lady.
böl-ton'-1-a, s. [Named after J. B. Bolton,
an English botanist who lived in the latter
part of the eighteenth century.]
Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the
order Asteraceæ (Composites), and the sub-
order Tubulifloræ. The species, which are few,
are pretty herbaceous plants from North
America.
böl'-tön-īte, s. [Named from Bolton, in
Massachusetts, where it is found.]
Min.: A variety of Olivine. (Brit. Mus.
Cat.) A variety of Forsterite, distinguished
from the most typical variety of the species
by being coloured instead of white. (Dana.)
* bõlt'-sprit, s. [Corr. from bowsprit (q.v.).]
“Her boltsprit kissed the broken waves.”
Scott: Lord of the Isles, i. 14.
bo'-lūs, s. & a. [Lat. bolus = a bit, a morsel; Gr.
Bados (bālos) = (1) a clod or lump of earth; (2)
a lump of anything. ]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Lit. : In the sense II. 1. Med., but gene-
rally more or less contemptuously.
“A complicated heap of ills,
Despising boluses and pills." Swift.
2. Fig. : Anything unpleasant to take, any-
thing mentally unpalatable.
“... so that if I, acting on the apothecary's prece-
dent of repetatur haustus, had endeavoured to ad-
minister another bolus or draught of expostulation, he
would have ...."-De Quincey: Works (2nd ed.), i. 67.
II. Technically:
1. Med.: A form of medicine in which the
ingredients are made up into a soft mass larger
than a pill, but, pill-like, to be swallowed at
once.
2. Min. : The same as bole (q.v.).
B. As adj.: Containing a bolus. [II. 1.]
“Surrounded thus by bolus pill,
And potion glasses."
Burns: Poem on Life.
* bolwes, s. pl. [A corruption of Eng. balls,
pl. of ball =“the hard round heads of the
wort” (Cockayne).) A name for a plant, Cen-
taurea nigra. (Britten & Holland.)
* bô-lý, s. [BOLE (1).]
* bolye, s. [BOLEY.]
* bolyyn (pr. par. bolyynge), v.t. [Boil, v.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language:
1. In the same sēnse as II. 1. (q.v.).
“The capitaine with all his retinue departed, leuyng
behynd the ordinaunce of bombardes, curtaines, and
demy curtaux, slinges, canons, volgers, and other or-
dinaunce, ..."-Hall: Hen. Vill., an. 15.
† 2. An attack with bombs; a bombard-
* 3. A large can or any similar drinking
vessel for carrying beer or other liquor.
"The poor cattle yonder are passing away the time
with a cheat loaf, and a bombard of broken beer."-
Ben Jonson : Masques.
II. Technically:
* 1. Ordnance: A mortar of large bore for-
merly in use to throw stone-shot. One has
been known to project a mass 3 cwt. in weight.
"They planted in divers places twelve great bom-
bards, wherewith they threw huge stones into the air."
-Knolles.
2. Music:
(a) A reed stop on the organ, usually
among the pedal registers, of large scale, rich
tone, and often on a heavy pressure of wind.
(Stainer and Barrett.)
* (b) A kind of large trumpet.
“A soune of bombarde and of clarioune.”—Gower,
iii. 358.
B. As adjective:
1. Of persons: Having the office of carrying
bombards or liquor cans. [BOMBARD-MAN.]
2. Of language: Inflated, pompous. [BOM-
BARD-PHRASE.]
* bombard-man, s. A person who car-
ried liquor in a bombard or can. [BOMBARD,
A., I. 3.)
“... and made room for a bombard man, that
brought bouge for a countrey lady or two, that fainted,
he said, with fasting, ..."-B. Jonson : Masques.
Love Restored.
bombard-phrase, s. Inflated phrase-
ology
“ When they are poore, and banish'd must throw by
Their bombard-phrase, and foot, and half foot words.”
B. Jonson: Horace; Art of Poetrie.
bom-bar'd, v.t. [From bombard, s. (q.v.) In
TIT
вомв-КЕТСН.
rigged, on which one or more mortars are
mounted for naval bombardments. It is called
also BOMB-VESSEL.
bomb-lance, s.
“Bolyynge, or boylynge of pottys or othere lyke.
Bullicio, bütior.”—Prompt. Parv.
charge of explosive material in its head. In
b ardeeren ; Ger. bombardiren; Fr. bombarder ;
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hêr, thêre; pine, pīt, sïre, sír, marîne; gā, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian. ®, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bombarded-bombyx
619
Sp. & Port. bombardear; Ital. bombardare.]
To attack a fortified place or an army by
throwing bombs at it.
“... the same [Admiral John Berkley), who with
his fleet bombarded and burnt down Dieppe in France,
and bombarded Havre de Grace, in the same country,
in July, 1649."-Wood : Athence Oxon.
bom-bard'-ěd, pa. par. & a. [BOMBARD, v.]
bom-bard'-1-cal, a. [Eng. bombard ; -ical.]
"He that entitles himself ... with other such
bombardicall titles."--Howell : Letters, No. 21.
bom-bar-dî'er, + bom-bar-dë'er, s. & a.
[In Sw. bombarderare ; Dan. bombarderer;
Dut., Ger., & Fr. bombardier ; Sp. bombardero;
Port. bombardeiro; Ital. bombardiere.]
A. As substantive :
1. Mil.: A non-commissioned officer in the
artillery employed chiefly in serving mortars
and howitzers. In the British army several
are attached to each company of artillery.
2. Gen. : Any artilleryman.
“ The bombardier tosses his ball sometimes into the
midst of a city, with a design to fill all around him
with terrour and combustion."— Tatler.
B. As adjective: Operating like the military
functionary described under A. (See the
compounds which follow.)
bombardier-beetles, s. pl.
Entom. : The English name given to the
predatory beetles of the genus Brachinus
(q.v.). The name is given because these
animals, when disturbed, emit from the ex-
tremity of their abdomen a discharge of acrid
smoke or vapour of pungent odour, and at-
tended by a perceptible report. About five
species occur in Britain. The best known is
Brachinus crepitans.
bom-bard'-ing, pr. par., A., & s. [BOM-
BARD, v.]
A. & B. As pr. par. & participial adj. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
C. As substantive: The act or operation of
attacking with bombs.
“... to the present perfection of gunnery, can-
noneering, bombarding, mining, &c."-Burke : A Vin-
dication of Natural Society.
bom-bar-dî'-nő, s. [Ital. bombardino, dimin.
of bombardo (q.v.). ]
Music: A small bombardo.
bom-bard'-měnt, s. [Fr. & Dan. bombarde-
ment; Port. bombardeamento; Ital. bombarda-
mento.] An attack made upon a fortified place
or open city by throwing bombs into it.
“The project of carrying the fort of Kalanga by
assault was now relinquished, and recourse was had
to a bombardment."-Wilson : Hist. Brit. India, ii. 28.
bom-bar'-do, s. [Ital. bombardo.]
Music: A mediæval wind instrument, a
large and coarse species of oboe, and the fore-
runner of the oboes of smaller and finer make.
(Stainer & Barrett.)
bom-bar-don, s. [From Ital. bombardo (?).]
Music: A brass instrument not unlike an
ophicleide in tone.
* băm-bäse, * băm-bäse, S. [BoMBAST.]
Cotton. (Langham : Garden of Health.) (Syl-
vester, du Bartas.)
bom'-ba-şîn, s. & d. [BOMBAZIN.]
bom-băst, s. & d. (In Ger. bombast. Cognate
with Lat. bombyx, in the sense of cotton.]
[BOMBYX.]
A. As substantive :
1. The cotton plant.
“Bombast, the cotton-plant growing in Asia.”—
Phillips : The New World of Words.
* 2. The cotton wadding with which gar-
ments of the Elizabethan period were wont
to be stuffed and lined.
"Certain I am there was never any kind of apparel
ever invented that could more disproportion the body
of man than these doublets, stuffed with four, five, or
six pound of bombast at the least."-Stubbes : The Anat.
of Abuses, p. 23. (Trench.) .
3. Inflated speech, fustian; high-sounding
words; magniloquent language. (Used on
subjects which do not properly admit of it,
with the effect of being not sublime but
ridiculous.)
“... a hundred and sixty lines of frigid bombast."
-Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. xix.
B. As adjective: Fustian, pretentious, sug-
gesting the idea of something great, but with
that greatness made up of what is little
worth.
“ He, as loving his own pride and purposes, bom'-bill, s. [From Eng. bombilute (q.v.).]
Evades them, with a bombast circumstance
Horribly stuff'd with epithets of war."
1. Lit. : Buzzing noise.
Shakesp. : Othello, i. 1.
2. Fig. : Boasting.
+ bom-băst', v.t. [From bombust, s. (q.v.). 7
“For all your bombill y'er warde a little we."
To stuff out, to choose what is really meagre,
Polwart's Flyting, Watson's Coll. iii. 5.
to look of imposing bulk. (Used chiefly in a
* bom-bĩ-nā'-tion, s. The same as BOMBIL-
figurative sense.)
ATION.
“Then strives be to bombast his feeble lines
With far-fetch'd phrase.”
“Humble-bees whose bombination may be heard a
Bp. Hall: Satires, i. 4.
considerable distance."-Kirby & Spense: Entomology,
ch. xxiv.
† bom-băs'-těd, pa. par. & d. [BOMBAST, v.]
“For Leontinus Gorgias, that bombasted sophister,
* băm-băng, p. par. & a. [BoMB, 0.]
the greatness of his learning was rather in the people's As participial adj. : Humming, murmuring.
false opinion and ascription, than in his own true
“What over-charged piece of melancholy
possession.”—Fotherby : Atheomastix, p. 190.
Is this, breaks in between my wishes thus,
With bombing sighs!” B. Jonson: Masques.
băm-bắs-tic, * băm-bắsº-tick, * bam-
bas'-tick, a. [Eng. bombast; -ic.] Inflated ;
bom-bo'-lo, s. [From Ital. bambolo = an
high-sounding in language but slender in
infant (?).]
meaning; characterised by fustian.
Glass: A spheroidal retort in which camphor
“Bambastick phrases, solecisms, absurdities, and a
is sublimed. It is made of thin flint-glass,
thousand monsters of a scholastick brood, were set on weighs about one pound, and is twelve inches
foot."-Shaftesbury.
in diameter. It is heated in a sand-bath to
bom-băst:-1-cal, a. [Eng. bombastic; -al.]
250° Fah., which is gradually increased to
The same as BOMBASTIC.
400°. [CAMPHOR.]
bom-băst'-7-cal-lý, adv. [Eng. bombastical ;
* băm-băn, .. [BUMMYN.] (Prompt. Parp.)
-ly.] In a bombastic manner, pompously. * bom-bų-lā'-tion, s. [BOMBILATION.] ·
t bom'-bas-trý, s. [Eng. bombast; -ry.] The
bom'-bús, s. [From Lat. bombus; Gr. Bóubos
same as bombast, s. (q.v.).
(bombos) = a humming or buzzing. (Imitated
"Bombastry and buffoonery, by nature lofty and
from the sound).]
light, soar highest of all."-Swift : Introd. Tule of
a Tub.
Entom.: A genus of Apidæ containing the
bom'-băx, s. [In Sp. bombasi ; Lat. bombyx
humming bees. They are social, but live in
=(1) the silk-worm, (2) silk, (3) cotton; Gr.
much smaller communities than the hive bee.
There are among them male, female, and
Bóußvś (bombux) = (1) the silk-worm, (2) silk.]
neuter individuals. Bombus terrestris is the
Bot. : Silk-cotton tree. A genus of plants
common black-and-white banded Humble-bee;
belonging to the order Sterculiaceæ (Stercu-
B. hortorum, like it, but smaller, and with
liads), and the section Bombaceæ. Bombax pen-
the hinder part of the thorax and the base of
tandrum is the cotton-tree of India. The fruit
the abdomen yellow, is often confounded with
is larger than a swan's egg, and when ripe it. B. muscorum, yellow, with the thorax
opens in five parts, displaying many roundish
orange, is the Carder-bee; and B. lapidarius
pea-like seeds enveloped in dark cotton. This
is the Red-tailed bee. It is called the lapidary
tree yields a gum, given in conjunction with from its making its nest in stony places.
spices in certain stages of bowel-complaints.
[HUMBLE-BEE.]
B. ceiba, the Five-leaved Silk-cotton tree, rises
to a great height. Its native country is South bom-by-çi-dæ, s. pl. [From Lat. bombyx,
America and the adjacent West India Islands, genit. bombycis; and suffix -idæ.] [BOMBYX.]
where its immense trunk is scooped into
Entom.: A family of moths. They have
canoes.
only rudimentary maxillæ, small palpi, and
bom'-ba-zet, bom'-ba-zette, s. [Compare
bipectinated antennæ. The caterpillars are
bombazin.]
generally hairy, and spin a cocoon for the
protection of their chrysalis. The British
Fabric: A kind of thin woollen cloth.
genera are Saturnia, Lasiocampa, Odonestis,
bom'-bą-zîn, bõm'-ba-zîne, bom'-ba Gastropacha, and others. [BOMBYX.]
şîn, s. [In Sw., Ger., & Fr. bombasin ; Dut. bom-by-çil'-la, s. [From Mod. Lat. bombyx,
bombazign; Sp. bombasi; Port. bombazina;
genit. bombycis =... silk, and suffix -illa.
Ital. bombagino ; Lat. bombycinum = silk-
Named from the silky plumage.]
weaving, bombycinus = silken, from bombyx
Ornith. : A genus of birds belonging to the
(q.v.). ]
family Ampelidæ and the sub-family Ampe-
Fabric: A mixed silk and woollen twilled
linæ. Bombycilla garrula is the Bohemian or
stuff, the warp consisting of silk and the weft
rather European Chatterer or Common Wax-
of worsted. It was manufactured first at
wing, by some called Ampelis garrula. [AMPE-
Milan and next in France, but now it is no-
LIS, CHATTERER, WAXWING.]
where made better or in larger quantities
than in Britain. (M'Culloch, &c.)
bom-by-cī'-noŭs, a. [Lat. bombycinus; from
bombyx, s. = the silk-worm, .... silk.]
* bom'-be-sie, s. [Corrupted from Eng. bom-
[BOMBYX.]
bazin, or directly from Sp. bombasi.] Bom-
1. Made of silk, silken. (Coles.)
bazin.
2. Of the colour of the silk-worm, trans-
bom-bîc, a. [From Lat. bombyx, and Eng. parent, with a yellow tint.
suffix -ic.] Pertaining to or derived from a “The bombycinous colour of the skin."-Darwin:
“bombyx " or silk-worm. [BOMBYX.]
Zoonomia, ii. 6.
. "The moth of the silk-worm ejects a liquor which bom-bỏı-Y-dæ bom-by-YY-dæo. s. pl.
appears to contain a peculiar acid, called bombic acid."
-Mrs. Marcet : Conv. on Chem. (1841), ii. 335.
[From Mod. Lat. bombyli(us) (q.v.); Lat. pl.
suffix -ido.]
bõm'-bî-dæ, s. pl. [From Lat. bombus (q.v.).]
Entom.: A family of insects belonging to
Entom.: A family of Hymenopterous in-
the order Diptera, and the sub-order Brachy-
sects, containing the Humble or Bumble cera. They have a long proboscis and much
bees. [BOMBUS. ]
resemble humble-bees, with which however
they have no real affinity, differing from them
+ bom-bil-āte, v.t. [From Low Lat. bombilo;
among other important respects in having only
Class. Lat. bombio or bombilo = to buzz, to
two wings. They fly very swiftly. The typical
hum.] To make a humming or murmuring
genus is Bombylius (q.v.).
sound.
bom-býl'-1-oŭs, a. [BOMBILIOUS.)
* bom-bil-ā-tion, * bom-bu-lā'-tion, s.
[Eng. bombilat(e); -ion. In Lat. bombitátio bom-bỹ1-1-ús, s. [From Gr. BouBudcós (bom-
not bombilatio = humming. ] [BOMBILATE.] bulios) = a buzzing insect, possibly either a
Sound, noise, report.
humble-bee or a gnat.]
“How to abate the vigour or silence the bombilation Entom. : The typical genus of the family
of guns, a way is said to be by borax and butter mixt
in a due proportion."-Browne : V. Err.
Bombylidæ or Bombyliidæ (q.v.). The species
are sometimes called Humble-bee Flies.
* bom-bữl'-1-oŭs, * bom-bỹi-1-oŭs, a.
[From Low Lat. bombilo.] [BOMBILATE.1 | bom-byx, s. [Lat. bombyx = (1) the silk-
Emitting a humming or murmuring sound.
worm, (2) silk, (3) any fine fibre such as cotton;
“The wherne or burret-fly is vexatious ... not by
Gr. Bóubuś (bombux) = (1) the silk-worm, (2)
stinging, but by its bombilious noise."-Desham.
silk, (3) part of a flute.]
boll, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ģem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhún-cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

620
bomespar-bonchretien
Entom. : A genus of moths, the typical one
silk-worm. It came originally from China.
[SILK-WORM.] B. cynthia is the Arrindy Silk-
bona-vacantia, s. Stray goods; goods
in which no man can claim property, as things
picked up which no claimant proves to be his.
They are now held to belong to the crown,
though by some former decisions the finder
was held to be entitled to them after certain
efforts to find the original owner had failed.
bome'-spar, s. [From Sw. & Dan. bom = a
bar with which to shut a gate, a boom ; and
spar, i.e., a spar of wood, not a mineral spar.]
A spar of a larger kind.
“Bomespars the hundred, containing one hundred
and twenty ... 10 s."-Rates, A. 1670, p. 7. (Jamieson.)
* bom'-ill, s. [Etym. doubtful.] Apparently
a cooper's instrument [qu. wimble?], as it is
conjoined with eche, i.e., adze. (Aberd. Reg.)
(Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
* bon (1), s. [BANE.] Bane, injury. (Scotch.)
“Old Saturn his cloudy courss had gon,
The quhilk had heyn bath best and byrdis bon."
Wallace, ix. 7. MS. (Jamieson.)
* bồn (2), s. [AS. bán = a bone. A bone. (Sin
Ferumbras, ed. Herrtage.) [BONE.]
*bon (3), s. & a. [From Icel. bón = boon. Cog-
nate with Sw. bön; O. Eng. bene = prayer.]
bo'-na (3), buo'-na, a. [From Ital. buona,
fem. of buono = good.]
bona-roba, buonarobba, s. [Robba is
from Ital. roba = a robe, goods, estate.] A
cant term for a handsome but wanton girl.
Cowley seems to have considered it as
implying a fine tall figure.
“I would neither .wish that my mistress nor my
fortune should be a bona-roba but as Lucretius
says, Parvula ...."-Cowley: On Greatness. (Nares.)
* bona-socia, s. A good companion.
“Tush, the knaves keepers are my bona-socias and
my pensioners.”—Ben Jonson : Merry Devil, O. Pl., v.
great battle of Leipsic on October 16, 18, and
19. On April 5, 1814, he renounced the
thrones of France and Italy, and consented to
have his rule limited to the island of Elba.
Reappearing in France on March 1, 1815, he
was decisively defeated by Wellington at
Waterloo on June 18, 1815, and, surrendering
on July 15 to the English, died in exile in
St. Helena on May 20, 1821.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Bromeliaceae (Bromelworts). The B.
juncea, or rush-leaved species, is a fine plant
with spikes of blue flowers.
Bon-a-par't-ě-an, a. [Fr., &c., Bonaparte;
Eng. suffix -an.] Pertaining or relating to any
of the Bonapartes, and especially to Napo-
leon I. or III. [NAPOLEON.]
Bon’-a-part-ışm, s. [From Fr. Bonapar-
tisme.] The views or procedure of the house
of Bonaparte.
Bön'-a-part-ist, s. [From Fr. Bonapartiste.]
Hist. : One who supported the Bonaparte
family, and especially Napoleon I. or III., or
who now seeks to revive their dynasty.
bon-ā'-şi-a, s. [From Lat. bonasus (q.v.).]
Ornith. : A genus of birds belonging to the
family Tetraonidæ, or Grouse tribe. B. um-
bellus is the Ruffed Grouse of North America,
called also White Flesher and Pheasant. It
is highly prized for food.
268.
* bõn'-a-ble, a. (Etym. doubtful. Perhaps
for banable = cursable (Stevens), or from bone-
and able (Nares). 7 For def, see etym.
“ Diccon! it is vengeable knave, gammer, 'tis a
bonable horson."-Gam. Gurt., O. Pl., ii. 41.
(bonasos) =a wild ox found in Pæonia, pro-
bably the Aurochs or Bison.]
Zool. & Palæont.: A genus of mammals be-
A. As substantive:
1. Boon.
"His felau asked his bon,
And prayed Godd for his mercye."
Homilies in Verse (ed. Skeat & Morris), i. 209, 210.
2. Prayer.
“Our Lauerd grauntes it us son,
Yef sawel hel be in our bon."
Homilies in Verse, ii. 65, 66.
B. As adjective: Obtained by prayer or
solicitation ; borrowed. (0. Scotch.)
"He that trusts to bon ploughs will have his land
lye lazy."-S. Prov. (Jamieson.)
* bon (4), a. [BOWNE, BOUN.] Ready, prepared.
(Cursor Mundi, 110.)
bon (5), a. & S. [Fr. bon (m.), bonne (f.), adj. =
good, as subst. = that which is good ; Prov.
bon; Sp. bueno; Port. bom, as Bombay = good-
bay; Ital. buono; Lat. bonus, formerly buonus,
all adjectives. ]
1. Gen. : Good
2. Spec. : Voted as a security for something.
bon-jour, s. [Fr.) Good-day.
"... we'll give your grace bon-jour.”
Shakesp. : Titus Andro.. i. 2
bon-mot, s. [Fr.) A good saying, a jest,
a tale.
“The Scripture was his jest-book, whence he drew
Bon-mots to gall the Christian and the Jew."
Cowper : Truth.
bon-ton, s. [Fr.] The height of fashion.
bon-vivant, s. [Fr.] Lit., living well.
A person fond of the pleasures of the table;
a boon companion ; a jolly fellow.
bo'-na (1), a. [Portion of the Latin adjective
bonus. For details see the compound words.]
bona-fide, used as adj. [From Lat. bonâ,
ablative sing. fem. of bonus, -a, -um= good,
and fide, ablative sing. of fides = faith.] With
good faith; with no subterfuge, fraud, or de-
ception.
A bona-fide traveller :
Law : One who, to entitle himself to obtain
refreshments at a tavern at certain prohibited
hours, proves to the satisfaction of the host
that he, in all good faith, has journeyed from
a distance that day.
bona-fides, used as s. [Lat. bona, nomin,
sing. fem. of bonus = good, and fides = faith.]
Law : Good faith, as opposed to mala-fides
= bad faith.
bo'-na (2), s. pl. in compos. [Lat. bona = gifts
of fortune, wealth, goods, nomin, pl. of bonum
=a material or moral good.]
Civil Law: All kinds of property movable
and immovable.
bona-mobilia, s. [Mobilia is neut. pl.
of Lat. adj. mobilis = movable.]
Law: Movable goods or effects.
bona-notabilia, s. [Notabilia is neut.
pl. of Lat. adj. notabilis = notable.]
Law: Notable goods; legal personal estate
to the value of £5 or more.
bona-peritura, s. [Peritura is neut. pl.
of Lat. fut. particip. periturus = about to
perish.]
Law : Perishable goods.
bon'-ac-cord, s. [From Fr. bon = good, and
accord = agreement.] Agreement ; amity.
(Scotch.)
"Articles of Bonaccord to be condescended upon by
the magistrates of Aberdeen, ... We heartily desire
your subscriptions and seal to thir reasonable de-
mands, or a peremptory or present answer of bon-
accord or mal-accord.”-Spalding, i. 214, 216 (2nd).
It seems to have been formerly used by
way of toast, as expressive of amity and kind-
ness.
“During the time he was in Aberdeen, he got no
bon-accord drunken to him in wine; whether it was
refused, or not offered, I cannot tell."--Spalding, ii. 57.
The term is associated chiefly with Aber-
deen, which also is sometimes called the city
of Bonaccord.
bon'-açe, s. & A. [Etym. doubtful.]
bonace-bark, s.
Bot.: The name of a shrub, the Daphne
tinifolia, which grows in Jamaica.
bonailie, bonalais, s. [BONNAILLIE.] (Scotch.)
* bon-āir', a. [BONERE.]
* bon-aire-te', s. [Contr. from Fr. débon-
naireté = gentlemen.] Gentlemen. (Chaucer.)
* bon-āir'-něsse, s. [Bonere ; -ness.] Meek-
ness, humility. (Wycliffe : 1 Cor., iv. 21.)
bon-a-par-te-a, s. [Named after the world-
renowned Napoleon Bonaparte. He was born
at Ajaccio in Corsica on August 15, 1769, his
remote ancestors being Italians connected with
Tuscany. He compelled the evacuation of
Toulon in 1793, became Brigadier-general of
French artillery in February, 1794, and was
HEAD OF THE BONASUS.
the army of Italy, soon after gaining among
other victories over the Austrians those of
Montenotte on April 12, 1796 ; Lodi on May
10, 1796 ; and Arcola on November 14-17, 1796.
In a Turco-Egyptian campaign were the vic-
tories of the Pyramids, July 13 and 21, 1798 ;
Aboukir, July 25, 1799, and others. On Dec.
24, 1799, he became first-consul, and on June
14, 1800, he defeated the Austrians at Ma-
rengo ; on August 2, 1802, he became consul
longing to the family Bovidæ. It contains
the Aurochs (B. bison) [AUROCHS) and the
American Bison (B. Americanus). [BISON.]
* bon-at, s. [BONNET.] (Scotch.) (Barbour :
The Bruce, ix. 506.)
bon-a-věn'-tūre, a. [Fr. bon = good, and
aventure=adventure, hazard, fortune.] Bring-
ing good fortune. (Only in the subjoined com-
pound.)
bonaventure-mizzen, s.
Naut.: An additional or second mizzen-
mast, formerly used in some large ships.
* bon-āyre', s. [BONER.]
* bon-āyre-lyche (ch guttural), adv. [From
Fr. de, bon, air = of good mien.) Debonairly,
reverently.
"Ryghtuollyche an bonayrelyche. Sobrelyche: in
ous zelue ryghtuollyche: to oure emcristen bonayre-
Skeat), 85-87. (Dan. Michel, of Northgate: Ser. on
Matt. xxiv. 43.)
bon-bon, s. [Fr.] A sweetmeat.
“... the confectioner who makes bonbons for the
momentary pleasure of a sense of taste."-J. S. Mill:
Polit. Econ., vol. i., bk. i., ch. iii., § 1, p. 56.
* bonc, s. The same as BANK. (Ear. Eng.
Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Pearl, 907.)
* bonched, pret. of v. [BUNCHED.]
* bon-chief, * bon-chef, S. [Fr. bon =
good, and suff. -chief, -chef, corresponding to
the suffix in mischief.] Gaiety, or perhaps
innocence, purity. (Morris.)
"If I consent to do after your will for bonchief or
mischief that may befall unto me in this life, I were
worthy to be cursed "-Thorpe: Exam. in Fox, 1407.
bon-chrêt'-1-en, s. [Fr. bon=good; Chrétien
= Christian. Lit., a good Christian. Pro-
bably called after some gardener named
Christian.) A kind of pear.
November 13, 1805, he entered Vienna, and on
December 2 he gained the great victory of
Austerlitz over the Russians and Austrians,
and on October 14, 1806, that of Jena over
the Prussians, entering Berlin on October 27.
On February 7 and 8, 1807, he fought the
indecisive battle of Eylau. On June 14, 1807,
he was victorious over the Russians at Fried-
land. On May 12, 1809, he again entered
Vienna. In conflict with Austria, he lost the
battles of Aspern and Essling on May 21 and
22, 1809, but was successful at Wagram on
July 5 and 6. A victory, but with heavy
loss to the victors, was gained over the Rus-
sians at the Borodino on September 7, 1812.
On the 14th he entered Moscow, from which
he began his disastrous retreat on October 19.
The battle of Beresina was on November 26
and 27. He was victorious over the Russians
and Prussians at Lutzen on May 2, 1813, and
at Bautzen on 21st, but was decisively de-
feated by the Russians and Prussians at the
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pít, sire, sîr, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, són; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrianæ, o=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bond-bonding
621
H UH
bond, * bónde, s. & a. [A different spelling
of band (q.v.). Band, bend, and bond were
originally but different methods of writing
the same word. (Trench : Eng. Past and Pre-
sent, p. 65.).]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. That which ties or restrains.
(1) Of a physical tie or restraint:
(a) Cords, ropes, chains, or anything similar
with which a person or other living creature is
bound.
“ Till, gnawing with my teeth my bonds in sunder,
I gain'd my freedom.'
Shakesp. : Com. of Errors, v. 1.
(6) Anything which holds matter together,
as attraction, cohesion, &c. ; also that part of
a built structure which ties the other portion
together. [II. 1, 2, 3, 4.]
“Their round figure clearly indicates the existence
of some general bond of union in the nature of an
attractive force; ..."-Herschel : Astron., 5th ed.
(1858), § 866.
(2) Of a moral tie or restraint: That which
restrains the conscience, the affections, the
passions, or the will—viz., Divine or human
law. Spec. --
(a) A vow to God.
"If a man vow a vow unto the Lord, or swear an
oath to bind his soul with a bond :..."-Num.b. xxx. 2.
(6) An oath or promise made to a human
being; a formally contracted obligation, or
its record in writing ; a promise. [II. 6.]
“Go with me to a notary, seal me there
Your single bond.”
Shakesp. : Mer. of Ven., i. 3.
“ What if I ne'er consent to make you mine:
My father's promise ties me not to time;
And bonds without a date, they say are void."
Dryden.
The hymeneal bond : The matrimonial
bond, the bond of marriage.
(c) The tie of affection.
“It does not feel for man; the natural bond
Of brotherhood is sever'd as the flax,”
Cowper : The Task, bk. ii.
(a) Habit, produced by practice.
“Time was, he closed as he began the day
With decent duty, not ashamed to pray:
The practice was a bond upon his heart,
A pledge he gave for a consistent part."
Cowper : Tirocinium.
(e) Other force, power, influence, or con-
straint.
“Ne wai non so wis than in al his lond,
The kude vn-don this dremes bond.'
Story of Gen. & Exod., 2,113-4.
2. The state of being tied or placed under
physical or moral restraint.
(1) Sing.: Obligation ; duty.
"I love your majesty
header; B, a stretcher; c, a bond of hoop-
iron ; D, a timber-bond.
3. Roofing : The distance which the tail of
a shingle or slate overlaps the head of the
second course below. A slate 27 inches long,
and having a margin of 12 inches gage ex-
posed to the weather, will have 3 inches bond,
or lap. The excess over twice the gage is the
bond.
4. Carp. : Tie-timbers placed in the walls of
a building, as bond-timbers, lintels, and wall-
plates.
5. Chem.: A graphic representation of the
method in which the atomicity of an element
in a molecule is satisfied by combination with
another element, or elements, according to
their atomicity. Thus a monad is represented
as having one bond, a dyad as having two, a
triad three, and a tetrad four. These are repre-
sented by straight lines connecting the atoms;
thus, H-CI, H-0-H, N
SH
(Example, Fowne's Inorganic Chemistry, 12th
ed., p. 258.)
6. Law : A written acknowledgment or
binding of a debt under seal. The person who
gives the bond is called the obligor, and he
to whom it is given the obligee. A bond is
called single when it does not contain a
penalty, and an obligation when it does. If
two or more persons bind themselves in a
bond jointly and severally, the obligee may
sue them jointly or single out any one of the
number he pleases to sue; but if they are
bound jointly, and not severally, he must sue
them jointly or not at all. Bonds of an im-
moral character are void at law. (Wharton.)
[ARBITRATION BOND, COVENANT, DEFEA-
SANCE, RECOGNIZANCE.]
B. As adjective:
1. Of persons :
(1) In a state of slavery.
“And he caused all, both small and great, rich and
poor, free and bond, ..."-Rev. xiii. 16.
(2) Under a legal “bond” [II. 6] or obliga-
bu
s
tion.
(2) The state of being bound by covenant or
other obligation.
"He must resolve by no means to be enslaved, and
brought under the bondage of observing oaths, which
to vanish when they stand in competition with
eating and drinking, or taking money." --South.
II. Old Eng. Law: Villeinage ; tenure of land
on condition of rendering various menial ser-
vices to the feudal lord. In O. Scotch the
word in this sense is corrupted into bonnage.
* bon'-dāy, a. [From bond (q. v.).]
bonday warkis, s. pl. The time a
tenant or vassal is bound to work for the pro-
prietor.
“All and haill the maniss of Grenelaw, with the
Cayne peittis and bonday warkis of the baronie of
Crocemichaell, with dew services of the samene
barony."-Acts Ja. VI., 1617, ed. 1814, p. 571. (The
phrase occurs thrice in this act.) (Jamieson.)
* bonde, a. & s. [BOND.]
* bonde-dogge, s. [BONDOGGE.]
* bonde-man, s. [BONDMAN.] (Chaucer :
C. T., 693.)
* bonde, s. & a. A.S. bonda= a proprietor,
a husbandman, a boor (Bosworth). From
Icel. bóndi = a husbandman, a short form of
búandi = a tiller of the soil, from bua=to
till. It has no connection with bond, s., or
bind, v. (Skeat).]
A. As substantive :
1. Originally:
(1) Sing.: A husbandman, an individual
of the class described under (2) pl.
(2) Plur. (bonde not bondes): Bondsmen,
“villains," as opposed to the orders of barons
and burgesses.
“That baronus, burgeys, and bonde, and alle other
William of Palerne, 2, 128.
On bonde manere : After the manner of a
bondman. Bonde is the genitive case.
"And me to selle on bonde manere."
Robt. Manning of Brunne, 5,762.
2. Subsequently : One in a state of slavish
dependence; a serf, a slave.
“Bonde as a man or woman. Servus, serva.”-
Prompt. Parv.
B. As adj. : Engaged in husbandry.
"Baronus and burgeis and bonde men also.”
Piers Plow., A., prol. 96.
bond'-ěd, pa. par. & d. [BOND, v.]
As participial adjective: Secured by bond.
Bonded goods are goods left at the custom-
house in charge of the appropriate officers,
bonds being given for the duties leviable upon
them.
bonded-warehouse, bonded ware-
house, s. A warehouse for storing bonded
goods.
* bon-del, * bon-delle, s. [BUNDLE.]
* bon-den, pa. par. [BOUND, BOUNDEN.]
(William of Palerne, 2,238.)
bond-ěr, s. [Eng. bond ; -er.]
Masonry. Generally pl. (bonders): Binding-
stones. Stones which reach a considerable
distance into or entirely through a wall, for
the purpose of binding it together; they are
principally used when the work is faced with
ashlar, and are inserted at intervals to tie it
more securely to the rough walling or backing.
[PERPENT-STONE, THROUGH-STONE.]
bond'-hold-ěr, s. [Eng. bond; holder.] A
person holding a bond or bonds granted by a
private person or by a government, as, for in-
stance, by Turkey or Egypt.
“There is nothing at stake in Egypt for either
pation except the bondholders' chances of getting seven
per cent,”—Times, May 12, 1870.
bond'-îng, pr. par., d., & s. [BOND, v.]
A. & B. As present participle & participial
adjective: In a sense corresponding to that of
the verb.
C. As substantive: The act or practice of
leaving goods under the charge of custom-
house officers, bond for the payment of the
duties leviable upon them being given.
Inland bonding : The same system of
bonding extended to inland towns, so to
place them on an equality with ports as re-
gards the entry of excisable goods. Its
author was Mr. W. Gibb, a Manchester mer-
chant, who was born at Ayr, in 1800, and died
in 1873. He perseveringly headed increasingly
large deputations to the Treasury and the Board
of Trade till the Inland Bonding Act was
passed. (Times, September 11, 1873.)
According to my bond. Shakesp. : Lear, i. 1.
2. Of things : Involving an obligation ; per-
taining to an obligation; designed for the
printing of bonds.
bond-creditor, s. A creditor who is
secured by a bond. (Blackstone.)
bond-debt, s. Å debt contracted under
the obligation of a bond.
bond-paper, s. A thin, uncalendered
paper made of superior stock, and used for
printing bonds and similar evidences of value.
bond-stone, s. [Eng. bond-stone. In Ger.
bindestein.] [BINDERS.]
bond-tenant, s.
Law : A copyholder or customary tenant.
In 0. Fr. he was called a bondage. Generally
in the plural, bond-tenants (O. Fr. bondages).
* bond, pret. of v. [BOUND, pret. ; BIND, v.]
(Chaucer (ed. Skeat): C. T., Group B., 634.)
bond, v.t. [From bond, s. (q.v.).] To secure
payment by giving a bond for. Generally in
the past participle or participial adjective,
bonded (q.v.).
bond'-age (age as iġ), s. [In O. Fr. bondage
= a bond-tenant (Kelham); Low Lat. bonda-
gium. But Skeat considers that it really
came from Icel. bondi = a husbandman, a
short form of buandi =a tiller of the soil,
from buc = to till.]
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Literally :
(1) The state of being bound; the state of
being under restraint or compulsion ; slavery,
captivity, imprisonment.
“For the Lord our God, he it is that brought us up
and our fathers out of the land of Egypt, from the
house of bondage, . . ."-Josh. xxiv. 17.
(2) The state of being in political subjection.
“ Think'st thou the mountain and the storm
Their hardy sons for bondage form?”
Hemans : Wallace's Invocation to Bruce.
2. Figuratively :
(1) The state of being under the restraint of
fear or terror, love, or any other emotion.
"And deliver them who through fear of death were
all their lifetime subject to bondage."—Heb. ii. 15.
"If she has a struggle for honour, she is in a bondage
to love; which gives the story its turn that way."
Pope.
(2) Plur.: Chains taken by metonymy to
stand for a state of imprisonment, with the
suffering thus resulting.
... but to have nothing laid to his charge worthy
of death or of bonds."-Acts xxiii. 29.
| In bond : In prison.
“And her wrigteleslike holden in bond.”
e Story of Gen. & Exod., 2,076.
II. Technically:
1. Masonry : A stone or brick which is laid
with its length across a wall, or extends
through the facing course into that behind, so
as to bind the facing to the backing. Such
stones are known also as binders, bond-stones,
binding - stones, through - stones, perpend-
stones, and headers. [CROSS-BOND.]
2. Bricklaying: A particular mode of dis-
posing bricks in a wall so as to tie and break
joint. The English bond has courses of
BONDS.
headers alternating with courses of stretchers.
In the Flemish bond each course has stretchers
and headers alternately. In the figure A is a
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhún. -tious, -sious, -cious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. =bel, del.

622
bondfolk-bone
bonding-stones, s. pl. [BONDERS.]
* bond'-folk, s. [Eng. bond ; folk.) Bondmen
and bondwomen, persons in a state of bond-
age.
girl.
"And furtherover, ther as the lawe sayth, that tem-
porel goodes of bondfolk ben the goodes of hir Lurd.”—
Chaucer : The Persones Tale.
* bond -ly, adv. [Eng. bond ; -ly.] Under
bond, as a bondman.
"Such londs as they hold bondly of the lordshyp.”—
Paston : Letters, vol. ii., p. 191.
bond'-māid, s. [Eng. bond ; maid.] A slave-
“Or bond-
maid at her master's gate."
Scott : Lord of the Isles, ii. 25.
bond'-man (1), bonde-man, S. [A.S.
bonda = a husbandman ; Moso-Goth. & Dan.
bonde = a peasant, from A.S. búan ; Icel. búa
(pr. par. buandi, bondi); Ger. bauen ; Dut.
bouwen=to till. No connection with bind
(Skeat; in Gloss. to Piers Plow.).] [BOOR.]
"And as a bondman of his bacoun, his berde was
bidraueled.”—Langl. : Piers Plow., v. 194.
For bondeman see Havel., 32.
bond'-man (2), * bond'-mănne, * boond'-
măn, s. [Eng. bold; mucu.] A man serving
as a slave, a serf.
"Both thy bondmen, and thy bondmaids, which
thou shalt have, shall be of the heathen that are
round about you ; of them shall ye buy bondmen and
bondmaids." -Lev. xxv. 44.
* bon'-dogge, * bónde dogge, s. [Eng.
bonde = bond, and dog.] A bandog.
“Bondogge (bonde dogge P.). Molosus.”—Prompt.
Ρανυ.
* bond-schepe, s. [Eng. bond, and 0. Eng.
schepe = suff. -ship.] The state or quality of
being bond, or in slavery.
"Bondschepe. Nativitas.”—Prompt. Parv.
bond-sēr-vant, s. [Eng. bond ; servant.]
A servant not hired, but in slavery.
"... thou shalt not compel him to serve as a bond-
servant.”—Lev. XXV. 39.
bond'-ser-vice, s. [Eng. bond ; service.] The
service rendered by one who is in slavery.
“Upon those did Solomon levy a tribute of bond-
service.”—1 Kings ix. 21.
bond-slāve, * bond'-slāue, * bonde'-
slāue, s. [Eng. bond ; slave.] A more em-
phatic term for a slave; a servant who cannot
change his master or cease working.
(a) Lit. :
“Lower than bond-slave!
Milton: Samson Agonistes.
(b) Fig. :
“The shame of Nature, the bondslave of spight.”
Spenser: The Fate of the Butterflie.
bondş'-man, s. [Eng. bonds; man.]
1. The same as BONDMAN. A slave.
"... the great majority were purchased bondsmen,
..."--Macaulay : Hist. Eng. ch. xvi.
2. Law: One giving security for another; a
surety. (Johnson.)
bond-stone, s. [BONDER.]
bỏndy-wom-ạn, bỏnd-wom-ạn, s. [Eng.
bonds; woman.] A woman who is in slavery.
"My lords, the senators
Are sold for slaves, and their wives for bondswomen.”
Ben Jonson: Catiline.
bond'-tîm-bēr, s. [Eng. bond ; timber.]
Bricklaying : One put lengthwise into a
wall to bind the brickwork together, and dis-
tribute the pressure of the superincumbent
weight more equally. It also affords hold for
the battens, which serve as a foundation for
interior finishing.
bon'-dúc, s. [From Arab. bondog =a neck-
lace.]
Bot. : The specific name of a plant, Guilan-
dina bonduc. It belongs to the leguminous
order, and to the sub-order Cæsalpineæ. [GUI-
LANDINA.]
Bonduc nuts, Bonduc seeds, Nicker nuts, Grey
nicker nuts: The hard, beautifully-polished
seeds of Guilandina bonduc and bonducella.
They are strung into necklaces, bracelets,
rosaries, &c. They possess tonic and anti-
periodic properties, and are used in India
against intermittent fevers.
bond'-wom-an, s. [Eng. bond ; woman.]
The same as BONDSWOMAN.
“ The fugitive bond-woman, with her son,
Outcast Nebaioth, ..
Milton : Paradise Regained, bk. ii.
bõne (1), *boane, * boone, * bon (Eng.),
bane (Scotch), s. & a. [A.S. bán ; 0. S. & Sw.
ben; Dan. & Dut. been ; Icel. & Ger. bein.
Wedgwood derives this from Wel. bôn = a
stem or base, which the leg-bone is; and
Fick, with the approval of Skeat, from Icel.
beinn = straight. ]
A. As substantive:
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Literally :
(1) Sing. : In the same sense as II., 1. Physiol.
(q.v.).
(2) Plur. Spec. : The whole vertebrated
skeleton, or even the corpse.
“... let no man move his bones. So they let his
bones alone, with the bones of the prophet that came
out of Samaria.”—2 Kings xxiii. 18.
(3) Small pieces of wood used by builders,
&c., for “setting out” work, [BONING-STICK.]
* (4) Used for the stalks or refuse of flax.
“Youre strengthe schal be as a deed sparcle of bonys
(ether of herdis of flaxe).”— Wycliffe : Isai., i. 31.
(Purvey.)
2. Figuratively :
(1) Plur. : Dice.
“And watch the box, for fear they should convey
False bones, and put upon me in the play."
Dryden.
(2) (See 3.)
3. In special phrases:
(1) A bone of contention : Something which
incites to quarrel, as dogs often do about a
literal bone.
(2) A bone to pick : Something to occupy
one in an interesting way and keep him quiet,
as. dogs become silent when they have ob-
tained a bone to gnaw.
To have a bone to pick with any one is
to have a cause of quarrel with or complaint
against him.
(3) To be upon the bones : To attack.
(4) To get one's living out of the bones :
Among lace-makers : To get one's living by
weaving bone-lace (q.v.). (Nares.)
(5) To make bones : To hesitate. The meta-
phor is taken from the idea of wasting time in
picking bones. (Skeat.)
“When mercers make more bones to swere and lye.”
Geo. Gascoyne, 1,087.
(6) To make no bones : To swallow whole,
not to scruple about doing something.
II. Technically:
1. Physiol. : A hard, dense, opaque sub-
stance used as the internal framework of man,
the vertebrata and some cephalopoda, and as
the external covering of several classes of
animals. It is composed partly of an organic
or animal, and partly of an inorganic or earthy
material. In a child the earthy material is
a trifle under half the weight of the bone,
in an adult four-fifths, and in an old person
seven-eighths. The animal part of bone con-
sists of cartilage, with vessels, medullary
membrane, and fat. Three hours' boiling will
convert it into gelatine. The animal part
consists of phosphate and carbonate of lime,
with smaller portions of phosphate and car-
bonate of magnesia. The outer portion of a
bone is in general compact and strong, the
interior reticular, spongy, or cancellated, that
is, having spaces or cells called cancelli com-
municating freely with each other. [CAN-
CELLI.] The hard surface of bone is covered
by a firm, tough membrane called the perios-
teum. [PERIOSTEUM.] In the compact tissue
are vascular canals called Haversian Canals
[HAVERSIAN.] There are in bone pores coalesc-
ing into a lacuna beneath. It has blood-
vessels and nerves. Bones may be classified
into Long, Short, Flat, and Irregular. (See
Todd & Bowman's Physiol. Anat., vol. i., ch. v.,
p. 103.) A long bone is divided into a shaft or
central part and two extremities. (Ibid.)
There are 198 bones in the fully developed
human skeleton.
2. Chem. : Bones consist partly of animal
and partly of earthy matter. The former is
called ossein (q.v.). It yields gelatine on
being boiled. The composition of human
bones, as analyzed by Berzelius, is-
Animal matter soluble by boiling . 32:17
Vascular substance
1.13
Calcium phosphate, with a little
calcium fluoride
53:04
Calcium carbonate .
11:30
Magnesium phosphate
1:16
Soda, with a little common salt 1.20
In the other vertebrates the proportions are
slightly different.
3. Palæont. : Excepting teeth, no part of a
vertebrated animal is more indestructible than
bones, and these are so correlated to the teeth,
digestive organs, external covering, &c., that
in many cases the finding of a single bone
will enable a skilled anatomist to reconstruct
the whole animal.
4. Music. Pl. (Bones): Four pieces of bone
taken from the ribs of horses or oxen, and
struck together for the purpose of marking
time in accompaniment to the voice or an
instrument. Sometimes only two bones are
used, or in lieu of these two small wooden
maces. The instrument is probably of African
origin. It existed in Egypt as far back as the
Theban era. Negro minstrels still patronise
it. Country people call such bones knicky-
knackers (q.v.). (Stainer & Barrett.)
“Let's have the tongs and the bones." — Shakesp. :
Mid. Night's Dr., iv. 1.
*5. Weaving : A kind of bobbins made of
troller bones for weaving bonelace (q. v.).
(Johnson.)
6. Art: Bones are used in many of the arts.
See the example.
“Mechanically considered, the uses of bone are for
turning, inlaying, handles of knives and tools, billiard
balls, scales, etc. The term includes the ordinary
bones of the body, and also the tusks and teeth of the
elephant, hippopotamus, walrus, and whale. Bone is
also, when deprived of its animal matters by distilla-
tion, used as a defecating, bleaching, and filtering
material in the treatment of sirups and distilled
liquors, and in the purification of water. Bone-black
is also used as a pigment in making printer's ink.
Bone, while yet fresh, is used by pastry-cooks to pre-
pare a clear and rigid jelly. Bone is used by steel-
workers as a carbon in the hardening of steel. Whale-
bone (so called) is not a bone, but partakes of the nature
of horn. Bone is used by husbandmen as a manure.
Bones blanched in an open fire, removing the carbon,
yield a powder which is used in making the cupels of
the assayer, in making phosphorus, and as a polishing
material.”—Knight: Pract. Dict. Mechan.
B. As adjective: Of or belonging to bone.
“Item, a bane coffre, and in it a grete cors of gold,
with four precious stanis, and a chenye of gold."-
Coll. Inventories (A. 1488), p. 12. (Jamieson.)
C. In compos. : Made of bones, in the bones,
containing bones, or in any other way per-
taining to bones. (See the compounds.)
bone-ace, s. 1
Card-playing: A game at cards in which he
who has the highest card turned up to him
wins the “bone,” i.e., half the stake.
bone-ache, * bone-ach, s. An ache or
pain in one or more of the bones, specially
one produced by syphilis.
"... incurable bone-ache."-Shakesp. : Tr. & Cress.,
v. 1.
bone-ash, s. [Eng. bone; and ash.]
Commerce : Ash made of calcined bones.
It consists chiefly of tricalcic phosphate
Ca''3(PO4)2", mixed with about one-fourth its
weight of magnesium phosphate and calcic
carbonate.
bone-bed, Axmouth bone-bed, s.
Geol. : A dark-coloured bed, so called from
the remains of saurians and fishes with which
it abounds. It is seen at Axmouth in Devon-
shire, and in the cliffs of Westbury and Aust
in Gloucestershire. It was formerly supposed
to be the lowest stratum of the Lias, but Sir
Philip Egerton showed, from the character of
the fish remains, that it was really referable to
the Upper Trias. Its characteristic fishes are
Acrodus, Hybodus, Gyrolepis, and Saurichthys.
bone-black, s.
Conim. : Animal charcoal. It is obtained by
charring bones. It contains about 10 per cent.
of finely divided carbon disseminated through
the porous phosphate of calcium. It has the
power of absorbing gases, removing the colour-
ing matter and alkaloids, &c., from their solu-
tions. It is used to disinfect ulcers, &c., also
to decolourize sugar and other organic sub-
stances; its properties can be restored by
heating it to redness in closed vessels. If
treated with dilute hydrochloric acid, HCl, for
two days the mineral matters are removed,
and a black pulverent substance is obtained,
which has been used as an antidote in cases of
poisoning with vegetable alkaloids.
Among the volatile products obtained
when bones are calcined in close vessels is a
peculiar oil, which is burned in lamps in close
chambers; while the soot which accumulates
on the sides is collected and forms the pig-
ment known, according to quality, as bone-
black or ivory-black.
100
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whăt, fàli, father; wē, wet, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sīr, marine; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; try, Sýrian, æ, ce=ē; ey=ā. qu=kw.

bone-boning
623
OM
LINK
OOOTTOTITO
Pococco
Bone-black cleaning apparatus: A device for *bone (2), v.t. [Boon.] To pray, beseech.
purifying, screening, and cooling bone-black
"Lef faderr ic the bone."
after treatment in the revivifying retort.
Ormulum, 5,223.
Bone-black cooler: An apparatus for cooling
* bone-chiēf, * bön-chēff, * bon-chēf, s.
animal charcoal after its removal from the [From Fr. bon = good; and chef = head, chief,
furnace.
leader. Bonchief is opposed to mischief. ]
Bone-black furnace: A form of furnace for
Either gaiety or innocence and purity.
revivifying bone-black.
“That al watz blis and bonchef, that breke hem
bitwene and wynne."-Sir Gaw. and the Gr. Kn., 1764.
Bone-black kiln: A chamber or retort
mounted in a furnace for re-burning bone bõned, pa. par. & a. [BONE (1), v.]
black to remove impurities with which it has A. As past participle : In senses correspond-
become saturated or impregnated during its
ing to those of the verb.
use as a defecator and filtering material.
B. As participial adjective: Possessed of
bone- breaker, s. [Eng. bone; and bones of a particular character or dimensions,
breaker. In Ger. beinbrecher.]
specially in composition, as big-boned.
1. Gen. : A person who or a thing which
“Marcus, we are but shrubs, no cedars we;
No big-boned men, fram'd of the Cyclops' size."
breaks bones.
Shakesp. : Titus Andron., iv. 3.
2. Spec. : A name for the sea-eagle, osprey, * bone-hostel. * bone hostel, s. A lodging.
or fishing-hawk, Pandion haliæetus.
“Now, 'bone hostel,' cothe the burne .
bone-breccia, s. [BRECCIA.]
Gaw, and the Green Knight, 776.
Geol. : An admixture of fragments of lime- | bone'-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [BONING.]
stone and bones cemented together into a
hard rock by a reddish ochreous cement.
boneing-rods, s. pl. [BONING-RODS.]
bone-brown, s.
bone'-lāçe, s. [Eng. bone ; and lace, the
Painting : A brown pigment made by roast bobbins with which lace is woven being fre-
ing bones or ivory till it assumes a brown hue. quently made of bones.] Flaxen lace, such as
women wear on their linen.
bone-dust, s. Bones ground into dust to
“The things you follow, and make songs on now,
be made into manure.
should be sent to knit, or sit down to bobbins or
bonelace."--Tatler.
bone-earth, s. The earthy residuum left
after bones have been calcined. It is also
bõne'-less, a. [Eng. bone; and suffix -less =
called bone-ash. It consists chiefly of tri-
without. In Ger. beinlos.] Without a bone
calcic phosphate, mixed with about one-
or bones.
fourth its weight of magnesic phosphate and
"... his boneless gums.”—Shakesp. : Macbeth, i. 7.
calcic carbonate.
bon-ěl'-lì-a, s. [From Bonelli, named by
“As the phosphate of lime is the same as bone Rolando, in 1822, after an Italian naturalist.]
earth."-Todd & Bowman : Physiol. Anat., vol. i., ch.
i., p. 40.
Zool. : A genus of radiated animals belong-
ing to the class Echinodermata, the order
bone-elevator, s.
Holothuroidea, and the sub-order Pneumono-
Surgery: A lever for raising a depressed phora. The body is oval, and there is a long
portion of bone, as, for instance, a part of the proboscis formed of a folded fleshy plate, sus-
cranium.
ceptible of great elongation, and forked at its
bone-grease (Eng.), bane-grease
extremity. Bonellia viridis is found in the
(Scotch), s. The oily substance produced from
Mediterranean.
bones which are bruised and stewed on a slow
* bo'-něn, v.i. [BONE, v.]
fire. (Jamieson.)
bone-manure, s. Manure made of bones.
* bon'-ěn, d. [A.S. bánen = bony.] Made of
bone.
bone-mill, s. A mill for grinding bones
“Bynde thine tonge with bonene wal."
for making either manure or bone-black.
Proverbs of Hendyng, 19.
Bone-grinding is effected by passing the bones * bõn-ễr, * bon-lyre, * bồnỮấyre, a.
through a series of toothed rollers arranged in
[From Fr. débonnaire = gentle, easy.] Com-
pairs, the rollers being toothed or serrated in
plaisant. ::
different degrees of fineness, and riddles are
“He telleth a tale of the Patriarke of Constanti-
provided for sifting the bones into sizes, and
nople, that he should be boner and buxom to the
they are then sold as inch, three-quarters,
bishop of Rome."-Jewel: Def. of the Apologie, p. 538.
half-inch, and dust.
* bon-er-nesse, S. [BONER.) Mildness,
bone-oil, bone oil, s.
gentleness.
Comm.: An oil called also Dippel's Oil "In spirit of bonernesse or myldenesse."-Wycliffe :
(Oleum animale Dippelii), obtained by the dry
1 Cor. iv. 21.
distillation of bones and other animal matter. | * bon-ēr'-tě, s. [O. Eng. boner, and suffix
It contains the following organic tertiary -te. Akin to Fr. bonheur = happiness, fe-
bases : Pyridine, C H5N; Picoline, CH N; licity.] Goodness.
Lutidine, C,H,N; Collidine, CgHiN; Parvo-
“He calde me to his bonerté.”
line, C9H13N ; Coridine, C10H15N; Rubidine,
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Pearl, 7
CuHzN; and Viridine, C12H19N. Some of
these bases have been obtained synthetically;
bõnes, s. pl. [BONE (1), II. 4.]
the more important will be hereafter de bõne'-sët, s. [Eng. bone; set.] Two plants -
scribed.
(1) Symphytum officinale, (2) Eupatorium per-
bone-seed, S. The Osteospermum, a foliatum.
genus of plants belonging to the order As-
+ bone'-sět, v.i. [Eng. bone; set, v.] To set
teraceæ (Composites).
a dislocated bone.
bone-spavin, s.
bõne'-set-tér, s. [Eng. bone; setter ; from
Farr.: A bony excrescence or hard swelling
set = to place.] One who sets bones broken
on the inside of the back of a horse's leg.
or out of joint.
bone-spirit, s. A spirit or spirituous "At present my desire is to have a good bonesetter.”
liquor made from bone.
Denham.
* bone (2), s. [Icel. bón = a prayer.] [Boon.] bone'-set-ting, pr. par., d., & s. [Eng. bone;
Prayer.
setting.] [BONESET, v.]
“... nad sche ther noght of hure bone fulich y. A. & B. As pr. par. & participial adj.: In
mad an ende."--Sir Ferumb. (ed. Herrtage), 2,583.
a sense corresponding to that of the verb.
bone (3), s. The same as bane (q.v.).
C. As substantive: The act or process of
setting bones broken or out of joint.
* bone, a. [From Fr. bon = good.] Good.
"A fractured leg set in the country by one pretend-
“For he shall loke on oure lörde with a bone chere."
ing to bonesetting."-Wiseman : Surgery.
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 28.
* bõn-ět, s. [BONNET.] (Barbour : The Bruce,
bone (1), v.t. [From bone (1), s. (q.v.).]
ix. 506.) (Scotch.)
1. Ordinary Language : To take out bones
from the flesh of an animal about to be eaten,
* bón'-ětt, * bonet, s. [BONNET (2).]
as “ to bone veal.” (Johnson.)
* bon-ět'-ta, s.
2. Surveying : To sight along an object or a
Zoology: [BONITO.]
number of objects, to see if they are level or
“Sharks, dolphins, bonettas, albicores, and other
in line. (Knight.) .
sea-tyrants."-Sir T. Herbert : Trav., p. 39.
* bone'-worke, s. & a.
A. As substantive : Work by means of bone,
i.e., by bone bobbins.
B. As adjective : Worked by means of bone.
“ Thomas Wyat had on a shirt of maile, and on his
head a faire hat of veluet, with broad bonewor ke lace
about it.”-Stowe : Queen Mary, an. 1554.
* bồnỮêyre, S. [BoNER.]
bõn'-fire, bõne'-fire (Eng.), bāne-fire,
(Scotch), s. [Probably from Eng. bone, and
fire. Skeat considers the reference to be to
the burning of saints' relics in the time of
Henry VIII.] A large fire lit up in the open
air, on occasion of some public rejoicing.
“Before midnight all the heights of Antrim and
Down were blazing with bonfires.”—Macaulay: Hist.
Eng., ch. xvi.
* bon-graçe, S.
Fr. bonne grace =
the head-curtain
of a bed, a bon-
grace.]
I. Ordinary Lan-
guage :
* 1. A forehead
cloth or covering
for the head. A
kind of vail at-
tached to a hood.
BONGRACE.
(Skinner.)
“I have seen her beset all over with emeralds and
pearls, ranged in rows about her caul, her peruke, her
bongrace, and chaplet.”—Hakewill: on Providence.
"As you may perceive by his butter'd bon-grace,
that film of a demi-castor."-Cleveland (1687), p. 81.
* 2. A large bonnet worn by females.
(Jamieson.)
“Her dark elf-locks shot out like the snakes of the
gorgon, between an old-fashioned bonnet called a bon-
grace."-Scott: Guy Mannering, ch. iii.
“The want of the screen, which was drawn over the
head like a veil, she supplied by a bon-grace, as she
called it; a large straw bonnet, like those worn by
the English maidens when labouring in the fields."
Scott : Heart of Mid-Loth., ch. xxviii.
II. Naut. : A bow-grace or junk-fender.
bongrace-moss, s. A moss, Splachnum
rubrum. (Nemnich.)
* bon-grê', adv. [From Fr. bon = good, and
gré = will, pleasure, from 0. Fr. gret = will;
Lat. gratus = pleasing.] Agreeably to, will-
ingly.
"The had bowed to his bode, bongre my hyure.”
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Patience, 56.
bo-ni', plur. masc. of a. [Plur. masc. of Lat.
bonus, a. = good.] Good.
Boni Homines, s. [Lat. = good men.]
Ch. Hist. : A name given in France to a
Paulician Christian sect called Los-Bos
Homos, also Albigenses, Bulgarians, Publi-
cani, and in Italy Paterini, Cathari, and Gazari.
[BULGARIANS, PAULICIANS.) (Mosheim: Ch.
Hist., cent. xi., pt. ii., ch. V., § 2, 3.)
* bón'-1, s. [BUNNY.] (Prompt. Parv.)
* bon-1-bell, s. [BONNYBELL. ]
bón'-ïe, a. [BONNY.] (Scotch.)
bon-1-fāçe, s. [Fr. bon=good, -i connective,
and Eng. face.] A term applied to a publican
or innkeeper.
+ bon'-1-form, a.' [From Lat. bonus, -a, -um
= good; and forma = shape.] Of a good
shape; of a good nature or character.
"Knowledge and truth may likewise both be said to
be boniform things, and of kin to the chief good, but
peither of them to be that chief good itself."-oud.
worth: Intellectual System, p. 204.
* bốn-i-f, * bỏn--fie, 0.t. [From Lat.
bonus good; and facio = to make.] To make
good, to convert into what is good.
“This must be acknowledged to be the greatest of
all arts, to bonifie evils, or tincture them with good."
Cudworth.
* bon'--lasse, s. [BONNILASSE.]
bön-îng, bone'-ing, pr. par. & s. [BONE, v.t.]
I. Ordinary Language:
A. As present participle : In senses corre-
sponding to those of the verb.
B. As substantive: The act of depriving of
bones; the state of being so deprived of bones.
II. Technically:
1. Surveying: The operation of levelling by
means of the eye.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shan -tion, -sion=shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

624
bonitarian-bonnivochil
-mitz) מִצְנֶפֶת the
Leves upon theni: ded thein withns, and put .
2. Carp. & Masonry : The act or operation
of placing two straight edges on an object,
and sighting on their upper edge to see if they
range. If they do not, the surface is said to
be in wind. (Knight.)
_boning, boneing, or borning rod, s.
The same as boning-stick (q.v.).
boning-stick, s. A stick with a head
like the letter T, designed to indicate a level
for work or construction. A number of such
sticks over a site indicate a certain level for
the tops of base pieces or foundation blocks.
(Knight.)
bon-1-tä'r-i-an, s. [From bonitas, in Class.
Lat. = goodness, in Low Lat. = an exacted
gift, benevolence, or gratuity (?).] The right
of possession. (Civil Law.) (Wharton.)
bon-î'-to, s. [In Ger. bonit; from Sp. bonito;
Arab. baynis = a bonito.]
Ichthyol. : A fish, Thynnus pelamys. It be-
longs to the family of Scomberidæ (Mackerels),
and is nearly allied to the Tunny. It is found
in the Mediterranean, and is a great foe to
the flying-fish.
| The Belted Bonito, Pelamys sarda.
The Plain Bonito, Alexis vulgaris.
* bon'-1-tý, s. [Lat. bonitas.] Goodness.
“We have referred the inquiry concerning God,
Unity, Bonity, Angels and Spirits to Natural Theo-
logy."-Bacon : Advanc. of Learning.
* bonk, * bonke, s. [The same as bank
(q.v.). (O. Eng. & 0. Scotch.). ] A bank, a
height. )
“And al the large feildis, bonk and bus."
Doug. : Virgil, 235, 17.
“And bowed to the hygh bonk . .
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris): The Deluge, 379.
* bon-kēr, s. & d. [BUNKER.] (Scotch.) (Bal-
four : Pract., p. 235.)
bon-nạģe, s. [BONDAGE.] (Scotch.)
*bắn-nail-lie, *bốn-nal-lý, *băn-ail-fe,
* bon-āl-ais, s. [Corrupted from Fr. bon
allez.] A cup drunk with a friend, when one
is about to part with him, as expressive of
one's wishing him a prosperous journey.
(Scotch.)
“Bonalais drunk rycht gladly in a morow;
Syn leiff thai tuk, and with Sanct Jhon to borow.”
Wallace, ix. 45, MS. (Jamieson.)
* bon-nār, s. [Low Lat. bonnarium = a cer-
tain measure of land; Fr. bonnier de terre
(Du Cange); bonnd=a boundary; a limit.] A
bond.
“And took three rigs o' braw land,
And put myself under a bonnar."
Jamieson : Popular Bali., i. 312.
bonne, a. [Fr., fem. of adj. bon =good.]
bonne-bouche (pron. bûsh), s. [Fr.
bonne = good ; and bouche = mouth, eating.]
A tit-bit.
bonne-grace, s. [Fr.]
Lit. : Good grace.
"And scarce had he bent to the Red-cross his head,
'Bonne grace, notre Dame,' he unwittingly said.”
Scott : Fire King.
bon-net (1), * bỏn'-nette, * bon'-et (Eng.),
bon-net, * bon-at (Scotch), s. & a. [Fr.
bonnet; Prov. boneta; Sp. & Port. bonete.
Originally, about A.D. 1300, it signified a stuff.
Skeat thinks that it may be connected with
Hindust. banát = woollen cloth, broad cloth.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
* 1. In England: A head-dress for men
worn before the introduction of hats. It is
what is now called a cap, and was in use in
England as well as Scotland.
“I prithee now, my son,
Go to them, with this bonnet in thy hand.”
Shakesp. : Coriolanus, iii. 2.
“ Next, Camus, reverend sire, went footing slow,
His mantle hairy, and his bonnet sedge."
Milton : Lycidas.
2. In Scotland : The head-dress of boys and
of some men of humbler rank, specially in the
Highlands.
“... all the hills round Dunkeld were alive with
bonnets and plaids.”—Macaulay : Hist. Eng. ch. xiii.
(1) To fill one's bonnet : To be equal to
one in any respect. (Scotch.)
« May every archer strive to fill
His bonnet, and observe
The pattern he has set with skill,
And praise like him deserve."
Poems on the Company of Archers, p. 33:
(2) To rive the bonnet of another : To excel derived its name from the fact that the king
him in whatever respect. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.) was represented upon it wearing a bonnet.
3. A head-dress for women, the portion
“My purse, with bonnet-pieces store,
covering the back of the head, cylindrical or
To him will swim a bowshot o'er,
And loose a shallop from the shore."
hat-shaped, that in front expanding into a
Scott: Lady of the Lake, vi. 20.
funnel-like projection.
bonnet-pressing, s. Pressing or de
II. Technically :
signed to press a bonnet whilst the latter is in
1. Scripture :
process of manufacture.
(1) The “bonnets” mentioned in Exodus Bonnet-pressing machine : A machine by
xxix. 9; Leviticus
which bonnets while on the forming-block are
viii. 13, &c., Heb.
presented to the flat or presser.
paa(migbaah),
bonnet-shaping, a. Shaping or de-
are the round mi-
signed to shape a woman's bonnet.
tres of ordinary
Bonnet-shaping machine : A machine by
Jewish priests, as
which a partially-shaped bonnet is pressed
distinguished from
down upon a facing-block to give it a proper
shape. One die has the exterior and the
nepheth), or head-
other the interior shape. One is usually
dress like half an
BONNET.
heated to dry the bonnet and make it rigid
egg in shape worn
in its acquired form. The principle is the
by the high priest.
same as in the hat-machine.
“And Moses brought Aaron's sons, and put coats
upon them, and girded them with girdles, and put
bon'-nět (2), bôn'-ette (0. pl. bonettez), s.
bonnets upon them; as the Lord commanded Moses." [Fr. bonnette, same meaning as def. (q.v.);
-Lev. viii. 13.
from Fr. bonnet = bonnet (q.v.).]
The same word is translated mitre in
Exod. xxviii. 4, 39, &c., and diadem in Ezek.
Naut. : An addi-
xxi. 26; in the last passage it is worn by a
tional part made to
fasten with latch-
king.
ings to the foot of
(2) Another kind of headdress (peêr),
the sails of small
is believed by Gesenius to have been shaped vessels with one
like a tiara (Ezek. xxiv. 17, 23). It was worn mast, in moderate
by priests (Exod. xxxix. 28), by bridegrooms winds. It is exactly
(Isaiah lxi. 10), and married men (Ezek. xxiv.
similar to the foot
17), as well as by women (Isa. iii. 20).
of the sail it is in-
"The bonnets, and the ornainents of the legs, and tended for. Such
the head-bands, and the tablets, and the earrings." -
additions are com-
Isaiah iii. 20.
2. Her.: The velvet cap within a coronet.
monly one-third of
the depth of the
3. Fortif.: A portion of a parapet elevated
BONNET.
sails they belong to.
to a traverse to intercept enfilade fire.
(Falconer.)
4. Machinery:
“Bet bonettez one brede, bettrede hatches."
(1) A cast-iron plate covering the openings
Morte Arthure, 3,656.
in the valve-chamber of a pump, and remov I f bon'-nět, v.t. & i. [From bonnet, s. (1)
able for the examination and repair of the (q.v.).]
valve and seat.
A. Trans. : To knock a man's hat over his
(2) A metallic canopy or projection, as of a eyes. (Chiefly Scotch.)
fireplace or chimney ; a cowl, or wind-cap; a * B. Intrans.: To take off the “bonnet”
hood for ventilation; the smoke-pipe on a or cap in courtesy to a person, to a group of
railway-car roof, or anything similar.
people, &c.
(3) The dome-shaped wire spark-arresting "... those who having been courteous and supple
to the people, bonnetted. without any farther deed to
cover of a locomotive chimney.
heave them at all into their estimation and report."-
(4) A sliding lid for a hole in an iron pipe.
Shakesp. : Coriol., ii, 2.
B. As adjective: Having a bonnet, or in bon'-nět-ěd, pa. par. & a. [BONNET, v.]
any way pertaining to a bonnet.
A. As past participle : (See the verb.)
bonnet à prêtre, s. [French = a B. As participial adjective: Wearing at the
priest's cap.]
moment, or accustomed to wear, a “bonnet”
Fortif. : A double redan. [REDAN.]
or cap.
bonnet-fleuk, s.
“When her bonneted chieftains to victory crowd.”
Campbell : Locheil.
Ichthyol. : A name given in Scotland to a * bõn'-nětte, s. [BONNET.]
fish, Rhombus vulgaris. It is called also Brill,
Pearl, anđ Mouse-dab. (Neill : List of Fishes, bon'-něy, s. [Etymology doubtful.]
p. 12. Yarrell: Brit. Fishes, &c.)
Mining: An isolated bed of ore.
bonnet-laird, bannet-laird, s. A * băn-nie, a. [BoNNY.] (Scotch.)
laird or landed proprietor accustomed to wear
a bonnet like a man of the humbler classes ; * bon’-n7-en, v. [BAN, v.] (Layamon.)
in other words, a petty laird. A person of
băn-ni-lass, * băn-ni-lasse, * băn-1-
this description, as a rule, cultivates his own
fields instead of letting them out to tenant-
lăsse, s. [O. Eng. bonie = bonny, pretty ;
farmers. He is sometimes called a cock-laird. Fr. bonne (BONNYBELL); and 0. Eng. or Scotch
(Scotch.)
lass = a girl.] A pretty girl, with or without
“I was unwilling to say a word about it, till I had
imputation on her character.
secured the ground, for it belonged to auld Johnnie
“Their goynge out of Britanye was to be come
Howie, a bonnet-laird here hard by, and many a com-
honest Christen mennys wyues, and not to go on pyl-
muning we had before he and I could agree."-Scott: grymage to Rome, and so become byshoppes bonilasses
Antiquary, ch. iv.
or prestes playeferes."-Bale : English Votaries, pt. i.
bonnet limpet, s.
“ As the bonitasse passed by,
Hey, ho, bonitasse !"
Zoology:
Spenser : Shep. Carr., vii.
1. The English name of Pileopsis, a genus
"Homely spoken for a fair maid or bonnilasse."-E.
K. on Spenser's Pastorals.
of gasteropodous molluscs belonging to the
family Calyptræidæ. They are so called from băn-ni-lý, bốn-ni-lie, ado. [O. Eng.
their resemblance to a “bonnet” or cap.
bonni(e); -ly.]
2. In the plural :
1. Beautifully ; finely ; handsomely.
(1) The plural of the above.
“But may ye flourish like a lily,
Now bonnilie /"
(2) The designation of the family of molluscs
Burns: On a Scotch Bard.
called Calyptræidæ. [CALYPTRÆIDÆ.]
2. Gaily.
bonnet-pepper, s.
3. Plumply.
: A species of Capsicum, the fruits of bon'-ni-něss, * bon'-y-ness, s. [Eng.
which, which are very fleshy, have a depressed
bonny ; -ness.]
form like a Scotch bonnet. In Jamaica it is
1. Beauty, handsomeness. (Johnson.)
esteemed more than any other Capsicum.
[CAPSICUM, PEPPER.]
2. Plumpness. (Johnson.)
bonnet-piece, s. Eng. bonnet, and piece.]
3. Gaiety. (Johnson.)
A coin resembling a bonnet in shape. It was bon'-nì-vo-chủl. S. [Gael. bunebhuachail
a gold coin from the mint of James V., and (bh being sounded v). Possibly from buana =
1
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whát, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hếr, thêre; pīne, pīt, sïre, sīr, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian, æ, ce =ē. ey=ão qu=kw.

bonnock-booby
625
bon'-us (2), a. [A corruption of Sp. buenos =
good.]
bonus noches. [A corruption of Sp.
buenos = good, and noches = night.] Good
night.
“ You that fish for dacc and roches,
Carpes or tenches, bonus noches."
Lluellin : Men. Mir., p. 53. (Wits : Recr., i. 18, repr.)
băn-wört, s. [A.S. bambort: bảo = bone,
and wort = vegetable, plant. Probably called
from its being supposed to be useful in cases
of fractures or diseases of the bones.] A
name for the daisy, Bellis perennis. (Archæol.,
xxx. 404.) (Britten & Holland.)
bon-xie, S. [Probably Scandinavian.) A
Shetland name for a gull, the Common Skua,
Cataractes vulgaris.
“Sea-birds to include auk, bonxie, cornish chough
."-Act for the Preservation of Sea-birds, passed
24, 1869.
bôn-ỹ, a. [Eng. bon(e); -3.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit.: Consisting of bones, full of bones.
“At the end of this hole is a membrane, fastened to
a round bony limb, and stretched like the head of a
drum; and therefore by anatomists called tympanum."
-Ray.
2. Figuratively:
"Creak'd from the bony lungs of death."
Langhorne, Fab. 11.
II. Technically :
Bot. : Close and hard in texture, so as to
present a difficulty in the way of cutting it,
but with the fragments detached brittle. Ex-
ample, the stone of a peach.
bony-pikes, s. pl.
Ichthyol. : A recent fish-genus Lepidosteus,
of great interest from its being of the order
Ganoidea, of which nearly all the species are
extinct. It belongs to the sub-order Holostea,
and the family Lepidosteidæ (q.v.). Among
other peculiarities the Bony-pikes have the
antique pattern of heterocercal tail (HETERO-
CERCAL), so common in the Old Red Sandstone
period. They inhabit rivers and lakes in the
warmer parts of America, grow some of them
three feet in length, and are used for food.
a hewer, and buaice = a wave.] The name sion to try all prisoners has taken its place.
given in the western islands of Scotland to a (Blackstone : Comment., bk. iv., ch. 19.)
bird, the Great Northern Diver (Colymbus 9 Pro bono publico : For the public good,
glacialis).
for general use or enjoyment.
“The Bonnivochil, so called by the natives, and by
the seamen Bishop and Carrara, as big as a goose, bón-och (ch guttural), s. [Etymology doubt-
having a white spot on the breast, and the rest party-
coloured ; it seldom flies, but is exceeding quick in
ful.] A binding to tie a cow's hind legs when
diving."-Martin: West. Ist., p. 79.
she is a-milking.
bon'-nock, s. [BANNOCK.) A kind of thick
"You are one of Cow Meek's breed, you'll stand with-
out a bonoch.”—S. Prov., Kelly, p. 371.
cake of bread; a small jannock or loaf made
of oatmeal. (Scotch, chiefly Ayrshire.) (Gloss. * bon'-oûr, s. [Corrupted from Low Lat. bon-
to Burns.)
narium, bonuarium = land defined by bound-
“ Tell yon guid bluid o' auld Boconnock's,
aries.] A bond (?).
I'll be his debt twa mashlum bonnocks."
“ Yestreen I was wi' his Honour :
Burns : Earnest Cry and Prayer.
I've taen three rigs of bra’land,
And hae bound mysel under a bonour."
+ băn-nỹ (1), 1 băn-nie, * bon-Ke (Eng.),
Herd : Coll., ii. 190.
bốn-nỹ, * bănº-ie, * băn-ỹ, * băn-ye
* băn-schâwe, * bỗn-shấwe, s. [From
(Scotch), a. [Generally derived from Fr. bon,
0. Eng. bon = bone, and A.S. sceorfa=itch (?). ]
fem. bonne = good (BONNYBELL); but Mahn
suggests comparison also with Gael. & Ir, bain,
0. Med.: A disease, sciatica.
baine = white, bright, fair, fair-haired.]
“Bonschawe, sekenesse (bonshawe, P.) Tessedo,
sciasis.”—Prompt. Parv.
I. Lit.: Beautiful ; pretty. Used-
(1) Of a person.
bonş'-dorf-fīte, s. [From Bonsdorf, their
"... the same bonny young women tripping up
discoverer.]
and down in the same (no, not the same) coquettish Mineralogy:
bonnets."-De Quincey : Works (2nd ed.), i. 96.
“But, Norman, how wilt thou provide
1. A variety of Oosite. (Brit. Mus. Cat.)
A shelter for thy bonny bride?"
2. A variety of Fahlunite (Dana). It is a
Scott : Lady of the Lake, iv. 3.
hydrous Iolite, from Abo in Finland.
(2) Of a single feature of the human coun-
tenance or one part of the body.
bon'-spiēli, bón'-spěll, s. [Etymology of
“We say that Shore's wife hath a pretty foot,
first syllable doubtful. Probably not Fr. bon
A cherry lip, a bonny eye, a passing pleasing tongue."
Shakesp.: Richard Ill., i. 1.
=good ; rather Sw. bondely = village, or
(3) Of one of the inferior animals, or any-
bonding = habitation, abode ; or Dut. bons =
thump. The second syllable is Sw. spel;
thing else deemed beautiful.
Dan. speil ; Dut. speel ; Ger. spiel = a play.]
“Even of the bonny beast he loved so well."
Shakesp. : 2 Henry VI., V. 2.
A match at any game. Specially-
"Far from the bonnie banks of Ayr.” .
1. A match at archery.
Burns : Song, ii.
"... that so many Inglisch men sould schott
Often used ironically.
againes thame at riveris, buttis, or prick bonnet. The
(1) The reverse of really beautiful ; beautiful
eiring of this bonspeill of his mother, was weill
content."-Pitscottie : Cron., p. 348.
only as one speaks of a “beautiful” mess, or
a “fine” uproar.
2. A match at curling (q.v.).
“Ye'll see the toun intill a bonny steer.”
* bon-tê', s. [Fr. bonté = goodness, good-
Ross: Helenore, p. 90.
will.] What is useful or advantageous; a
(2) Plump. (Colloquial.) (Johnson.)
benefit.
II. Figuratively :
“All new bonteis now appering amang ws ar cum-
1. Gay, merry, frolicsome, cheerful, blithe.
myn only by thy industry.”-Bell. : Cron., bk. xvii.,
ch. 4.
"Then sigh not so, but let them go,
And be you blithe and bonny."
Shakesp. : Much Ado, ii. 3. (Song.)
bonte-bok, s. [Dut. bonten = furred (?), and
2. Precious, valuable. (Scotch.)
bok = goat.]
." And a bonny gift I'll gie to thee."
Zool. : Gazella Pygarga, a species of ante-
Border Minstrelsy, v. 65. (Jamieson.) lope found in South Africa.
bonny-die, bonny-dye, s. Beautiful | bon'-těn, s. [Etymology doubtful.]
die. A term applied to money, as having
Fabric: A narrow woollen stuff.
the influence of a gewgaw on the eye.
“Weel, weel, gude e'en to you-ye hae seen the last bon'-tỉ-a, s._[Named after James Bont, or
o' me, and o' this bonny-dye too,' said Jenny, holding Bontius, a Dutch physician, who in 1658
between her finger and thumb a silver dollar."--Tales
published a Natural History of the East
of my Landlord, ii. 241.
Indies.]
bonny-wawlie, s. [Scotch bonny, and Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the
wawlie.] A toy; a trinket. (Scotch.)
order Myoporaceæ (Myoporads). Bontia daph-
(1) Lit. : A daisy.
noides is an ornamental shrub called the Bar-
(2) Fig. : Anything beautiful.
badoes Wild-olive.
... wi' a' the pictures and black velvet, and silver | *bon'-tv-văs-něsse, s. [BOUNTEOUSNESSE.]
bonny-wawlies belonging to it, ..."-Scott : Antiquary,
ch. xxix.
(Prompt. Parv.)
* bon-ný (2), s. & a. [Corrupted from Ir. | * bon'-ty-věse, d. [BOUNTEOUS.]
bainne, baine=milk, and clabcer=mud, mire.]
Milk. (Only in the subjoined compound.)
| bon’-üre, adv. [Fr. bonheur = luckily, fortu-
nately. ] Debonairly, politely. [BONAYRE-
bonny-clabber, * bonny-clabbore, LYCHE.]
8. Sour buttermilk. (Irish.)
“Bere the boxumly and bonure . .
“We scorn, for want of talk, to jabber
William of Palerne, 332.
Of parties o'er our bonny-clabber.” Swift.
“The healths in usquebaugh, and bonny-clabbore."
bon'-ús (1), A. & s. [A purely Lat. word,
Ford : Perk. Warb., iii. 2. bonus, -a, -um, adj.= good. There is no bonus,
It is applied in America to the thick part S., in Class. Lat.]
of milk which has turned or become sour. A. As adj.: Good. [BONUS-HENRICUS.]
(Goodrich & Porter.)
B. As substantive :
bon'-ný (3), s. [From bonny, a. (?).]
1. Commerce, Law, Banking, &c. : An extra
Mining: A round or compact bed of ore
dividend paid to the shareholders of a joint-
stock company, or to those interested in any
which communicates with no vein.
other commercial undertaking, when the
bon-ny-běli, bon-7-běli, s. [Fr. bonne, finances are unwontedly flourishing, and
f. of bon, adj, =good, kind, and belle, f, of
beyond what they would otherwise receive
beau, or bel, fem. belle = beautiful of forın, either as remuneration or profit.
feature, &c.) A pretty girl.
“... and as to result the bonuses paid to existing
“ I saw the bouncing, bellibone;
policy-holders have been somewhat small."-Times,
City Article, Feb. 22nd, 1877.
Hey, ho, bonibeli !"
Spenser : Shep. Cal., VII. 2. A sum of money paid to the agent of a
company or to a master of a vessel, in addition
* bö-no', portion of a. (Lat. bono, abl. neut. of
to his share in the profits.
bonus = good.]
3. A premium given for a loan, a charter, or
Writ de bono et malo : [Lat. = writ concern-
any other privilege.
ing good and evil.)
Law: A writ of gaol delivery which was bonus-henricus, s. [Lat.=Good Henry.]
issued for every prisoner individually. This Bot. : A name for a plant, the Good King
being found in convenient, a general commis- Henry, Chenopodium Bonus Henricus.)
* bon'-ý, s. [BUNNY.] (Prompt. Parv.)
* bon-ỹe, a. [BONNY.] (Scotch.)
* băn-y-nEss, s. [BONNINESS.]
bonze, s. [In Port. bonzo; Fr. bonze, bonse.
Corrupted from Japanese busso = a pious
man.] The name given by the Portugese to
any member of the Buddhist priesthood in
Japan. Thence the name spread to the priests
of the same faith in China and the adjacent
regions.
bộo'-by, s. & a. [Fr. boubie = a water-fowl ;
Sp. bobo = a booby, a pelican; a dunce, an
idiot; Russ. baba; Chin. poopi, boobi=the
lesser gannet. All these are swimming birds. ]
A. As substantive :
1. Literally:
(1) Ornith.: A name for a natatorial bird,
the Soland (i.e., Solent), or Channel-goose,
Sula bassana. It is of the family Pelicanidæ.
These birds are found, as their specific Latin
name imports, on the Bass Rock, in the Frith
of Forth. They exist also on the western coasts
of Britain, and in other places. They are
looked on as stupid in character. [SOLAND-
GOOSE, SULA.]
(2) The Brown Gannet, Sula fresca.
(3) Any other natatorial bird of similar form
and stupidity.
“ We found on St. Paul's only two kinds of birds-
the booby and the noddy. The former is a species of
gannet, and the latter a tern."-Darwin : * Voyage
round the World (ed. 1870), ch. i., p. 10.
2. Fig.: A stupid person, a fool, one desti-
tute of intellect.
"Then let the boobies stay at home."
Cowper : The Yearly Distress.
B. As adjective: Of an intellect so deficient
as to suggest the dull instincts of the birds
described under A. ; dull, stupid.
booby-hatch, s.
Naut.: The covering of the scuttle-way or
small hatchway which leads to the forecastle
or forepeak of small sailing vessels.
booby-hut, s.
Vehicles : A sleigh with a hooded cover.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ģem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
40
-cian, -tian =shạn. tion, -sion=shŭn; -tion, -şion=zhăn. -cious, -tious, -sious=shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del,

626
booe book
booby-hutch, s.
Vehicles : A roughly built covered carriage,
used in some parts of England.
* booc, s. [BOOSE.] (Prompt. Parv.)
* booce, s. [Boss.]
Bood'-dha, Búd-dha, s. [Pali booddho =
known, understood, possessing knowledge,
enlightened, wise; Booddha = the personage
described in this article. Sometimes the word
is spelled with one d, but this is erroneous,
Boodh in Sanscrit being = not the religious
teacher but the planet Mercury.]
1. Gen.: A man possessed of infinite or
infallible knowledge (Childers); a deified
religious teacher. There was said to be a
series of them, a number having come and
gone before Gautama, the personage described
under No. 2. When no Booddha is on earth,
the true religion gradually decays, but it
flourishes in pristine vigour when a new
Booddha is raised up. He is not, however,
entitled at once to that honourable appella-
tion, it is only after he has put forth arduous
exertions for the faith that he attains to
Booddhahood. Most of the Booddhas preced-
ing the personage described under No. 2 appear
to have been purely fabulous. His immediate
predecessor, Kasyapa or Kassapo, may have
been a real person.
“.. Sakya Muni, who is usually looked upon as
the founder of Buddhism : but so far from this being
the case Sakya Muni was the fourth Buddha of the
actual age or second division of the Kappo."-Col.
Sykes in Jour. Asiat. Soc. (1841), vol. vi., p. 261.
2. Specially: A distinguished personage of
Aryan descent, whose father was king of
Kapilavastu, an old Hindoo kingdom at the
foot of the Nepaulese mountains, about 100
miles north of Benares: he was of the Sakhya
family, and the class of the Gautamas,
hence his distinguished son was often called
Sakhya Munior Saint
Sakya, and Gautama or
Guadama. The Chinese
call him Fo, which is
the name Booddha
softened in the pro-
nunciation. The Aryan
invaders of India looked
down with contempt
upon the Turanian in-
habitants of that land,
and to keep their blood
uncontaminated devel-
oped the system of caste.
Booddha, whose human
sympathy was wide-
reaching, broke through
this old restraint, and
though he was himself
an Aryan, preached the
equality of races, a FIGURE OF BOODDHA.
doctrine which the op-
pressed Turanians eagerly embraced. By the
common account he was born in B.C. 622, at-
tained to Booddhahood in 580, and died in 543.
or in the opinion of some in B.C. 477, and
other years than these, such as 400 B.C., or
even lower, have been contended for. Bood-
dha became deified by his admiring followers.
Those images of an oriental god made of
white marble, so frequently seen in English
museums and even in private houses, are re-
presentations of Booddha.
Bood'-dha-hôod. Búd’-dha-hôod, S.
[Booddha; and Eng. suffix -hood.] The state
of a Booddha.
Bood'-dha-shịp, Búd’-dha-shịp, S.
[Booddha; and Eng. suffix -ship.] The degree
or condition of a Booddha.
Bood'-dhìşm, Bud'-dhism, s. [Sansc. &
Pali Booddha (BOODDHA), and Eng. suff. -ism.]
Theol., Phil., & Hist. : The system of faith
introduced or reformed by Booddha. [BOOD-
DHA.] In its origin Booddhism was a reaction
against the caste pretensions of the Brahmans
and other Aryan [ARYAN] invaders of India,
and was therefore eminently fitted to become,
as it far a long time was, the religion of the
vanquished Turanians (TURANIAN.] As might
have been anticipated, the equality of all
castes was, and is, one of its most fundamental
tenets. (CASTE.] Another tenet is the deifi-
cation of men who, when raised to Booddha-
hood, are called Booddhas. Professors of the
faith enumerate about one hundred of these
personages, but practically confine their rever-
ence to about seven. Pre-eminent among these Bood'-dhist, Bud'-dhist, a. & s. [Sansc.,
stands Booddha himself. Personally, he never Eng., &c., Booddh(a), and Eng. suff. -ist.]
claimed divine honours. It was his disciples A. As adjective: Pertaining or relating to
who first entitled him Sakya Muni, i.e., Saint Booddha or to Booddhism.
Sakya. (For other names, such as Gautama, “Besides the Buddhist Scriptures, which are the
&c., given to him, see POODDHA.) As Gautama, oldest Buddhist writings extant, ..."-Times, Dec. 2,
though adored as superhuman, is after all
1875.
confessedly only a deified hero, it has been
B. As substan. : One professing the Bood-
disputed whether his followers can be said dhist faith. The Booddhists are not less than
to admit a Supreme Intelligence, Governor of from 350 to 455 millions in number, and con-
this and all worlds. In philosophy, they stitute between one-fourth and one-third of
believe the universe to be máyá, an illusion or the human race.
phantom. The later Brahmanists do the “Pali then is the language of Magadha, in which
same; but in the opinion of Krishna Mohun,
Gautama Buddha taught, and in which the sacred
scriptures of the Buddhists were originally written."-
Banergea, and others, these latter seem to
Times, Dec. 2, 1876.
have borrowed the tenet from the Booddhists
rather than the Booddhists from them. Of
Booddhist architecture, s.
the six schools of Hindu philosophy, those
Arch. : A style of architecture characteristic
which Booddhism most closely approaches,
of the Indian or other Booddhists. “There is
are the Sankhya philosophy of Kapila, and
no known specimen of architecture in India,"
the Yoga philosophy of Patanjali. Booddhism Mr. Fergusson says, “the date of which carries
enjoins great tenderness to animal life. The
us beyond the third century before Christ.”
felicity at which its professors aim in the When the curtain rises the architecture visible
future world is called Nirvana, or, more is Booddhist. In 250 B.C. the great emperor
accurately, Nibbanam. It has been disputed
Asoka introduced the first great era of Indian
whether this means annihilation or blissful
architecture, that of the Booddhists proper.
repose. Mr. Robt. Cæsar Childers, in his
Up till this time all erections had been wood;
dictionary of the Pali language, uses strong
with him the use of stone commenced. He
arguments in favour of the former view.
engraved edicts, enjoining tenderness and hu-
Booddhism was attended by an enormous manity to animals, on lats (pillars) (LAT), in
development of monasticism.
Cuttack, Peshawur, and Surastra, in the
The language in which Gautama or Booddha
Dhun or Dhon, and other parts of the
Himalayas and in Thibet. He built innumer-
taught was the Mâgadhî or Pali, the language
able topes (mounds). [TOPE.] No built tem-
of Magadha, now called Bahar or Behar. [PALI.]
ples or monasteries of Booddhist origin have
It was a Prâkrit or Aryan vernacular of a pro-
come down to our times, if indeed any ever
vince, but has now been raised to the dignity
existed; but multitudes of rock-cut temples
of the Booddhist sacred tongue throughout the
and monasteries assembled in groups have
world. Gautama's followers believe that his
been found in Behar, Cuttack, the Bombay
sayings were noted down in the Tripitaka,
presidency, and elsewhere. Those of Behar,
or “ Three Treasuries of Discipline, Doctrine,
which are cut in granite, are the oldest, and
and Metaphysics,” which constitute the Bood-
it is from bihar = a monastery, that Behar
dhist scriptures. What their real age is has
itself is called. Those of Cuttack followed.
been a matter of dispute; the discovery by
Those of the Bombay presidency, einbracing
General Cunningham, in 1874, of allusions to
nine-tenths of the whole, were the last; they
them in the Bharhut Sculptures, which are of
are cut in amygdaloidal trap. The Booddhist
date third century B.C., is in favour of their
architecture, though essentially independent,
genuineness and antiquity. [BOODDHIST
yet showed a tinge of Greek influence. It
ARCHITECTURE.] This work is in Pali; the
originated the Jaina system of architecture.
Sanscrit Booddhist books discovered by Brian
[JAINA ARCHITECTURE.] (Fergusson.)
Hodgson in Nepaul are much more modern,
and present a corrupt form of Booddhism. Bood-dhis-tic, Bid-dhis-tic, Bood-
The first general council of the Booddhist dhistic-al, Bid-dhis-tic-al, a. [Eng.
Church was held at Rajagriha, the capital of Booddhist; -ic, -al.] The same as BOODDHIST,
the Magadha kingdom, in B.C. 543; the second a. (q.v.).
at Vesal (Allahabad [?], or a place near
"The author (Prof. Robt. Cæsar Childers) has shown
Patna) about B.C. 443 or 377 (?), and a third at that the Buddhistic exstatic meditation is the attain.
Pataliputra (Gr. Palibothra = modern Patna),
ment of a state of mesmeric trance."-Times, Dec. 2,
1875.
on the Ganges, in B.C. 307 or 250. This
last one was called by Asoka, an emperor * bôod'-le (le as el), s. Etym. doubtful.
ruling over a great part of India, who had Compare boddle = an old Scotch coin (q.v.).]
been converted to Booddhism, and is some A plant, Chrysanthemum segetum, L. (Tusser.)
times called the Constantine of that faith,
having established it as the state religion of | bo'o-it, s. [BOWET.] (Scotch.)
his wide realm. He sent missionaries into
book, * booke, * bõke, * boc (Eng.),
Western, Central, and Southern India, and
also to Ceylon and to Pegų. Booddhism was
beuk, buik, buke, buk (Scotch), s. & a.
[A.S. bóc = a book, a volume, a writing, an
dominant in India for about 1,000 years after
index ; Goth. boka ; Icel. bók; Sw. bok; Dan.
its establishment by Asoka. Then, having
bog; Dut. boek ; O. S. buok; (N. H.) Ger.
become corrupt and its vitality having de-
buch; M. H. Ger. buoch; 0. H. Ger. pohha.
cayed, reviving Brahmanism prevailed over
From A.S. bóc = a beech; Ger. buche= a
it, and all but extinguished it on the
beech (BEECH), because Anglo-Saxon and
Indian continent, though a modification of it,
German books were originally made of beech
Jainism, still exists in Marwad and many
boards. ]
other parts. It has all along held its own,
however, in Ceylon. On losing continental
A. As substantive:
India, its missionaries transferred their I. Ordinary Language :
efforts to China, which they converted, and 1. Literally:
which still remains Booddhist. The religion
(1) of things material: An article of manu-
of Gautama flourishes also in Thibet, Burmah,
facture, of which a series of forms have existed
and Japan, and is the great Turanian faith of
in bygone ages, but which at present consists
the modern as of the ancient world. [BOOD-
of a number of sheets of printed paper
DHISTS.]
stitched together, pressed, and covered with
The Rev. G. Smith points out resemblances boards. [BOOKBINDING.]
between Booddhism and Roman Catholicism
The first books were probably of various
(these, it may be added, were first discovered
and diverse types. The Koran is said to have
by the Jesuit missionaries, who were greatly
been written on shoulder-blades of sheep.
perplexed by them) : “ There is the monastery,
The Anglo-Saxon books were originally written
celibacy, the dress and caps of the priests,
on pieces of beechen board. Boards of other
the incense, the bells, the rosary of beads, the
trees were doubtless used in other countries,
lighted candles at the altar, the same intona-
as was the inner bark of trees. At a remote
tions in the services, the same ideas of pur-
period of antiquity the papyrus [PAPYRUS]
gatory, the praying in an unknown tongue,
displaced its rivals, and so well held its place
the offerings to departed spirits in the temple.”
as to have given rise to the word paper. Parch-
The closest similarity is in Lamaism, an am-
ment, called from Pergamos, where it was first
plification of Booddhism in Thibet. [LAMA-
made, arose about B.C. 200. [PARCHMENT.]
ISM.] But most of the resemblances are
An early and persistent form of book was a
ceremonial; there is no close similarity in
roll of papyrus or other material. Jeremiah's
doctrine between the two faiths.
book was such a roll (Jer. xxxvi. 4, 14, 23).
“There is also something stronger than a presump The charred books found in Herculaneum
tion of the existence of Buddhism previous to Sakya
Muni's ministry.”—Col. Sykes in Jour. Asiat. Soc., vi.
were also rolls. This form of book is com-
261.
memorated in the common word volume, which
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fall, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, cŭb. cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full: try. Sýrian. æ, oe=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

book-bookbinding
627
is from Lat. volumen = a thing rolled or
wound up. [VOLUME.) When books were
transcribed by hand they were necessarily
very expensive. Plato is said to have given
about £312 for one, Aristotle about £580 for
another; Alfred the Great, about the year
872, an estate for a third volume. Printing
cheapened books to an incalculable extent,
though heavy prices are still given for rare
and large or copiously - illustrated works.
Thus Machlin's Bible, by Tomkins, was
valued at £525, and a superb Bible, in fifty-
four large folio volumes, with 7,000 illustra-
tions, was raffled off for tickets in the aggre-
gate amounting to £5,000. A collection of
books is called a library. [LIBRARY.]
“Books / Those poor bits of rag-paper with black ink
on them."-Carlyle: Heroes, Lect. v.
It is not needful that a printed work shall
have many pages to constitute a book, in
nursery literature a single page will be enough.
"A book (to please us at a tender age
'Tis call'd a book, though but a single page)."
Cowper : Tirocinium.
(2) Of things intellectual :
(a) A written or printed literary composi-
tion contained in a roll, or collection of pages
in boards, as described under No. 1.
(6) Any writing or paper. (In the sub-
joined example it means articles of agree-
ment.)
"By that time will our book, I think, be drawn."
Shakesp. : 1 Hen. IV., iii. 1.
* (c) Pre-eminently the Bible.
“I'll be sworn on a book ..."
Shakesp. : Merry Wives, i. 4.
1 (d) An account book.
(e) A division of a treatise on any subject.
Books in this sense are often subdivided into
chapters. Thus in the contents of J. Stuart
Mill's Logic, 2nd ed. (1846), the leading divi-
sions and subdivisions are: Book I. Of Names
and Propositions. (This is divided into eight
chapters.) Book II. Of Reasoning (six chap-
ters.) Book III. Of Induction (thirteen
chapters).
2. Fig.: Anything presenting a more or less
close analogy either to the material part of a
book or to the writing or printing which it
contains. Specially-
* (1) Heaven.
“Paraventure in thilke large booke,
What that is cleped the heven, 1-write was.”
Chaucer : 0. T., 4,610-11.
(2) (See 3, Special phrases.)
3. In special phrases :
(1) A book of remembrance was written. Fig.:
There was undying remembrance. (Mal. iii.
16.)
(2) God's book : The Bible.
"Such as by God's book are adjudged to death."
Shakesp. : 2 Hen. VI., ii. 3.
(3) In the books of, or in the good books of:
Remembered for something of a favourable
or pleasant character.
"I was so much in his books that at his decease he
left me his lamp."-Addison.
(4) In the bad books of: Remembered for
something for which offence has been taken.
(5) The book : The Bible.
“Some herds, weel learn'd upo' the beuk."
Burns : To Wm. Simpson. (Postscript.)
(6) The book of life. Fig.: A record con-
ceived of as existing in which are written the
names of those who shall ultimately obtain
eternal life. (Phil. iv. 3; Rev. iii. 5 ; xiii. 8,
&c.)
(7) Without book :
(a) Without being compelled to have re-
course to a book to help the memory.
“Her friend Miss Kitty repeated, without book, the
eight best lines of the play.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng.,
ch. xviii. Note.
(6) Without fortifying the assertion by the
aid of books; without authority, loosely, in-
accurately.
(8) To bring to book : To oall to account.
II. Technically:
1. Mercantile affairs (pl. Books): A register
of financial transactions, as of debts, assets,
&c. [BOOKKEEPING.]
2. Law. Plur. (the books): All the volumes
which contain authentic reports of decisions
in English law from the earliest times till
now. [REPORTS.) (Wharton.)
3. Gilding : A package of gold-leaf consist-
ing of twenty-five leaves, each 3} x 3 inches
square; they are inserted between leaves of
soft paper rubbed with red chalk, to prevent
adherence.
B. As adjective : In any way pertaining, re book - learning, booklearning, S.
lating to, or connected with a book.
Learning derived from books. (Often used
1. Gen. : In some one of the foregoing senses.
with more or less contempt.)
2. Spec. : Recorded in a book; estimated book-madness, s. Bibliomania.
and put on record.
* book-man, s. [BOOKMAN.]
"But for present uses a supplementary table giving
the age, original cost, repairs cost, with date of repairs, book-monger, s. A contemptuous term
and present 'book' value of every vessel of the fleet
for one who deals in books.
..."-Times, December 2nd, 1875.
Obvious compound : Book-collection. (De book-muslin, s.
Quincey, 2nd ed., i. 144.)
Weaving : A fine, transparent muslin,
book-account, s. An account or register usually folded in book form. [BUKE-MUSLIN.]
of debt or credit in a book.
book-name, s.
book-back, s. & a.
Bot. & Zool. : A name found only in scientific
A. As substantive: The back or boards of a books, and not in use among the people at large.
book.
* book-oath, s. An oath on the Bible.
B. As adjective: Designed to operate upon
"I put thee to thy Book-oath."
the back of a book.
Shakesp.: 2 Henry IV., ii. 1.
book-back rounder, s.
book-perfecting, a. Perfecting or de-
Bookbinding: A machine which acts as a
signed to perfect anything.
substitute for the hammer in rounding the Book-perfecting press (printing): A press
back of a book after cutting the edge and which prints both sides of a sheet without
ends. It is usually performed upon the intermediate manipulation. Some act upon
book before the cover is put on. In one form the respective sides in immediate succession,
of machine, the book is run between rollers, others have automatic feed between impres-
being pressed forward by a rounded strip sions. (Knight.)
which rests against the front edge and deter-
book-plate, s. A piece of paper stamped
mines the form thereof. In another form, the
book is clamped and a roller passed over the
or engraved with a name or device, and pasted
back under great pressure. Another form of
in a book to show the ownership.
machine is for moulding the back-covers of book-post, s. The regulations under
books to a given curvature, by pressing be which books and other printed matter are
tween a heated cylinder of a given radius and conveyed by post.
a bed-plate whose curvature corresponds to
book-scorpion, s.
the presser. (Knight.)
Zool. : The name given to Chelifer, a genus
book-binder, s. [BOOKBINDER.]
of Arachnida (Spiders) found in old books and
book-bosomed, a. Having a book in
in dark places. It is not a genuine scorpion,
the bosom.
but is the type of the family Cheliferidæ,
“ As the corslet off he took,
sometimes called Pseudo-scorpionidæ.
The Dwarf espied the Mighty Book!
Much he marvelled, a knight of pride
book-sewing, a. Sewing or designed to
Like a book-bosom'd priest should ride."
sew anything.
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, iii. 8.
Book-sewing machine: A machine for sew-
book-canvasser, s. The same as BOOK ing books. (See a description and figure of
HAWKER (q.v.).
one in Knight's Dict. Mechān., i. 333.)
book-clamp, s.
book-worm, s. [BOOKWORM.]
Bookbinding :
1. A vice for holding a book while being
book (Eng.), book, beuk (Scotch), v.t. & i.
[From book, s. (q.v.).]
worked. Adjustment is made by the nuts for
the thickness of the book, and the pressure
I. Transitive :
is given by the lever and eccentrio.
1. Lit.: To put down in a book. Used
2. A holder for school-books while carrying specially of arrangements for an important
them. The cords pass through the upper bar engagement requiring two or more persons to
and down to the lower bar; they are tight-
meet together at a specified place and at a
ened by the rotation of the handle. (Knight.)
specified hour of a certain day.
(1) Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
book-crab, s. [BOOK-SCORPION.]
"He made wilful murder high treason; he caused
* book-craft, s. Learning.
the marchers to book their men, for whom they should
make answer.”—Davies on Ireland.
"Some book-craft you have and are pretty well
spoken.”
B. Jonsm: Gipsies Metam.
* (2) Spec. : To register a couple in the ses-
book-debt, s.
sion records, in order to the proclamation of
banns. (0. Scotch.)
Comm.: A debt for items charged to the
"... his brother and Betty Bodle were to be bookit
debtor by the creditor in his account-book.
on Saturday, that is, their names recorded for the
publication of the bands, in the books of the Kirk.
book-edge, s. & a.
Session.”—The Entail, 1. 232. (Jamieson.)
A. As substantive: The edge of a book.
(3) To pay, at an office appointed for that
B. As adjective: Designed to operate on the purpose [BOOKING-OFFICE), for the transmis-
edge of a book.
sion by rail, &c., of a parcel or goods.
Book-edge lock : A lock whereby the closed
2. Fig.: Unalterably to record in the me-
sides of the book-cover are locked shut,
mory.
*Book both my wilfulness and errors down."
book-folding, a. Folding or designed
. Shakesp.; Sonnet 117.
to fold a book...
II. Intrans. To book to a place : To pay for
Book-folding machine: A machine for fold and receive a ticket entitling one to ride by
ing sheets for gathering, sewing, and binding. train, &c., to a certain place,
book-hawker, s. One who goes about | book'-bind-ér, * book'-bynd-ér, s. [Eng.
hawking books.
book; binder.]
book-holder, s. A reading-desk top, or 1. Of persons: One who binds books.
equivalent device, for holding an open book 2. Of things : A contrivance of the nature of
in reading position.
a temporary cover, for holding together news-
papers, pamphlets, or similar articles.
* book-hunger, s. A craving appetite
for books. (Lord Brooke.)
+ book'-bīnd-ēr-ý, s. [Eng. book; bindery.]
book-knowledge, s. Knowledge de A place for binding books.
rived from books, and not from observation
book-bīnd-îng, s. [Eng. book; binding.]
hoolihi
and reflection.
The art of stitching or otherwise fastening
book-learned, booklearned, a.
together and covering the sheets of paper or
1. Of persons : Learned, as far as books are
similar material composing a book. The
edge of a modern book constituted by the
concerned; with knowledge derived from books
margin of the paper composing it is called
rather than from personal observation and re-
flection. (Often with more or less contempt.)
the binding-edge.
2. Resulting or deriving an impulse from
When books were literal“ volumes," or
such learning.
rolls, the way of “ binding" them, if it could
be so called, or at least of keeping them to-
“Of one, who, in his simple mind,
May boast of book-learned taste refined."
gether, was to unroll them from one cylinder
Scott: Marmion. Introd. to Canto I. and roll each again, as it was perused, on
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, çhin, bench; go, ģem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shủn; -țion, -şion=zhăn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, del.

628
bookcase-bool
another. When books became separate folios
the first method of dealing with them seems
to have been the tying them together by a
string passed through a hole at the margin of
the pile. This is still done in the south of
India and Ceylon with writing on talipot or
other palm leaves. The holding together of
folios of a literary man's manuscript by a
small clasp at one edge is an essentially similar
device. The present method of binding seems
to have been invented by or under Attalus,
king of Pergamus, or his son Eumenes, about
200 B.C. The oldest bound book known-the
binding was ornamental-is the volume of St.
Cuthbert, about A.D. 650. Ivory was used
for book covers in the eighth century; oak in
the ninth. The Book of Evangelists, on which
the English kings took their coronation oath,
was bound in oak boards, A.D. 1100. Velvet,
silk, hogskin, and leather were used as early
as the 15th century; needlework binding
began in 1471; vellum, stamped and orna-
mented, about 1510 ; leather about the same
date, and calf in 1550. Cloth binding super-
seded the paper known in England as
“boards” in 1823; india-rubber backs were
introduced in 1841, tortoise-shell sides in 1856.
The chief processes of bookbinding are
the following: Folding the sheets; gather-
ing the consecutive signatures ; rolling the
packs of folded sheets; sewing, after saw-
cutting the backs for the cords; rounding the
backs and glueing them ; edge-cutting; bind-
ing, securing the book to the sides ; covering
the sides and back with leather, muslin, or
paper, as the case may be ; tooling and letter-
ing; and, finally, edge-gilding. Books may be
full bound, i.e., with the back and sides
leather, or half-bound, that is, with the back
leather and the sides paper or cloth.
_“About three months after his engagement with
De la Roche, Faraday quitted him and bookbinding
together."-Tyndall : Frag. of Science, 3rd ed., xii. 351.
book'-cāse, S. [Eng. book; case.] A case
furnished with shelves for holding books.
".... that celebrated Treatise on Death which,
during many years, stood next to the Whole Duty of
Man in the bookcases of serious Arminians."-Ma-
caulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvii.
booked, pa. par. & al. [BOOK, v.]
book'-ēr-, s. A bookstore. (American.)
* book'-fúl, a. [Eng. book; ful(l).] Full of
undigested knowledge derived from books.
“ The bookful blockhead, ignorantly read,
With loads of learned lumber in his head.”
Pope: Essay on Criticism, pt. iii., 53,
book'-ing, pr. par., d., & s. [BOOK, v.]
A. & B. As present participle & participial
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
C. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. The act of making into a book or anything
similar. [II. Agric.]
2. The act of recording in a book.
The booking: The act of recording in the
session-book previous to the publication of
banns of marriage. (Scotch.)
E “It was agreed that the booking should take place
on the approaching Saturday.”—The Entail, p. 230.
(Jamieson.) o
II. Agric. : The arrangement of tobacco-
leaves in symmetrical piles, the stems in one
direction, leaf upon leaf, forming a book.
booking-office, s.
Railway and other travelling:
(1) An office in which records are made in
a book of baggage temporarily deposited, a
ticket being given to enable the owner to re-
claim his own.
(2) More loosely: An office at which tickets,
entitling a passenger to ride to certain places,
are obtainable, even though his name is not
booked.
* book'-ish, a. [Eng. book ; -ish.]
+1. In a good sense : Learned.
“I'm not bookish, yet I can read waiting-gentle-
woman in the scape."-Shakesp. : Winter's Tale, iii. 3.
2. Acquainted with books but woefully de-
ficient in knowledge of men.
"Whose bookish rule hath pulled fair England down."
Shakesp. : 2 Hen. VI., i. 1.
* book'-ish-ly, adv. [Eng. boolcish; -ly.]
After the manner of a bookish person.
" While she [Christina, Queen of Sweden] was more
bookishly given, she had it in her thoughts to institute
an order of Parnassus.”—Thurlow : State-Papers, ii.
104.
*book'-ish-ness, s. [Eng. bookish ; -ness.] The book'-māk-îng, s. [Eng. book; making.]
propensity to, or the habit of studying books.
1. The art, practice, or occupation of making
Generally in a less contemptuous sense than books.
bookish (q.v.). (Johnson.)
“He [Adam Smith) had bookmaking so much in his
thoughts, and was so chary of what might be turned
book'-kēep-ēr, s. [Eng. book; keeper.] One to account in that way, that he once said to Sir
who, as accountant, secretary, or clerk, keeps Joshua Reynolds, that he made it a rule, when in
company, never to talk of what he understood."-
books, making the requisite entries in them
Boswell : Life of Johnson, iv. 24.
day by day.
2. The act, practice, or occupation of
“Here, brother, you shall be the book-keeper;
This is the argument of that they shew."
noting down bets in books.
Kyd : Spanish Tragedy.
* book'-man, s. [Eng. book; man.] A man
book'-kēep-ing, s. [Eng. book ; keeping.] whose occupation is the study of books.
1. Arithm. & Comm.: The art of keeping “This civil war of wits were much better used
books in which the pecuniary transactions are
On Navarre and his book-men; for here 'tis abused."
so unremittingly and so accurately entered that
Shakesp. : Love's Labour Lost, ii. 1.
one is able at any time to ascertain the exact + book'-māte, s. [Eng. book; mate. ] One who
state of his financial affairs or of any portion is mate with one or more others at books; a
of them with clearness and expedition. The schoolfellow.
art, in a certain undeveloped state, must have "A phantasime, a Monarcho, and one that makes sport
existed from immemorial antiquity, but it re-
To the prince and his bookmates."
ceived such improvement and impulse at
Shakesp. : Love's Labour Lost, iv. 1.
Venice as to make that comparatively modern | book'-mind-ěd, a. [Eng. book ; minded.]
city to be considered its birthplace. The first Having a mind which runs much upon books,
known writer on bookkeeping was Lucas di loving books.
Borgo, who published a treatise on the subject
in Italian in 1495. It is generally divided into
+ book'-mīnd-ěd-ness, s. [Eng. bookinind-
bookkeeping by single and bookkeeping by
ed; ness.] The quality of having a mind
double entry. In the former every entry is
which highly values books or their teachings.
single, i.e., is placed to the debit or credit of (Coleridge.)
a single account, while in the latter it is
| book'-sěl-lér, s. [Eng. book ; seller.] One
double, that is, it has both a debtor and creditor
account. In other words, by single entry
whose occupation it is to sell books. He is
the medium between the publisher on the one
each transaction is entered only once in the
hand and the individual purchaser on the
ledger, and by double entry twice. Book-
other. Many booksellers have commenced by
keeping by single entry is imperfect, and is
selling books only by retail, then they have
scarcely fitted even for very limited estab-
ventured on publishing one or two, and, guid-
lishments. Many shopkeepers having re-
ing their business with signal ability, have ulti-
course to it have simply a waste-book and
mately developed into extensive publishers.
a journal, the former used as a receptacle
.. the lad's master was a bookseller and book.
for transactions of all kinds, the latter for
binder.”—Tyndall : Frag. of Science (3rd ed.), xii. 349.
those to a certain extent classified. In other
cases a cash-book also is used. Book book'-sel-lửng, s. [Eng. book ; selling.) The
keeping by double entry being first prac act or occupation of selling books. It is at
tised in Venice, Genoa, and the adjacent present divided into several sections—(1)
towns, is often called the Italian method. In publishing, (2) wholesale bookselling, (3)
bookkeeping by double entry there is no retail bookselling, (4) trade in old or second-
waste-book, all transactions inwards falling hand books, and (5) trade in periodicals.
under four heads : cash, bills, book-debts, [PUBLISHING.]
and stock. There are, moreover, a cash-
book, a bill-book, å book for book-debts
book'-shop, s. [Eng. book, and shop.) A
--called the sold ledger—and a book for the
shop where books are sold.
record of stock, that is, stock in hand. To
book'-slīde, s. [Eng. book ; slide.] A slide
the bought book for debts receivable corre-
which can be moved laterally so as to reach a
sponds the bought ledger for debts payable.
support at a second end without losing the
There are various other books in a large es-
first one. It is then available as a shelf for
tablishment. In smaller establishments it is
books.
enough to have a cash-book, a day or waste-
book, a journal, and a ledger. It is in the book'-stâli, s. [Eng. book; stall.] A stall
ledger that the elaborate classification of all or temporary wooden table or shed in the
transactions is entered. The ability to make street, railway stations, &c., designed to ac-
out a balance-sheet is much increased by the commodate books offered for purchasers.
simple device of making impersonal entries,
that is, entering cash, iron, &c., as if they book'-stand, s. [Eng. book; and stand, s.
were mercantile traders, and grouping a (q.v.).]
number of articles together under the head 1. A stand of whatever kind, on which a
ing sundries. Then there are accounts of the
book or books may rest.
form sundries debtor to cash, or cash debtor
2. A bookstall. [BOOKSTALL.]
to sundries. If a merchant have purchased
iron, what he has paid for it is debited to book-stone, s. [BIBLIOLITE.]
iron which is expected to meet it when the
metal is disposed of, and so with every other | book'-störe, s. [Eng. book; store.] A store
expense incurred by the firm for purposes of for books. Rare in England.
business.
T In the United States it is a common name
Sometimes instead of bookkeeping by single for a bookshop.
or that by double entry, there is a combina-
tion of the two called mixed entry. [BILL book'-wõrm, s. [Eng. book ; worm.]
BOOK, CASH-BOOK, DAY-BOOK, LEDGER.]
1. Lit. : Any “worm" or insect which eats
2. Sarcastically : The practice of not return holes in books.
ing books which one has borrowed. (Colloq.) "My lion, like a moth or bookworm, feeds upon
nothing but paper, and I shall beg of them to diet him
* book-lănd, * bock'-lănd, s. & a. [BOCK with wholesome and substantial food.”—Guardian.
LAND.]
2. Figuratively:
| book'-less, a. [Eng. book ; -less. ] Without
(a) One always poring over books. (With
only slight contempt.)
book. Used-
“Among those venerable galleries and solitary
(a) of persons:
scenes of the university, I wanted but a black gown,
and a salary, to be as mere a bookworm as any there."
.. Why with the cit,
Or bookless churl, with each ignoble name,
-Pope : Letters.
Each earthly nature, deign'st thou to reside?"
(b) A reader who, always operating upon
Shenstone: Economy, pt. i. books, can appreciate little or nothing about
(6) Of things :
them but the paper on which they are printed
“Your flight from out your bookless wilds would seem
and the covers in which they are bound.
As arguing love of knowledge and of power."
Tennyson : The Princess.
(As a rule used contemptuously.)
book'-mā-kér, s. [Eng. book ; maker.] bôol (1), s. [Bowl (1).] (Scotch.)
1. One who makes books, generally used
(not respectfully) for one who writes simply bôol (2), s. & d. [From Ger. büget=a hoop (?).7
for the pleasure or profit of launching a book, A. As substantive : Anything hoop-shaped.
and not from a desire to make known or Specially-
diffuse truth.
1. Of a key: The rounded annular part of a
2. A betting man, one who keeps a book in key, by means of which it is turned with the
which bets are entered.
hand. (Scotch.)
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pît, sire, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; trý, Sýrian. æ, oe=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bool-boor
629
2. Plur. (Bools). Of a pot: Two crooked
instruments of iron, linked together, used for
lifting a pot by the ears. (Scotch.) Another
Scotch name for them is clips.
B. As adjective:
* 1. Lit. Of horns : Short, crooked, turned
horizontally inwards. (Eng. border only.)
2. Fig. : Perverse, obstinate, inflexible.
(Scotch.)
bôol (3), s. & a. [Buhl.]
bool-work, s. [BUHL-WORK.]
* bõolde, a. [Bold.] (Prompt. Parv.)
* bồold-lý, c. [O. Eug. boold, and -ly.]
[BOLDLY.) (Rom. of the Rose.)
* boole, s. [Bull.] (Prompt. Parv.)
bôo'-lev, s. [Ir. buachail : Gael. buachaille =
a cowherd. From bo = a cow, and gille, giolla
= boy. In Wel. bugal = bugeiluor, bugeilydd
=a shepherd, a herdsman ; Arm. bugel, bugul.]
An Irish nomad; one who, Tartar-like, is mem-
ber of a horde continually moving froin place
to place, subsisting meanwhile on the milk
derived from the cattle which they drive.
"All the Tartarians, and the people about the Cas-
pian Sea, which are naturally Scythians, live in
hordes; being the very same that the Irish boolies are,
driving their cattle with them, and feeding only on
their milk and white meats."-Spenser.
bôom, * bom'-men, v.i. [From Dut. bommen
= to sound like an empty barrel. Compare
A.S. bymian = to sound or play on a trumpet;
from býme=a trumpet. Boom is evidently
imitated from the sound.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. To make a deep hollow sound, as-
(1) A cannon.
"The ball beyond their bow
Booms harmless."
Byron : Corsair, ill. 15.
(2) The ocean.
(3) The bittern.
“And the bittern sound his drum,
Booming from the sedgy shallow."
Scott: Lady of the Lake, i. 31.
2. To swell with a certain hollow sound.
"Booming o'er his head,
The billows clos'd; he's number'd with the dead."
Young.
II. Naut. : To rush with noise.
T To come booming. Of a ship: To make
all the sail which she can, in which case she
makes a certain amount of noise in cutting
through the water.
bôom (1), s. [From boom, v. (q.v.). In Wel.
bwmp = bympian = a hollow sound (BUMP);
bwmbwr = a murmur, a roar.] A deep bollow
sound like that of a cannon, the ocean, or the
voice of the bittern.
"Hark! 'tis the boom of a heavy gun.”
Mackenzie : Fair Maid of Cabul.
bôom (2) (Eng.), * bolme (0. Scotch), s. & A.
[Dut. boom = a tree, a pole, a bar, beam, or
boom; Sw. bom = a bar; Dan. bom = a bar
to shut a passage, a barricado, a turnpike, a
boom; Ger. baum = (1) a tree, (2) a beam,
(3) a bar, a boom.] [BEAM.]
A. As substantive :
I. Nautical :
* 1. A boom, a waterman's pole. (O. Scotch.)
"The marinaris stert on fute with ane schout,
Cryand, Bide, howl and with lang bolmes of tre."
Doug.: Virgil, 134, 30.
2. A beacon consisting of a pole with bushes,
baskets, or other conspicuous thing at the top,
set up in a river or harbour, and designed to
mark where the channel is sufficiently deep to
admit the passage of vessels.
3. A long pole or spar run out for the sup-
port of a sail. Specially-
“The boom on which a fore-and-aft sail is stretched mucilage being softened by fermentation. The
is commonly provided with jaws, which partially en-
circle the mast, and are held to it by a half-grommet
boon is partially removed in grassing, and
strung with balls of hard wood to avoid friction." together with the shives is completely elimi-
Knight : Pract. Dict. Mechan.
nated from the hare or fibre in the subsequent
(2) A spar rigged out from a yard to extend operations of braking and scutching.
the foot of a studding-sail.
“The fore and main lower yards, and the fore and bôon (2), * boone, *bowne, bone, s.
main topsail yards have studding-sail booms. Each is [Icel. bon = a boon; Sw. & Dan. bön; A.S.
secured by boom-irons on its yard, and is named from
the studding-sail whose foot it stretches. The heads
bén = a prayer.]
of the studding-sails are bent to studding-sail yards, *1. A prayer, a petition, an entreaty to God
which are slung from the studding-sail booms and the
fore and main top-gallant yard-arms. The stays of
or man.
these booms are called guys. The ring-tail boom is
“He seyde, 'Brother Gamelyn, aske me thy boone,
rigged out like a studding-sail boom at the end of the
And loke thou me blame but I graunte sone.""
spanker-boom."-Knight : Pract. Dict. Mechan.
Chaucer : C. T., 153-4.
(3) Plur. (the Booms): The space on the spar 2. A favour. (With the sense partly de-
deck between the fore and main masts, where rived from Fr. bon = good, advantage, profit)
the boats and spare spars are stowed.
(Skeat.) [BOON, a.]
II. Marine Fortif.: A chain or line of con-
“ Vouchsafe me, for my meed, but one fair look;
nected spars stretched across a river or channel
A smaller boon than this I cannot beg."
Shakesp. : Two Gent. of Ver., v. 4.
to obstruct navigation, or detain a vessel
*3. A service done by a tenant to his lord.
under the fire of a fort.
“A boom across the river! Why have we not cut
boon-dinner, s. The dinner given on
the boom in pieces?”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii.
the harvest-field to a band of reapers. (Scotch.)
III. Lumbering: A spar or line of floating
“The youths and maidens-gathering round a small
timbers stretched across a river, or enclosing
knoll by the stream, with bare head and obedient
an area of water, to keep saw-logs from float hand, waited a serious and lengthened blessing from
ing down the stream.
the goodman of the boon-dinner."-Blackwood Mag.,
July, 1820, p. 375.
B. As adjective: Pertaining to or connected
with a boom.
* boon (3), s. The same as BONE (q.v.). (Pro-
logue to the Knightes Tale, 546.)
boom-irons, s.
Naut.: A flat iron ring on the yard, through * boon (1), a. [BOUND.]
which the studding-sail boom travels when
being rigged out or in. There being more t bôon (2), a. [From Fr. bon = good.] Kind,
than one the word is often in the plural. One bountiful.
boom-iron, called the yard-arm iron, is fixed
“Satiate at length,
at the end of the yard, and another iron,
And heighten'd as with wine, jocund and boon,
Thus to herself she pleasingly began."
called the quarter-iron, is placed at three-
Milton : P. L., bk. ix.
sixteenths of the length of the yard from the 1 Used specially in the phrase a boon com-
outer end.
panion.
boom-jigger, s.
“To one of his boon companions, it is said, he tossed
Naut. : A tackle for rigging out or running
a pardon for a rich traitor across the table during &
revel.”—Macaulay : Hist. Eng. ch. V.
in a topmast studding-sail boom.
* boonde, pret. of v. [BIND.]
boom-sheet, s.
Naut. : A sheet attached to a boom.
* bõond-măn, s. [BONDMAN. ]
bôom'-er-ang, s. [Native Australian word.] * bôone (1), s. [BooN.] (Prompt. Parv.)
A missile weapon invented and used by the
* bôone (2), s. [BONE.] (Wycliffe (Purvey) :
native Australians, who are generally deemed
Matt. xxiii. 27.)
bôon'-er-möst, a. Scotch boonmost, with
er, the sign of the comparative, interpolated.]
Uppermost. [BOONMOST.]
“Wl' his neb boonermost."
Jacobite Relics, i. 25.
boonk, s. [Imïtated from the sound of its
BOOMERANG.
boom (?).] The Little Bittern, Botaurus mi-
nutus.
the lowest in intelligence of any tribe or race bộon'-möst. a. [From boon, a contracted
of mankind. It is a curved stick, round on
form of boven = A.S. bufan, bufon = above;
one side and flat on the other, about three feet
and Eng. most.] Uppermost.
long, two inches wide, and three-quarters of
"Th' unchancy coat, that boonmost on her lay."
an inch thick, It is grasped at one end and
• Ross : Helenore, p. 60.
thrown sickle-wise, either upward into the
air, or downward so as to strike the ground at
bo-ops, s. [From Gr. Boûs (bous), genit. Boos
some distance from the thrower. In the first
(boos) = a bullock, an ox, a cow, and oy or oys
case it flies with a rotatory motion, as its
Cops) = an eye, the face. Compare also BoÔTLS
shape would indicate, and after ascending to
(boopis) = ox-eyed.]
a great height in the air, it suddenly returns Ichthyol.: A genus of brilliant-coloured fishes
in an elliptical orbit to a spot near its starting belonging to the family Sparidæ. Most of
point. On throwing it downward to the them inhabit the Mediterranean.
ground, it rebounds in a straight line, pursu-
ing a ricochet motion until it strikes the
* böor (1), s. [BOAR.]
object at which it is thrown. The most
" Ne hound for hert, or wilde boor, or deer.".
Chaucer: Legende of Goode Women; Dido.
singular curve described by it is when it is
projected upward at an angle about 45°, when bôor (2), * beuir, s. [Dut. boer = a peasant,
its flight is always backward, and the native . a countryman; A.S. ge-búr =a dweller, a
who throws it stands with his back to the husbandman, a farmer, a countryman, a boor
object he intends to hit. (Knight.)
(Bosworth). From Dut. bouwen = to build,
till, or plough ; A.S. búan = to inhabit, dwell,
bôom'-ing, pr. par., d., & s. [BOOM, v.]
cultivate, or till.]
A. & B. As present participle & participial
I. Literally:
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
1. A cultivator of the soil, without reference
to the question whether or not he is refined in
“ Forsook by thee, in vain I sought thy aid,
When booming billows closed above my head."
his manners.
Pope.
" 'Twas with such idle eye
C. As substantive : The act of emitting a
As nobles cast on lowly boor
When, toiling, in his task obscure,
deep hollow sound or roar; also the sound
They pass him careless by."
thus emitted.
Scott : Lord of the Isles, i. 16.
"... the distant booming of cannon was heard ..." 2. A cultivator of the soil, with the impu-
-Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. XX.
tation that he is unrefined.
bôom'-kịn, s. [BUMKIN, (Naut.). ]
“ To one well-born, th'affront is worse and more,
When he's abused and baffled by a boor."
Dryden.
bộon (1)(Eng.), bôon, * bûne, * bēen (Scotch),
s. [Gael. & Ir. bunach = coarse, low; from
II. Fig. : Any unrefined or unmannerly
bun = a stump, a root; Wel. bôn = stem,
person, whether he cultivate the soil or not.
base, or stick.] The refuse from dressed flax.
(Trench.)
The internal woody portion or pith of flax,
“The bare sense of a calamity is called grumbling:
and if a man does but inake a face upon the boor, he is
which is disorganized by retting, the binding presently a malcontent."-L'Estrange,
Es
1. MAIN BOOM.
2. STUDDING-SAIL BOOM.
(1) A spar for extending the foot of a fore-
and-aft sail.
boil, boy; podt, jówl; cat, çell, chorus, çhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-oian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shún; -ţion, -sion = zhŭn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

630
boord-boot
* 4. Booty, of which it seems to be a con-
* böord (Eng.), böord (Scotch), s. [BOARD.]
1. Old English:
“Byfore him atte boord deliciously.”
Chaucer: C. T., 10,393.
2. Scotch :
“When thowes dissolve the snawy hoord,
An' float the jinglin' icy-boord.'
Burns : Address to the Deil.
* böorde (1), s. [BOARD.]
"Boorde. Tabula, mensa, asser.”—Prompt. Parv.
* boorde (2), s. [BOURD.] (Prompt. Parv.)
* boorde, v.t. [BOARD, v.] To accost. (Spen-
ser: F. Q., II. iv. 24.)
"And thou that art his mate make boot of this.”
Shakesp. : 2 Hen. VI., iv. 1.
(1) Grace to boot : God be gracious to us.
(Shakesp. : Wint. Tale, i. 2.)
(2) Saint George to boot : St. George be
our help. (Shakesp. : Rich. III., V. 3.)
(3) To boot : In addition to, besides ; over
and above what is bargained for.
“ Canst thou, O partial sleep, give thy repose
To the wet sea-boy in an hour so rude,
And in the calmest and most stillest night,
With all appliances and means to boot,
Deny it to a king?”
Shakesp. : 2 Hen. IV., iii. 1.
(4) To the boot. (Scotch.) The same as to
boot (Eng.).
“... a panegyric upon Alice, who, he said, was
both canny and fendy; and was, to the boot of all that,
the best dancer of a strathspey in the whole strath."-
Scott: Waverley, ch. xviii.
bôot (2), * boote, * bote, s. & a. [Fr. botte =
a boot, a bunch, a bundle, a heap, a barrel,
* böo'rde-knyfe, s. 10. Eng. boorde = board,
and knyfe = knife.] A table-knife.
"Boordeknyfe. Mensacula, ..."-Prompt. Parv.
* boor-don, v.i. [BOURDEN.]
* böore, s. [BOAR.] (Prompt. Parv.)
bộor'-ựck, s. [BOURACK.) (Scotch.)
bôor'-ish, a. [Eng, boor; -ish.] Clownish,
unmannerly, rude, uncultivated.
“ Therefore, you clown, abandon,-which is, in the
vulgar leave,-the society,-which in the boorish is
company,-of this female."--Shakesp.: As you like It,
V. 1.
channeling, or the depression for the bights of
the stitches.
2. Coach-making :
(1) The space between the coachman and
the coach. (Johnson.)
(2) The part in front and rear of a coach
immediately ad-
jacent to where
the receptacles for
baggage exist.
T Trench quotes
an example from
Reynolds' God's
Revenge against
Murther, bk. i.,
hist. l, to show COACH WITH FORE AND
that the “boot,"
HIND BOOTS.
now ordinarily
abandoned to servants and other persons of
humble rank, was formerly the chosen seat of
the more dignified passengers. +
(3) The receptacle for baggage, &c., at either
end of a coach.
3. Liquor traffic: A leathern case in which
to put a filled bottle so as to guard against
accident when corking it.
4. Farriery : Protection for the feet of
horses, enveloping the foot and part of the
leg. A convenient substitute for swaddling
or bandaging. It was patented in England by
Rotch, 1810. (Knight.) Such boots are used
on the feet of horses while standing in a
stable. A sort fitting more closely are em-
ployed in varicose veins, splint, speedy cut,
strain, and other diseases of horses' legs and
bộor-ísh-ly, adv. [Eng. boorish ; -ly.] In a
boorish manner, clownishly, coarsely. (Used
generally of the manners, rarely of the person.)
“A healthful body with such limbs I'd bear
As should be graceful, well proportion'd, just,
And neither weak, nor boorishly robust."
Fenton : Martial, bk. X., Ep. 47.
bôor'-ish-ness, S. [Eng. boorish ; -ness.]
The quality of being boorish; coarseness of
manners, or rarely of the person.
t bộor'-trēe, bôor'-trie, s. & a. [BOUR-
TREE.]
bottle, a butt, a boot; Ital. botte = a cask, a
vessel, boots (BUTT). In Gael. bòt = a boot;
Wel. botas, botasan, botasen == a buskin, a boot,
but probably these are from English.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Of an article of dress or what relates to it:
(1) of things : One of a pair of coverings for
the lower extremities of the body, differing
from shoes in reaching a greater or lesser
distance above the ankle.
“Shew'd him his room, where he must lodge that
night,
Puli'd off his boots, and took away the light.”
* boos, s. [Boss.]
bôose, bouse, * bose, * boos, * booc, s.
[A.S. bósig, bósih, bósg= a stall, manger, crib;
Icel. bas; Sw. bås; Dan. baas = a stall ; Ger.
banse ; Moso-Goth. bansts = a barn.]
1. Gen. : A stall for a cow or ox.
The word is in Johnson. It is now con-
fined to the midland and northern counties of
England, and to the common people.
-2. Spec. : The upper part of the stall where
the fodder lies. (Bosworth: A.S. Dict.)
* bôoşe, v.i. [BOOZE.]
bôoş'-ěr, s. [BOOZER.]
* booş-om, s. [Bosom.]
boost, pret. of v. [Bus.] Behoves, must needs.
(Scotch.)
“Or, faith! I fear, that wi' the geese,
I shortly boost to pasture.”
Burns : A Dream.
* boost, s. [BOAST.] (Rom. of the Rose.)
boost, s. [BUIST.] (Scotch.)
* boos'-ton, v.i. [Boast, v.] (Prompt. Parv.)
* boos-ỹ, a. [Boozy.]
bôot (1), * boote, * bote (Eng.), bote, bûte
(Scotch), s. [A.S. bote, bótan = a boot, remedy,
amends, atonement, offering assistance, com-
pensation, indemnity, redress, correction, cure
(Bosworth); Goth. bota = boot, advantage,
good; Dut. boete = profit, gain, advantage;
TA knight of the boot: A sarcastic appellation
for a sporting gentleman of position in rural
society, but unrefined, who goes out booted to
hunt, and, still booted, enters the drawing-
room after his hard ride.
“ These carpets so soft to the foot,
Caledonia's traffic and pride!
Oh spare them, ye knights of the boot,
Escaped from a cross country ride!”'
Cowper : Gratitude.
(2) Of persons (pl.): One who blacks boots at
a hotel. (Colloquial.)
2. Of a boot-like instrument of torture: An
instrument of torture used in the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries in Scotland with
the view of extorting confessions from accused
persons.
(a) Generally plural (boots, * bootes):
"Lastly, he (Doctor Fian, alias John Cunningham)
was put to the most severe and cruell paine in the
world, called the bootes, who after he had received
three strokes," &c.-" Then was he with all convenient
speed, by commandment, convaied againe to the tor-
ment of the bootes, wherein he continued a long time,
and did abide so many blowes in them, that his legges
were crasht and beatin together as small as might bee,
and the bones and flesh so bruised, that the bloud and
marrow spouted forth in great abundance: whereby
they were made unserviceable for ever."-Newes from
Scotland, declaring the damnable Life of Doctor Fian,
"... those fiery Covenanters who had long, in
defiance of sword and carbine, boot and gibbet, wor-
· shipped their Maker after their own fashion in caverns
and on mountain tops.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch.
B. As adjective: Pertaining to, or in any
way connected with, a boot. (See the com-
pounds subjoined.)
boot-calk, s. A spur for the boot-sole
to prevent the wearer from slipping on ice.
In some parts of the country such an appli-
ance is called a boot-clamp, or simply a clamp.
boot-channeling, a. Making or tend-
ing to make a channel in the sole of boots.
Boot-channeling machine: A machine for
making the slit in a sole to sink the sewing-
thread below the surface. It consists of a
jack on which the boot is held, an inclined
knife gauged in depth, and a guide which
causes the knife to make its incision at an
equal distance from the sole-edge all round.
boot-clamp, s.
1. A device for holding a boot while being
sewed. It consists of a pair of jaws, between
whose edge the leather is gripped, and which
are locked together by a cam, or by a cord
which leads to a treadle.
2. [See BOOT-CALK.]
boot-crimp, s. [Probably so named be-
cause formerly the leather made a series of
“crimps” or folds over the instep.) A tool
or a machine for giving the shape to the
pieces of leather designed for boot uppers.
Boot-crimping machine: A machine in which
the crimping is performed in succession upon
a number of leather pieces cut to a pattern.
boot-edge, s. & a.
A. As substantive : The edge of a boot.
B. As adjective: Anything pertaining to or
operating on such an edge.
Boot-edge trimmer: A machine which acts
in connection with a guide to pare smoothly
the edges of boot-soles. It is a machine-
substitute for the edge-plane.
boot-grooving, a. Grooving, or designed
to groove, a boot.
Boot-grooving machine: A machine for making
the groove in a shoe-sole to sink the sewing-
threads below the surface. A channeling-
machine.
boot-heel, s. & d.
A. As substantive: The heel of a boot.
B. As adjective: Pertaining to or operating
upon the heel of a boot.
Boot-heel cutter : A machine for cutting the
lifts for making boot-heels.
boot-holder, s. A jack for holding a
boot either in the process of manufacture or
for cleaning.
boot-hook, s. A device for drawing on
boots and shoes, consisting essentially of a
xiii.
II. Technically:
1. Boot and shoe-making: The covering for
the feet and lower part of the legs described
under I., 1. It is usually made of leather.
In Fig. 1 a is the front; b the side-seam; c the
MARUT
remedy, cure, penance; Dan. bod = peni-
tence; Dan. bytte = barter, exchange, truck;
0. Sax. buota ; (N. H.) Ger. busze = atone.
ment, expiation ; O. H. Ger. puoz, puoza.]
[Boot, v., 1.)
*1. Help, cure, relief.
"Ich haue bote of mi bale." .
m
BOOT.
“God send every trewe man boote of his bale.”
Chaucer : C. T., 13,409.
2. Anything given in addition to what is
stipulated; something given to make a better
bargain ; a balance of value in barter.
"I'll give you boot, I'll give you three for one."
Shakesp. : Troil. & Cres., iv. 5.
“K. Rich. Norfolk, throw down, we bid; there is
no boot."
Shakesp. : King Rich. II., i. 1.
3. Profit, gain, advantage.
“Give him no breath, but now
Make boot of his distraction."
Shakesp. : Anton. & Cleop., iv. 1.
back; d the strap ; e the instep; f the vamp
or front; g the quarter or counter; h the
rand; i the heel, the front is the breast, the
bottom the face; j the lifts of the heel; k the
shank; 1 the welt; m the sole; n the toe;
o the ball of the sole. In Fig. 2 a is the
upper; b the insole;c the outsole ; d the
welt; e the stitching of the sole to the welt;
f the stitching of the upper to the welt; g the
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sîr, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; trý, Sýrian. ®, ce =ē; ey=ā. qu=kw.

boot-booty
631
stout wire bent into a hooked form and pro make better, to improve, to amend ; O.S.
“Now less fatigued, on this ethereal plain
Bootes follows his celestial wain."
vided with a handle.
buotian; Icel. botá, Sw. böta = to fine, to
Cowper : Trans. Milton, Elegy V., The Approach of
boot-hose, s. Stockings to serve for
pay a fine; Dan. bodeaude = to remedy; Dut.
Spring.
boeten =to atone, to expiate, to mend ; (N. H.)
Ger. büszen = (1) to repair, to amend ; (2) to
* bôoth, * boothe, * bothe, s. [In Icel.
"His lacquey, ... with a linen stock on one leg and
budh = a booth, a shop; Sw. & Dan. bod ;
a kersey boot-hose on the other, gartered with a red and
atone ; M. H. Ger. büezen; O. H. Ger. peeozan. ]
blue list."-Shakesp. : Tam. of Shrew, iii. 2.
(N. H.) Ger. bude, baude; M. H. Ger. buode,
A. Transitive:
bude ; Gael. buth = a shop, a tent; Ir. both,
boot-jack, s. A board with a crotch to 1. To heal, cure, relieve.
boith = a cottage, a hut, a tent; Wel. bwth,
retain the heel of a boot while it is being
“He was botyd of mekylle care."
bythod= a hut, a booth, a cot; Boh. bauda,
pulled off.
Sir Eglamour, 187.
buda; Pol. buda ; Russ. budka ; Lith. buda;
boot-lace, s. The lace of a boot.
2. To present into the bargain.
"And I will boot thee with what gift beside
closure. Compare also Mahratta and Sansc.
boot-last, s. The same as boot-tree (q.v.).
Thy modesty can beg.”
Shakesp. : Ant. & Cleop., ii. 5.
bhavana = a house.) A temporary house or
boot-making, s. Making, or designed
B. Intrans. : To avail, to be profitable, to be
shed built of boughs of trees, wood, or any
to be used in making boots.
attended with advantage, to be of use.
other slight materials.
Boot-making machine: A machine for making
“And what I want, it boots pot to complain."
1. Of branches of trees.
boots.
Shakesp. : Rich. 11., iii. 4.
“.... saying, Go forth unto the mount, and fetch
I “Machines for making boots are adapted
olive branches, and pine branches, and myrtle branches,
“What boots the regal circle on his head,
That long behind he trails his pompous robe?”.
and palm branches, and branches of thick trees, to
for specific parts of the operation ; such as
Pope: Rape of the Lock, iii. 171. make booths, as it is written."-Nehem. viii. 15.
heel-machines, which include cutters, randing,
“I saw-but little boots it that my verse
2. Of boards, spec., a stall or tent erected at
heel-cutting, heel-trimming, and heel-burnishing
A shadowy visitation should rehearse.
a fair.
machines. There are upper-machines, which in-
Wordsworth: Ode, January, 1816.
“.... the clamours, the reproaches, the taunts,
| boot (2), v.i. [From boot (2), s.] To put on
the curses, were incessant; and it was well if no booth
ming machines ; sole-machines, which include
was overturned and no head broken.” – Macaulay :
boots.
Hist. Eng. ch. xxi.
cutting, channeling, burnishing, and pegging
"Boot, boot, master Shallow : I know the young king
machines ; lasting machines, for drawing the is sick for me. Let us take any man's horses.”—
bôoth'-age (age as ig), s. [From booth; and
upper portion of the boot' firmly on to the Shakesp. : 2 Hen. IV., V. 3.
suffix -age.] Taxes levied on booths. (Whar-
last; pegging-machines, pegging-jacks for hold-
ing boots while being pegged, and crimping-
bôot, * bût, * bôud, * bìt (Scotch), * bud,
ton.)
machines, for stretching and pressing into
* bode (0. Eng.), pret. of v. [Bus.]
bôot-hāle, * bôote-hāle, v.t. & i. [From
shape leather for uppers. Besides these there Personal : He or she was under the neces-
Eng. boot, contraction of booty; and hale = to
are numerous hand-tools, such as burnishers, sity of. (0. Eng. & Scotch.)
draw away.] To plunder.
edge-planes, and shaves, pegging-awls, etc.” 1. Old English.
“Whilest the one part of their army went a foraging
and boote-haling the other part stayed with Martheisia
(Knight: Pract. Dict. Mechanics.)
“ Ne bode I neuer thence go,
to safegard the country of Asia.' - Stowe : Memorable
boot-pattern, s. A templet made up
Whiles that I saw hem daunce so.'
Antiquities. Amazones.
Rom. Rose, fol. 113, b. col. 1.
of plates which have an adjustment on one
"And when he saw him bud be ded."
* bôot'-hā-ler, s. [Eng. boothalle); -er.] A
another, so as to be expanded or contracted
Eng. Met. Rom., i. 46. (Jamieson.)
robber or plunderer.
to any given dimensions within the usual 2. Scotch.
“My own father laid these London boot-haters the
limits of boot sizes. It is used in marking
“They both did cry to him above
catch-poles in ambush to set upon me."--Roaring Girl,
out shapes and sizes on leather ready for the
0. Pl., vi. 103.
Minstrelsy Border, iii. 140.
cutter.
* bôot-căt-chér, * boot-catcher,s. [Eng.
- | * bồotº-ha-lăng, * bồote-ha-ling, pr. par.
boot-rack, s. A rack or frame to hold
boot; catcher.] A servant at an inn, whose
& s. [BOOTHALE.]
special functions were to pull off the boots of
* booth-yr, s. [From 0. Eng. bat, boot = a
boot-seam, s. The seam of a boot.
travellers and clean them.
boat (?).] A small vessel for river navigation.
Boot-seam rubber: A burnishing tool for “The smith, the sadler's journeyman, the cook at
flattening down the seam where the thick-
“Boothyr. Potomium, Cath. C. F."-Prompt. Parv.
the inn, the ostler, and the boot-catcher, ought all, by
your means, to partake of your master's generosity.”-
nesses of leather are sewed together. This is
Swift: Directions to Servants.
bôot’-ỉes, s. [Booty.]
usually a hand-tool, but sometimes is a ma-
chine in which a boot-leg, for instance, is held | bôot'-ěd, pa. par. & a. [Boot, v.]
bôo't-i-kĩn, s. [From Eng. boot; i connec-
on a jack while the rubber, either a roller or a
“A booted judge shall sit to try his cause,
tive; and dimin. suffix -kin.]
burnisher, is reciprocated upon the seam.
Not by the statute, but by martial laws."
1. Of articles of dress :
Dryden.
boot-shank, s. & a.
I Booted and spurred :
(1) Lit. : A little boot.
1. As subst. : The shank of a boot.
1. Lit. : Equipped with boots and spurs (2) A covering for the leg or hand, used as
2. As adj. : Designed to operate upon the previously to riding an animal.
a cure for the gout.
shank of a boot.
“Dashing along at the top of his speed,
"I desire no more of my bootikins than to curtail
Booted and spurred, on his jaded steed.”
my fits (of the gout]."-H. Walpole.
Boot-shank machine: A tool for drawing the
Longfellow: The Golden Legend, ii.
2. Of an instrument of torture: An instru-
leather of the upper or boot-leg over the last
2. Fig. : Completely equipped for contempt ment of torture the same as the boot. [BOOT.]
into the hollow of the shank.
uously domineering over and driving the “He came above deck and said, why are you so dis-
boot-stretcher, s. A device for stretch multitude.
couraged ? you need not fear, there will neither thumb-
ing the uppers of boots and shoes. The
ikin nor bootikin come here."-Walker : Peden, p. 26.
"He [Richard Rumbold) was a friend, he said, to
limited monarchy. But he never would believe that
common form is a two-part last, divided hori-
Providence had sent a few men into the world ready | * bôot-îng, pr. par. & a. [Boot, v.]
zontally and having a wedge or a wedge and booted and spurred to ride, and millions ready saddled
screw to expand them after insertion in the and bridled to be ridden."- Macaulay: Hist. Eng., * booting-corn, * boting-corn, s.
ch. V
boot.
0. Law: Rent corn.
boot-topping, s.
* bộo-tee (1), s. (Eng. boot; dimin. suffix -ee.] | * bộot'-ựng, s. [Booty.) Plunder, booty.
Naut. : The operation of scraping off grass,
A half boot.
“I'll tell you of a brave booting
barnacles, &c., from a vessel's bottom, and
That befell Robin Hood."
coating it with a mixture of tallow, sulphur,
Robin Hood. (Ritson.)
and rosin.
spotted Dacca muslin.
boot-tops, s. The top part of a boot,
bo-o'-tēs, s. [From Gr. Boórys (bootēs) = a cut for the leg of a boot.
especially the broad band of bright-coloured ploughnian, Boórns (bootēs) = the constellation
leather round the upper parts of Wellingtons
defined below.]
bôot-less, * bôote'-lėsse, * böte-lèsse,
a. [From boot (1), and suffix -less.] Without
or top-boots.
profit, success, or advantage; profitless.
boot-tree, s. An instrument composed
"Such euil is not alway botelesse."
of two wooden blocks, constituting a front
Chaucer : Troilus, b. i.
and a rear portion, which together form the
“Ah, luckless speech, and bootless boast!"
shape of the leg and foot, and which are
Cowper : John Gilpin.
driven apart by a wedge introduced between
It is sometimes followed by the infinitive,
them to stretch the boot. The foot-piece is
The blood of ages, bootless to secure,
sometimes detachable. It is called also a
Beneath an Empire's yoke, a stubborn Isle.".
Thomson: Liberty, pt. iv.
boot-last.
Arcturus
boot-ventilator, s. A device in a boot
bôot-less-ly, adv. [Eng. bootless; -ly.]
or shoe for allowing air to pass outwardly
“Good nymph, no more; why dost thou bootlessly
Stay thus tormenting both thyself and me?"
from the boot so as to air the foot. It usually
BOOTES.
Fanshawe : Past. Fid., p. 133.
consists of a perforated interior thickness, a
space between this and the outer portion, and
bôot'-less-ness, S. [Eng. bootless; -ness.]
Astron. : One of the ancient Northern con-
a discharge for the air, through some part of
The state of being bootiess. (Webster.)
stellations. It contains the splendid star
the said outer portion above the water-line.
Arcturus (q.v.), and was often called Arcto-
bôots, s. pl. [Boot.]
* boot (3), s. [BOAT.]
phylax = the bearward. If the “Great Bear"
“Boot. Navicula, scapha, simba.”- Prompt. Parv.
be looked on as that animal then Arcturus is bôot'-ý, * bot-ſe, s. [In Icel. byti ; Sw. byte
its keeper; if as a plough, which it so much = truck, exchange, barter, dividend, booty,
bộot (1), * boote, * bote, v.t. & i. [From Eng. resembles, then Bootes is its ploughman who pillage ; Dan. bytte = barter, exchange, truck ;
boot s., or from A.S. bót. [Boot.] In Moeso stands behind the implement; if as a waggon Dut. buit = booty, sport, prize ; Ger. beute;
Goth. botjan = to boot, advantage, profit ; [ST. CHARLES'S WAIN] then Bootes is the Fr. butin; Sp. botin =... booty; Ital. bot-
waggoner.
tino. From Icel. & Sw. byta = to change, to
*
*
hoil, boy: pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, çhin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhủn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

632
bootyer-borax
exchange, to truck, to shift, to divide, to
share ; Dan. bytte =to change, to make ex-
change, to truck; Dut. buiten = to get booty,
to pilfer; L. Ger. büten (N. H.) Ger. beuten,
erbeuten = to make booty ; M. H. Ger. bûten,
beuten.]
1. Lit. : That which is seized by plunder or
by violence. Specially -
(1) That which is taken by soldiers in war.
"When the booty had been secured, the prisoners
were suffered to depart on foot."-Mucaulay: Hist.
Eng. ch. xix.
(2) That which a thief or a robber carries
off by fraud or by violence.
"They succeeded in stopping thirty or forty coaches,
and rode off with a great booty in guineas, watches,
and jewellery.”—Macừulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii.
It is rarely used in the plural.
"Aut. If I had a mind to be honest, I see Fortune
would not suffer me: she drops booties in my mouth.
am courted now with a double occasion.”-Shakesp. :
Winter's Tale, iv. 4.
2. Fig., in special phrases :
(a) To play booty: To play dishonestly, with
the intention of losing a game.
“We understand what we ought to do, but when we
deliberate, we play booty against ourselves; our con-
sciences direct us one way, our corruptions hurry us
another.”—L'Estrange.
(6) To write booty: To write in such a way
as intentionally to fail in gaining one's pro-
fessed aim.
“I have set this argument in the best light, that
the ladies may not think that I write booty."- Dryden.
Precise meaning of booty : Crabb thus
distinguishes between booty, spoil, and prey:--
“ The first two are used as military terms or
in attacks on an enemy, the latter in cases of
particular violence. The soldier gets his
booty; the combatant his spoils; the carni-
vorous animal his prey. Booty respects what
is of personal service to the captor ; spoils
whatever serves to designate his triumph;
prey includes whatever gratifies the appetite
and is to be consumed. · When a town is
taken, soldiers are too busy in the work of
destruction and mischief to carry away much
booty; in every battle the arms and personal
property of the slain enemy are the lawful
spoils of the victor; the hawk pounces on his
prey, and carries him up to his nest. Greedi-
ness stimulates to take booty; ambition pro-
duces an eagerness for spoils; a ferocious ap-
petite impels to a search for prey.” (Crabb :
Eng. Syn.)
* boo-ty-er, S. [BYOUTOUR.]
* bõowe, s. [BOUGH.] (Chaucer : C. T., The
Kn. Tale, 2,059.)
bôoze, *bộoşe, * bộuşe, v.i. [From Dut.
buizen (Mahn); Ger. busen, bausen (Mahn),
büchsen; from büchse = box.] [Box.) To
tipple, to drink to excess. (Vulgar.)
bôoz'-ēr, bôoş'-ēr, s. [Eng. booz(e); -er.]
One who boozes or tipples. (Webster.)
bôoz'-ing, * bộoş'-îng, pr. par. &a. [BOOZE.]
"... a boozing clown who had scarcely literature
enough to entitle him to the benefit of clergy.”-
Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xxi.
boozing-ken, s. A slang term for a
drinking-shop.
bồoz-v, * bồogº-ỳ, * boug-ỹ, a. [From
booze, v., and suffix -y.) A little intoxicated,
somewhat elevated or excited with liquor.
(Kingsley.)
bo-pēep', * bő-péepe', * bo-pēpe', s. [From
bo, an unmeaning word, and peep = look.]
1. Lit. : A children's game, in which the
performers look out from behind anything
and then draw back as if frightened to show
face longer. This is done with the intention
of impressing each other with a moderate
amount of fright. It is the same as Scotch
bokeek and keekbo (q.v.).
2. Figuratively :
(1) To rush out of a hiding-place in battle
and then retreat again promptly in fright.
Used-
(a) of warriors:
“Rivers,
That serve instead of peaceful barriers,
To part the engagements of their warriours,
Where both from side to side may skip,
And only encounter at bopeep."-Hudibras.
* (6) Of the devil:
“There thc devil plays at bopeep, puts out his horns
to do mischief, then shrinks them back for safety."-
Dryden.
(2) To appear as if in a place and then with- | five stamina, a four-parted, four-seeded ovary,
draw from it, leaving spectators deceived.
producing, when ripe, four nuts distinct from
“He sayth that elles we make the angell a lyer, that each other. Leaves generally very rough.
sayde he is not here, and also that els we make as Whilst the five stamina ally them to Solanacea,
though Chrystes bodye in hys ascencion did not goe
Convolvulaceæ, and other allied orders, the four
vppe in the cloude into heauen from the earthe, but
onely hydde hymselfe in the cloude, and played bo seeds bring them near Labiatæ. They are
pepe, and taryed beneath still."-Sir T. More: Workes, natives principally of the temperate parts of
p. 841.
the northern hemisphere. 600 species were
bo-pýr'-1-dæ (yr as ir), s.pl. [From Mod. known in 1847. (Lindley.) The representa-
Lat. bopyrus (q.v.). ]
tives of the order in Britain are Echium,
Zool.: A family of Sedentary Isopod Crusta-
Pulmonaria, Lithospermum, Mertensia,
ceans of abnormal type, which live in the
Borago, Symphytum, Lycopsis, Anchusa,
bronchial cavity, or attached to the ventral
Myosotis, Asperugo, Echinospermum, and
surface of shrimps or similar animals.
Cynoglossum.
bo-pyr'-ús (yr as ir), s. [Etym. doubtful.]
bor-a-gỉn'-ě-oủs, a. [Lat. borago, genit.
Zool. : The typical genus of the Crustaceous
boraginis, and Eng. suffix -eous.) Pertaining
or relating to the Boraginaceæ or to the
family Bopyridæ (q.v.).
structure by which they are characterised.
bo'-quịn, s. [Sp.]
bor-ā-go, s. [Of doubtful etymology. It
Weaving: A coarse Spanish baize.
has been brought from Latin cor = the heart,
altered into bor, and ago, to bring, meaning
* bor (1), s. [BORE.]
the bringer of heart or courage. Again, it has
* bör (2), s. [BOAR.]
been derived from Celtic borrach = a courage-
ous or noble person. Or from L. Lat. borra,
* bor (3), s. [BOWER.] (Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems burra = rough hair, from its roughness
(ed. Morris) ; Pearl, 964.)
(Skeat).] [BORAGE.]
Bot. (Borage): A genus of plants-the typical
* bör, pret. of v. [BEAR.] (Story of Gen. and
one of the order Boraginacea (Borageworts).
Exod., 425.)
It has a rotate calyx, its throat closed with
t bör'-a-ble, a. [Eng. bor(e); able.] That
five teeth, exserted stamina, with bifid fila-
may be bored. (Johnson.)
ments, the inner branch bearing the anther.
B. officinalis, or Common Borage, is naturalised
bor-a'--chi-o, s. [Sp. borachio & borracha=a in Britain, but is not a true native. [BORAGE.]
leathern bottle ; borracho = drunk.]
* 1. A bottle or cask.
* bör-a-měz, s. The same as BAROMETZ (q.v).
2. A drunkard.
bör-as'-sús, s. [From Gr. Bópaooos (borassos)
“How you stink of wine ! D'ye think my niece = the fruit of a palm-tree.]
will ever endure such a borachio! You're an absolute
borachio.”—Congreve.
Bot.: A genus of palms, constituting the
type of the section Borasseæ. It contains the
bör-ç'-ic, a. [In Fr. boracique, from Lat. Borassus flabelliformis, or Fan-leaved Borassus,
borax, genit. boracis.] The same as Boric (q.v.). or Palm ; called also the Palmyra or Brab-
tree. It grows in the East Indies, rising to
boracic acid, s.
the height of about thirty feet. It delights in
1. Chem. : An acid, now called BORIC ACID elevated and hilly situations. The fruit is
(q.v.)
about the size and shape of a child's head.
2. Min. : Sassolite (Dana). Sassoline (Brit. Wine and sugar are made from the sap of the
Mus. Cat.). [SASSOLITE.]
trunk.
bör'-a-cīte, s. [In Ger. borazit; Lat. borax, bör'-āte, s. [Eng. bor(ic), and snff. -ate,
genit. boracis; and suffix -ite, Min. (q.v.).]
(Chem.). ] [BORIC ACID.]
Min.: An isometric tetrahedral mineral; bör-ax, * bor-as, s. [In Fr. borax; Sp.
hardness 4.5 when massive, but 7 in crystals ; borrax ; Ital. borrace ; Arab. burag ; from
sp. gr. 2.9 ; lustre, vitreous; colour, white or baraga=to shine.]
grayish, yellowish, and greenish. It varies 1. Chem. : Biborate of sodium, sodium pyro-
from being subtransparent to translucent. It
borate, Na,B4O7. It is found native in Thi-
is pyroelectric. Compos.: boron, 58.45 to 69.77 ;
bet, California, and Peru, and is called tin-
magnesia, 23.80—31.39; sesquioxide of iron,
cal; it is also obtained by boiling-the crude
0.32-1.59; chloride of magnesia, 9.97–11.75;
Tuscan boric acid with half its weight of
and water, 0–6.20. Boracite is (1) ordinary
Na Coz. It crystallizes at 79° in octohedra,
either crystallized or massive, or (2) it is iron-
Na2B4O7.5H20; and below 56° in monoclinic
boracite. Found in Germany, France, &c. prisms, Na2B4O7.10H20. When heated in the
(Dana.)
air it swells up and loses its water, forming
bor-a-coůs, a. [From Lat. borax, genit.
a spongy mass. The aqueous solution of
boracis (q.v.), and suffix -ous.] Consisting in
borax has a slight alkaline reaction, turning
part of borax; derived from borax.
yellow turmeric paper brown.
2. Phar.: Borax acts as a mild alkali on
t bor'-age (age as įg) (1), s. [A corruption of the alimentary canal and produces diuresis ;
borax (q.v.). ]
it has a peculiar topical sedative action on
borage-grot, s.
the mucous membranes, and is used as a
gargle in aphthous conditions of the tongue
Numis. : A groat or fourpenny piece of a
and throat, and in cases of mercurial saliva-
particular description, formerly current in
tion.
Scotland.
3. Manuf.: Borax is used in the process of
"Item the auld Englis grot sall pass for xvid., the soldering oxidizable metals ; being sprinkled
borage grot as the new grot."
over their surface it fuses and dissolves the
bor-age (age as ig) (2), s. [In Ger. borago; oxide which would prevent adhesion. It is
Dut. bernagie; Fr. bourrache; Sp. borraja; used for fixing colours on porcelain.
Port. borragem ; Ital. borraggine; Pol. borak.]
"Boras, ceruce, ne oille of tartre noon."
[BORAGO.]
Chaucer : C. T., Prol., 630.
Bot. : The English name of the genus Bor-
4. Mineralogy: A monoclinic, rather brittle,
ago. [BORAGO.] The common borage is an
sweetish alkaline mineral, with a hardness of
2–2:5, a sp. gr. of 1•716, a vitreous, resinous,
exceedingly hispid plant, with large, brilliant,
or earthy lustre, a greyish, bluish, or greenish-
blue flowers, having their stamens exserted.
white colour. Composition : Boric acid, 36.6;
It was once regarded as a cordial; the young
soda, 16.2; water, 47.2.
leaves may be used as a salad or potherb, and
It has been called
tincal, borate of soda, chrysocolla, &c. Found
the flowers form an ingredient in cool tankards.
first in a salt lake in Thibet, and afterwards
bor'-age-wõrts (age as ig), s. pl. [Eng., in Ceylon, California, Canada, Peru, &c.
&c., borage, and suffix -worts. ]
borax beads, s.
Bot. : The English name of the Botanical
Chem. : “Beads ” made of borax. They
order Boraginaceæ (q.v.).
are used in blowpipe analysis to distin,
guish the oxides of the various metals, and
bor-ăģ-in-a-çē-æ, s. pl. [Lat. borago, gen.
to test minerals. A piece of platinum wire is
boraginis, and -acece, nom. fem. pl. of adj. bent to form a small loop at one end; this is
suffix -aceus. ]
heated to redness and dipped on powdered
Bot. (Borageworts): An order of plants placed borax. The adhering borax is heated in the
by Lindley under his 48th or Echeal Alliance. flame to drive off the water; it then forms a
They have monopetalous corollas, generally colourless transparent bead. A minute frag-
with five, but sometimes with four, divisions, 1 ment of the substance to be tested is placed
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cūr, rûle, full; trý, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu= kw.

borbonia-border
633
on it, and it is heated in the blowpipe flame cloth, s. [O. Eng. bord = board, table; and
till it dissolves. It gives a characteristic cloth.] A table-cloth.
colour in the reducing and in the oxidizing "Bordeclothe. Mappa, gausape.”—Prompt. Parv.
blowpipe flame.
* börde (1), s. [BOARD.) (Ear. Eng. Allit.
Reducing flame: Colourless—Silicates of
Poems, ed Morris ; Cleanness, 470, 1,433, &c.)
earth metals ; Al2O3, Sn0n; alkaline earths,
earths, lanthanum, and cerium oxides, tan | * börde (2), s. [BORDER.) A border. (Sir
talic acid, manganic oxide, didymium oxide. Gaw. and the Greene Knight, 610.)
Yellow to brown-Tungstic acid, titanic acid,
molybdic acid ; aud vanadic acid, when hot.
* borde (3), s. [BOURDE.] A jest (?). (Sir
Red-Suboxide of copper, Cu20. Green---
Gaw, and the Greene Knight, 1,954.)
Fe.,O3, uranic oxide, chromic oxide; and
* bör'-děl, * bör'-děle, *bör-děll, * bör-
vanadic acid when cold. Grey-A920, ZnO,
děl'-lo, * būr-děl'-lo, s. [In Fr. bordel
Cdo, PbO, Bi,O3, Sb. 05, tellurous salts, and
(Littré); 0. Fr. bordell (Retham); Prov. bordel;
NiO.
Sp. burdel; Ital. bordello. From O. & Mod.
Oxidizing flame: Colourless bead—Silicates,
Fr. bordel, in the sense of a hut; dimin. of
alumina, stannic oxide, alkaline earths ; Ag20,
borde = a hut or cabin made of boards; Prov.
Ta, Niob, Te, salts ; titanic acid, tungstic
borda = a hut.] [BOARD.] A brothel.
acid, molybdic acid, Zno, Cdo, PbO, Bi203,
“From the burdello it might come as well:
Sb.,05. Yellow to brown-Fe2O3, uranium
The spittle: or pict-hatch.”
oxide; vanadic oxide when hot. Red—Fe2O3,
B. Jonson : Every Man in his Humour, i. 2.
cerium oxide, and oxide of nickel when cold.
"Making even his own house a stew, a bordel, and a
Violet-Mn salts, didymium oxide; and a mix-
school of lewdness, to instil vice into the unwary ears
of his poor children."-South.
ture of Coo and Nio. Blue-Cobalt oxide
(COO), copper oxide (CuO) when cold. Green * bör'-děll-ěr, * bör'-děl-ěr, * bör'-dil-
-Chromium oxide (Cr2O3), vanadic acid when lér (Eng.), bör-dell-ar (Scotch), s. [O.
cold, CuO when hot; and Fe2O3, containing Eng., O. Scotch, &c., bordel=a brothel, and
CuO or Coo.
suff. -er.] A frequenter of brothels.
bör-bon'-1-a, s. [From Gaston de Bourbon,
"He had nane sa familiar to hym, as fidlaris, bor-
delaris, makerellis, and gestouris.”—Bellend. : Cron.,
Duke of Orleans, son of Henry IV. of France, bk. v., ch. i.
a patron of botany. ]
* bör-děl'-lo, s. [BORDEL.]
Bot. : A papilionaceous genus of plants con-
taining about thirteen species, all from Southbor'-děr, * bör'-doure, * bör-dure, s. & a.
Africa; yellow flowers.
[From Fr. bordure (Littré); from Fr. border=
to border, to edge; Low Lat. bordura = a
bor'-bor-ús, s. [From Gr. Bópßopos (borboros)
margin. Compare Sw. brädd = brim, margin,
= slime, mud, mire.]
brink; Dut. boord=border, edge, brim, ...]
Entom. : A genus of two-winged flies be [BOARD.]
longing to the family Muscidæ. The species
A. As substantive :
are small insects, and frequent cucumber-
I. Ordinary Language : The brim, edge,
frames, dung-heaps, and marshy spots.
margin, or boundary line of anything. Spec. -
* bor'-bor-ygm, * bor-bor-yg'-mŭs, s. 1. Of earthenware, a looking-glass, a picture,
(In Fr. borborygme; from Gr. BopBopvyuós (bor dc. : The brim, the margin, the frame, or any-
borugmos) = a rumbling in the bowels ; Bop-
thing else surrounding it.
Bopúšw (borboruzo) = to have a rumbling in
“They have looking-glasses bordered with broad
the bowels; from the sound.]
borders of crystal, and great counterfeit precious
Old Med.: A rumbling in the bowels.
stones."--Bacon.
(Glossog. Nov., 2nd ed.)
2. Of a garment: The edge or hem, some-
times ornamented with needlework, or at
bör-çēr, s. [From Eng. bore, v.] An instru least of a diverse colour from the rest. [BOR-
ment for boring holes in large rocks in order DURE, 1.]
to blow them up. (Stormonth.)
3. Of a garden, a country, a lake, &c. : Its
limit or boundary.
* borch, v.t. [BORROW.] (Scotch.)
(1) Of a garden : The raised flower or other
* borch, s. [BURROUGH.]
bed surrounding it.
"All with a border of rich fruit-trees crown'd."
* börd, v.t. [BOARD, v.]
Waller.
(2) Of a country : Its confine, its limit, its
* börd (1), s. [BOARD.]
boundary line, or the districts in the imme-
bord-halfpenny, s.
diate vicinity.
Old Law or Custom : Money paid to the lord
(a) Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
of a manor on whose property a town or
"Slowly and with difficulty peace was established
village is built, for setting up boards, stalls,
on the border.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. iii.
or booths in it on occasion of a fair.
(6) Spec. : The border territory between
England and Scotland, where, while the two
bord-service, s.
countries were independent, mutual inroads,
Old Law: A tenure of bordlands. [BORD raids, cattle-lifting, &c. [BORDRAG, BORD-
LAND.]
RAGING], for centuries prevailed. Since the
happy union of the two kingdoms in 1707, the
* börd (2), s. [From Fr. bord= border.] [BOR-
hardy race of adventurers generated by these
DER.]
enterprises have found their proper sphere in
1. Ord. Lang. : A border.
the British army. [BORDERER.]
2. Mining : A lateral passage where a shaft (3) Of a lake : Its bank or margin.
intersects a seam of coal.
"It was situated on the borders of an extensive but
1. Monthis bord. [MONTHIS.)
shallow lake,
"-Darwin : Voyage round the
World (ed. 1870), ch. vi., p. 114. .
* bord (3), s. [BOURD.]
(1) Crabb thus distinguishes between
border, edge, rim or brim, brink, margin, and
* bord (4), s. [BURDE.] (Scotch.)
verge : “Of these terms, border is the least
* bord alexander, s. A kind of cloth definite point, edge the most so; rim and brim
made at Alexandria. (A MS. dated about are species of edge; margin and verge are
1525.) (Jamieson.)
species of border. A border is a stripe, an
edge is a line. The border lies at a certain
* bord (5), s. [O. Fries. bord; M. H. Ger. distance from the edge; the edge is the exterior
buburh; 0. Fr. behourd.] A joust, a tourna termination of the surface of any substance.
ment.
Whatever is wide enough to admit of any
"Ful ofte tyme he hadde the bord bygonne.”
space round its circumference may have a
Chaucer : 0. T., Prol., 52.
border; whatever comes to a narrow extended
börd'-age (age as įg), s. [In Low Lat. bor surface has an edge. Many things may have
dagium ; from O. Eng. & A.S. bórd = a board, both a border and an edge; of this description
and Eng., Fr., &c., suff. -age.]
are caps, gowns, carpets, and the like ; others
1. Old Scotch Law: A service required of
have a border but no edge, as lands, and
tenants to carry from their lord's woods tim others have an edge but no border, as a knife
ber or sticks to his house, or such provisions
or table. A rim is the edge of any vessel;
as the tenure of bordlands required. [BORD-
the brim is the exterior edge of a cap; a brink
LAND.] [It was called also BORDLODE (q.v.).
is the edge of any precipice or deep place; a
See likewise BURDEN.)
margin is the border of a book or a piece of
2. Naut. : A ship's side.
water; a verge is the extreme border of a
place.”
* bord-clothe, * borde-cloth, * burd- | (2) Border, boundary, frontier, and confines
are thus discriminated : “These terms are all
applied to countries or tracts of land." The
"border is the outer edge or tract of land that
runs along a country; it is mostly applied to
countries running in a line with each other,
as the borders of England and Scotland; the
boundary is that which bounds or limits, as
the boundaries of countries or provinces ; the
frontier is that which lies in the front or
forms the entrance into a country, as the
frontiers of Germany or the frontiers of
France; the confines are the parts lying con-
tiguous to others, as the confines of differ-
ent states or provinces. The term border is
employed in describing those parts which
form the borders, as to dwell on the borders or
to run along the borders. The term boundary
is used in speaking of the extent or limits of
places; it belongs to the science of geography
to describe the boundaries of countries. The
frontiers are mostly spoken of in relation to
military matters, as to pass the frontiers, to
fortify frontier towns, to guard the frontiers,
or in respect to one's passage from one
country to another, as to be stopped at the
frontiers. The term confines, like that of bor-
ders, is mostly in respect to two places; the
border is mostly a line, but the confiries may
be a point; one therefore speaks of going
along the borders, but meeting on the confines.”
“The term border may be extended in its appli-
cation to any space, and boundary to any
limit. Confines is also figuratively applied to
any space included within the confines, as the
confines of the grave; precinct is properly any
place which is encircled by something that
serves as a girdle, as to be within the pre-
cincts of a court, that is, within the space
which belongs to or is under the control of a
court.” (Crabb: Eng. Syn.)
II. Technically:
1. Milling: The hoop, rim, or curb around
a bedstone or bedplate, to keep the meal from
falling off except at the prescribed gap. Used
in gunpowder mills and some forms of grain-
grinding mills.
2. Printing :
(1) A type with an ornamental face, suitable
for forming a part of a fancy border.
(2) Ornamental work surrounding the text
of a page.
3. Locksmithing: The rim of a lock.
4. Weaving:
(1) That part of the cloth containing the
selvage.
(2) Plur. (Borders): A class of narrow tex-
tile fabrics designed for edgings and bindings,
such as galloons and laces.
5. Her. : Of the form bordure (q.v.).
B. As adjective: In any way connected with
the borders. (See the compounds.]
"With some old Border song, or catch."
Wordsworth: Fountain.
Compounds of obvious signification : Bor-
der-guard (Lewis : Ear. Rom. Hist., ch. xii.,
pt. ii., $ 3ò, vol. ii., 144); border-line, border
line (Times, 28th March, 1877); border-song,
border song [B.]; border-stream (Byron : Lara,
ii. 13).
border-axe, s. A battle-axe in use on
the border land between England and Scotland.
"A border-axe behind was slung."
Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, iv. 5.
+ border-day, s. The day or era when
the borders were in their glory, that is, when
they figured in poetic lays, but would not
have stood well in agricultural statistical
returns had these been then in existence.
"Was not unfrequent, nor held strange,
In the old Border-day."
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, v.7.
border-pile, s.
Hydraulic Engineering: An exterior pile of
a coffer-dam, &c.
t border-pipe, s.
Music: A pipe designed to be blown in
border wars.
"Through the dark wood, in mingled tone,
Were Border-pipes and bugles blown.”
Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, iv. 18.
border-plane, s.
Joinery: A joiner's edging-plane.
+ border-side, s.
Scotch : The side or district of Scotland lying
in proximity to the English frontier.
“List all !—The King's vindictive pride
Boasts to have tamed the Border-side."
Scott: Lady of the Lake, ii. 28.
boll, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhăn. -tious, -sious, -cious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c.=bęl, del.

634
border-bore
border-stone, s. The curbstone of a * börd'-rā-ġing, s. [O. Eng. bord = border,
well or pavement.
and raging.) A border raid, a “bordrag."
“Yet oft annoyd with sondry bordragings,
border-tide, s. A particular tide or
Of neighbour Scots, and forrein Scatterlings."
season in border history.
Spenser: F. Q., II. X. 63.
“Demands the Ladye of Buccleuch,
* bör'-dún, s. [From Fr. bourdon ; Ital. bor-
Why, 'gainst the truce of Border-tide,
In hostile guise ye dare to ride."
done.] A pilgrim's staff.
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, iv. 19.
"... In pilgrimes wedes
“He bar a bordun I-bounde with a brod lyste."
border-warrant, s.
Piers Plow. Vis., vi. 7-8.
Law : A process for arresting an English
delinquent who has crossed the border to
| bor'-düre, s. (Fr. bordure.] [BORDER.]
Scotland, or vice versa, or compelling him to
I. Ord. Lang. : An old form of border, s.
find security for his appearance before a court. (q.v.). A hem or border.
"... hem or bordure of these clothes, ..
bor'-dér, * bör'-dér-ýn, v.i. & t. [From
Chaucer : Boethius (ed. Morris), p. 6, line 50.
Eng. border, s. (q.v.). In Fr. border; Sp. bordar II. Heraldry: The border of an escutcheon.
= to border, to edge.]
It occupies one-fifth
A. Intransitive:
of a shield. It has
1. Of things material: To confine upon, to
various significations.
be contiguous to, to have the edges of one
1. It may be the
thing in close proximity to those of another.
mark of a younger
(Followed by on or upon.)
branch of a family.
"It bordereth upon the province of Croatia, ..." 2. If charged, it
Knolles.
may refer to maternal
2. Of things immaterial: To approach descent. This espe-
closely to.
cially obtains in an-
“All wit which borders upon profaneness,
cient armory.
Tillotson.
3. It may stand for BORDURE.
B. Transitive:
“ border coinpany,”
1. Of a garment, &c. : To adorn with a border which should be composed of sixteen pieces,
ornamented or otherwise.
and may imply either augmentation or, in
2. Of a country :
recent heraldry, illegitimacy.
(1) of the relation of one place to another : 4. It may be an ordinary charge.
To reach, to touch, to confine upon, to be
In blazoning coats of armour the bordure
contiguous or near to.
is placed over all ordinaries except the chief,
".... those parts of Arabia which border the sea the quarter, and the canton. It has no di-
called the Persian Gulf."-Raleigh.
minutive, but may at times be surmounted by
(2) Of the relation of a traveller to a tract of another of half its width. When a bordure is
country: To keep near a boundary line.
bezanté, billetté, or has similar markings, the
" His chief difficulty arose from not knowing where
number of bezants or billets, unless otherwise
to find water in the lower country, so that he was
obliged to keep bordering the central ranges."-Dar-
mentioned, is always eight. (Gloss. of Her.)
win: Voyage round the World (ed. 1870), ch. xvi.
* bor'-dyn, * boor'-don, * bour'-don, v.i.
* bor-dere, s. [BORDYOURE.] (Prompt. Parv.) [BOURDON.] To play, joké. (Prompt. Parv.)
bor'-déred, * bor-dyrde, pa. par. & a. * bor'-dy-oure, * bor'-dere, s. (From
I, Ordinary Language : (See the verb.)
0. Eng. bourdyn (q.v.).]
II. Bot. : A term applied to one colour sur-
"Bordyoure, or pleyare (bordere, P.). Lusor, jocu-
rounded by a border or edging of another.
lator.”—Prompt. Parv.
böre, * bor'-1-en, * bor-in, * bor-yn,v.t.&i.
bor'-dér-ér, s. [Eng. border, v. ; and suffix
[A. Š. borian = to bore; Icel. bora; Sw. borrá;
-er.]
Dan. bore; Dut. boren; (N. H.) Ġer. bohren;
I. Ord. Lang. : The dweller on the border
O. H. Ger. poran, poron ; Lat. foro = to bore.
or frontier of a country.
Skeat suggests also a connection with Gr.
“National enmities have always been fiercest among pap (phar), in pápayš (pharanx) =a ravine,
borderers."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii.
and Dapvyš (pharuna) = the pharynx, the
II. Mil. : The 25th regiment of the British
gullet.]
infantry are called the “King's Own Bor-
A. Transitive:
derers.
1. Lit. : To perforate or make a hole through
bor'-der-ing, pr. par. & d. [BORDER, V.] anything.
".... oft on the bordering deep."
(1) To perforate, to make a hole through
Milton: P. L., bk. i.
any hard substance by means of an instru-
bor'-dịrş, s. pl. [BORDER.]
ment adapted for the purpose. Used-
* bord-felawe, s. [O. Eng. bord = board,
a) Of the action of a gimlet drilling holes
and felawe = a fellow, companion.] A com-
in wood, or an analogous but more powerful
panion, associate.
instrument wrought by machinery perforating
iron.
“Thei youen to him bordfelawis thretti."—Wycliffe :
Judges xiv. 11.
"A man may make an instrument to bore a hole an
inch wide, or half an inch, not to bore a hole of a
bor'-dīte, s. [From Bordoë, one of the Faroe foot."-Wilkins.
"Mulberries will be fairer if you bore the trunk of
Islands; and suffix -ite (Min.) (q.v.).]
the tree through, and thrust into the places bored
Min.: A variety of Okenite (q.v.). It is wedges of some hot trees."-Bacon.
milk-white, fibrous in texture, and very tough. (6) Of the action of a borer perforating
From Bordoë. [See etym.]
the strata of the earth in search of coal or
other valuable minerals, for scientific investi-
* börd'-lănd, s. [Eng. bord ; land.] Land
gation of the succession of strata, or for any
which a lord keeps in his own hand for the
purpose.
maintenance of his “board,” i.e., of his table.
"I'll believe as soon
(Bracton, Wharton, &c.)
This whole earth may be bored, and that the moon
May through the centre creep.”.
* bord'-less; * bord-lees, a. [O. Eng. bord.
Shakesp. : Mid. Night's Dream, iii. 2.
=board, table, and hence food; and suffix
(c) Of the action of a woodpecker's bill, the
-less.] Foodless. (Piers Plowman.)
jaws of an insect, or any similar instrumen-
tality.
* börd'-löde, s. [Eng. bord = board; and
(d) Of an energetic person piercing through
lode = load.]
or penetrating a crowd.
Old Scots Law : The same as bordage.
“ Consider, reader, what fatigues I've known,
What riots seen, what bustling crowds I bord,
* börd'-măn, s. [O. Eng. bord = board; and
How oft I cross'd where carts and coaches roar'd."
Eng. man.)
Gay.
(2) To hollow out by means of boring.
Old Law : A tenant of bordland, who sup-
plied his lord with provisions. [BORDLAND.]
"Take the barrel of a long gun, perfectly bored, ..."
-Digby.
* börd'-rāg, s. [Contracted from bordraging
(3) To make way by piercing or scraping
(q.v.).] A border raid, a“ bordraging,” ravag.
out.
ing of border lands. (Used specially of England
“These diminutive catterpillars are able, by degrees,
to pierce or bore their way into a tree, with very small
and Scotland while, previous to the Union, the
holes ;..."-Ray.
two countries were at feud.)
2. Figuratively:
“No wayling there nor wretchednesse is heard,
(1) To weary one out by constant reiteration
No nightly bordrags, nor no hue and cries."
Spenser: Colin C1., 312, 315. of a narrative or subject in which one has but
slender interest; to fatigue the attention, to
weary one. (Colloquial.)
* (2) To befool, to trick.
"I am abused, betrayed ; I am laughed at, scorned,
Baffled and bored, it seems . .
Beaumont & Fletcher.
B. Intransitive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally:
(1) (By omitting the objective after the transi-
tive verb): To pierce by boring; as, “the
auger bores well.”
(2) (In its nature intransitive): To be pierced
or penetrated by a boring instrument; as,
“the wood is hard to bore.”
2. Fig. : To push forward.
“Nor southward to the raining regions run,
But boring to the west, and hov'ring there,
With gaping mouths they draw prolifick air."
Dryden.
böre, pret. of v. [BEAR, v.]
“This bore up the patriarchs ..."-Tillotson (3rd
ed., 1722), vol. i., ser. xiv.
* böre, pa. par. [BORN.)
"Allas !' seyde this frankleyn, 'that ever was I
bore !'"
Chaucer : C. T., 201.
böre (1) (Eng.), böre, * böir, * bör (Scotch),
s. [From bore, v. In A.S. bor =(1) a borer,
a gimlet, (2) a lancet, a graving iron; Sw.
borr = an auger, a gimlet; Dan. bor, boer
=a gimlet; Dut. boor = a wimble, a drill ;
Ger. bohr = an auger; bohrloch = bore, auger-
hole.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally :
* (1) The instrument with which a hole is
bored; a borer. [Etym.]
"So shall that hole be fit for the file, or square bore.'
-Moxon.
(2) A hole made by boring. Used-
(a) Gen. : Of the hole itself, without refer-
ence to its size.
“Into hollow engines long and round,
Thick ramm’d, at th' other bore with touch of fire
Dilated, and infuriate.” Milton : P. L., bk. vi.
(6) Spec. : Of its size or calibre.
"And ball and cartridge sorts for every bore."
Dryden.
“It will best appear in the bores of wind instruments;
therefore cause pipes to be made with a single, double,
and so on, to a sextuple bore, and mark what tone
every one giveth."-Bacon.
(3) A hole made in any other way. Spec.-
(a) A small hole or crevice; a place used
for shelter, especially for smaller animals.
(Scotch.)
“A sonne bem ful bright
Schon opon the quene
At a bore."
Sir Tristrem, p. 152,
"Schute was the door: in at a boir I blent.”
Palice of Honour, iii. 69.
"And into hols and bors thame hyd."
Burel : Pilg. (Watson's Coll.), ii. 23, 24. (Jamieson.)
(6) A rift in the clouds; a similar open
space between trees in a wood. (Scotch.)
“ When, glimmering through the groaning trees,
Kirk-Alloway seem'd in a bleeze;
Through ilka bore the beams were glancing.”
Burns : Tam O'Shanter.
2. Figuratively:
(1) Of things : Importance.
“I have words to speak in thine ear will make thee
- dumb; yet are they much too light for the bore of the
matter."-Shakesp. : Hamlet, iv. 6.
(2) Of persons or things : A person who
wearies one by perpetually calling when there
is no time to receive visitors, or by harping
on a subject in which one has no interest, or
in some similar way. Also a thing similarly
wearisome.
3. In special phrases :
I (1) A blue bore: An opening in the clouds
when the sky is thick and gloomy. (Scotch.)
(Lit. & Fig.)
“ This style pleased us well. It was the first blue
bore that did appear in our cloudy sky.”—Baillie:
Lett. i. 171.
* (2) The bores of hearing : The ears.
“For mine's beyond beyond-say, and speak thick;
Love's counsellor should fill the bores of hearing.'
Shakesp.: Cymbel., iii. 2.
II. Technically :
1. Metallurgy:
(1) A tool bored to fit the shank of a forged
nail, and adapted to hold it while the head is
brought to shape by the hammer. The de-
pression in the face of the bore is adapted to
the shape required of the chamfered under
part of the head.
(2) The cavity of a steam-engine cylinder,
pump-barrel, pipe, cannon, barrel of a fire-arm,
&c. In mechanics it is expressed in inches of
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pắt, sïre, sir, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian, æ, crē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bore-boring
635
diameter; in cannon in the weight in pounds (Mahn).] A kind of dance, of French or B(OH)3, is formed by dissolving boron tri-
of solid round shot adapted thereto.
Spanish origin.
oxide (B.03) in water. It occurs in the steam
(3) The capacity of a boring tool, as the
“ Dick could neatly dance a jig,
which issues from volcanic vents in Tuscany
But Tom was best at borees.
bore of an auger.
Swift. called suffioni, or fumaroles. These are di-
2. Music: The calibre of a wind instrument,
rected into artificial lagoons, the water of
boreen, s. [Ir.]
which becomes charged with boric acid, and
as the bore of a flute.
In Ireland : A bridle-path.
it is obtained from it by evaporation. Boric
böre (2), s. [Icel. bára = a wave, a billow caused
"A little further on branched off suddenly a narrow acid is supposed to be formed by the action of
bridle-path, or boreen, as it is called in this part of
by wind (Wedgwood and Skeat); N. & M. H.
water on BN (nitride of boron), which is de-
the country.”-Daily News, Nov. 3, 1880.
Ger. bor; O. H. Ger. por = height, top.
composed by it into boric acid and ammonia.
Remotely connected with A.S. beran, beoran
* bör'-ěl, s. [BORRELL.]
Boric acid crystallizes out in six-sided laminæ,
= to bear.)
which are soluble in hot water and in alcohol;
* borel folk, * borel-folk, s. [BOR-
it forms salts and borates, which are very un-
Physic. Geog. & Ord. Lang. :
RELL-FOLK.]
stable, as Mg'3(BO3)2 (magnesium ortho-
1. A tidal wave running with fearful height
and velocity up various rivers.
borate), being a tribasic acid. Its solution in
| * bore-lych, a. [BURLY.] (Sir Gaw. and the
In India
it occurs on the Ganges and the Indus, but,
Green Knight, 766.)
alcohol burns with a green-edged flame. Boric
acid turns litmus paper brown, even in the
according to an “Anglo-Burman,” is nowhere
* bor'-ěn, pa. par. [BORN.]
presence of free hydrochloric acid ; the brown
better seen than in the Sittang between Ran-
colour thus formed is turned a dirty blue by
goon and Moulmein in the Eastern Peninsula. bör'-ēr, s. [Eng. bor(e); -er. In Ger. bohrer.] caustic soda. Pyroboric acid, H,B407, is ob-
In Britain a bore rushes at spring tides up
I. Ordinary Language :
tained by heating for a long time the crystals
the Bristol Channel from the Atlantic, and
1. Of living beings : A person who or a living
of orthoboric acid at 140° C. Its chief salts
being narrowed by the funnel-shaped estuary
being which bores. [II. Zool.]
are borax, Na2B407, sodium pyroborate, and
of the Severn, rises into a bore below Newn-
Ca“B407, calcium pyroborate, which occurs
ham, and does not entirely expend its force 2. Of things : An instrument used for boring.
as the mineral borocalcite. Metaboric acid,
till it has passed Gloucester. It affects also “The master-bricklayer must try all the founda-
B''O(OH), is formed when boric acid is heated
the river Parrett, just below Bridgewater,
tions with a borer, such as well-diggers use to try the
ground.”-Moxon.
to 100° ; it is a white powder. Its salts are
and other rivers which run into the Bristol
II. Technically :
called metaborates ; as, barium metaborate,
Channel. There is a bore also in the Solway.
Ba"(BO'9)2; and calcium metaborate, Ca"(BO2)2,
(EAGRE, HYGRE.)
1. Zoology:
a white powder precipitated when CaCl, is
“The bore had certainly alarmed us for ninety or a (1) A name for a worm-like fish, the Myxine added to a solution of borax; the calcium salt
hundred seconds."-De Quincey: Works, 2nd ed., i. 106. glutinosa, called also the Glutinous Hag and is soluble in acetic acid, and in NH CI'.
2. Less properly: A very high tidal wave, the Blind-fish.
2. Min.: A mineral, called also Sassolite
not, however, so abrupt as in No. 1, seen in
(2) A name sometimes given to Terebella, a
the English Channel, the Bay of Fundy, &c.
(q.v.).
genus of Annelids.
(Dana.)
2. Coopering : A semi-conical tool used to
bör'-íck-īte, s. [From Boricky, who analyzed
enlarge bung-holes and give them a flare.
* böre (3), s. [BOAR.] (Piers Plow. Vis., vi. 31.)
it.]
Analogous instruments, used in some
Min.: A reddish-brown opaque mineral of
* böre (4), s. & a. The “bourtree" (q.v.). other trades, are called by the same name.
waxy lustre, occurring reniforın or massive.
(Tusser.)
It contains phosphoric acid, 19:35—29.49 ;
bör-ěth-ýı, s. [Eng., &c. bor(on); ethyl.] sesquioxide of iron, 52-29–52:99; water, 19:06
t bör'-ě-al, a. [In Fr. boréal; Sp. boreál ; Chem. : B(C2H5). It is formed by acting on
-19.96; lime, 7.29–816; and magnesia, 0–
Port, voreal ; Ital. boreale ; Lat. borealis; from
boric ether (C2H5)3B03 (a thin limpid fragrant
0:41. It occurs in Styria and Bohemia. (Dana.)
Boreas (q.v.).] Northern.
liquid, boiling at 119°, decomposed by water), bor'-il-la, s. [Etymology doubtful.]
“Crete's ample fields diminish to our eye,
with zinc ethyl. Borethyl is a colourless,
Before the boreal blasts the vessels fly."
Metal. : A rich copper ore in dust.
Pope.
pungent, irritating, mobile liquid, sp. gr. 0:696,
Boreal Province.
and boiling at 95°. It is insoluble in water, bör'-ing, * bör'-ynge, * bör'-1-înde, pr.
Zoology: The second of eighteen provinces
takes fire in the air spontaneously, burning par., d., & s. [BORE, v.]
within which Mr. S. P. Woodward distributed
with green smoky flame. It unites with am-
A. & B. As present participle & participial
sea and fresh-water mollusca. The Boreal
monia.
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
Province extends across the Atlantic from
* böre'-trēe, s. [BOURTREE.]
the verb.
Nova Scotia and Massachusetts to Iceland,
C. As substantive:
the Faroe and Shetland Islands, and along the * bor-ewe, s. [BORROW.]
1. The act, operation, or process of per-
coast of Norway from North Cape to the Naze.
75 per cent. of the Scandinavian shells are * bor-ew-yng, pr. par., d., & s. [BORROW-
forating wood, iron, rocks, or other hard
common to Britain, and more than half of the ING.] (Proverbs of Hendyng, 194.)
substances by means of instruments adapted
for the purpose.
sea-shells found on the coast of Massachusetts,
north of Cape Cod, occur also in the North
* borg, s. [BOROUGH.]
"Borynge or percynge. Perforacio.” — Prompt.
Parv.
Sea. Some of the principal species are Teredo * bor-gage, s. [From Eng. borg = a town, 2. A place made by boring, or where boring
navalis, Pholas crispata, Mya arenaria, Saxicava
and gage = a pledge.] A tenement in town
operations are in progress.
rugosa, Tellina solidula, Lucina borealis, As-
held by a particular tenure.
tarte borealis, Cyprina Islandica, Leda pygmea,
3. Pl. : Chips or fragments which drop from
“Ne boughte none Borgages beo ye certeyne.”
Nucula tenuis, Mytilus edulis, Modiola modio-
Piers Plow. Vision, iii. 77.
a hole which is in the process of being bored.
lus, Pecten Islandicus, Ostrea edulis, Anomia
* bor'-gen, pa. par. [BERGEN.]
boring and tenoning machine, s.
ephippium, Terebratulina caput-serpentis, Rhyn-
conella psittacea, Chiton marmoreus, Dentalium
Wheelwrighting: A machine adapted to
"Into saba to borgen ben."
Story of Gen. & Exod., 2,686. bore the holes in the fellies and to cut the
entale, Margarita undulata, Littorina groen-
* bor-ges, * bor'-geys, s. [BURGESS.] (Ear.
landica, Naticu helicoides, Scalaria grænland-
tenons on the ends of the spokes.
ica, Fusus antiquus, Fusus islandicus, Trophon
Eng. Allit. Poems; Patience, 366.) (Sir Ferum boring-bar, s.
muricatus, Trophon clathratus, Purpura Tapil-
bras, ed. Herrtage, 444.)
Metal-working :
lus, Buccinum undatum. Several genera are
borgh, s. [BORROW, 8.] (Scotch.)
1. A bar supported axially in the bore of a
now living on the coast of the United States
piece of ordnance or cylinder, and carrying
which only occur fossil in England, as Glyci * borgh, v.t. [BORROW, v.] (Scotch.) (Balfour :
the cutting-tool, which has a traversing mo-
meris, Cardita, &c. (S. P. Woodward : Mol Pract., p. 340.) (Jamieson.)
tion, and turns off the inside as the gun or
Tusca.)
* borghe (1), s. [BOROUGH.) (Piers Plow.
cylinder rotates.
Bör'-ě-as, s. [In Fr. Borée; Sp. & Port. Vis., ii. 87.)
2. A cutter-stock used in other boring-
Bóreas; Ítal. Borea; all from Lat. Boreas;
machines, such as those for boring the brasses
* borghe (2) (Eng.), borgh (Scotch), s. [A. S. of pillow-blocks. (Knight.)
Gr. Bopéas (Boreas) = (1) the North-wind, (2)
the North. . According to Max Müller, Boreas
borh, genit. borges = (1) a security, a pledge,
boring-bench, s.
is probably = the wind of the mountains,
loan, bail, (2) a person who gives security, a
surety, bondsman, or debtor; Dut. borg =a
Wood-working : A bench fitted for the use
from Gr. Bópos (boros), another form of opos
pledge.] [BORROW, s.]
(oros) = a mountain.] The North-wind, chiefly
of boring machinery or appliances. [BENCH-
A pledge; a surety.
(Piers Plow. Vis., vii. 83.)
DRILL.]
poetic. (Eng. & Scotch.)
“ The blustering Boreas did encroche,
(1) Lattin to borgh : Laid in pledge.
boring-bit, s. A tool adapted to be used
And beate upon the solitarie Brere."
“... to have bene lattin to borgh to the saide in a brace. It has various forms, enumerated
Spenser : Shep. Cal. ii. Alexr. ..."- Acts, Audit A, 1482, p. 100.
under the head of Bit (q.v.).
“Never Boreas' hoary path."
(2) To strek, or stryk, a borgh: To enter into
Burns : To Miss Cruikshanks.
suretyship or cautionary on any ground.
boring-block, s.
* bör-eau (eau as 7), s. [Fr. bourreau.] An
“Quhare twa partiis apperis at the bar, and the
Metal-working: A slotted block on which
executioner. [BURIO.]
tane strek a borgh apone a weir of law,” &c.-Ja. I. work to be bored is placed.
* bor-goun, v.i. [BURGEON.] (Ear. Eng. boring-collar, s. A back-plate provided
böre'-cõle, s. [From bore (1); and cole (q.v.).]
Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 1,042.) with a number of tapering holes, either of
A loose or open-headed variety of the cabbage
which may be brought in line with a piece to
(Brassica oleracea). It is also frequently known * bor-goune, s. [BURGEON.) (Allit. Poems; be bored and which is chucked to the lathe-
in ordinary language as sprouts.
Decline of Goodness, 1,042.)
mandrel. The end of the piece is exposed at
the hole to a boring-tool which is held against
böred, pa. par. [BORE, v.t.]
bör'-ic, a. [In Fr. borique. From Eng., &c., it. (Knight.)
bor(on), and suff. -ic.]
* bör'-ēe, s. [In Ger. borée, from Fr. bourrée =
boring-faucet, s. One which has a bit
the North-wind, from the wild and stormy
boric acid, boracic acid, s.
on its end by which it may cut its own way
movement which is characteristic of it 1. Chem. : Boric acid, or orthoboric acid, 1 through the head of a cask.
bóìl, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ģem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=i.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, del.

636
borith-borough
boring-gage, s. A clamp to be attached (2) Now born alone is used, complete dis horse-flesh ore; at Rou Island in Killarney,
to an auger or a bit-shank at a given distance | tinction in meaning having been established in Ireland ; in Norway, Germany, Hungary,
from the point, to limit the penetration of the between it and borne II. (2).
Siberia, and North and South America. (Dana.)
tool when it has reached the determinate “These six were born unto him in Hebron.”—1 [BORNINE.]
depth. (Knight.)
Chron. iii. 4.
boring-instruments, s. [BORING-MA-
Special phrase. Born again : Caused to * born'-shět, * borne'-shet, s. [From Ger.
undergo the new birth ; regenerated, trans borg = preventer, and schatz =... tax; schat-
CHINES.]
formed in character, imbued with spiritual zung; Dut, schattung = taxation, tax (?).] A
boring-lathe, s. A lathe used for boring life.
composition for protection from being plun-
wheels or short cylinders. The wheel or II. Of the forms borne and * born : Carried,
dered by an army.
cylinder is fixed on a large chuck screwed to supported, sustained.
"He joined with Holke, being both as Simeon and
Levi-exacting great contribution, and borneshets, or
the mandrel of a lathe.
1 * (1) Formerly: Of the form born, now compositions, pressing an infinite deale of money out
boring-machines, s. pl. Machines by quite obsolete in this sense.
of the Duke of Saxon's hereditary lands.”-Monro:
Exped., pt. ii., p. 154.
which holes are made by the revolution of the “... to have born up and sustained themselves so
tool or of the object around the tool, but not
long under such fierce assaults, as Christianity hath
done?”—Tillotson (3rd ed., 1722), vol. i., ser. xx.
* bor'-nyn, v.i. [O. Fr. burnir = to burnish.]
including the simple tool itself. Thus an
(2) Now: Only of the form borne.
[BURN, V.] To burnish. (Prompt. Parv.)
augur, gimlet, awl, or any bit adapted for
boring, independently of the machinery for
“From a rock of the ocean that beauty is borne-
Now joy to the house of fair Ellen of Lorn!”
* bor-nyst, pa. par. [BURNISHED.] (Ear.
driving it, would not be a boring-machine. A
Campbell : Glenara. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Pearl, 77.)
brace is on the dividing line, if such there be,
borne-down, a. Depressed in body, in
but is not included under the term boring-
mind, or in external circumstances. (Used of
| bör-o-căl'-çīte, s. [Eng., &c., boro(n); calcite.)
machines. (Knight.)
individuals or of collective bodies.) (Scotch.) Min.: The same as Boronatrocalcite and
boring mollusca, s. The principal bor-
"... opprest and borne-down churches."- Pet. Ulexite (q.v.).
North of Irel. Acts Ass. 1644, p. 215.
ing mollusca are the Teredo, which perforates
timber, and Pholas, which bores into chalk, * börne,s. [A.S. burna ; Dut. borne = a stream,
bör'-on, s. [From borax (q.v.).]
clay, and sandstone. These shells are sup í a spring.] [BURN (2).] A stream, what the
Chemistry: A triatomic element, syinbol B.
posed to bore by mechanical means, either by Scotch call a “burn."
At. Wt. 11. It occurs in nature combined in
the foot or by the valves. But certain shells,
“ Vnder a brode banke, bi a bornes side,
the form of boracic acid B(OH)2 and its salts.
as Lithodomus, Gastrochæna, Saxicava, and
And as I lay and lened and loked in the wateres." Boron is obtained by fusing boric trioxide
Ungulina, which attack the hardest marble
Piers Plow. Vis., Prol., 8, 9. B203 with sodium. It is a tasteless, in-
and the shells of other mollusca, have
odorous, brown powder, a non-conductor of
smooth valves and a small foot, and have a
* borned, * bornyd, pa. par. [BORNYN.]
electricity; it is slightly soluble in water,
limited power of movement-(the Saxicava is
Burnished. (Chaucer.)
permanent in the air ; burnt in chlorine gas it
even fixed in its crypt by a byssus)—so they
“Sheldes fresshe and plates borned bright.”
Lydgate : Story of Thebes, 1,123.
forms boron chloride BC13, a volatile, fusing
have been supposed either to dissolve the
liquid, boiling at 18.23, sp. gr. 1:35; it is de-
Gold bornyd : Burnished with gold.
rock by chemical means, or else to wear it
composed by water into boric acid and hydro-
away with the thickened anterior margins of bör-nēene, s. [Eng., &c., Bornelo); -ene.] chloric acid. When amorphous boron is
the mantle. The boring mollusks have been Camphor oil of Borneo, C10H16. An oily heated with aluminium the boron dissolves in
called “stone-eaters” (lithophagi), and “wood liquid extracted from the Dryabalanops cam it, and separates out as the metal cools. The
eaters ” (aylophagi), and some at least are phora, and isomeric with oil of turpentine. It aluminium is removed by caustic soda. It
obliged to swallow the material produced can also be obtained from oil of valerian by crystallizes in monoclinic octohedra, which
by their operations, though they derive no fractional distillation. Borneene is almost scratch ruby and corundum, but are scratched
nourishment from it. No boring mollusk insoluble in water, and has the odour of tur by the diamond ; the sp. gr. is 2:68. Heated
deepens or enlarges its burrow after attaining pentine.
in oxygen it ignites, and is covered with a
the full growth usual to its species. The
coating of brown trioxide. Amorphous boron,
animals do great injury to ships, piers, and
Bör-ně-7, s. & a. [From Brunai, the local
fused with nitrate of potassium, explodes.
breakwaters.
name for the capital of the kingdom of Borneo Boron forms one oxide B2O3, obtained by
boring-rod, s. An instrument used in
proper.]
heating boric acid to redness; it forms a glassy,
A. As substantive : An island, about 800 hygroscopic, transparent solid, volatile at
boring for water, &c. [BORING-MACHINES. ]
miles long by 700 broad, in the Eastern Archi white heat. It dissolves metallic oxides,
boring-table, s. The platform of a pelago, between 7° 4' and 4° 10' S. lat. and yielding coloured beads (see Borax-beads).
boring-machine on which the work is laid.
108° 50' and 119° 20' E. long.
Boron unites with fluorine, forming a colour-
B. As adjective: Growing in Borneo ; in less gas BF3, having a great affinity for water.
boring-tool, s.
any way connected with Borneo.
It carbonizes organic bodies ; 700 volumes are
Metal-working : A cutting-tool placed in a
soluble in one volume of water, forming an
cutter-head to dress round holes.
Borneo camphor, s. A gum, called oily fusing liquid. Amorphous boron com-
also BORNEOL (q.v.).
bines directly with nitrogen, forming boron
* borith, s. [BURYT.] (Bailey.)
nitride BN, a light amorphous white solid
bör'-ně-o1, s. [From Borneo), and (alcoh)ol.] which, heated in a current of steam, yields
börk-hâu'-şi-ą, s. [Named after Moritz Chemistry : Borneol, or Borneo camphor, ammonia and boric acid.
Borkhausen, a German, who published a bo C10H 17(OH), occurs in the trunks of a tree
tanical work in 1790.]
growing in Borneo, the Dryobalanops cam bör-o-nā-tro-cal'-çīte, S. [Eng., &c.
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
phora. It has been prepared by the action of
boro(n); natro(n); calcite.]
order Asteraceae (Composites) and the sub-
sodium or of alcoholic potash on common cam-
Min.: The same as Ulexite (Dana) (q.v.).
order Liguliflora (Cichoraceae). The British
phor. Borneol is a monad alcohol, forming
flora contains two wild species, Borkhausia
ethers. When heated with HCl in a sealed
bör-o'-ni-a, s. [Named after Francis Borone,
foetida, the fetid, and B. taraxifolia, the small,
tube CH170l (camphyl chloride) is formed.
an Italian servant of Dr. Sibthorp, the botanist
rough Borkhausia, besides an introduced
By heating borneol with P,05 it is converted
and traveller in Greece.]
species, B. setosa. They are not common, and
into a hydrocarbon borneene (C10H16). Borneol
no special interest attaches to them.
Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the
forms small transparent crystals, smelling like
camphor and pepper; melting at 198°, and
order Rutaceæ (Rueworts). The species are
bor-lā'-si-a, s. [From the Rev. Dr. Borlase, boiling at 212°. Its alcoholic solution is dex-
pretty little Australian plants, flowering all
F.R.S., an English naturalist and antiquarian, trorotary. Heated with nitric acid it is con-
the year, and generally sweet-scented.
born in Cornwall, on February 2nd, 1695, and verted into ordinary camphor.
died there August 31st, 1772.]
bör-o-sil?-1-cāte, s. [Eng., &c. boro(n); sili-
Zool.: A Ribbon Worm, belonging to the
bör'-ně-şīte, s. [From Borneo (q.v.).]
cate.]
family Nemertidæ. It is found on the coasts
Chem. : O.N.C7H1406, a crystalline sub Borosilicate of time: A compound consisting
of Britain and France; is of nocturnal habits,
stance melting at 175°. It occurs in Borneo of a borate and a silicate,
and attains the length of fifteen feet.
caoutchouc.
Min. : The same as Datolite (q.v.).
* bor-lych, a. BURLY.] (Ear. Eng. Allit. I bör'-nīne, s. [In Ger., &c., bornine; from bor-õugh (1), * bor'-ow. * bor'-row (ah
Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 1,488.)
Von Born, an eminent mineralogist of the
silent), * bor-ewe, * borw, * borwe,
eighteenth century.]
* borwgh, * borgh, * borghe, *borg,
* bormyn, v.t. [BURN.]
Min.: A mineral, called also Tetradymite burgh, * burghe, * burw, * burie,
“Bormyn', or pulchyn' (bornyn, K. P. boornyn, H.). (q.v.).
s. & a.
Polio, Cath.”—Prompt. Parv.
[A.S. burh ; genit. burge; dat.
I The British Museum Catalogue calls this byrig; genit. plural burga = (1) a town,
börn, börne, * bör-en, * bör'-un, also Bornite, but Dana limits the latter term a city; (2) a fort, a castle; (3) a court, a
* böre, * -böre, pa. par. [BEAR, v.]
to a perfectly distinct mineral.
palace, a house; burg = a hill, a citadel ;
I. Of born and the other forms given above :
burgh, burig, burug, buruh, bureg =a city;
* born'-îng rod, s. [BONING ROD.)
burh = a hill; Icel. borg = a fort, a borough;
Brought into the world, brought into life,
Sw. & Dan. borg = a castle, a fort, a strong
brought forth, produced. (Used either of the bör'-nīte, s. [In Ger. bornit. Named after place; O.S. burg; Dut. & Ger. burg =
simple fact of birth or of the circumstances Von Born.]. [BORNINE.)
à castle, a stronghold; M. H. Ger. burc;
attendant upon it.)
Min.: An isometric, brittle mineral, occur O. H. Ger. puruc, purc; Goth. baurgs;
(1) Formerly all the foregoing forms were ring massive, granular, or compact. The hard. Lat. burgus = a castle, a fort; Macedonian
used except born, which is modern.
ness is 3, the sp.gr.4.4–55, the lustre metallic, Búpyos (burgos); Gr. Túpyos (purgos) = a tower,
"For he was ybore at Rome, ..."-Rob. Glouc. the colour between red and brown, the streak especially one attached to the walls of a city;
p. 90.
"How he had lyued syn he was bore."
pale greyish-black, slightly shining. Compo plural = the city walls with their towers ;
Robt. Manning of Brunne, 5,646.
sition : Copper, 50–71; sulphur, 21:4—28 24; púpkos (phurkos) = same meaning. From A.S.
" Whanne Jhesus was borun in Bethleem, ..."-
iron, 6.41–18:3. It is a valuable ore of copper beorgan = (1) to protect, (2) to fortify ; beorh,
Wycliffe (Purvey), Matt. ii. 1.
found in Cornwall, where the miners call it beorg = a hill; Moeso-Goth. bairgan = to
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pīne, pỉt, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; trý, Sýrian, e, ce=ē. ey=āo qu= kw.

borough-borrow
637
bor'-rer-a, s. [Named after Mr. William
Borrer, F.L.S., an eminent cryptogamic bo-
tanist. ]
Bot.: A genus of Lichens containing species
which grow on trees or the ground, and are
branched, bushy, or tufted little plants, one
species farinaceous. Several are British.
bor-rēr'-1-a, s. [BORRERA.]
Bot. : A genus of Cinchonads, of which one
species, Borreria ferruginea and B. podya,
both from Brazil, yield a bastard ipecacuanha.
* bor'-rět, s. [From Dut. borat =a certain
light stuff of silk and fine wool. (Sewel.).]
Bombasin. (Scotch.)
“Bombasie or borrets, narrow, the single peece cont.
xv. elns-xx l."- Rates, A. 1611. Boratoes, ib. 1670,
p. 7.
epheards sorowe,,,
hide, preserve, keep; bairgs = a mountain ; many. Those associated together were bound
Ger. berg = a mountain. (BERG.] Compare to hand up, on demand, any offender existing
also Mahratta, &c. pôor, pûr = a town, a city.] in their community. The organisation was
A. As substantive:
often called a tithing, its head was denomi-
I. In England :
nated head-borough or borough-head, or bors-
1. Formerly:
posed to be the discreetest man in the fra-
(1) Gen. : A town, a city.
ternity. (Blackstone : Comment, Introd., § 4.)
“Notheles thanne thai prikede faste, til thay wer Ten such tithings made a “hundred."
passed the borwgh."-Sir Ferumb. (ed. Herrtage), 1,767.
In this sense it might be used of foreign
* bor-ow (1), s. [BOROUGH (1).] A borough,
towns and cities.
a city.
* bor'-ow (2), * bor'-owe, s. [BORROW, s.]
The borgh brittened and brent.
Sir Gaw. and the Gr. Knight, i. 2. (Spenser : Moth. Hub. Tale, 851.)
*(2) Spec. : A walled town or other fortified * bor-ow-ěn, * bor-ow-ýn, v.t. [BORROW,
place, also a castle.
2. Now : A town, corporate or not, which
sends a burgess or burgesses to Parliament. * bor'-ow-ěr, s. [BORROWER.] (Prompt.
“For you have the whole borough, with all its love Parv.)
makings and scandal-mongeries, contentions and con-
tentments.”—Carlyle : Sartor Resartus, bk. ii., ch. 9. * bor'-7w-ụng, s, & d. [BORROWING.]
II. In Scotland (the form burgh being gene-
rally used) :
bor'-ra, * bor'-radh, s. [From Dan. berg =
a strong place (?).] [BOROUGH (1).]
1. An incorporated town.
Archæol. : A term used in the Highlands of
2. In the same sense as I. 2.
Scotland for a congeries of stones covering
III. In Ireland : The same as in England. cells. They have been supposed to be burial-
".... all the cities and boroughs in Ireland." places of heroes or skulking places of rob-
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii.
bers, but were more probably receptacles for
IV. In the United States : An incorporated plunder. [BOURACH, BRUGH.]
town or village.
"Borra, or borradh, is also a pile of stones, but
B. As adjective : Pertaining or belonging to
figure, being always oblong, in external construction,
or in any way connected with a borough. [See and in its size and design."-Statist. Acc. Scotland,
the subjoined compounds.]
xiv. 527. Kelpelton: Argyleshire.
borough-court, s. A court of very bor'-rạch (ch guttural), s. [BOURACH.]
limited jurisdiction, held in particular burghs
or suburbs for convenience sake, by prescrip-
| bồr-raº-chi-õ, bbr-aº-chi-õ, s. [From Sp.
tion, charter, or Act of Parliament. (Black-
borachio and borracha =a leathern bottle;
stone : Comment., bk. iii. 6.)
Ital. borracia = (1) coarse, bad stuff, (2) a
vessel for wine in travelling.) [BORACH.10.]
borough English, borough-eng-
lish, s. [Called English (as opposed to * bor'-radh, s. [BORRA.] (Scotch.)
Norman) because it came from the Anglo-
Saxons, and borough because prevalent in
bor'-ral, s. & A. [So called because boys bore
various ancient boroughs (Blackstone).) A
it for their popguns.]
custom existent in some places by which on
borral-tree, s. The “Bourtree" (Sam-
the death of a father the youngest son inherits
the estate to the exclusion of his older
bucus nigra). [BOURTREE.]
“ Round the auld borral-tree,
brothers. Similarly, if the owner die without
Or bourock by the burn side."
issue, his youngest brother obtains the pro-
Brownie of Bodsbeck, i. 216-17.
perty. (Blackstone : Comm., i., Introd., § 3; * bor'-rel, * bor'-ěll, * bor'-rēli, s. & a.
Cowel, &c.)
[Old Fr. burel=a kind of coarse woollen cloth;
... and therefore called borough-english."-
Blackstone : Comment., Introd., $ 3.
Low. Lat. burellus = the cloth now described.
Compare Fr. bure, burat = drugget; Prov.
borough-head, s. The same as a head bureł = brown.]
borough, the chief of a borough, a constable.
A. As substantive :
borough-holder, s. A head-borough, a 1. Of fabrics (generally of the form borel):
borsholder.
(1) A coarse woollen cloth of a brown colour.
borough-master, s. The mayor or
(Chaucer.)
bailiff of a borough.
(2) A light stuff with a silken warp and
borough-monger, s. One who tries to
woollen woof. (Fleming.)
make money out of the patronage of a 2. Of the wearer of such fabrics :
borough.
(1) One of the inferior order of peasantry ; a
“No office-clerks with busy face,
rustic.
To make fools wonder as they pass,
Whisper dull nothings in his ear,
(2) A layman as distinguished from a clergy-
'Bout some rogue borough-monger there."
man.
Cooper: The Retreat of Aristippus, epist. 1.
B. As adjective:
borough-reeve, s. [Reeve is from A.S.
1. Made of coarse cloth.
geréfa = (1) a companion, a fellow ; (2) a reeve
or sheriff, the fiscal officer of a shire, county,
2. Belonging to the wearer of such cloth,
or city ; (3) a steward, bailiff, an agent.] A
viz., to one of the peasant class ; rude, rustic,
fiscal officer in the Anglo-Saxon boroughs,
clownish.
sometimes called also port-reeve, and corre-
sponding also to the shire-reeve of the county
“How be I am but rude and borrell.”
districts.
Spenser : Shep. Cal., vii.
(2) Scotch :
borough - sessions, S. Courts esta-
"... whilk are things fitter for thim to judge of
blished in boroughs under the Municipal than a borrel man like me.”-Scott : Redgauntlet,
let. xi.
Corporation Acts of 1835. They are held by
the recorders of the respective courts, and are
3. Belonging to a layman.
generally quarterly.
borrel-folk, borel-folk, s. pl.
borough-town, s. A corporate town.
1. Rustic people.
* bör'-ough (2) (gh silent), s. [A.S. borh = (1) 2. The laity as opposed to the clergy.
a security, pledge, loan, bail, (2) one who [BUREL-CLERK.)
gives such security, a surety, bondsman, or
“Our orisouns ben more effectuel,
debtor ; borg = a loan, a pledge.] [BORROWE.]
And more we se of goddis secre thinges
Old English law :
Chaucer: C. 1., 7,451.
1. A pledge or security given by ten
borrel-loon, s. A term of contempt for
freeholders, with their families, for the good
a low, uncultivated rustic. (Scotch.)
conduct of each other ; a frank-pledge.
[See No. 2. See also FRANK-PLEDGE.] [BOR borrel-man, s. An uncultivated peasant.
ROWE.]
2. The association of ten freeholders, with
Bor'-rěl-ists, s. pl. [From Borrel, the founder
their families, giving such a pledge. Accord-
of the sect.]
ing to Blackstone, this system of giving frank Ch. Hist. : A Christian sect in Holland who
pledge was introduced into England by King reject the sacraments and other externals of
Alfred, having already, however, existed in Christian worship, combining this with aus-
Denmark, and for a long time before in Ger terity of life.
* bõr'-row (1), * bor'-rowe, * bor-ow,
* bor'-owe, * bor'-ewe, * bor'-we,
* borw, 1 bórh, * borgh, *borghe (Eng.),
borow, * borwch, * borwgh, *bowrch,
* borgh, * borch (Scotch), s. [A.S. borh,
genit. borges = (1) a security, pledge, loan, or
bail, (2) a person who gives security, a surety,
bondsman, or debtor (Bosworth); Sw. borgen
= bail, security, surety ; Dan. & Dut. borg =
pledge, bail, trust, credit; Ger. borg = credit,
borrowing.]
1. Of things :
(1) A pledge, a surety.
“And thar till into borwch draw I
Myn hery tage all halily.
The king thocht he was traist Inewch
Sen he in bowrch hys landis drewch."
The Bruce (ed. Skeat), bk. i., 625-28.
“ This was the first sourse of shepheards sorowe.
That now nill be quitt with baile nor borrowe."
Spenser : Shep. Cal., v.
(2) The act of borrowing or taking as a loan.
" Yet of your royal presence I'll adventure
The borrow of a week.”
Shakesp. : Wint. Tale, i. 2.
2. Of Beings or persons : A surety, a pledge,
a bail ; one who stands security.
“He that biddeth borroweth, & bringeth himself in
det,
For beggers borowen euer, and their borow is God
almighty,
To yeld hem that geueth hem, & yet usurie more."
Piers Plow., fol. 37, b.
“ But if he liue in the life, that longeth to do wel,
For I dare be his bold borow, that do bet wil he
neuer,
Though dobest draw on him day after other."
Ibid., fol. 47, b. (Jamieson.)
Special phrases : (1) Have here my faith
to borwe: Have here my faith for a pledge.
(Chaucer.)
(2) Laid to borwe: Pledged. (Chaucer.)
(3) St. John to borrowe; Sanct Johne to borowe,
or to borch: St. John be your protector or
cautioner; St. John be or being your security.
“Thar leyff thai tuk, with conforde into playn,
Sanct Jhone to borch thai suld meyt haiſle agayn."
Wallace, iii. 336.
" With mony fare wele, and Sanct Johne to borowe
Of falowe and frende, and thus with one assent,
We pullit up saile and furth our wayis went."
King's Quair, ii. 4. (Jamieson.)
por'-row,* bor'-rowe, * bor-owe, * bor-
we, * bor'-ow-en, * bor'-wyn,' * bor-
ewe, * boriwen, * bor-o-wyn (Eng.),
bor'-row, * borw, * borch, * borgh
(Scotch), v.t. [A.S. borgian = to borrow, to
lend (Somner); Icel. & Sw. borga ; Dan, borge;
Dut. & Ger. borgen = to take or give upon
trust, From A.S. borg=a loan, a pledge.]
[BORROW, s. ]
I. Of giving security :
1. To give security for property.
“Thare borwyd that Erle than his land,
That lay into the kyngis hand."
Wyntoun, vii. 9, 315.
“Gif any man borrowes another man to answere to
the soyte of any partie, either he borrowes him, as
haill forthcummand borgh, ... then aught he that
him borrowed there to appeare, and be discharged as
law will."-Baron Courts, c. 38.
II. Of asking in loan :
1. Lit.: To ask and obtain money or pro-
perty for or upon loan, with the implied
intention of returning it in due time.
(1) Of money:
the government was authorised to borrow two
millions and a half."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. xx.
(2) Of property:
"Then he said, Go, borrow thee vessels abroad of all
thy neighbours.”—2 Kings iv. 3.
In Exod. xi. 2, “... let every man
borrow of his neighbour, and every woman of
her neighbour, jewels of silver, and jewels of
gold,” the translation is incorrect. The mar-
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shủn; -ţion, -şion=zhŭn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, dei.

638
borrow-bosh
p. 26
ginal rendering ask is accurate. The Hebrew | bör'-rowş-town, bor'-ough'ş town, s.
verb is 20 (shaal), the ordinary one for ask,
& a. [Eng. borough's; town.] (Scotch.)
in the sense of request to be given, and is
A. As subst. : A royal burgh. (Scotch.)
rendered ask in Psalm ii. 8, &c., and desired
"... like the betherel of some ancient borough's
in 1 Sam, xii. 13.
town summoning to a burial, ..."-Ayrs. Legatees,
2. Fig.: Of taking without the obligation,
or in some cases even the possibility, of re-
B. As adj. : Of or belonging to a borough.
turning what is appropriated. Used-
"... borrowstoun kirks being alwayes excepted.”—
Acts. Cha. I. (ed. 1814), vi. 142.
(a) In an indifferent sense.
"These verbal signs they sometimes borrow from börs'-hõld-er, s. [Considered by most au-
others, and sometimes make themselves."-Locke.
thorities to be a corruption of English
“While hence they borrow vigour:..."
borough's elder, but by some (see quotation
Thomson: The Seasons; Autumn.
below) to be connected with A.S. borh =
(6) In a bad one.
security.] A name given in some coun-
“Forgot the blush that virgin fears impart
ties to the functionary called in others the
To modest cheeks, and borrow'd one from art."
Cowper : Expostulation.
tithing-man, the head-borough. He was
Hence (c) not to borrow is more honourable
chosen to preside over a tithing for one year.
than to do so.
The office is supposed to have been instituted
“It gives a light to every age,
by King Alfred. By the statute of Winchester
It gives, but borrows none."
the petty constable, with other functions,
Cowper: 0. 8.; The Light and Glory of the Word. discharges those of the ancient borsholder,
“Itself a star, not borrowing light,
though it has been carried out only in some
But in its own glad essence bright."
Moore: L. R.; The Fire-Worshippers.
places. (Blackstone : Comment., Introd., § 4,
ük. i. 9.)
* bor'-row (2), s. [BOROUGH (1).] (Scotch.)
“Tenne tythings make an hundred ; and five made
a lathe or wapentake; of which teune, each one was
borrow - mail, S. (BURROW - MAIL.]
bound for another; and the eldest or best of them,
(Scotch.)
whom they called the tythingman or borsholder, that
is, the eldest pledge, became surety for all the rest."-
bor'-rowed, pa. par. & d. [BORROW, v.]
Spenser on Ireland.
As participial adjective:
bort, s. [Etym. doubtful. Cf. Sw. bort =
1. Obtained on loan.
away, hence, avaunt.]
"... on a borrowed horse, which he never returned.” Lapidary work : Small fragments of dia-
-Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xviii.
mond, split from diamonds in roughly reducing
2. Not genuine; hypocritical.
them to shape, and of a size too small for
“Look, look, how listening Priam wets his eyes,
jewelry. Bort is reduced to dust in a mortar,
To see those borrow'd tears that Sinon sheds !"
Shakesp. ; Tarquin and Lucrece, 1548-49.
and used for grinding and polishing.
borrowed days, s. [BORROWING DAYS.] * bor-un, pa. par. [BORN.] (Wycliffe (Pur-
(Scotch.)
vey): Matt. ii. 1.)
“March said to Aperill,
I see three hogs upon a hill :
bör'-ür-ět, s. [From Eng., &c. bor(on), and
But lend your three first days to me,
suff, -uret.)
And I'll be bound to gar them die.
The first, it sall be wind and weet;
Chem. : A combination of boron with a
The next, it sall be snaw and sleet;
simple body.
The third, it sall be sic a freeze,
Sall gar the birds stick to the trees.
* borw, * borwe, v.t. [BORROW, v.] (Piers
But when the borrowed days were gane,
The three silly hogs came hirplin hame."
Plow. : Vis., v. 257.)
Gloss. to Compt. of Scotland. (Jamieson.)
* borw, s. [A.S. beorh = (1) a hill, a moun-
bõr'-row-ěr, * bor'-ow-ēr, * bor'-ware, tain, (2) a fortification, (3) a heap, burrow, or
s. [Eng. borrow; -er.]
barrow.)
* 1. One who is bound for another; a se-
"Fast byside the borw there the barn was inne.”
curity, a bail.
William of Palerne, 9.
2“ Borware (borower, P.). Mutuator, C sponsor, 1 * bor'-wąge, s. [O. Eng. borw(e), and suff.
Cath."-Prompt. Parv.
-age.] Suretyship, bail.
2. One who borrows; one who obtains any-
"Borwage (borweshepe, K. borowage, P.). Fide-
thing on loan. In this sense it is opposed to jussio, C. F.”—Prompt. Parv.
lender.
"... an indispensable compensation for the risk
* borwch, s. [BORROW, s.] (Scotch.)
incurred from the bad faith or poverty of the state,
and of almost all private borrowers, .. "-J. S. Miil : * bor'-we, S. [BORROW, s.) A pledge, a
Political Economy, (1848), vol. i., bk. i., ch. xi., § 3, security.
p. 207.
“When ech of hem hadde leyd his feith to borwe.”
3. One who takes or adopts what is another's, Chaucer : C. T.; The Knightés Tale (ed. Morris), 764.
and uses it as his own.
“Borwe for a-nothire person, K. borowe, H. P. Fide-
"Some say that I am a great borrower ; however,
jussor, sponsor.”—Prompt. Parv.
none of my creditors have challenged me for it.”-
Pope.
* bor-wen, pa. par. (BERGEN.] Preserved,
saved.
* bor'-row - gange, * bor'-row-gång,
* borghe-gang, s. [A.S. borh = a pledge,
“... ben borwen, and erue, thurg this red.”
Story of Gen. & Exod., 3,044.
a surety (BORROW, s.), and 0. Scotch gange
= the act or state of; from Sw. suff. -gång,
* bor'-we-shepe, s. [O. Eng. borwe, and
as in edgång = the taking of an oath.] A state suff. -shepe = -ship.] Suretyship. (Prompt.
of suretyship.
Parv.)
“The pledges compeirand in courts, either they con-
fes their borrowgange (cautionarie) or they deny the
* borwgh, s. [BOROUGH (1).] A town. (Sir
same."-Reg. Maj., iii., ch. 1, § 8.
Ferumb., ed. Herrtage, 1767.)
* bor'-row-hood, s. [Eng. borrow, and suff. * bor'-won, v.t. [From borwe (q.v.).] To
-hood = state of.] The state or condition of bail; to stand security for.
being security.
“Borwon owt of preson, or stresse (borvyn, H.
borwne, P.). Vador, Cath."-Prompt. Parv.)
bor'-row-ing, * bor'-wŷng, pr. par., d.,
& s. [BORROW, v.]
* borw'-ton, s. [From O. Eng. borw(e) =
A. & B. As present participle & participial
a borough, and ton =a town.] A borough
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
town.
the verb.
“Hit ys nogt semly forzoth, in cyte ne in borwton."
-Pier's Plowman.
C. As substantive: The act of obtaining on
loan; the act of taking or adopting what is
| * bor'-wyn, v.t. [BORROW, v.]
another's as one's own.
* bor'-wŷnge, pr. par., a., & s. [BORROWING.]
borrowing days, * borouing dais, (Prompt. Parv.)
S. pl. The last three days of March (old style),
which March was said to have borrowed from * bör’-ýn, v.t. [BORE, v.] (Prompt. Parv.)
April that he might extend his power a little
longer. He had a delight in making them
* bör-ynge, pr. par., d., & s. [BORING.]
stormy. (Scotch.) [BORROWED DAYS.]
(Prompt. Parv.)
"... be cause the borial blastis of the thre borouing
dais of Marche hed chaissit the fragrant flureise of 1* bos, * bus, pres. inarc. OJ v. [BEHOVEJ be-
euyrie frute tree far athourt the feildis."-Compl. of
hoves.
Scotland, p. 58.
“Me bos telle to that tolk the tene of my wylle."
"His account of himself is, that he was born on the
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris): Cleanness, 687.
borrowing days; that is, on one of the three last days
of March, 1688, of the year that King William came
in,..."-P. Kirkmichael: Dumfr. Statist. Acc., i. 57. 1 * bos, a. & s. [Boss.]
bos, s. [Lat. bos, genit. bovis = an ox, a bull,
a cow. In Fr. boeuf; Wallon boúf; Prov.
bov, buou; Mod. Sp. buey; 0. Sp. boy; Port.
boi'; Ital. bove; Bas Bret. bû ; Gr. Bows (bous),
gen. Boós (boos); which Donaldson thinks an
imitation of the sound of bellow, and akin
to Gr. Boaw (boao) = to bellow. Bows (bous)
would therefore be = the bellowing beast.
But with g substituted for b (a not uncom-
mon change) Bous (bous) is = Lett. gohic,
Zend gao, Mahratta gũnga, Sansc. gỗ.] [BEEF,
Cow.]
I. Ordinary Language :
*1. Lit. : A yearling calf.
* 2. Fig.: An overgrown sucking child.
(Halliwell : Cont. to Lexicog.)
II. Technically :
1. Zool. : The typical genus of the family
Bovidæ, and the sub-family Bovina. Bos taurus
is the common ox; B. Scoticus, either a variety
of the former, or a distinct species, is the
Chillingham ox, of which a few individuals
still exist in a half-wild state. B. Indicus is
the Zebu or Brahminy bull.
2. Palæont. : In the Upper Pliocene Mam-
malia of France the genus Bos makes its
appearance under the form of Bos elatus. In
the Upper Pliocene Mammalia of Italy Bos
etruscus occurs. Among the Early Pleistocene
Mammalia of Britain are the Urus (B. primi-
genius); it still exists in the Mid. Pleistocene
and in the Late Pleistocene. Among the Pre-
historic Mammalia is found B. longifrons oi
Owen, and among the Historic Mammalia
introduced is the “Domestic Ox of Urus
type,” about A.D. 449. (Prof. Boyd Dawkins,
Q. J. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxvi. (1880), pt. i., pp.
379–405.) Professor Dawkins thinks that the
B. longifrons was the ancestor of the small
Highland and Welsh breeds of domestic
cattle. (Ibid., xxiii. (1867), p. 184.)
bo'-şa, boû'-za, s. [Turk. bôzah ; Pers. bôzâ,
bozah.] A drink used in Turkey, Egypt, &c.
It is prepared from fermented millet-seed,
some other substances being used to make it
astringent.
* bosarde, s. [BUZZARD.)
+ bos'-cage, * bos-kage, s. _[In Mod. Fr.
bocage = grove, coppice; O. Fr. boscage, bos-
caige, boschage; Sp. boscage; Prov. boscalge;
Low Lat. boscagium = a thicket.] [BOSKY.]
I. Ord. Lang. : Wood, woodlands, spec.,
underwood, or ground covered with it'; thick
foliage.
"The sombre boscage of the wood.”—Tennyson,
II. Technically:
*1. Old Law: Food or sustenance for cattle
furnished by bushes or trees. (Cowel, Burn,
&c.)
* 2. Painting : A representation of land
studded with trees and bushes, or shaded by
underwood.
“Cheerful paintings in feasting and banqueting
rooms, graver stories in galleries, landskips, and bos-
cage, and such wild works, in open terraces or summer
houses."-Wotton.
bos'-chas, s. [Lat. boscis ; Gr. Bookàs (bos-
kas) = a kind of duck.]
Ornith. : A genus of ducks, containing the
Mallards and Teals.
* bose, * boce, * boos, * booc, s. [From
A.S, bós, bósig = a stall, a manger, a crib, a
booze.] A stall for cattle.
“Booc or boos, netystalle (boce, K. bose, netis stall,
H. P.) Boscar, Cath. bucetum, presepe.”—Prompt.
Parv.
bos'-ě-a, s. [In Dut., Dan., & Sw. bosea ; Fr.
bosé. Commemorating Ernst Gottlieb Bose, a
German who published a botanical work in
1775, and Caspar Bose, who sent forth one in
1728.]
Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the
order Chenopodiaceæ (Chenopods). Bosea
Yervamora, or Free Golden-rod, is an orna-
mental shrub from the Canary Islands.
bos-ěl'-a-phús, s. [From Lat. bos = an ox
[Bos], and Gr. člapos (elaphos)= a deer.]
Zool. : A genus of ruminant mammals be-
longing to the family Antilopidæ. Boselaphus
oreas is the Eland Antelope. [ANTELOPE,
ELAND.]
bosh, s. [Etym. doubtful. Wedgwood says it
is of quite recent origin, and is from Turkish
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whất, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, cúb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; try, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē; ey=ā. qu= kw.

boshah-boss
639
bosh = empty, vain, useless, curiously agree-
ing with Scotch boss = hollow. Mahn suggests
comparison with Prov. Eng. bosh = a dash or
show, and with Ger. bosse = a joke, a trifle.
Ital. bozzo = a rough stone; bozzetto = a rough
sketch.]
I. Ordinary Language:
† 1. East Anglian dialect : A dash, a show.
To cut a bosh : To make a figure. (In
Norfolk, &c.)
* 2. Outline, figure.
"A man who has learned but the bosh of an argu-
ment, that has only seen the shadow of a syllogism
Student, ii. 287.
3. Empty talk, nonsense, folly.
II. Comm.: A trade name for a mixture of
butter and prepared animal fats, imported
into this country from Holland, and sold as a
cheap genuine butter. It usually contains
about 40 per cent. of butter.
bo'-shah, s. [Turk. boshah.]
Weaving: A Turkish-made silk handker-
chief.
bosh'-bok, S. [From Dut. bosch = wood,
forest; and bok = goat.] The name of an
antelope found in South Africa.
bosh'-ěş, s. [From Ger. böschung= a slope.]
Metallurgy: The sloping sides of the lower
part of a blast-furnace, which gradually con-
tract from the belly, or widest part of the
furnace, to the hearth.
* bos'-îne, s. [O. Fr. bosine, busine; Lat.
buccina = a crooked horn or trumpet.] A
trumpet. (Ayenb., 137.)
bos-jem'-an-īte, S. [From the Bosjeman
river in South Africa, a cave in the vicinity
of which stream is covered by the mineral to
a depth of six inches.]
Min.: A mineral occurring in silky, annular,
or capillary crystals, as also in crusts of in-
florescence. It tastes like alum. Composi-
tion: sulphuric acid, 35.85–36.77 ; alumina,
10.40-11:52; protoxide of iron, 0:-1:06; prot-
oxide of manganese, 2.12–2:5 ; magnesia, 3.69–
5.94 ; lime, 0-0.27 ; soda, 0-0:58; and water,
44.26–46. In addition to South Africa it is
found in Switzerland, California, &c. (Dana.)
* bosk, v.t. [Busk.) (Allit. Poems: Deluge,
351.)
t bosk, * boske, * būsk, s. [In Prov. bosc;
Sp. & Port. bosque; Ital. bosco; Low Lat.
boscus, buscus = a thicket, a wood. Cognate
with Fr. bois = a wood. In Ger. busch, bosch ;
Dut. bosch = a wood, a forest; 0. Icel. buskr,
buski; Dan. busk.) [Bush.] A bush, a
thicket, a small forest.
“Meantime, through well-known bosk and dell,
I'll lead where we may shelter well."
Scott : Lord of the Isles, vi. 16.
*boske-adder, s. An adder, serpent.
(Wickliffe : Exod. iv. 3.)
bos'-ket, bos'-quět (que as ke), būs'-
ket, s. [Fr. & Prov. bosquet ; Ital. boschetto.
Dimin. of Prov. bosc; Ital. bosco.]
Hortic. : A grove, a compartment made by
branches of trees regularly or irregularly dis-
posed.
Bosk'-1-ness, s. [Eng. bosky; -ness.] The
quality or state of being bosky or wooded.
(Hawthorne.)
bosk'-ý, a. [Eng. bosk; -y. In Fr. bosquet.]
Bushy, woody, covered with boscage or
thickets.
“And with each end of thy blue bow dost crown
My bosky acres, and my unshrubb'd down."
Shakesp. : Temp., iv. 1.
“ Well will I mark the bosky bourne."
Scott: Lord of the Isles, v. 21.
boş'-om, * bô-şome, bôo'-som, * bo'-
şěm, * bô'-şúm, . & a. [A.S. bósm = (1)
the bosom, (2) (chiefly in compos.) a fold or
assemblage of folds in clothes, Fries. bôsm ;
Dut. boezem ; (N. H.) Ger. busen; M. H. Ger.
biose; O. H. Ger. puo8am. ]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally :
(1) The breast of a human being, male or
female, but more usually of the latter.
“ Therefore lay bare your bosom."
Shakesp. : Mer. of Ven., iv. 1.
(2) The portion of the dress which covers
the breast.
"Put now thine hand into thy bosom. And he put his bosom-secret, s. A secret locked or
hand into his bosom : and when he took it out, behold,
hidden within the bosom.
his hand was leprous as snow.”—Exodus, iv. 6.
"And must he die such death accurst,
2. Figuratively :
Or will that bosom-secret burst?"
(1) Of the breast viewed as the seat of
Scott : The Lord of the Isles, v. 26.
emotions, such as the appetites, desires, pas-
(See also example under bosom-friend.)
sions; the appetites, inclinations, or desires
bosom-serpent, s. A person taken
themselves.
affectionately to the bosom, who, in return,
(a) Of the breast viewed as the seat of the inflicts upon it an envenomed wound.
appetites, the desires, or anything similar.
“A bosom-serpent, a domestic evil,
"Our good old friend,
A night-invasion, and a mid-day devil.”
Lay comforts to your bosom,
Pope: January and May, 47, 48.
Shakesp.: Lear, ii. 1.
“'The meanest bosom felt a thirst for fame.”
bosom-slave, s. One taken to the
Thomson : Liberty, pt. iii. bosom, but all the while a slave.
(6) Of the breast viewed as the seat of the
“Let eastern tyrants, from the light of heaven
Seclude their bosom-slaves, meanly possessid
passions; the gratification of the passions
Of a mere, lifeless, violated form.
themselves.
Thomson : Seasons; Spring.
“And you shall have your bosom on this wretch,
bosom-vice, s. The vice which one
Grace of the duke, revenges to your heart
And general honour."
clasps to his bosom ; i.e., which he loves with
Shakesp. : Meas. for Meas., iv. 3.
intense love; the easily besetting sin.
“Anger resteth in the bosom of fools.” — Eccles.
vii. 9.
“... they foolishly imagine that inclination and
biass to another sin will be excuse enough for their
(c) Of the breast viewed as the seat of darling, and bosom-vice.”-Hoadly: Of Acceptance,
tenderness or affection; the affections them-
Ser. 7.
selves.
" Their soul was poured out into their mother's
bos'-om, v.t. [From bosom, s. (q.v.).]
bosom."-Lamentations, ii. 12.
1. To hide “in the bosom,” in a figurative
“ To whom the great creator thus reply'd :
sense, i.e., within the thoughts.
O Son, in whom iny soul hath chief delight,
"Bosom up my counsel,
Son of my bosom, Son who art alone
You'll find it wholesome.”
My word, my wisdom, and effectual might.".
Milton : P. L., bk. iii.
Shakesp. : Henry VIII., i. 1.
(2) Of the breast viewed as the repository
2. To hide among material things which will
of secrets ; secret counsel or intention.
conceal the secreted object from view. (Used
specially of trees or shrubs thickly surround-
“She has mock'd my folly, else she finds not
The bosom of my purpose."
ing a house or other edifice.)
Beau. & Fletch. : Wit at sev. W., ii., p. 271.
“More pleased, my foot the hidden margin roves
"If I covered my transgressions as Adam, by hiding
Of Como, bosom'd deep in chestnut groves."
mine iniquity in my bosom."-Job, xxxi. 33.
Wordsworth: Descriptive Sketches.
(3) Of anything which encloses a person or
| bos'-omed, pa. par. & a. [BOSOM, v.]
thing, specially in a loving manner, as an
“Or from the bottoms of the bosom'd hills,
object of affection can be clasped to the breast.
In pure effusion flow."
Enclosure, embrace, compass.
Thomson : Seasons ; Autumn.
“... they which live within the bosom of that
church...."-Hooker.
bos'-om-ing, pr. par. & a. [BOSOM, v.]
(4) Of any close or secret receptacle, as the
*bo'-son, s. [Corrupted from boatswain (q.v.).]
bosom of the earth, the bosom of the deep.
A boatswain.
"A fiery mass of Life cast up froin the great bosom
of Nature herself."-Carlyle : Heroes, lect. ii.
“ The barks upon the billows ride,
The master will not stay ;
*(5) Of a bay.
The merry boson from his side
"Thar is, with an ile invironyt on athir part
His whistle takes, ..."
Pope.
To brek the storme and wallis of every art
Within, the wattir in ane bosum gais.”
boss (1), * bosse, * bos, * boce, s. [In Fr.
G. Doug : Virgil, xviii. 8. bosse =a boss, bunch, lump, knob, swelling,
(6) (By metonymy) Of a bosom-friend.
relievo; Prov. bossa ; Ital. bozza = a swelling.
“Hor. Whither in such haste, my second self?
In Dut. bos = bunch, tuft, bush. Mahn,
Andr. I' faith, my dear bosom, to take solemn leave Wedgwood, and Skeat all connect it with
Of a most weeping creature."
First part of Jeron. (O. Pl.), iii. 67.
N. H. Ger. bozzen=to beat; M. H. Ger.
II. Milling : A recess or shelving depression
bôzen ; 0. H. Ger. pôsan, pozjan.] [Boss (2).]
round the eye of a mill-stone.
I. Ordinary Language :
B. As adjective :
1. Literally:
1. Pertaining to or connected with the literal (1) Anything protuberant:
human breast.
(a) Gen. : A part rising in the midst of any
2. Pertaining to the human breast in a material body.
figurative sense ; confidential, completely “Boce or boos of a booke or other lyke (booce, H.).
trusted.
Turgiolum, Ug."-Prompt. Parv.
(6) Spec. : An ornamental stud; a shining
bosom-barrier, s. A barrier against prominence raised above that in which it is
brutality produced by the emotions of the fixed. (Used frequently of the prominence
human bosom.
on the middle of a shield.)
“ Who through this bosom-barrier burst their way,
“ Thus as he lay, the lamp of night
And, with revers'd ambition, strive to sink?”
Was quivering on his armour brig
Young : Night, 5.
In beams that rose and fell,
And danced upon his buckler's boss."
bosom-cheat, s. One clasped affection-
The Scott : Bridal of Triermain, iii. 2.
ately to the bosom, but all the while a cheat.
T The boss of a bridle.
“A pleasing bosom-cheat, a specious ill,
Which felt the curse, yet covets still to feel.”
“This ivory, intended for the bosses of a bridle, was
Parnell: The Rise of Woman,
laid up for a prince, and a woman of Caria or Mæonia
dyed it.”—Pope.
bosom-child, s. A very dear child.
(2) A ball, or some such ornament.
"Dear bosom-child we call thee."
“ The Mule all deckt in goodly rich aray,
Wordsworth: To Sleep.
With bells and bosses that full lowdly rung,
And costly trappings that to ground downe hung."
bosom-folder, s. A plaiting machine or
Spenser: Moth. Hub. T., 582-4.
device for laying a fabric in flat folds, suitable (3) Anything thick: A thick body, whether
for a shirt-bosom. (Knight.)
protuberant at one part or not.
bosom-friend, s. [Eng. bosom; friend.
"If a close appulse be made by the lips, then is
framed M; if by the boss of the tongue to the palate
In Dut. boezem-vriend.] A friend so much near the throat, then K.'-Holder.
loved as to be welcomed to the bosom.
(4) A conduit, a projecting pipe conveying
“A bosom-secret and a bosom-friend are usually put water.
together."-South, vol. ii., Ser. 2.
“Stowe tells us that Bosse alley, in Lower Thames
bosom interest, * bosome-interest,
Street, was so called from a bosse of spring water,
continually running, which standeth by Billinsgate
s. The interest which lies closest to the against this alley.'" Lond., p. 104. This bosse must
heart.
have been something of a projecting pipe conveying
“No more that Thane of Cawdor shall deceive
the water [a conduit)."-Nares.
Our bosom interest : go pronounce his present 2. Figuratively:
death,
And with his former title greet Macbeth.”
TA silver shield with boss of gold : The daisy,
Shakesp. : Macbeth, i. 2. the silver shield being the white florets of the
bosom lover, * bosome-louer, s. One
ray, and the boss of gold the yellow florets of
so loved as to be clasped to the bosom.
the disk, which in the aggregate constitute a
" Which makes me think that this Antonio
convex knob. (Poetic.).
Being the bosom lover of my lord,
“ The shape will vanish, and behold!
Must needs be like my lord.”
A silver shield with boss of gold." |
Shakesp. : Mer. of Venice, iii. 4.
Wordsworth: To the Daisy.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shăn; -țion, -şion =zhŭn-cious, -tious, -sious =shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, del.

640
boss-bot
II. Technically :
1. Machinery:
(1) An elevated or thickened portion, usually
ofion, usually
around an aperture.
(2) A swage or stump used in shaping sheet-
metal.
2. Arch. : In Gothic architecture, the pro-
tuberance in a vaulted ceiling formed by the
ya
HINDI/
BOSS.
junction of the ends of several ribs, and
serving to bind thein together; usually ela-
borately carved and ornamented.
3. Masonry :
(1) A mortar-bucket slung by a hook from
the round of a ladder.
(2) A short trough for holding mortar,
hung from the laths, and used in tiling a roof.
4. Saddlery: The enlargement at the junc-
tion of the branch of a bridle-bit with the
mouthpiece.
5. Ordnance : A plate of cast-iron secured
to the back of the hearth of a travelling-forge.
6. Bookbinding: A metallic ornament on a
book side to receive the wear.
boss-fern, s.
Bot. : A book-name for various species of
Nephrodium. (Britten & Holland.)
* boss (2), * bòs, * bois, * boiss, * böçe, a.
& S. [From Eng. boss (1) (q.v.). Wedgwood
suggests comparison with Bavarian buschen,
boschen, bossen = to strike so as to give a
hollow sound; Dut. bossen ; Ital. bussare=to
knock or strike.]
A. As adjective (of the forms boss, bos, and
bois):
1. Hollow.
“And persit the bois hill at the brade syde.”
Doug. : Virgil, 15, 34.
"And bos buckleris couerit with corbulye.”
Ibid., 230, 23.
A bos window : A large window, forming
a recess; a bow window.
"... in the bos window, ..."-Pitscottie: Chron.,
p. 235.
"Into the boss window, ..."-Ibid. (ed. 1768), p. 153.
2. Empty. (Lit. or fig.)
“Or shou'd her paunch for want grow boss."
Morison ; Poems, p. 38.
"He said, he gloom'd, and shook his thick boss head.”
Ramsay: Poems, i. 285.
3. Resonant; sounding in a hollow manner.
"A boss sound,' that which is emitted by a body
that is hollow."-Jamieson.
B. As substantive (of the forms boss, boiss,
and boce):
1. Gen. (of the forms boss and boce) : Any-
thing hollow.
"The Houlet had sick awful cryis
Thay corrospondit in the skyis,
As wind within a boce.”
Burel : Watson's Coll., ii. 26.
2. Spec. (of the forms boss, boiss, and boce) :
(1) Lit. Of things :
(a) A small cask.
... twa chalder of mele-out of a boce, thre
chalder of mele out of his girnale; thre malvysy'docis,
price of the pece, viijs. vid."- Act Dom. Conc., A. 1489,
p. 129. (Jamieson.)
(6) A bottle of the kind now called a "grey-
beard ; ” a bottle made of earthenware or of
leather.
" Thair is ane pair of bossis, gude and fyne,
They hald ane galloun-full of Gaskan wine.”
Ďunbar : Maitland Poems, p. 71.
(2) Fig. Of persons. Plur.: A despicable
or worthless character.
| Generally conjoined with the epithet auld
= old.
"I speak to you, auld Bossis of perditioun.”_
Lyndsay: Works (ed. 1592), p. 74. (Jamieson.)
T (1) The boss of the body : The forepart of
the body, from the chest to the loins.
(2) The boss of the side : The hollow between lock of hair, (2) anything twisted or wreathed,
the ribs and the haunch. (Jamieson.)
(3) a winged insect.]
Entom.: A genus of Coleoptera (Beetles)
boss, * boce, * booce, v.t. [From boss (1),
belonging to the family Xylophagi. The species
s. (q.v.); O. H. Ger. bozen, possen = to beat.] are found on old trees, in which the larvæ of
To beat out, to render protuberant.
these insects construct burrows just under
“To booce or boce out as workemen do a holowe the bark, feeding as they proceed upon the
thynge to make it seem more apparent to the eye." woody matter. Bostrichus dispar, domesticus,
Palsgrave.
and capucinus occur in this country.
bos'-sage, s. [Fr. bossage; from bosse = a
* bos'-try-chīte, s. [Lat. bostrychites; Gr.
boss, a protuberance.]
Boorpuxitys (bostruchitēs) = a precious stone,
Architecture :
now unknown.] [BOSTRICHUS.]
1. Projecting stones, such as quoins, cor Old Lapidary work: A gem in the form of a
bels, roughed out before insertion, to be
lock of hair. (Ash.)
finished in situ. -
2. Rustic work, consisting of stones which
* bost-wys, a. [Wel. bwystus = brutal, fero-
seem to advance beyond the plane of a build-
cious.] Rough, fierce. (Ear. Eng. Allit.
ing, by reason of indentures or channels left Poems (ed. Morris) ; Pearl, 814.) [BOISTOUS.]
in the joinings. These are chiefly in the
* bô'-şum, s. [Bosom.] (Prompt. Parv.)
corners of edifices, and are called rustic quoins.
* bos'-věl, s. [Etym. doubtful. Can it be the
* bossche, s. [BUSH.] (Sir Ferumbras (ed.
proper name Boswell slightly altered ?] A
Herrtage), 2,887.)
species of Crowfoot (Ranunculus). (Dr. John-
* bosse, s. (Boss.]
son.) What species it is has not been ascer-
tained.
bossed, pa. par. & a. (Boss, v.]
bos'-wěl-lì-a, s. [Named after Dr. John
As adjective:
Boswell, of Edinburgh.]
1. Ord. Lang. : Furnished with bosses arti-
Bot.: A fine genus of terebinthaceous trees
ficially made.
belonging to the order Amyridaceæ (Amyrids).
“ Fine linen, Turkey cushions boss'd with pearl."
They have a five-toothed calyx, five petals,
Shakesp. : Tam. of the Shrew, ii. 1.
ten stamina, a triangular three-celled fruit
2. Bot.: Rounded in form and with an unibo
or boss more or less distinctly projecting from
with winged seeds. The leaves are compound.
its centre, so as to make it resemble many
Boswellia thurifera, called also B. serrata, fur-
ancient and modern shields. Example, the
nishes the resin called Olibanum (OLIBANUM),
which is believed to have been the frankincense
typical genus of fungi, Agaricus.
of the ancients. [FRANKINCENSE.] It is found
bos-sï-æ'-a, S. [Named after M. Boissieu-
in India, as also is B. glabra, the resin of which
Lamartine, who accompanied La Perouse in
is used instead of pitch.
his voyage round the world.]
+ boş'-wěll-işm, s. [From James Boswell of
Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the
sub-order Papilionaceæ. The species are or-
Auchinleck in Ayrshire, who was born in
namental shrubs from Australia and Van
Edinburgh, October 29, 1740; published his
Diemen's Land.
celebrated Life of Johnson in 1790, and died
May 19, 1795.] Biography written with the
enthusiasm for its subject and the photo-
bos'-sing, pr. par., A., & s. [Boss, v.]
graphic accuracy of delineation which con-
A. & B. As present participle & participial
stitute so marked a feature of Boswell's Life
adjective : (See the verb.)
of Johnson.
C. As substantive. Porcelain-making :
1. The act of ground-laying the surface of
* bot, pret. of v. [BITE.] Bit,.cut.
porcelain in an unfinished state, to form a
“Tho that swerd wer god it noght ne bot .. "-Sir
basis of adherence for the colour, which is
Ferumb. (ed. Herrtage), 589.
deposited by the pencil, by cotton-wool, or by | * bot (1), s. Boot (1).7
stencil, according to the mode.
“Bryng bodworde to bot blysse to vus alle.”
2. The substance laid on in the ground-laying Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 473.
described under 1. It is a coat of boiled oil
* bot (2), s. [A.S. beot = threat, promise.]
to hold the colour. The oil is expelled by the
heat of the enamel-kiln, and the colour vitri-
“Loke ye bowe now bi bot, bowez fast hence."
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems; Cleanness, 944.
fied. The bossing is laid on with a hair-pencil,
and levelled with a boss of soft leather. bot (3), bott, s. & d. [From 0. Eng. bot = bit,
pret. of bite.]
* bos'-sĩve, a. [Eng. boss; -ive.]. Crooked, A. As substantive (generally plural): The
deformed.
larvæ of the bot-fly and other species of
..." Wives do worse than miscarry, that go their full Estrus. [BOT-FLY.]
time of a fool with a bossive birth.”-Osborne : Advice
to his Son (1658), p. 70.
“.... his horse . . begnawn with the bots." -
Shakesp. : Tam. of Shrew, iii. 2.
* boss' -něss, s. [Eng. boss; ness.] Hollow ..".... to give poor jades the bots.”—Ibid., 1 Hen. IV.,
ness, emptiness. (Used of the stomach, &c.)
(Scotch.)
Bots on it: An execration. (Shakesp. :
Per., ii. 1.)
*bos -sý, a. [Eng. boss ; -y.) Furnished with B. As adjective : Producing the larvæ called
a boss or bosses, studded. Used-
bots.
1. Of a shield.
“ His head reclining on the bossy shield,
bot-fly, s.
A wood of spears stood by, that, fix'd upright."
Entomology:
Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. X., 173, 174.
1. Singular: One of the names given to
2. Of sculpture.
any species of the genus Estrus, or even of
“Nor did there want
the family Estridæ. These insects are some-
Cornice or freeze, with bossy sculptures graven."
Milton : P. L., i. 716. times called also Breeze-flies, Brize-flies, and
3. Of anything else.
Gad-flies, the last of these names not being a
“The watry juices of the bossy root [the turnip].”_ properly distinctive one, for it is applied also
Dyer : Fleece.
to the Tabanidæ, a totally distinct family of
* böst, * bos'-ten, v.i. [BOAST.] (Chaucer :
dipterous insects. The bot-fly, which has at-
tracted most notice, is Gasterophilus equi, often
Legende of Good Women.)
called the gad-fly of the horse. It is a downy
* böst, s. [BOAST, s.] (Prompt. Parv.)
two-winged fly, which in August deposits
from 50 to 100 eggs on the legs, the back of
* bõs'-tēr, * bos'-tūr, * bõs'-tare, * bos the neck, and other parts of a horse accessible
towre, s. [BOASTER.] (Prompt. Parv.)
to the animal's tongue. Slightly irritated by
them the horse licks the part affected, with
bos-trích'-1-dæ, s. pl. [From Lat., &c. bos-
the effect of bursting the egg and transferring
trichus (q.v.).]
the minute larvæ to its mouth, whence they
Entom. : A family of Coleoptera (Beetles) of make way to the stomach and grow to be an
the section Pentamora. The chief genera re inch long. They are ejected with the food,
presented in Britain are Bostrichus, Tomicus, spend their chrysalis state in the earth or
Hylesinus, Scolytus, and Hylurgus.
dung, and emerge perfect insects but with no
proboscis capable of being used for feeding
bos’-tri-chůs, s. [From Lat. bostrychus; Gr. purposes. It is not food they require, it is to
Bóotpuxos (bostruchos), as subst. = (1) a curl or propagate their species and die. A similar
ii. 1.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, höre, oamel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pſt, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, work, whô, son; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; trý, Sýrian. 2, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bot-botargo
641
insect is Estrus hemorrhoidalis. Sheep, oxen,
&c. have parasites of an analogous kind.
[BREEZE-FLY, BRIZE, GAD-FLY, CESTRIDÆ,
ESTRUS.]
2. Plural: The English name for the family
of Estridæ.
* bot, conj. & prep. [BUT.] (Morte Arthure, 10 ;
The Bruce, v. 91.)
Bot and, botand: As well as.
"I hav a bow, bot and a vyse."
Burbour : The Bruce (ed. Skeat), v. 595.
Bot gif: [BOT IF.]
Bot if: Unless, except.
“Bot if ye bothe for-thynk hit sare . ..."-Sir
Ferumb. (ed. Herrtage), 319.
bot-ăl'-lạck-īte, s. [From the Botallack
mine in Cornwall, where it occurs.]
Min. : A variety of Atacamite occurring in
thin crusts of minute interlacing crystals
closely investing killas. (Dana.)
* bot'-ånd, prep. & conj. [BOT-AND.] (Scotch.)
bot-ăn'-ic, * bót-ăn'-ick, a. & s. [In Fr.
botanique ; Sp., Port., & Ital. botanico; Lat.
botanicus ; Gr. Botavikós (botanikos) = of
herbs. ]
A. As adjective: Pertaining to plants or to
the study of them.
"... that ancient botanick book mentioned by
Galen."-Cudworth: Intell. Syst., p. 326.
* B. As substantive: The same as BOTANIST
(q.v.).
“That there is such an herb,... is by all botanicks
or herbarists, I have seen, acknowledged.”-M, Casau-
bon: Of Credulity, &c., p. 80.
botanic-drawing, s. The art of re-
presenting plants for scientific study. To
enable the figures to be used for the purpose
now mentioned, every effort must be put
forth to ensure accuracy in the delineations,
&c. Microscopic representations of the fully-
expanded flower and of the fruit when ripe,
or, if possible, of the organs of fructification at
successive stages of development, should be
superadded to render the drawing complete.
(Lindley.)
botanic-garden, s. A garden laid out
for the scientific study of botany. Sometimes
the several plants are arranged, to a certain
extent, according to their places in the natural
system, and, in any case, opportunity is ob-
tained for seeing the plants pass through their
several stages, and obtaining their flowers,
fruit, &c., to anatomize and to figure.
botanic physician, s. A physician
whose remedies consist chiefly of herbs and
roots. Akin to an herbalist; but many her-
balists have had no medical education, whilst
any proper “physician " has enjoyed that
advantage
bot-an-1-cal, a. [Eng. botanic; -al.] The
same as BOTANIC (q v.)
“... the earliest botanical researches of Sloane."-
Macaulay : Hist. Eng. ch. iii.
“The lilies of the field have a value for us beyond
their botanical ones.”-Tyndall: Frag. of Science, 3rd
ed., v. 11 4.
botanical-geography, s. A compari-
son of the plants of different regions of the
globe, showing the range and distribution of
each. [PHYTO-GEOGRAPHY.]
bot-an-i-cal-ly, adv. [Eng. botanical ; -ly.]
After the manner adopted in botany; as
botanists are accustomed to do. (Ash.)
"Your man of science, who is botanically or other-
wise inquisitive."-Daily News, August 18, 1869.
+ bot-an'-ics, s. [In Sw., Dan., & Ger. bo-
tanik; Fr. botanique = botany; Sp., Port., &
Ital. botanica = botany; Lat. botanicum = a
herbarium (?).] The same as BOTANY (q.v.).
bot-an-ist, s. [Fr. botaniste.] One who
collects and scientifically studies plants.
For the names of various botanists see
the article Botany, part 1. (Hist.)
"Thus botanists, with eyes acute
To see prolific dust minute,
Taught by their learn'd northern Brahmen
To class by pistil and by stamen,
Produce from nature's rich dominion
Flow'rs polyandrian, monogynian,
Where embryon blossoms, fruits, and leaves
Twenty prepare, and one receives."
Jones : The Enchanted Fruit.
bot-an-īze, v.i. [In Ger. botanisiren ; Fr.
botaniser; Gr. Boravišw (botanizo) = to root
up weeds ; from Borávn (botanē) = an herb. ]
[BOTANY.] To collect plants with the object
of examining them scientifically.
bot-an-i'z-ing, pr. par., A., & s. [BOTANIZE.]
A. & B. As present participle & participial
adjective : In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
C. As subst. : The act or operation of col-
lecting, and afterwards scientifically examin-
ing, plants.
* bot'-a-no, s. [Fr. boutant = a kind of stuff
made åt Montpelier. (Jamieson.).] A piece of
linen dyed blue. (Scotch.)
" Botanos or peeces of linnin litted blew, the peece
-iii l."-Rates, A. 1611.
“Botanoes or blew lining."—Rates, A. 1670.
bot-an-ol-o-gěr, s. [From Gr. Boravo-
doyéw (botanologeo) = to gather herbs. Now
superseded by botanist (q.v.).]
"... that eminent Botanologer, . . ."-Brown :
Garden of Cyrus.
* bot-an-01'-7-ġy, s. [Gr. Botavoloyéw (bo-
tanologeo)= to gather herbs.] A discourse
regarding plants. (Bailey.) Now superseded
by the term botany (q.v.).
* bốt-an-j-măn-cỹ, s. [In Gr. Boravou-ay-
Tela (botanomanteia); Borávn (botanē) = grass,
fodder, and Marteia (manteia) = divination.ſ
Divination by means of herbs, especially by
means of sage (Salvia) or by fig-leaves. The
inquirer wrote his name and the question he
wished answered on the leaves. Afterwards
he exposed these to the wind, which blew
some of them away. Those which remained
were then collected, and the letters written
on each were placed together, so as, if possible,
to bring coherent sense out of them, and any
sentence constructed out of them was supposed
to be the reply sought for.
"... the numberless forms of imposture or ignor-
ance called kapnomancy, pyromancy, arithmomancy,
libanomancy, botanomancy, keptolomancy,” &c.-
Smith: Dict. of the Bible, i. 442.
bắtº-an-ỹ, s. & C. [Gr. BoTvn (botalẽ)=grass-
fodder; Bookw (bosko) = to feed, to tend cattle
or sheep.]
A. As substan. : The science which treats of
plants. It embraces a knowledge of their names,
their external and internal organizations, their
anatomy and physiology, their qualities, their
uses, and their distribution over the world,
with the laws by which this distribution is
regulated, or the geological occurrences by
which it has been brought about.
History: From the remotest antiquity plants
must have been at least looked at, and to a
certain extent studied; and it is reported in
Scripture regarding Solomon, that “he spake
of trees, from the cedar tree that is in Lebanon
even unto the hyssop that springeth out of
the wall ” (1 Kings iv. 33). If his sayings on
that subject were put in writing they have
perished; the first important scientific notices
regarding plants which have reached our time
are in Aristotle's Inquiries Concerning Ani-
mals, about B.C. 347. Theophrastus, who suc-
ceeded him in B.C. 324, gave great attention
to plants, knowing, however, it is said, only
about 355. Pliny, among the Romans, was
also interested in botanical study, as in natural
history generally. The Arabs gave some at-
tention to botany; but up to the year A.D.
1231, according to Sprengel, only about 1,400
plants were known. After the revival of
letters, Conrad Gesner, who died in 1565,
collected materials and made drawings for a
history of plants. Matthew Lobel, a Dutch-
man at the court of Queen Elizabeth,
attempted a natural classification of plants,
and some of his orders are still retained.
Cæsalpinus, a Roman physician attached to
the court of Pope Sextus VI., made various
botanical discoveries. About A.D. 1650, the
microscope began to be used for the examination
of plants. Grew and Malpeghi flourished in the
same century; and in 1686 Ray published the
first volume of his Systema Plantarum. About
1735, Linnæus gave to the world his celebrated
Systema Naturce, the botanical portion of
which contains his artificial system, which is
even now obsolescent rather than obsolete.
As a rule, his classes were founded on the
number, position, &c., of the stamens, and
his orders on the number and character of the
pistils. He founded twenty-four classes, viz.,
(1) Monandria, (2) Diandria, (3) Triandria,
(4) Tetrandria, (5) Pentandria, (6) Hexandria,
(7) Heptandria, (8) Octandria, (9) Enneandria,
(10) Decandria, (11) Dodecandria, (12) Icosan-
dria, (13) Polyandria, (14) Didynamia, (15) Te-
tradynamia, (16) Monadelphia, (17) Diadelphia,
(18) Polyadelphia, (19) Syngenesia, (20) Gyn-
andria, (21) Monoecia, (22) Diccia, (23) Poly-
gamia, and (24) Cryptogamia. (See these
words for further details, and for the orders
into which the several classes are divided.)
Besides his artificial system of classification
Linnæus attempted a natural one. In 1789,
Antoine Laurent de Jussieu published his
Genera Plantarum, in which, following in the
direction in which Lobel, Ray, and Linnæus
himself had led, he elaborated a natural
system, the essential features of which are
still retained. In Lindley's Vegetable King-
dom, published in 1867, the classification is
as follows: Class I. Thallogens, II. Acrogens,
III. Rhizogens, IV. Endogens, V. Dictyogens,
VI. Gymnogens, and VII. Exogens.
Modern botany, or phytology, as it is
sometimes called, comprises a number of
subordinate sciences.
Lindley, in the main following Decandolle,
divided it into Organography, or an explanation
of the exact structure of plants; Vegetable
Physiology, or the history of vital phenomena
which have been observed in them; Gloss-
ology, formerly called Terminology, or a defi-
nition of the adjective terms used in botany
and phytography, or an exposition of the rules
to be observed in describing and naming
plants. (Introd. to Bot., 3rd ed., 1839. Pref.) All
these are introductory to Systematic Botany,
which is the classification and description of
the several classes, orders, families, genera,
species, varieties, &c., of plants in regular
arrangement.
Thomé, author of the recognised text-book
of botany in use in the technical schools of
Germany, divides the science into-I. Mor-
phology, or the Comparative Anatomy of
Plants ; II. Physiology, which is concerned
with their vital phenomena ; III. Botanical
Geography ; IV. Palæophytology; V. Vege-
table Palæontology ; VI. Classification of
Plants; and VII. Practical or Applied Botany.
Robt. Brown, jun., in his Manual of Botany,
published in 1874, divides it into—I. General
Anatomy or Histology of Plants : 1. Organo-
graphy, 2. Morphology, 3. Organogenesis,
4. Phytotomy ; II. Physiological Botany ;
III. Vegetable Chemistry; IV. Nosology, or
Vegetable Pathology ; V. Teratology, a study
of abnormalities; VÍ. Taxology, Taxonomy,
Classification, or Systematic Botany : 1. Ter-
minology, 2. Glossology ; VII. Phyto - geo-
graphy ; VIII. Palæo-phytology, Geological
Botany, Vegetable Palæontology, or Fossil
Botany ; IX. Medical Botany; X. Agricul-
tural Botany; XI. Horticultural Botany;
and XII. Industrial Botany. (See these
terms. See also PLANT, VEGETABLE KING-
DOM, &c. &c.)
B. As adjective: In which good botany
exists, in which interesting plants abound.
[BOTANY-BAY.]
Botany Bay, s. & a. [So called from the
number of new plants discovered there when
Captain Cook's party landed in 1770.]
A. As subst. : An inlet of the sea five miles
long and broad, about seven miles north of
Sydney Heads in New South Wales.
B. As adj. : Growing at or in any other way
connected with Botany Bay. (See the com-
pounds which follow.)
Botany-Bay Kino: A gum which exudes
from the bark of an Australian tree, Eucalyptus
resinifera, and other species of the genus. It
is an astringent. It has properties like those
of Catechu or Kino.'
Botany-Bay Tea : The English name of the
Smilax glycyphylla, an evergreen climbing-
plant, with three-nerved leaves, and petioles
with tendrils.
bo-tăr-go, s. [Sp. botargura kind of pan-
taloons, the dress of harlequin; harlequin
himself; a sort of sausage. Contracted
from botalarga = a large leather bag ] A
relishing sort of food, being a sausage made
of the roes of the mullet fish, and eaten with
oil and vinegar. It is much used on the
coasts of the Mediterranean as an incentive
to drink.
The French editor of Rabelais says-
“In Provence, they call botargues the hard roe of
the mullet, pickled with oil and vinegar. The mullet
(muge) is a fish which is catched about the middle of
December ; the hard roes of it are salted against Lent,
and this is what is called botargues, a sort of boudins
(puddings), which have nothing to recommend them
but their exciting of thirst."
"Because he was naturally flegmatic, he began his
meal with some dozens of gammons, dried neats
tongues, botargos, sausages, and such other fore-
runners of wine." --Ozell : Rabelais, b. i., ch. 21.
boil, boy; póūt, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph= i.
41
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shủn; -țion, -şion=zhăn. -tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

642
botaurus—bothrenchyma
235.
“Botargo, anchovies, puffins too, to taste
" Publishing some botcherly mingle-mangle of col-
The Maronean wines, at meals thou hast."
lections out of other."-Hartlib.: Transl. of Comen.,
Heath : Clarastella, in Heywood's Quintess. of Poetry, 1642, p. 30.
vol. ii., p. 16. (Nares.)
* botch-ēr-ý, s. [Eng. botcher; -y.] The re-
bo-tâ'u-rus, s. [A contraction of Bos taurus,
the scientific name of the bull, which the
sults of botching, clumsy workmanship.
several species of botaurus remotely resemble
"If we speak of base botchery, were it a comely
thing to see a great lord, or a king, wear sleeves of two
in voice.]
parishes, one half of worsted, the other of velvet?”–
Ornith. : A genus of birds belonging to the World of Wonders, 1608, p. 235.
family Ardeidæ or Herons, and the sub-family botch'-ing (1), pr. par., d., & s. [BOTCH (1), v.]
Ardeinæ or True Herons. It contains the
A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj. : (See
Bitterns. [BITTERN.]
the verb.)
* bot'-card, s. [Corrupted from Fr. bastarde C. As substantive: The act of mending old
= a demi-cannon or demi-culvern ; a smaller clothes; the act of bungling.
piece of any kind (Cotgrave).] A kind of
"Nor is it botching, for I cannot mend it.”
artillery used in the time of James V. (Scotch.)
Browne; Britannia's Pastorals, b. i. S.
"Two great cannon thrown-mouthed Mow and her bắtch-ing (2), pre par. [BoTCH (2), 0.]
Marrow with two great Botcards.”—Pitscottie, p. 143.
(Jamieson.)
+ bbtch?-V, . [Eng. botch (2); -9.] Marked
botch (1), * bocch-in, * bocch-yn, with botches.
* bocch-en, v.t. [In Dut. botsen = to
“And those boils did run? say so: did not the
general run then? were not that a botchy core."-
knock, dash, strike against, clash with ; from
Shakesp. : Troil. and Cress., ii. 1.
O. L. Ger. botzen = (i) to strike or beat, (2) to
repair.]
* bote (1), * bot (Eng.), bote, * bute (Scotch),
1. Lit.: To patch in any way. (Wycliffe :
s. [Boot (1), s.]
2 Chron., xxxiv.)
I. Ordinary Language :
2. Fig.: To put together clumsily.
1. (See boot.)
“Go with me to my house,
2. A remedy.
And hear thou there how many fruitless pranks
This ruffian hath botch'd up, that thou thereby
“And be borrugh for his bale, and biggen hym bote
Mayst smile at this."
And so amende that is mysdo' and euermore the
better."
Shakesp.: Twelfth Night, iv. 1.
Piers Plow. : Vis., iv. 89, 90.
"And botch the words up fit to their own thoughts.”
3. Restoration, amendment.
Shakesp. : Hamlet, iv. 5.
“And do bote to brugges that to-broke were."
Piers Plow. : Vis., vii. 28.
botch (2), v.t. [From botch (2), s. (q.v.).] To 4. Safety.
mark with botches.
“Bote of (or, P.) helthe. Salus.”—Prompt. Parv.
“ Young Hylas, botch'd with stains too foul to name, 5. A saviour, the Saviour.
In cradle here renews his youthful frame.”
Garth.
“Bot ther on com a bote as-tyt."
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Pearl, 645.
botch (1), * botche (1), s. [From botch, v.
II. Law : An Anglo-Saxon term, still in use,
(q.v.).]
meaning necessaries required for the carrying
1. A patch.
on of husbandry. The corresponding word of
2. A part of any work ill-finished, so as to French origin is estovers or estouviers, from
appear worse than the rest.
estoffer = to furnish. Such necessaries in
" With him,
certain cases may be taken from the estate of
To leave no rubs or botches in the work,
another. There are many kinds of bote. Thus
Fleance, his son, must embrace the fate.”.
house-bote is a sufficient allowance of wood to
Shakesp.: Macbeth, iii. 1.
repair or to burn in the house. If to burn, it
3. A part clumsily added.
is a fire-bote. So plough-bote and cart-bote are
“If both those words are not notorious botches, ..."
wood to be employed in making and repairing
-Dryden.
“A comma ne'er could claim
all instruments of husbandry; and hay-bote
A place in any British name;
or edge-bote is wood for repairing hay-edges
Yet, making here a perfect botch,
or fences. [See also KIN-BOTE, MAN-BOTE,
Thrusts your poor vowel from his notch."
Swift.
THEIF-BOTE.]
botch (2), * botche(2), * bohche, * bocche, * bote (2), s. [Boot (2).]
* boche, * boshe, s. [Fr. bosse; O. Fr. “Bote for a mannys legge (bote or cokyr, H. coker, P.)
boce = (1) the boss of a buckler; (2) a botch, Bota, ocrea.”—Prompt. Parv.
a boil.] A swelling of an ulcerous character,
* bote (3), s. [A.S. bodian = to command, to
or anything similar on the skin; a wen, a boil.
announce; bod = command.] A message.
“Bohche, sore (botche, P.). Ulcus, Cath."-Prompt.
Parv.
“Charlis sent to thee this sond; thou ne ge(te)st
non othre bote."--Sir Ferumb. (ed. Herrtage), 401.
“Botches and blains must all his flesh imboss,
And all his people.” Milton: P. L., bk. xii. * bote (4), s. [BOAT.] (Spenser : F. Q., III.,
bötched (1), * botcht, pa. par. [BOTCH
viii. 21.)
(1), v.]
*bõte, * bo'-těn, v.t. [From bote (1), s. (q.v.).
“I see, I see, 'tis counsel given in vain,
In Sw. bota.] To boot, to amend.
For treason botcht in rhyme will be thy bane."
Dryden: Absalom & Achitophel, pt. ii.
* bote, pret. of v. [A. S. bát, pret. of bitan = to
botched (2), pa. par. [BUTCH (2), v.]
bite.) Bit.
“... that he bote his lippes.”
* bötche'-měnt, * böch'-měnt, s. [Eng.
Piers Plow. : Vis., v. 84.
* bõte, conj. [BUT.]
botche = boteh (1)= a patch; and Eng., &c.,
suffix -ment.]
*bote-yif, conj. But if, except that.
“Bochment (botchement, P.) Additamentum, am-
plificamentum, . ..."-Prompt. Parv.
* bõ’-těl (1), * bot-ělle (1), s. [BOTTLE.]
(Prompt. Parv.)
bõtch'-ěr (1), *botch'-ar, * botch-are,
* bochchare, s. & d. [Eng. botch (1), v.;
* bot-el (2), * bot-elle (2), s. [O. Fr. botel.]
A bundle, a feed of hay. [BOTTEL (1).]
-er.]
A. As substantive: A mender of old things,
“Botelle of hey. Fenifascis.”—Prompt. Parv.
especially clothes ; an inferior kind of tailor. | * bot'-ěl-ěr, s. [BUTLER.] (Prompt. Parv.)
"Botchare of olde thinges, P. Resartor.”—Prompt.
Parv.
* bote'-less, * böte'-lesse, a. [BOOTLESS.]
"Botchers left old cloaths in the lurch,
And fell to turn and patch the church.” * bote'-măn, s. [BOATMAN.] (Spenser : F. Q.,
Hudibras. II. xii. 29.)
“... a botcher's cushion,..."-Shakesp. : Coriol.,
ii. 1.
* bot-en-en, v.t. [BOTNEN.) (Piers Plow. :
B. As adjective: Bungling, unskilful.
Vis., vi. 194.)
“Bochchare, or vncrafty (botchar, P.). Iners, C. F."
-Prompt. Parv.
* bot'-ēr-as, v. [BUTTRESS.] (Piers Plow. :
botch-er (2), s. [Eng. botch (2), s., from the
Vis., v. 598.)
spotted appearance of the skin.] A young * bö't-ér-as, s. [BUTTRESS.] (Prompt. Parv.)
salmon; a grilse.
"Formerly grilse, or botchers, were far more plenti-
| *bote-rel, s. [O. Fr. boterel.] A toad.
"... namore thanne the boterel."
Fishery Laws.”—Times, Aug. 26th, 1875.
Ayenbite, p. 187.
* botch-er-ly, a. [Eng. botcher; -ly.] Like
* bote-roll, * bot'te-roll, * baute-roll,
the work of a botcher, patched in a clumsy 5. [Etymology doubtful.]
way; blundered.
Her.: The same as crampet (q.v.).
* bot'-ēr-ye, s. [BUTTERY.] (Prompt. Parv.)
"Boterye. Celarium, boteria, pincernaculum (promp-
tuarium, P.).”—Prompt. Parv.
* bot-ew, s. [From 0. Fr. boteau.] A kind
of large boot.
"Botew. Coturnus, botula, crepita.”—Prompt. Parv.
both, * bothe, * boathe, * bāthe, * bêthe,
* bo'-then, * bo-thene, *bo'-thyn (Eng.),
bāith, * bāthe, * bāyth, * bāid (Scotch),
pro., a., & conj. [In Icel. bathir, bæthi ; Sw.
båda; Dan. baade; Moso-Goth. bajoths; Dut.
& (N. H.) Ger. beide ; 0. H. Ger. pêde.] Two
taken together.
It is opposed to the distributives either =
one of two, and neither = none of two. (Prof.
Bain.)
A. As pronoun:
“During his ride home, he only said, wife and bairn
baith, mother and son baith-Sair, sair to abide!"-
Scott : Guy Mannering, ch. ix.
B. As adjective :
“Both the proofs are extant."-Shakesp. : Merry
Wives, v. 5.
C. As conjunction (followed by and): It is a
conjunction with a certain disjunctive force,
i.e., separating the two conjoined members
and bringing each into prominence.
"... so that all they which dwelt in Asia heard the
word of the Lord Jesus, both Jews and Greeks."- Acts
xix. 19.
“That bothe his soule and eek hemself offende."
Chaucer: C. T., 3,067.
“That are both his and mine."
Shakesp. : Macb., iii. 1.
* bothe, s. [Booth.]
* bot'h-ěm, s. [BOTTOM.]
* both -ěm-lěs, a. [BOTTOMLESS.]
* both'-ěn, s. [Cf. A.S. bothen = rosemary;
darnel (Somner). ]
Bot. : A composite plant, Chrysanthemum
segetum.
White bothen, Chrysanthemum leucanthe-
mum.
both-ěr (Eng.), both-ēr, * băth-ěr (Sc.),
vit. & i.. [Etymology doubtful.' Wedgwood
derives it from Dut. bulderen = to rage, to
bluster. Mahn and Skeat, with more pro-
bability, suggest Ir. buaidhirt = vexation,
trouble; buaidhrim = to vex, to disturb.]
A. Trans. : To tease, to vex, or annoy one
by making continual noise, by dwelling on the
same subject, by continued solicitation, or in
any other way.
.“ With the din of which tube my head you so bother,
That I scarce can distinguish my right ear from
t'other."
Swift.
B. Intrans. : To make many words.
“ The auld guidmen, about the grace,
Frae side to side they bother."
Burns : The Holy Fair.
both'-ěr, s. [From bother, v. (q.v.).] The act
of rallying, or teazing, by dwelling on the
same subject. (Colloquial.)
bo-thēr-ā-tion, s. [From Eng. bother, and
suff. -ation.] The act of making bother.
(Vulgar.)
bo'th-ěred, pa. par. & d. [BOTHER, v.]
bo'th-ēr-îng, pr. par. [BOTHER, v.]
* both'-ie, s. [BOTHY.] (Scotch.)
* bothil, s. [BOTHUL.]
* bothne, * both-ene, s. (Low Lat. bothena
=a barony, or territory; Arm. bot=a tract
of land.] (Scotch.)
1. A park in which cattle are fed and in-
closed. (Skene.)
2. A barony, lordship, or sheriffdom.
“It is statute and ordained, that the King's Mute,
that is, the King's court of ilk Bothene, that is of ilk
schireffedome, salbe halden within fourtie daies."
Skene : Assis. Reg. Dav.
* bot'h-om, * bot'h-úm, * bot'h-ě-úm, s.
[From Fr. bouton = button, bud, germ.] [BUT-
TON.] A bud, particularly of a rose.
“Of the bothom the swete odour."
The Romaunt of the Rose.
“ That nyght and day from hir she stalle
Bothoms and roses over alle."
Ibid.
* bot'h-on, v.t. [BUTTON, v.]
“Bothon clothys (botonyn, K. boton, P,). Botono,
fibulo."-Prompt. Parv.
both-ren-chý-ma, s. [From Gr. Bópos
(bothros) = a pit, and eyxvua (enghuma)=an
Yet, making pish name;
ful than they have been since the passing of t
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pſt, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; trý, Sýrian, æ, ce=ē; ey=ā. qu = kw.

bothriocephalus--bottle
643
infusion; éyxéw (engheo) = to pour in ; év (en), B. As subst. : Amendment, healing.
The sub-order is named also Hyphomycetes
and xéw (cheo) = to pour.]
(q.v.).
Bot. : Pitted tissue, called also porous tissue
* bot'-ome, s. [BOTTOM.]
bo-trýte', s. [In Ger. botryt, from Gr. Bórpus,
or basiform tissue, or dotted ducts, and by * bot-on, s. [BUTTON.]
Morren Taphrenchyma. It consists of tubes
(botrus) = a cluster of grapes, and suffix -ite
| * bot-on, * bot-on-yn, v.t. (Prompt. Parv.)
which, when viewed under high microscopic
(Min.) (q.v.).]
power, seem full of holes, which, however, are
Min.: The same as Botryogen (q.v.).
only little pits in the thickness of the lining.
* bot-owre, s. [BOTAURUS.] A bittern.
." Botowre, byrde (botore, K. P.) Onocroculus, boto-
bo-try'-tỉs, s. [From Gr. Bórpus (botrus) = a
It is of two kinds, articulated and continuous
bothrenchyma. The former is well seen when
rius, C. F."-Prompt. Parv.
cluster of grapes.]
its tubes are cut across in a cane or other bot-rõph-ís, s. [From Gr. Bórpus (botrus) =
Bot. : A genus of fungi, with clusters of
woody-looking endogen; the latter consists of
minute globular seeds or seed-vessels. They
a cluster or bunch of grapes, opus (ophis) = a
long, slender, interrupted pitted tubes, found
grow on rotten herbaceous stems, decaying
serpent (?). ]
often in connection with spiral vessels in the
fungi, living leaves, and similar localities.
Bot. : A genus of Ranunculaceae (Crow-
roots of plants. What Lindley called granular
The muscadine disease which destroys so
foots), allied to Cimicifuga and Actaa. Its
woody tissue he ultimately reduced under the
many silk-worms is caused by one species,
roots are used in America as an antidote to
second of these types of bothrenchyma.
Botrytis bassiana. B. infectans, which causes
the bite of the rattlesnake.
the potato disease, is now removed to the
both-rị--çěph'-al-ús, s. [From Gr. Boo bot-rých'-1-úm, s. [Gr. Bórpus (botrus) = a
genus peronospora (q.v.). (Treas. of Bot.)
plov (bothrion) = a small kind of ulcer, dimin.
bunch of grapes, to which the branched bots, s. pl. [Bot.]
of Bồopos (bothros) = a hole, a pit, and kepanń clusters of capsules bear some resemblance.]
(kephalē) =the dead.]
Bot. : A genus of ferns belonging to the
* bott, * botte, conj. [BUT.] (Morte Arthure.)
Zool. : An intestinal worm belonging to the
order Ophioglos-
bott, bot, s. & d. [Bot.]
class Scolecida, and the order Tæniada or
saceæ (Adder's
Cestoidea. Bothriocephalus latus is the Rus Tongues). The
bott-hammer, s.
sian tapeworm.
capsules, which 2
Flax-working : A wooden mallet with a
are sub-globose
fluted face, used in breaking flax upon the
both-ro-děn'-drón, s. [From Gr. þópos
and sessile, are
floor to remove the boon.
(bothros) = a pit, and dévopov (dendron) = a
clustered at the
tree.]
margin and on
* botte (1), s. [BAT.]
Palæont. : A tree with dotted stems found in one side of a pin-
* botte (2), s. (BOAT.]
the coal measures.
nated rachis; the
frond is pinnate,
bot-těl (1), s. [O. Fr. botel, dimin. of botte =
+ bbºth-ùi, * bbºth-fe, * bººth-õi, bùa-
with lunate pinnæ
a bunch or bundle; Gael. boiteai.] A bundle
dle, s. [Dut. buidel = a purse, because it and forked veins.
of hay. (Stormonth.)
bears gools or goldins = gold coins ; gulden, a Botrychium luna-
punning allusion to its yellow flowers. Cf. ria, or Common
* bot-tel (2), s. [BOUTEL.]
Wel. bothell= rotundity ; a bottle, a blister.] Moonwort, occurs
Bot. : An old English name for the plant in dry mountain
* botte-ler, s. [BUTLER.]
genus Chrysanthemum.
pastures in Bri-
* botte-ral, s.
Chrysanthemum segetum is still called
tain and else-
BOTRYCHIUM.
buddle in East Anglia.
where. B. virgin-
Her.: [BOTEROLL.]
1. Botrychium lunaria.
"Bothel, buddle, chrysanthemum. Bothul, bothel,
icum, an American Barren pinnule. 3. Portion Bott'-ger, s. & a. [The person referred to was
vaccinia." -Prompt. Parv.
species, is called of fertilē pinnule
a Saxon manufacturer, by whom the ware
tħe Rattlesnake
called after him was first made.]
* both-um, s. [BOTTOM.]
Fern, from its growing in such places as those
bbºth-ỷ, b8th-ie, * bith-ie, * bồoºth-le, |
A. As subst. : The person alluded to in the
venornous reptiles frequent.
etymology.
S. & a. From Icel. budh; Gael. buth = a bot-rğı'-lì-dæ, s. pl. [From Mod. Lat. bo B. As adj.: Made by Bottger.
hut, a booth, a tent; both = a flask, a hut; tryllus (q.v.). ]
bot = a house.] [Booth.] (Scotch.)
Zool. : A family of molluscoids belonging to
Bottger-ware, s. The white porcelain
A. As substantive :
the order Ascidiæ, and containing the com-
of Dresden. Made originally by Bottger, of
pound Ascidians, that is, those which, united
Saxony, in imitation of the Chinese. It
1. Gen. : A booth, a cottage, a hovel.
is
now made in the old castle, once the resi-
2. Specially :
together by their mantles, rise generally in
stellate form round a common canal. All
dence of the Saxon princes, at Meissen on the
(1) A wooden hut.
are marine.
Elbe, fifteen miles below Dresden.
“Fare thee well, my native cot,
Bothy of the birken tree !"
bot-ryl'-lūs, s. [Mod. Lat. Dimin. formed
bt-ting, s. [Etym. doubtful.].
Jacobite Relics, ii. 189.
from Gr. Bórpus (botrus) = a cluster of grapes.] Metallurgy: The act of restopping the tap-
(2) A summer shieling. (Johnson.)
Zool. : A genus of molluscoids, the typical
ping-hole of a furnace after a part of its charge
(3) A hut of boughs or other material built
one of the family Botryllidæ (q.v.). The
has been allowed to flow therefrom. The
for the purpose of hunting.
individuals are of an ovoid form, but are
plug is a conical mass of clay on the end of a
(4) A place where agricultural labourers are united in radiated bunches. They are found
wooden bar.
lodged upon a farm.
on seaweeds, &c.
bot-tle (1), * bot-tělle, * bot'-ělle, * bot-
B. As adjective: Of which bothies are the
bot-ry-ő-gen, s. [From Gr. Bórpus (botrus) el, s. & a. [In Sw. butelj ; Icel. pytla ; Ger.
essential feature.
= a cluster of grapes, and yevváw (gennað)= & Fr. bouteille ; Gael. botul; Wel. potel (these
T The bothy systein : The system of lodging
to beget, to engender.]
two last being from Eng. ?); Norm. Fr. bu-
farm labourers in bothies. Whether this is
Min.: A monoclinic, translucent mineral,
tuille; Prov. botella ; Sp. botella, botilla = a
the best method of housing them has been a
matter of public discussion. The Rev. Dr.
bottle; botija =an earthen jar; Port. botelha;
with a hardness of 2-2.5, a sp. gr. of 2.039, a
Ital. bottiglia; Low Lat. buticula, botilia,
vitreous lustre colour, and hyacinth-red as
Begg, of Edinburgh, has been one of the
the normal colour, though yellow specimens
greatest opponents of bothies.
puticla ; Mahratta boodhule, boodhula = a
also occur. Compos. : Sulphate of protoxide
leathern bottle.] [Boot (2), s.]
* bo-tỉe, s. [Booty.]
of iron, 19; sulphate of sesquioxide, 48:3; A. As substantive :
and water, 32-7 = 100; or sulphuric acid, I. Literally: A vessel with a relatively small
* bot-il-ěr, * bot'-lêre, s. [BUTLER.] (Chau 36.53–37.87; sesquioxide of iron, 24•77– neck adapted to hold liquids. The first bottles
cer: C. T., 16,620.) (Prompt. Parv.)
26:50 ; magnesia, 5-69—8.95; lime, 0.91–2.76,
were of leather (Josh. ix. 4.) Such leathern
and water, 30—90. It occurs in a copper
* bot-ine, s. [From Fr. bottine= a half-boot,
bottles are mentioned by Homer, Herodotus,
mine at Fahlien, in Sweden. (Dana.)
a buskin.] A buskin. (O. Scotch.)
and Virgil, being in use among the Greeks,
Egyptians, and Romans, as they still are in
bot-ry-oid', a. [From Gr. Bórpus (botrus) =a
* bot-inge, pr. par. & s. [Boot (1), v.]
Spain, Sicily, Africa, and the East. Earthen-
cluster of grapes, and eidos (eidos) = form,
ware bottles followed (Jer. xiii. 12); these are
* bot-less, * bute-lesse, a. [BUOTLESS.]
shape.] In form resembling a bunch of
generally furnished with handles, and are
grapes.
called flasks. Modern bottles are chiefly of
* bot-me (1), s. [BOTTOM.]
“The outside is thick set with botryoid efflorescen-
glass, and glass bottles have been found at
"Botme, or fundament (botym, P.). Basis.” cies, or small knobs, yellow, bluish, and purple, all of
Prompt. Parv.
a shining metallick hue."-Woodward.
Pompeii. They are blown into the requisite
shape, the whole process of manipulation
“And in the pannes botme he hath it laft.” bot-ry-01-dąl, a. [Eng. botryoid ; -al (Min.,
Chaucer: C. T., 13,249. oo
being divided among six persons.
&c.).] The same as botryoid (q.v.). (Phillips.) "Botelle vesselle. Uter, obba."-Prompt. Parv.
* botme (2), s. [O. Fr. bouton, boton = a but-
“The shepherd's homely curds,
ton, a ball.]
bot-ry'-7-līte, s. [In Ger. botryolith, botrio-
His cold thin drink out of his leather bottle,
"Botme of threde, infra in Clowchen, or clowe
lit. From Gr. Bórpus (botrus) = a cluster of
Is far beyond a prince's delicates."
(botym, P.)."-Prompt. Parv.
grapes, and íos (lithos) = a stone.]
Shakesp. : 3 Hen. VI., ii. 5.
Min.: A variety of Datolite or Datholite
“He threw into the enemy's ships earthen bottles
* botme-les, a. [BOTTOMLESS.]
filled with serpents, which put the crew in disorder."
(q.v.). It is so called from the botryoidal sur -Arbuthnot on Coins.
* bot'-něn, v.t. [BOTEN, Boot (1), v.] To
face of its radiated columnar structure. It II. Figuratively:
better, to cure, to amend, to repair.
is found at Arendal, in Norway.
1. Anything like a bottle.
“Blisful for thei were botned."
bot-rý-tā'-çě-æ, s. [From Mod. Lat. botrytis Blue Bottle : [BLUEBOTTLE.]
William of Palerne, 1,055.
(q.v.), and Lat. fem. pl. adj. suffix -acece.)
White Bottle: A plant, Silene inflata
* bot-nînge, pr. par. & s. [BOTNEN.]
Bot.: A division of fungi containing the 2. As much liquor as can be held in one
A. As pr. par. : (See the verb.)
species popularly called Blights and Mildews. 1 bottle.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ģem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhắn. -tious, -sious, -cious = shús. -dle, -tle, &c.=del, -tel.

644
bottle-bottom
“Six bottles apiece had well wore out the night.".
Burns: The Whistle.
B. As adjective: Pertaining to such a vessel
or anything similar. (See the compounds.)
* bottle-ale, s. & a.
A. As substantive: Bottled ale.
"Selling cheese and prunes,
And retail'd bottle-ale.'
Beaum. & Flet. : Captain.
B. As adjective: Pertaining to bottled ale.
The Myrmidons are no bottle-ale houses." —Shakesp.:
Twelfth Night, ii. 3.
bottle-boot, s. A leather case to hold a
bottle while corking.
bottle-brush, bottle brush, s. & a.
A. As substantive :
1. Gen. : A brush with which to clean
bottles, or anything similar.
2. Bot.: A plant, Equisetum arvense. (Prior.)
B. As adjective: Pertaining to such a brush.
Bottle-brush Coralline, Bottle brush Coralline.
Zool.: A coralline, Thuiaria Thuia. It has
a waved stem, with the branches dichoto-
mously divided, the cells adpressed or im-
bedded in the sides of the branches. It is
upwards of a foot high. It is common on our
coasts on oyster beds.
bottle-brushing, a. & s.
Bottle - brushing machine : A device for
cleansing the interior of bottles. The brushes,
fixed on a rotating shaft, are inserted into the
bottles, and rotation imparted by means of
the treadle. The operator may take a bottle
in each hand, cleansing two at once.
bottle-bump, s. The Bittern. (Ogilvie.)
bottle-case, s. & d.
A. As subst. : A case for bottles.
B. As adj. : Pertaining to such a case.
Bottle-case loom: A machine in which the
wicker cover is placed upon demijohns and
carboys. This is, however, almost entirely
done by hand, and is the work of a basket-
maker.
bottle-charger, s. An apparatus for
charging bottles with a liquid under pressure,
as, for instance, with air containing carbonic
acid, and with a graduated amount of syrup.
bottle-companion, S.- A companion
over the bottle; a companion who drinks
with one.
“Sam, who is a very good bottle-companion, has been
the diversion of his friends."-Addison.
bottle-faucet, s. A fau-
cet adapted to the uses of a
bottle. Sometimes it has a
threaded hollow sten to trans-
fix the cork.
bottle-filler, s. An appa-
ratus for filling bottles. [BOT-
TLING-MACHINE.]
bottle-fish, s.
Ichthyol.: A fish, Saccophar-
ynx ampulaceus, like a leathern
bottle, with a very long linear
tail. The bottle-like portion
of the animal can be inflated.
It occurs in the Atlantic, but
is rare.
f bottle-flower, s.
Bot. : A plant, Centaurea
cyanus.
BOTTLE-
bottle - friend, 3. A
FAUCET.
“drinking friend, whose at-
tachment to one is manifested chiefly by
drinking with him. (Johnson.)
bottle-glass, s. The glass of which
bottles are made. It is composed of sand and
alkali.
bottle-gourd, s.
Bot.: A gourd, Lagenaria vulgaris, called
also the White Pumpkin. The Hindoos culti-
vate it largely as an article of food. There
are several varieties. One is the Sweet Bottle-
gourd ; another is used as a buoy in swimming
across Indian rivers, transporting baggage, &c.
bottle-head, s.
Zool. : A Cetacean, Hyperoodon bidens.
bottle-holder, s.
1. Of persons :
(1) Lit. : One who holds a bottle to refresh
a pugilist, to whom he is second or supporter. |
(2) Fig.: Any one who seconds another in bottle-washer, s. A device for cleansing
an enterprise.
the interior of bottles.
The late Lord Palmerston once applied
| *bot'-tle (2), * bot'-ěl, s. [From O. Fr. botel;
the term to himself in an electoral passage at
dimin. of botte = a bunch, a bundle ; Wel.
arms with a butcher at Tiverton, and the
potel.] [BOTTLE (2), v.] A bundle of hay or
nickname stuck to him in some of the coinic
straw.
periodicals for a time.
“Methinks I have a great desire to a bottle of hay:
2. Of things : An adjustable tool for grasp good hay, sweet hay, hath no fellow."-Shakesp. : Mids
ing the bottle by its base while finishing the Night's Dream, iv. 1.
top.
bot-tle (1), v.t. [From bottle (1), s.) To put
bottle-imp, s. An imaginary imp in into a bottle, to enclose or confine within a
habiting a bottle.
bottle.
... the letter would poison my very existence,
“You may have it a most excellent cyder royal, to
like the bottle-imp, until I would transfer it to some drink or to bottle."- Mortimer.
person truly qualified to receive it."-De Quincey:
“When wine is to be bottled off, wash your bottles
Works (2nd ed.), i. 106.
immediately before you begin, but be sure not to drain
them."-Swift.
bottle-jack, s.
1. Culinary apparatus: A roasting-jack of a bot'-tle (2), v.t. From bottle (2), s. In Fr. bot-
bottle shape, suspended in front of a fire, and teler = to bind hay ; Wel. potelu.] To make
giving a reciprocating rotation to the meat up straw in small parcels or “windlins.“
which depends therefrom. It is operated by (Scotch.)
clock-work mechanism.
2. A form of lifting-jack, so called from its
bot-tled (1), pa. par. [BOTTLE (1), v.]
" Their, prison’d in a parlour snug and small,
resembling a bottle in shape.
Like bottled wasps upon a southern wall."
Cowper : Retirement.
bottle-maker, bottle maker, s. A
maker of bottles.
bot-tled (2), pa. par. [BOTTLE (2), v.]
bottle-moulding, s.
bot-tling (1), pr. par., a., & s. [BOTTLE (1), v.]
Glass-making : The act or art of moulding A. & B. As pr. par. & participial adj. : (See
glass. The process is adopted with most the verb.)
kinds of merchantable bottles of staple kinds.
C. As subst. : The act or operation of pour-
The bulb of glass on the end of the blow-tube
ing into a bottle, or enclosing within a bottle.
is partly expanded, and then placed between
“.... and inspected,
the parts of an iron mould which is open to
At annual bottlings, corks selected."
receive it. The parts are closed and locked,
7. Warton : Progr. of Discontent.'
and the bulb then expanded by the breath to
bottling-machine, s. A machine for
completely fill the mould. (Knight.)
filling bottles and corking them.
bottle-nose, bottlenose, s. A Ceta-
bottling-pliers, s. pl. Pliers specifically
cean, the Bottle-nosed Whale (Hyperoodon
adapted for fastening wires over the corks and
bidens).
necks of bottles and for cutting off the surplus.
Immediately after Mr. John Bright entered
Mr. Gladstone's government in 1868, becom bot-tlựng (2), pr. par., a., & s. [BOTTLE (1), v.]
ing President of the Board of Trade, a corre-
spondent in Nairn petitioned him to give
* bot-tock, s. [BUTTOCK.)
Government aid in destroying bottle-nosed
bot-tom, * bot-tome, * bot'-ome, * bot'-
whales, which, he alleged, were very destruc-
tive to herrings. The reply of Mr. Bright was
îm, * bot'-ým, * bot'-ěm, * bot'-un,
unfavourable.
* bắt-im, * bỗ–thăm, * bồ-thăm,
" A species of whales, called Bottlenoses, have some * bỏ thắm, * bot-me (Eng.), bốt-tim,
times run a-ground during the tide of ebb, been taken,
and oil extracted from them,”-P. Row: Dumbartons.
* bod'-dům (Scotch), s. & a. [A.S. botm = a
Statist. Acc., iv. 406.
bottom; Icel. & O. Icel. botn ; Sw. botten;
bottle-nosed, a. Having a nose narrow
Dan. bund; 0. Dan. bodn; O.S. bodom ;
at the base and protuberant towards the apex.
Dut. bodem ; (N. H.) Ger. boden; M. H. Ger.
bodem ; 0. H. Ger. podum, podam ; Gael. bonn
"Oh, mistress! I have the bravest, gravest, secret,
=a sole, a foundation, Ir. bonn = the sole of
subtile,
Bottle-nosed knave to my master, that ever gentle the foot; Wel. bon = stem, base, stock; Fr,
man had."
de Marlow: The Jews of Malta, Act iii.
fond ; Sp. & Ital. fondo; Port. fundo; Lat.
fundus = the bottom of anything ; Gr. Tvou nv
Bottle-nosed Whale. [BOTTLE-NOSE.]
(puthmēn) = the bottom of a cup, of the sea,
bottle-pump, s. A device for withdraw or of anything, the same as Budós (buthos) =
ing the fluid contents of a vessel without
the depth ; Mahratta bood = the bottom of
pouring. This is done by compressing an anything. Skeat cites Vedic Sanscr. budhwa
elastic bulb, which drives air into the bottle, =depth.] [FUNDAMENT.]
expelling the liquid through the pipe and A. As substantive :
nozzle.
I. Ordinary Language :
bottle-rack, s. A rack for storing bottles. 1. Literally :
The rests are so arranged that by inserting (1) Gen, : The lowest part of anything.
the bottles alternately neck and butt, a
".... at the bottom of the altar."-Lev. v. 9.
greater number may be stored within a given
In this sense it is opposed to the top,
space. The hinged frame is for the purpose
"And the veil of the temple was rent in twain from
of securing the bottles in place during trans-
the top to the bottom."-Mark xy. 38.
portation.
(2) Specially :
* bottle-screw, * bottlescrew, s. A (a) The circular base of a cask, of a cup,
corkscrew.
saucer, or other vessel.
"A good butler always breaks off the point of his "... barrels with the bottoms knocked out ....'
bottlescrew in two days, by trying which is hardest,
--Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. xiii.
the point of the screw or the neck of the bottle."-
“But, said the guide, it will do if taken up and put
into a vessel that is sweet and good ; for then the dirt
bottle-stone, bottlestone, s.
will sink to the bottom, and the water by itself come
out more clear."-Bunyan: P. P., pt. ii.
Min.: A variety of Obsidian (q.v.). (Brit. (6) The bed or channel of the ocean, a lake,
Mus. Cat.)
a river, or the situation of the water imme-
bottle-stopper, s. A device for closing diately in contact with it.
the mouths of bottles. It usually consists of "... now it is impossible on a moderately shallow
bottom, which alone is favourable to most living
a cork and a means of holding it in place
creatures.”—Darwin : Voyage round the World (ed.
against the pressure of the bottle's contents.
1870), ch. xvi., p. 345.
In some cases a composition is substituted
(c) The lowest part of a valley, a dale, a
for the cork.
hollow, low ground.
+ bottle-swagger, s. Swagger produced “ Broun iuris kythit thare wissinyt mossy hew,
by imbibing the contents of the bottle.
Bank, bray and boddum blanschit wox and bare."
Doug. : Virgil, 201, 7.
“ When at his heart he felt the dagger,
" A narrow brook, by rushy banks conceal'd.
He reel'd his wonted bottle-swagger.”
Runs in a bottom, and divides the field."
Burns: Tam Samson's Elegy.
Cowper : Needless Alarm.
bottle-tit, s.
(d) The seat, the hips, the fundament.
Ornith. : A name for a bird, Parus caudatus.
2. Figuratively :
bottle-tom, bottle tom, s.
(1) Of things material :
Ornith. : One of the names for a bird, the (a) A ship, used by metonomy for the hull
Long-tailed Tit-mouse (Parus caudatus).
in distinction from the masts.
Swift.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, són; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; trý, Sýrian, æ, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bottom-bouch
645
thing... A drawer it
"My ventures are not in one bottom trusted;
“Sweet bottom-grass and high delightful plain."
(2) More fig. : Of anything infinite in degree,
Nor to one place." Shakesp. : Mer. of Ven., i. 1.
Shakesp. : Venus and Adonis, 236.
“A bawbling vessel was he captain of,
in time, or both, even though not closely re-
With which such scathful grapple did he make
bottom-heat, s. Artificial temperature sembling a pit, a vessel, or an ocean.
With the most noble bottom of our fleet."
beneath the surface of the soil in a forcing-
“Him the Almighty Power
Shakesp.: Twelfth Night, v. 1. house.
Huri'd headlong flaming from th' ethereal sky
(6) A ball of thread wound up together.
To bottomless perdition." Milton : P. L., bk. i.
"This whole argument will be like bottoms of thread
bottom-land, s. Alluvial land of which
close wound up." —Bacon.
a bottom is composed.
bot-tom-rý, * bot-tom-rēe, s. & a. (From
“Silkworms finish their bottoms in about fifteen bottom-lift, s.
Eng. bottom, and suff. -ry. In Sw. bodmeri;
days."— Mortimer.
Dan. bodmerie ; Dut. bodemery; Ger. bodmerei.]
(2) Of things not material :
Mining : The deepest lift of a mining-pump,
A. As substantive. Comm. & Naut. Law:
or the lowest pump.
(a) That on which anything rests. In the
A contract by which the owner of a vessel
example the metaphor corresponds to-
bottom-plate, s.
borrows money on the security of the bottom
" So deep, and vet so clear, we might behold
Printing : A plate of iron belonging to the
or keel, by which, a part being put for the
The gravel bottom, and that bottom gold."
mould of a printing-press, on which the car-
whole, is meant the ship itself. (BOTTOM, S.,
Dryden : Death of a very young Gentleman, 35, 36.
A., 2 (a).7
riage is fixed.
(6) The foundation, the groundwork, the
If the ship be lost the lender loses
all his money. If, on the contrary, it returns
most important support.
bottom-rail, s.
in safety, he receives back the principal, with
“On this supposition my reasonings proceed, and Arch.: The lowest horizontal rail of a interest at any rate which may be agreed
cannot be affected by objections which are far froin
being built on the same bottom."-Atterbury.
framed door.
upon between the parties, and this was allowed
(C) The deepest part.
to be the case even when the usury laws
bottom-tool, s.
“I do see the bottom of Justice Shallow."—Shakesp.:
were in force. Bottomry is sometimes cor-
Wood-turning : A turning-tool having a
2 Hen. IV., iii. 2.
rupted into bummaree. (See the compounds.)
bent-over end, for cutting out the bottoms of
“His proposals and arguments should with freedom
"A capitalist might lend on bottomry or on personal
be examined to the bottom."-Locke.
cylindrical hollow work.
security : but, if he did so, he ran a great risk of losing
interest and principal.”-Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch.
(d) The real support, the prime mover. + bot'-tom, v.t. & i. [From bottom, s. (q.v.).
xix.
"He wrote many things which are not published in
In Dut. bodemen = to put a bottom to a cask.] B. As adjective: Relating to such a con-
his name; and was at the bottom of many excellent
counsels, in which he did not appear."-Addison.
A, Transitive:
tract.
(e) A bound or limit beneath or in any *1. To base, to build up. Followed by on. bottomry-bond, bottomry bond, s.
direction.
(Lit. & fig.)
The bond described under BOTTOMRY, A.
“But there's no bottom, none,
“Pride has a very strong foundation in the mind;
In my voluptuousness." Shakesp.: Macb., iv. 3.
it is bottomed upon self-love.”-Collier.
bottomry contract, s. The same as
(f) A hazard, chance, or adventure ; in "The grounds upon which we bottom our reasoning, BOTTOMRY-BOND (q.v.).
metaphor, that of embarkation on board a
are but a part; something is left out which should go
into the reckoning."-Locke.
ship. [See (1) a.]
"Action is supposed to be bottomed upon principle."
* bot'-toned, * bot-oned, a. [Old form of
"He began to say, that himself and the prince were
- Atterbury.
buttoned. See also BOTTONY.]
too much to venture in one bottom."-Clarendon.
“We are embarked with them on the same bottom,
2. To put a bottom upon a cask, into a
Her. : Having bottonies, buttons, round
and must be partakers of their happiness or misery.”
chair, &c.
buds, or knots, generally in threes. Essen-
-Spectator.
* 3. To twist upon a “bottom” or ball. tially the same as trefjled, i.e. trefoiled.
(3) Of a horse: Power of endurance.
(Lit. & fig.)
3. In special phrases :
bắtº-tôn-ỳ, ý bốt-n-ẽ, bjt-tôn-ẽ, s.
“ Therefore, as you unwind her love from him,
(1) At bottom :
Lest it should ravel and be good to none,
[From O. F. botoné (Mod. Fr. boutonné) = fur-
You must provide to bottom it on me.'
nished with buttons or buds; O. Fr. boton
(a) Lit. : At the bottom of any material
Shakesp.: Two Gent. of Verona, iii. 2.
=button, a bud; Mod. Fr.
B. Intrans. : To have as a bottom or basis;
bouton.] [BUTTON.]
“A drawer it chanced at bottom lined."
to rest upon as its ultimate support.
Cowper : The Retired Cat.
Her. : A bud-like pro-
“Find out upon what foundation any proposition
(6) Fig. : Fundamentally, on looking how a
jection, of which in general
advanced, bottoms; and observe the intermediate ideas
superstructure of character, argument, &c.,
by which it is joined to that foundation upon which three are together. They
is based.
it is erected."-Locke.
may be seen in the cross
Machinery : Cogs are said to bottom when bottony, which is a cross
“Over this argument from experience, which at
bottom is his argument."-Tyndall: Frag. of Science,
their tops impinge upon the periphery of the each of the four extremi-
3rd ed., iii. 54.
co-acting wheel. A piston which strikes or ties of which terminates in CROSS BOTTONY.
(2) Bottom of a lane : The lowest end of a touches the end of its cylinder is said to three bud-like prominences.
lane. (Johnson.)
bottom.
They present a certain remote resemblance to
(3) Bottom of beer : The grounds or dregs of bot-tómed, pa. par. & d. [BOTTOM.]
the leaf of a trefoil plant.
beer. (Johnson.)
A. As past participle : In senses corre- / botts, s. [Bot, s.]
II. Technically :
sponding to those of the verb.
1. Fort. : A circular disc with holes to hold
bot-ul-i-form, a. [From Lat. botulus =a
B. As participial adjective: Having a bot-
the rods in the formation of a gabion.
sausage, and forma=form, shape.] Sausage-
tom of a particular character; as, a flat-
2. Shipwrighting: The planks forming the
shaped. (Henslow.)
bottomed boat, a cane-bottomed chair.
floor of a ship's hold.
"There being prepared a number of fat-bottomed | * bót-úm, * bot-ũne (?), s. [BOTTOM.]
3. Ordnance: One of the plates by which
boats, to transport the land forces under the wing and Prompt Pare
protection of the great navy."-Bacon.
grape or canister is built up into a cylinder
suitable for loading into the gun, Cast-iron | bot-töm-ing, pr. par., A., & s. [BOTTOM, v.
bot-tom-ing, pr. par., A., & s. [BOTTOM, V.
* bot-un, s. [BUTTON.] (Prompt. Parv.)
DOU-UN, S. [b
tops and bottoms for grape; wrought-iron for (q.v.).]
| * bo-tůn, v.t. [BOOT, V. ; BOTE, v.] (Prompt.
canister.
A. & B. As present participle & participial
Parv.)
4. Mining (pl. bottoms): The deepest work adjective : In senses corresponding to those of
ings.
the verb.
* bot'-ũre (1), s. [BUTTER.] (Prompt. Parv.)
5. Metallurgy (pl. bottoms): Heavy and im-
C. As substantive :
* bot-ure (2), s. [BOTAURUS.] A bittern.
pure metallic products of refining, found at 1. Civil engineering :
(Morte Arthur, 189.)
the bottom of the furnace in some of the
(1) The foundation of a road-bed.
stages of the copper-smelting processes.
(2) The act of laying a foundation for a road. * bot'-ur-flye, s. [BUTTERFLY.] (Prompt.
B. As adjective: Pertaining to the lowest
part of anything in a literal or figurative
Ραου.)
2. Railroad engineering : Ballasting beneath
sense.
and around ties.
* bot-wrythe, * bot'e-wright, s. [From
0. Eng. bot = boat, and wrythe = wright.] A
bottom-beds, s.
bottoming-hole, s.
Glass-making: The open mouth of a fur-
Geol. : A name sometimes given to the
shipbuilder, a shipinaster. (Prompt. Parv.)
Longmynd rocks of Lower Cambrian strati-
nace at which a globe of crown glass is ex-
* bot-wyn, s. (BUTTON.] (Prompt. Parv.)
graphical position.
posed during the progress of its manufacture,
in order to soften it and allow it to assume an * bot-ym, s. [BOTTOM.] (Prompt. Parv.)
bottom-discharge, s. & a.
oblate form.
Bottom - discharge water - wheel: A turbine 1 bot'-tom-less, a.
* bot-yn, v.t. [Boot, v.; BOTE, v.] (Prompt.
[Eng. bottom, and suff. Parv.)
from which the water is discharged at the -less. In Sw. bottenlöss; Dan. bundlos; Dut.
bottom instead of at the sides.
bodemloos ; Ger. bodenlös.]
* bot-ynge, s. [BOOTING.] (Prompt. Parv.)
bottom-fringe, $. A fringe at the bot-
Strictly : Without bottom; or, more loosely,
tom of a curtain, a cloud, or anything.
* bot-yr, s. [BUTTER.) (Prompt. Parv.)
fathomless in depth, though really having a
(Lit.
& fig.)
bottom. Used-
bôuch, * bôuche, * bouge, * bowge,
"... as roof, the azure Dome, and around me, for
(1) Less fig.: Of places or things conceived * budge, S.[Fr. bouche = mouth, ...
walls, four azure-flowing curtains-namely, of the
of as without bottom, or as fathomless.
aperture.]
Four azure Winds, on whose bottom-fringes algo I have
seen gilding."-Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. ii., ch. ix.
“... the beast that ascendeth out of the bottomless 1. Ord. Lang. & Law. (Of all the forms
pit ..."-Rev. xi. 7.
given): An allowance of food or drink,
bottom-glade, s. A glade in the lower
“Wickedness may well be compared to a bottomless
specially of the kind described in the phrase
pit, into which it is easier to keep one's self from fall-
part of a valley, a dale.
ing, than, being fallen, to give one's self any stay from which follows.
" Tending my flocks hard by i' the hilly crofts,
falling infinitely."-Sidney.
"... that brought bouge for a country lady or two,
That brow this bottom-glade .
.. but all, were it only a withered leaf, works that fainted, he said, with fasting."-B. Jonson:
Milton : Comus. together with all ; is borne forward on the bottomless, Masque of Love Rest., vol. v., p. 404
bottom-grass, s. The luxuriant grass
shoreless flood of Action, and lives through perpetual
ET In the ordinances made at Eltham, in the
metamorphoses."-Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. i.,
growing in a bottom or glade.
ch. ii.
17th of Henry VIII., under the title Bouche of
böìl, bóy; póut, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian= shạn. tion, -sion=shủn; -țion, -şion=zhăn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -tle, &c. = bęl, tel.

646
bouchet- boulden
Court, the queen's maids of honour were to
“ With bougars of barnis thay beft blew cappis, 1 and is sometimes medicated. It was originally
have, “for theire bouch in the morning, one
Quhill thay of bernis made briggis.”
Chr. Kirk, st. 14.
made of slips of waxed linen, coiled into a
chet lofe, one manchet, two gallons of ale,
cylindrical or slightly conical form by rolling
dim' pitcher of wine." Þ. 164.
bouge, * bowġe, v.i. [BULGE.) To swell them on a hard, smooth surface. Bougies for
Bouch, Bouche of Court, † Bouche in Court:
out.
surgical purposes are said to have been in-
An allowance of meat or drink to a servant or “Their ship bouged ..."-Hackluyt.
vented by Aldereto, a Portuguese physician.
attendant in a palace. (Minsheu & Kersey.) | bouge (1), * bowge. s. Compare Fr. bouge =
They were first described in 1554 by Amatus,
A certain allowance of provision from the
one of his pupils. The slenderer forms of
king to his knights and servants who at-
a middle of a barrel or cask.]
bougies are adapted for the urethra, the larger
tended him on a military expedition. (Whar-
Naut. : A rope fastened to the middle of a for the rectum, vagina, and esophagus.
ton.)
sail to make it stand closer to the wind.
An armed bougie is one with a piece of
“They had bouch of court (to wit, meat and drink),
and great wages of sixpence by the day."-Stowe : Sur-
bouge (2), s. [BUDGE.] (B. Jonson : Masques
caustic fixed at its extremity.
vey of London, bl. 1., 4to, sign. C. c., 2.
of Court.)
*bou-goun, s. [Etym. unknown.] Some kind
"... with a good allowance of dyet, a bouche in
court as we use to call it."-Puttenham: Art of Eng * bouge (3), * bowģe, s. [O. Fr. boge, bouge ; |
of musical instrument.
lish Poesie, bk. i., ch. xxvii. (Nares.)
Lat. bulga.] [BULGE.] A swelling, a heap.
“Symbalez and sonetez ... and bougounz."
2. Tech. (Of the form bouche only):
Allit. Poems: Cleanness, 1,416.
"Bowge. Bulga.”—Prompt. Parv.
Ordnance: A cylinder of copper in which
bô'u-1l-li, s. [From Fr. bouillir = to boil.1
* bộu'-ģēr-on, s. [Fr. bougiron.] A sodo-
the vent of a piece of ordnance is drilled. It
Meat stewed with vegetables. (Mesle.)
has an exterior screw-thread cut on it, so that
mite.
"If ther be castel or citee
bô'u-il-lon, s. [Fr., from bouillir = to boil. ]
it may be removed when the vent becomes
Wherynne that ony bougerons be."
worn, or a new bouche substituted.
Romaunt of the Rose.
1. Ord. Lang. : Broth, soup. (Johnson.)
* bộu'-gět, s. [From Fr. bougette = a budget,
2. Farriery: A fleshy excrescence on a
bôu'-chet (t silent), s. [Fr. bouchet.]
a small bag ; dimin. of bouge = a budget, a
horse's foot. (Buchanan.)
Hort. : A kind of pear.
bag.] [BUDGET.)
* bouk (1) (0. Eng.), bouk, buik (Scotch), s.
*bôu'-ching, s. [BUSHING.]
I. Ord. Lang. : A budget.
[Icel. bukr = the body; from bulka = to swell.]
“With that out of his bouget forth he drew
Mech. : The gun-metal bushing of a block-
[BOUKE, S.; BULK, V. & S., BILGE, BILLOW,
Great store of treasure, therewith him to tempt.”
sheave around the pin-hole.
Bulge.]
Spenser : F. Q., III. X. 29.
II. Her.: The representation of a vessel for
* boucht (1), * bought, v.t. [Icel. buhta ;
1. The body.
“ The clothred blood for any leche-craft
Ger. bücken = to bend, to bow, to stoop.] To
carrying water.
Corrumpeth, and is in his bouk i-laft."
fold down. (Jamieson.)
Chaucer : C. T.; The Knightes T'ale, 1887-8.
bough (gh silent), * bughe, * boe, * bowe,
* bouh, * boghe, * bogh, * bog, s. [A.S.
2. Bulk. (O. Eng.) (Chaucer.) (Scotch.).
boucht (2), v.t. [From boucht = a fold.] To
enclose in a fold. (Scotch.)
bog = an arm, a shoot; boh = an arm, a back, bouk (2), s. [BUCK (2), s.] (Scotch.) A lye
a shoulder, a branch, a bough ; (. Icel. bógr for cleansing or whitening foul linen.
* boucht (1), * bought (1), s. & d. [BIGHT.] = the shoulder of an animal, ...; Sw. bog =
(Scotch.)
the shoulder; 0. H. Ger. puac = the shoulder. bówk (1), v.i. [BULK, v.] (Scotch.)
Skeat points out its affinity to Gr. Tiñxus
boucht-knot, s. A running knot; one
bouk (2), * bow-kěn, v.t. [From bouk (2), s.
(pēchus) = the forearm, and Sansc. báhus =
that can easily be loosed, in consequence of
the arm.] A large arm or branch of a tree.
(q.v.).] To dip or steep foul linen in a lye;
the cord being doubled. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
as, “to bouk claise." (0. Eng. & Scotch.).
1. Literally :
“... applied to their necks and arms blanching
boucht (2), bought (2), s. [BUGHT.] A “Every soldier was to put a green bough in his hat." poultices; or had them boukit an' graithed-as house-
sheepfold. (Scotch.)
-Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi.
wives are wont to treat their webs in bleaching." -
2. Figuratively:
Glenfergus, iii. 84. (Jamieson.)
* boucht-ing (ch guttural), pr. par. [BOUCHT.] "All the fowls of heaven made their nests in his
* bouke, s. [A.S. búc=a solitary and secret
boughs, and under his branches did all the beasts of
bouchting-blanket, s. A small blan-
the field bring forth their young."-Ezek. xxxi. 6.
place, the belly (Somner); Sw. buk; Dan.
ket, spread across a feather-bed, the ends
bug; Dut. buik = the belly.] [BOUK (1), s. ]
being pushed in under the bed at both sides. * boughen, v.i. & t. [Bow, v.]
A solitude.
“Under the bowes thei bode, thes barnes so bolde,
bouchting-time, boughting-time, I bought, * boughte (pron. bât), pret. & pa.
To byker at thes baraynes, in boukes so bare."
S. That time in the evening when the ewes par. of buy (q.v.). [In Dut. bocht.]
Sir Gawan and Sir Gal., i. 4.
are milked. (Scotch.)
“ Like Dian's kiss, unasked, unsought,
bouk'-ing, * bouck'-ing, pr. par., A., & s.
"O were I but a shepherd swain!
Love gives itself, but is not bought.”
[BOUK (2), v. BOUCKING.]
To feed my flock beside thee,
Longfellow : Endymion.
At boughting time to leave the plain,
Bought and sold notes.
As substantive: A placing in lye. (Scotch.)
In milking to abide thee."
Katherine Ogie: Herd's Coll., i. 246.
Among brokers : A note rendered to a party bouking-washing, S. Bucking; a
with whom the broker has made a financial
bouck, v.t. [BUCK.) (Scotch.).
washing in lye. (Scotch.) [BOUKIT-WASHING.]
transaction, giving particulars of the purchase
"... and she and I will hae a grand bouking-wash-
bouck'-ing, s. [BUCKING.] (Scotch.)
or sale, as entered in his books.
ing, ..."-Scott : Heart of Mid-Lothian, ch. xvii.
* boud, pret. of v. [Boot.] (Scotch.) Were bought (1), s. [BOUCHT.)
bought (1), s. [B
bou-kſt, bow'-kſt, pa. par. & a. (BULKED.]
fated.
(Scotch.)
“To save thir souls, for they boud die.”
|- * bought (2) (gh silent), s. [In Dut. bogt; Sw.,
A. As past participle: Bulked out; swollen.
Border Minstrelsy, iii. 140. (Jamieson.)
Dan., & L. Ger. bugt = a bend, a turning, a
(See the verb.)
coil.1 [BIGHT.]
* boud, * bowde, s. [Etymology doubtful.]
B. As participial adjective : Bulky, large.
1. A twist, a link, a knot.
A weevil breeding in malt. (Johnson.)
[LITTLE-BOUKIT, MUCKLE-BOUKIT.]
“Immortal verse,
“Bowde, malte-worme (boude of malte ...) Gurgu-
“In hir bowkit bysyme, that hellis belth .
Such as the melting soul may pierce,
lio."--Prompt. Parv.
In notes, with many a winding bought
The large fludis suppis thris in ane swelth.”
Of linked sweetness, long drawn out."
Doug.: Virgil, 82, 15.
boudoir (pron. bôod'-war), S. & a. [Fr.
Milton: L'Allegro. boukit-washing, s. The same as BOUK-
boudoir; from bouder=to manifest chagrin to.] 2. A flexure.
ING-WASHING (q.v.).
A. As substan. : An elegant cabinet con-
“The flexure of the joints is not the same in elephants
as in other quadrupeds, but nearer unto those of a
nected with the apartments of a lady to which
* bouk'-sum, d. (Buxom.] (Scotch.)
man; the bought of the fore-legs not directly back-
she may retire when she wishes to be alone.
ward."-Browne : Vulgar Errours.
* bouc-ỹ, a. [BULKY.] (Scotch.)
B. As adjective : Fitted for a boudoir ; such
3. The part of a sling which contains the
as are seen in ladies' boudoirs.
stone.
bôul, bôol, bûle, s. [BOOL (2).] (Scotch.)
“... in her graceful treatment of little boudoir
Anything hoop-shaped.
subjects, ..."— Times, Oct. 30, 1875.
bought, boucht (gh, ch guttural), v.t. [From
f | Boul of a pint stoup: The handle of a pint
bought, s. q.v.).] To enclose in a fold. (Used
* bou-el, * bou-ell, * bou-elle, s. & v.
stoup, i.e., of a two-quart pot.
of ewes for milking.) (Scotch.)
[BOWEL.]
" At milking beasts, and steering of the ream,
To come to the hand like the boul of a pint
And bouchting in the ewes, when they came hame."
stoup: A proverbial expression applied to any-
* bouf, s. [BEEF.] (William of Palerne, 1,849.)
Ross: Helenore, p. 31. thing which takes place as easily and agreeably
bộu'-gain-vil-læ-a, s. [From Bougainville,
as the handle of a drinking vessel comes to
| bought-ing, pr. par. & d. [BOUGHT.]
the hand of a tippler. (Scott: Gloss. to Anti-
the eminent French navigator, who, between
boughting-time, s. [BOUCHTING-TIME, quary.)
the years 1766 and 1769, circumnavigated the
s.]
globe.]
bộu-lăngỡrite, 8. [In Ger. boulangerit,
Bot. : A genus of Nyctaginaceæ (Nyctagos).
1 *bough-ty (pron. bâw'-ty), a. [From bought from Boulanger, a French mineralogist.]
Bougainvillæa speciosa and glabra grow in (2), s. (q.v.).] Bending.
Min. : A mineral (3PbS.Sb2S3) existing in
British gardens. B. speciabilis is a climbing 1
pluniose crystalline masses, as also granular
shrub or small tree from tropical South Ainer-
bôu'-ġie, s. [From Fr. Dougie = a wax candle,
and compact. Its hardness is 25—3, its sp.
ica. (Treas. of Bot.)
a bougie; Prov. bogia; Sp., Port., & Ital
gr. 5•756; its lustre metallic ; its colour
bugia = a wax candle; so called from Bougie,
bluish lead-gray. Compos. : Sulphur, 18:2;
bộu-gars, s. pl. [From A.S. búgan, beogan a town of Algeria, where such candles were
antimony, 23:1; lead, 587 = 100. Found in
=to bend. Or from Lincolnshire dialect first made.]
France, Germany, Bohemia, and Tuscany.
bulkar = a beam. (Jamieson.).] [BALK.] Surgery: A smooth, flexible, elastic, slender
Embrithite and Plumbostib are considered by
Cross spars, forming part of the roof of a cylinder, designed to be introduced into the
Dana as identical with Boulangerite.
cottage, used instead of laths, on which wat urethra, rectum, or esophagus, in order to
tling or twigs are placed, and above these open or dilate it in cases of stricture or other bộul-den, pa. par. [BOLDEN (2).] Swelled,
sods, and then the straw or thatch. (Scotch.) diseases. It is formed either solid or hollow, inflated. (Scotch.)
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fall, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; trý, sýrian. ~, o=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

boulder-bouncing
647
bõul'-děr, * bowl'-dér, s. & a. [Wedgwood
derives this from the Sw. dialectic word bul-
Tersten=the larger kind of pebbles, as opposed
to klappersten = the smaller ones. With this
Skeat agrees. Connected with Sw. bullra =
to make a loud noise, to thunder; Dan. buldre
= to racket, rattle, make a noise, to chide, to
bully ; Dut. bulderen = to bluster, rage, or
roar. From Sw. buller = noise; Dan. bulder
= noise, tumbling noise, bustle, brawl. So
called from the noise which boulders make
when rolled over a rocky or pebbly beach by
a stormy sea or a river in flood.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ord. Lang. (of the form bowlder): A word
of Scandinavian origin, used, according to
Jamieson, in Perthshire, where the term
“bowlder-stane” was applied to “the large
single stones found in the earth by those
who make roads.” Probably the term was also
employed elsewhere than in Perthshire.
II. Geol. (of the form boulder) : The adoption
by geologists of the local word boulder has
given it universal currency. It is used to
signify a large, rounded block of stone, which,
whether lying loose on the surface of the
ground or imbedded in the soil, is of different
composition from the rocks adjacent to which
it now rests, and must, therefore, have been
transported from a lesser or greater distance.
From the last-mentioned facts, boulders are
often called erratic blocks, or, simply, erratics.
[BOULDER-FORMATION, BOULDER-PERIOD.]
B. As adjective: Marked by the presence
of boulders ; acting as boulders do.
boulder-clay, s. A clay stratified or
unstratified, belonging to the boulder forma-
tion (q.v.).
boulder-formation, boulder for-
mation, s.
Geol. : A formation consisting of mud, sand,
and clay, more frequently unstratified than the
reverse, generally studded with fragments of
rocks, some of them angular, others rounded,
with boulders scattered here and there through
the mass. When unstratified, it is called in
Scotland till (q.v.). As much of the material
has been transported from a greater or less
distance, it is sometimes called drift. The
old nane diluvium, being founded on now-
abandoned hypotheses, has become obsolete.
[DILUVIUM.] The formation exists only from
the poles to about 40° of latitude, unless where
the Alps or other high mountains in warmer
climes have originated boulder formations of
their own. The nearer the poles one travels
the larger are the erratic boulders. The rocks
on which they rest are furrowed and scored
with lines, as if ice with stones projecting
from its surface had heavily driven over them.
[GLACIATION.] Fossils, where they exist, indi-
cate a very cold climate. [BOULDER-PERIOD.]
boulder-head, s.
Hydraulic Engineering : A work of wooden
stakes to resist the encroachment of the sea.
boulder-paving, s. Paving with round,
water-worn boulders, set on a graded bottom
of gravel.
boulder-period, boulder period, s.
Geol. : The period specially characterised
by the scattering over all the colder parts of
the world of erratic blocks or boulders, many
of them transported by ice. It comprehended
specially the Pleistocene period, but extended
into the Post-pleistocene. It is now generally
called the Glacial Period (q.v.).
“... in the southern hemisphere the Macrauchenia,
also, lived long subsequently to the ice-transporting
boulder-period."-Darwin: Voyage round the World
(ed. 1870T, ch. viii., p. 174.
boulder-stone, * bowlder-stone, s.
The same as BOULDER (q.v.). (Scotch, chiefly
the Perthshire dialect.)
boulder-wall, s.
Masonry: A wall made of boulders or flints
set in mortar.
boul-der-îng, a. [Scotch and Eng. boulder;
-ing.] A term used only in the subjoined
compound.
bouldering-stone, s.
Metal-working: A smooth flint stone, used
by cutlers to smooth down the faces of glazers
and emery-wheels.
* boule, s. [Bowl.]
*.bôu-lê'-na, s. or interj. [BOWLINE.] A
sea cheer, signifying “Hale up the bowlings."
(Gloss. to Complaynt of Scotland.) (Jamieson.)
"Than ane of the marynalis began to hail and to
cry, and al the marynalis ansuert of that samyn
sound-Boulena, boulena.”—Compl. of Scotland, p. 62.
(Jamieson.)
* bõu'-lene, s. [BOWLINE.] “The semicir-
cular part of the sail which is presented to
the wind.” (Gloss. to Complaynt of Scotland).
More probably the bowline, i.e., the rope fas-
tened to the middle part of the outside of a
sail.
“Than the master quhislit and cryit, Hail out the
mane sail boulene."--Compl. of Scotland, p. 62.
bôu'-lět (t silent), t bộu'-lětte, s. [From
Fr. boulet = (1) a bullet, . . . (2)..., (3) see
def.]
Veterin. : The fetlock or postern-joint of a
horse when bent forward, being out of its
natural position.
bô'ule-vard, s. [Fr. boulevard, boulevart =
(see def. 1.)'; 0. Fr. boulevert.' boulever = a
bulwark ; Sp. baluarte; Ital. baluardo; Ger.
bollwerk.] [BULWARK.]
1. Originally: The horizontal surface of a
rampart, between the internal talus and the
banquette.
2. Now: A promenade planted with trees
surrounding a town; or, by an extension of
the signification, a fine broad street planted
with trees running through the middle of a
town. In the wide sense last mentioned the
street called Unter den Linden, at Berlin, is
a boulevard.
* bou-lim-ỹ, s. [BULIMY.]
* bõult, * boulte, v.t. [BOLT (1), v.]
* bõ'ult-ed, pa. par. & d. [BOLTED (1).]
“He has been bred i’ the wars
Since he could draw a sword, and is ill school'd
In boulted language; meal and bran together
He throws without distinction, ..
Shakesp. : Coriol., iii. 1.
* boul-tel, s. [BOUTELL.]
* boul-tell, a. [Etym. doubtful. Perhaps
from O. Kr. boulletiera combat, a joust.
(Jamieson.).] Used in tournaments (?).
boutell raines, s. pl. Bridle-reins of
some kind.
" Boultell raines, the peece, 1s." —Rates, A. 1611.
bö'ul-tin, * bo'ul-tīne, s. [Perhaps a cor-
ruption of boulting,
s., from boult = to
shoot forth; Fr.
bouter.] [BOWTELL.]
Arch. :
1. A convex
moulding, whose BOUETINI
periphery is a quar-
ter of a circle, next
LINTHI
below the plinth in
the Doric and Tus-
BOULTIN.
can orders.
2. The shaft of a clustered column or pillar.
[BOULTEL.]
* bö'ult-îng, pr. par. & d. [BOLTING (1).]
* boulting-hutch, s. [BOLTING-HUTCH.]
* boun, * boune, * bown, * bowne (Eng.),
* boun, * boune, * bówn, * bowne,
* bone (Scotch), a. [From Icel. búinn =
prepared, ready, pa. par. of búa = to prepare.]
1. Prepared, ready.
Alle boun to batayleniian of Palerne, 1,087-8.
" . aboute sexti thousand,
“The squire-to find her shortly maks him bown.”
Ro88 : Helenore, p. 93.
Reddy boun: A tautology for boun=ready.
“Go warn his folk, and haist thaim off the toun,
To kepe him self I sall be reddy boun."
Waliace, vii. 258. MS.
2. Prompt, obedient. (Morris.)
3. Finished.
“With gentyl gemmez an-vnder pyght,
With bantelez twelue on basyng boun."
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed Morris), Pearl, 991-2.
T Bound, in the expression “bound for a
place,” is corrupted from Old Eng. boun.
[BOUND.]
* boun, * boune, * bou-nen, * bounne,
bowne, v.i & t. [From boun, a. (q.v.).]
A. Intransitive :
1. To prepare, make ready.
2. To hasten.
“Now bownes the bolde kynge with his beste
knyghtes.”
Morte Arthure, 3,591.
3. To depart, to go.
“And then the kynge kenely commandyde hys knyghtez
ffor to byde with their blonkez and bowne no for-
thyre."
Morte Arthure, 935-6.
B. Transitive :
1. To prepare, make ready.
"To boune mo bernes.”.
Joseph of Arimathie, 472.
2. (Reflexively): To prepare one's self.
“To bataile he bounnez hym ..."
Morte Arthure, 783.
bounce, * bounçhe, * bounse, * bóùn'-
sěn, * bun'-sěn, v.t. & i. [Dut. bonzen =
to bounce, to dismiss; L. Ger. bunsen = to
knock or to fall with a hollow noise ; H.
Ger. bumsen (same meaning); bums, interj. =
bounce. Imitated from the sound of a knock,
blow, or fall.] [BOUNCE, S. BUMP.]
A. Trans. : To drive suddenly and forcibly
against anything; to beat violently.
“And wilfully him throwing on the gras
Did beat and bounse his head and brest ful sore."
Spenser: F. Q., III. xi. 27.
B. Intransitive:
I. Literally :
1. To knock against anything so as to make
a sudden noise. Used-
(1) Of one beating himself or another.
(2) Of a person knocking at a door.
“Just as I was putting out my light, another
bounces as hard as he can knock."-Swift.
(3) Of the throbbing of the heart.
“ The fright awakened Arcite with a start,
Against his bosom bounced his heaving heart."
Dryden: The Fables; Palamon and Arcite, bk. i.
2. To spring suddenly forth, even when
there is no collision with anything.
“Nay, master, said not I as much when I saw the
porpus how he bounced and tumbled ? ” —Shakesp.:
Pericles, ii. 1.
II. Figuratively :
1. To be strong, bold, or, if the female sex,
over-masculine. (Used only in the pr. par.)
[BOUNCING.]
2. To boast. (Colloquial.)
(1) Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
(2) Specially :
+ (a) To threaten, to bully.
(6) To utter falsehood, as boasters are con-
tinually tempted to do when sounding their
own praises.
bounce, s. [Dan. bums = a bounce; Dut.
bons = a bounce, a thump (indicated from the
sound).] [BOUNCE, v.]
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Literally:
(1) A sudden and heavy blow or thump; a
knock at a door.
“When blustering Boreas tosseth up the deep,
And thumps a louder bounce, .
Ford : The Lover's Melancholy, i. 1.
“I heard two or three irregular bounces on my land-
lady's door, and on the opening of it ..."-Addison.
(2) A sudden crack, the noise of an explosion.
“Two hazel nuts I threw into the flame,
And to each nut I gave a sweetheart's name:
This with the loudest bounce me sore amaz'd,
That in a flame of brightest colour blaz'd."
Gay.
(3) A sudden spring. (Generally followed
by out.)
2. Figuratively :
(1) A threat. (Colloquial.)
(2) A lie suddenly, boldly flung forth. (Col-
loquial.)
II. Technically: The large spotted Dog-
fish, Scyllium Catulus.
bounç'-ěr, s. [Eng. bounce); -er.] A boaster;
one who, speaking of his exploits, so exag-
gerates as to be chargeable with lying. (John-
son.)
HUMU
bounzing, p. par. 6 . [BOUNCE, 2.]
A. As present participle : In senses corre-
sponding to those of the verb.
“Their wealth the wild deer bouncing thro'the glade.”
Thomson : Castle of Indolence, ii. 17.
B. As adjective: Rude, strong ; if of the
feminine sex, then over-masculine in aspect
or manner.
"Forsooth, the bouncing Amazon."
Shakesp. : Mid. Night's Dream, ij. 1.
Bouncing bet: A plant, Saponaria officinalis.
(American.)
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ĝem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian =shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhủn. -tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

648
bouncingly-bounder
* boun-zing-lẽ, ado. [Eng. bouncing; -1g.]
With vain boasting, so as to make an un-
founded assertion.
"Pighius said, bouncingly, the judgement of the
apostolical see, with a council of domestick priests, is
far more certain than the judgement of an universal
council of the whole earth sans pope."-Barrow : On
the Pope's Supremacy.
bound (1), * bounde, s. [In Mod. Fr. borne =
a limit. From Norm. Fr. bunde, boune, bonne
=a bound, a limit; 0. Fr. bonde, bonne, bodne;
Low. Lat. bodina, bodena, bonna; Arm. boun
= a boundary, a limit; boden, bod = a tuft, a
cluster of trees which may be used to mark a
boundary. Cf. also Wel. bonn = stem, base,
stock ; Gael. bonn = a sole, a foundation,
bottom, base.] A boundary, a limit, a con-
fine. Used-
1. Lit. : Of material limits :
(a) Set up or conventionally arranged by
man.
"The princes of Judah were like them that remove
the bound.”—Hos. v. 10.
“Assyria, and her empire's ancient bounds."
Milton: P. R., bk, iii.
(6) Prescribed by God in nature.
"He hath compassed the waters with bounds, until
the day and night come to an end.”—Job xxvi. 10.
"On earth's remotest bounds how welcome here !"
Campbell : Gertrude of Wyoming, Puli
2. Fig.: Of limits not formed by any material
thing:
"And hast thou cross'd that unknown river,
Life's dreary bound ?"
Burns : Elegy on Captain M. Henderson.
Crabb thus distinguishes between bounds
and boundary :-“Bounds is employed to de-
signate the whole space including the outer
line that con fines : boundary comprehends only
this outer line. Bounds are made for a local
purpose; boundary for a political purpose :
the master of a school prescribes the bounds
beyond which the scholar is not to go; the
parishes throughout England have their bound-
aries, which are distinguished by marks ;
fields have likewise their boundaries, which
are commonly marked out by a hedge or a
ditch. Bounds are temporary and changeable;
boundaries permanent and fixed : whoever has
the authority of prescribing bounds for others,
may in like manner contract or extend them
at pleasure; the boundaries of places are
seldom altered, but in consequence of great
political changes. In the figurative sense
bound or bounds is even more frequently used
than boundary: we speak of setting bounds or
keeping within bounds; but to know a bound-
ary: it is necessary occasionally to set
bounds to the inordinate appetites of the best
disposed children, who cannot be expected to
know the exact boundary for indulgence.”
(Crabb : Eng. Syn.)
bound (2), s. [From BOUND (2), v. (q.v.).]
I. Ordinary Language:
1. A leap, a spring, a jump.
“All, all our own shall the forests be,
As to the bound of the roebuck free !"
Hemans: Song of Emigration.
2. A rebound; the leap of something flying
back by the force of the blow.
"These inward disgusts are but the first bound of
this ball of contention.”-Decay of Piety.
II. Technically:
1. Dancing: A spring from one foot to the
other.
2. Mil. : The path of a shot comprised be-
tween two grazes. [RICOCHET-FIRING.]
bound (1), * bownd, v.t. [From bound (1), s.
(q.v.).]
I. Ordinary Language:
1. To limit, to terminate. Used of limits
(1) Produced by material obstacles pre-
venting extension.
“Of that magnificent temple which doth bound
One side of our whole vale with grandeur rare.”
Wordsworth: Farewell.
(2) Produced by obstacles to extension or
advancement not of a material character.
“Thus Heaven, though all-sufficient, shows a thrift
In his economy, and bounds his gift."
Dryden; Eleonora, 75-76.
" Vast was his empire, absolute his power,
Or bounded only by a law.”
Cowper : Task, bk. vi.
2. To indicate the boundaries of.
II. Geom. : In the same sense as No. 1.
"That which bounds a solid is a superficies.”—Euclid,
bk. xi., def. 2.
Crabb thus distinguishes between the
verbs to bound, to limit, to confine, to circum-
scribe, to restrict :-“ The first four of these 4. In compos. : It is often used in composi-
terms are employed in the proper sense of tion, as ice-bound, rock-bound, weather-bound,
parting off certain spaces. Bound applies to
&c. (q.v.).
the natural or political divisions of the earth :
bound-bailiff, s. A bailiff of humble
countries are bounded by mountains and seas;
character, used to serve writs and make
kingdoms are often bounded by each other.”
“Limit applies to any artificial boundary : as
arrests and executions, in which he is gene-
rally adroit. He is called bound because he
landmarks in fields serve to show the limits of
is bound in an obligation with sureties for the
one man's ground from another; so may walls,
execution of the duties belonging to his office.
palings, hedges, or any other visible sign, be
Bum-bailiff is generally supposed to imply a
converted into a limit, to distinguish one spot
from
vulgar mispronunciation of bound-bailiff, but
another, and in this manner a field is
from this view Wedgwood emphatically dis-
said to be limited, because it has limits as-
sents; so also does Skeat, though less de-
signed to it. To confine is to bring the limits
close together; to part off one space absolutely
cidedly. [BUM-BAILIFF.]
from another in this manner we confine a bound-stane, s. [BOUNDING-STONE.]
garden by means of walls. To circumscribe is
literally to surround : in this manner a circle bound (2), a. [Developed from boun (q.v.).]
may circumscribe a square : there is this dif 1. Of persons: Prepared or ready, and in-
ference however between confine and circum tending to go.
scribe, that the former may not only show the
"A chieftain, to the Highlands bound,
limits, but may also prevent egress and in-
Cries, ‘Boatman
gress; whereas the latter, which is only a line,
Campbell : Lord Ưllin's Daughter.
is but a simple mark that limits. From the
2. Of things : In process of being directed
proper acceptation of these terms we may
towards. (Used specially of ships voyaging to
easily perceive the ground on which their
any particular port or homeward.)
improper acceptation rests : to bound is an
"Eager, with tearful eyes, to say farewell to the May-
Flower,
action suited to the nature of things or to
Homeward' bound o'er the sea, and leaving them
some given rule: in this manner our views are
here in the desert."
bounded by the objects which intercept our
Longfellow : The Courtship of Miles Standish, v.
sight: we bound our desires according to
bou'nd-ar-ý, s. & a. [From Eng. bound;
principles of propriety. To limit, confine, and
-ary.]
circumscribe, all convey the idea of control
which is more or less exercised. ... In as
A. As substantive :
much as all these terms convey the idea of
I. Ordinary Language :
being acted upon involuntarily, they become † 1. Literally. Of things material :
allied to the term restrict, which simply ex-
(1) A visible mark indicating the limit.
presses the exercise of control on the will :
(2) The limit thus marked; the line sepa-
we use restriction when we limit and confine,
rating two districts, territories, countries, &c.
but we may restrict without limiting or con-
fining : to limit and confine are the acts of
[BOUNDARY-LINE.]
things upon persons, or persons upon persons';
“That bright and tranquil stream, the boundary of
Louth and Meath, ..."-Macaulay : Hist. Eng. ch.
but restrict is only the act of persons upon xvi.
persons . . . . Bounded is opposed to
Often in the plural.
unbounded, limited to extended, confined to
“Had ravaged Ulster's boundaries,
expanded, circumscribed to ample, restricted
And lighted up the midnight skies.”
to unshackled.” (Crabb : English Synon.)
Campbell : O'Connor's Child, xii.
2. Fig. Of things not material : Whatever
bound (2), v. i. & t. [From Fr. bondir = to separates or discriminates between two im-
leap; O. Fr. bondir, bundir = to resound; material things.
Prov. bondin = to resound; from Lat. bombito "Sensation and reflection are the boundaries of our
=to buzz, to hum ; bombus = a humming, a thoughts.”—Locke.
buzzing.] [BOMBUS.]
For the distinction between bounds and
A. Intransitive :
boundary see bound, s.
1. Of man or the inferior animals : To leap, II. Geom.: The extremity of anything. It
jump, to spring, to move forward by a suc is called also a term. (Euclid, bk. i., def. 13.)
cession of leaps.
A figure is that which is enclosed by one or
“Whom my fond heart had imaged to itself
more boundaries. (Ibid., def. 14.)
Bounding from cliff to cliff amidst the wilds."
B. As adjective: Marking a limit.
Hemans : The Siege of Valencia.
“Now, while the birds thus sing a joyous song,
boundary-line, s.
And while the young lambs bound
As to the tabor's sound,
Shipbuilding : The trace of the outer sur-
To me alone there came a thought of grief."
face of the skin of a ship on the stem, keel,
Wordsworth : Intimations of Immortality.
and stern-post. It corresponds with the
2. Of things :
outer edge of the rabbet in those parts of the
(1) To rebound.
structure.
“And the mighty rocks came bounding down
Their startled foes among.'
#bounde, * bönde, S. [A.S. bunda.] A
Hemans : Song of the Battle of Morgarten. man bound to an estate, a serf. (Arthur &
(2) To throb, run.
Merlin, 691.) [BONDE.]
“My mother's blood
Runs on the dexter cheek, and this sinister
bóü'nd-ěd, pa. par. [BOUND (1), v.]
Bounds in my father's."
Shakesp. : Troil. & Cress., iv. 5. I bów'nd-en, * bon'-den, pa. par. & d. [A
B. Transitive: To make to bound.
pa. par. of bind (q.v.). A.S. bunden = knit;
"If I might buffet for my love, or bound my horse
forbunden = united, joined, allied, obliged,
for her favours ..."-Shakesp. : Hen. V., V. 2.
bound, engaged. In Dan. bunden = bound,
"Whose veins bound richer blood than Lady Blanch ?” tied, fastened; Dut. gebonden.]
Ibid. : King John, ii. 1.
A. As past participle :
bound (1), * bond (Eng.), bound, bund 1. Bound.
(Scotch), pret., pa. par., & a. [In A.S. & Dan.
"Gamelyn stood to a post bounden in the halle."
bunden ; Dut. gebonden; Ger. verbunden;
Chaucer : C. T., 383.
Goth, bundans.] [BIND.]
2. Bound, obliged ; under obligation.
A. As preterite of bind (q.v.).
"I rest much bounden to you; fare you well."
Shakesp.: As You Like It, i. 2.
"... and laid the wood in order and bound Isaac
his son ..."-Gen. xxii. 9.
B. As participial adjective: Bound to; to
B. As past participle & participial adjective
which one is bound. (Now chiefly or only in
of bind, v. (q.v.):
the expression “bounden duty.")
"... their bounden duty of gratitude for the mercy
1. Gen. : In senses corresponding to those
shown them.”-Arnold : Hist. Rome, vol. iii., ch. xlv.,
of the verb.
p. 291.
“Whatsoever ye shall bind on earth shall be bound
in heaven ...”-Mat. xviii. 18.
bound-en-lý, cdo. [Eng. bou dem ; -lu.].
2. Abnormal : Pregnant. (Scotch.)
Dutifully, in a dutiful manner; so as to admit
" Ful priuely vnknaw of ony wicht
and act upon obligation.
The woman mydlit with the God went bound."
"Your ladishippes daughter, most boundenty obe-
Doug. : Virgil, 231, 41. dient." - Transl. of Ochin's Sermons (1583), Epist.
Dedicat.
3. Spec. (pa. par.): Under legal or moral
obligation to do something; or, more rarely, | bou'nd-ěr, * bou'nd-üre, s. [Eng. bound;
to abstain from doing it.
-er.]
“... they no longer thought themselves bound to
obey him."-Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xii.
1. Of Beings or persons of the form bounder);
"... I shall not consider you as bound to any at-
A Being or a person who bounds or limits
tendance ..."-Ibid., ch. xxiv.
anything
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pỉt, sïre, sīr, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, cŭb, cure, unite, cur, rule, füll; trý, Sýrian. a, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bounding-bounty
649
thing.
“Now the bounder of all these, is only God himself;
“ Bounteous, but almost bounteous to a vice." . | bount-ỹ, * bóùnt-ee, * boùnt-ẽ,
who is the bounder of all things."-Fotherby : Atheo-
Dryden: Eleonora, 86.
mastix, p. 274.
2. Of God or of nature.
*bównt-ě, s. & d. [In Fr. bonté = goodness,
2. Of things of the forms bounder and
“Every one,
kindness, benignity. From Norm. Fr. bountee,
* boundure): A boundary.
According to the gift which bounteous nature
bountez = goodness (Kelham); O. Fr. bonteit;
Hath in him closed." Shakesp.: Macbeth, iii. 1.
“The boundure of Alexander's march into India
Prov. bontat; Sp. bondad; Port. bondade;
being in the tract obscure."-Sir T. Herbert : Travels,
3. Of anything emanating from the bounty Ital. bontà ; Lat. bonitas = goodness; bonus
p. 254.
of a Being or of a person,
=good.]
“Kingdoms are bound within their bounders, as it
“ This was for you a precious greeting,
were in bands; and shut up within their limits, as it
A. As substantive :
For both a bounteous, fruitful meeting."
were in prison.”—Fotherby : Atheomastix, p. 274.
Wordsworth: The White Doe of Rylstone, c. vii. I. Ordinary Language :
bou’nd-ing (1), pr. par. & a. [BOUND (1), v.] bount-ě-oŭs-lý, * bount'-ě-oŭse-lye, 1. Goodness, excellence, kindness, benefi-
“Deep woes roll forward like a gentle flood,
adv. [Eng. bounteous; -ly.] In a bounteous cent feeling in the abstract or in general ; the
Who being stopp'd, the bounding banks o'erflows."
manner, generously, liberally, largely.
quality of being kind.
Shakesp. : I'arquin & Lucrece.
“ He bounteously bestow'd unenvy'd good
(1) Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
bou'nd-îng (2), pr. par., a., & s. [BOUND (2), v.]
On me.”
Dryden.
"In world nis non so wyter mon
bounding-stone, s. A stone to play + bount'-ě-oŭs-něss, * bount'-y-uoŭs-
That al hire bounte telle con."
Spec. Lyr. Poetry (about 1300), Alysoun, 29, 30. (Spec.
with. It is called also a bound-stone. (Lit. & nesse, * bont'-y-vas-něsse, s. [Eng. Ear. Eng., Morris & Skeat, pt.ii.)
fig.)
bounteous ; -ness.] The quality of being boun * (2) Spec. : Valour. (Scotch.)
"I am past a boy;
tiful; liberality, munificence.
A sceptre's but a play-thing, and a globe
“That thus the king of Iugland,
A bigger bounding-stone."
Dryden.
“Bontyvasnesse (bountyuousnesse, P.) Munificentia,
Throu vorschip and throu strinth of hand,
liberalitas, largitas.”—Prompt. Parv.
And throu thair lordes gret bounte,
bou'nd-lěss, a. [Eng. bound, and suff. -less
Discomfit in his owne cuntre."
“ To thy blest hand, and bounteousness of mind,
= without.)
Barbour : The Bruce (ed. Skeat), xviii. 563-8.
Without bounds; limitless.
Has giv'n extensive powers unslacken'd rein.
Boyse: Ode.
Used-
2. Such beneficent feeling carried into
* bount'-ěth, s. [BOUNTITH.)
action, specially in the direction of alms-
1. Of space or anything measurable by
* bount-e-vous, a. [BOUNTEOUS.] (Lydgate :
actual space.
giving ; the act of giving money or other
favours graciously or munificently; an act of
(1) Strictly. Of space or the universe : With Story of Thebes, 1,372.)
kindness, generosity, liberality, munificence.
out any bounds.
* bount'-ỉe, s. [BOUNTE, BOUNTY.]
“For (as I seide) loo, that was she
"Are there not balms
That dide to me so gret bounte.".
In nature's boundless realm.”
bount-ì-fúl, a. [Eng. bounty ; ful(l).] Fum
Chaucer : The Romaunt of the Rose.
Hemans : The Vespers of Palermo.
of bounty, liberal, generous, munificent, 3. That which is given liberally or munifi-
(2) Loosely : Of anything vast in extent, bounteous. Used-
cently.
though really limited.
I. In an active sense :
* (1) A good deed; a special deed of valour
“Or British fleets the boundless ocean awe."
Dryden : Epistle to Dr. Charleton, 26.
1. Literally:
resulting from the “goodness" of the indi-
2. Of things immaterial or abstract, not (1) Of persons.
vidual. (Scotch.)
measurable by actual space.
“With him went Sprag, as bountiful as brave."
“To do ane owtrageous bounte."
Barbour: The Bruce (ed. Skeat), iii. 132.
Dryden : Annus Mirabilis, 694.
(1) Of time.
(2) Of God.
(2) Alms, a donation of money, or anything
“Though we make duration boundless as it is, we
similar, the result of generosity.
cannot extend it beyond all being. God fills eternity,
“God, the bountiful author of our being."-Locke.
..."-Locke.
2. Fig.: Of nature or anything personified. "To worth or want well-weigh'd be Bounty given."
Pope: Mor. Ess., iii. 229.
(2) Of power, the human desires, or any "He that hath a bountiful eye shall be blessed; for
he giveth of his bread to the poor."-Prov. xxii. 9.
(3) Success resulting from the Divine good-
“Boundless rapacity and corruption were laid to his
Sometimes the thing given is preceded ness; welfare.
charge.”—Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv.
by of and the recipient of the gift by to.
“Of man so hard [sted] as wes he
That eftirwart com to see bounte."
"The news was received in London with boundless "Our king spares nothing to give them the taste of
Barbour: The Bruce (ed. Skeat), ii. 47-8.
exultation.”-Ibid., ch. xviii.
that felicity of which he is so bountiful to his king-
Crabb thus distinguishes between bound dom.”—Dryden.
II. Technically:
less, unbounded, unlimited, and infinite : II. In a passive sense : Liberally supplied, 1. Ch. & Civ. Hist. : A grant or benefaction
“ Boundless, or without bounds, is applied to given, or furnished ; as in such an expression
from the state to those whose services indi-
infinite objects which admit of no bounds to as “there was a bountiful supply of dainties." rectly benefit it, and to whom, therefore, it
be made or conceived by us. Unbounded, or
desires to accord some recompense, or at
not bounded, is applied to that which might
bount'-Ì-fúl-ly, adv. [Eng. bountiful ; -ly.]
least recognition.
be bounded. Unlimited, or not limited, applies
In a bountiful manner, bounteously, liberally,
Queen Anne's Bounty : A bounty to the
to that which might be limited. Infinite, or
abundantly, largely. Used-
more poorly-endowed livings in the English
not finite, applies to that which in its nature 1. Of alms given by man.
Church. It was conferred by a royal charter
admits of no bounds. The ocean is a bound-
“And now thy alms is giv'n,
confirmed by Queen Anne (2 Anne, ch. 11),
less object so long as no bounds to it have been
And thy poor starveling bountifully fed."
and provides that all the revenue of first-
discovered ; desires are often unbounded
Donne.
fruits and tenths shall be vested in trustees
which ought always to be bounded ; and power
2. Of large blessings bestowed by God.
for ever, and used as a perpetual fund for
is sometimes unlimited which is always better
“.... for the Lord hath dealt bountifully with
thee.”—Psalm cxvi. 7.
augmenting the endowments of poorer livings,
limited ; nothing is infinite but that Being
3. Of similar blessings unconsciously be-
and for advancing money to incumbents for
from whom all finite beings proceed.” (Crabb :
rebuilding parsonages thereon. The trustees
stowed by anything in nature.
Eng. Synon.)
“It is affirmed, that it never raineth in Egypt; the
administering it have been formed into a cor-
bou'nd-lėss-ly, adv. [Eng. boundless ; -ly.]
river bountifully requiting it in its inundation."-
poration, and when applied to for grants act
Brown : Vulgar Errours.
on rules which they have framed for the ad-
Limitlessly; so as not to be confined within
* bount'-1-ful-ness, S.
any bounds.
ministration of the trust.
[Eng. bountiful;
-ness.]
"... can your constitution be so boundlessly amor-
2. Law, Comm., & Polit. Econ. : A premium
The quality of being bountiful;
ous ..."-Marston: The Fawne, D 42 (1606).
liberality, generosity, munificence.
paid by Government to the producers, ex-
porters, or importers of certain articles, or to
bou'nd-less-ness, s. [Eng. boundless ; -ness. ]
"Being enriched in everything to all bountifulness.”
-2 Cor. ix. 11.
those who employ ships in certain trades.
The quality of being boundless, i.e., without
This is done either with the view of fostering
bounds; limitless in any respect.
* bount' - ✓ - hợod, * bount' - ✓ - head,
a new trade during its infancy, or of protect-
“God has corrected the boundlessness of his volup-
* bount - Ý - hed, * bount' – ✓ - hed, ing an old one which is supposed to be of
tuous desires by stinting his capacities."-South.
* bount'-1-hede, s. [Eng. bounty; and special importance to the country.
* bound'-stone, s. [Eng. bound; and stone.] suffix -hood or head; 0. Eng. hede.] Goodness, The history of bounties affecting British
1. A boundary mark,
virtue, generosity.
commerce naturally divides itself into two
“How shall fraile pen, with feare disparaged,
periods. During the first of these, statesmen,
2. A bounding-stone (q.v.).
Conceive such soveraine glory and great bountyhed I”. and the educated classes generally, believed
Spenser : F. Q., II. x, 2.
* boune, a. [BOUN.]
in the advantage of bounties, and they were
* bount-ith, * bount'-ěth, s. [BOUNTY.] paid on the exportation of corn, of linen,
*boun'-sěn, v. [BOUNCE, v.]
(0. Eng. & Scotch.) A bounty given in addition and other commodities, and in connection
* bount, v.i. [BOUND (2), v.] (Scotch.) To
to stipulated wages; something given as a with the herring and whale fisheries. They
reward for service or good offices.
were denounced by Adam Smith and other
spring, to bound.
“... my curse, and the curse of Cromwell, go wi' ye,
political economists. To tax the British
“ As bounting, vp mounting,
if ye gi'e them either fee or bountith ...."-Scott: public that goods may be benevolently fur-
Aboue the fields so fair.”
Heart of Midlothian, ch. viii.
Burel: Pilg., Watson's Coll., il. 40.
nished to the foreigner at unremunerative
* bount'-ě, * bount-ēe, * bount'-ie,
| * bount-ry, * bount'-rēe, s. & a. [Cor rates cannot possibly make the nation richer;
rupted from bourtree (?).] (Scotch.)
and if a manufacture or a fishery cannot pay
*bownt-ě, s. [BOUNTY.] Worth, goodness,
A. As subst. : The Common Elder-tree (Sam its way unaided, it should be abandoned, and
"He had feyle off full gret bounté.”
bucus nigra).
the money which it has locked up be turned
Barbour, ii. 228. B. As adj. : Pertaining to or consisting of
into more profitable channels. These views
having been ultimately adopted by the legis-
bount-ě-oŭs, * bount-y-uoŭs, bount the shrubs described under A.
lature, the bounty on the exportation of corn
e-vous, * bont'-y-vese, a. [From O. bountry-berries, s. pl. The berries of was abolished in 1815, and that on the export-
Eng. bounte; and suff. -ous.] Full of bounty,
the Elder-tree.
ation of linen and several other articles in
liberal, beneficent, generous, munificent.
bountry-gun, s. A small tube employed
1830.
(Chiefly poetic or rhetoric.)
In the last-mentioned year the bounty
on the exportation of herrings was swept
"Bontyvese (bountyuous, P.)
as an offensive weapon by young people; a
Munificus, liberalis,
away, that paid on the tonnage of the vessels
largus."-Prompt. Parv.
popgun. (Scotch.)
employed in whale-fishing having ceased in
Used-
“Bountry-guns are formed of the elder tree, the soft
pith being taken out; and are charged with wet
1824.
1. Of persons.
paper."-Blackwood's Mag., Aug. 1821, p. 35.
The second period in the history of bounties
ss.
bóll, bóy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, çhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion = shủn; -ţion, -sion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious, -cious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. =-bel, del.
thin this : usin, as expect Kenophane, pristopoma.

650
bouquet-bourignionism
affecting British commerce is in certain re-
“From heights browsed by the bounding bouquetin." + bôur-don (1), s. [fr.] A staff (Chaucer )
Campbell : Theodric.
spects the antithesis of the former one. The
British manufacturer, standing manfully on * bour, s. [BOWER.] (Chaucer : C. T., 401.)
bôur-don (2), S. [Fr. bourdon = a hum-
his own resources, is in certain cases exposed
ming or drone of a bagpipe; Lat. burdo =a
to unduly severe competition, bounties to the
* bôur'-ach (1), s. [BOUROCK.]
drone-bee.]
foreign manufacturer enabling him to send 1. An enclosure.
Music:
his goods into the country at rates which he 2. A cluster of trees.
1. A pedal stop on an organ.
would otherwise find unremunerative. The
* bôu'r-ach (2), * bor'-rach, s.
system is now before the public in connec-
2. A bass reed on a harmonium, with some-
[Gael.
tion with our home and colonial sugar in-
buarach (see def.); from buar = cattle.] A thing of the character of the organ bourdon.
dustries. The sugar duty in France and
band put round a cow's hinder legs at milking. *3. A drone bass like that produced by a
America is levied on the raw sugar, before it
(Scotch.)
bagpipe or by a hurdy-gurdy. [BURDEN.]
undergoes the process of refining. If the
* bộur'-ạch, v.i. [From bourach (1), s. (q.v.).]
*hanniach
* bộur'-dặn (3), s. [Sp. bordon = a kind of
French or American manufacturer export
To crowd together confusedly, or in a mass.
refined sugar, the duty previously levied on
verse, a refrain; Gael. bûrdan.] [BURDEN.]
(Scotch.)
the raw material is returned under the name
The burden of a song.
of drawback, and as it is difficult to know | * böur-age (age as ig), s. [BORAGE.] (Min Bôur-don (4), S. & a. [Named after Mr.
how much raw sugar was used in making
sheu.)
Bourdon of Paris, who invented the barometer
a certain weight of the refined article, he
described below in 1849.)
so takes the benefit of the doubt as to bôu'r-bēe, s. [Etym. doubtful.] The spotted
obtain a greater drawback on a given quantity Whistle fish or Weasel fish (Motella vulgaris,
A. As substantive : The inventor mentioned
in the etymology.
than the duty he paid upon it in its raw state. or M. quinquecerrata). (Scotch.)
The excess-in other words the profit, which
B. As adjective : Invented by him.
he makes from the public treasury of his | Bou'r-bon, S. & a. [Fr. Bourbon, the name
Bourdon barometer, s. A barometer
country, is the export “bounty.” The same
given in 1642 to the island mentioned under
A., previously called Mascarenhas, or Mas-
consisting of an elastic flattened tube of metal
system obtains in Holland and Belgium, be-
bent to a circular form and exhausted of air,
sides which the beetroot sugar manufacturers
careigne Bourbon was given to it in honour
so that the ends of the tubes separate as
of these countries, together with those of of the royal Bourbon family of France.]
the atmospheric pressure is diminished, and
Austria, Germany, and Russia, obtain a similar A. As substantive. Geog.: An island in the
approach as it increases. The Bourdon is
bounty on beetroot sugar. In Germany, Aus South Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar, the
commonly known as the metallic barometer,
tria, and Russia the duty is levied on the capital of which, St. Denis, is in lat. 20° 51
although the aneroid is also metallic, and both
weight of the root; in Belgium, on the density 43" S., and long. 55° 30 16" E.
holosteric. (Knight.)
of the juice. In Austria and Russia the weight
B. As adjective: Growing in the island
of the root is estimated according to the ca described under A., or connected with it. * bôu'r-don-ăsse, s. [Comp. Low Lat. bur-
pacity of the apparatus. Under such systems
dones, pl. = pilgrims' staffs.] A kind of orna-
a large portion of the sugar produced entirely
Bourbon palm, s.
mented staff.
escapes taxation, and as the full drawback is Bot. : The English name of a genus of palms,
“Bourdonasses were holow horse-men's staves used
allowed on all sugar exported, the result is a Latania, ranked under the section Borasseæ. in Italy, cunningly painted.”—Ibid., F f, 6 b.
large bounty on exportation.
Two species, the L. rubra, or Red, and the
. * boure (1), s. [BOWER.] (Sir Ferumb. (ed.
Negotiations for the abolition of these L. borbonica, or Common Bourbon Palm, have
bounties have been carried on by the British been introduced into hothouses in Britain.
Herrtage), 1,336.)
government for eighteen years. A Parlia-
Bộu'r-bon-zės mă-chīne, s. [MACHINE.]
mentary committee enquired into the matter
boure (2), s. [Corrupted from bourde = a jest
(q.v.).] A jest. (Scotch.)
during three sessions, and reported in August,
bô'ur-bôul-īte, s. [From Bourboule, in the “Off that boure I was blyth; and baid to behald."
1880, that the effect of these bounties has
department of Puy de Dôme, in France.]
Houlate, i. 7, V. the v.
been practically to extinguish the loaf-sugar
· Min.: A variety of Melanterite.
refining trade in this country, and to check
* bourg, s. [BOROUGH.] A city.
It is a
friable, greenish mineral, partly soluble in
and endanger the sugar-growing industry in
“For the bourg watz so brod and so bigge alce."
water.
our colonies; and recommended that the
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 1,377.
Composition : Sulphuric acid, 35.22
government should invite the sugar-produc-
-38:04 ; sesquioxide of iron, 5:08—8.25 ; pro bourge-ois (1) (pron. bộurj-wâ), s. & a.
ing powers to a conference, and that in re-
toxide of iron, 12.99–16:08 ; and water, 12-99 [From Fr. bourgeois = a citizen.]
newing or negotiating commercial treaties,
-40.80. (Dana.)
A. As subst. : A French citizen ; a citizen
they should “take into their consideration
* bourd, * bourde, * borde, s. [From. O.
of any country:
the propriety of stipulating for such liberty
Fr. bourde = a jest, pleasantry; supposed to be
B. As adj.: Pertaining to such a citizen.
of action as will enable them, in the last
a contraction of bohort = a mock tournament,
"To get out of one rank in society into the next
resort, to impose a countervailing duty.”
above it is the great aim of English bourgeois life."-
knightly exercise ; from 0. Fr. bot = a blow, a
On the 4th of November, and at greater
J. S. Mill : Polit. Econ. (ed. 1848), vol. i., bk. i., ch. xi.,
stroke, and horde = a barrier, the lists.
§ 4, p. 208.
length on the 2nd of December, 1880, the
(Skeat, in Chaucer: Man of Ldwes Tale, Gloss.). ]
Board of Trade explained its views on the
A jest, joke, jeer, mock, sport.
boũr-geois (2), būr'-geois, s. [Ger. bour-
subject, stating that the government were
geois, borgois, borgis. Probably from some
1. Old English:
willing to enter into negotiations or take part
French printer called Bourgeois.]
in conferences with sugar-producing countries
“ Whan Gamelyn was i-set in the justices stede,
[BOUR-
Herkneth of a bourde that Gamelyn dede.”
GEOIS (1).]
for the abolition of the bounty on the export of
Chaucer : C. T., 851-2.
Printing : A size of type between brevier
sugar, at the same time stating “that the 2. Scotch : [BOURE.]
and long primer. Brevier, 112 ems to the foot;
proposal to impose specific duties in this
“... ane o' the mason-callants cut a ladle on to bourgeois, 102 ems to the foot; long primer,
country, in order to countervail the bounties hare a bourd at the bridegroom, ..."-Scott : Anti-
90 ems to the foot.
given in certain foreign countries on sugar or quary, ch. iv.
other articles, cannot be entertained.”
* bourd (1), * bourde, * boor'-don, * bor'-
These two lines, for example, are
dyn, v.i. [From bourd, s. (q.v.).] To jest,
bôu'-quet (quet as kā), s. [Fr. bouquet =
in Bourgeois type.
to joke.
(1) a thicket, a clump or plantation of trees,
“Boordon, or pleyyn' (bordyn, P.) Ludo, jocor."-
bourge-oi-sie (pron. bôurj'-wa-zē), S.
(2) a posie of flowers. The same as bosquet;
Prompt. Parv.
[Fr. bourgeoisie = freedom of a city; citizens ;
Prov. bosquet; Sp. bosquete ; Ital. boschetto;
“Be wary then, I say, and never gie
body of the citizens.] The citizens taken col-
Low Lat. Joscum.] [BOSK.]
Encouragement, or bourd with sic as he."
lectively.
Ramsay: Poems, ii. 175.
1. A nosegay, a bunch of flowers.
“The Commons of England, the Tiers - Etat of
2. An agreeable perfume, emanating from
| * bourd (2), v.t. [BOORD, v.] To accost.
France, the bourgeoisie of the Continent generally."--
J. S. Mill: Polit. Econ. (ed. 1848), Prelim. Remarks.
flowers, wine, or essence.
*bourde, s. [BOARD.) (Morte Arthure, 730.)
iquetin, probably at * bourde-ful. a. 10. Eng, bourde, and full.j | + boũr'-geon, * būr'-gěn, * būr'-geon, v.i.
Playful, joking.
[From Fr. bourgeonner = to bud; from bour-
“This is vndurstondun of a dedly leesing,
geon (q.v.); from Arm. brousa, broísa =
Not of a bourdeful leesing vicliffe: Wisdom, v. 11.
to bud.] To sprout, to bud, to put forth
branches.
* bour'-der, * bour'-dour, s. (From 0.
“Heaven send it happy dew,
Earth lend it sap anew,
Eng. bourd ; -er.] A jester, a joker. (Huloet.)
Gaily to bourgeon, and broadly to grow."
Scott: Lady of the Lake, ii. 19.
* bourdes, s., sing. not pl. [O. Fr. behordes,
pl = a tournament. skeat however thinks | bour'-geon, bur'-geon, s. [From Fr. bour-
that like many other war terms it may be of
geon = a bud; Arm. brous, broñsa = a bud;
Teutonic origin.].
brousen, broñsen = a single bud. (Mahn.).] A
bud.
“For he was atte a baurdes ther bachilers pleide."
William of Palerne, 1,477.
“Furthermore looke what is the nature that forked
trees have in their boughes, the same hath the vine in
* bourd'-ing, * bour-dyng, pr. par. & s. her eyes and burgeons."-Holland : Plinie, bk. xvi.,
ch. 30.
[BOURD, v.]
A. As pr. par.: (See the verb.)
* bour-ie, S. BURROW.] (Scotch.) A hole
B. As subst. : A joke; sport.
made in the earth by rabbits, or other animals
"And efte in her bourdyng that baythen in the
that hide themselves there ; a burrow.
morn." Sir Gaw. and the Gr. Knight, 1,404.
“.... faire hunting of ottars out of their bouries."
BOUQUETIN.
-Monroe: Isles, p. 39. (Jamieson.)
* bourd-ly, adv. [O. Eng. bourd; -ly.] In a
first boucestain, dimin. of bouc = a he-goat. playful, joking, or trifling manner.
bôu-rígn'-1-on-ışm (g silent), s. [Named
(Littré.).] A ruminating mammal (Capra ibex). “Bourdly. Nujaciter."-Ortus Vocab. in Way. from Mdme. Antoinette Bourignon, daughter
p. 22.
1111
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, her, thêre; pīne, pit, sire, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; mūte, cũb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian. , ce=ē. ey=ā. qu= kw.

bourn-boutgate
651
of a Lille merchant. She was born in 1616,
“My trees in bourachs owr my ground
successive furrows in a field. The early Greek
Shall fend ye frae ilk blast o wind."
was physically ugly to the last degree, but very
eloquent. She published twenty-two volumes.
Fergusson: Poems, ii. 32. (Jamieson.)
writing was of this kind.
Poiret, a French Protestant divine, wrote her | bôur'-ranş, s. [From Russ. borei = the * bou'-sum, a. [Buxom.] (0. Scotch.)
life.]
north-wind.] The name given to the fierce
* bộuy-ỹ, a. [Boozy.]
Theol. & Ch. Hist.: A system of doctrine snow-storms that blow from the north-east
"Each bousy farmer with his simpring dame.”
emanating from Mdme. Bourignon, men over the steppes of Russia. (Stormonth.)
King.
tioned in the etymology. She denied the
permission of sin and condemnation for it, bourse, * burse, s. [Fr. bourse ; Prov. borsa;
bout (1), bought, s. [From Dan. bugt = a
attributed to Christ a twofold human nature, Sp. bolsa ; Ital. borsa; Ger. börse ; Lat. byrsa ;
bend, a turn. A different spelling of bight
one produced by Adam, the other born of the Gr. Búpoa (bursa) = the skin stripped off a
(q. v.).]
Virgin Mary, and believed that nature corrupt. hide, a cow's skin, the skin of a live animal.] 1. Gen. : A turn, as much of an action as is
She denied the decrees of God, believed in An exchange where merchants, bankers, &c., performed at one time without interruption ;
the existence of a good and of an evil spirit
meet for the transaction of financial business. a single part of any action carried on at suc-
in every man before he was born, attributed (Used specially of the French institution cor cessive intervals. (Johnson.)
to man an infinite will, and considered that responding to the English Stock Exchange.)
“A weasel seized a bat; the bat begged for life : says
perfection was attainable. The Scottish
the weasel, I give no quarter to birds; says the bat, I
am a mouse ; look on my body: so she got off for that
bôur'-trēe, * bộor-trēe, * böre’-trēe,
General Assembly censured these tenets in
bout."-L'Estrange.
1701.
* bộun'-trēe, * bower'-trēe, s. [On the
Used-
English border called burtree. Skinner thinks
bôurn (1), bôurne, s. [Fr. borne = limit; it means bore-tree, i.e., that it can easily be
(1) Of the extent of ground mowed while
from 0. Fr. bodne; Low Lat. bodina.] bored into a hollow tube, the pith being ex-
the labourer moves straight forward. (Scotch.)
(BOUND.] A bound, a limit.
tracted.] The elder-tree (Sambucus nigra). (2) Of as much thread, or anything similar,
1. Literally : Used either of the sea or of a (Scotch.) Formerly it was much planted in as is wound on a clew while the clew is held
line on land marking the boundary of a
hedges of barn-yards.
in one position. (Scotch.)
country.
“The Sambucus nigra (elder tree, Eng.) is no stranger 2. Spec. : A contest, challenge, or assault of
in many places of the parish. Some of the trees are
"And where the land slopes to its wat'ry bourn,
any kind. Used-
very well shaped, and by the natural bending of the
Wide yawns a gulf beside a ragged thorn."
branches cause an agreeable shade, or bower, exhibit-
(1) Of a drinking challenge, or of a sitting
Cowper : Needless Alarm.
ing an example of the propriety of the name given to
2. Figuratively :
together for drinking purposes.
that species of plants in Scotland, namely the Bower-
(1) Of the world unseen.
tree.”—P. Killearn: Stirling Statist. Acc., xvi. 110-11.
“Many a wassail bout
“The undiscover'd country from whose bourn
“Sambucus nigra, Bourtree or Bore-tree.
Wore the long winter out."
Scot.
Aust."-Lightfoot, p. 1,131.
Longfellow: The Skeleton in Armour.
No traveller returns."
Shakesp. : Hamlet, iii. 1.
“Or, rustlin', through the boortries comin'."
(2) Of a contest by word of mouth, or by
Burns : Address to the Deil. means of material weapons.
(2) Of intellect, emotion, or anything.
bourtree-bush, S.
“I'll set a bourn how far to be beloved.”
"We'll let. Tallard out
A very common
If he'll take t'other bout."
Shakesp. : Ant. & Cleop., i. 1. Scottish designation for the elder. [BOUR-
Swift: Jack Frenchman's Lanentation.
"To make the doctrine of multiple proportions TREE.]
their intellectual bourne."-Tyndall : Frag. of Science
(3) Of an assault, whether by man or by tha
“We saw-one hut with a peat-stack close to it, and
(3rd ed.), vii. 136.
one or two elder, or, as we call them in Scotland,
forces of nature.
bourtree bushes, at the low gable-end.”—Lights and
"Speak on our glens in thunder loud.
* bôurn (2), s. [BURN (2). ]
Shadows, p. 178.
Inured to hide such bitter bout,
The warrior's plaid may bear it out."
* bourne, * burne, s. [BARN (2), BAIRN.] bourtree-gun, s. [BOUNTRY-GUN.]
Scott: Lady of the Lake, iv.ů.
A man.
*(4) Of a game. -
“Where wystez thou euer any bourne abate
* bộusche, s. [BUSH.] The sheathing of a “The play began; Pas durst not Cosma chace,
Euer so holy in hys prayere."
wheel. (Scotch.)
But did intend next bout with her to meet."
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); The Pearl, 617-18.
Sidney.
| * bộuse, * bowse, v.t. & i. [BOOZE, v.]
Böurne-mou'th, s. & a. [From Eng. bourne,
bout (2), s. [From bout, v. (q.v.).] A sudden
1. A. Transitive :
jerk in entering or leaving an apartment; a
and mouth.]
1. To drink.
hasty entrance or departure; the act of coming
A. As substantive :
“Then bouses drumly German water."
upon one with surprise. (Scotch.)
Geog. : A watering place in the south of
Burns : The Twa Dogs.
England, in the west of Hampshire.
2. To hoist, to raise up, to lift up, to heave. bout, * bowt, v.t. [From bolt, v. Or con-
B. As adjective : Pertaining to, or existing
(Scotch.)
nected with Fr. bouter = to put, arrange, ...
at Bournemouth.
“... as we used to bouse up the kegs o'gin and
drive; Sp. botar = (v.i.) to rebound, (v.t.) to
brandy lang syne, ..."-Scott : Antiquary, ch. viii. turn or drive out.) To spring, to leap.
Bournemouth beds.
B. Intransitive: To drink deeply.
"Judge gin her heart was sair;
Geol.: Certain beds of Middle Eocene age,
“There let him bouse, and deep carouse,
Out at her mow it just was like to bout."
Ross: Helenore (ist ed.), p. 17. (Jamieson.)
in the vicinity of Bournemouth. They are
Wi' bumpers flowing o'er.”
Burns : Scotch Drink.
called also Alum Bay beds, and are arranged
*bout (1), prep. [Contracted from about.]
with the Lower Bagshot strata.
* bôuşe (1), s. [BOOZE.] (Spenser : F. Q.)
“Deepe busied bout worke..."
Spenser: F. Q., III. ii. 14.
bôurn'-lèss, a. Eng. bourn ; and suffix -less.]
bôuşe (2), s. [Etym. doubtful.]
Mining: A name given in the North of
* bout (2), * boute, prep.
Without a bourne, without a limit.
[A.S. bútan =
England to lead ores.
without. Without, excluding. (0. Eng. &
bôur'-non-īte, S. [Named after its dis-
Scotch.) [BUT.]
* bôuş'-îng, pr. par. & d. [BOOZE.]
coverer, Count Bournon, a mineralogist.]
“And boute eny liuing lud left was he one."
William of Palerne, 211.
Mineralogy:
* bousing-can, s. [BOUZING-CAN.]
"Thou art the life o public haunts:
1. An orthorhombic, brittle, opaque mi-
Bout thee, what were our fairs and rants?"
* bou'-sour, * bows'-towre, s. [In O.
Burns: Scotch Drink.
neral, of hardness, 2:5—3; sp. gr., 57–5.9 ;
Sw. byssa, bossa = a mortar, an engine for
metallic lustre, with colour and streak grey,
throwing bombs; byssor, bossar = an engine
* bôu'-tade, s. [Fr. boutade=a flight of
or iron black. Compos. : sulphur, 17.8–20:45;
for throwing large stones instead of bombs ;
genius, a whim, freak, or fancy. A word
antimony, 23.79–29.4; lead, 38.9—42.88; and
byssa = a box.] A military engine anciently
formed, according to Littré, in the sixteenth
copper, 12:3—15:16. First found at Endellion,
used for battering walls. (Scotch.)
century, from the Sp. and Ital. bortee, from
at Wheal Boys, in Cornwall, whence it was
borter, being the old form. In Prov., Sp., &
“And browcht a gyne, men callyd bowstowre,
originally called by Count Bournon Endelleine.
For til assayle that stalwart towne."
Port. botar, Ital. buttare; from Ger. boszen =
It has since been found in Germany, Austria,
Wyntoun, viii. 34, 23. (Jamieson.) to strike.] A caprice, whim, or fancy.
and Italy, as well as in Mexico and South
bôus'-sĩn-gâu1-tīte, s. [From J. B. Bous-
“His [Lord Peter's) first boutade was to kick both
America.
their wives one morning out of doors, and his own
singault, a French geologist and scientific
too."-Swift: Tale of a Tub.
2. Bournonite of Lucas : A mineral, called traveller.]
also Fibrolite (q.v.).
Min.: A sulphate of ammonia with part of
bôu'-tant, s. [ARC-BOUTANT.]
bộur-non-īt nick-ěl glānz, S. [From
this alkali replaced by magnesia. It occurs bôut'-clāith, s. [Scotch form of bolt-cloth or
Ger. bournonit [BOURNONITE]; nickel, and
about the boric acid fumaroles of Tuscany.
bolting-cloth (q.v.).] Cloth of a thin texture.
(Dana.)
glanz = Eng. glance (2), s. (q.v.).]
(Scotch.)
Min.: A variety of Ullmannite from the * bous'-tēr, s. [BOLSTER.]
“Twa stickis of quhite boutclaith.”—Inventories, A.
1578, p. 217.
Harz mountains.
*bous-tous, * bous-touse, + bous-ti-ous,
[Fr. boute feu =(1) (Ord-
bôur' - ock, bôur' -ạch, bow - rock,
a.
* boute'-feu, s.
The same as BOISTOUS (q.v.). (Morte
bôur'-ick, s. [A.S. beorh = a hill, a moun-
nance) a linstock, (2) (fig.) an incendiary, a
Arthure, 2,175.) (Sir David Lyndesay, 5,597.)
firebrand; from bouter = to thrust, and feu =
tain, and dimin, suffix -ock; Sw. borg = a bou-stroph-ē'-don, a. & s. [Gr. Bovotpoondov
fire.) An incendiary ; a firebrand.
castle, a fort.]
(boustrophēdon), adv. = turning, 'like oxen in “Animated by a base fellow, called John a Chamber,
1. A confused heap.
ploughing; Bows (bous) = an ox, and otpépw
a very boutefeu, who bore much sway among the
vulgar, they entered into open rebellion."-Bacon.
“About this bit bourock, your honor,' answered the
(strepho = to twist, to turn.]
“Beside the herd of boutefeus,
undaunted Edie; 'I mind the bigging o't.'”-Scott :
A. As adj.: Containing writing of the
We set on work within the house."
Antiquary, ch. iv.
Hudibras.
2. An enclosure. (Used of the little houses
kind described under B.
bõu'-těl, bot-těl, s. [BOWTEL.]
“... he (Prof. Sayce) regarded as written in the
which children build for play, particularly
usual boustrophedon manner which the Hittites af.
those made in the sand.)
fected. First came the animal's head, ..."-Times,
| bout'-gāte, s. [Eng. (a)bout; gate.]
“We'll never big sandy bowrocks together."-Ram-
Oct. 6, 1880. The Hittite Inscriptions.
1. Lit. : A circuitous road, a way which is
say: Scotch Prov., p. 75. (Jamieson.)
B. As subst.: Writing first from left to right, not direct. (Scotch, from about, and gait=
3. A cluster, as of trees.
and then from right to left, as cattle ploughed way.)
boil, boy; póut, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph= f.
--cian, -tian = shạn, -tion, -sion=shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhún. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, del.

652
boutisale-bow
"Nory, wha had aye
order in which the several species of the
A mind the truth of Bydby's tale to try,
Made shift by bout gates to put aff the day,
former genus appear see Bos (Palcont.).
Til night sud fa' and then be forc'd to stay."
Ross: Helenore, p. 79. * bov'-1-form, a. [From Lat. bos, genit. bovis
2. Figuratively:
=an ox; and forma = form, shape.] Of the
(1) A circumvention, a deceitful course form of an ox. (Cudworth.)
(Scotch.)
bo'-vīne, a. [In Fr. bovine ; from Lat. bovinus.]
“... that the boutgates and deceites of the hearte
Pertaining to oxen. (Barrow.)
f man are infinite; ..."-Bruce: Eleven Serm. (1591),
bo-vỉs'-ta, s. [A barbarous name formed by
(2) An ambiguity, or an equivocation, in
discourse.
Dillenius, from the Ger. bofist = a puck-fist or
puck-ball.]
"... yea, eyther in answere, or oath, to his judge or
superiour, that hee may vse a boutgate of speach (um Bot. : A genus of fungi, of the order Gastero-
phibologia), whether through a diverse signification of mycetes or Lycoperdaceæ. Bovista gigantea
the word, or through the diverse intention of the
asker, ..."-Bp. Forbes : Eubulus, pp. 118-19.
(Gigantic Bovista) has a pileus eighteen,
twenty, twenty-three, or even more inches in
* bôu'-tỉ-sāle, s. [From Eng. booty, and sole.] diameter.
A sale of booty; a sale at a cheap rate, as
booty or plunder is generally sold.
bow (1), *bowe, * bow'-ěn, * bouwe,
"To speak nothing of the great boutisale of colleges * bow'-ýn, * bo'-gěn, * bu-wen, * bu-
and chantries.”—Sir J. Hayward.
gen, v.t. & i. [A.S. búgan, bigan, beogan =
* bouts-rimés (pron. bû'-rîm-ā), s. (Fr. to bow, to bend, to stoop, to give way, to re-
bout = end, and rimé = rhymed, rime = a cede, to avoid, flee, submit, or yield (Bos-
rhyme.] The last words or rhimes of a num worth); Icel. beygja = to make to bend ; Sw.
ber of verses given to be filled up. (Johnson.)
böja = to bend ; Dan. böie ; Dut. buigen ; Ger.
biegen, beugen; O. H. Ger. biugan, piocan ;
* bôuv'-raġe, s. [From 0. Fr. Dovraige, bev-
Goth. biugan. Skeat connects it with Sclav.
raige.] [BEVERAGE.] Drink, beverage.
bega = to flee ; bugti = to terrify ; Lat. fugio
"... to pay for foreign bouvrage which supplants = to flee; Gr. Deúyw (pheugo) = to flee;
the consumption of the growth of our own estates.”—
Sansc. bhug, bhugâmi= to bend.)
Culloden Papers, p. 184.
A. Transitive :
* bouwen, v.t. & i. [Bow, v.]
1. Lit.: To incline, to cause to bend, to
* boux-ome, * boux-vme, a. (Buxom.]
turn. (Often with down.)
“Our bolde kynge bowes the blonke be the bryghte
* boux-om-ly, adv. [Buxomly.] .
brydylle."
Morte Arthure, 2,251.
Specially:
bôuz'-ing, pr. par. & d. [BOOZING 1 (Spenser.)
(1) Of things : To cause to deviate from
bouzing can, s. A drinking can.
straightness, to make crooked or curved.
“And in his hand did beare a bouzing can."
“We bow things the contrary way to make thein
Spenser :P. Q., I. iv. 22.
come to their natural straightness."--Bacon.
bo'-vāte, s. [Low Lat. bovata ; from Class.
(2) Of persons : To incline the head or body
in token of reverence, submission, or conde-
Lat. bos; genit. bovis = an ox.]
scension. (Often reflexively.)
0. Law and Measures : An ox-gang, as much
"And Abraham bowed down himself before the
land as an ox can plough in a year, fifteen people of the land."--Gen. xxiii. 12.
acres. [Ox-GANG.]
“Christiana at this was greatly abashed in herself,
and bowed her head to the ground."-Bunyan: P. P.,
* bõv'-ě-æ, s. pl. [From Lat. bos, genit. bovis
pt. ii.
=an ox, and fem. pl, suffix -ede.]
“ Bow the knee."--Gen. xli. 43.
Zool. : The typical division of the sub-family
." Lord, bow down thine ear, and hear.”—2 Kings,
xix. 16.
Bovinæ. It contained the oxen proper and 2. Figuratively:
other cattle.
(1) To turn, to incline, to exercise strong
bov'-ey, s. [The first word of the compound influence in changing the disposition or pro-
Bovey Tracy, a parish of Devonshire, about 3} cedure.
miles south-west of Chudleigh.]
“For troubles and adversities do more bow men's
minds to religion.”-Bacon.
Bovey-coal, s.
“Not to bow and bias their opinions."-Fuller.
Geol. : “ Coal” or rather lignite from Bovey (2) To depress the soul, the spirits, the
Tracy. (See etym.] It belongs to the Miocene courage, &c.
period, and that sub-division of it called on
" Fear bowed down his whole soul, and was so
the Continent Aquitanian. There have been
written in his face that all who saw him could read."
found in it the fruits of a pine (the Sequoia
Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. ix.
Couttsic), parts of the leaf of a palm (Sabal
B. Intransitive:
major), and other fossils. (Quart. Jour. Geol.
1. Gen. : To bend, to suffer flexure, to stoop
Soc., vol. xviii. (1862), p. 369, &c.)
spontaneously or under pressure. (Used of
persons, of animals, or of things inanimate.
t bov'-1-cŭl-ture, s. [From Lat. bos, genit.
Often followed by down.)
bovis = an ox, a bull, a cow; and cultura =
".... likewise everyone that boweth down upon
his knees to drink."-Judges vii. 5.
tilling, cultivating, tending ; cultum, supine
of color to till, cultivate, tend.] The breeding
“They stoop, they bow down together; they could
not deliver the burden.”—Isaiah xlvi. 2.
and tending of cattle for food; the occupations
2. Specially. Of persons :
of the cattle-breeder, the grazier, and the
butcher.
(1) To stoop, to incline the head or body
"... between the old epoch of boviculture and
for the sake of expressing respect or venera-
the new." —Daily Telegraph, 4th Dec., 1876.
tion for. (Lit. & fig.)
O“ Rather let my head
t bov'-id, a. (From Lat. bos, genit. bovis = an Stoop to the block, than these knees bow to any,
ox.]
Save to the God of heaven and to my king."
Shakesp.: 2 Hen. VI., iv. 1.
Zool. : Pertaining to the family Bovidæ, i.e., (2) To bend one's steps or one's way, to go,
to the ox and its allies. [BOVIDÆ.]
to walk.
“Doun after a strem that dryly halez,
bov-1-dæ, s. pl. [From Lat. bos, genit. bovis
I bowed in blys, bred ful my braynez."
= an ox; and fem. pl. suffix -doe.]
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); The Pearl, 125-26.
*1. Formerly: A family of ruminating ani-
(3) To bend to, to obey; to acquiesce in.
mals, containing not merely the oxen but
“The bad bowed to his bode, bongre my hyure.”
many other animals now placed in other
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Patience, 56.
families. It was subdivided into Bovina,
“I bow to heaven's decree."
Hemans: The Abencerrage.
Cervina, Giraffina, Moschina, and Camelina.
2. Now: A family of ruminating animals, | bow. (2)
| bow (2), v.t. [From Eng. bow (2), s., in the
consisting of species with siniply rounded
sense of an instrument for setting the strings
horns, which are not twisted in a spiral
of musical instruments in vibration.) To
manner. There are no lachrymal sinuses.
play with a bow.
It contains the genera Bos, Bison, Bubalus,
"... also, that where no directions are given, the
passage should be bowed, that is, the notes should be
&c. Ovibos (Musk-ox), generally ranked
alternately played by an up and down bow."-Stainer
under Bovidæ, is by some placed with the & Barrett : Dict. Mus. Terms, p. 61.
Ovidæ.
bow (1), S. & d. [From bow, v. (q.v.).]
3. Palæont. : The oldest known are various
A. As substantive :
species of Bos, Hemibos, and Amphibos in
the Upper Miocene of India. The genera Bos 1. Of things :
and Bison are found in the Pliocene. For the (1) A curve, bending, or zigzag in a street.
A street in Edinburgh was formerly called
the “West-bow.” [B., example and note.]
“ As he rode down the sanctified bends of the Bow
Ilk carline was flyting and shaking her pow."
Scott : Bonny Dundee.
(2) Pl. (bows): Sugar tongs. (Scotch.) So
called probably from their being bent.
2. Of persons : An act of reverence or ac-
quiescence made by bending the body.
“Some clergy, too, she would allow,
Nor quarreli'd at their awkward bow.".
Swift.
B. As adjective: Pertaining to or consisting
of a curve, bending, or zigzag in a street;
curved, crooked.
"At the upper or northern end of the West-bow
street, stands the publick Weigh-house."- Maitland :
Hist. Edin., p. 181.
T Jamieson considers that the West-bow
mentioned in the example has undoubtedly
been so called from its zigzag form ; but that
the Nether-bow, at the head of the Canongate in
Edinburgh, may have been so named because
of a gate which may have previously existed
there.
T In composition usually pronounced bow.
bow-back, s. An arched or crooked back.
“On his bow-back he hath a battle set
Of bristly pikes, that ever threat his foes."
Shakesp. : Venus & Adonis, 619-20.
bow-bent, a. Crooked.
“For once it was my dismal hap to hear
A sibyl old, bow-bent with crooked age,
That far events full wisely could presage."
Milton : College Exercise.
bow-file, s. A curved file; a rifler.
bow-kail, s. & a. [Bow refers to the cir-
cular form of the plant (Jamieson), and kail is
Scotch for cabbage.]
A. As substantive: Scotch for cabbage.
“Poor hav'rel Will fell aff the drift,
An' wander'd thro' the bow-kail.
An' pou't, for want o' better shift,
A runt was like a sow-tail,
Sae bow't that night.”
Burns : Halloween.
B. As odjective: Of or belonging to cabbage.
“Poor Willie, wi' his bow-kail runt,
Was brunt wi' primsie Mallie.".
Burns : Halloween.
bow-leg, s. A crooked leg.
“Who fears to set straight, or hide, the unhandsome
warpings of bow-legs ?"-Bp. Taylor : Artificial Hand-
someness, p. 60.
bow-legged, a. Having crooked legs.
bow-pen, s. A metallic ruling-pen, which
has the part intended to hold the ink bowed
out to the middle.
bow-pencil, s. A form of compasses of
the smaller kind, which are capable of delicate
adjustment for describing minute circles and
arcs of small radius. The mode of adjustment
is similar to the bow-pen. A black-lead
pencil pared down to a small size, or the lead
from a pencil, is clamped in the socket, and
is advanced as it wears or is shaved away in
sharpening
bow-window, s. [Generally considered
a corruption of bay-window; but Skeat con-
siders the two words distinct.) A bowed
window; a window so shaped as to be bent
or bowed.
bow (2), * bowe, * bouwe, s. & a. [A.S.
boga =(1) bow, an arch, an arched room, a
corner, a bending, a band, (2) anything that
bends, a horn, a tail; from bigan = to bend
(Bow, v.). In Icel. bogi = a bow; Sw. båge;
Dan. bue; Dut. boog ; (N. H.) Ger. bogen;
O. H. Ger. bogo, pogo.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Of various instruments :
(1) An instrument for propelling an arrow.
[II., 1.)
"... take, I pray thee, thy weapons, thy quiver
and thy bow." --Gen. xxvii. 3.
I Bowes and billes : A phrase used by the
English, in former times, for giving an alarm
in their camp or military quarters. (Jamieson.)
"The Inglische souldearis war all asleip, except the
watch, whiche was sklender, and yit the schout ryises,
Bowes and Bitlis ! Bowes and Bitlis / whiche is a sig-
nificatioun of extreim defence, to avoyd the present
langer in all tounes of ware."-Knox, P. 82. "To your
bows and battle-axes." (Jamieson.)
(2) An appliance for playing a musical in-
strument. [II. 3.]
(3) A yoke for oxen, an ox-bow.
"As the ox hath his bow, sir, the horse his curb, and
the falcon her bells, SO man hath his desires."-
Shakesp. : As You Like It, iii. 3.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pịt, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, work, whô, son; müte, cũb, cüre, unite, cūr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian. æ, pe=ē. ey=ā. qu= kw.

bow-bowalyn
€53
2. Of anything arched like a bent bow:
(1) The rainbow
"I do set my bow in the cloud, and it shall be for a
token of a covenant between me and the earth."-
Gen. ix. 13.
(2) An arch; a gateway. (Scotch.)
“And first in the Throte of the Bow war slayne,
David Kirk, and David Barbour, being at the Pro-
veistis back."-Knox: Hist., p. 82.
"The horsemen and sum of those that sould have
put ordour to utheris, overode thair pure brethrein at
the entres of the Netherbow (i.e., the lower arch).”—
Ibid., p. 190.
(3) The arch of a bridge. (Scotch.)
"The falline downe of the three bowis of the brig of
Tay be the greit wattir and of Lowis Vairk on the 20
of Decembir in anno 1573."-MS. quoted, Muses Thre-
nodie, p. 81.
3. Of anything looped, or doubled : The
doubling of a string in a slip-knot. Johnson
thinks that this may be a corruption of bight.
"Make a knot, and let the second knot be with a
bow." - Wiseman.
4. Of a measure of distance : The length of
an ordinary bow, which was used in ascer-
taining the distance from a mark in taking
aim.
"No, no, Kate, you are two bowes down the winde.".
R. Greene, in Harl. Mis., viii. 384. (Nures.)
II. Technically :
1. Archery : An instrument for projecting
an arrow. It consists of a strip of wood or
other material, the ends connected by a string.
The bow is bent by retraction of the string,
-
1. CROSS-BOW AND ARROW. 2. LONG-BOW AND
ARROW.
and the recoil imparted to the latter projects
the arrow. In its simple state, and when
large enough to be used for military purposes
or for destroying large animals, it is known as
the long-bow ; when mounted transversely in
a stock, it is a cross-bow. The former is ex-
clusively adapted for shooting arrows; while
bolts, or even round projectiles, may be thrown
by the latter. (Knight.) (For the history of
bows and arrows see ARCHERY. See also
ARROW.]
2. Hat-making : A piece of elastic wood,
six feet long, and having a catgut string
stretched between its extremities. The vi-
brating string operates upon the felting-hair
on a grid called a hurdle, lightens up the
fibres, assembles them into a bat, and drives
out the dust. [BOWING.]
3. Music: An appliance with which the
strings of certain musical instruments of the
viol class are set in vibration. It consists of
5. Machinery : An elastic rod and string for Bow-suspension truss: A bow-shaped beam
giving reciprocating rotation to a drill. [Bow used to strengthen a girder beam.
DRILL.]
bow-wood, s. [So called because the
6. Husbandry: The bent piece which em-
Indians use it for making bows.]
braces the neck of an ox, the ends coming up
Bot. : An American name for the Osage
through the yoke, above which they are
Orange, Maclura aurantiaca.
fastened by a key.
It is not a
genuine orange, but belongs to the Moraceæ
7. Saddlery: The arched forward part of a
(Morads or Mulberries, &c.).
saddle-tree which straddles the horse's back.
8. Vehicles : A bent slat to support the
bow (3), s. [From Icel. bógr; Dan. bov; Sw.
hood, canopy, cover, or tilt of a vehicle ;
bog; Dut. boeg. ] [Bough, BOWLINE, Bow-
otherwise called a slat.
SPRIT.]
9. Weapons : The arched guard of a sword-
1. Naut. & Ord. Lang. : The stem or prow
hilt or of the trigger of a fire-arm.
of a vessel, the more or less rounded anterior
10. Lock-maling: The loop of a key which
extremity or fore-end of a ship or boat.
receives the fingers.
Sometimes in the plural.
11. Naut.: An old nautical instrument for
q On the bow: On the part of the water or
taking angles. It had one large graduated
land within 45° on either side of a line drawn
arc of 90°, three vanes, and a shank or staff.
from stern to stem, and produced till it reaches
12. Masonry : A projecting portion of a
the horizon.
building of circular or multangular plan.
(1) A bold bow: A broad bow. (Johnson.)
The bow-windows of English domestic archi (2) A lean bow : A narrow thin bow. (John,
tecture are known as oriels.
son.)
B. As adjective : Pertaining to a bow in any 2. Fig. : The oarsman who pulls the oar
of the foregoing senses. (See the subjoined nearest the bow.
compounds.)
bow-chaser, s.
Obvious compound : Bow-making. (Stainer
Naut. : A gun fired from the bow of a ship,
& Barrett : Mus. Dict., p. 61.)
engaged at the time in chasing another one.
bow-bearer, s.
(Totten.)
1. Generally: The bearer of a bow.
bow-fast, s..
2. Specially : An under-officer of a forest, Naut.: A hawser at the bow, whereby a
who looked after trespasses affecting “vert ship is secured alongside a wharf or other
or venison." (Cowel, &c.)
object.
bow-boy, s. The boy bearing a bow, bow-grace, bow-grease, s.
Cupid.
Naut.: A fender made of junk and ropes,
“.... with the blind bow-boy's butt-shaft."
lapping around the bow as a protection
Shukesp. : Romeo and Juliet, ii. 4.
against floating ice. It is called also bon-
bow-case, s. A cover or case for a bow. grace.
bow-compasses, s.
bow-grease, s.
Mathematical instruments : An instrument Naut. : A corruption for bow-grace (q.v.).
for drawing curves of large radius. It con-
sists of a pliable strip which is bent by screws
bow-lines, s.
to any curve. An arcograph.
Ship-building : Curves representing vertical
sections at the bow-end of a ship.
* bow-draucht, * bow draughte,
* boghe-draghte, s. Abow shot; the bow-oar, s.
extent of an arrow's flight.
1. The oar nearest the bow of a boat.
"With strengthe thay reculede that host a-back ;
2. The same as Bow (3), 2.
more than a boghe-draghte."
Sir Ferumbras (ed. Herrtage), 3,040.
bow-piece, s. A piece of ordnance car-
bow-drill, s. A drill operated by means.
ried at the bow of a ship.
of a bow, the cord of which is given one or
more turns around the handle of the drill, and
bow-timbers, s. pl.
alternate revolution in opposite directions Ship-building: The timbers which go to
imparted to it by alternately reciprocating form the bow of a ship.
the bow backward and forward.
* bow (4), s. [BOUGHT.] (Piers Plow.: Vis., 32.)
* bow-hand, s.
1. The hand that holds the bow, the left
bow (1), s. [BOLL (2), s.] The globule which
hand.
contains the seed of flax. [LINTBOW.] (Scotch.)
"Surely he shoots wide on the bow-hand and very bów (6), S. [Corrupted from boll, s. (q.v.).
far from the mark."-Spenser : On Ireland.
(Scotch.).] A boll ; a dry measure which con-
To be too much of the bow-hand, or to be
tains the sixteenth part of a chalder.
much of the bow-hand: To fix it in any design.
"Four bows o' aitmeal, twa bows o' beer, and twa
“Ric. I hope so,
bows o' pease, ...."-Scott: Old Mortality, ch. xx.
I am much o' the bow-hand else."
Beau. & Fiet. : Coxcomb, i. 1. | *bow (7), bowe, s. [O. Sw. bo, bu = a herd, a
2. Music: The hand that holds the bow; flock; Gael. bora cow.] [Bos.] (Scotch.)
also a term used in describing the power and
1. A herd of cattle; whether enclosed in a
skill with which a player on a bow instru-
fold or not.
ment produces his tone. (Stainer & Barrett.)
“Seuin young stottis, that yoik bare neuer nane,
bow-instruments, s.
Brocht from the bowe, in offerand brittin ilkane."
Doug.: Virgil, 163, 48.
Music: A term including that class of
2. A fold for cows. (Jamieson.)
stringed instruments which are played by
means of a bow. The violin, violoncello, | Bow (8), S. & a. [From Bow (Stratford-le-Bow),
double bass, &c.
in the East end of London.]
bow-iron, s.
A. As subst. : The place mentioned in the
Vehicles : The staple on the side of a wagon-
etymology.
bed which receives the bows of the tilt or B. As adj. : Pertaining to Bow, first manu-
cover.
factured at Bow.
bow-length, s. The same as Bow (2), s.,
Bow-dye, s. A dye of scarlet hue, supe-
A., I. 4 (q.v.). (Nares.)
rior to madder, but not so fixed or permanent
as the true scarlet.
bow-pin, s.
Husbandry: A cotter or key for holding in bow'-a-ble, a. [Eng. bow, V., and suff. -able.]
place the bow of an ox-yoke.
Capable of being bent, flexible, pliable, yield-
ing, influenced without much difficulty.
bow-saw, s. A saw having a thin blade,
kept taut by a straining frame in the manner
"If she be a virgin, she is pliable or bowable."-
Wodroephe : Fr. Gram. (1623). p. 323.
of a bow and string. A sweep-saw or turning-
saw. [FRAME-SAW, DRUG-SAW.]
* bow'-all, s. The same as BOLE (1), s.) A
"Axes, eitch, drug-saw, bow-saw, &c."-Depredations
square aperture in the wall of a house for
on the Clan Campbell, p. 52.
holding small articles.
bow-shot, s. [BOWSHOT.]
*bow-alle, s. [Bowel.] (Prompt. Parv.)
bow-string, s. [BOWSTRING.]
* bow-al-yn, v.t. [BOWEL, v.] (Prompt.
bow-suspension, s. & a.
Purv.)
VARIOUS FORMS OF BUWS.
a number of long horsehairs stretched upon
an elastic rod, which are tightened by a nut
and screw. The bow is believed to be of
British origin. It was originally curved,
whence its name. The old form is still seen
in the rebeck or rebal of Algeria.
" Their instruments were various in their kind;
Some for the bow, and some for breathing wind."
Dryden : Fables.
4. Drawing : An elastic slip for describing
curves; an arcograph.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion = shăn; -țion, -şion=zhŭn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, del.

654
bowalynge-bowered
stances.
*bow'-al-ynge, pr. par. & s. [BOWELLING.] bowel-complaint, s.
(2) Spec. : A lady's chamber; a retired
chainber, such as ladies were wont to possess.
*bow'-and, * bow-ande, a. [A. S. búgende
Med. : Disease of the bowels causing di-
arrhoea.
"Resoundis thro baith palice, boure, and hall."
= bowing.] [BOWING.]
Doug. ; Virgil, 472, 44.
1. Of things : Bowed, crooked.
bowel-galled, a.
2. Next :
“The bowand axis, helmes with hye crestes.”
Farriery: A term applied to a horse when
(1) A cottage.
Doug. : Virgil, 211, 32. the girth frets the skin between the elbow of . “Courtesie oft-times in simple bowres
2. Of persons : Bowing, obedient. (Robert the forelegs and the ribs.
Is found as great as in the stately towres."
Transl. of Ariost., xiv, 62.
of Brunne, 5,836.)
bowel-hive, bowel hive, bowel-
(2) Any residence.
* bow'-ạt, s. [BOWET.]
hyve, s. & a. [From Scotch 'hives (pıl.)
“ Like Mars, god of war, enflamed with ire,
I forced the Frenchmen t'abandon their bowers."
= an eruption. [HIVE.] So called because
* bow'-bert, * bow'-bard, a. & S. [Etym.
Mir. for Magistrates, p. 282.
those afflicted with the disease have often a 3. Now:
doubtful. Cf. Scotch bumbard = indolent,
swelling in the side.]
lazy ; bumbart = a drone, a driveller.]
(1) Lit. : An arbour, a shady retreat in a
A. As substantive :
garden made by bending and twining branches
A. As adjective of the form bowbert): Lazy ;
1. An inflammation of the bowels, to which of trees together.
inactive.
children are subject. (Scotch.) According to (2) Fig. : A blissful place, blissful circum-
“Of thayr kynd thame list swarmis out bryng,
Or in kames incluse thare hony clene-
some, it is owing to what medical men call
Or fra thare hyff togiddir in a rout
intussusceptio, or one part of the intestines
“On steady wings sails through th' immense abyss,
Expellis the bowbert best, the fenyt drone be." being inverted; others give a different ac-
Plucks amaranthine joys from bowers of bliss
- Doug.: Virgil, 26, 36.
count of it.
Couper: Hope.
B. As substantive (of the form bow bard): A
"... and the rickets in children, which they call
TA bower differs from an arbour in this
dastard ; a person destitute of spirit.
the bowel-hyve."-Pennecuik : Tweeddale, p. 7.
respect, that the former may be either round
“That ye sal euer sa dullit and bowbardis be,
“The disease, called, hy mothers and nurses in Scot. or square, whereas the latter is long and
Vnwrokin sic iniuris to suffir here?”
land. the bowel-hive, is a dangerous inflammatory arched.
Doug. : Virgil, 391, 12. bilious disorder; and when not soon relieved, very
frequently proves fatal. It is brought on by disorders
B. As adjective: Pertaining to a bower in
* bow'-děn, pa. par. [BOLDEN.] (Scotch.)
of the milk, by exposure to cold, and living in low, any of the senses of the substantive.
cold, dainp situations."-Curtis : Medical Observ., p.
187.
bow'-dich-1-a, S. (From Bowdich, who
bower-birds, s. pl.
2. The same as BOWEL-HIVE Grass (q.v.).
was born at Bristol in 1790, went to Cape
Ornith. : The namie given to certain birds of
Coast Castle in the West of Africa in 1814,
B. As adjective: Of use in the disease de the genera Ptilorhynchus and Chlamydera,
commenced an exploration of that continent
scribed under A.
which are ranked under the family Sturnidæ
in 1822, and died 10th Jan., 1824.]
Buwel-hive Grass :
(Starlings). They occur in Australia. The
Bot. : A genus of Papilionaceæ. The species Popular Bot. : A plant, Alchemilla arvensis.
English name is given because these birds are
are trees, with alternate, unequally pin It is not of the grass fainily but allied to the
in the habit of building bowers as well as
nated leaves. Bowdichia virgilioides, which Rosaceæ, though very different in appear-
nests. The best known species is Ptilorhyn-
chus holosericus.
has fine blue flowers, is common in Brazil. ance
Its bark is known as Álcorno Bark.
bower-cod, s. The smallest of the cod
* bowel-prier, s. One who prys into
family of fishes. It is called also Power-cod.
* bowe (1), s. [BOUGH.]
the bowels of animals, slain as sacrificial vic-
(Rossiter.)
tims, for the purpose of divination.
1. A bough. (Morte Arthure, 1,711.) (Prompt.
“And verily, Homer seemeth not to be ignorant of
bower - eaves, s. pl. The projecting
Parv.)
this difference whereof we speak; for of diviners and cavity of interlaced branches in an arbour.
2. Pl. : The shoulders.
soothsayers, some he calleth oiwvonolovs, i.e.,
"Look out below your bower-eaves."
“Seyne bowes of wylde bores with the braune lechyde.” augurs, that is to say, authours or observers of birds ;
Tennyson : Margaret, 5.
Morte Arthure, 188.
others iepels, that is to say, bowel-priers, that spie
* bowe (2), s. [Bow (2), s.]
into the inwards of sacrifices."--Holland : Plutarch,
bow'-ēr (2), bõo'-ēr, s. [BOWYER.] (Scotch.)
p. 995.
(Acts, Chas. I. (ed. 1814), v. 540.)
bowed (Eng.), bow'd, bow't (Scotch), pa.
*bow'-ěl, v.t. [From bowel, s. (q.v.).] To take * bow'-ěr (3), * bowr, * bowre, s. (From
par. & a. [Bow, v.]
the bowels from, to disembowel; to evisce-
bow = to bend ; and suffix -er.]
I. Ordinary Language:
rate. (Ainswoi'th.)
Anat. : One of the muscles which move the
1. Bent.
"Bowaylyn', or take owte bowalys. Eviscero, Cath." shoulder.
“... bowed down by terror ...”-Macaulay: Hist.
-Prompt. Parv.
"His rawbone armes, whose mighty brawned bowrs
Eng., ch. xii.
Were wont to rive steele plates, and helmets bew."
2. Crooked. (Scotch.)
† bow'-ělled, pa. par. & d. [BOWEL, v.]
Spenser : F. Q., I. viii. 41.
“An' pou't, for want o' þetter shift,
A. As past participle : (See the verb.) bow'-er (4), s. & a. (From bow (3).]
A runt was like a sow-tail,
B. As adjective: Hollow, like the interior
Sae bow't that night.”
A. As subst. Naut. : An anchor cast from
Burns : Halloween.
of the abdomen with the bowels removed (?). the bow of a vessel.
II. Arch. : Arched, curved. It is called
Or having on its walls bowel-like veins.
B. As adj.: Cast from the bow.
also embowed.
“But, to the bowelld cavern darting deep,
The mineral kinds confess thy mighty power."
bower-anchor, s. [Eng. bower; anchor.
Thomson: Seasons; Summer.
bow'-ěl, * bow'-ělle, * bow'-alle, * bow'-
In Dut. boeyanker.] The same as bower (4),
bow'-ěl-lèss, a.
ale, * bói-el, * bow-al-ỹ, * bâw-81-lý |
s. (q.v.).
[Eng. bowel ; suff. -less.]
(pl. bowels), s. [From 0. Fr. boel (m.), boelle
Without bowels, in a figurative sense, i.e., bow'-ér (5), s. [A corruption of Eng. boor
(f.) (Mod. Fr. boyau); Prov. budel; Ital.
destitute of compassion.
(q.v.).]
budello; Low Lat. botellus = a bowel; Class.
"Miserable men commiserate not themselves ; bowel-
less unto others, and merciless unto their own bowels."
Lat. botellus = a little sausage, dimin. of botu-
bower-mustard, boor's mustard,
-Browne : Chr. Morals, i. 7.
lus = a sausage.]
s. A plant, Thlaspi arvense.
† I. Sing. : One of the intestines of man or
+ bow-81-lăng, * bow-al-ộnge, Dr. par. & 1 * bow-ẽ (6), s. [BowESS.]
the inferior animals, an entrail. (Used chiefly
S. [BOWEL, v.]
in medical works, and in composition.)
A. As pr. par. : (See the verb.)
bower, * bowre, v.t. & i. (From bower (1),
"... retaining the mass longer in its passage B. As subst. : The act of disembowelling or
s. (q.v.).]
through the bowel ..."-Cycl. Pract. Med., iv. 570.
"Bowalle, or bowelle (bowaly, K. H. bawelly, P.)
removing the bowels.
A. Transitive:
Viscus.”—Prompt. Parv.
“Bowalynge. Evisceracio, exenteracio.”—Prompt. * 1. Of the form bowre: To inhabit, to dwell
Paru.
II. Plural (bowels):
in, to nestle in.
1. Lit. : The intestines or entrails of man bow'-ělş, s. pl. [BOWEL, S.]
"Spredding pavilions for the birds to bowre.”
Spenser : F. Q., VI. X. 6.
or of the inferior animals.
bow'-ěn-ite, s. [From Bowen, an American † 2. Of the form bower:
“He smote him therewith in the fifth rib, and shed
out his bowels.”—2 Sam. XX. 10.
mineralogist, who first described it in 1822.] (1) Lit. : To embower, to enclose and shade
2. Figuratively:
Min.: A variety of Serpentine. It is apple with branches or foliage.
“Know ye it, brethren ! where bower'd it lies
green or greenish-white in colour, and akin to
(1) of the human emotions :
Nephrite.
Under the purple of southern skies?"
(a) The seat of pity or tenderness.
Hemans: A Voyager's Dream of Land.
"... for his bowels did yearn upon his brother." bow'-êr (1), *bowre, * bour, *boure, s.&a. (2) Fig. : To enclose.
Gen. xliii. 30.
[A.S. búr = a bower, a cottage, a dwelling, an
“ Thou didst bower the spirit of a fiend
(6) Pity, tenderness, compassion.
In mortal paradise of such sweet flesh."
inner room, a bedchamber, a storehouse (Som-
“For my Master, you must know, is one of very ner) (Bosworth); O.S. & Icel. bûr; Sw. bur=
Shakesp. : Romeo and Juliet, iii. 2.
tender bowels, especially to them that are afraid;..."
B. Intrans. : To grow, to dwell upon, to
--Bunyan: P. P., pt. ii.
a cage, a bower; Dan. buur=a cage, a pitfall
repose upon.
“... having no bowels in the point of running in
to catch birds; N. H. Ger. bauer = a cage ;
debt, or borrowing all he could."-Clarendon.
M. H. Ger. bür; O. H. Ger. pür. From A.S.
“Which though it on a lowly stalke doe bowre."
Spenser : F. Q., VI. i. 4.
(2) of things physical : The inner part, or the buan = to inhabit, to dwell, to cultivate, to
midst of anything. (Used specially in the till ; Moso-Goth. bauan = to dwell.]
Bow-ēr-băn-kî-a, S.[From Mr. J. S.
phrase, “ The bowels of the earth.")
Bowerbank, an eminent naturalist, who
A. As substantive :
"... and pouring war
flourished in the middle of the 19th century.]
* 1. Originally : A chamber.
Into the bowels of ungrateful Rome.”
Zool. : A genus of Ascidioid Polyzoa, be-
Shakesp. : Cor. iv. 5.
"Bowre, chambyr. Thalamus, conclave."-Prompt.
longing to the family Vesiculariadæ. B. im-
“And rush'd into the bowels of the battle."
Parv.
Ibid., 1 Hen. VI., i. 1.
bricata is found abundantly on the chains of
(1) Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
"... the bowels of the mountain.”-Addison.
the steam-ferries at Southampton and Ports-
"And othre maydens elleuene; burdes brighte on
mouth. (Johnston : Brit. Zooph.) -
B. As adjective: Pertaining to the bowels ;
boure;
xv. thar were of hem ful euene ; duellyng in that
affecting the bowels.
toure." - Sir Ferumb. (ed. Herrtage), 1,336-7. bów-ered, pa. par. & a. [BOWER, v.]
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pine, pít, sïre, sīr, marîne; gó, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, són; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cūr, rûle, fúll; trý, Sýrian. @e, o=ē. ey=ā. qu= kw.

bowering-bowline
655
passages played that the best possible cha-
racter may be imparted to the music. (Stainer
& Barrett.)
(2) The particular manner in which a phrase
or passage is to be executed, and the sign by
which such a manner is usually marked.
(Grove : Dict. Music.)
2. Hat-making : A mode of separating the
filaments of felting-fur, and distributing them
lightly in an open work frame, called a basket.
The oval sheet of fur thus obtained is worked
by pressure, and a rubbing jerking motion,
which causes the fibres to interlace (felt), so
that the sheet of napping can be handled and
shaped by the succeeding processes. (Knight.)
*bow'-ing-lý, adv. [Eng. bowing ; -ly.] In a
bowing manner, so as to bend. (Huloet.)
*bow'-it, d. [From bow (2), and 0. Scotch
suffix -it = Eng. -ed.] (Scotch.) Provided with
bows.
Bowit and schaffit : [Schafſit is from sheaf, in
the sense of a “sheaf” of arrows.] Provided
with bows and arrows.
“Bot all vthir yemen of the realme betuixt xvj. and
sexty yeris salbe sufficiandly bowit and schaffit, with
suerde, buklare, and kuyfe."-Parl. Ju. I., A. 1425,
p. 10.
* bow'-it, pa. par. [Etym. doubtful. It may
be bowit (1) = furnished with a bow. Jamie-
son thinks it may be a figurative use of Dut.
bouwen = to build.] Furnished with a bow (?).
Secured, enlisted. (Jamieson.)
“Sen thay ar bowit and bruderit in our band.”
Sege Edin. Castel, Poems 16th Cent., p. 289.
bowk, v.i. [BOLK, BELCH.] To belch.
bowk, bouk, s. [BULK.] Bulk, body. (0.
Eng. & Scotch.)
· and down fell the burdane wi' a' his bowl
abune me."-Scott : Bride of Lammermoor, ch. xxiv.
*bowk'-îng, s. [BUCKING.] The process of
boiling in an alkaline lye in a kier. [BUCKING. ]
+ bow'-er-ing, pr. par. & a. [BOWER, v.)
“He keeps a garden where the spices breathe,
Its bowering borders kiss the vale beneath.'
Parnell: The Gift of Poetry.
+ bow'-ēr-ý, a. & s. [From Eng. bower; -y.]
A. As adj. : Full of bowers, abounding in
bowers, characterised by the prevalence of
bowers.
“More happy! laid where trees with trees entwin'd
In bowery arches tremble to the wind."
Broome : Epist. to Mr. E. Fenton.
“ Landskips how gay the bow'ry grotto yields,
Which thought creates, and lavish fancy builds !"
Tickelt.
“Distracted wanders now the bowery walk."
Thomson: Seasons ; Spring, 516.
B. As subst. : A free translation by an Eng-
lish wit of Prairial (Hay Harvest), the 9th
month of the French Republican year.
t bow-ěss, * bow'-ēr, * bow'-et, s. [From
A.S. búan = to dwell. So called because it
still dwells in the nest, and is not yet a
“ brancher.” (Mahn.) Or (?) from bow =
bough, from the young birds being just able
to get on to the boughs.]
Falconry: A young hawk when it begins to
get out of the nest. It is called also bowet.
bow'-et (1), s. [BOWESS.]
bow-et (2), * bow-ett (0. Eng.), s. A lan-
tern. [BUAT.) (Scotch.)
bowġe (1), v.i. [BOUGE.) To swell out.
[BULGE.]
bowġe (2), v.t. (BILGE.] To cause to bilge,
to perforate; as, to bowge a ship.
“So offensive and dangerous to bowge and pierce any
enemie ship which they do encounter."-Holland.
bowġe, s. [From Lat. bulga.] A leathern
knapsack.
"Bowge. Bulga.”—Prompt. Parv.
bow'-gěr, s. [Etym. doubtful.] The puffin,
or coulter-neb; a bird, Alca arctica (Linn.).
“ The Bowger, so called by those in St. Kilda, Coulter
Neb, by those on the Farn Islands, and in Cornwa!l,
Pipe, is of the size of a pigeon.”-Martin: St. Kilda,
p. 34.
*bow-gle, *bu-gill, s. [O. Fr. bugle ; Lat.
buculus = a young bullock, a steer. Dimin.
of bos=an ox.] I wild ox. (Scotch.)
“And lat no bowgle with his busteous hornis
The meik pluch ox oppress, for all his pryd."
Dunbar : Thistle and Rose, st. 16.
bow'-1e, * bow-ý, s. [Fr. buie = a water-
pot, a pitcher (Cotg.).]
1. A cask with the head taken out. (Scotch.)
“God knows, our bowies, and our pipkins, and our
draps o' milk, and our bits o' bread, are nearer and
dearer to us than the bread of life."-Scott: Heart of
Midlothian, ch. xiv.
2. A small washing-tub.
"Item, ane gryt bowie, ourgilt.-Item, ane gryt
watter pott.-Item, ane gryt bowy."-Coli. of Inven.
tories, 77, 72.
3. A milk-pail.
“ To bear the milk bowie no pain was to me,
When I at the bughting forgather'd with thee."
Ramsay: Poems, ii. 105.
bow'-ſe, a. [Named after Bowie, its inventor.]
bowie-knife, s. A weapon used in the
south and south-west parts of the United
States.
bow'-1e-fû, s. [Scotch bowie, s. (q.v.), and
fu= Eng. full.] (Scotch.)
1. The fill of a small tub or dish.
“Thar bowiefu's o' kail, fu' strang."
Rev. J. Nicol : Poems, i. 143.
2. The fill of a broad shallow dish; specially
one for holding milk.
“ Davie brought me a hale bowiefu' milk."-Brownie
of Bodsbeck, ii. 45.
"Davie's Pate,' said he, 'mak that bowiefu' o'
cauld plovers change places wi' yon saut-faut in-
stantly.' "-Perils of Man, i. 30.
bow-ing (1), pr. par., a., & s. [Bow, v.]
A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj. : (See
the verb.)
C. As subst. : The act of bending, causing
to stoop, or stooping.
"... was that himself should obtain grace by the
bowing of his knees to God."-Hooker : Eccl. Pol., bk.
V., ch. lxvi., § 9.
bow'-ing (2), s. [From bow (2) (q.v.).]
1. Music:
(1) The act or art of managing the bow
in playing on stringed instruments so as not
only to bring out the best tone the instru-
ment is capable of, but also so to phrase the
bowl (1), * bõlle, s. & d. [A.S. bolla = any
round vessel, cup, pot, bowl, or measure ;
Icel. bolli ; O. Dut. bolle = bowl ; O. H. Ger.
polla; Gael. bol. Akin to bowl (2) (q.v.).]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. A hollow vessel for holding liquids. It
is shaped like the lower part of a cone re-
versed in position. Its depth is less in pro-
portion to its width than is the case in a cup,
which it also, as a rule, exceeds in size.
[WASSAIL-BOWL.]
“ Where wine and spices richly steep,
In massive bowl of silver deep."
Scott : Marmion, i. 30.
2. The hollow part or concavity of any-
thing. Used for the hollow part or concavity-
* (1) Of a scale.
“Bolle of a balaunce, or skole (scoole, H.). Lanx,
Cath."-Prompt. Parv.
† (2) Of a spoon.
“If you are allowed a large silver spoon for the
kitchen, let half the bowl of it be worn out by constant
scraping."-Swift.
(3) Of a pipe.
“And whenever the old man paused, a gleam
From the bowl of his pipe would awhile illume
The silent group in the twilight gloom."
Longfellow : The Building of the Ship.
*(4) Of a basin or fountain for containing
water.
“But the main matter is so to convey the water, as
it never stay either in the bowl or in the cistern."-
Bacon.
(5) Of a pint stoup. (Scotch.) [BOUL.]
II. Scripture : The calyx of a flower or its
representation in architecture.
"Three bowls made like unto almonds, with a knop
and a flower in one branch; and three bowls made like
almonds in the other branch."- Exod. xxv. 33.
B. As adjective: Designed for the manu-
facture of bowls.
bowl-machine, s. A machine for making
wooden bowls.
bowl (2), * bowle (Eng.), bôol (Scotch), s. &
a. [From Fr. boule = a ball, a bowl, a globe,
a sphere, a marble, a taw ; Prov., Sp., & Port.
bola ; Dut. bol; Lat. bulla = (1) a bubble,
(2) a boss.] [BOIL, Bowl (1).]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
(i) Literally :
1. Gen. : A ball of any material for rolling
along a level surface in play.
“As bowls go on, but turning all the way."
Herbert.
" Like to a bowl upon a subtle nd,
I've tumbled past the throw.
Shakesp. : Coriol., V. 2.
..."Madam, we'll play at bowls.”—Ibid., Richard II.,
iii. 4.
2. Spec. : A marble or taw for playing with.
(1) Sing. : A single marble.
(2) Plural:
(a) Marbles taken collectively.
(6) The game of marbles.
(ii) Fig.: An old person of much rotundity.
(Contemptuously.) (Scotch.)
"Some said he was a camsheugh bool."
A. Wilson : Poems (1790), p. 203.
In this sense it is often conjoined with
auld = old. An auld bool = an old fellow.
(Jamieson.)
II. Tech. Knitting-machine : A roller or
anti-friction wheel, on which the carriage
traverses. A “ truck," in Nottingham par-
lance.
B. As adjective: Designed for bowls, in
which bowls are played.
* bowl - alley, S. [BOWLING-ALLEY.]
(Earle : Microcosmographia.)
bowl, * bow-lyn, v.t. & i. [From bowl (2), s.]
A. Transitive:
1. To roll as a bowl.
2. To pelt with anything rolled.
“ Alas! I had rather be set quicki' the earth.
And bowl'd to death with turnips."
Shakesp.: Mer. Wives, iii. 4.
B. Intransitive:
1. To roll a ball or bowl on a level plane.
2. To play a game at bowls.
“Challenge her to bowl.”-Shakesp. : Love's Labour
Lost, iv. 1.
“Bowlyn, or pley wythe bowlys. Bolo.”—Prompt.
Parv.
3. To move along smoothly and rapidly like
a bowl or ball. (Generally followed by along.)
C. In special phrases. Cricket :.
1. To bowl, v.t. & i. : To deliver the ball at
the striker's wicket. (See ex. under bowler.)
2. To bowl, or bowl out, v.t.: To put out the
striker by bowling down his wicket. (For
example see bowler.)
* bow'-land, a. [From Teut. bogkelend, pa.
par. of bogkelen (?) = to bend as a bow (Jamie-
son). ] Hooked, crooked.
“With handis like to bowland birdis clews."
Doug.: Virgil, 74, 52.
* böwl'-dér, s. [BOULDER.]
*bowlder-stone, s. [BOULDER-STONE.]
* bowlder-wall, s. [BOULDER-WALL.]
böwled, pa. par. & a. [Bowl, v.]
bo'wl-ēr, s. [Eng. bowl ; -er.]
1. Gen. : One who plays at bowls.
“Who can reasonably think it to be a commendable
calling, for any man to be a profest bowler, or archer,
or gamester, and nothing else?”—Bp. Sanderson:
Serm., p. 217.
2. Cricket : One who delivers the ball or
bowls.
"Five bowlers were engaged ... who bowled 66
overs and three balls for 72 runs."-Times, Aug. 26th,
1875.
t bow'-lėss, d. [Eng. bow, and suff. -less.]
Without a bow.
* bow'-lie, * bow'-ly. * bộo'-lie, a. [In
Ger. buckelig = crook-backed, hump-backed ;
Dan. bugle, bule = a swelling, a tumour.]
Crooked, deformed.
"That duck was the first of the kind we had ever
seen ; and many thought it was of the goose species,
only with short bowly legs."-Ann. of the Par., p. 131.
bowlie-backit, boolie-backit, a.
Humpbacked. (Often used of one whose
shoulders are very round.)
bow'-līne, * bow'-lửng (Eng.), bou'-lene
(Scotch), s. & a. (From Eng. bow, and line
(ling is simply a corruption of line); Icel.
bóglina = bowline ; Sw. boglina, bolina ; Dan.
bouline, bougline; Dut. boelijn, boeglijin ; Ger.
boleine; Fr. bouline; Sp., Port., & Ital. bolina.]
A. As substantive :
Nautical :
* 1. Originally: The line of the bow or bend.
* 2. Next: A slanting sail to receive a side
wind.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shăn; -țion, -şion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -gle, &c. = bel, gel.

656
bowling-bowWOW
Dancescocco
COTTO
3. Now: A rope fastened to the middle part "And taught the way that does to heaven bownd.". bow-stēr, bow'-star, s. [BOLSTER.] (Tar-
of the outside of a sail, and designed to make
Spenser : F. Q., I. X. 67.
ras: Poems, p. 74.) (Jamieson.)
the sail stand sharp or close to the wind. It | *bownde, s. [BOUND (1), s.]
is fastened to three or four parts of the sail, "Bownde, or marke. Meta, limes.”—Prompt. Parv.
* bow'-stîng, s. [From Eng. bow; and Scotch
which are called the bowling-bridles (q.v.).
sting.) A pole to be used as a bow.
bow'-nět, bow nět, s. [Eng. bow; net. “Valit li.e., picked] bowstingis, price of the scoir
on a bowline : Sailing close, or close-
From A.S. boganet ; from boga = a bow, an vi lb. Scottis money."-Aberd. Reg., A. 1551, v. 21.
hauled to the wind.
arch; and net.] A kind of wicker basket,
B. As adjective: Designed
bow'-string, s. & a. [Eng. bow; string. ]
with another one inside it, used for catching
for a bowline, used in con-
lobsters and crawfish. There is a lip to pre-
A. As subst. : The string of a bow.
nection with a bowline, or
vent the return of the entrapped crustaceans. 1. Literally:
in any other way pertaining
It is called also a bow-wheel. (Todd.)
“Sound will be conveyed to the ear by striking on
to a bowline.
a bowstring, if the horn of the how be held to the ear."
*bown'-tě, s. [BOUNTY.] (Barbour : The Bacon.
bowline-bridle, s.
Bruce, viii. 23.)
“The bow-string twang'd ; nor flew the shaft in vain."
Pope : Homer's Iliad, bk, xi., 481.
Naut. : The span which
connects the bowline to
* bowr, s. [From Eng. bow = to bend, and 2. Figuratively :
several cringles on the leech
suffix -er.] The muscle which bends the “He hath twice or thrice cut Cupid's bow-string, and
the little hangman dare not shoot at him."-Shakesp. :
of a square sail.
Much Ado, iii. 2.
(3).]
bowline-knot, s.
B. As adj.: Pertaining to the string of a
BOWLINE KNOT.
bow, resembling the string of a bow. (See
Naut.: A peculiar knot
the compounds.)
by which the bowline-bridles are fastened to * bộw'-rug-ỉe, s. [A corruption of Fr. bour-
the cringles.
geois.] Burgesses, the third estate in a Par-
bowstring-bridge, s.
liament or Convention. (Scotch.)
Arch.: A bridge in which the horizontal
bow-lîng, pr. par., C., & s. [Bowl, v.]
“Assemblit ther clerk, barown, and bowrugie." thrust of the arch or trussed beam is resisted
A. & B. As present participle & participial
Wallace, viii. 4, MS. (Jamieson.) by means of a horizontal tie attached as nearly
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
*bows, s. pl. Sugar-tongs. [Bow.] (Scotch.)
as possible to the chord-line of the arch.
the verb.
(Knight.)
C. As substantive :
* bowşe, * bôuşe, v.i. [BOOZE.]
bowstring-girder, s.
1. The act of throwing bowls or playing at 1. Ord. Lang. : To booze, to bouze, to ca-
. Arch. : An arched beam resisting thrust; a
bowls. (The Act 8 and 9 Vict., c. 109, ren rouse. (Booze.]
dered it legal.)
2. Naut. : To pull, to haul, to haul upon.
“This wise game of bowling doth make the fathers
T (1) To bowse away : To pull all together.
of vertical suspending bars by which the
cate dogtrickes. As first for the postures. 1. Handle
(2) To bowse upon a tack: To pull in a par-
platform is hung from the arched rib; and a
your bowle. 2. Advance your bowle. 3. Charge your
ticular direction.
series of diagonal braces between the sus-
bowle. 4. Ayme your bowle. 5. Discharge your bowle.
pending bars. (Knight.)
6. Plye your bowle; in which last posture of plying
your bowle you shall perceive many varieties and bow'-shot (Eng.), * bow'-schõte (Scotch),
bowstring-hemp, s. [So called because
divisions, as wringing of the necke, lifting up of the
S. [Eng. bow; shot. In Dut. boogschot.] The
shoulders, clapping of the hands, lying downe of one
the fibres of the leaves are used for bow-
side, running after the bowle, making long dutifull
distance which an arrow propelled from a bow
strings by the natives of the country where
scrapes and legs, &c.”—John Taylor : Wit and Mirth traverses before coming to the ground.
they grow.]
(1629). sign. D, 8, b.
“.... and sat her down over against him a good
"Many other sports and recreations there be much way off, as it were a bow-shot."-Gen. xxi. 16.
Bot. : An English name for Sanseviera, a
“Three bowshots far,
genus of Liliaceæ. It is called also African
of Mel., 266.
Paused the deep front of England's war.”
Hemp. The species are stemless perennials,
2. The act of delivering a ball at cricket.
Scott: Lord of the Isles, vi. 13. with whitish or yellowish green clusters of
3. The “long-bowling” described by Strutt bow'-sie, a. [From Fr. bossu = humpbacked, flowers. They occur in Africa and Southern
is evidently the game now called skittles.
hunchbacked.)
Asia. Sanseviera Roxburghiana is the Moorva
Crooked. (Scotch.) (Jamie-
(Nares.)
or Marvel of India, the fibres of which are
son.)
used in the manufacture of string.
bowling-alley, S. A covered space, I bow-sprit. bõlt-sprit, s. [In Sw. bogspröt, ;
called also a bowl-alley, used for the game of
(N. H.) Ger. bugspriet, bogspriet; L. Ger. bog-
bow'-strîng, v.t. [From bowstring, s. (q.v.).]
bowls when a bowling-green is unobtainable.
spret; Dut. boegspriet, from boeg=the bow of
To strangle by means of a bowstring. (Web-
Such an alley was commonly attached to
a ship, and spriet = Eng. sprit. Boltsprit is
ster.)
mansion-houses. There is still a street called
corrupted from bowsprit. In Johnson's time,
1 t bow'-strînged, pa. par. & d. [BOWSTRING,
however, it was the more common form of the
Westminster.
v.]
word.]
bowling-green, s. A green, or level Naut. : A spar projecting forward from the
piece of greensward or other ground kept
B. As participial adjective: Furnished with
bows of a vessel. It supports the jib-boom and
smooth for bowlers.
flying jib-boom, and to the bowsprit and these
a bowstring. (Edinburgh Review.)
. and, on fine evenings, the fiddles were in
* bow'-sům, a. [BUXOM.] (Scotch.)
attendance, and there were morris dances on the
elastic turf of the bowling green.”—Macaulay: Hist.
Eng., ch. iii.
*bow-sŭm-něs, * bow'-sún-ěs, s. (Bux-
bowling-ground, s. Ground for bowl-
OMNESS.] (Scotch.)
ing. A more general word than bowling-green.
bow'-şý, a. [Bousy.]
“That (for six of the nine acres) is counted the
subtlest bowling-ground in all Tartary."-B. Jonson :
bowt (1), bowtt, s. (BOLT.] A bolt. (Scotch.)
Mosques.
“.... and sex irne bowttis.”—Inventories, A. 1580,
p. 300.
* bowlne, pa. par. The same as bolne (q.v.).
"A fool's bowt is soon shot."- Ramsay: S. Prov.,
bowlş, s. pl. [Bowl (2).]
BOWSPRII.
p. 10. (Jamieson.)
bowt (2), s. [BOUT (1).] As much worsted as
bow'-mạn (1), s. [Eng. bow (2), s.; and man.] spars the fore-stay, fore topmast-stay, &c., are
is wound upon a clue, while the clue is held in
One who shoots with a bow, an archer.
secured. It is tied down by the bobstays and
one position.
“The whole city shall flee, for the noise of the horse-
by the gammoning. It is stayed laterally by
men and bowmen."-Jer. iv. 29.
the bowsprit-shrouds. It rests upon the stem
“Bowt of worsted."-Aberd. Reg.
and the apron. The part which rests on the bow't, pa par. [Bowir.] (Burns: Halloween.)
bow-man (2), s. [Eng. bow (3), S., and man.]
stem is the bed; the inner part from that
The man who rows the foremost oar in a boat.
| bow-těl, bow-těli, s. [Etym. doubtful.
point is the housing; the inner end is the
| Bowman's root :
heel; the outer end the head or bees-seating.
Compare Fr. bouteille = bottle.]
Bot. : (1) An onagraceous plant, Isnardia The gammoning is the lashing by which the Architecture:
bowsprit is secured to the knee of the head. 1. Generally of the form bowtel : The shaft
(2) A rosaceous plant, Gillenia trifoliata.
The martingale (MARTINGALE] is a spar de of a clustered pillar ; a shaft attached to the
(American.) (Treas. of Bot.)
pending from the bowsprit end, and is used jambs of a door or window.
for reeving the stays. The heel-chain is for 2. Generally of the form bowtell: A plain
t bown, t bowne, * bówune, a. [BOUN, a.] holding out the jib-boom, and the crupper-
circular moulding.
chain for lashing it down to the bowsprit.
+ bown, + bowne, t boun, * bon, v.t. & i.
The bowsprit has heel, head, fiddle or bees,
[From bown, boun, a. (q.v.). ] [BOUN, Bown.] chock, gammoning, bobstays, shrouds, mar bowting-claith, s. Cloth of a thin
A. Trans. : To prepare. (Not extinct, but tingale, and dolphin-striker. Bowsprits are
still used in poetry referring to bygone times.)
texture. [BOUTCLAITH, BOLTING-CLOTH.]
standing, that is, permanent, as in large
| Sometimes it is reflective.
vessels or sloops; or running-in bowsprits, böw'-wỌod, s. [Eng. bow; wood.]
“Before some chieftain of degree,
as in cutters. (Knight.)
Bot.: (1) Centaurea nigra, (2) Centaurea
Who left the royal revelry
To bowne him for the war."
* bows'-sen, v.t. [BOOZE.) To drench, to soak.
scabiosa. (Ger. App.)
Scott : Marmion, v. 20. "The water fell into a close walled plot; upon this bow'-wow, s. & A. [Imitated from the bark-
B. Intrans. : To hasten, to hurry.
wall was the frantick person set, and from thence
ing of a dog.)
"So mourned he till Lord Dacré's band
tumbled headloug into the pond; where a strong
fellow tossed him up and down, until the patient, by
Were bowning back to Cumberland.”
A. As substantive :
foregoing his strength, had somewhat forgot his fury:
Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, v. 80.
but if there appeared small amendment, he was bows-
1. The sounds emitted by a dog in barking.
* bownd, v.i. [From 0. Eng. bown, v.= to
sened again and again, while there remained in him
2. A highly expressive but ludicrous appel-
any hope of life for recovery."-Carew: Surv. of
prepare.] To lead by a direct course.
Cornw.
lation for the dog itself.
tingale. and doing: bobstays, shrouds, mar i weweng, do [From bout (1), (ov)
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hếr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sön; mūte, cũb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; try, Sýrian. ®, ce =ē; ey=ā. qu=kw.

bowyer-box
657
“For the box o' th' ear that the prince gave you, he
gave it like a rude prince."-Shakesp. : 2 Hen. I V., i. 2.
"There may happen concussions of the brain from a
box on the ear."-Wiseman : Surgery.
"Nor some reproof yourself refuse
From your aggrieved bow-wow."
Cowper : On a Spaniel called Beau; Beau's Reply.
B. As adjective: Relating to the sounds
emitted by a dog, or to anything similar.
Philol. The bow-wow theory of the origin
of language : A ludicrous name given by Prof.
Max Müller to the philological theory that the
several languages, or at least the primitive
one, originated from the imitation of the
sounds emitted by animals or the other
sounds of nature. He shows that while there
was undoubtedly such an origin to a few
words, cuckoo for instance, the immense ma-
jority of the vocables in every known lan-
guage had a different origin. Another theory,
that which teaches that the original words
were interjections, is similarly derided as the
pooh-pooh theory. [Pooh-PooH.] (Science of
Lang. (1861), p. 344, &c.)
bow'-yer, * bow-yere, * bower, s. & a.
[From Eng. bow, and suffix -yer, the same
which exists in lawyer.]
A. As substantive :
1. An archer, one who uses the bow as his
weapon of war or for amusement.
." Bowyere (bowyere, P.) Arcuarius, architenens,
Dict."-Prompt. Parv.
2. One whose trade it is to make bows.
"Good bows and shafts shall be better known, to the
commodity of shooters; and good shooting may, per-
chance, be more occupied, to the profit of all bowyers
and fletchers."-- Ascam: Toxophilus.
3. Bowyer's mustard : [A corruption of
Boor's Mustard.] A plant, Thlaspi arvense.
The Bowyers were formerly one of the
London City Companies.
B. As adjective :
1. Of a single person : Skilled in archery.
“Call for vengeance from the bowyer king."
Dryden.
2. Of aggregations of persons : Consisting of
archers.
. When, with his Norman bowyer band,
He came to waste Northumberland.”
Scott : Marmion, ii. 15.
box (1), v.t. & i. [In Icel. byxa ; Dut. boksen.
Skeat considers this to be from Dan. baske=
to beat, strike, or cudgel; Sw. basa = to
baste, to whip, to beat, to flay, to lash. He
considers it another form of pash.] [Box (1),
S., BASTE, PASH.]
A. Transitive. Of persons : To strike with
the clenched fist.
“ Cleopatra was in such a rage with him, that she
flew upon him, and took him by the hair of the head,
and boxed him well-favouredly."-North : Plutarch,
p. 783. (Richardson.)
B. Intransitive :
1. Of persons : To engage in a pugilistic en-
counter.
" And tells them, as he strokes their silver locks,
That they must soon learn Latin, and to box.
Cowper : Tirocinium.
2. Of animals : To strike with the paw.
"A leopard is like a cat; he boxes with his forefeet,
as a cat doth her kitlins." -Grew.
box (2), v.t. [From box (2), s. (q.v.).]
1. To enclose in a box.
2. To enclose or confine in anything box-
box (2) * boxe (2), s. & d. [A.S. bux, box=
the box-tree (Somner); Dut. boks ; Ger. buchs;
Lat. buxus, buxum ; Gr. Túéos (puxos) = the
box-tree, spec. the pale evergreen species. ]
A. As substantive :
1. Ord. Lang. & Bot.: The English name of
Buxus, a genus of plants belonging to the
order Euphorbiaceæ (Spurgeworts). The com-
mon box-tree is Buxus sempervirens. In its
wild state it is a small tree, which may still
occasionally be seen growing on dry, chalky
hills in the south of England. It occurs also
on the European continent, in Asia, and even
in America. It is an evergreen. A dwarf
variety of the box is used as an edging in
gardens. The leaves of the box are said to be
poisonous to the camels which eat them; the
seeds have been used in intermittent fevers
and some other diseases. (Buxus.]
2. Ichthyol. : A fish of the family Sparidæ.
(1) Bastard box: A Milkwort, Polygala
chamãebuxus.
(2) Dwarf box: The small variety of the
box used for edgings in gardens. (Lyte.)
(3) Grey box: The name given in the Aus-
tralian colony of Victoria to a Myrtaceous
plant, Eucalyptus dealbata.
(4) Ground box: The same as DWARF Box
(q.v.).
(5) Prickly box: An abnormal liliaceous
plant, Ruscus aculeatus. It grows in Epping
Forest.
(6) Red box: The name given in New South
Wales to Lophostemon australis.
(7) Spurious box: The name given in Victo-
ria to Eucalyptus leucoxylon. (See also Queens-
land and Tasmanian.)
B. As adjective : Consisting of box, made of
box, resembling box.
box-elder, box elder, s. The English
name of Negundiuni, a genus of plants belong-
ing to the order Aceracea (Maples). It re-
sembles Acer, but has pinnate leaves. The
Ash-leaved Box-elder, Negundium america-
num, rises to the height of thirty-five feet,
and is an ornamental tree.
· box-holly, box holly, s. A name for
Ruscus aculeatus. [PRICKLY Box.]
box-slip, s.
Carpenter's tools: A slip of box inlaid in the
beechwood of a tongueing, grooving, or mould-
ing plane, in order that the edge or the quirk
may possess greater durability. The edges
and quirks are rabbets or projections, which
act as fences or gages for depth or distance.
(Knight.)
box-thorn, s. The English name of
Lycium, a genus of Solanaceæ (Nightshades).
They are ornamental plants. The willow-
leaved species, Lycium barbarum, so called
because it comes from Barbary, is valuable
for covering naked walls or arbours. The
European box-thorn, L. europæum, which is
spiny, is used as a hedge-plant in Tuscany.
The small shoots are said to be eaten in Spain
with oil and vinegar.
box-tree, * box-tre, s. The same as
Box (2), A. (q.v.).
"On a tall box-tree spyd the god of love." .
Fawkes : Bion, Idyl. 2.
box (3), * boxe (3), * boyste, s. & a. [A.S. box
= a box, a small case or vessel with a cover ;
Dut. bus = a box, an urn, the bowel of a gun;
(N.H.) Ger, büchse; M. H. Ger. bühse; O. H.
Ger. buhsa, puhsa; Low Lat. buis; Class.
Lat. pušis, pycis; Gr. vśís (quais) = a box of
boxwood, or a box in general.] [Pyx.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
- 1. Lit. : A case made of wood, card-board,
metal, ivory, or any other material, and
generally provided with a lock. It is used to
hold articles securely and in order, and keep
them from dust.
(1) Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
“Box or boyste.”—Prompt. Parv.
“ About his shelves
A beggarly account of empty boxes."
Shakesp. Rom. & Jul., v. 1.
T For boxes of various kinds, see ballot-box,
hat-box, &c.
(2) Specially :
(a) A case or receptacle into which money
is put ; more fully called a money-box.
“So many moe, so everie one was used,
That to give largely to the boxe refused."
Spenser : Mother Hubberds Tale, 1223-4.
(6) The case in which a mariner's compass is
protected from injury.
2. Figuratively :
+(1) Gen. : A small house. (Somewhat con-
temptuously.)
“Tight boxes neatly sash and in a blaze
With all a July sun's collected rays."
Cowper: Retirement.
(2) Spec. (Shooting-box, Hunting-box, Fishing-
bow): A small house to be occupied during
the shooting, hunting, or fishing season.
3. In Theatres, Opera-houses, &c. :
(1) Originally :
(a) Sing. : A space partitioned off and hold-
ing a certain number of sitters. It is still
used in the same sense in the expressions
private-box, opera-box, stage-box.
(6) Plur.: The aggregate of the partitioned
off spaces described under (a).
"She glares in balls, front boxes, and the ring ;
A vain, unquiet, glittering, wretched thing."
Pope: Epist. to Mrs. Blount, 53.
(c) The occupants of the portion of a theatre
described under (a).
“'Tis left to you : the boxes and the pit
Are sovereign judges of this sort of wit.” Dryden.
(2) Now: A part of a theatre which they
occupy, or even a part of a theatre in which
the seats are not partitioned off.
II. Technically :
1. Machinery:
(1) A journal-bearing. It usually consists
of two brasses with semi-cylindrical grooves ;
one piece rests upon the journal, which lies
in the other piece. [CAB-AXLE, PILLOW-STOCK.]
(Knight.)
(2) A chamber in which a valve works.
(3) [STUFFING-BOX.]
2. Hydraulics :
(1) A pump-bucket; a hollow plunger with
a lifting-valve,
(2) The upper part of a pump-stock.
3. Locksmithing: The socket on a door-jamb
which receives the bolt.
4. Drainage : A drain with a rectangular
section.
5. Tree-tapping : A square notch cut into a
sugar-tree to start and catch the sugar-water
(in the Western States of America), or the sap
(in the Eastern). It is considered more
wasteful of the timber than tapping with the
gouge or the auger (Knight.)
6. Weaving :
(1) The pulley-case of a draw-loom on which
rest the small rollers for conducting the tail-
cords.
(2) The receptacle for the shuttle at the end
of the shed.
7. Printing : A compartment in a “case"
appropriated to a certain letter.
8. Founding: A flask or frame for sand-
moulding
9. Vehicles :
(1) The iron bushing of a nave or hub.
(2) The driving-seat of a coach or close
carriage ; also called box-seat.
10. Vice-making : The hollow screw-socket
of a bench-vice.
B. As adjective : Pertaining to, consisting
of, or resembling a box in any of the above
senses.
Box and tap (Machinery): A device for cut-
ting wood screws for carpenters' benches,
clamps, or bedstead-rails.
box-beam, s.
Metal-working : A beam of iron plates secured
by angle-iron, and having a double web forming
a cell. [GIRDER.]
box-bed, s.
1. A bed, in which the want of roof, curtains,
&c., is entirely supplied by wood. It is en-
closed on sides except in front, where two
sliding panels are used as doors. (Scotch.)
(Jamieson.)
“Their long course ended, by Norma drawing aside a
sliding pannel, which, opening behid a wooden, or
box-bed, as it is called in Scotland, adınitted thein into
an ancient, but very mean apartment."-Scott: The
Pirate, ch. xxxviii.
like.
" Box'd in a chair, the beau impatient sits.
While spouts run clatt'ring o'er the roof by fits."
Swift.
3. To furnish with boxes ; as, "to box a
wheel.”
4. To wainscot, to pannel with wood.
(Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
T (1To box a tree : To make an incision
into it with the view of obtaining its sap.
(2) To box off : To divide into tight com-
partments.
box (3), v.t. [From Sp. boxar = to compass
about.]
Nautical :
1. To turn the head of a vessel to larboard
or starboard by bracing the headyards aback.
2. To name all round. (Only in the phrase
which follows.)
I To box the compass : To name the points
of the compass in their order all round.
box (1), * boxe (1), s. [From box (1), v. (q.v.).
In Dan. bask = a stripe, a blow ; Sw. bas =
a whipping, a beating, a flogging.] [Box (1).]
A blow given with the hand. (Much used
formerly in the phrase, “box of the ear; ”
now, “box on the ear" is the expression em-
ployed.)
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
42
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, sion=shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhún. -cious, -tious, -sious = shủs. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

658
boxed-boy
2. A bed resembling a scrutoir or chest of animal can withdraw the head and limbs with side of a window, into which boxed-shutters
drawers, in which the canvass and bed-clothes in its box-like shell.]
are folded.
are folded up during the day. It is called also
Zool. : A land turtle.
a bureau-bed. (Scotch.)
Boxing-day, Boxing Day, s. The
box-turning, a. Turning, or designed
26th of December, the day after Christmas,
box-car, s.
to turn anything.
unless when Christmas falls on Saturday, in
Railroad Engineering : A closed car intended Box-turning Machine, s. :
which case Boxing-day is on Monday and not
on Sunday. Thus, in 1880, it was on Monday.
for freight.
Turnery: A lathe specifically adapted for
Boxing-day is so called because on that day,
box-coupling, s. A metal collar or turning wooden boxes and lids, for matches,
in London and elsewhere, every person of
small box used to connect two pieces of ma-
spices, or other matters. Such lathes have
respectable position is applied to by postmen,
chinery. (Rossiter.)
convenient chucks, rests for the side-turning
newspaper-boys, errand-boys, tradesmen, and
and for the bottoming tool which gives the
box-days, s. pl.
others with whom he may have had dealings
flat bottom.
during the year, for “ Christmas-boxes,” that
Scots Law:Two days appointed by the judges
is, small Christmas gratuities in acknowledg-
of the Court of Session during the spring boxed (1), pa. par. [Box (1), v.]
ment of any services which they may have
vacation, two during the summer, and one at
rendered, beyond those which he was entitled
boxed (2), pa. par. & a. [Box (2), v.]
Christmas, for the lodgment of papers ap-
to claim, or any care they may have shown
pointed by the Lord Ordinary in the previous boxed-shutter, s. A shutter which
in doing their ordinary duty.
session to be deposited in the Court.
folds into boxes on the side of the opening
"The Zoological Gardens had a larger number of
box-drain, s.
or in the interior face of the wall. (Ogilvie.)
visitors yesterday than they have ever received on
Boxing-day.”—Times, Dec. 28, 1880.
Hydraulic Engineering: An underground *box-en, d. [A.S. busen.]
drain built of brick and stone, and of a rect-
Boxing-night, Boxing Night, s. The
1. Of box; consisting naturally of box.
night succeeding "Boxing-day,” the night in
angular section.
“ An arbour near at hand of thickest yew,
most years of the 26th of December. It is
box-frame, s.
With many a boxen bush, close clipt between."
Cowper : Arite Thelyphthora.
the special night at English theatres for the
Carpentry: A casing behind the window 2. Made of box. :
production of the Christmas pantoniimes.
jamb for counterbalance-weights.
“As lads and lasses stood around,
* box-um, * boxome, a. (Buxom.]
To hear my boxen hautboy sound.” Gay.
box-girder, s.
3. Resembling box.
* box-um-ly, adv. [BUXOMLY.) (William of
Arch. : An iron beam made of boiler-plate,
“Her faded cheeks are chang'd to boxen hue."
Palerne, 332.)
the four sides riveted to angle-iron.
Dryden.
box-iron, s. A hollow smoothing-iron, box'-er (1), s. [Eng. box; -er. In Dut. bokser.]
* box-um-nes, s. [BUXOMNESS.]
heated by a hot iron within,
One who boxes; one who fights with his
box'-wood, s. & a. [Eng. box (2), S., and
fists.
box-keeper, s. The attendant in a
wood.]
“ Thrice with an arm, which might have made
theatre who admits to the boxes.
The Theban boxer curse his trade."
A. As substantive : The wood of the box-
Churchill: The Ghost, b. iv. tree. It is very hard and smooth, and is not
box-key, S. An upright key used for
box'-ēr (2), s. [From Col. Boxer, R. A., Superin liable to warp; hence it is used extensively
turning the nuts of large bolts, or where the
by turners, engravers, carvers, flute-makers,
tendent of the Laboratory at Woolwich Ar-
common spanner cannot be applied.
senal, who invented the diaphragm shrapnel
cabinet-makers, &c.
box-lobby, s. The lobby leading to the
in 1852.] [DIAPHRAGM SHRAPNEL.]
(1) American boxwood: A plant, Cornus
boxes in a theatre.
boxer-shrapnel, s.
florida.
box-lock, s.
Ordnance : Ashrapnel as modified by the
(2) Jamaica boxwood : Tecoma pentaphylla,
Locksmithing: A rim-lock fastened to the
successive improvements made on it by Col. B. As adjective: Made of boxwood; resem-
side of a door without mortising.
Boxer, the shrapnel-shell for breech-loading
bling boxwood.
box-making, a. Making or designed to
and muzzle-loading guns.
boy (1), * boye, * boie, s, & a. [From E. Fries,
make a box.
“In firing the subsequent twelve rounds of boxer boi, boy = a boy ; 0. Dut, boef = a boy (Mod.
shrapnel their destructive effect was fully shown,
Box-making Machine, s.
especially upon two targets, which were nearly de-
Dut. boef = a knave, a rogue, a convict); Icel.
Machinery: A machine in which the bottom,
stroyed."-Times, Aug. 26th, 1875.
bófi = a knave, a rogue; (N. H.) Ger. bube=
side, and end pieces are set in place and their box'-hâul, v.t. [From box and haul.
a boy, a lad ; M. H. Ger. buobe, púbe; Lat.
(So
nails driven by advancing punches, which sink called because, in carrying out the evolution,
pupus= a boy, a child. Cf. Sw. pojke=a boy ;
them into place. (Knight.)
Dan, poj = a smutty boy. Cf. also Arm. bugel,
the head yards are braced aback.)]
bugul = a child, a boy ; Gael. bucach = a boy ;
box-metal, s. An alloy of metals used
GoNaut.: To make a ship wear or veer short
Wel. bachgen ; Pers. batch ; Hindust. bachcha
for bearings. It consists of copper, 32; tin,
round on the other tack.
= a child.] [PUPIL.]
5. Strubing's box metal is of zinc, 75; tin, box'-hâul-¡ng, pr. par. & s. BUXHAUL.]
A. As substantive:
18; lead, 4.5 ; antimony, 2.5.
Naut. : The art or method of making a I. Ordinary Language :
box-opener, s.
vessel change from one tack to the other 1. A male child from birth to the age of
1. Ord. Lang. : A person who opens boxes. by bracing the yards aback.
puberty, especially if he has passed beyond
2. Carp. : A tool with a forked claw and a
the age of infancy; a lad.
box'-ing (1), pr. par., A., & s. [Box (1), v.]
hammer-head, for tearing open boxes by lifting
(1) Gen.: In the foregoing sense.
A. & B. As. pr. par. & particip. adj. : (See
their lids, drawing nails, &c. Some combi-
“And the streets of the city shall be full of boys and
nation tools have also a pincher and screw-
the verb.)
girls playing in the streets thereof."-Zech. viii. 5.
driver.
C. As substantive : The act of fighting with (2) Spec. : A page, a young servant. (Often
the fists.
in a somewhat unfavourable sense.)
box-plaiting, s. A device to fold cloth
boxing-match, s. A match between
“'Mong boys, grooms, and lackeys.”
alternately. The fold is so formed, that it is
Shakesp. : Hen. VIII., v. 2.
two persons who fight each other with fists.
caught and secured by the needle-thread, and
2. The term is sometimes used of a man.
the material is moved along by the feed for a box'-ing (2), pr. par., A., & s. [Box (2), v.] (Common in Ireland.)
new plait.
A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj. : (See
“And rent on rode with boyez bolde."
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris) ; Pearl, 808.
box-scraper, s.
the verb.)
(1) In affectionate familiarity. Thus sea-
Carp.: A tool for erasing names from boxes.
C. As substantive :
men are often addressed by their captain, or
It is a mere scraper with an edge presented I. Ordinary Language :
soldiers by their leader when going into
obliquely, or, as in the example, works aiter
1. The act of enclosing in a box, or con action, as “boys.”
the manner of a spoke-shave.
fining in any way.
“Then to sea, boys, ..."-Shakesp. : Tempest, ii. 2.
box-setter, s.
* 2. The act of cupping a patient.
(2) In contempt for a young man, the term
Wheelwrighting: A device for setting axle “Boxing or cupping, ..."-Castell of Health, 1595.
being intended to reflect upon his immaturity
(Halliweli : Contrib. to Lexicog.)
of character or of judgment.
boxes in hubs so as to be perfectly true.
II. Technically :
“Auf. Name not the god, thou boy of tears!
Cor.
Boy ! 0 slave!
box-sextant, s.
1. Joinery: The casing of a window-frame
Boy ! false hound !
Mathem. Instruments : A small sextant in into which inside shutters fold.
If you have writ your annals true, 'tis there
That, like an eagle in a dove-cote, I
closed in a circular frame. Used principally 2. Shipwrighting : The scarf-joint uniting
Flutter'd your Volscians in Corioli.
for triangulating in military reconnaissance, the stem with the keel.
Alone I did it. Boy !"
&c.
Shakesp. : Coriol., v. 6.
3. Carpentry:
"Men of worth and parts will not easily admit the
box-slaters, s. pl.
(1) Wainscotting. (Scotch.) (Sir J. Sinclair.) familiarity of boys, who yet need the care of a tutor."
Ord. Lang. & Zool. : An English name for
-Locke.
(2) The fitting of the shoulder of a tenon
Idothea, a genus of Isopodous crustaceans. in the surface of the timber, which is mor-
II. In special expressions or phrases, such as-
(Nicholson.)
tised for the reception of the tenon.
(1) Angry boy: The same as ROARING BOY
4. Tree-tapping : A mode of cutting a deep
box-staple, s.
(q.v.).
Carp.: The box or keeper on a door-post,
“Sir, not so young, but I have heard some speech
and hollow notch into sugar or pine trees to
Of the angry boys, and seen 'em take tobacco.”
into which is shot the bolt of a lock.
catch the flow. The notch differs in the re-
Ben Jonson : Alchem., iii. 4.
spective cases, but in each a piece is boxed
(2) Roaring boy: One of a set of lawless
box-strap, s.
out, and the process thus differs from the
young men who, during the reign of James I.,
Machinery : A flat bar, bent at the middle,
boring or tapping of the maple and from the
took a pleasure in committing street outrages,
to confine a square bolt or similar object.
hacking of the pine.
like the Mohawks of a somewhat later time.
Pl. (boxings). Boxings of a window : Two | They were called also angry boys, terrible boys,
box-tortoise, s. [So named because the 1 cases, one at the right, the other at the left | angry roarers, &c.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cūr, rûle, full; trý, Sýrian. æ, =ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

boy-brabejum
659
“The king minding his sports, many riotous de-
meanours crept into the kingdom; divers sects of
vicious persons, going under the title of roaring boys,
bravadoes, roysters, &c., commit many insolencies." -
Wilson : Life of Jas. I. (Nares.)
(3) Terrible boy: The same as ROARING BOY
(q.v.).
"The doubtfulness of your phrase, believe it, sir,
would breed you a quarrel once an hour with the ter-
rible boys."-Ben Jonson: Epicæne, i. 4.
(4) Boy's Mercury : The female plant of
Mercurialis annua.
B. As adjective: Being a boy ; in any way
pertaining or relating to a boy.
"The pale boy senator yet tingling stands."
Pope: Dunciad, iv. 147.
boy-bishop, s.
Ecclesiol.: A very youthful functionary in
the Mediæval Church, chosen in some, if not
in all, cathedrals on the 6th of December (St.
Nicholas's-day), and retaining office till Inno-
cent's-day, the 28th of the same month. St.
Nicholas was said to have been deeply pious,
even from infancy. He was therefore,
held up as a model for imitation by boys.
The boy-bishop elected on his day was chosen
by the suffrages of children. Once appointed,
he had to “hold up the state of a bishop
answerably, with a crozier or pastoral-staff
in his hand and a miter upon his head." He
was attended by a dean and prebendaries, also
children. Puttenham describes him as “a
bishop who goeth about blessing and preach-
ing with such childish terms as maketh the
people laugh at his foolish counterfeit
speeches." He was called also a barne-bishop.
(Old Eng. barne is the same as the Scotch
bairn, meaning a child.) [NICK.]
* boy-blind, a. Blind as a boy, undis-
cerning.
“Put case he could be so boy-blind and foolish.”
Beaum. & Flet.: Love's Pilgrimage.
boy's play, * boyes-play,s. Play such
as boys engage in, trifling.
“You shall find no boy's play here."
Shakesp. : 1 Henry IV., v. 4.
* boy (2), s. [Bow.) A bow. (Chevy Chase, 60.)
bov, v.t. (?). [From boy, s. (q.v.). 7 To act as
a boy in allusion to the practice of employing
boys to act the parts of women on the early
English stage (?). Founded only on the sub-
joined example.
“Cleop. Our Alexandrian revels; Antony
Shall be brought drunken forth, and I shall see
Some squeaking Cleopatra boy my greatness
l' the posture of.”
Shakesp. : Antony & Cleop., v. 2.
Dr. Alexander Schmidt, in his Shakes-
peare Lexicon, considers boy in the foregoing
example a noun. He writes the line thus-
"I shall see some squeaking Cleopatra-boy my
greatness."
giving this explanation, “I shall see some
boy performing the part of Cleopatra as my
highness."
*boy'-age (age as íg), s. [Eng. boy; -age.]
Youth, boyhood.
boy'-ar, boi'-ar, s. [Russ. bojarin; 0. Slav.
boljarin, boljar = a nobleman; from bolli =
great, illustrious (Mahn).]
In Russia: A Russianl nobleman, a person
of rank, a soldier; what in the west would be
called a baron.
boy-au (au as ), s. (Fr. boydu =(1) a gut,
(2) a narrow house, an apartment, (3) see def.]
Fortif.: A trench of zigzag form, to avoid
an enfilading fire, leading from one parallel of
attack to another, or to a magazine or other
point. Such trenches are often called boyaus
of communication.
Boy'-cott, v.t. [Named from Captain Boycott,
of Lough Mask House, in Mayo, land agent
in 1880 to Lord Erne, an Irish nobleman.
The former gentleman having given offence
about agrarian matters to the people among
whoin he lived, during the land-agitation of
1880–81, no one would gather in his crops. The
case being reported in the Press, about sixty
Orangemen, belonging to the north of Ireland,
each man carrying a revolver, organised them-
selves into a " Boycott relief expedition," as if
the captain had been a beleagured British
camp in Afghanistan or Zululand. The
Government gave them a strong escort of
cavalry, besides foot-soldiers and constabu-
lary, artillery also being added on the return
journey. The crops were gathered in and
sent away, and the captain himself brought
off to a region of greater security.]
In Ireland during agrarian excitement : To
“Or must his boyship prey
On all our seniorities ?"
put a person outside the pale of the society,
Beaumont : Psyche, 1. 85.
high and low, amid which he lives, and on
* boyste, s. [BoIST.]
which he depends ; socially to outlaw him, to
have no dealings of any kind with him, if not *boy'-ston, v.t. [O. Eng., from boist. ]
even to threaten violence or death to any one 0. Med. : To use a cupping-glass. [BLE-
who disregards the unchristian and tyrannical DYNGE BOYSTE.]
edict.
“Böyston. Scaro, ventoso.”—Prompt. Parv.
“They advise that men who pay full rents shall be
Boycotted : nobody is to work for them, nobody is to *boys-toŭs, * bous-tous, * boystoyse
sell them anything, nobody is to buy anything of
them."-Scotsman, Dec. 4, 1880.
a. [BOISTOUS.]
Boy'-cott, s. & d. [From Capt. Boycott.]
*boy'-stoŭs-nesse, * boys-towes-nesse,
BOYCOTT, v.]
S. [BOISTOUSNESS.]
A. As substantive :
“ Boystowesnesse (boystousnesse, P.). Ruditas."-
Prompt. Parv.
1. The land-agent mentioned in the etym.
of Boycott, v. (q.v.).
* boys-tows, a. [BOISTOUS.]
2. The act of “Boycotting.” [BOYCOTTING.]
“Boystows. Rudis.”—Prompt. Parv.
“They also do not feel warranted in regarding the
* boystows garment, s. A cloak for
threat of Boycott as one which comes within the rainy weather.
Act, as it does not refer to violence.”—Times, Dec. 9,
1880; Ireland : The Land Agitation.
“Boystows garment : Birrus."--Prompt. Parv.
B. As adjective: Pertaining to Captain Boy *boys'-troŭs, a. [BOISTEROUS.]
cott, or arising out of the Boycott case.
Of a club : Rough, rude.
"The Boycott police-tax will be levied ..."-Echo,
Nov. 25, 1880.
“His boystrous club, so buried in the grownd."
Spenser : F. ., I. viii. 10.
Boy'-cot-těd, pa. par. & a. [BOYCOTT, v.] * boy-ul, s. [BOTHUL.]
"Boyul or bothul, herbe or cowslope (bothil, H.,
Boy'-cot-tēr, s. [From Eng. proper name boyl, Þ.). Vaccinia, c. F., menelaca, marciana, C.
Boycott, and suffix -er.] One who takes part
F."-Prompt. Parv.
with others in putting another outside the *boz-zom, * boz-zum, s. [Eng. bosom (?).]
pale of all society.
A name for two allied plants.
“The Boycotters have obtained a victory.”—Times,
Dec. 16, 1880; Ireland.
1. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum.
2. Yellow bozzum (Chrysanthemum segetum).
Boy'-cot-ting, pr. par. & s. [BOYCOTT, v.]
A. As pr. par. : (See the verb.)
Bp. An abbreviation for Bishop.
B. As subst. : The act of socially outlawing Br.
one. [BOYCOTT, v.]
Chem. : The symbol formed (from the two
“The system of Boycotting is carried out more ex initial letters of the word) for the element
tensively in the country.”—T'imes, Dec. 15, 1880. (The
Land Agitation : Ireland.)
Bromine.
Boy'-cot-tışm, s. [Eng. proper name Boycott; * brā, v.i. [BRAY.] (0. Scotch.)
-ism.] The plan of operations carried on * brā, s. [BRAE.] (0. Scotch.)
against Captain Boycott. [BOYCOTT, v.]
“The latest victim of Boycottism is Mrs. : : : who * bra--syd, s. [BRAE-SIDE.)
refused to accept rents from her tenants at Griffitli's
valuation."-Echo, Dec. 7, 1880: The State of Ireland.
* bra, a. [BRAW.] (0. Scotch.)
* boy'-de-kỳn, s. [BODKIN.) (Chaucer : C. T.,
* brăb'-ble, v.i. . [From Dut. brabbelen = to
3,958.)
sputter, to speak hastily.) To quarrel, to
bo-yer, s. [Fr. boyer ; Dut. boeijer; Ger.
wrangle.
“This is not a place
bojer; from boje = a buoy, which these vessels
To brabble in; Calianax, join hands."
were used for laying.] [Buoy.]
Beaum. & Fl. : Maid's Tragedy.
Naut.: A Flemish sloop with a castle at
* brăb'-ble, s. [From brabble, v. (q.v.).] A
each end.
quarrel, a clamorous dispute, a wrangle, a
* boy'-ēr-ý, s. [From Eng. boy; -ery.] Boy broil.
hood.
“Here in the streets, desperate of shame and state,
In private brabble did we apprehend him."
"They called the children that were past infancy
Shakesp. : Twelfth Night, v. 1.
two years, Irene: and the greatest boyes, Melirenes :
as who would say, ready to go out of boyery. The boy
* brăb'-ble-ment, s. [Eng. brabble ; -ment.)
who was made overseer of them was commonly twenty
years of age."-North : Plutarch, p. 42.
A noisy dispute, a quarrel, a broil. [BRABBLE,
* Probably not intended by North for per s.]
manency in the English tongue.
"... or make report of a quarrell and brablement
between him and another, ..."-Holland : Plutarch,
p. 44.
boy'-hood, s. [From boy, and suffix -hood.]
The state of being a boy; the time of life at * brăbi-blẽr, s. [Eng. Drabble); -er.] A quar-
which one is appropriately called a boy.
relsome, noisy fellow.
| Johnson, quoting an example from Swift,
“We hold our time too precious to be spent
With such a brabbler.
says, “This is, perhaps, an arbitrary word.”
Shakesp.: King John, v. 2.
It is now firmly rooted in the language.
1 * brăb'-bling, * brăb'-lyng, pr. par., a., &
* boy-is, s. pl. [In O. Fr. buie= a fetter; Ital.
S. [BRABBLE, v.]
boia.] Gyves.
A. & B. As present participle & particip. adj.:
“In prresoune, fetterd with boyis sittand."
Barbour: The Bruce, x. 763.
In senses corresponding to those of the verb.
“If brabbling Makefray, at each fair and 'size,
bov'-ỉsh, a. [Eng. boy; -ish.] Characteristic
Picks quarrels for to shew his valiantize."
of a boy; suitable to a boy; puerile, trifling.
Bp. Hall: Satires, iv. 4.
“Is his a boyish fault, that you should deem
C. As substantive: The act of engaging in
A whiping, meet and ample punishment."
noisy wrangling; a quarrel, a broil.
Beaumont : Psyche, c. 13, s. 239.
“I omit their brabblings and blasphemies."
boy-ish-ly, adv. [Eng. boyish ; -ly.] In a
Sir J. Harington: Treatise on Play, about 1597.
boyish manner; as a boy is accustomed to do.
* brắb-bling-lý, * brăb-lăng-lý, ado.
(Johnson.)
[Eng. brabbling; -ly.] In a brabbling man-
boy'-ish-ness, s. [Eng. boyish; -ness.] The
ner; quarrelsomely, contentiously.
quality of being boyish; the behaviour of a
“... yet we wil deale herein neither bitterly nor
brablingly, nor yet be carried away with anger &
boy, puerility. (Johnson.)
heate: though he ought to be reckened neither bitter,
nor brabler yt speaketh ye truth."-Jewell: Defence of
* boy'-ışm, s. [Eng. boy; -ism.] Puerility. the Apologie, p. 44...
"He had complained he was farther of, by being so
near, and a thousand such boyisms, which Chaucer bra-bēP-jům, bra-bē'-1-úm, s. [In Fr.
rejected as below the subject."-Dryden.
brabei ; Port. brabyla; Gr. Bpaßciov (brabeion)
t boy-kin, s. [Eng. boy; and dim. suff. -kin]
= a prize in the Grecian games, which the
A little boy. (Used as a term of affection.)
elegant racemes of flowers are worthy to have
been.]
"Where's my boykin ?"
Brome: New Academy, i. 1. Bot. : African Almond, a genus of plants
Boyle's law. [LAW.]
belonging to the order Proteaceæ (Proteads).
Brabejum stellatum, the common African Al-
+ boy'-shịp, s. [Eng. boy; and suffix -ship.] mond, is a tree, about fifteen feet high, from
A dignified title of mock respect for a boy. - the Cape of Good Hope. The colonists call
boll, boy; pout, jówl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shún; -ţion, -şion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -ple, &c. = bęl, pel.

660
bracc-bracelet
the seeds wild chestnuts.
eat them.
They roast and
* bracc, * brac, s. [A.S. gebrcec; O. Icel.
brak; O. H. Ger. gebreh.] A breaking, crash-
ing, a noise thence resulting, or simply a
noise. (Ormulum, 1,178.)
6. Boring-tools : A revolving tool-holder,
one end of which is a swiveled head or shield,
which rests in the hand or against the chest
of the operator; at the other end is a socket
to hold the tool. Called also a stock, more
particularly in metal-working. The various
kinds of brace in this sense are the angle-
brace, which is a corner-drill, the crank-brace,
the hand-brace, and the lever-brace. They
may be held in the hand or made to act by
machinery.
7. Vehicles :
(1) An iron strap passing from the head-
block, behind and below the axle, and forward
to another portion of the running-gear.
(2) A jointed bar by which the bows of a
carriage-top are kept asunder, to distend the
carriage-top cover.
(3) A thick strap by which a carriage-body
is suspended from C-springs.
8. Printing :
(1) A printer's sign; a crooked line con-
necting several words or lines. In poetry a
triplet is occasionally so marked. Johnson
gives the following instance-
“Charge Venus to command her son,
Wherever else she lets him rove,
To shun my house, and field, and grove:
Peace cannot dwell with hate or love." S Prior.
(2) The stays of a printing-press, which
serve to keep it steady in its position.
9. Mining : The mouth of a shaft.
B. As adjective : Pertaining to a brace in
any of the foregoing senses.
“In truth to brace anew the nerves of that paralysed
body would have been a hard task even for Ximenes."
-Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xix.
II. Technically:
1. Carpentry, Joinery, &c. : To affix "braces"
to beams; to hold them together, or support
them.
2. Naut. (of the yards) : To move around by
means of braces.
“Then the yards were braced, and all sails set to the
west-wind.”
Longfellow : Courtship of Miles Standish, v.
(1) To brace about : To turn the yards
round with the view of sailing on the contrary
tack.
(2) To brace in: To haul in the weather
braces, so as to bring the yard more athwart
ship.
(3) To brace sharp: To cause the yards to
have the smallest possible angle with the keel.
(4) To brace to : To check or ease off the
lee braces, and round in the weather ones, to
assist in tacking.
(5) To brace up: To haul
in the lee braces, so as to
bring the yard nearer the
direction of the keel.
brace-drill, s.
Metal. : A boring-tool shaped like a brace,
the rotation being communicated by the revo-
lution of the handle.
brāçed, pa. par. & a.
[BRACE, v.]
I. Ord. Lang. : (See the
verb.)
BRACED.
II. Her. : Interlaced.
brāçe'-lět (1), s. [In Sp. brazalete; Port.
bracelete ; Ital. braccialetto ; all from Fr.
bracelet, properly brachelet ; dimin. of 0. Fr.
brachile (Kelham); Low Lat. brachile = an
arnilet, from brachium = the arm.] [BRACES,
BRACHIAL.]
I. Ordinary Language :
*1. A piece of defensive armour for the arm.
(Johnson.) A "bracer." [BRACER.]
brace-pendant, s.
Naut. : A short pendant from the yard-
arms, to hold the brace-block.
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN BRACELETS.
brăc'-cāte, a. [From Lat. braccatus, bracatus
= wearing trowsers.]
Ornith. : Furnished with feathers, which
conceal the feet.
brāçe, s. & a. [In Fr. brace, brasse = a fathom;
brus= an arm ; brace = an arm, as of the sea;
a lance (Kelham); Prov. brassa, also brasse,
brase, braise, brache = an armful, an embrace,
a fathom; Sp. & Port. braza = a fathom;
Lat. brachia=the two arms extended; bra-
chium = an arm.]
A. As substantive:
I. Ordinary Language :
* 1. An arm of the sea.
“The brace of Seynt George that is an arm of the
see.”-Maundeville, p. 126.
* 2. A measure of length, perhaps a
fathom.
“A tombe of speckled stone a brace and a half
high."-Hakluyt : Voyages, ii. 211.
3. That which supports anything, or holds
it tightly together.
"Brace, or (of, P.) a balke. Uncus, loramentum,
C. F."-Prompt. Parv.
(1) Any armlike support of a material struc-
ture, [CLASP.]
(2) A cord or ligament keeping anything in
a state of tension, or preventing anything
from slipping down.
(a) Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
“The little bones of the ear-drum do in straining
and relaxing it, as the braces of the war-drum do in
that."-Derham.
(6) Spec. (pl.): Two straps to keep trowsers
up; suspenders, "gallowses.”
*4. That which defends any person or thing,
armour. Spec., for the arms.
“Keep it, my Pericles ; it hath been a shield
"Twixt me and death (and pointed to this brace)."
Shakesp. : Pericles, ii. 1.
5. A pair, referring primarily to the two
arms. [See etym.]
“Brace of howndys."-Prompt. Parv.
(1) The word is greatly used in this sense
by sportsmen when speaking of the number
of birds shot, in which case brace is used
either as singular or plural.
“He is said, this summer, to have shot with his
own hands, fifty brace of pheasants."-Addison.
(2) Sometimes employed of men, but then
contemptuously.
6. The state of being held tightly together;
tightness, tension.
“The most frequent cause of deafness is the laxness
of the tympanum, when it has lost its brace or ten-
sion.”-Holder.
7. The state of being defended as if by
armour; warlike preparation.
“So may he with more facile question bear it,
For that it stands not in such warlike brace.”
Shakesp. : Othello, i. 3.
II. Technically:
1. Carpentry :
(1) A diagonal stay or scantling, connecting
the horizontal and vertical members of a
truss or frame, to maintain them at a pre-
scribed angular relation.
(2) Pl. (braces): The timbers of a roof which
serve to strut” or prop the “backs" or
principal rafters into which the upper ends
are framed.
2. Cabinet-making: A stay for a trunk-lid
or similar duty.
3. Shipwrighting : One of the eye-bolts on
which the hooks of the rudder are secured ;
the gudgeons or googings.
4. Naut.: A rope passing from the end of
the yard to another mast, and serving to trim
the yards fore and aft.
5. Music:
(1) One of the cords of a drum by which
the heads are stretched.
(2) A vertical line, usually a
circumflex, coupling two or
more staves together, and de-
signed to indicate that the
music thus connected is to be
performed simultaneously by in-
struments, voices, or the two BRACE,
hands of one playing such an
instrument as the pianoforte, (Grove.)
body.
* brace-piece, s. The mantle-piece. (Sc.)
"... the shelf below the brazen sconce above the
brace-piece."-Ayrs. Legat., p. 283.
brāçe, * brā'-çin, * brā'-çýn, v.t. [From
brace, s. (q.v.); 0. Fr. bracier.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. Of things material : To make taut
or firm by braces.
"Bracyn, or sette streyte. Tendo."-Prompt. Parv.
(1) Of wooden beams or anything similar :
To support, to prop.
(2) Of defensive armour for the body: To
fasten tightly on; to make to embrace the
“Since he braced rebel's armour on.”
Scott: Lord of the Isles, iii. 5.
“But for helmets braced and serried spears !”
Hemans : Siege of Valencia.
(3) Of offensive weapons or equipment for the
body: To fasten on tightly.
“And some who spurs had first braced on.”
Scott: Lord of the Isles, vi. 21.
(4) Of a drum: To make tense ; to strain up.
"The tympanum is not capable of tension that way,
in such a manner as a drum is braced.”-Holder.
(5) Of the yards of a vessel. [II. 2., Naut.]
2. Figuratively :
* (1) Of a person or an animal : To embrace,
to encompass.
“For bigge Bulles of Basan brace hem about.”
Spenser : Shep. Cal., ix.
(2) Of a place personified. [Corresponding
to I., 1. (2).] To cause to embrace, to make
to surround, to place around.
“Mont Blanc is the monarch of mountains,
They crown'd him long ago,
On a throne of rocks, in a robe of clouds,
With a diadem of snow.
Around his waist are forests braced."
Byron : Manfred, i. 1.
(3) Of the nerves, or of the mind, as depending
on them. [Corresponding to I. 1 (3).] To
render tense, to impart vigour to. Used-
(a) Of the nerves.
“Ne were the goodly exercises spar'd,
That brace the nerves, or make the limbs alert.”
Thomson : Castle of Indolence, ii. 9.
(6) Of the mind as dependent on the nerves.
“And every moral feeling of his soul
Strengthen'd and braced, by breathing in content."
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. i.
"... more salutary bands which might perhaps
have braced his too delicately-constituted mind into
steadfastness and uprightness.” — Macaulay: Hist.
Eng. ch. xv.
(C) Yet more fig. : Of the "nerves" of a
government or other collective body.
2. An ornament for the wrist, generally
worn by ladies. It is distinguished from an
armlet, the latter, as its name implies, being
worn on the arm and not on the wrist.
“With bracelets of thy hair ..."-Shakesp. : Mid.
Night's Dream, i. 1.
“With amber bracelets, beads, and all this knavery."
-Isid.: Tam. of Shrew, iv. 3.
“Bugle bracelet, necklace amber.”—Ibid. : Winter's
Tale, iv. 4.
II. Technically:
1. Scripture :
(1) As worn by men :
(a) An armılet worn as the symbol of sove-
reign power. The Heb. word is 77793
(etsadhah), from 798 (tsaadh) = to ascend.
[ARMLET.]
"... and I took the crown that was upon his head,
and the bracelet [armlet] that was on his arm ..
2 Sam. i. 10.
(6) As the rendering of the Hebrew word
Seno (pathil), from mp (pathal) = to twist
together. Gesenius and others believe it to
mean a string by which a seal ring was
suspended.
“And she said, Thy signet, and thy bracelets ..."-
Gen. xxxviii. 18.
"... the signet, and bracelets, and staff."-Ibid., 25.
(2) As worn on the wrist by women for
ornament:
(a) The rendering of the Hebrew word Tiny
(tsamid), from Toy (tsamad) = to fasten, to
bind together.
"I put the earring upon her face, and the bracelets
upon her hands."--Gen, xxiv. 47.
"... bracelets, rings, earrings."-Numb. xxxi. 50.
“And I put bracelets upon thy hands ..."-Ezek.
xvi. 11.
(b) The rendering of the Hebrew word in
(Sherah) = a chain, from 779 (sharar) = to
twist, to twist together; to be strong.
“The chains, and the bracelets, and the mufflers." -
Isaiah iii. 9.
(c) The rendering of the Hebrew word in
(chhachh), which Gesenius thinks means in the
example a clasp, buckle, or pin for holding a
lady's dress together.
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hộr, thêre; pīne, pít, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; trý, Sýrian. æ, oe=ē; ey=ā. qu=kw.

bracelet-brachydiagonal
661
"... and brought bracelets, and earrings, and rings, the lower cervical nerves from which those of mollusc belonging to the class Brachiopoda
and tablets, all jewels of gold."- Exod. xxxv. 22.
the arm issue.
(q.v.).
2. Her. : The same as barrulet (q.v.).
2. Bot. : Measuring twenty-four inches long, ? The age of brachiopods : The Silurian
* brāçe'-lět (2), s. [From Low Lat. bracelus
or what is conventionally assumed to be the period.
= a hound [BRACHE], and -let, dimin. suffix.]
length of the arm. (Lindley.)
brăch-1-op'-o-doŭs, a. [Eng. brachiopodle);
A hound or beagle of the smaller or slower brăch'-1-ate, a. [From Lat. brachiatus =
kind. (Wharton.)
with arm-like branches ; brachium ; Gr. Bpa-
-ous.] [BRACHIOPODA.]
xiwv (brachion)= the arm.]
1. Having arm-like feet.
*brā'-çēr, * bra'-ser, s. [From brace, v.
Bot.: Presenting a certain resemblance to
2. Pertaining to the Brachiopoda.
(q.v.). In Sw. brassar. ]
the extended arms of a man ; that is, having
brăch'-1-um, s. [Lat., an arm, particularly
I. Ordinary Language :
horizontal branches standing forth nearly at
the forearm, from the hand to the elbow.
right angles to a stem, and which, moreover,
1. Gen. : That which braces anything up, a
In
bandage.
cross each other alternately; having opposite
Gr. Bpaxiwv (brachion). ]
Bot. : An ell, ulna, twenty-four inches, con-
branches decussate. (Lindley, &c.)
2. Spec. : A defence for the arm, a brassurt
sidered to be the average length of the arm in
(q.v.).
brach-in´-ì-dæ, s. pl. [From brachinus
men.
“ Thorowe bracer of browne stele and the bryghte (q.v.).]
inayles."
Morte Arthure, 4,247.
Entom. : A family of predatory beetles be-
Brach'-man (1) (ch silent), s. [BRAMIN.)
“Brasers burnyste boistet in sondrye."
Ibid., 1,859.
longing to the section Truncatipennes. It
II. Old Medicine:
contains the British genera Brachinus, Tarus,
Brach-man (2) (ch silent), s. [BRAHMAN.]
1. A cincture, a bandage.
Lamprias, Lebia, Dromius, &c.
brạch-y-cắt-a-léc-tic, S. [Lat brachg-
“When they affect the belly, they may be restrained brach-i'-nús, s. [From Gr. Bpaxúvw (bra-
catalecticum ; from Gr. Bpaxúkatánktós (bra-
by a brucer, without much trouble." - Wiseman.
chukatalēktos), as adj. = ending with a short
chuno) = to shorten.)
2. A medicine of constringent power.
syllable, short by a foot; Bpayús (brachus) =
Entom.: A genus of beetles, the typical one of short, and kata.NKT KÓS (katalēktikos)= leaving
brā'-çeş, s. pl. [BRACE, s.]
the family Brachinidæ (q.v.). The species have
off, stopping.) [CATALECTIC.]
their head and thorax comparatively narrow.
* brăch. * brache, s. [In Dut. brak; (N.H.)
Greek & Latin Prosody: A verse wanting a
Their chief peculiarity is a power which they
Ger. brack, brache; O. H. Ger. brueco; Fr.
foot; a verse wanting two syllables to com-
possess of expelling from their hinder ex-
braque = a brach, a setting dog, a setter; a
tremity a pungent acrid fluid with a loud
plete it.
blunderer, a giddy person ; Prov. brac; Sp. report. Hence Latreille called them Bombar brăch-y-çěph'-al-ic, a. [From Gr. Bpaxús
breco; Ital. & Low Lat. bracco = a setting diers, or Bombardier Beetles. About five
dog. Cf. Scotch rache = a dog that discovers
(brachus) = short, and kepadukos (kephalikos) =
species occur in Britain, Brachinus crepitans
and pursues his prey by the scent; Icel. racke
pertaining to the head; Kepalń (kephalē)=
being the most common. [BOMBARDIER.]
=a keen-scented dog.]
the head.
1. Originally: A bitch hound, a female
brạch-i-o-na'-a, s. [From brachionus (q.v.).] Anthropol. : Having a short head. The
hound.
Zool. : A family of animalcules belonging to
term was introduced by Retzius.
“There are in England and Scotland two kinds of the class Rotifera.
"... those [crania] exhumed from the Drift, and
belonging to the brachycephalic type.” – Darwin :
hunting dogs, and no where else in the world; the
first kind is called a rache, and this is a foot-scenting | brach-1-on-ús, s. [From Gr. Bpaxiwv (bra-
Descent of Man, vol. i. (1871), pt. i., ch. iv., p. 125.
creature both of wilde-beasts, birds, and fishes also
chion), genit. Bpaxiovos (brachionos) = an brich-v-º-phº-al-ỹ, S.
which lie hid among the rocks. The female hereof in
[From Gr. Board-
England is called a brache: a brache is a mannerly
arm.]
képados (brachukephalos) = (1) short head, (2) a
name for all hound-bitches.”—Gentleman's Recreation, Zool. : The typical genus of the family Bra-
p. 28. (Jamieson.)
certain fish.]
chionæa (q.v.).
" Truth 's a dog must to kennel ; he must be whipped
It has a single eye, a furcate
Anthropol. : Shortness of head. It is op-
out, when Lady the brach may stand by the fire and
foot or tail, a smooth shell with six short
posed to dolichocephaly.
stink."-Shukesp. : Lear, i. 4.
spines in front. Brachionus urceolaris is often
“Welcker finds that short men incline more to
2. Afterwards : A kind of dog pursuing its present in London drinking water.
brachycephaly, and tall men to dolichocephaly ..
prey by the scent.
Darwin: Descent of Man, vol i. (1871), pt. i., ch. iv.,
brăch-1-op'-o-da, s. [From Gr. Bpaxíwv p. 148.
"Braches bayed therefore and breme noyse maked."
Sir Gaw. and the Green Knyght, 1,142.
(brachion) = the arm, and oblique cases of
“ Brach Merriman, the poor cur is emboss'd :
Troús (pous), todos (podos)=a foot. Animals brăch-ýç'-ēr-ą, s. pl. [Gr. Bpaxús (brachus)
And couple Clowder with the deep-mouth d brach." with arm-like feet. The reference is to two = short, and képas (keras) =a horn. Short-
Shakesp. : Tam. of Shrew, Induc., i.
long ciliated arms developed from the sides horned animals.]
* brache, s. [BREACH.] (Scotch.)
of the mouth, which are used to create cur-
Entom.: A sub-order of Diptera, consisting
rents in the water and bring food within of two-winged flies with short “horns " or
* brăch-ěll, s. [From brach (q.v.).] A dog ; reach of their mouth.]
antennæ, having only three joints, the last one
properly, one employed to discover or pursue Zool. & Palceont. : One of the great classes commonly with a long bristle. It contains
game by the scent. (Jamieson.)
into which the molluscous sub-kingdom of the seven families-Estridæ, Muscidæ, Dolicho-
"About the Park thai set on breid and lenth.
animal kingdom is divided. The Brachiopoda pidæ, Syrphidæ, Therevidæ, Leptidæ, Stratio-
A hundreth inen chargit in armes strang,
To kepe a hunde that thai had thaim amang;
are bivalves, with one shell on the back of the mydæ, Bombyliidæ, Anthracidæ, Acroceridæ,
In Gillisland thar was that brachell brede
animal, and the other in front: these are Einpidæ, Hybotidæ, Asilidæ, Mydasidæ, and
Sekyr off sent to folow thaim at flede."
called dorsal and ventral valves. The two Tabanidæ. (See these terms; also BRACHY-
Wallace, v, 25. MS. (Jamieson.)
valves are never equal in size. They differ STOMA, NOTACANTHA, and TANYSTOMA.) The
brich-bi-tº-ra, S. pl. [From Gr. Boaxus
from the Conchifera (called also Lamelli sub-order Brachycera includes the greater
(brachus) = short, and clutpov (elutron) = a
branchiata), or ordinary bivalves, in uniformly part of the Dipterous order.
cover; one of the two wing-cases of a beetle. having one side of the same valve symmetrical
brăch-yç--ēr-ús, s. [Gr. Bpaxús (brachus) =
with the other. In technical language, the
[ELYTRON.] Animals with short wing-cases.]
short, and képas (keras) = a horn. Animals
Entom. : A large group of beetles charac-
Brachiopoda are inequivalve and equilateral,
terised by having the elytra so short that they
with short “horns” or antennæ.]
while the True Bivalves are equivalve and in-
do not nearly cover the abdomen. Some make
equilateral. The organisation of the Brachi Entom. : A genus of Curculionidæ (Weevils)
them a subsection of Pentamera, the tarsi of
opoda is inferior to that of the True Bivalves. consisting of wingless, very rough insects,
most, though not all, of the genera being five.
They are attached to bodies by a pedicle living on the ground. They occur in Africa
Others, we think more justly, consider them a
which passes as the wick does in an antique and the South of Europe.
lamp, whence the older naturalists called
section by themselves, connecting the Coleop-
them “Lamp-shells.” The shell is lined by
brăch-y-chī-ton, s. [From Gr. Bpaxús (bra-
tera with the Dermaptera (Earwigs). The
an expansion of the integument or mantle. chus) = short, and XLTÁV (chiton)= an under-
Brachelytra have large membranous wings
They are very important in a geological point
folded under the small elytra. They fly well.
garment.]
of view, existing from the Cambrian rocks till Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
They are sometimes called Cocktails, from a
habit they have of setting up their tails in a
now; but culminating apparently both in order Sterculiadæ (Sterculiads). It consists
threatening attitude when menaced.
generic and specific development in the Si of trees found in the more tropical parts of
The
families are Pselaphidæ, Tachyporidæ, Sta-
Turian. In 1875 above 1,800 fossil species Australia. Brachychiton acerifolium is called
were known, more than 900 of them British. the Flame-tree, its red flowers having an aspect
phylinidæ, Stenidæ, and Omalida (g.v.).
In 1879 Dr. Alleyne Nicholson made a much like flame when viewed from a little distance.
* brăch'-en, s. [BRACKEN.]
higher estimate, considering that nearly 4,000 The aborigines make fishing-nets from its
extinct species had been described. The bark. B. populneum is used for a similar
* brăch'-ět, s. [O. Fr. brachet; dimin. of recent species are comparatively few. They purpose, besides which its seeds are eaten.
braque.] [BRACH.] A hound.
are all marine, occurring chiefly in the deep (Treas. of Bot.)
"Brachetes bayed that best, as bidden the maysterez.'
sea. The families are-(1) Terebratulidæ, (2)
Sir Gaw. and the Green Knyght, 1,603. Spiriferidæ, (3) Rhynconellidæ, (4) Orthidæ, | brăch-y-co-mē, s. [From Gr. Bpaxús (bra-
brăch-1-al, a. [In Fr. brachial; from Lat.
(5) Productidæ, (6) Craniadæ, (7) Discinidæ, chus) = short, and kóun (komē) = the hair.)
brachialis = of or belonging to the arm ; bra-
and (8) Lingulidæ (q.v.). (Woodward & R.
Bot. : A genus of composite plants. Tribe,
Tate.)
chium ; Gr. Bpaxiwv (brachion)= the arm.]
Subulifloræ. Brachycome iberidifolia is the
_A slightly different classification ranges the
1. Science generally : Pertaining to the arms,
Swan River Daisy.
Brachiopods in two sub-classes-
or to one of them.
(1) Inarticulata or Tretenterata : Fam. (1) brăch-ï-dī-ag-on-al, s. [Gr. Bpaxús
(1) The brachial artery :
Craniadæ, (2) Discinidæ, (3) Lingulidæ.
(brachus) = short; and Eng. diagonal (q.v.).]
Anat. : The portion of the axillary artery
(2) Articulata : Fam. (1) Terebratulidæ, (2)
between the shoulders and the elbow.
Geom. : The shortest of the diagonals in a
Rhynconellidæ, (3) Theciidæ, (4) Spiriferidæ,
(5) Pentameridæ, (6) Strophomenidæ, and (7)
(2) The brachial plexus : [From Lat. plexus
rhombic prism.
Productidæ.
“... the shorter lateral or brachydiagonal ... the
= a fold.]
longer lateral or macrodiagonal (of a rectangular
prism with replaced edges and angles]."-Dana :
Anat. : The junction of the first dorsal and | brăch-1-o-põde, s. [BRACHIOPODA.] A1
Mineralogy (5th ed.), Introd., p. xxv.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, çhin, bench; go, ĝem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shăn; -ţion, -şion =zhŭn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, dei.

662
brachyglottis--bracket
what they have of the first principles, and the word
VA
WAT
ANNAT
mies
WS
yg.
MS
A
lave
Swin
Nawin
e
WOWWE
MA
we
Mimire
WWWNNYw
12
MW
WWW
brăch-y-glot-tìs, S. [From Gr. Bpaxús feathered, winged; from itepov (pteron) = a | C. As substantive :
(brachus) = short, and yw tris (glottis) = the wing.)
1. Ord. Lang. : The act of bracing ; the
glottis, the mouth of the windpipe.]
Ornith. : Cuvier's name for the diving birds state of being braced.
Bot.: A genus of composite plants allied to now ranked under Colymbidæ, Alcadæ, and 2. Engin.: Any system of braces; as, the
Senecio. The leaves of Brachyglottis Forsteri, their allies.
“bracing of a truss.'
called by the natives of New Zealand Puka-
Puka, is used by them for paper.
brăch-ýp'-tēr-oŭs, a. [From Gr. Bpayúttepos
bracing-chain, s.
(brachupteros) = short-winged.] (BRACHYP-
* brăch-ýg'-raph-ēr, s. [In Ger. brachy-
Vehicles : The chain which ties together the
TERA.] Short-winged. (Brande.)
graph; from Gr. Bpaxús (brachus) = short;
sides of a waggon, to prevent the load from
and ypáow (grapho = to write.] A shorthand
brăch-ýp'-tēr-yx, s. [From Gr. Bpaxus
breaking them apart. (Used especially in
writer.
(brachus) = short; and attépvě (pterux) = a
wood and freight waggons.)
"At last, he asked the brachygrapher, whether he
wing; from ttepov (pteron) = a wing.)
* brăck, s. [Icel. & Sw. brak; Dan. brcek = a
wrote the notes of that sermon, or something of his Ornith.: Horsfield's name for a genus of brake, á break, a chink, a fissure; Dut. braak
own conception."-Gayton: Notes on D. Quixote, i. 8.
Ant-thrushes (Formicarince), in which the
= a breaking, a burglary, a break. Cf. A.S.
* brạch-vg-raph-ỹ, s. [In Ger. brachy wings are so short as to render flight short
brecan = to break, to bruise (Somner).] A
graphie; from Gr. Bpayús (brachus) = short;
and feeble. Brachypteryx montana, the typi-
breach, a break, a flaw, a broken part.
and ypaoń (graphē) = delineation, writing. ]
cal species, is found in Java. It is the Moun-
“The place was but weak, and the bracks fair; but
Shorthand writing, stenography.
taineer Warbler of Latham.
the defendants, by resolution, supplied all the defects."
“All the certainty of those high pretenders, bating
-Hayward.
tänne brăch'-y-pūs, s. [BRACHYPODINÆ.]
"Let them compare my work with what is taught in
God, may be circumscribed by as small a circle as the
the schools, and if they find in theirs many bracks
Ornith. : The typical genus of the family
creed, when brachygraphy had confined it within the
and short ends, which cannot be spun into an even
compass of a penny."-Glunville.
Brachypodinæ (q.v.).
piece; ..."-Digby.
brăch-ỹl-o-gý, s. [In Gr. Bpaxudoyia (bra brăch-y-sē-ma, .s. (From Greek Bpayús brăck'-en, † brach'-en (ch guttural),
chulogia) = brevity in speech; Bpaxudoyéw
(brachus) = short; and oñua (sēma) = a sign,
* braik'-în * brêck'-en, * brêck'-an
(brachulogeo) = to be short in speech ; Bpaxus à banner. So called because the vexillum or
(brachus) = short, and dóyos (logos) = a word,
standard is very short.]
(Scotch), * brak-en, * brak-an, * brak-
ane (0. Eng.), s. & a. [From A.S. bracu,
speech.]
Bot. : A genus of papilionaceous plants.
genit. sing. and nom. pl. braccan (Skeat). In
Rhet. : Brevity of speech, expression of Brachysema latifolium is a handsome climber
Sw. bräken = fern ; Icel. brakne = fern; Dan.
one's meaning in few words ; laconic speech, from Australia.
bregne = fern, brake.] [BRAKE (2), s.]
like that of the ancient Spartans.
brăch-y-stěl'-mą, s. [From Gr. Bpaxús
Brachylogy of comparison : A figure of
A. As substantive :
(brachus) = short, and otédua (stelma) = a
speech used principally by the Greek poets,
1. Gen. : A fern of any kind. (0. Eng.).
but also found more or less in all languages,
girdle, a belt.]
“As best, byte on the bent of braken & erbes."
Bot. : A genus of Asclepiadaceæ
in which the object of comparison is not
Lar. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris) ; Cleanness, 1675.
(Ascle-
compared with the proper corresponding ob-
piads). The edible roots of various species 2. Spec. : The name universally given in
ject, but is directly referred to the thing or
are used in South Africa as a preserve.
person of which that object would be, if ex-
pressed, the attribute. Thus in the lines-
brăch-ýs'-to-chrõne, s. [In Fr. brachysto-
“They for their young Adonis may mistake
chrone; Gr. Bpáxlotos (brachistos) = shortest,
The soft luxuriance of thy golden hair."
and xpóvos (chronos) = time.]
the hair is compared directly with Adonis. Geom. : The curve of quickest descent, i.e.,
The figure is also known to grammarians as the curve starting from a given point in which
comparatio compendiaria.
a body descending by the force of gravity
will reach another point in the curve in a
brăch-ï-o-pa, s. [Gr. Bpaxús (brachus) = shorter time than it could have done had it
short, and oy (ops) or oy (õps) = the eye, the traversed any other path. The curve in ques-
face, the countenance.]
tion is the cycloid (q.v.).
Entom. : A genus of two-winged flies of the
family Syrphidæ.
brăch-ys'-to-ma, s. [From Gr. Bpaxvotouos
(brachustomos) = having a narrow mouth;
brăch-y-o-pi'-ną, S. [From brachyops Bpaxús (brachus) = short, and otója (stoma) =
(q.v.).]
the mouth.]
Palcont.: A tribe or a family of the Am-
Entomology:
phibian order Labyrinthodontia. It has a 1. A tribe of dipterous insects belonging
parabolic skull, and the orbits oval, they
to the sub-order Brachycera (q.v.). It is so
BRACKEN (PTERIS AQUILINA).
being central or anterior. The genera are
named because the proboscis is short. The
Brachyops, Micropholis, Rhinosaurus, and tribe contains the families Dolichopidæ, Syr Scotland to the fern generally called in Eng-
Bothriceps. (BRACHYOPS.]
phidæ, Therevidæ, and Leptidæ (q.v.).
land a Brake (Pteris aquilina). [BRAKE (2). ]
brăch-y-ops, s. [From Gr. Bpayús (brachus)
2. Brachystoma of Meigen : A dipterous
"Among the brackens on the brae.”.
= short, and oys (ops) or oy (ops) = the eye,
genus of the division Tanystoma.
Burns : Halloween.
“But when the bracken rusted on their craga.”
face, countenance.]
brăch-vt--85, . [Gr. BoazureAms (brachau-
Tennyson: Edwin Morris.
Palvont. : A genus of Labyrinthodonts, the
"The heath this night must be my bed,
telēs) = ending shortly; Bpaxús (brachus) =
typical one of the family Brachyopina. The
The bracken curtain for my head.”
short, and Télos (telos) = end, extremity,
Scott: Lady of the Lake, iii. 23.
only known species, Brachyops laticeps (Owen),
is from rocks of probably Triassic age at
referring to the small development of the B. As adj.: Consisting of the “bracken"
thumb.)
or brake fern.
Mangali, in Central India.
Zool.: Spix's name for a genus of American
"The bracken bush sends forth the dart.”
* brăch-y-pod-1-næ, s. [From Gr. Bpaxús monkeys, which he separates from Ateles.
Scott : Lady of the Lake, v. 9.
(brachus) = short; and Tovs (pous), todos
brăck-ět, s. & a. [From 0. Fr. braquet,
brăch-y-tý'-poŭs, a. (From Gr. Bpayús
(podos) = a foot.] Short-footed.
dimin. of brache ; Lat. brachium = arm
(brachus) = short, and tútos (tupos) = a blow,
(Mahn). From Fr. braque = a mortise for
Ornith. : The name given by Swainson to a the impression of a blow, a type; TÚTTW (tupto)
holding things together (Cotgrave & Wedgwood,
sub-family of his Merulidæ. (Thrushes). It = to strike.]
was called from the typical genus Brachypus,
with whom Skeat hesitatingly agrees).]
Min.: Of a short form.
but Brachypus having been previously assigned
A. As substantive :
to a genus of lizards, the ornithological terms brăch-y-ür'-a, s. [From Gr. Bpaxus (brachus) 1. Carpentry, &c. :
Brachypodinæ and Brachypus are now dis = short, and oupá (oura) = the tail.]
(1) A cramp-iron holding things together.
used. Brachypus has also been used for a
Zool. : A sub-order of Decapodous Crusta (Wedgwood.)
molluscous and for a coleopterous genus. • ceans, containing those families in which the "This effect was aided by the horizontal arrange.
ment upon brackets of many rare manuscripts."-D
brăch-y-põ'-di-úm, s. [From Gr. Bpaxús
abdomen is converted into a short-jointed tail
Quincey: Works (ed. 1863), vol. ii , p. 239.
(brachus) = short, and moús (pous), genit. Todos
folding closely under the breast. The common
(2) A lateral projec-
(podos) =a foot, in allusion to the short stalks
edible crab (Cancer pagurus) is a familiar
tion from a wall, post, or
of the spikelets.]
example of this structure. The sub-order
standard, to strengthene
Bot.: A genus of Graminaceæ (Grasses), of
contains four families (1) Oxystomata, (2)
Oxyrhyncha or Maiadæ, (3) Cyclometopa or
which the English book-name is False Brome
or support another ob-
ject. Of the parts of a
Grass. There are two British species, the
Canceridæ, and (4) Catometopa or Ocypodidæ.
bracket-a is the sole, b
Brachypodium sylvaticum or Slender, and the brăch-y-ür'-ods, a. (BRACHYURA. ]
the wall-plate, c the rib,
B. pinnatum or Heath Brome Grass; the
BRACKET.
d a snug or flange. This
1. Gen.: Short-tailed. (Pen. Cycl.)
former is not unfrequent, the latter is more
description of support is
rare.
2. Spec. : Pertaining to the Brachyura or
also adapted for shelves, coves, soffits, and
short-tailed Crustacea. [BRACHYURA.]
seats. (Knight.)
brăch-ýp'-od-oŭs, a. [From Gr. Bpaxús
“Let your shelves be laid upon brackets, being about
(brachus) = short, and moús (pous), genit. Todos
| brā'-çing, pr. par., A., & s. [BRACE, v.]
two feet wide, and edged with a small lath."-Mor-
(podos) = a foot.]
A. As pr. par. : In senses corresponding to timer.
Bot. : Having a short" foot” or stalk.
those of the verb.
2. Gas or lamp fitting :
B. As adjective : Imparting tone or strength. (1) A projecting device for supporting a
brăch-ýp’-tēr-æ, s. [From Gr. Bpagútte "I found it clear and strong-an intellectual tonic,
lamp.
pos (brachupteros) = short - winged; Bpaxus
as bracing and pleasant to my mind as the keen air of
(2) A gas-fixture projecting from the face of
the mountains was to my body."-Tyndall: Frag. of
(brachus) = short, and itepóels (pteroeis) = 1 Science, iii. 41.
a wall.
mw
Wawa
DuMWA
ww
NOWE
144
MZ
a
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fall, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pine, pīt, sïre, sīr, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, ftu; trý, Sýrian. 2, pe=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bracket--bradypus
663
3. Architecture :
fossils found in them are Cerithium giganteum, 1 Bradgate = the broad gate.] Broad. [BROAD. ]
(1) An ornament in the shape of a console Voluta Selseyensis, Conus deperditus, Pleuro (0. Eng. & Scotch.)
standing isolated upon the face of a wall.
toma attenuata, Strepsidura turgida, Cardita
A. As a separate word :
planicostata, Cardium porulosum, Pectunculus
(2) A support placed beneath the eaves or
“Quhen thai war passit the watir brad."
pulvinatus, Nummulites lcevigata. The plant
the projection at
Barbour: The Bruce (ed. Skeat), iii. 467.
the gable of a
beds of Alum Bay, &c., are Lower Bagshot.
“And wele bradar thar-efter soyn.”.
Ibid., iv. 128.
- building. Its
brăcks, s. [BRAXY.] A disease of sheep.
B. In compos. : (See etymology.)
full name is a
roof-bracket. * brăck-ý, a. [From Ger. brack.) [BRACKISH.] | brăd, * brod, * brode, s. & a. [Icel. broddr
[BRACKETED.]
Brackish.
= any pointed piece of iron or steel; Sw.
4. Ship-building: A “The bracky fountains.”-Drayton: Polyolb., song xi.
brodd = a frost nail, a blade; Dan. brodde =a
timber knee in a ship's
“The bracky marsh.”—Ibid., song xiv.
spur, an ice spur, a frost nail. Cf. also A.S.
frame supporting the grat-
brord = (1) a prick or point, the first blade or
brā'-con, s. [Etym. doubtful. Cf. Fr. bra-
ings.
spire of grass or corn, an herb (Somner), (2) a
conner = to poach.]
sword; Dan. braad =a prick, a prickle, a
5. Machinery :
Entom.: A genus of Ichneumons, with a
(1) Gen.: Various kinds |
hiatus between the mandibles and the clypeus, sting. ] [BROD, v. & s. ; BRISTLE.]
of brackets are used in ma and a lengthened ovipositor. Several occur A. As substantive: A thin, square-bodied
chinery, such as shafting-brac-
in Britain. [BRACONIDÆ.]
nail which, instead of a head, has a lip or
kets, pendent brackets or hangers,
projection on one side only. Brads are used
wall-brackets, wall-boxes, and ped brā-con-1-dæ, s. pl. [From bracon (q.v.).]
to floor rooms with. They are about the size
BRACKET. estal brackets.
Entom. : A family belonging to the Ichneu of a tenpenny nail. (Johnson, &c.)
(2) Spec. In steam-engines : mon tribe of Hymenoptera. Typical genus, “Brode, hedlese nayle ...”—Prompt. Paro.
(a) The pieces by which the hoiler of a Bracon (q.v.).
B. As adjective: Designed to act upon the
locomotive is maintained in position.
brăct (Eng.), brăc'-te-a (Lat.), s. [In Ger.
nail described under A or in any way pertain-
(b) The pieces which hold and guide the bracktei; Fr. bractée. From Lat. bractea = a
ing or relating to it.
slide-bars.
thin plate of metal or gold-leaf.]
brad-awl, s.
6. Ordnance :
1. Bot.: A leaf growing upon the flower-stalk. Joinery: A small boring-tool with a chisel-
(1) The cheek of a mortar-bed.
Those which occupy this situation have, as a
edge. Used for opening holes for the inser-
(2) The carriage of a ship's or casemate gun.
rule, a different size, form, and appearance tion of nails.
7. Printing (pl.): The signs or marks which
from the ordinary
follow [ ].
brad-setter, s.
They are used to enclose a
leaves. There are
cases, however, in
word or sentence, to isolate it from the other
Joinery: A tool which grasps a brad by the
which it is diffi-
matter.
head, and by which it is driven into its ap-
cult to decide to
“At the head of each article, I have referred, by
pointed place.
figures included in brackets, to the page of Dr. Lard-
which of these a
ner's volume, where the section, from which the
particular foliace-
* brade (1), v.t. & i. [From A.S. bregdan, bré-
abridgement is made, begins."- Paley : Evidences, ous expansion is to
dan = to weave, ... to gripe, lay hold of,
pt. ii., ch. vi.
be referred, and at
draw, take out.]
B. As adjective: Pertaining to or consisting
times a yet greater
A. Trans.: To draw. (Used specially of
pulling out a knife or sword.) [BRAID, v.]
bracket-crab, s. A hoisting apparatus
vails as to whether
“Wyndyr his hand the knyff he bradit out."
designed for attachment to a post, wall, &c.
one of those situ-
Henry the Minstrel : Wallace, bk. i., 2, 25.
ated close to the
BRACTS.
bracket-light, s. A gas-light projecting
B. Intrans. : To extend.
flower is a bract or
from a side wall.
"He were a bleaunt of blwe, that bradde to the erthe."
a sepal. The involucre in composite plants,
Sir Gaw. and the Gr. Knight (ed. Morris), 1,928.
bracket-shelf, s. A form of console for
the great spathe in Araceæ, the paleæ of
grasses, the scales of catkins, &c., are all
supporting a pier-glass or other object.
* brade (2), * brad. v.t. [From A.S. brcedan
bracts.
= to roast; Dut. braden ; 0. H. Ger. Trátan;
bră'ck-ět, v.t. [From bracket, s. (q.v.).]
2. Zool.: A part of a hydrozoon, somewhat
(M.H.) Ger. braten = to roast.] To roast.
1. To place within brackets, to connect by
“The king to souper is set, served in halle,
brackets. [BRACKET, S., 7.] (Barker.)
PHYLLIA.]
Briddes branden, and brad, in bankers bright."
2. To couple names with a bracket in a list
Sir Gawan and Sir Gol., ii. 1.
of successful candidates, to denote equal
brăc'-tě-al, a. [Lat. bractealis = of metallic
inerit.
* brāde, a. [BRAID, a.; BROAD.) (Ear. Eng.
plates ; from bractea (q.v.).]
1. Pertaining to a bract. (Brande.)
Allit. Poems, ed. Morris; Pearl, 138.)
bră'ck-et-ěd, pa. par. & d. [BRACKET, v.] 2. Furnished with bracts. (Brande.)
Brăd'-ford, s. & a. (A geographical name,
1. Ord. Lang. : (See the verb.)
evidently from A.S. brád = broad, and Eng.
2. Arch. : The bracketed stule is one of which brăc'-te-ate, A. & S. Lat. bracteatus =
covered with gold plate; from bractea (q.v.).]
brackets are a prominent feature.
ford; the same as BROADFORD.]
A. As substantive : Various places, the best
A. As adjective. In Bot. : Furnished with
bră'ck-et-ing, pr. par. & s. [BRACKET, v.] 1
known being Bradford in Yorkshire, the seat
bracts. (Brande.)
of the woollen manufacture ; another is
A. As present participle : (See the verb.)
B. As substantive: A silver coin formerly “Great” Bradford-on-the-Avon, in Wiltshire.
B. As substantive: A skeleton support for current in Scotland.
B. As adjective: Connected with Bradford;
mouldings. This plan is commonly adopted
in making the arches, domes, sunk panels,
els: brăc-těd, a. [Eng. tract; -ed.]
found near Bradford.
coves, pendentive work, &c., at the upper Bot. : Furnished with bracts or with a Bradford clay, s. [From Bradford in
parts of apartments. (Knight.)
bract.
Wiltshire, where the clay is well developed.]
brăck-ish, a. [From Ger. brack; Dut. brak brăc-tě-o-læ, s. pl. [Plural of Lat. bracteola
Geology: A marly stratum occurring in de-
= brackish.]
= a thin leaf of gold; dimin. of bractea (q.v.).]
pressions above the Great Oolite and below
the Forest Marble. It is characterised by the
Of water : Partly fresh, partly salt, as fresh Bot.: Small bracts.
numbers of stone lilies (Apiocrinus rotundus),
water becomes when it flows over saline soil
or the sea obtains occasional access to it.
brăc'-te-ol-āte, a. (From Lat, bracteola);
which occur in it, also by Terebratula digond,
T. cardium, and T. coarctata. It is well seen at
and Eng. suffix -ate.] [BRACTEOLE.]
"As springs in deserts found seem sweet, all brackish
though they be,
Bot. : Furnished with small bracts or bract-
So midst the wither'd waste of life, those tears would
Station, but the crinoids do not occur at the
flow to me.”
lets. Applied especially to involucres, which
Byron : Stanzas for Music.
latter locality.
have an outer row of such foliaceous append-
brăck-ish-ness, s. [From Eng. brackish;
ages. (Lindley.)
* brā'-dit, pa. par. [BRADE.]
-ness.] The quality of being brackish, the
quality of being partly fresh and partly salt. brăc'-tě-õle, s. [From Lat. bracteola ; dimin. brăd-y-pod-1'-dæ, s. pl. [From bradypus
"All the artificial strainings hitherto leave a brack of bractea (q.v.).]
(q.v.).]
ishness in salt water, that makes it unfit for animal
uses."-Cheyne.
Bot. : A small bract, a bractlet.
Zool.: A family of mammals belonging to
the order Edentata. It contains the Stork
Brăck-le-shạm, s. & a. [From the place brăct'-less, d. [Eng. Tract; and suffix -less. ]
and other allies.
mentioned under A.]
Bot. : Without bracts. (Webster.)
A. As subst. : A bay near Chichester, in
brăd'-y-podş(Eng.), brăd-y-pod-a (Mod.
Sussex.
brăct'-let, s. [From Eng. bract; and dimin.
Lat.), s. pl. [From Gr. Bpadútrovs (bradupous)
B. As adj. : Occurring at or near the bay
suffix -let.j A small bract. Used specially of
= slow of foot; Bpadús (bradus) = slow, and
the exterior bracts of an involucre. When
mentioned under A.
Troús (pous), Todos (podos) = a foot.]
these exist it is thon said to be bracteolate a'
Zool. : Slow-footed animals, Blumenbach's
Bracklesham-beds, s.
the base. (Lindley.)
name for an order of mammalia, containing
Geol. : The middle division of the Bagshot
* brā-çýn, v.t. [BRACE, v.]
the genera Bradypus, Myrmecophaga, Manis,
series. The Bagshot series has been separated
into three divisions : the Upper Bagshot is
“ Bracyn, or sette streyte. Tendo.”—Prompt. Parv.
Edentata, from the absence in these animals
nearly the same age as the Burton series | brăd, pa. par. [BRADE (2).] (Scotch.)
of incisor teeth.
(q.v.). The Bracklesham beds occur at
Bracklesham Bay [A.], and also at Brook, in brad, a. & in compos. (compar. *brædder, brăd'-y-pūs, s. ſMod. Lat. bradypus; from
the New Forest. They consist chiefly of dark * bradar). [A.S. brád = broad, large, vast C lass. Gr. BpadúTOUS (bradupous) = slow of
green sands and brown clays. Among the 1 (Bosworth); as, Bradford = the broad ford; foot.] [BRADY PODS.]
boll, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ģem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shún; -țion, -şion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -le, &c. = bęl, el.

664
brae-Brahma
1. Zool. : A mammalian genus, the typical
"Whanue the voyce of the trompe ... in your eeris 1 * brăg-gart-ly, adv. [Eng. braggart; -ly.]
one of the family Bradypodidæ (q.v.). It con-
braggith al the puple shal cry with moost out-crye."—
Like a braggart, boastful.
Like Prato
Wickliffe : Joshua, vi. 5.
tains the Ai, or Common Sloth (Bradypus “... the child brags in her belly already; 'tis yours."
"A proud, vain-glorious, and braggartly spirit."-
tridactylus), and other species.
--Shakesp. : Love's Labour Lost, v. 2.
Chapman : Homer, bk. iii.
2. Palæont. : Various genera and species of B. Transitive:
brăgged, pa. par. & d. [BRAG, v.]
the family are found in South America. They 1. To blow loudly
A. As pa. par. : In senses corresponding to
are gigantic as compared with the modern
“The Bretones boldely braggene theire tromppez." those of the verb.
sloths. The most notable are Megatherium,
Morte Arthure, 1,484.
Mylodon, Scelidotherium, and in the Post * 2. To praise anything excessively or osten-
B. As adj.: Boasted, vaunted.
Pliocene of North America Megalonyx. (See tatiously.
“ Auf. Wert thou the Hector
That was the whip of your bragg'd progeny,
these words.)
“You shall have a lame jade, bridle and brag it up
Thou shouldst not 'scape ine here."
and down Smithfield."-Nashe: Plain Percival.
Shakesp. : Coriolanus, i. 8.
brāe, * brāy * brā, s. & a. [Etymology
3. To reproach, upbraid.
doubtful. Probably from Gael. braigh = top,
brăg'-gěr, s. [Eng. bragg ; -er.] One who
summit. Cf. braigheath = a mountaineer ;
“Kyle-Stewart I could hae bragged wide,
brags; a vain, ostentatious pretender; a brag-
For sic a pair.”
brigh = a heap, a pile ; bruthach = an ac-
Burns : The Aurd Farmer's Salutation. gart.
clivity, an ascent, a steep, a hillside, a preci-
"A bretoner, a braggere Abosted Piers.'-Langland:
pice ; Wel. bre = a peak, a mountain, a hill.
brăg, * brăgg, * brăgge, s., a., & adv. P. Plowman, 4, 104.
But cf. likewise Dan. braad = sloping, declin-
(BRAG, v.]
“Such as have had opportunity to sound these brag-
A. As substantive :
gers thororghly, by having sometimes endured the
ing, steep; brat = steep; as also Eng. brow
penance of their sottish company, have found them in
(q.v.); A. S. braw, breag.] (Scotch.)
1. A boast, an ostentatious pretence.
converse empty and insipid”-South.
A. As substantive :
“A kind of conquest
Caesar made here; but made uot here his brag
* brig-gỡr-ỹ, s. [Eng. bragger; -9.] Vain
I. Literally:
Of 'caine,' and 'saw,' and 'overcaine.'”
show, pomp.
1. An acclivity, a slope, an incline, a steep
Shakesp.: Cymbeline, iii. 1.
“All the nobles of the Frenche courte were in gar-
bank; whether constituting-
* 2. The thing or matter boasted of.
mentes of many colours, so that they were not knowen
from the braggery."-Hall: Henry VIII, an. 12.
"Beauty is nature's brag."
(1) The side of a hill.
Milton; Comus, 745.
“Entryt in ane narrow place
3. A game at cards.
* brigº-get, *brăg-gạt, *briguạt, * bră–
Betuix a louchside and a bra."
Barbour : the Bruce (ed. Skeat), iii. 109.
göt, bră-gětt, * bră-ket, s. [Wel. bragot
"But the late Revereud Doctor Robert Douglas,
minister of Galashiels, assured the author, that the = a kind of mead; Cornish bregaud; Ir. bra-
(2) The bank of a river.
last time he saw Andrew Gemmells he was engaged in cat : Wel. brag; Gael. & Ir, braich = malt, fer-
"Endlang the vatter than yeid he.
a game at brag with a gentleman of fortune, distinc-
tion, and birth."-Scott : Advt. to Antiquary, p. viii.
mented grain.
On ather syde gret quantite:
Connected with brew, A.S.
He saw the brayis hye standand
B. As adjective :
breowan (Skeat).] A kind of mead ; a liquor
The vatter holl throu slike rynand.”
made of honey and ale fermented, with spices,
The Bruce (ed. Skeat), vi. 75-8.
1. In a bad sense : Boastful.
2. A hill.
&c.
“Hi schulde nought beren hem so bragg."
“... Twa men I saw ayont yon brae."
Piers Plowman's Crede, 706.
Bragett, drynke (bragot or braket, K. H. P.) Mel-
librodium, bragetum.”-Prompt. Parv.
Ross : Helenore, p. 60. (Jamieson.)
1 2 . In a good sense : Brave.
“Hir mouth was sweete as bragat is or meth,
3. The upland, hilly, or highland parts of a
“... boldest and braggest in armes."
Or hoord of apples, layd in hay or heth.”
country. Used
William of Palerne (ed. Skeat), 3048.
Chaucer : The Miller's Tale, 3261-62.
(1) As a separate word (chiefly in the plural) : C. As adverb :
brăg'-ging, * brăg'-ing, pr. par., d., & s.
“Thin Reb said he tried him with Erse, for he cam 1. Boastingly.
[BRAG, v.]
in his youth frae the braes of Glenlivat-but it wadna
do."-Scott : Antiquary, ch. ix.
“Hy schulde nought beren hem so bragg ne [belden] A. & B. As pr. par. & part. adj. : In senses
so heyghe."
Piers Plow. Crede, 706.
(2) In compos. : As Braemar.
corresponding to those of the verb.
2. Proudly, conceitedly. I
II. Figuratively: Used of the hill of fame.
C. As substantive :
“Seest howe brag yond Bullocke beares,
“ Should I but dare a hope to speel,
So smirke, so smoothe, his pricked eares ?”
1. Boasting, arrogance.
Wi' Allan or wi' Gilbertfield,
Spenser : The Shep. Cal., ii.
"Howbeit he nothing at all ceased from his brag-
The braes of fame."
ving, but still was filled with pride, breathing out fire
Burns : To William Simpson. 1 * brăg'-ançe, s. [From Eng. brag, S., and
in his rage against the Jews, and commanding to haste
B. As adj.: Of or belonging to a “brae” in suffix -ance.] Boasting, arrogance.
the journey.”—2 Maccabees, ix. 7.
any of the foregoing senses.
2. Loud blowing, noise.
bră-găn'-tî-a, s. [Named after the Duke of
brae-face, s. The front or slope of a hill.
"Thair wes blaving of bemys, braging and beir."
Braganza.]
Gaw. and Gol., ii. 13.
(Scotch.)
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
“If a kill be built to a brae-face, or the side of a
natural order Aristolochiaceae (Birthworts).
brăg'-gîng-ly, adv. [Eng. bragging ;-ly.] In
rock, it can have but three vents.”—Maxwell : Sel.
Trans., p. 194.
Bragantia tomentosa, a species growing in
a bragging manner, boastfully, ostentatiously.
“None bewail more braggingly Germanicus death in
brae-head, S.
Java, is very bitter, and is used in that island
The summit of a hill.
outward show, then such as in their harts are most
(Scotch.)
as an emmenagogue. The roots of B. Wallichi,
glad."-Greneway: Tacitus; Annales, p. 58.
rubbed up with lime-juice, are used in the
“ All the boys of Garnock assembled at the brae-
head, which commands an extensive view of the
West of India as an appliance in snake bites. | brăg'-gir, s. [Etym, doubtful. Cf. Gael. braigh
Kilmarnock road."-Ayrs. Legatees, p. 282.
= the top, the summit, or braigh, v.= to give
* brăg'-at, s. (BRAGGET, s.]
a crackling sound; Dan. brage = to crack, to
brae-laird, braes-laird, s. A pro-
crash, brag, bragen = crack, crash, crackling
prietor of land on the southern declivity of
brăg-ga-đô-pi-õ, * brăg-ga-do-chi-õ, s.
noise.] The name given in the island of Lewis
the Grampians. (Scotch.)
[BRAG, v. A word invented by Spenser
to the broad leaves of the Alga Marina.
"In Mitchell's Opera, called The Highland Fair,' a
(Skeat). ]
“They continue to manure the ground until the
Braes Laird is introduced as the natural and here-
1. As a proper name (of the forms Braggado tenth of June, if they have plenty of Braggir, i.e. the
ditary enemy of a Highland chieftain."- Note from
Sir Walter Scott, in Jamieson.
broad leaves growing on the top of the Alga Marina."
cio and Braggadochio): The name given by
-Martin: West. Isl., p. 54.
Spenser to one of his imaginary knights, “Sir
Britten and Holland are unable to decide
brae-side, * brae syd, s. The declivity Braggadochio,” who is always boasting of the
of a hill.
heroic deeds he has done and intends to do,
what species of seaweed is meant by Alga
(Scotch.)
marina. Can it be Fucus nodosus?
"Ane company of fresch men cam to renew the but is all the while a coward at heart.
battell, taking thair advantage of the brae syd.”—Pitt-
“Shee, that base Braggadochio did affray,
scottie : Cron., p. 105.
* brăg'-ing, s. [BRAGGING, s.]
And made him fast out of the forest ronne;
Belphoebe was her name, as faire as Phoebus sunne."
brãe-man, brãi-măn, 8. [Scotch brce ;
Spenser : F.Q., III., v. 27.*
bră-gi'te, s. [From Bragi, an old Scandina-
and Eng. man.] One who inhabits the
2. As a common noun (of the forms braggado-
vian deity (?); and suff. -ite (Min.) (q.v.).]
southern side of the Grampian Hills. (Scotch.)
cio and braggadochio): A cowardly boaster.
Min. : Bragite of Forbes and Dahll. Pro-
"Humanity strongly invites you to know
“Elevated to office, whether the office be a clerkship
bably altered Firein. It occurs imbedded in
The worm-wasted braeman's fate, laid in yon grave."
in the Customs or a Captaincy-General, he becomes
- Train : Mountain Muse, p. 70. (Jamieson.)
orthoclase in Norway and Greenland. Or a
forth with a braggadocio, self-asserting, and insolent, variety of Fergusonite (q.v.).
often grasping and extortionate.”—Times, June 2, 1879.
* brā-ěn-gěl, s. [BRANGILL.] (Scotch.)
* brăg'-less, a. [Eng. brag ; -less. ) Without
brăg, * brăg'-gen, v.i. & t. [Wel. bragio =
* brăg'-gạrd, s. [BRAGGART.]
boasting or ostentation.
to brag; orac = boastful; Ir. bragaim = I * brăg'-gard-işm, s. [Eng. braggard ; -ism.]
“Dio. The bruit is, Hector's slain, and by Achilles.
boast; Gael. bragaireachd = empty pride,
Ajax. If it be so, yet bragless let it be;
boasting. (Skeat.)]
Boastfulness, bragging.
Great Hector was a man as good as he."
“Why, Valentine, what braggardism is this?".
Shukesp. : Troil. and Cress., V. 9.
A. Intransitive:
Shakesp.: Two Gent., ii. 4.
1. To boast, make ostentatious pretences, 1 + hrăg_gart. *brăg-gard, s. [Froi
* brăg-lý, cdo. [Eng. brag ; -ly. In a
swagger.
manner worthy of being boasted of, finely.
"He bosteth and braggeth with many bolde othes."
brag; and suffix -art, -ard.]
"Seest not thilk hawthorn studde,
How bragly it beginnes to budde,
-P. Plowman, 8,595.
A. As subst. : A bragger, boastful fellow.
And utter his tender head ?"
“Thou coward ! art thou bragging to the stars?"
“Who knows himself a braggart,
Spenser : Shep. Cal., iii.
Shakesp. : Midsum. N. Dream, iii. 2.
Let him fear this, for it will come to pass,
(a) With of before the object.
That every braggart shall be found an ass."
brăg-wõrt, brėg'-wõrt (Scotch), s. [BRAG-
"Verona brags of him
Shakesp. : All's Well, iv. 3. GET.] (Scotch.) Mead, a beverage made from
To be a virtuous and well-govern'd youth."
.. a shallow braggart conscious sincerity." the dregs of honey.
Shakesp.: Rom. and Jul., i. 5.
Carlyle: Heroes, Hero-worship, Lect. ii.
"To learn that the Scottish bregwort, or mead, so
(6) On was frequently, though improperly,
B. As adj. : Given to bragging; boastful, plentiful at a harvest supper, is the self-same drink
used for of.
vainglorious.
with which the votaries of Kiimon cheered them-
selves may well alarm a devout inind,” &c. -Black-
"Yet lo! in me wbat authors have to brag on,
"The King with scorn beheld their flight,
wood's Mag., Jan., 1821, p. 405.
Reduc'd at last to hiss in my owu dragon.
* Are these,' he said, 'our yeoinen wight.
Pope : Dunciad, iii. 285.
Each braggart churl could boast before,
Brah'-ma, * Bra'-ma, + Brah'-man, s.
Twelve Scottish lives his baldric bore!'"
* 2. To sound, make a loud noise.
Scott: The Lord of the Isles, vi. 24. [Ger. &c., Brama, Brahma; in Mahratta and the
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fall, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pīne, pīt, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; trý, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu = kw.

Brahma-braid
665
es of Hope, pt. i.
modern languages of India, Brăhmá, from San-1 peers, besides systematically persecuting all
scrit Brahman, not Brahmán = a member of cattle destitute of a hump. It is unpopular
the Hindoo sacred caste; but(1) Neut. = force, with those who are not of the Hindoo faith,
power, will, wish, the propulsive force of crea but they dare not for their lives openly injure
tion ; (2) Masc.: (a) Self; (b) The being Brahma it, though the writer has heard of one being
(see def.). (Max Müller: Chips from a Ger assassinated, suspicion falling on a European
man Workshop, vol. i. (1867), pp. 70-1.).]
whose garden the divine beast had robbed.
Hindu Mythol. : The first person of the
Hindu triad, the others being Vishnu and Siva.
Brah'-măn-ic, Brah'-mîn-ic, a. [From
Speaking broadly, the first is the Creator,
Brahman, Brahmin, and suff. -ic. In Fr.
the seconds
Brahmanique.] Pertaining to Brahmans or to
Brahmanism.
the Preser-
ver, and the
"... the corruption of the Brahminic religion."-
Mosheim : Ch. Hist., trans. by Murdoch, ed. 1865, p.
third the De-
716. (Note.)
stroyer. The
“The earlier systems of Brahmanic philosophy."-
firstis scarce-
Max Müller : Chips from a German Workshop, vol. i.
ly worship-
(1867), p. 225.
ped, except
Brah-măn-1-cal, Brah-minº-1-cal, a.
at Pokher, in
[From Brahmanić, Brahminic; -al.] The same
Ajmere, and
as BRAHMANIC (q.v.).
Bithoor in
the Doab, the
Brah'-man-ism, Brah'-min-ism, S.
residence of
[From Eng., &c. Brahman, Brahmin, and suff.
the infamous
-ism. In Ger. Bramanism; Fr. Brahmanisme.]
Nana Saheb.
Theol., Hist., & Phil. : The system of reli-
He is repre-
gious belief and practice introduced and pro-
sented as a
pagated by the Brahmans. This greatly varied
man of a red
with the lapse of ages, but to every successive
colour, with
form of it the name Brahmanism may be ap-
four faces.
BRAHMA.
plied.
He has in
The earliest inhabitants of India seem to
general four hands, in one of which he holds a
have been mainly Turanians. [TURANIAN.]
portion of the Vedas, in one a lustral vessel,
When, at a very remote period of antiquity,
in one a rosary, and in one a sacrificial spoon.
these entered the peninsula, an Aryan nation
For the present state of his worship see BRAH-
or tribe existed in Central Asia, N. W. of
MANISM.
India, speaking a language as yet unrecog-
“When Brama's children perish'd for his name."
nised, which was the parent of nearly all the
present European tongues, our own not ex-
Brah'-ma (2), s. & a. [BRAHMAPOOTRA.]
cepted. At an unknown date a great part of
Brahma - fowl, S. [BRAHMAPUOTRA-
this Aryan nation migrated to the north-west,
and settled in Europe, the remainder taking
FOWL.]
the contrary direction, and entering India by
Brah-man, Brah-min, * Bra-min, the way of the Punjaub. [ARYAN.] Admiring
* Brach-man, s. & a. [In Sw. &c., Bramin ;
the glorious Eastern sky, they applied to it,
Ger. Bramine, Brachmane ; Fr. Bramin, Bra-
and to the elements of nature, glowing ad-
mine, Bracmane; Sp. & Port. Bramin, Bra-
jectival epithets; these gradually became
mine, Brachmane ; Ital. Bramino; Lat. pl.
abstract substantives, then the qualities ex-
Brachmanae, Brachmanes; Gr. Bpaxuaves
pressed were personified, and gods ruling over
(Brachmanes); Mahratta Bráhman; Sanscrit
the several elements were recognised. Thus the
Brahmán, not Bráhman = Brahma (q.v.) =
sky was first called Deva, adj. =(1) bright,
a member of the sacred caste, from Brahman
then (2) brightness, next (3) the Bright God;
= Brahma (q.v.).]
or, if the adjectival meaning be retained,
Divine. This is the familiar Lat. Deus = God.
A. As substantive :
Similarly Dyaus = the sky, is Gr. Zeús (Zeus),
1. Originally : One of the Aryan conquerors genit. Alós (Dios), from Aſs (Dis), Latin Dies
of India who discharged priestly functions, piter = Jupiter. Other divinities worshipped
whose ascendency, however, over his fellows were, Agni = fire (Lat. ignis), Surya = the
was intellectual and spiritual, but not yet sun, Ushas = the dawn [Gr. ñós (ēõs)], Marut
political or supported by the caste system.
=storm (Lat. Mars), Prithivi = the earth,
2. Now : One of the four leading castes of Ap= the waters, Nadi = the rivers, Varuna
India, the others, theoretically at least, being = the sky [Gr. oủpavós (ouranos)], Mitra =
Kshatryas (Warriors), Vaisyas (Merchants), the sun, and Indra= the day. These gods
and Sudras (Labourers), not reckoning out are invoked in the 1,017 hymns of the Rig-
casts beyond the pale. [CASTE.] [For the Veda, the oldest Aryan book in the world.
rise of the Brahinans see BRAHMANISM.] The Dr. Haug, of the Sanscrit College at Poonah,
Brahmans in many places at present are about thinks the oldest of these may have been com-
a tenth part of the community. They are the posed and uttered from 2400-2000 B.C., or at
most intellectual of all castes, having great least from 2000 to 1400 B.C. Max Müller, the
mental subtlety. They are admirably adapted translator of the Rig Veda, more moderately
for metaphysical speculation and for mathe dates most of them between 1500 and 1200
matical reasoning ; but throughout their vast B.C., believing the collection to have been
literature they have almost uniformly told finished about 1100 B.C. [RIG-VEDA, VEDA.]
monstrous myths in lieu of history. Nor do Whilst the Aryans were in the Punjaub a
they care inuch for natural science. In these religious schism took place amongst them,
two respects they fall short of the average and a large number of the left India for
European mind. [BRAHMANISM.]
Persia with feelings so bitter that what their
“... the language of the Brahmens."-Mill: Hist. former friends left behind called gods they
Brit. India, i. 334.
transformed into demons. . The venerable
“The worshippers of Agni no longer form a distinct Deva = God, was changed into daeva = an evil
class, a few Agnihotra Brahmans, who preserve the
family, may be met with."-H. H. Wilson : Religion of
spirit. Iran (Persia) was the place to which
the Hindus.
the seceders went, and there their faith deve-
B. As adjective: In any way pertaining to a
loped into Zoroastrianism (q.v.). (See also
member of the caste described under A.
Zend-avesta.)
The Rig Veda was followed by three more,
Brahmana beads, Brahman's beads : A
the Yajur-veda, the Sama-veda, and the Atha-
name given in India to the corrugated seeds
roa-veda, each with a Sanhita or collection
of Elæocarpus, used by the Brahmans and
written in poetry, and Brâhmanas and Sûtras,
others as necklaces. They are sometimes
prose compositions ; but these are not so
worn as beads by children in East London,
valuable as the Rig-Veda for tracing the old
having been brought from India by sea-
beliefs.
faring relatives or friends.
From about 1000 to 800 B.C. collections
Brahman bull, Brahminy bull, s. were being made of the old sacred literature.
The Zebu, a variety of the Bos taurus, or Com From about 800 to 600 B.C. the Brahmanas
mon Ox. It is distinguished by having a were composed (Dr. Haug thinks between
large fatty hump on its shoulders. Divine 1400 and 1200 B.C.). Then the Sutras (exe-
honours are paid to it in India, and it is getical compositions), which follow, make
deemed an act of piety to turn one loose in the Brahmanas as well as Mantras divine.
streets, without any provision for its main-
The exact date of the two great epic poems
tenance. It therefore helps itself from green -the Ramayana and the Mehabharat-is un-
grocers' stalls or from gardens. It is not, as known ; but the former is believed to be the
a rule, dangerous to pedestrians, but at times older. By the time that it appeared the con-
has warlike encounters with its humped com- 1 stellation of Vedic gods had set, and one of
deified heroes was arising or had arisen.
Rama, the deified King of Ayodhya (Oude),
the hero of the former poem, is still exten-
sively worshipped, along with his friend and
follower, Hunooman, the monkcy god. So is
Krishna, the hero of the Mahabharat.
During the period of the Brahmanas, the
Brahmanic priesthood had risen to great
power; during that of the Sutras they were in
quiet enjoyment of their caste dignity. By
the sixth centnry Booddha had arisen to
preach the equality of all castes, and his
system was dominant in India from about 250
B.C. till 750 A.D., that is, for a thousand
years. [BOODDHISM.]
When Brahmanism reasserts its sway the
Hindoo triad of gods - Brahma, Vishnu,
and Shiva—have arisen (see these words).
Nay, Brahma has become almost obsolete,
and the respective advocates of Vishnu and
Shiva are at variance. Between the twelfth
and the sixteenth centuries monastic reformers
formed sects, some Vishnuvite, others Sivaite.
New sacred books, called, however, Puranas
(meaning old), are penned to advocate the
tenets of conflicting sects, and, though contra-
dicting each other, are accepted as divine.
The Mohammedan invasion somewhat re-
pressed their quarrels. [PURANAS.] At
present, the worship of Vishnu under the
forms of Krishna and of Rama, and of Siva
under that of the Lingam ; with the veneration
of Sukti, the power and energy of the divine
nature in action; to which must be added the
adoration of Hunooman, Rama's friend; and
in many places of aboriginal Turanian gods, are
the most prevalent forms of popular Hinduism.
Reformers are falling back on the Vedas, and
Christianity obtains converts from it in every
part of the land.
Brah'-man-ist, s. [From Eng., &c. Brah-
man; and suff. -ist.] A professor of the Brah-
manic faith. [BRAHMANISM.)
"Berghard, in his 'Physical Atlas,' gives the follow-
ing division of the human race according to religion
Brahmanists... 134 per cent”-Max Müller:
Chips from a German Workshop, vol. i., p. 215. (Note.)
Brah-ma-pôo'-tra, Brăn-ma-pû'-tra,
s. & a. [Sansc. Brahma (1) (q.v.)., and pootra,
putra = a son.]
A. As subst. (Geog.): A very large river,
rising in south-west Thibet and falling into
the Bay of Bengal.
B. As adj. : Pertaining to the river de-
scribed under A.
Brahmapootra or Brahma-fowl, s.
A variety of poultry, so called from their being
supposed to have been imported from the
neighbourhood of the Brahmapootra river.
Brah'-min-ze, s. [Eng., &c. Brahmin ; -ee.]
A female Brahman.
Brah'-min-ěss, S. [Eng., &c. Brahmin ;
-ess.] A female Brahman, a Brahminee.
brāid (1), *brâide, * brāyde, * brāi'-děn,
* brêi'-děn (Eng.), brāid, *brāde,
* brāyd (Scotch), 2.t. & i. [A.S. bredan = to
bend, fold, braid, knit, gripe, lay hold of,
draw, drive, or take out or away (Bosworth);
bregdan = to bind, knit, vibrate, or draw
forth (Bosworth); O. Icel. bregdha, brigdha =
(1) to braid with, (2) to broider; (int.) = to
start quickly ; 0. Fris. breida, brida; O.L.
Ger. bregdan; O.H. Ger. brettan. ]
A. Transitive:
* I. Of sudden movement (see O. Icel. bregdha):
To draw out quickly. (Used of the un-
sheathing or brandishing of a sword or similar
weapon.)
"Then this byrne braydet owte a brand."-Anturs
of Arthur, x.
"Wndyr his hand the knyff he bradit owt."
Wallace, i. 223. (M.S.)
It is sometimes used reflexively.
To braid one's self: To depart quickly. [B.,
I. 1.)
“Hee bredde an ai on his barm and braides him
than.'
Alisaunder (ed. Skeat), 1,004.
* II. Of more or less circular movement : To
turn about, to turn round.
“Ane Duergh braydit about, besily and bane,
Small birdis on broche, be ane brigh fyre.”
Gawan and Gol., 1. 7. (Jamieson.)
1 * III. Of movement taking the form of assault :
To attack, to assault. (Ruddman & Jamieson).
* To braid down : To throw down, to beat
down. (Skeat.)
“To the erth he brayd him downe."
"Ywaine and Gaw., 3,248.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion = shŭn; -tion, -şion=zhủn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, del.

666
braid-brain
2. Naut. (pl. brails): Ropes used to gather
up the foot and leeches of a sail, preparatory
to furling.
TIL
thing...
Dn
BRAILS.
route."
IV. Of the interwinding of things together : A. As adjective: Deceitful.
1. To weave or entwine together; to twine,
“Since Frenchmen are so braid,
Marry that will, I live and die a maid."
to twist, to plat.
Shakesp. : All's Well, iv. 2.
“... and the nicest maiden's locks
B. As substantive : Deceit, anything de-
Less gracefully were braided.”
Wordsworth : Excur., bk. vi. ceitful.
2. To intertwine or interlace around any-
“Dian rose with all her maids
Blushing thus at love his braids."
Greene : Never too Late, 1,616.
“This hall, in which a child I played,
Like thine, dear Redmond, lowly laid,
* brāid (2), * brāde, a. [A.S. bred = broad. ]
The bramble and the thorn may braid :
(BROAD.]
Or, passed for aye from me and mine,
It ne'er may shelter Rokeby's line."
1. Broad.
Scott : Rokeby, v. 11.
“Ay, ye might have said in braid Scotland, gude-
* B. Intransitive (of rapid movement):
wife,' added the fiddler."-Scott : Redgauntlet, let. x.
1. To move quickly ; to take a series of long
2. Plain, intelligible.
steps in rapid succession. (Scotch).
"And yit forsoith I set my besy pane,
(As that I couth) to make it brade and plain."
“And as he bradis furth apoun the bent."
Doug. : Virgil, Pref. 5, 4.
Doug. : Virgil, 381, 24.
“Syne down the brae Sym braid lyk thunder.”
braid-band, a. (BROAD-BAND.] (Scotch.)
Evergreen, ii, 183, st. 7.
2. To rush.
braid-cast, adv. [BROADCAST.) (Scotch.)
“As bliue with his burnes he braide into prese. * brāid, *brāde, adv. [BROAD.) Widely.
And demened him dou tili with dentes ful rude." -
William of Palerne (ed. Skeat), 3,848-49.
“The heuinly portis cristallyne
3. To awake, to spring; to start, to start up.
Vpwarpis brade, the warld till illumyne."
Doug. : Virgil, 399, 25.
"Than the burde in her bed braide of hur slepe,
And whan shee wakyng was shee wondred in hert."
| brāid'-ěd, po. par. & a. (BRAID.]
Alisaunder (ed. Skeąt), 724-5.
“Of mantles green, and braided hair."
4. To break out; to issue with violence.
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, vi. 4.
“Golden tresses wreathed in one,
“And all enragit thir wordis gan furth brade."
Doug. : 'irgil, 112, 29.
As the braided streamlets run !"
“Furth at the ilk porte the wyndis brade in ane
Longfellow: Maidenhood.
Ibid., 15, 35. brā'id-ēr, s. [Eng. braid ; -er.]
“On syde he bradis for to eschew the dynt.
Ibid., 142, 3. (Jamieson.)
1. Gen. : That which braids.
5. To cry out.
2. Spec. : A sewing-machine attachment
“Right in his wo he gan to braide.”
provided with an opening to guide and lay
Chaucer : Dreme, 662. a braid on the cloth under the action of the
(1) To braid up the head : To toss the head needle. The braid-guiding opening may be in
as a high-mettled horse does, to carry the the presser and in advance of the needle-hole,
head high.
or in the cloth-plate, or in a separate attach-
“I wald na langer beir on brydil, bot braid up my ment secured to the cloth-plate.
heid :
Thair micht no mollat mak me moy, por hald my
brāid'-ing, pr. par., A., & s. [BRAID, v.]
mouth in.” Dunbar: Mait. Poems, p. 5.
(2) To braid up the burde : To put up the
A. & B. As pr. par. & part. adj. : In senses
leaves of the table (?). A phrase useờ by
corresponding to those of the verb.
James I. (Jamieson.)
C. As substantive :
1. The act of making braids.
brāid (2), v.i. (BREED, v.i.]
2. Braids taken collectively.
“A gentleman en veloved in mustachios, whiskers.
brāid, * brāide, * brāyde, s. [From A.S.
fur collars, and braiding, ...”—Thackerdy. (Good-
bragd, bregd; 0. Icel. bragda, bragth = a sud rich & Porter.)
den motion, trick, sleight, look, or expres braiding-machine, s.
sion.] [BRAID, v. (q.v.).]
Mach.: A machine in which a fabric is
* I. Of sudden motion, or of anything sudden :
made by the laying up of three or more threads
1. A sudden motion, a start, a rush, a by a plaiting process. Mechanism guides the
charge, a sally.
thread-holding bobbins in a serpentine course,
“Go we ther-for with strengthe of hond; we willen to interlace the threads.
make a braide."
***Sir Ferumbras (ed. Herrtage), 3,122.
| brāid'-něs, s. [BROADNESS.] (Scotch.)
2. An assault, a thrust, aim to strike; an
attack, an invasion.
brā'-ie, brāy-ie, a. [Scotch brae; suffix -ie
"... If the Scottis kyng mistake in any braide
= Eng. -y.]
- Of treson in any thing, ageyn Henry forsaid."
1. Sloping.
R. Brunne, p. 138.
“Syne to me with his club he maid ane braid."
2. Hilly.
Doug. : Virgil, 451, 41." (Jamieson.)
* brāie, * brāi'-in (1), v.t. [BRAY.]
3. A reproach, a taunt, upbraiding.
And grieve our soules with quippes and bitter * brāi'-în (2), v. [BRAY (2), v.]
braids." Rob. E. of Huntingd., bl. 1., 1,601.
4. Sudden fate.
brāik, v. [Cf. Dut. bræcekluest = nausea,
“By-thenk ye wel of that brayde, that touchede duke qualm ; braakdrank = vomit.) To vomit.
Myloun.” Sir Ferumb. (ed. Herrtage), 2,008.
(Scotch.)
5. A moment of time.
"Sche blubbirt, bokkit, and braikit still.”.
| At a braid, At a brayde: At a start, at
Lyndsay: 8. P. R., ii. 87.
once.
* brāik (1), s. [Probably the same as Eng. brag,
"And vche best at a brayde ther hym best lykez."
S. (q.v.). Or from Icel. braka = to make a
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 539.
noise.] A threat. (Scotch.)
In a brayd: In a moment,
“ All thocht with braik, and boist, or wappinnis he
“Baltazar in a brayd bede vus ther-of."
Me doith awate, and manace for to de."
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 1,507.
Doug.: Virgil, 374, 32.
6. A grimace.
brāik (2), s. (BREAK.] (Scotch.)
“And grymly gryn on hym and blere,
And hydus braydes mak hym to fere."
| brāik (3), s. [O. Sw. braaka, from braaka, v.
Richard Rolle de Hampolle, 2,226-7.
7. The cry of a young child when newly
= to break.] (Jamieson.) [BRAKE (1), s.]
born. (Scotch.) (Craig, Jamieson, &c.)
1. A kind of harrow. (Scotch.)
II. Of something woven :
“While new-ca'd kye rowte at the stake,
An' pownies reek in pleugh or braik."
1. Gen. : Twist, plaiting.
Burns : Epistle to J. Lapraik.
"Nor braids of gold the varied tresses bind,.
2. An instrument used in dressing hemp,
That fly disorder'd with the wanton wind."
&c. (Jamieson.)
Pope : Sappho and Phaon, 85-6.
“ Then hasten we, maid,
* brăik-in, s. (BRACKEN.)
To twine our braid."
Moore: L. R., Light of the Harem.
* 2. Spec. :
*brāik'-ịt, a. [From Ir. breac, brek=speckled,
pied, motley.) Speckled. (Scotch.)
(1) Braided gold. (Scotch.)
"In the fyrst a belt of crammassy hernessit with
brāli, * brāyle, s. [From 0. Fr. braiel,
gold & braid."--Inventories, p. 8. (Jamieson.)
braiol, braioele, braieul = a band placed round
(2) A narrow woollen fabric used for binding. the breeches; 0. Fr. braie, braye = breeches;
Prov. braya ; Sp. & Port. braya; Ital. braca;
* brāid (1), a. & s. [From A.S. bragd, bregd= from Lat. braca (sing.), bracce (pl.)= breeches.]
deceit, fiction ; Icel. bragdh=fraud, deceit;
[BREECHES.]
from A.S. bredan = to weave, ... to draw 1. Falconry: A piece of leather with which
(as into a net).] [BRAID, S.]
to bind up a hawk's wing.
1.]
The brails of a gaff-sail are for hauling
the after-leech of the sail forward and up-
ward, previous to furling : towards the head
(peak-brails); neck (throat-brails); and lutf
(foot-brails). The lee-brails are hauled upon
in furling.
brāil, v.t. [From brail, s. (q.v.).]
1. Falconry: To fasten up the wing of a
bird, to confine it from flight. (Lit. & fig.)
" By Hebe fill'd ; who states the prime
of youth, and brails the wings of time."
Urania to the 0.
2. Naut. : To haul up into the brails, to
truss up with the brails. (Followed by up.)
“Cheerily, my hearties ! yo heave ho!
Brail up the mainsail, and let her go."
Longfellow; The Golden Legend, v.
brāin, * brāine, * brāyn, * brāyne, s. &
a. [A.S. brcegen, bragen, bregen ; Dut. brein ;
0. Dut. bregen; O. Fries. brein. Cf. Gr.
Bpéyua (bregma), Bpeyuós (bregmos), Bpexuós
(brechmos), Bpexua (brechma)= the upper part
of the head.]
A. As substantive:
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Literally : The soft mass contained within
the cavity of the skull, the encephalon. [II.,
“Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain."
Shakesp. : Macb. ii. 1.
(1) In this sense it may be used in the plural,
when the brains of different individuals,
human or animal, are compared to each
other.
“... at no period of life do their brains perfectly
agree."-Darwin: Descent of Man, vol. i. (1871), pt. i.,
ch. i., p. 3.
(2) When only one individual is referred to.
“Voices were heard threatening, some that his
brains should be blown out, ..."-Macaulay: Hist.
Eng., ch. xii.
2. Figuratively : The intellect.
“... the brain devise laws ...
Shakesp. : Mer. of Ven., i. 2
In this sense used also in the plural.
“... to beat this from his brains, .
Shakesp. : Hen. VIII., iii. 2.
To cudgel the brains : To stimulate the
faculty of attention, with the view of solving
an intellectual difficulty which could not be
satisfactorily disposed of in one's ordinary
listless mental state.
II. Technically:
1. Anat. : That part of the nervous system
contained within the cranium, or encephalon,
the central part of the nervous system, com-
posed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and me-
dulla oblongata (q.v.). It is formed by the
continuity of the fibres of the spinal cord
upwards to the cephalic centres.
(1) Compar. Anat. : The centre of the
nervous system in the lowest of the animals
which possess a brain is in the form of a
double cord; a step higher, and knots or
ganglia are developed on one extremity of the
cord. Such is the rudimentary structure of
brain in the lowest vertebrata. In the lowest
fishes the anterior extremity of the double
cord shows a succession of five pairs of
ganglia; in the higher fishes and amphibia
the first two become fused into a single
ganglion; then follow only three pairs of
symmetrical ganglia. This carries us up in the
animal scale to mammalia (q.v.); for instance,
in the dog and cat we find a single ganglion,
cerebellum, then three pairs following each
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hộr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sīr, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, oŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; trý, Sýrian. *, @=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

brain-braith
667
“ If the dull brainless Ajax come safe off.”
Shakesp. : Troil., i. 3.
brãin-păn, * brain-pănne, s. [Eng.
brain; pan.] The pan-like cavity, in other
words the skull containing the brain.
. my brain-pan had been cleft."-Shakesp. :
2 Hen. VI., iv. 10.
brāin'-sïck, a. [A.S. broegen-seóc.]
1. Of persons : Of diseased brain or mind;
not quite in one's mind, with the intellect
touched; flighty, one-sided, injudicious.
“What! more fools still! Be ruled by me and go
back, who knows whither such a brain-sick fellow will
lead you?”—Bunyan: P. P., pt. i.
2. Of things : The product of a diseased
brain or mind.
"Because Cassandra's mad; her brain-sick raptures
Cannot distaste the goodness of a quarrel.”
Shakesp. : Troil., ii. 2.
* brāin-sick-ly, adv. [Eng. brainsick; -ly.]
In a brainsick manner, in such a way as one
of diseased brain or mind might be expected
to do ; with lack of sound judgment.
“ You do unbend your noble strength, to think
So brainsickly of things."
Shakesp.: Macbeth, ii. 2.
brāin'-sïck-něss, * brāin'-sïck-nesse,
s. [Eng. brain; sickness.] Sickness, or any
affection of the brain, accompanied by more
or less of mental disease.
"... brainsicknesse they entitle promptitude,
quicknesse, and celeritie."--Holland : Plutarch, p. 77.
(Richardson.)
brāin'-stone, s. [Eng. brain; stone.]
Zool.: A name for the genus of corals called
un
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other, and the primitive ganglia of opposite
sides, at first separate, become united by
means of transverse fibres, commissures (com-
missura = a joining), for associating in func-
tion the two symmetrical portions. Hence
the deduction that the brain in the lower
animals consists of primitive cords, primitive
ganglia upon these cords, and commissures
which connect the substance of adjoining
ganglia and associate their functions.
(2) Human Anatomy :
(a) In the foetus: In the human foetus, the
earliest sign of the spinal cord is a pair of
minute longitudinal filaments side by side ;
on the anterior extremity of these five pairs of
minute swellings are seen, not in a straight
line, as in fishes, but curved on each other to
correspond with the future cranium. The
posterior pair soon become cemented on the
middle line, forming one; the second pair
also unite ; the third and fourth, at first dis-
tinct, are soon veiled by a lateral develop-
ment arching backwards to conceal them;
and the anterior pair, at first small, become
less and almost lost in the development of the
other pairs; so that the architecture of the
human brain is the same as that of the lower
animals, but progressive. [ARCHENCEPHALA.]
(6) In the adult : In the adult the primitive
cords, described under 2 (a), have become the
spinal cord, at the upper extremity they
separate under the name of crura cerebri ; the
first pair of ganglia, developed from the pri-
mitive cords, have become the cerebellum;
the second pair (the optic lobes of animals)
become the corpora quadrigemina of man;
the third pair, the optic thalami, and the
fourth, the corpora striata, are the basis of
the hemispheres, which, the merest lamina in
the fish, have become the largest portion, the
cerebrum, of the brain in man; the fifth pair
(olfactory lobes), so large in the lowest forms,
dwindle into the olfactory bulbs of man. The
brain is composed of fibres or fasciculi ranged
in some parts longitudinally, in others inter-
laced at various angles by cross fibres, and
connected and held together by a delicate
areolar web, which is the bond of support of
the entire organ. It is enveloped by three
lining membranes, the dura mater, the arach-
noid, and the pia mater (q.v.). The brain
substance is of two kinds, differing in density
and colour, a grey or cineritious or cortical
substance, and a white or medullary sub-
stance. The grey substance forms a thin
lamella over the entire surface of the convolu-
tions of the cerebrum, and of the laminæ of
the cerebellum, hence it has been named
cortical; but it is likewise found in the centre
of the spinal cord through its entire length,
thence through the medulla oblongata, crura
cerebri, thalami optici, and corpora striata;
also in the locus perforatus, tuber cinereum,
commissura mollis, pineal gland, pituitary
gland, and corpora rhomboidea. As clearly
shown by Dr. Sieveking, there is a peculiar
property in the white matter of the brain,
namely, the great elasticity of the medullary
substance, and the resiliency afforded by this
is the counterpoise of the rigid structures
enveloping the brain, and which do not, as
erroneously supposed, remove it entirely from
the influence of atmospheric pressure.
The microscopic elements of the brain are
white nerve-fibres from sooo to zadoo of an
inch in dianieter; grey nerve-fibres, one-half
or one-third less than the white in diameter
(Heule); nerve-cells, between zoo and also of
an inch in diameter; and nerve-granules, be-
tween robo and today of an inch in diameter,
with a variable number of pigment-granules.
The division of nerves into cranial and spinal
is purely arbitrary, for with respect to origin,
all but the first (the olfactory) proceed from
the spinal cord or its immediate prolongation
into the brain.
• The weight of the human brain, according
to Soemmering, is 2 lbs. 51 oz. to 3 lbs. 1 oz.
7 drs. ; Dr. Aitken says from 30 to 52 ounces,
with a bulk of from 65 to 84 cubic inches.
Dr. John Reid states that there is an average
difference of 5 oz. 11 drs. in favour of the
male brain. According to Sommering, the
largest brain of a horse is 1 lb. 7 oz. ; that
of an elephant dissected by Sir Astley Cooper
had a weight of 8 lbs. 1 oz.; and Rudolphi
found that of a common whale (Balæna mysti-
cetus), 75 feet long, to weigh 5 lbs. 104 oz.
The average sp. gr. of healthy brain is 1.036;
mean of grey matter, 1.034 ; of white, 1.041.
Its blood supply is derived through the pia-
mater membrane.
2. Chem. : The chernical constituents of
the brain are albumen; fatty matter, includ-
ing two acid compounds containing a large
amount of phosphorus, from eight to ten
parts in 1,000, or one-twentieth to one-thirtieth
of the whole solid matter; also salts, and
from four-fifths to seven-eighths of water.
3. Physiol. : The organ for manifestation
of the intellectual faculties, such as the emo-
tions, the passions, and volition, and also of
sensation. The evolution of nerve-force con-
nected with mind emanates directly from the
hemispherical ganglia. The spinal cord, by
its connection with the brain, is the essence
of combined movements. The brain alone fur-
nishes conditions necessary for intelligence ;
the spinal cord for movement; and together
they connect the balancing and co-ordination
of motor and sensitic power.
4. Path. : The chief diseases of the brain
are—abscess of the organ, aphasia (in which
the anterior lobes are affected, with difficulty
of expressing thought), apoplexy (q.v.), brain
fever, cancer, concussion and compression,
epilepsy, hydrocephalus, hysteria, headache,
induration, insanity, paralysis, softening, sun-
stroke, and tumours (q.v.).
B. As adjective: Relating to the brain in
any of the foregoing senses. (See the com-
pounds which follow.)
Obvious compound : brain - development
(Darwin: Descent of Man, pt. i., vol. i.).
brain-born, a. Generated by one's own
brain or mind.
“Each hath his pang, but feeble sufferers groan
With brain-born dreams of evil all their own."
Byron : Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, ii. 7.
brain-case, s. The part of the skull
which encases the brain.
brain-fever, s. A term in common use
for inflammation of the lining membranes of
the brain, meningitis ; or of the brain itself,
cerebritis. These are generally found in con-
junction, seldom separate, and are termed
phrenitis, or encephalitis. Often associated
(a) with tuberculosis, or scrofula ; sometimes
(b) with gout, rheumatism, or syphilis ; in the
first instance generally in the case of children
and delicate young females, in the others
chiefly in adult males; very frequently, also,
from injury, or as a consequence of previous
diseases. Brain-fever is characterised by
violent headache, intolerance of light, excite-
ment, extreme sensitiveness, hyperæmia, de-
lirium, convulsions, and coma. These are the
symptoms of cerebral irritation, which is often
followed by cerebral depression. So real is
the delirium it cannot be distinguished from
true perceptions. The opposite of all this is
cerebral depression.
brain-pan, s. The same as BRAIN-CASE
(q.v.). [BRAINPAN.]
* brain-wood, a. [BRAINWOOD.]
brain-worm, s. (Fig.) A worm infesting
the brain. (Used in controversy contemptu-
ously of an adversary.)
"... this brain-worm against all the laws of dis-
pute, will needs deal with them here."- Milton: Co-
tasterion.
brain-wright, s. One who thinks or
devises for another. (Halliwell: Contrib. to
Lexicog.)
brāin, v.t. [From brain, s. (q.v.).]
1. Literally : To dash out the brains.
“Why, as I told thee, 'tis a custom with him
I'th' afternoon to sleep ; there thou inay'st brain
hiin."
Shakesp. : Tempest, iii. 2.
2. Figuratively:
(1) To defeat. (Used of a purpose, &c.)
“That brained my purpose ..
Shakesp. : Meas. for Meas., v. 1.
(2) To conceive in the brain, to understand.
“ 'Tis still a dream, or else such stuff as madinen
Tongue and brain not; either both or nothing."
Shakesp. : Cymbeline, v. 4.
brāindġe, v.i. [Etymology doubtful.] To
rush rashly forward.
“ Thou never braindg't, an' fetch't, an' fliskit,
But thy auld tail thou wad hae whiskit."
Burns : The Auld Farmer to his Auld Mare Maggie.
* brāin'-ish, a. [Eng. brain ; -ish.] Brainsick.
“Whips out his rapier, cries, 'A rat! A rat!'
And, in this brainish apprehension, kills
The unseen good old man."
Shakesp. : Hamlet, iv. 1.
brāin'-less, * brāin'-lesse, * brāin'-lès,
a. [Eng. brain, and suff. -less.] Without in-
tellect, dull, stupid. (Fig.)
BRAINSTONE.
by naturalists Meandrina, in which the surface
resembles the convolutions or meanderings of
the human brain.
* brāin'-wood, * brayn-wod, a. [O. Eng.
brayn ; Eng. brain ; wod, wood = mad.) Mad,
out of one's mind.
"Than brayde he braynwod."
William of Palerne, 2,096.
t bräird, s. [BREER.] (Scotch.)
1. Sing. : The first appearance of grain above
ground after it is sown.
2. Plur. (brairds): The coarsest kind of flax.
[BREARD.]
fbräird, v.t. [From braird, s. (q.v.).] To
spring up as seeds. (Ogilvie.)
*brāis, v.t. [From Fr. bras= the arm.] [EM-
BRACE.) To embrace.
“And leif ane uthir thy baggis to brais."
Dunbar : Bannatyne Poems, p. 56, st. 3.
brāişe, s. [BRAIZE.)
brāişe, v.t. [Fr. braiser = to bake.] To cook
in a braising-pan.
brāiş'-îng, s. & d. [BRAISE, v.]
Cookery: A term given to a process of cook-
ing meat, which combines the advantages of
baking and stewing. Properly speaking, it is
performed in a braising-pan, which is a stew-
pan with a closely-fitting lid constructed to
ħold live embers, so that the meat can be
cooked from above and below simultaneously,
though it is often done in an ordinary sauce-
pan kept tightly closed.
braising-pan, s. A pan for cooking
meat as described in BRAISING (q.v.).
brāit, s. [Cf. Wel. brith, m., braith, f.= mixed,
motley, pied, speckled ; Ir. breaih, breag =
fine, comely (Mahn.).]
Jewelry: A rough diamond.
* brāith, a. [O. Icel. bráthr = swift, head-
long, furious ; 0. Sw. brather; Sw. bråd; Dan.
brad.] Violent, severe.
“Throuch the braith blaw, all byrstyt owt of blud;
Butless to ground he smat him quhar he stud."
Wallace, xi. 171, MS. (Jamieson.)
boll, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious, -cious = shŭs. -ble, -dle, &c.=-bel, del.

668
braithfull-braky
* brāith'-full, * breith'-fúl. a. [Scotch (2) Any other machinery for effecting the (2) Fig. : Trials, difficulties, afflictions.
braith= breath (?); and Eng. suffix -full). ] same purpose.
“If I'm traduc'd by tongues, which neither know
Sharp, violent.
My faculties nor person : let me say,
(3) A friction-strap or band applied on the
'Tis but the fate of place, and the rough brake
“In sum the greyf and ire dyd fast habound,
periphery of the drum of a hoisting-machine,
That virtue must go through."
Rasyt wyth braithfull stangis full unsound.”
Doug. : Virgil, 379, 22. crane, or crab.
Shukesp. : Hen. VIII., i. 2.
2. The English naine of Pteris, a genus of
2. Hydraulics : The extended handle of a
* brāith-ly, * brāith'-lie, a. & adv. [O.
Icel. bradhligr; Scotch braith = breath; and
ferns belonging to the order Polypodiaceæ.
fire-engine or similar pump, by which the
[PTERIS.]
power is applied. (Used especially of an ex-
It is so called from
-lie = Eng. suffix -ly.]
growing
tended handle at which a row of men can
abundantly in such brakes as those de-
A. As adjective. Of wind : Violent.
work together.)
scribed under No. 1. The common brake,
“This goddes went, quhare Eolus tbe kyng
called, more especially in Scotland, the
In gousty cauis, the windis loud quhisling
3. Vehicles :
bracken, is very abundant in woods and
And braithlie tempestis, by his power refranys."
(1) A vehicle for breaking horses, consisting
Doug.: Virgil, 14, 46.
on heaths, and constitutes quite a feature
of the running-gears, and a driver's seat,
B. As adverb: Violently, with great force.
of the scenery in such localities. It is the
without any carriage-body.
commonest British fern. It is very abundant
“ Wness a word he mycht bryng out for teyue;.
The bailfull ters bryst braithly fra hys eyue.
(2) A rubber pressed against the wheel of a in Epping Forest, and is the only fern that is
Wallace, vi. 208, MS. Also iii. 375. (Jamieson.) vehicle, to impede its revolution, and so common there. If an excursionist allow
brāize (Eng.), brāise, brāze (Scotch), s.
arrest the descent of the vehicle when going himself to be benighted in the forest it will
[A.S. beers, bears= a perch, a wolfish or vora-
down hill.
aid him in picking his steps to know that
cious fish (Somner); Sw. braxen = a bream;
(3) The part of a carriage by which it is wherever the brake or bracken grows the
Dan. & Dut. brasem = a bream ; Ger. brassen
enabled to be turned. The fore-carriage.
spot is presumably dry, wherever it is absent
= a bream.]
4. Railroad engineering : A contrivance for
the place is presumably marshy. It is an
stopping the motion of a car-wheel by fric-
excellent covert for game, and where deer
1. English (of the form braize): Braize, the
tion applied thereto. Railway brakes are of
exist they love to be among it. The country
name of the Pagrus genus of fishes, and specially
people believe that, taken medicinally, it will
of the species Pagrus vulgaris or Common various kinds. There are hand-brakes, air-
destroy worms, and that to lie upon it will
Braize, called also the Becker, the Pandora, brakes, &c.
cure the rickets in children. Its leaves are
and the King of the Sea-breams. It belongs A hand-brake is put in action by a winding
used for thatching cottages. Its astringent
to the family Sparidæ. It is found, though drum connecting chains and levers, the power
quality has led to its employment for dressing
rarely, in the British seas.
of the brakesman being applied to a hand
and preparing chamois leather, and the ashes
2. Scotch (of the forms braise and braze) : The wheel in the carriage. The air or atmospheric
are useful in the manufacture of soap and
roach (Leuciscus rutilus), one of the Cyprinidæ.
brake operates by means of compressed air.
glass. It is sometimes spelled also brakes.
"Salinon, pike, and eels of different kinds, frequent
It can bring a train running forty-five miles
" Motley accoutrement-or power to smile
the Enrick and Blane; but no fish in greater abun an hour to a standstill within 250 feet.
At thorns, and brakes, and brambles—and in truth,
dance, at a certain season of the year, than the braise
“A number of gentlemen, representing various rail-
More ragged than need was."
(roach, Eng.). Vast shoals come up from Lochlomond,
way companies, attended at Ipswich, on Wednesday.
Wordsworth : Nutting.
and by nets are caught in those sands.”P. Killearn,
to witness a trial of a brake, the invention of Mr. Sul.
Stirlings. Statist. Acc. of Scotland, xvi. 109.
Brake of the wall: A local name of the
livan, M.P. The arrangement is especially adapted for
fern Polypodium vulgare.
* brāk, pret. of v. [A.S. bræc, pret. of brecan.]
application to railway carriages which are already fitted
with the ordinary hand-brake.... Stoppages were
[BREAK, v.] Broke.
Rock brakes: A name of the Parsley Fern,
made in short space, and with much steadiuess." —
“I trow at Troye whan Pirrus brak the wal."
Weekly Scotsman, May 17, 1879.
Allosorus crispus.
Chaucer: C. T., Man of Lawes Tale, 288. 5. Basket-making: An iron crotch with a brake-fern, s.
* brāk, s. [From Dut. braak = a breaking ;
sharp-edged re-entering angle, adapted to peel
1. Pteris aquilina.
O. Icel. brak = breaking, uproar.] An out-
the bark from osiers drawn therethrough.
B. As adjective: Adapted to, pertaining to,
2. Any other fern. (Ray.)
break, uproar, riot.
brake-nightingale, brake nightin-
or in any way connected with a brake.
“Ane uther sorte startis up faithles, every year
embrayssing with great brak the faith of the starkast
gale, s. A book-name for the Nightingale
party." — N. Winyett: First Tractat. Keith's Hist.,
brake-beam, s.
(Philomela luscinia). [NIGHTINGALE.]
App., p. 208.
Vehicles : The transverse beam connecting
* brāke, pret. of v. [BREAK, v.]
the shoes of opposite wheels. A brake-bar. * brāke, * brak, a. [Dan. & Dut. brak; Ger.
brack.] Brackish ; somewhat salt.
“... he brake his mind to his wife and children.”— brake-block, s.
Bunyan: P. P., pt. i.
“The entrellis sik fer in the fludis brake,
Railroad engineering: The block attached
In your reuerence I sall flyng and swako"
brāke (1), break (Eng.), brāik, breāk to the brake-beam and holding the shoe or
Doug. : Virgil, 135, 29.
(Scotch), S. & a. [În (N. H.) Ger. brache ; rubber.
* brā'ke-büshe, s. [Eng. brake; 0. Eng.
À. Ger. brake = an instrument for breaking
brake-shoe, s. That part of a brake
flax ; Dut. braak = breaking, burglary, brake.
bushe.) A brake of ferns.
"Brakebushe, or fernebrake. Filicetum, filicarium,
which is brought in contact with the object
From Dut. breken; Ger. brechen = to break.]
whose motion is to be restrained.
UG. in fllaxe.”—Prompt. Parv.
[BREAK, v.]
brāke'-hop-pěr, s. [Eng. brake; hopper.]
A. As substantive :
brake-sieve, s.
A book-name for Sibilatrix, a genus of birds.
I. Ordinary Language :
Mining : A rectangular sieve operated by a
Sibilom Brakehopper: A book-name for a
forked lever or brake, from which it is sus-
1. Originally: An instrument or machine to
bird, the Grasshopper Chirper (Sibilatrix lo-
pended in a cistern of water for the agitation
break flax or hemp. (Johnson.) It is toothed.
of comminuted ore. The meshes are of strong
custella).
“When it is dry enough, break it with your breaks,
iron wire, f of an inch square. The brake is
and afterwards rub and scutch it.”-Maxwell : Sel.
brāke'-man, brāke's-man, s. [Eng. brake,
Trans., p. 362.
supported by a rolling axis. (JIGGER.] The
V.; man.]
2. A cross-bow.
poorest light pieces are cuttings. Pieces of
1. Ord. Lang. : A man whose business it is
“And summe scholde schete to the frensche rout
poor, sparry, heavy ore are chats. (Knight.)
to put on the brake, when it is required, in
with gunnes and bowes of brake.”-Sir Ferumbras,
railway travelling.
3,263.
brake-wheel, s.
“Not rams, nor mighty brakes, nor slings alone.”
1. Railroad engineering : The wheel on the
2. Mining: The man in charge of the wind-
Fairf. : Tasso, xviii. 43. Also st. 64.
platform or top of a carriage by which the
ing engine.
3. An instrument of torture.
brakes are put in action.
“Had I that honest blood in my veins again, queen,
* brak-en, * brak-in, s. [BRACKEN.]
2. Machinery: A wheel having cams or
that your feats and these frights have drained from
ine, honour should pull hard ere it drew me into these wipers to raise the tail of a hammer-helve. * brak-ene, * brakenesse, s. [BRAKE (1).]
brakes."-Beau. & Fletch. : Thierry & Theod., v. 1.
A baker's pounding or crushing instrument.
4. The handle of a ship's pump. (Johnson.) | brāke (2), s. & a. [L. Ger. brake = brake.
"Bray, or brakene. Baxteris instrument. Pinsa,
brushwood; connected with Ger. brache = C.F."-Prompt. Parv.
5. A baker's kneading-trough. (Johnson.)
fallow-ground; Dut. braak (adj.) = fallow;
6. A sharp bit or snafile, a horse-bit. (Cole, Dan. brak = fallow, unploughed; and, per-
* brăk'-ět, * brăg'-gět, s. [BRAGGET.] A
Johnson, &c.)
haps, with Dan. bregne = fern-brake. Cf. also
sweet drink made of the wort of ale, honey, and
7. A machine in which horses unwilling to Wel. brwg, brygan = growth, brake; Arm.
spices. It is called also bragwort.
be shod are confined during the operation. brúk, brug =heath, heather ; Ir. & Gael. fraoch
“ Hir mouth was swete as braket or the meth,
Or hord of apples, laid in hay or heth."
(1) Lit. Of horses : In the foregoing sense.
= heath; Prov. bru = heath.] [BRACKEN.]
Chaucer : C. T.; Miller's Tale.
(2) Fig. Of persons : A restraint, a curb of A. As substantive :
“ One that knows not neck-beef from a pheasant,
Nor cannot relish braggat from ambrosia.'
any kind upon liberty, the appetites, the 1. A thicket of brushwood or fern ; a place
Beaum, & Fl.: Little Thief.
passions, &c. (or this may be the figurative overgrown with prickly or thorny shrubs, with
sense corresponding to I., 6).
brushwood or with fern.
| brāk'-ing, pr. par. & s. [BRAKE, V.]
"Who rules his rage with reason's brake.”
(1) Literally:
A. As present participle : (See the verb.)
Turbervile.
(a) Overgrown with
“Drest, you still for man should take him,
B. As substantive :
prickly or thorny
And not think he had eat a stake,
shrubs, as brambles and briars, or with brush Flax-manufacture : An operation by which
Or were set up in a brake." B. Jonson.
wood. [CANE-BRAKE.]
the straw of flax or hemp, previously steeped
8. A large and heavy kind of harrow, chiefly
“That seem'd to break from an expanding heart :
and grassed, is broken, so as to detach the
used for breaking in rough ground. (Scotch.)
"The untutor'd bird may found, and so construct, shives or woody portion from the hare or
“A pair of harrows, or brake for two horses, on the
And with such soft materials line, her nest,
useful fibre. [FLAX-BRAKE.]
best construction, 1795, £2 2s. ; 1809, £4."-Wilson :
Fix'd in the centre of a prickly brake.
Renfr., p. 87.
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. v. braking-machine, s. A machine for
II. Technically :
(6) Covered with a growth of the fern de braking flax or hemp after rotting, to remove
scribed under 2.
1. Machinery :
the woody portion and pith from the fibre.
“ And now at distance can discern
(1) The kneading-machine used by bakers.
A stirring in a brake of fern;
bräk-ỷ, a. [From Eng.brac(e); -3.]
It consists, in some cases, of a pivoted lever
And instantly a dog is seen
1. Lit.: Thorny, prickly, brambly; over-
Glancing from that covert green."
operating on a bench.
Wordsworth: Fidelity.
run with brushwood and fern.
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pīne, păt, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; try, Sýrian. », o=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

brakyn-bran
669
2. Fig.: Choked up with other and rougher
things ; left in obscurity, hidden from view.
“Redeem arts from their rough and braky seats,
where they lie hid and overgrown with thorns, to a
pure and open light, where they may take the eye, and
may be taken by the hand."--Ben Jonson.
* brāk'-yn, v.t. [BREAK, v.]
"Brakyn' a-sunder cordys and ropis and other lyke.
Rumpo."-Prompt. Paru.
* brā-kỳn, v.i. [0. Dut. braken ; O. Icel.
braka.] To vomit.
"Brorkyn, or castyn, or spewe. Vomo, Cath. evomo."
-Prompt. Purv.
*brā'-kynge, pr. par. & s. [BRAKYN.]
A. As pr. par.: (See the verb.)
B. As subst. : The act of vomiting.
“ Brakynge, or parbrakynge. Vomitus, evomitus.”—
Prompt. Purv.
* brald, pa. par. [From Sw. pråld = be-
decked; prila = to cut a figure, to boast.]
Decked, dressed ; a term used of a woman,
who is said to be-
“Rycht braivlie brald."
Maitland Poems, p. 319.
* bral-len, v.i. (BRAWL, v.] (Town. Mysteries.)
bra'-mą (1), s. [Lat. brama.]
Ichthyol. : A genus of spiny-finned fishes
belonging to Cuvier's family Squamipennes,
meaning Scaly-finned fishes, now called Chæ-
todontidæ. It contains but one species, the
Brama Raii, which is common in the Mediter-
ranean, whence an occasional straggler finds
its way to the British seas.
* Bra'-ma (2), s. [BRAHMA.]
Bra'-mah, s. & a. [From Mr. Joseph Bramah,
who was born at Stainborough, in Yorkshire,
on April 13, 1749, and died December 9, 1814.
See A.]
A. As subst. : Mr. Bramah, who invented
the Bramah-lock, the Bramah-press, &c.
B. As adj. : Invented by Mr. Bramah.
Bramah-lock, s. A lock patented by
Bramah, in England (1784 and 1798), having a
number of slides which are adjusted in the
manner of tumblers, by means of a stepped
key, so that the slides of unequal length shall
be brought into a position where their notches
lie in the same plane, that of the locking-
plate. [LOCK.]
Bramah-press, s. A machine designed
to turn to account Pascal's Law (LAW] of the
equality of pressure in a mass of liquid, by
using water under pressure to produce a
mighty force. It was patented by Mr. Bra-
mah in 1796. It is called also the Hydraulic
or Hydrostatic Press. It consists essentially
of a large, very strong cylinder, in the collar
of which a cast-iron piston or ram works
water-tight. Above the ram is a movable
cast-iron plate, and at some distance higher
than it a fixed one, both being kept in their
places by four strong columns. The portion
of the cylinder beneath the ram is full of
water, and is connected by a pipe with a
small forcing pump. When the latter is put
in action it compresses the water in it, and
that pressure transmitted by the pipe to the
large cylinder in which the ram works, acts
equally on every part of it (PASCAL'S-LAW],
with the practical effect of enormously in-
creasing the original force. Thus, if the
diameter of the piston in the forcing-pump is
an inch, and that of the ram in the cylinder
four feet, then the pressure on the latter is
(12 X 4)2 = 2,304 times greater than that ex-
erted by the former. Goods to be pressed--
bales for cloth, for instance, or beet-roots, are
placed on the lower or movable plate, and
are forced up against the fixed one. The por-
tions of the Menai tubular bridge were raised
to their positions by means of a powerful
Bramah-press.
bra-ma-ther-i-ùm, S. [From Brand, old
spelling of BRAHMAH (q.v.); Gr. Onplov (thērion)
= wild animal.]
Zool. & Palcont, : A genus of Antilopida,
consisting of a gigantic species with four horns.
It is allied to Sivatherium, which also is four-
horned. Both occur in the Upper Miocene, or
Lower Pliocene beds of the Sewâlik hills in
India.
brăm-ble, * brem'-bil (Eng.), brăm-ble,
brăm-mle, brăm-mles (Scotch & 0. Eng.), I
S. & d. [A.S. bremel, brember, broembel, brembel
= (1) a brier, a blackberry bush, a bramble, a
mulberry; (2) a tormenting (Bosworth). In Sw.
brombär = a blackberry; Dan. bramber; Dut.
braam ; L. Ger. brummel-beere; (N. H.) Ger.
brombeere; O. H. Ger. brâmal, brâma, f.,
brâmo, m.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Of plants :
(1) Generally :
(a) The blackberry or any allied plant.
[II. 1. Bot.]
“Doth the bramble cumber a garden? It makes the
better hedge: where if it chances to prick the owner,
it will tear the thief."-Greer : Cosmologia Sucra,
bk. iii., ch. 2.
(6) The common dog-rose, Rosa canina.
[BRAMBLE-FLOWER.]
(2) Fig.: Any thorny shrub.
“ The bush my bed, the bramble was my bow'r,
The woods can witness many a woful store."
Spenser.
2. Of animals : The same as brambling and
bramble-finch (q.v.).
II. Technically:
1. Botany :
(1) The blackberry, Rubus fruticosus, or any
closely allied species of the same genus. The
shrub now mentioned runs into a number of
well-marked varieties. Hooker and Arnott,
in the 7th edition of the British Flora (1855),
enumerate seven : R. suberectus, or the Èrect;
R. fruticosus, or the Common; R. rhammi-
folius, or the Buckthorn-leaved ; R. carpini-
folius, Hornbeam-leaved ; R. corylifolius, or
the Hazel-leaved; R. glandulosus, or the Gland-
ular; and R. cæsius, or the Dewberry Bramble.
R. saxatilis, or the Stone Bramble, is inade
a distinct species. The above are British
species; the foreign ones also are numerous.
The raspberries are associated with the bram-
bles in the same genus Rubus.
Blue bramble (so called from the blue
broom on the fruit): A book-name for Rubus
ccesius. (Britten & Holland.)
Heath bramble : Rubus caesius. (Lyte.)
Mountain bramble : Rubus Chamaemorius.
(Treasury of Bot.)
Stone bramble: A book-name for Rubus saxa-
tilis. (J. Wilson.) (Britten & Holland.)
(2) The fruit of the bramble, called also
blackberry.
+ (3) A book-name for the whole genus
Rubus, though it contains the raspberry as
well as the bramble.
2. Scripture :
(1) The rendering of Heb. TDX (atad), trans-
lated bram ble in Judges ix. 14, 15, and thorns
in Psalm lviii. 9. The former passage shows
that it was little regarded, the latter that it
was thorny and used as fuel. Atad is supposed
to be the same as Arab. awsuj = a kind of
buckthorn, and is probably a rhamnaceous
plant, Zizyphus spina Christi, because it is
thought that from it was made the crown of
thorns, which for purposes of insult and tor-
ture was placed around the sacred forehead
of Christ immediately before his crucifixion
(John xix, 2, 5).
(2) The rendering of the Heb. Din (chhoah)
in Isaiah xxxiv. 13, probably a thorny tree or
shrub of the genus Prunus.
(3) [BRAMBLE-BUSH (2).]
B. As adjective : Consisting of or pertaining
to the Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) or any
allied species of the genus. (See the com-
pounds.)
bramble-bonds. s. pl. “Bonds" or
bands made of the long shoots of the brainble.
They were formerly used for thatching roofs.
(Ogilvie.)
bramble-bush, s. [In Ger. brambeer.
busch.]
1. Ord. Lang. & Bot. : The same as BRAMBLE
(q.v.).
2. Scrip. : The rendering, in Luke vi. 44, of
the Greek word Bátos (batos) = a bramble-
bush. (Liddell & Scott.)
bramble-finch, s. The same as BRAM-
BLING (q.v.).
bramble-flower, * bramble-flour, s.
1. The flower of a bramble, Rubus fruticosus.
* 2. The dog-rose, Rosa canina.
“The bramble-flour that berest the red hepe."
Chaucer : C. T'., 13, 676.
bramble-loop, s. The loop or curve
made by the stem of a bramble when the
extremity of the long and feeble branch has
rooted itself in the ground.
“We have heard of cows that were said to be
mouse-crope, or to have been walked over by a shrew.
inouse (an ancient way of accounting for paralysis),
being dragged through the brumble-loop.
Buckman, in Treus. of Bot. (article Rubus)..
bramble-net, s. A net to catch birds.
† brăm'-bled, a. [Eng. bramble); ed.]
Thickly grown over with brambles.
" Beneath yon tower's unvaulted gate,
Forlorn she sits upon the brambled floor."
T. Warton: Ode iii.
brăm'-blựng, * brăm'-lìne, s. [From A.S.
bremet (?).] A bird, Fringilla montifringilla,
called also Bramble, Bramble-finch, Moun-
tain-finch, and Mountain-chaffinch. [MOUN-
TAIN-FINCH, FRINGILLA.]
† brăm'-blý, a. [Eng. bramblle); -y.] Full
of brambles.
“Hark, how they warble in that brambly bush,
The gaudy goldfinch, and the speckly thrush."
A. Phillips, Past. 4.
* brāme, S. [Cf. 0. Eng. breme = severe,
sharp ; A.S. bremman = to rage, to roar.]
Sharp passion.
“But that shee still did waste, and still did wayle,
That, through long languour and hart-burning brame,
She shortly like a pyned ghost became.
Spenser : F. Q., III., il. 52.
bra'-mi-ą, s. [From brami, the local name
of the plant.]
Bot. : A genus or sub-genus of plants be-
longing to the order Scrophulariaceæ (Fig-
worts). Bramia serrata has a slimy penetrat-
ing odour. It is used in Brazil in the pre-
paration of bark for rheumatic patients.
(Lindley.)
+ Bra'-mîn (1), s., † Bra'-min-ēe, s., &c.
(BRAHMAN, BRAHMINEE, &c.]
Bra'-mîn (2), Brach'-man (ch silent), s.
[In Ger. (sing.) Brachmane, Bramine ; Lat.
Brachmanus (pl. Brachmani); Pali Brahmana;
0. Pali Bamhana, Bahmana, Babhana.) An
ancient Indian sect mentioned by the Hindoo
Booddha, the Greek historian Arrian, and the
Latin father Ambrose, and generally identified
by the classic writers with the Gymnosophists.
It is matter of dispute whether they were
identical with the meinbers of the Indian
sacerdotal caste now universally known as
Brahmans or were of Booddhistic origin. Col.
Sykes strongly maintained the latter view.
(Journal Roy. Asiat. Soc., vol. vi., p. 361, &c.)
bră'm-mle, brăm-mleş, s. [Corruption
from Eng. bramble.] [BRAMBLE.] (Scotch &
N. of Eng. Dial.)
brăn, *brănne, * bren, s. [From Fr. bran
=(1) the thicker part of the husk of ground
corn, (2) sawdust, (3) focal matter; O. Fr.,
Pr., & O. Sp. bren = bran; Low Lat. brannum,
brennium, bren; Wel., Ir., & Gael. bran =
bran, husk; Arm. brenn. ]
1. Lit. : The skins or husks of ground corn,
especially wheat, separated from the flour.
The nutritive value of these husks increases
as we proceed from the outside of the grain
toward the interior. The outer skin, or coarse
bran, is very indigestible, owing to the pre-
sence of a layer of silica. The inner skins,
called pollards, are more nutritious, containing
from 12 to 15 per cent. of nitrogenous matter,
and from 20 to 30 per cent. of starch. Unless,
however, they are ground very finely, they are
apt to set up irritation of the bowels and
diarrhæa. Though rich in nitrogen, bran ap-
pears to possess but little nutritive power. It
may be of use to those who are well fed, and
need a laxative, but to the poor who need
nourishment it is of very little use. It is,
however, of some commercial value, being
largely employed in the feeding of horses and
cattle, and in brightening goods during the
processes of dyeing and calico-printing.
"The citizens were driven to great distress for want
of victuals; bread they made of the coarsest bran, ...
-Hayward.
2. Figuratively:
“Nature hath meal and bran, contempt and grace.
I'm not their father; ..
Shakesp. : Cymbeline, iv. 2.
bran-duster, s.
Milling: A machine in which the bran, as
turned out of an ordinary bolt, is rubbed and
fanned to remove as much as possible of the
flour which yet adheres to it.
boil, boy; póut, jówl; cat, çell, chorus, çhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph= f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion=shún; -țion, -şion=zhủn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

670
barn-branchiferous
4. Blacksmith's work: One of the quarters
brăn, adv. [A contraction from brand.] (Used
only in the expression bran-new.)
Bran-new, i.e., brand-new : The brand was
the fire, and brand-new was newly forged,
fresh from the fire. It was equivalent to
Shakespeare's fire-new. (Trench : English Past
& Present, pp. 179, 180.)
".., a pair of bran-new velveteens, instead of his
ancient thicksets."-Scott : Bride of Lammermoor,
ch. i.
* brănc, s. [Etymology doubtful.] A linen
vestment like a rochet, formerly worn by
women over their other clothing. (Ogilvie.)
various directions.
“If their child be not such a speedy spreader and
brancher, like the vine, yet he may yield, with a little
longer expectation, as useful and more sober fruit than
the other."—Wotton.
bran'ch-ěr (2), s. [Fr. branchier.]
Falconry: A young hawk.
“I enlarge my discourse to the observation of the
eires, the brancher, and the two sorts of lentners.”—
Walton.
brançh'-ēr-ý, s. [From Eng. branch ; -er;-y.]
Bot.: The ramifications of the vessels dis-
persed through the pulpy part of fruit.
brăn-chỉ-a, s. [In Fr. branchies. From
Lat. branchia = a gill of a fish; pl. branchive
= the gills of a fish ; Gr. Bpáyxlov (branghion)
a fin ; pl. Bpáyxia (branghia) = the gills of a
fish.]
5. Harness-making : One of the levers at-
tached to the ends of the stiff bit of a curb-bit,
and having rings or loops for the curb-chain,
the cheek-straps, and the reins. [CURB-BIT.]
6. Mining : A small vein which separates
from the lode, sometimes reuniting. A leader,
string, or rib of ore running in a lode.
7. Hydraulics : The metallic piece on the end
of a hose to which the nozzle is screwed.
8. Gas-fixtures : A gas-burner bracket.
B. As adjective: Pertaining to the arm of
a tree, or to the projecting part of anything.
branch-chuck, s.
Turning : A chuck having four branches,
each of which has a set screw whose end may
be made to impinge upon the object.
branch-leaf, s. A leaf growing on a
branch.
branch-line, s. A subsidiary line of
railway.
branch-peduncle, s. A peduncle grow-
ing from a branch.
branch-spine, s.
Bot. : A spine on the branch of a plant, such
as in the sloe, as distinguished from a leaf-
* brănc-ard, s. [Fr. brancard = a litter, the
shafts of a vehicle.] A horse-litter.
“The gentleman ... proposed, that he would either
make use of a boat to Newport or Ostend, or a bran-
card to St. Omer's "-Life of Lord Clarendon, iii. 891.
branch, * branche, * braunch,
* braunche, S. & A. [From Fr. branche;
BRANCH-SPINE.
branca; Low Lat. branca = the claw of a pre-
datory animal ; Wallachian brëncë = a fore-
foot; Arm. brank = a branch ; Corn. brech =
an arm ; Wel, braich = (1) an arm, (2) a branch,
(3) a verse.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : A shoot of a tree or other plant
especially one from the main boughs, which
again divides into minor branches or branch-
lets.
“ Branche of a tre. Palmes, C. F. (ramus, ramus-
culus, P.).”—Prompt. Parv.
"And then he pearcheth on some braunch thereby.”
Spenser : The Fate of the Butterflie.
"By them shall the fowls of the heaven have their
habitation, which sing among the branches.”—Ps. civ.
12.
2. Figuratively :
(1) Of things material :
(a) Anything extending like the branch of a
tree from a central column or other support,
as the divisions of a chandelier or anything
similar.
“And six branches shall come out of the sides of it:
three branches of the candlestick out of the one side,
and three branches of the candlestick out of the other
side.”—Exod. xxv. 32.
$ (6) Anything joining another one, to which
it is subordinate.
(i) A chandelier, perhaps viewed as con-
nected with, and subordinate to, the roof
from which it hangs.
(ii) A river tributary to a larger one, a
vein, artery, or anything similar joining
another larger than itself; a tributary, an
affluent.
"If, from a main river, any branch be separated and
divided, then, where that branch doth first bound itself
with new banks, there is that part of the river, where
the branch forsaketh the main stream, called the head
of the river."-Raleigh.
“His blood, which disperseth itself by the branches
of veins, may be resembled to waters, carried hy
brooks." - Ibid.
(iii) A subsidiary line of railway.
(iv) A division of a stag's antler.
(2) Of things immaterial or abstract. Spec. :
(a) Of human or other descent.
(i) Any part of a family descending in a
collateral line.
“His father, a younger branch of the ancient stock
planted in Somersetshire, took to wife the widow."-
Carew.
(ii) Offspring.
“Great Anthony! Spain's well-beseeming pride,
Crashaw.
(6) A part of a whole, a section or division
of a subject or anything similar.
“ It will be desirable to begin with this branch of the
subject."-Lewis : Astron. of the Ancients, ch. i. & 2.
II. Technically :
1. Bot. : One of the divisions into which a
spine, of which an example is presented by the
holly thorn.
branch-work, s. [BRANCHED-WORK.]
"Beneath branch-work of costly sardonyx,
Sat smiling, babe in arm."
Tennyson : The Palace of Art.
branch, v.i. & t. [From branch, s. (q.v.)]
A. Intransitive :
1. Lit. Of trees : To separate into actual
branches.
"... therefore those trees rise not in a body of any
ight, but branch near the ground. The cause of the
pyramis is the keeping in of the sap, long before it
branch, and the spending of it when it beginneth to
branch, by equal degrees."-Bacon.
2. Fig. : To separate into divisions. Used-
(1) Of material things. Spec., of a stag's
horns: To separate into antlers.
(2) Of things immaterial or abstract :
.. that would best instruct us when we should,
or should not, branch into farther distinctions."-Locke.
To branch out:
(1) Lit. Of trees : To separate into branches.
(2) Figuratively:
(a) of things material: To separate into
divisions widely apart.
“The Alps at the one end, and the long range of
Appenines that pass through the body of it, branch
out on all sides, into several different divisions." —
inhabitants of water. They are the apparatus
for enabling the animal to extract air from the
water, instead of being dependent for respira-
tion on the atmosphere.
brăn-chỉ-al, a. [In Fr. branchial; Mod.
Lat. branchialis; from Lat. branchia; Gr.
Bpáyxia (branghia) = the gills. ]
Zool.: Pertaining to the gills of a fish or
other aquatic animal.
(1) Branchial arches : Four bony arches
which bear the branchiæ in fishes; they are
connected inferiorly with the hyoid arch, and
above are united with the base of the skull.
(2) Branchial hearts : Two contractile dila-
tions situated one at the base of each gill in
the cuttle-fishes.
“... the circulation is aided by two additional
branchial hearts in the cuttle fishes." - Woodward :
Mollusca (1851), p. 30.
(3) Branchial sac: A series of quadrangular
meshes fringed with vibratile celia in tuni-
cated molluscs. It is for respiration.
(4) Branchial sinuses : Two longitudinal
sinuses in the Tunicated Molluscs, one along
the hæmal and one along the neural side of
the branchial sac.
brăn-chi-ā-ta, s. pl. [From Lat. branchio :
Gr. Bpáyxia (branghia) = gills.)
Zoology:
1. A primary division of vertebrated
sub-kingdom. It contains the Fishes and
Amphibia. It is contra-distinguished from
Abranc: iata, which comprises Reptiles, Birds,
and Mammals.
2. A division of Annelids, containing the
Tubicola (Tubeworms) and the Errantia
(Sandworms).
3. A name sometimes given to the division
of Gasteropodous Molluscs, now commonly de-
nominated Branchifera, or Branchiogasterop-
oda (q.v.).
“Here the stem is usually divided after a certain dis-
tance, and ramified into smaller sub-divisions called
branches, and these again into branchiata and twigs."
-R. Brown : Manual of Botany (1874), p. 72.
brăn-chi-āte, a. [From Lat. branchice; Gr.
Bpáyxia (branghia) = gills. ]
• Zool. : Having gills. (Index to Dallas' Nat.
Hist.)
The Branchiate, or Branchiferous Anne-
lida, consists of two orders, the Tubicola and
the Errantia. The Abranchiate Annelides,
distinguished from the former, are also divided
into two-the Suctoria, or Leeches, and the
Scoleana, or Earthworms. (Dallas : Nat. Hist.,
pp. 94, 95.] [BRANCHIFEROUS.]
brăn-chif-er-a, s. [From Lat. branchiæ =
gills, and fero=to bear. Gill-bearing animals.]
Zool. In some classifications : An order of
gasteropodous molluscs, including all the
species breathing by gills, whilst the air-
breathers are ranked under the Pulmonifera,
or lung-bearing molluscs. The Branchifera
are divided into two sub-orders, the Opistho-
branchiata and the Prosobranchiata (q.v.).
"The gasteropods form two natural groups, one
breathing air (pulmonifera) and the other water (bran-
chifera)."—Woodward : Mollusca, p. 98.
brăn-chỉf'-ēr-oŭs, a. [In Fr. branchifère.
See branchifera, and suff. -ous.]
Zool. : Having branchiæ, breathing by gills.
[BRANCHIATE.]
"The developments of the branchiferous gasteropods
may be observed with much facility in the coininou
river snails (Paludina)."-Woodward : Mollusca, p. 98.
(6) Of speaking or writing : To be diffuse,
through not confining one's self to the salient
points of a subject.
“I have known a woman branch out into a long dis-
sertation upon the edging of a petticoat."-Spectator.
B. Transitive :
* 1. To adorn with needlework, representing
the branches of trees.
“In robe of lilly white she was arayd,
That from her shoulder to her heele downe raught;
The traine whereof loose far behind her strayd,
Braunched with gold and perle most richly wroi
Spenser : F. Q., II. ix. 19.
2. To part anything into divisions of branch-
like form.
“... and are branched into canals, as blood is." —
Bacon.
branched, pa. par. & a. [BRANCH, v.]
1. Ordinary Language : (See the verb.)
2. Bot. : Separating into many branches of
some size. If they are small the term used of
the plant is ramulose.
branched-work, s.
different modifications of branches, and it is
on the character of the branches sent forth
that the classification of plants into trees,
shrubs, under-shrubs, and herbs, at least in
part, depends. [See these terms.)
2. Arch.: Arches in Gothic vaults, consti-
tuting diagonals to other arches arranged in
the form of a square, and themselves form-
ing a cross.
3. Fortification :
(1) The wing, or long side of a horn or crown
work.
(2) One of the parts of a zigzag approach.
leaves in monuments or friezes.
bran'ch-ěr (1), s. [Eng. branch ; -er.]
1. That which shoots out into branches.
(See example under No. 2.)
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fall, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hêr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sīr, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian. @e, oe=ē; ey=ā. qu= kw.

branchiness—brandied
671
WWE
+ branch-i-ness, s. [From Eng. branchy, and Zool. : A family of Entomostraca belonging 2. A sword, from its bright, flashing ap-
suff -ness.] The quality of being branchy, to the order Phyllopoda. It contains the pearance. (Obsolete, except in poetry.)
the tendency to divide into branches, or the genera Branchipus and Artemia.
“With this brand burnyshyd so bright.”—Townley
aspect presented when such division has taken
Myst., p. 216.
brăn-chi-půs, s. [From Gr. Bpáyxia (bran-
"" He laught out his brond."
place.
ghia) = gills, and moús (pous) = a foot.]
William of Palerne, 1,244.
brănch'-ing, pr. par. & a. [BRANCH, v.]
“Thou, therefore, take my brand, Excalibur,"
Zool. : A genus of small Entomostraca, the
Tennyson: Morte d'Arthur.
"Environ'd with a ring of branching elms."
typical one of the family Branchipodidæ. * 3. A thunderbolt.
Cowper : The Task, bk. i.
Branchipus stagnalis inhabits the ditches near “The sire omnipotent prepares the brand,
“The swift stag from under ground
Bore up his branching head."
Blackheath and other places.
By Vulcan wrought, and arms his potent hand."
Milton : P. L., bk. vii.
Granville.
“ Wide o'er his isles the branching Oronoque brăn-chi-rēme, s. [From Lat. branchice =
brand-goose, brent-goose, S. A
Rolls a brown deluge,
kind of wild fowl (Anser torquatus), less than
gills, and remus =an oar.]
Thomson: The Seasons ; Summer.
a common goose, having its breast and wings
brăn-chi-ô-gắn-tẼr-ốp-d-a, S. pl. [From
Zool.: An animal which has legs terminating
of a dusky red colour:
Gr. Bpáyxia (branghia)= gills, yaothp (gastēr)
brand-iron, brandiron, branding-
=the belly, and todés (podes), pl. of troús (pous)
iron, s.
= a foot.]
1. An iron instrument used for branding
Zool.: A name sometimes given to those
or marking anything.
gasteropodous molluscs which breathe by
"Marks e'en like branding-iron to thy sick heart
gills. (Huxley: Classification of Animals.
BRANCHIREME (CHIROCEPHALUS DJAPHANUS).
Make death a want, as sleep to weariness ?”
Glossary.) It is the same as branchifera
Hemans: Siege of Valencia,
(q.v.).
2. The same as ANDIRON (q.v.).
in a bundle of setiform branches, constituting
brăn-chi-ốp-da-, S. pl. [From Gr.
a respiratory apparatus.
brand-new, a. (BRANDNEW.]
Bpáyxia (branghia) = gills, and todés (podes),
brăn-chīte, s. [Named after Prof. Branchi,
brănd,
pl. of toús (pous) = a foot.ſ Having branchiæ
* brăn'-dı-ěn, * brond-yn,
attached to the feet.
of Pisa.]
* bron-nyn, vit. [BRAND, S. In O. Dut.
branden.]
Zoology:
Min. : A variety of Haitite. It is colourless
1. Cuvier's first order of the sub-class
and translucent, and is found in the brown
1. Lit. : To burn a mark into a person or
Entomostraca.
thing with a hot iron, to burn a person or
coal of Mount Vasa, in Tuscany.
The genera included under it,
thing with a hot iron so as to produce a mark
such as Cyclops, Cypris, Apus, Limnadia,
branch'-lėss, d. [From Eng. branch, and or depression.
Branchipus, &c., are now generally ranked
suff. -less.]
“Bronnyn (brondyn, P.) wythe an yren. Cauterizo.”
under several orders, viz., Copepoda, Ostra-
coda, and Phyllopoda. Milne Edwards places
-Prompt. Parv.
1. Lit. : Without branches.
"Several women were sent across the Atlantic, after
them under two, the Phyllopoda and the 2. Fig. : Without any valuable product; being first branded in the cheek with a hot iron."-
Cladocera. [See these terms.]
naked.
Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. v.
“If I lose mine honour,
2. Fig.: To mark as infamous, to stigmatise,
2. A division or “legion" of the sub-class
I lose myself ; better I were not yours,
to impute anything to, with a view to render-
Entomostraca. It includes the order Clado-
Than yours so branchless."
cera, Phyllopoda and Trilobita, perhaps with
Shakesp. : Ant. & Cleop., iii. 4.
ing anyone infamous or odious.
“Our Punick faith
Mesostoma.
branch'-let, s. [From Eng. branch, and
Is infamous, and branded to a proverb."
brăn-chi-o-põde, s. [In Fr. branchiopode.]
-let, a diminutive suffix.]
Addison.
A small branch.
(Crabb.)
“ Would do the heart that loved thee wrong,
[BRANCHIOPODA.]
And brand a nearly blighted name."
Zool.: An animal belonging to the old order branch-v, * braunºh-ỹ, Q. [Eng. branch;
Byron : Remember him whom Passion's Power.
Branchiopoda.
-Y.] Full of branches, widely spread.
* brănd'-ěd (1), * brănd-it, pa. par. & a.
brăn-chi-ốp-3-dols, a.
“Undir al braunchy tree.” – Wycliffe : 4 Kings, [Etym. doubtful.] According to Jamieson,
[From Eng. |
xvii. 10.
having a border or margin, bordered ; but is
branchiopodlē), and suff. -ous.]
“The fat earth feed thy branchy root."
not the meaning = made red, or reddish-
Zoology:
Tennyson: The Talking Oak.
coloured ?
1. Having branchiæ attached to the feet. * brăn-corn, s. [Eng. bran(d); corn.] The “Here belt was of blunket, with birdes ful bolde,
2. Pertaining to the branchiopoda.
smut in wheat, probably the fungus called Branded with brende golde, and bokeled ful bene."
Sir Gawan and Sir Gol., ii. 3.
Ustilago 'segetum. [BRAND, s. I., 5.]
brăn-chi-5s-te-gil, a. [In Fr, branchios-
brănd'-ěd (2), pa. par. & a. [BRAND, v.]
tége; from Gr. Bpayxia (branghia) = gills, and brănd, * brond, * broond, s. [A.S. brand,
1. Marked with a branding-iron, stamped.
otéyos (stegos) = a roof; from otéyw (stego) = to brond = a burning; bcérnan, byrnan = to
2. Of a reddish-brown colour, as though
burn; Icel. brandr = (1) a brand (2) a sword-
cover closely ; suff. -al.]
blade; O. H. Ger. brant; Fr. t brand = a
singed by fire.
Zool. : Pertaining to the membrane covering
A branded bull is one that is
large sword wielded by both hands; Prov.
almost entirely brown.
the gills.
bran, branc; Ital, brando; Dut., Dan., & Sw.
“When they saw a branded serpent sprawl
· Branchiostegal rays. Ichthy. : Parts of
So full amongst them froin above, and from Jove's
brand = a fire-brand.]
fowl let fall."
the hyoid apparatus supporting this mem-
E
I. Literally :
Chapman: Homer's Iliad, xii. 217, 218,
brane. (Huxley: Classification of Animals.
"'Twixt the Staywood-bush and Langside hill.
Gloss.)
1. A piece of wood burnt or partially burnt, They stealed the broked cow and the branded bull."
a bit of wood intended for burning.
Minstrelsy of the Border, i. 233.
brăn-chi-5s-tế-gi (Mod. Lat.), brăn-chi “The taylis of hem he wyuede to the taylis, and | * brănd'e-lede, * brăn'-lede, * brăn-lět,
broondis he boored in the myddil."-Wycliffe : Judges
os'-tě-gans (Eng.), s. pl. [From Gr. Bpáyxia
s. [BRANDER.]
XV. 4.
(branghia)= gills, and otëyos (stegos) = a roof;
“Recalled the vision of the night.
“Brandelede (branlet, K., branlede, or Keuet, P.)
The hearth's decaying brands were red,
from otéyw (stego)= to cover closely.]
Tripes.”—Prompt. Parv.
And deep and dusky lustre shed."
Ichthy. : An old order of fishes with free
Scott: Lady of the Lake, i. 34. * brănd'e-let, * brandellet, s. [Probably
branchiæ and a cartilaginous skeleton. It 2. Used for a staff or stick, generally.
a dimin. of brand.] Some part of the arms or
was suppressed by Cuvier. (Griff. : Cuvier,
“In pensive posture leaning on the brand,
accoutrements of a knight, perhaps a short
vol. X., p. 19, and note.)
Not oft a resting-staff to that red hand."
sword.
Byron : The Corsair, i. 6.
"And also his brandellet bon."-R. Cour de Lion, 322.
brăn-chỉ-os’-tě-goŭs, a. [From Gr. Bpáyxia 3. A mark made by or with a hot iron.
(branghia)= gills, atéyos (stegos)= a roof, and (Used to mark criminals to note them as such * brănd'-en, pa. par. [BRANDER, v.] Grilled.
Eng. suff. -ous.]
and infamous.)
brănd-ér, * brănd'-reth, s. [A.S. brand-
Zoology:
"Clerks convict should be burned in the hand, both
because they might taste of some corporal punish-
reda; O. Icel. brandreidh; Dan. brandrith =
1. Covering the gills. [BRANCHIOSTEGAL.] ment, and that they might carry a brand of infamny." brand-iron.]
-Bacon.
2. Possessed of a membrane covering the
1. Generally :
gills.
4. A mark burnt in upon or affixed to goods
to denote their quality: hence, generally, used
(1) One who brands.
brăn-chỉ-os'-tom-a, s. [In Fr. branchios as equivalent to quality, class.
(2) That with which anything is branded, a
tome. From Gr. Bpáyxla (branghia) = gills,
" The most favourable report that can be made is,
branding-iron.
and otója (stoma)= the mouth.].
that makers of the best brands of finished iron would
2. Spec. : A trivet or iron used as a stand
not accept lower prices than the trade scale."-Mining
Ichthy. : Costa's name for the very anoma-
Review, Oct. 17, 1860.
for a vessel over a fire ; also, in Scotland, a
lous genus of fishes now called Amphioxus
5. A disease in vegetables by which their gridiron.
(q.v.).
leaves and tender bark are partially destroyed,
“Til this Jak Bonhowme he mad a crown
Of a brandreth all red hate."
brăn-chi-ºtº-j-ca, S. p. [From Gr. Boayxua | as though they were burnt; called also burn.
Wyntown, viii. 44. 41.
(branghia) = branchia ; and Tókos (tokos) =
I “Brands" are the same as blights, and
+ brand'-er, v.t. [BRANDER, S.] To broil on a
bringing forth, birth; TIKTW (tikto) = to bring produced chiefly by Mucoraceæ and similar
forth.]
gridiron, to grill. (Scotch.)
fungi. [BLIGHT.]
"The Scots also say to brander, for to broil meat."
Zool. : The name given by Professor Owen II. Figuratively :
-Sir J. Sinclair, p. 1
to a division of the Vertebrata comprehend-
1. A stigma, a mark of disgrace.
“Ou ay, sir, I'll brander the moor-fowl that John
ing the Batrachia and other Amphibia. He
Heatherblutter brought in this morning." - Scott :
“Where did his wit on learning fix a brand,
Waverley, ch. lxiv.
called them also Dipnoa (q.v.).
And rail at arts he did not understand?"
Dryden.
brăn-chi-pba-la-o, S. pl. [From Gr.
+ brănd-ěred, pa. par. & a. [BRANDER, V.]
“By what strange features vice has known,
Cooked on a gridiron, grilled.
Bpáyxia (branghia)= gills ; Toús (pous), genit.
To single out and mark her own!
Yet some there are, whose brows retain
Todos (podos) =a foot; and Lat. fem. pl. suff.
brănd'-ied, a. [BRANDY, S.] Mixed or con-
Less deeply stamped her brand and stain."
-idce.]
Scott : Rokeby, iii. 15. cocted with brandy.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-oian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion=shún; -țion, -şion=zhún. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, - ole, &c. = bęl, cel.

672
branding-brank
brănd'-ing, pr. par., d., & s. [BRAND, v.] 1* brănd'-reth, * brănd'-rette, * brănd “Forgets his pomp, dead to ambitious fires,
And to some peaceful brundy-shop retires ;
A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj. : In rith (1), s. [BRANDER.)
Where in full gills his anxious thoughts he drowns,
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
And quaffs away the care that waits on crowns."
brănd'-rith (2), s. [Apparently a formation
Addison : The Play House.
C. As substantive :
from the following word.] A fence or rail
1. Literally : The act of marking with a round the opening of a well. (Provincial.)
brandy-snap, s. A thin, wafer-like
branding-iron. This penalty was inflicted, for
ginger-bread biscuit.
various offences, on offenders who had once
* brăn'-dur, s. [BRANDED, a.] A border.
been allowed benefit of clergy. It was abol.
“ His brene, and his basnet, burneshed ful bene;
brandy-wine, s. [The original form in
With a brandur abouyht, al of brende golde."
ished by 3 Geo. IV. c. 38.
which the word brandy appeared in the
Sir Guw. and Sir Gal. (Jamieson.)
English tongue.] Brandy. [BRANDY, etym.,
2. Figuratively: The act of marking with
brăn-dỳ, * brắnd-wine, * brăn-ay A. 1.]
infamy, stigmatising.
wine, s. & a. [In Fr. brandevin ; Gael. (from
“It has been a common saying, A hair of the same
* brandirne, + brandiron, s. [A.S. Eng.) branndaioh ; Sw. bränvin; Dan. brcen dog ; and thought that brandy-wine is a common relief
to such."-Wiseman.
brandisern; M. H. Ger. brantizen.] A roast deviin ; Ger. brandwein, branntwein. The first
ing iron, a gridiron. (Huloet.)
part is from Sw. branna; Dan. brænde; Dut. * branes CBRANT
branden, all = to burn, to distil. Sw. brand
brănd'-ish, * braund-ish, * braund-ise, = brand, fire-brand ; Dan., Ger., & Dut. brand * brāne'-wód, s. [This has still been generally
* braund-ysch, v.t. & i. [Fr. brandir ; pr. =fire, burning, conflagration. [BRAND, v. & s.]
rendered brain-mad, from 0. Eng. wood =
par. brandissant; 0. Fr. brand = a sword. The second part is from Fr. & Sw. vin ; Dan.
mad. But it seems naturally to signify wood
BRAND.]
viin; Ger. wein ; Dut. wyn.] [WINE.]
for burning, from Eng. brand ; and wood.]
A. Transitive:
A. As substantive :
For the definition see the etymology.
1. Literally: To wave or flourish about.
1. Formerly. (Of the forms brandywine and
“Quhyn they had beirit lyk baitit bullis,
And brane-wod brynt in bailis."
“ Then fierce Æneas, brandishing his blade,
brandwine, etymologically meaning burnt or
Chr. Kirk, st. 22.
In dust Orsilochus and Crethon laid."
distilled wine.) [BRANDY-WINE.]
Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. v. 1. 669-70.
“He brandishes his pliant length of whip,
2. Now. (Of the form brandy, being the
+ bràn'-gili, * braen-gel, s. [Fr. branle ;
Resounding oft, and never heard in vain ”
0. Fr. bransle = “a brawle, or daunce, wherein
adjective in the foregoing compound dis-
Cowper : The Task, bk. iv.
severed from its associate wine, and made to
many, men and women, holding by the hands,
2. Figuratively : To flourish about, display stand alone as a substantive.) A spirit pro-
sometimes in a ring, and otherwhiles at
ostentatiously, parade.
duced by the distillation of both white and
length, move all together." (Cotgrave.).]
"He who shall employ all the force of his reason red wines, prepared chiefly in the south of
[BRANSLE, BRAUL.]
only in brandishing of syllogisms, will discover very
1. (Of the form brangill) : A kind of dance.
little."-Locke.
France. The brandy most esteemed in Eng-
“ Vpstert Troyanis, and syne Italianis,
B. Intransitive: To be flourished about or
land is that of Cognac, which is obtained by
distilling white wines of the finest quality.
And gan do doubil brangillis and gambettis."
waved.
Doug. : Virgil, 476, 1.
An inferior kind of spirit is frequently pre-
“Above the tide, each broadsword bright
pared from the “marc” of grapes and the
2. (Of the form braengel): A confused
Was brandishing like beam of light.
refuse of wine vats. When first distilled it is
Scotë : The Lady of the Lake, vi. 18.
crowd.
as colourless as alcohol, and continues so if
“Well, you see how the’re sparkin' along the side o'
* brănd'-ish, s. [BRANDISH, v.] A flourish,
that green upwith, an' siccan a braengel of them too."
kept in bottles or jars. When stored in casks, -St. Patrick, ii. 91. (Jamieson.)
waving
however, it acquires from the wood a pale
"I can wound with a brandish and never draw how amber tint, and in this state is sold as pale * brăn-gle, s. [Fr. branle; or perhaps only a
for the matter."-B. Jonson: Cynthia's Revels.
brandy. The dark colour of brown brandy is variant of wrangle (q.v.).] A dispute, quarrel,
brănd'-ished, pa. par. & a. (BRANDISH, V.]
produced artificially, to please the public taste, litigation.
“Brave Macbeth,
by means of a solution of caramel, and this is
“The payment of tithes is subject to many frauds,
Disdaining fortune, with his brandish'd steel,
frequently added in excess to give a rich brangles, and other difficulties, not only from papists
Like valour's minion, carved out his passage."
and dissenters, but even from those who profess them-
appearance to a brandy of low quality. A
Shakesp. : Macbeth, i. 2.
selves protestants."-Swift.
large proportion of the brandy sold in this
brănd'-ish-ěr, s. [Eng. brandish ; -er.] One
country is simply raw grain spirits flavoured * brăn-gle, * brăn'-gil, v.t. & i. (Fr. branler,
who brandishes or flourishes about.
and coloured. The spirit is exported from
brandiller = to shake, move.] [BRANDLE, v.]
“But their auxiliary bands, those brandishers of
England and Germany into France, where it is
A. Trans. : To shake, applied to the mind;
speares
redistilled and converted into French brandy.
From many cities drawn are they, that are our
to confound, to throw into disorder.
Brandy improves in flavour by being kept,
hinderers,
but loses in strength. Genuine brandy con-
Not suffering well-rays'd Troy to fall.".
“Thus was the usurper's [E. Balliol's] faction
brangled, then bound up again, and afterward
Chapman: Homer's Iliad, b. ii. sists of alcohol and water, with small quan-
divided again by want of worth in Balliol their head."
tities of enanthic ether, acetic ether, and Hume : Hist. Doug., p. 64.
brănd'-ish-ing, s. [BRANDISH, v.]
other volatile bodies produced in the process B. Intransitive:
1. Ord. Lang. : The act of flourishing or of fermentation. The value of brandy as a 1. To menace, to make a threatening ap-
waving about.
medicine depends on the presence of these
pearance.
2. Arch.: A name given to open carved
ethers and other volatile products; when,
" With ane grete spere, quharewith he feil mischeuit,
work, as of a crest, &c.
therefore, it is adulterated with raw grain Went brangland throw the feild all him allone."
spirit and water, the amount of these ethers
Doug.: Virgil, 347, 10.
brănd'-1-sīte, s. [In Ger. brandisit. Named is so reduced that the brandy becomes almost
2. To shake, vibrate.
after Clemens Grafen von Brandis, of the valueless for medical purposes. British, or
“ The scharp point of the brangland spere
Throw out amyddis of the scheild cail schere."
Tyrol.] A mineral—a variety of Seybertite. imitation brandy, is prepared either by flavour-
Doug. : Virgil, 334, 16.
It occurs in hexagonal prisms, yellowish green ing highly-rectified spirit with essence of
3. To wrangle, squabble, dispute.
or reddish grey.
Cognac or by distilling the spirit with bruised
“ Thus wrangled, brangled, jangled they a month,
prunes, acetic ether, argol, and a little genuine
* brăn-dis-sěn, v.t. [BRANDISH.]
Only on paper, pleading all in print."
brandy, and adding to the distilled spirit
*Browning : Ring und Book, i. 241.
* brăn'-dịs-sěnde, pr. par. [BRANDISH, v.]
tincture of catechu and spirit-colouring. This
1 + brăn-gle-ment, s. [Eng. brangle ; -ment.]
is said to be greatly improved by keeping.
* brăn'-dle, * brăn-le, v.t. & i. [Fr. bran The strength of brandy as sold varies from
A brangle, a squabble.
proof to 30 or even 40 under proof, but by the
diller = to shake, waver.]
“Where Yarrow rows among the rocks,
An' wheels an' boils in mony a lim,
1. Transitive: To shake, move, or confuse.
Act of Parliament, 42 & 43 Vict., c. 30, § 6, all
A blithe young shepherd fed his flock,
brandy sold below 25 u. p. is considered to be
Unused to branglement or din."
Hogg.
"It had like to have brandled the fortune of the
day."-Bacon.
adulterated with water, unless the purchaser,
+ boran-gler, s. [Eng. brangl(e); -er.] One who
2. Intransitive: To be shaken, moved, or
at the time of the purchase, is informed of its
brangles ; a quarrelsome, litigious person.
exact.strength.
affected with fear; to be unsteady.
B. As adjective : Consisting of or containing
"... and this poor young gentleman (who was habited
“Princes cannot be too suspicious when their lives
like any prince), banished from his own laud, was first
are sought; and subjects cannot be too curious when brandy, resembling brandy, designed for the drawn into a quarrel by a rude brangler,..."-Scott:
the state brandles." - Ld. Northampton : Proceed. sale of brandy, or in any way pertaining or Monastery, ch. xxviii.
against Garnet, sign. G. g. b.
relating to it. (See the compounds.)
brănd'-ling, s. [Eng. brand; and dimin.
* brăn-gling, pr. par., A., & s. [BRANGLE, V.]
brandy-ball, s. A sweetmeat; pieces of
suffix -ling.] A small, red-coloured worm,
A. & B. As present participle & participial
used as a bait in fishing, so called from its
toffy filled with brandy.
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
colour.
brandy-bottle, s.
the verb.
"The dew-worm, which some also call the lob-worm, 1. Lit. : A bottle full of brandy, or designed
" When polite conversing shall be improved, com-
and the brandling, are the chief."-Walton.
pany will be no longer pestered with dull story-tellers
to hold brandy.
nor brangling disputers."-Swifi.
brănd'-new (ew as ū), brănd new (Eng.). 2. Fig.: A name for the common yellow C. As substantive : Quarrelling, squabbling.
brand new, brent new (Scotch), a. (Eng.
water-lily, Nuphar lutea.
“Noise and norton, brangling and breval."
brand, s., and new.) So new that the marks “Flowers large, smelling like brandy, which circum-
Pope: Dunciad, ii 230.
of manufacture have not worn off; perfectly
stance, in conjunction with the flagon-shaped seed-
vessels, has led to the name brandy-bottle."- Hooker & | branit, pa. par. [BRAWNED.) (Scotch.)
new. (Commonly, but improperly, pronounced Arnott : Brit. Flor. (ed. 1855), pp. 15, 16.
as if bran-new.)
"Waes me, I hae forgot,
brandy – fruit, s. Fruit preserved in | * brănk, (1), s. [Etym. doubtful.]
With hast of coming aff, to fetch my coat.
brandy or other alcoholic spirit. (Ogilvie.)
Bot. : An old name for the buckwheat,
What sall I do? it was almaist brand new."
Fagopyrum esculentum.
Ross : Helenore, p. 53. brandy-pawnee, s. [From Eng. brandy;
T This term is also used in provincial
"Buckwheat, or brank, is a grain very useful and
and Hind. pânee, pânî = water.] Brandy
advantageous in dry barren lands.”Mortimer.
English. In Scotch it is sometimes written and water. (Anglo-Indian.)
brent new.
brănk (2), S. [BRANK, v.] In some parts of
"Nae cotillion brent new frae France."
* brandy-shop, s. A shop for the sale England and Scotland, a kind of bridle, a
Burns : Tam o'shanter. l of brandy, a liquor-shop, a public-house.
scolding-bridle, an instrument used for the
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hếr, thêre; pīne, pît, sire, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, work, whô, son; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; trý, Sýrian. *, =ē. ey=ão qu= kw.

brank-brass
673
e laid
punishinent of scolds. It consisted of a head-1 (BRANDED, B., 2.) A fish, the Salmo salmulus, * brased (1), * brasit, * brazed, pa. par. &
piece, which enclosed the head of the offender, | also called the Samlet (q.v.). (Scotch). [PARR.] a. [BRASE, v.] Bound, welted, braced.
and a sharp iron,
“Syke giftis eik he had bring with him syne,
which entered the
brăn'-nîng, s. [BRAN, s.]
HỈynt and deliuerit from the Troiane rewyne,
mouth and restrained
Dyeing : Preparing cloth for dyeing by
Ane ryche garment brasit with rich gold wyre.”
Douglas : Virgil, 33, 31.
the tongue. [BRANKS.]
steeping in a vat of sour bran-water.
* brased (2), a. [BRASS.] Brazen.
* brank new, a.
brăn'-nock, s. [Eng. brand = of a reddish-
“Brasyn (brased, P.) Ereus, eneus.”—Prompt Parv.
[BRAND-NEW.]
brown colour, and dimin. suffix -ock.] The
“Then there was the
same as the BRANLIN (q.v.).
* bra-sell, s. [BRAZIL (1).]
farmer's ball, wi' the
“Brasell, tre to dye with, bresil.”—Palsgrave.
tight lads of yeomen
brăn'-ny, a. [BRAN, s.] Having the appear-
with the brank new
blues and buckskins."-
* brā'-şen, * brā'-syn, a. [BRAZEN, a.]
ance of bran ; containing an admixture of bran.
St. Ronan, ch. ii.
“It became serpiginous, and was, when I saw it,
“Brasyn' (brased, P.) Ereus, eneus."-Prompt Parv.
covered with white branny scales."— Wiseman.
“He removed the high places, and brake the images,
+ brănk, * brănk-
and cut down the groves, and brake in pieces the brasen
en, v.t. & i. [In
*brăn'-sel, * bransle, + branle, s. [BRAN serpent that Moses had made.”—2 Kings, xviii. 4.
Gael. brangus, bran-
GILL, s.] A kind of dance.
* brāseris, * brasaris, s. pl. [O. Fr. bras-
gas, brancas = a sort
"Now making layes of love and lovers paine, sart, brassal, from bras = the arm.] Vam-
of pillory; brang =
Bransles, Ballads, virelayes, and verses vaine.”
Spenser: F. Q,, III. x. 8.
braces, armour for the arms. [BRACER.]
a horse's halter ; Ir.
“The Queen commands Lady Fleming to tell her
“Quhen this was said he has but mare abade
brancas = a halter ;
where she led the last branle."-Scott: Abbot, ch. xxxi.
Tua kempis burdouus brocht, and before thaym
Dut. pranger = a col-
With all thare harnes and braseris by and by.”
lar; Ger. pranger =
BRANK.
brant (1), s. [Properly from brand, in the
Douglas : Virgil, 141, 1.
a pillory ; M. H. Ger.
compound brand-fox. In Ger. brandfuchs ; * brăsh (1), a. [Compare Ger. & Dut. barsch
'brangen, prangen = to brank.] (Scotch.)
Dut. brandvos; Dan. brandraeve; Sw. brand = sharp, tart, impetuous ; Sw. & Dan. barsk ;
A. Transitive: To bridle, to restrain. (Lit.)
räf, so called from its reddish brown colour.1 L. Ger. bask, basch.] Hasty in temper, im-
[BRANDED (2), 2.] A species of fox, Vulpes
"– We sall gar brank you,
petuous. (Grose.)
Before that time trewly."
alopex, smaller than the common fox, Vulpes
brăsh (2), a.
vulgaris. It is a native of Sweden.
Spec. Godly Sangs, p. 38.
[Bret. bresk, brusk = fragile,
B. Intransitive:
"I have given you roe and reindeer,
brittle.] Fragile, brittle, frail. (American.)
1. Lit. : To raise and toss the head, as
I have given you brant and beaver."
* brăsh (1), * brasche, s. [BRASH, V.;
spurning the bridle. (Applied to horses.)
Longfellow: The Song of Hiawatha, i.
BREACH, S.; BRESCHE.]
“ Ouer al the planis brayis the stampand stedis,
brănt (2), a. & s. [BRANDED (2), 2.]
1. Literally :
Ful galyeard in thare bardis and werely wedis,
A. As adj.: The same as BRANDED (2), 2
Apoun thare strate born brydillis brankand fast,"
(1) An attack, a military assault on a place.
Doug.: Virgil, 385, 35.
(q.v.). A reddish brown.
“ Thraise at the bak wall wes the brasche they gaue.".
2. Fig.:
B. As subst. : The Brant-fox (q.v.).
Sege Edinb. Castel. Poem, 16th cent, p. 292. (Jamieson.)
(1) To prance; to caper.
(2) A sudden illness. (Burns.)
brant-fox, s. (BRANT (1), s.]
" This day her brankan wooer taks his horse,
2. Figuratively:
To strut a gentle spark at Edinburgh cross."
Ramsay: Poems, ii. 177,
brant (3), s. & A. (BRENT.]
(1) An effort.
(2) To bridle up one's self, dress one's self brant-goose, s. [BRENT-GOOSE.]
“The last brashe was made by a letter of the prime
finely. It is said of women, when they wish
poet of our kingdonie.”-Muses Thren., Int., p. viii.
brănt (4), a. & s. [BRENT, a.]
(Jamieson.)
to appear to advantage-
“Thay lift thair goun abone thair schank,
(2) A transient fit of sickness.
A. As adj. : Steep, precipitous.
Syne lyk ane brydlit cat thai brank."
“... but he hadna the saving gift, and he got two
_“A man may... cit on a brant hill cide."-Ascham :
Maitland Poems, p. 186.
terms' rent in arrear. He got the first brash at Whit-
Toxophilus.
sunday put ower wi' fair words and piping; ..."-
* brănk-îng, * brăn'k-ånd, pr. par. B. As subst. : In E. Yorkshire: A steep Scott: Redgauntlet, let. xi.
[BRANK.] (Morte Arthure, 1861.)
hill. (Prof. Phillips : Rivers, &c., of Yorkshire,
Possibly this use of the word may be from
p. 262.)
another root.
brănks, š. pl. [BRANK, v.] (Scotch.)
1. A sort of bridle, often used by country
brăn'-tāil, s. [From the colour of the tail.
brăsh (2), s. (From brash (2), a. Cf. also Fr.
BRANDED (2), 2.]
people in riding. Instead of leather, it has on
brèche = breach.]
A provincial name for the
each side a piece of wood joined to a halter, to
Redstart, Phoenicura ruticilla. [REDSTART.]
Geology:
which a bit is sometimes added; but more
1. As an independent word: A provincial
frequently a kind of wooden noose resembling
* brănt'-ness, s. [Eng. & Sc. brant ; -ness.] English word applied to the mass of broken
a muzzle. (Jamieson.)
Steepness.
and angular fragments lying above most rocks,
“These they set on horses that had many years before + brăn'-u-lar, a. [BRAIN.] Pertaining to the
and evidently produced by their disintegra-
been doom'd to the drudging of the cart and plough,
tion. It is called also rubble.
with sods instead of saddles, branks and halters instead
brain, cerebral.
"... but it [the alluvium] often passes downwards
of bridles."-Montrose : Mem., pt. ii., ch iii., p. 156.
into a mass of broken and angular fragments derived
2. A pillory; or, perhaps, only the plural
* brānyd, a. [BRAINED, a.] Full of brains.
from the subjacent rock. To this mass the provincial
of brank.
“Branyd, or full of brayne. Cerebrosus, cerebro name of “rubble " or “brash" is given in many parts
plenus."—Prompt. Parv.
of England, ..."-Lyell: Man. of Geol. (ed. 1852), ch.
“When the woman, after he was bishop, stood up
vii.
once and again before the people, and confronted him * bras, s. [BRASS.)
with this, he ordered her tongue to be pulled out with
2. In compos. : The word cornbrash is used
pincers: and, when not obeyed, caused her to be put
" Bras (Brasse P.) Es."-Prompt. Parv.
for the upper division of the Lower Oolite,
in the branks, ..."—Howie : Judgements on Perse-
“At after souper goth this noble kyng
which consists of clays and calcareous sand-
cutors, p. 30. Biographia Scoticana.
To see this hors of bras, with al his route."
Anciently this seems to have been the
Chaucer : C. T., 10616-17.
stones passing downwards into the forest
common word for a bridle.
marble. [CORNBRASH.]
Within these
"Of irin, of golde, of siluer, and bras.”
few years an iron bit was preserved in
Story of Gen. and Exod., 467.
brăsh'-y (1), * bra’ush-ỉe, a. [From brash,
the steeple of Forfar, formerly used, in that * bras-pott, brass-pot, s. A brazen
S., and suffix -y.]
very place, for torturing the unhappy crea-
“ Bras-pott. Emola, Brit.”—Prompt. Parv.
1. Stormy.
tures who were accused of witchcraft. It was
called the witch's branks. (Jamieson.)
“We've brush'd the beat this monie a speat
* bras-and, pr. par. [BRASE, v.] Embracing.
O' braushie weather."
Rev. J. Nicol: Poems, i. 114. (Jamieson.)
brănk'-ūr-sīne,
“Heccuba thidder with her childer for beild
* brăñc'-ūr-sīne,
Ran all in vane and about the altare swarmes,
2. Delicate in constitution, subject to fre-
* brănke ür-syne, S. [In Fr. branc-
Brasand the god-like ymage in thare arines."
quent ailments. (Scotch.)
Ursine, branque-ursine, branche-ursine; Ital.
Douglas: Virgil, 56, 22.
brancorsina ; Sp. & Port. branca ursina ; * brăsche, v.t. [Probably from Fr. brèche = a
brăsh'-ý (2), s. [BRASH (2), s.] Full of rub-
brash'-ý
from Low Lat. branca = a claw, and Class. breach.] [BREACH.] (Scotch.)
ble, composed of rubble.
Lat. ursina, nom. fem. of ursinus = of or be 1. Literally :
brā'-şi-ēr (1), brā'-zï-ěr, s. [Fr. brasier
longing to a bear, ursus = a bear, because its
(1) To make a military breach in.
leaves are supposed to resemble the claws
= a fire of live coals ; Sp. brasero; from Fr.
of a bear. In Ger. bärenklau = a bear's claw.]
:.. when he had brasched and wone the house, ..." braise = burning cinders ; Prov. & Sp. brasa;
-Pittscottie Cron., p. 309. (Jamieson.) (Bruched is Ital. bracia, brascia, bragia; O. Ger. bras =
Botany :
the word in ed. 1728.)
fire ; Sw. brasc = live fire; O. Scand. brasa =
1. Bear's-breech, a species of Acanthus.
(2) To assault, to attack.
to solder. Cf. also Gael. brath = conflagra-
“Acanthus is called of the barbarus wryters branca
“It was spoken that they should have brashit the tion. (Littré.).] An open pan for burning
ursina, in English branke ursyne."--Turner: Herbal.
wall whan thar batter was made,..."-Bannatyne
wood or coal.
Journal.
2. An umbelliferous plant, Heracleum sphon-
dylium. It is common in Britain.
"It is thought they had no chimneys, but were
2. Fig. : To assault, to attack.
warmed with coals on brasiers."- Arbuthnot.
" Whose breast did beare, brash't with displeasure's
dart.”
brănk'-, brănk'-ïe, a. (BRANK, V., B. 1.]
| brā'-şi-ěr (2), * brā'-sï-ěre, * brā'-sý-
More : True Crucifix, p. 195. (Jamieson.)
Proud, lively. (Scotch).
ere, s. [BRAZIER, 2.]
“Whare hae ye been sae braw, lad?
* brase, * brass, v.t. [Fr. bras = the arm; " Brasyere. Erarius."—Prompt. Parv.
Whare hae ye been sae brankie, O?
(em)brasser = to (em)brace.] [BRACE, v.]
0, whare hae ye been sae braw, lad?
bra'-şil, s. & d. [Brazil.]
Came ye by Killiecrankie, O?"
1. To bind, to tie.
Burns: The Battle of Kittiecrankie.
“Eurill (as said is) has this iouell hint, brạ'-şil-ět-to, s. [BRAZILETTO.]
About his sydis it brasin, or he stynt."
* branle, s. [BRANSEL.]
Douglas: Virgil, 289, 12. brą-şil'-ịn, s. [Brazilin.]
brăn'-lìn, brăn'-ling, brăn'-let, brăn'-
2. To bind at the edge, to welt.
brass, * brasse, * bras, * breas, * bres,
lede, brăn'-nock, S. [Probably so * brāse, s. [O. Sw. brasa : O. Dut. brase = a S. & d. [A.S. bræs (Somner); Lith. Waras
named from the reddish brown colour.] live coal.] A live coal. (Ant. Arthur, xv. 6.) = brass (Mahn); O. Icel. bras = solder, es-
pot.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
43
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -gle, le, &c. = gel, el.

674
brass-brassmith
thorp.)
11 NA
Sar
pecially that used in the working of iron
(Wedgwood). From Icel. brasa = to harden by
fire; brasa = to flame; Dan. brasa = to fry ;
possibly connected with Sansc. bhrajj = to fry
(Skeat). Cf. Wel. pres; Ir. pras; Gael. prais;
Corn. brest, which, however, may be from the
English.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Literally:
(1) The compound metal, consisting of an
alloy of copper and tin, described under II. 1.
† (2) Any article made of brass, a brass
fitting. (Generally in the plural.)
“The very scullion who cleans the brasses." —Hop-
kinson. (Goodrich & Porter.)
(3) A monumental brass. [II. 3.)
"If not by them on monumental brass."
Thomson: Liberty, v.
(4) Money, both in Old English and in
modern slang, on account of the use of the
metal in the coinage. [TIN, COPPERS.]
“And bere here bras at thi bakke, to caleys to
selle." St Piers Plow. : Vis., iii. 195.
2. Figuratively: Hardness, the typical
quality of the metal. It is frequently in the
Bible mentioned along with iron in a similar
sense, as in the following cases-
(1) Strength for defence or attack.
“I will make thine horn iron, and I will make thy
hoofs brass : and thou shalt beat in pieces inauy
people ..."-Micah iv. 13.
(2) Obstinacy in wickedness.
“They are all grievous revolters, walking with
slanders: they are brass and iron ; they are all cor-
rupters.”—Jer. vi. 28.
(3) Effrontery, impudence, shamelessness;
incapability, like that of brass, either to yield
or to change colour in circumstances where
an ordinary being composed of flesh and blood
would do so.
"Because I knew that thou art obstinate, and thy
neck is an iron sinew, and thy brow brass."—Isa.
xlviii. 4.
“... his forehead of brass and his tongue of venom
..."-Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. iv.
II. Technically:
1. Metal. : An alloy of copper and zinc.
(1) In ancient times : It is said that when
the Roman consul Mummius, after capturing
the celebrated Grecian city of Corinth, bar-
barously burnt the place to the ground, in
B.C. 146, various metals, fused in the con-
flagration, became united into a compound or
alloy, called from the circumstances now stated
Corinthian brass. This is often supposed to
have been the first discovery of brass itself.
but Assyriologists consider it to have been
mentioned in cuneiform inscriptions, both
Chaldean and Assyrian. (See an elaborate
dissertation on the subject by Francis Lenor-
mant, in the Bib. Arch. Soc. Transact., vol. vi.,
1878, 334-417.) [2.]
(2) In modern times: Before zinc was ob-
tained in its metallic form brass was manu-
factured from calamine (native carbonate of
zinc) mixed with copper and charcoal. Even
now this process is easier than the direct
fusion together of the two metals. The pro-
portion of copper and zinc vary. Ordinary
brass is a yellow alloy of copper and twenty-
eight to thirty-four per cent. of zinc. The
density of cast brass is 7.8 to 8:4; that of
brass wire 8:54. It is harder and yet more
fusible than copper, more sonorous and a
worse conductor of heat. It may be turned
upon a lathe. It is extensively. used for can-
dlesticks, handles of doors, the framework of
locks, mathematical instruments, &c., while
in the state of wire it is much used in pin-
making. [DUTCH GOLD.]
2. Scripture : The Heb. word for “brass ” is
hun (nechhosheth), from wn! (nachhash) = to
shine. The metal thus designated evidently
occurs in nature, for it is dug out of hills
(Deut. viii. 9) and “molten out of the stone”
(Deut. xxxiii. 25), which the artificial alloy,
brass, never yet has been. In most parts of
the Old Testament “brass” should be altered
into “copper,” though occasionally in the
later books of the Old Testament it may be
bronze. In the New Testament, in 1 Cor.
xiii. 1, and Rev. ix. 20, the rendering is
xadkòs (chalkos) = (1) copper, (2) bronze;
whilst in Rev. i. and ii. it is xalkodißavov
(chalkolibanon), probably = frankincense of a
deep colour.
3. Arch. (pl.): Monumental engravings on
brass plates let into slabs in the pavements of
ancient churches, representing the effigies,
coats of arms, &c., of illustrious personages. | brăsse, s. [A transposition of barse. Cf.
(Gloss. of Arch.).
L. Ger. brasse; H. Ger. brassen = the bream.
4. Mach.: A pillow, bear-
(Mahn.)] [BREAM.]
ing, collar, box, or bush
Ichthy. : A kind of perch, Lucioperca.
supporting a gudgeon. The
name is applied from its
brassed, pa. par. & a. [BRASS, v.]
being sometimes of brass,
brăs'-sel-lý, s. & a. [Corrupted from Eng.
though in various instances
it is of bronze.
bachelor.]
5. Mining : Iron pyrites.
brasselly-buttons, s. [Corrupted from
The name, which is a mis-
bachelor's buttons (Lychnis diurna).] (Sib-
nomer, is given from the
lustre, which resembles
that of brass.
brăs'-seş, s. pl. [BRASS.]
B. As adjective: Con-
* bră's-set, s. [Etym. doubtful.] A casque
sisting more or less of
or head-piece of armour.
brass; brazen, resenıbling
brass, in any way pertain-
bră's-si-ă, s. [Named after Mr. Brass, a gar-
Nadalanan IN
ing or relating to brass.
dener who collected seeds and plants in Africa
Compounds of obvi- MONUMENTAL
for Kew Garden.]
ous signification : brass-
BRASS.
Bot. : A genus of Orchids, consisting of four
bound (Carlyle : Sartor Re-
species growing on trees. The flowers are
sartus, bk. ii., ch. v.); brass-hoofed (Pope : large, and coloured pale-yellow, with brown
Homer's Iliad, xi. 19); brass-paved (Spenser : spots.
F. Q., I. iv. 17); brass-studded (Longfellow :
Courtship of Miles Standish, iv.) ; brass-
brăs'-sĩc, a. [From Lat. brassica (q.v.), and
throated (Longfellow : The Spanish Student, iii.
Eng. suffix -ic. ]
1); brass-visaged (Ben Jonson : Every Man out brassic acid, s. Brassic acid or erucic
of his. Humour).
acid, C22H4202. An acid extracted from colza
brass-band, s.
oil by saponification. It is solid at ordinary
1. Literally :
temperatures, but melts between 30° and 32°
C. It crystallises from an alcoholic solution
(1) Gen. : A band of musicians performing
in beautiful long needles. Brassic acid occurs
upon instruments of brass.
also in the oil of white mustard and of rape.
(2) Spec. :
(a) The smaller variety of the military band,
| bră's-sï-cą, s. [Lat. brassica ; Celt. bresic =
employed chiefly in cavalry regiments, on ac-
a cabbage.)
count of the greater ease with which brass in-
Bot.: A genus of cruciferous plants contain-
struments can be played on horseback. Those ing several well-known culinary herbs. There
used are various : cornets, saxhorns, eupho are three wild species in Britain : Brassica
niums, one or more bombardons, &c. (Grove.)
oleracea (Sea Cabbage), the original of the cab-
(b) One of the divisions of the “wind” of a
bage of our gardens (CABBAGE] ; B. monensis,
full orchestra, consisting of trumpets, horns,
the Isle of Man or Wall-flower Cabbage; and
trombones, and occasionally an ophicleide.
the B. campestris or Common Wild Navew.
[BAND.]
The B. napus, the Rape or Cole-seed, and the B.
rapa, or Common Turnip, have here and there
2. Figuratively. In political controversy, con rooted themselves spontaneously, but they are
temptuously: A party or a section of a party
not indigenous. The colza of the Dutch is
acting noisily in concert. Some years ago
B. campestris; B. prcecox is the Summer Rape of
extreme Protestant controversialists denomi-
the Germans; and B. elongata is cultivated in
nated a knot of Roman Catholic members of
Hungary for its oil. The various cultivated
Parliament voting together “the Pope's brass
species, as a rule, require a loamy soil, well-
band.”
manured, and with plenty of water. (BRAS-
brass-foil, s. Very thin beaten sheet-
SICACEÆ, BRASSICIDÆ.]
brass, thinner than latten. It is called also
“They adorned him (the poet laureat] with a new and
Dutch gold.
elegant garland, composed of vine-leaves, laurel, and
brassica, a sort of cabbage !” - Pope : Of the Poet
Laureat.
brass-furnace, s. A furnace for fusing
the metallic constituents of brass. These are brăs-sic-ā-ce-æ, s. pl. [From Lat. brassica,
melted in crucibles, the copper being first and fem. pl. adjectival suffix -aceae.]
melted, and the zinc then added piecemeal, as
Bot. : An order of plants, more generally
it is vapourised by an excess of heat. The
called Cruciferæ (Crucifers). It is placed by
moulding-trough is on one side of the pouring
Lindley under his Cistal Alliance. The
or spill-trough, and the furnace is on the
other. There is a core-oven, heated by the
sepals are four, the petals four, cruciate; the
stainens six, two shorter than the other four.
furnace, and serving to dry the cores for the
Ovary superior, with parietal placentæ. Fruit,
faucets or other hollow articles which are cast.
a silique or silicule one-celled or spuriously
(Knight.)
two-celled, seeds many or one. It consti-
brass-powder, s. A powder made of tutes Linnæus' order Tretradynamia. Lindley
brass, or anything resembling it. Two kinds divides the order into five sections-Pleuro-
are made.
rhizeæ, Notorhizeæ, Orthoploceæ, and Diple-
1. Red-coloured : Ground copper filings or
colobeæ. The Brassicaceæ or Crucifers are
precipitated powder of copper with red ochre.
one of the most important orders in the whole
vegetable kingdom. About 1,730 species are
2. Gold-coloured : Gold-coloured brass or
known. Their chief seat is in the temperate
Dutch leaf reduced to powder.
zones. Many genera and species occur in
They are mixed with pale varnish, or else Britain; none are poisonous. Among the
they can be applied by dusting over a sur well-known plants ranked under the order
face which has been previously covered with may be mentioned the wall-flower, the stock,
varnish. (Knight.)
the water-cress and other cresses, the cabbage,
brass-rule, s.
the turnip, &c.
Printing : Brass strips, type-high, used by brăs-sıç'-1-də, s. pl. [From Lat. brassica
printers for cutting into lengths to separate
(q.v.).] A family of Cruciferous plants of the
advertisements and columns; also for page-
sub-order or section Orthoploceæ. Type,
rules and table-work (technically known as
Brassica (q.v.).
rule and figure work). (Knight.)
brăs'-s7-dæ, s. pl. [From Mod. Lat. brassia
brass, v.t. [From brass, s. (q.v.).
(q.v.).] A family of Orchids. Typical genus,
Metallurgy: To give a brass coat to copper. Brassia (q.v.).
* bră's-sage, s. [O. Fr. brassage.] A fine + brass'-1-ness, s. [Eng. brassy ; -ness.] The
formerly levied to defray the expense of coin quality of being brassy.
age.
brass'-îng, pr. par. & s. [BRASS, v.]
* bră's-sart (pl. brassarts), s. [Fr. bras-
Metallurgy: The art of giving a brass coat
sard.] [BRACER.] Plate armour for defence
to copper.
of the arm, reaching from the shoulder to the
elbow.
bras'-smith, brass'-smith, s. [Eng. brass;
smith.] A smith working in brass.
bră's-sāte, s. [From Eng. brass(ic); -ate.] A
“Has he not seen the Scottish brassmith's Idea ..."
salt of brassic acid (q.v.).
-Carlyle : Sartor Resartus, bk. ii., ch. iv,
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sîr, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sön; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; try, Sýrian. æ, pe=ē. ey=ā. qu= kw.

brasswork-brave
675
ing sp
rattle,
brass'-wõrk, s. [Eng. brass ; work.] Work In Coal-mining : A thin stratum of a coarse brăt'-tle, * brăt'-tyl, s. [BRATTLE, V.]
in brass.
mixture of coal and carbonate of lime or 1. A clattering noise, as that made by the
"... old oak carvings, brasswork, clocks and candel pyrites, frequently found lying at the roof of feet of horses, when prancing, or inoving
abra, chairs," &c.—Times, Sept. 9th, 1876. (Advt.)
a seam of coal.
rapidly. (Rudd.)
+ brass'-ý, a. [Eng. brass ; -y.]
* brătch'-art, s. [The same as BRACHELL
“Now by the time that they a piece had ta'en,
All in a brattle to the gate are gane."
1. Lit. : Resembling brass.
(q.v.), or formed direct from Fr. brache = a
Ross: #elenore, p. 96.
“The part in which they lie is near black, with hound.] A whelp; the young of an animal.
“Thou need na start awa sae hasty,
some sparks of a brassy pyrites in it."-Woodward.
Wi' bickering brattle."
“That bratchart in a husse was born;
Burns: To a Mouse.
2. Figuratively :
They fand a monster on the morn,
War faced than a cat."
2. Hurry ; rapid motion of any kind.
(1) Hard as brass ; unfeeling.
Montgomerie: Watson's Coll., iii. 12.
“Bauld Bess flew till him wi' a brattle,
“Losses,
* brătch'-el, s.
Enow to press a royal merchant down,
And spite of his teeth held him
[A dimin. formation from
Close by the craig." Ramsay: Poems, i. 261.
And pluck commiseration of his state
BRAKE, S. (q.v.). 7 The husks or refuse of flax.
From brassy bosoms, and rough hearts of flint."
3. A short race.
Shakesp. : Mer. of Venice, iv. 1.
(Scotch.)
“The sma' droop-rumplit, hunter cattle,
(2) Impudent.
"She could not help expressing her unfeigned pity
Might aiblins waur t thee for a brattle;
for the Lowlanders, whom, what are called flax-mills
But sax Scotch miles thou try't their mettle,
brăs'-sỹ, bres-sie, s. [Cf. Eng. wrasse.] A
and fulling-mills, precluded from all the social delights
An' gar't them whaizle."
of beating and skutching, the blaze of a bratchel, and
Burns : Auld Farmer's Salutation.
fish, the common wrasse (Crenilabrus Tinca). above all, the superlative joys of a waulking.”—Clan-
(Scotch.)
Albin, i. 75, 77.
4. Fury; violent attack.
“Or silly sheep, wha bide this brattle
* brăst. * braste. * brasten. * brastyn. * brat-ful, a. [In Sw. bräddful = brimful,
O' winter war,
from brädd = a brim.
v. [BURST, v.) To burst. (Prompt. Parv.)
And through the drift,
0. Eng. bretful, brerd-
Beneath a scaur.'
"But with that percing noise flew open quite, or brast.”
ful, from brerd = brim. BRETFUL.] Brimful.
Burns : Winter Night.
Spenser: F. Q., I. viii. 4.
“Til heor Bagges and heore Balies weren bratful I-
“Mycht nane behald his face,
crommet."
* brittº-ling, pa. par. & . [BRATTLE, 0.]
Piers Plow. : A. Prolog., 41.
The fyrie sparkis brasting from his ene."
Noisy ; creating a noise.
Doug. : Virgil, 399, 44.
* brath, * brothe, a. [O. Icel. bradhr =
"A brattlin band unhappily
Drave by him wi' a binner,
* bråst, pa. par. & d. [BURST, pa. par.]
impetuous, eager.] Impetuous, hasty, eager.
And heels-o'er-goudie coupit he."
“'Mid wounds, and clinging darts, and lances brast,
“The riche mann iss brath and grimme."-Ormulum,
Christmas Ba'ing, Skinner's Misc. Poet., p. 127.
7164.
And foes disabled in the brutal fray."
Byron: Childe Harold, i. 78.
* brâu'-1-tỉe, s. [Fr. braverie.] [BRAVITY.]
* brath, * brathe, s. [O. Icel. bradh = vio-
* brastle, v.i. [A.S. brastlian, barstlian ; M.
lence.] Wrath, fierceness.
1. A show, a pageant.
H. Ger. brasteln = to crack, crackle.] To
"All curious pastimes and consaits
“In the brath of his breth that brennez all thinkez."
Cud be imaginat be man,
crack, to make a crackling noise, to be broken.
Allit. Poems; Cleanness, 1. 916.
Wes to be sene on Edinburgh gaits,
"Sceldes brastleden, helmes tohelden.”—Layamon, 1 * brath'-ly, * brothe-ly, * brothe'-lych,
Fra time that brauitie began."
iii. 94.
Burel: Entry Q. Anne, Watson's Coll., ii. 5.
adv. [BRATH.] Eagerly, hastily.
2. Finery in dress or appearance.
* brast-ynge, pr. par. [BRAST, v.] (Gaw. “Brathly thai this werk bigan.”—Cursor Mundi, 2240.
“Syne she beheld ane heuinly sicht,
Doug., 39.)
brăt'-tăch, s. [Gael. bratach, bruttach.] A
Of Nymphs who supit nectar cauld;.
Whois brauities can scarce be tauld.”
* brā'-şy-ěre, s. [BRAZIER (2).] (Prompt. banner, a flag, an ensign, colours.
Burel : Entry Q. Anne, Watson's Coll., ii. 7.
Parυ.)
“It is natural I should like the Ruthvens, the Lind-
says, the Ogilvys, the Oliphants, and so inany others of
* brâul, * brâwl, s. [O. Fr. bransle = “a
* brā'-syle, s. [BRAZIL (1).] (Prompt. Parv.) our brave and noble neighbours, who are sheathed in totter, swing, shake, shocke ... also a
steel of my making, like so many Paladins, better than
brawle or daunce.” (Cotgrave.) BRANGILL, S.]
those naked, snatching mountaineers, who are ever
* brā'-şýn, pa. par. & a. [BRAZEN.]
doing us wrong, especially since no five of each clan have A kind of dance.
a rusty shirt of mail as old as their brattach."-Scott :
brăt (1), * bratt, s. [Wel. brat = a rag, pina-
“It vas ane celest recreation to behold ther lycht
Fair Maid of Perth, ch. vi.
lopene, galmouding, stendling bakuart and forduart,
'fore ; Gael. brat ; Ir. brat = a mantle, cloak.]
dansand base dansis, pauuans, galyardis, turdions,
bråt-tịce, s. [O. Eng. bretage, bretasce, bru brautis and branglis, buffons, vitht mony vthir lycht
1. A cloak, mantle.
taske, &c.; 0. Fr. bretesche = a wooden out dansis, the quhilk are ouer prolixt to be rehersit.” -
“Ne had they but a shete
Which that they might wrappen hem in a-night,
Compl. s., p. 102.
work.] [BUTTRESS, BRETTICE, BRETASCE.]
“Meustrel, blaw up ane brawl of France ;
And a bratt to walken in by day-light."
Let se quha hobbils best.”
Chaucer : C. T., 16,347.
Lyndsay: S. P. Repr., ii. 201.
2. An apron, pinafore. (Provinc. & Scotch.)
“Moth. Will you win your love with a French brawl
“To mak them brats, then ye maun toil and spin,
Arm. How meanest thou, brawling in French ?"
Shakesp.: L. L. Lost, iii. 1.
Ae wean fa's sick, ane scads itsell wi' broe.'
Allan Ramsay: Gent. Shepherd.
* braun, s. [BRAWN.]
3. Clothing generally. (This seems merely
* braunche, * brawnche, s. [BRANCH.]
to be an oblique sense of the same word, as
used to denote an apron which covers the rest
* braunched, a. [BRANCH, s.]
of one's clothes.) (Scotch.)
“Braunched as a tree, branchu."-Patsgrave.
“He ordinarily uses this phrase as a proverb, that
he desires no more in the world, but a bit and a brat ;
* braunchi, * braunchy, a. [BRANCHY.]
that is, only as much food and raiment as nature
craves."-Scotch Presb. Elog., p. 36.
* braun-dise, v.i. (BRANDISH, v.] To fling
“God bless your Honours a' your days,
Wi' sowps o' kail and brats o claise."
or prance about (as a horse).
Burns: Earnest Cry and Prayer.
" That hee nas loose in no lime ludes to greeue,
To byte ne to braundise ne to break no wowes."
4. Scum. It does not necessarily signify re-
Alisaunder (ed. Skeat), 1121-22.
fuse; but is also applied to the cream which
rises from milk, especially of what is called a
brâ'un-īte, s. [From Mr. Braun, of Gotha.
BRATTICE.
(Dana).]
sour cogue, or the floatings of boiled whey.
“Brat, a cover or scurf."-Statist. Acc., XV. 8, N.
Min. : A native sesquioxide of manganese,
Mining. A planking on the inside of a mine
The bit and the brat : Food and raiment.
Mn, 03. It is crystallised or massive, in the
shaft or gallery.
(Scotch.)
former case tetragonal. Hardness, 6--65; sp.
"As everybody knows by this time, the workings of gr., 4•75—4.82 ; lustre, sub-metallic colour,
the Hartley Mine were reached by a single shaft, the
brăt (2), s. [Etym. doubtful. Said by some
and streak dark brownish black. Compos. .
diameter of which was 12ft. For purposes of ventila-
to be the same as brat (1), but probably the tion this was divided into two equal parts by a wooden
Protoxide of manganese, 86.95; oxygen, 8.08
partition, called in mining language a brattice, which
same as brood.]
-9:85; baryta, 0.24-225; silica, a trace,
ran down it from top to bottom."-Times, Jan. 28, 1862.
I. Literally :
863; and water, 0.95–1:00.
1. A child, originally not used contemptu-
brắt-ti-qing, s. [BRATTICE, s. ]
1. The act or operation of putting up brat-
* braush-ie, a. [BRASHY, a.] Storny.
ously.
“ O Israel! O household of the Lord !
tices.
bra-vā'-do, brą-va'-do, * brą-vade', s.
O Abraham's brats ! O brood of blessed seed !
2. Brattice-work, brattices.
[Sp. & Ital. bravata; Fr. bravade.] [BRAVE.]
O chosen sheep that loved the Lord indeed!"
“A telegraphic message, sent last night to The Times,
An insolent menace; defiance; boastful be-
Gascoigne : De Profundis.
stated that a fall in the shaft on Saturday night had haviour.
“I shall live to see the invisible lady, to whom I
prevented the sinkers going on with the removal of the
was obliged, and whom I never beheld since she was a
"The steward departed without replying to this
ruins of the bratticing.”—Times, Jan. 21, 1862.
brat in hanging sleeves."-Swift.
bravade, otherwise than by a dark look of scorn." -
Scott: Abbot, ch. xxxi.
2. A child, said contemptuously.
brăt'-tỉsh-îng, s. [BRATTICE, s.] Brattice
"The English were impatient to fall on. But their
"This brat is none of mine ;
work; a crest of open carved work on the top general had made up his'mind, and was not to be moved
Hence with it, and, together with the dam,
of a shrine.
by the bravadoes of the enemy or by the murmurs of
Commit them to the fire."
his own soldiers."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. iii.
Shakesp.: Winter's Tale, ii. 3.
* brăt-tle, * brat'-tyl, v.i. [Probably
“I give command to kill or save,
| brāve (Eng.), brāve, brâw, brâ (Scotch),
Can grant ten thousand pounds a year,
onomatopoeic: as rattle (q.v.), but compare a. [Fr. brave = brave, fine, gay ; compare
And make a beggar's brat a peer." Swift. brastle above. ]
Gael. breagh = fine.]
3. The young of any animal ; offspring
1. To make a clashing or clattering noise;
1. Daring, courageous, high-spirited, fearless.
“Jupiter summoned all the birds and beasts before to run tumultuously.
him, with their brats and little ones, to see which of
"None but the brave deserve the fair."
“Branchis brattlyng, and blaiknyt schew the brayis
them had the prettiest children."-L'Estrange.
Dryden: Alexander's Feast, 1. 15.
With hirstis harsk of waggand wyndil strayis."
II. Figuratively: Offspring, produce.
“Rest with the brave, whose names belong
Doug. : Virgil, 202, 28.
To the high sanctity of song !"
"The two late conspiracies were the brats and off 2. To advance rapidly, making a noise with
Hemans : Wallace's Invocation to Bruce.
spring of two contrary factions."-South.
the feet.
2. Gallant, noble.
brăt (3), s. [Etymol. doubtful. Possibly a
“Daft Jassie, when we're naked, what'll ye say,
“I'll prove the prettier fellow of the two,
Giff our twa herds come brattling down the brae,
shortened form of brattice.]
And wear my dagger with a braver grace."
And see us sae?"
Ramsay: Poems, ii. 75.
Shakesp. : Mer. of Ven., iii. 4.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhŭn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -tle, &c. = bel, tel.

676
brave-bravo
“And where full many a brave tree stood,
Crabb thus distinguishes between the
That used to spread its boughs and ring."
verbs to brave, to defy, to dare, and to chal-
Wordsworth : White Doe of Rylstone, vii.
lenge :-“We brave things; we dare and chal-
3. Showy, grand, gaudy, gay.
lenge persons; we defy persons or their ac-
“Rings put upon his fingers,
And brave attendants near him when he wakes;
tions : the sailor braves the tempestuous ocean,
Would not the beggar then forget himself?"
and very often braves death itself in its most
Shakesp. : Tam. of the Shrew, Induct.. i.
terrific form; he dares the enemy whom he
“Nearer and nearer as they bear,
meets to the engagement; he defies all his
Spears, pikes, and axes flash in air.
Now might you see the tartans brave,
boastings and vain threats.... Brave and
And plaids and plumage dance and wave."
defy are dispositions of mind which display
Scott : Lady of the Lake, ii. 16.
themselves in the conduct; dare and challenge
4. Excellent, fine. (It appears to be used are modes of action: we brave a storm by
simply to express excellence or pre-eminence meeting its violence, and bearing it down with
in any point or quality in men or things.)
superior force; we defy the malice of our
"Cel. O that's a brave man, he writes brave verses, enemies by pursuing that line of conduct
speaks brave words, swears brave oaths, and breaks which is most calculated to increase its bitter-
them bravely, quite traverse, athwart the heart of his
lover, as a puisny tilter, that spurs his horse but on
ness. To brave conveys the idea of a direct
one side, breaks his staff like a noble goose; but all's and personal application of force to force ;
brave that youth mounts, and folly guides. Who
defying is carried on by a more indirect and
comes here?”—Shakesp.: As You Like It, iii. 4.
circuitous mode of procedure : men brave the
5. Handsome.
dangers which threaten them with evil; they
"A son was born to him called Absolom, who was the
defy the angry will which is set up to do them
bravest man perhaps in the world; he was a man of
the greatest perfection from the crown of his head
harm. To dare and challenge are both direct
unto the sole of his foot.”—Dickson : Sermons, p. 109. and personal ; but the former consists either
6. Pleasant, agreeable.
of actions, words, or looks; the latter of
“O Peggy, dinna say me na;
words only. . . . Daring arises from our con-
But grant to me the treasure
tempt of others; challenging arises from a
Of love's return ; 'tis unka bra',
When ilka thing yields pleasure."
high opinion of ourselves : the former is
a A. Nicol: Poems, 1739, p. 27.
mostly accompanied with unbecoming expres-
" A fine evening, sir,' was Edward's salutation ; sions of disrespect as well as aggravation; the
"Ow, ay, sir, 'ee bra' night,' replied the lieutenant, in latter is mostly divested of all angry per-
broad Scotch of the most vulgar description."-Scott :
sonality. ... We dare only to acts of vio-
Waverley, ch. xxxix.
7. Stout, able-bodied.
lenice; we challenge to any kind of contest in
which the skill or the power of the parties
"Five bonnie lasses round their table,
are to be tried.”
And seven braw fellows, stout an' able.”
(Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
Burns : A Dedication to Gavin Hamilton.
8. In Scotch : Often used intensively, some-
brāved, pa. par. & a. [BRAVE, v.]
times as a superlative, when joined by the | brāve'-ly, adv. [Eng. brave ; -ly.]
copula to another word, whether adjective or
adverb; as, braw and able, abundantly able
1. In a good sense : In a brave manner;
for any work or undertaking ; braw and weel,
courageously, valiantly, nobly.
in good health ; braw and soon, in full time,
“Record it with your high and worthy deeds ;
'Twas bravely done, if you bethink you of it."
&c. &c.
Shakesp. : Much Ado about Nothing, v. 1.
“Bydby, neist day, when noon comes on, appears,
“Gone they are, bravely, though misled,
And Lindy, what he could, his courage cheers :
With a dear father at their head!"
Look'd braw and canty, whan she came in by,
Wordsworth : White Doe of Rylstone, C. 2.
And says, Twice welcome, Bydby, here the day.”
2. In a bad sense :
Ross: Helenore, p. 52. (Jamieson.)
A word which came originally from the
* (1) Ostentatiously, defiantly.
Romance languages, entering English in the
“... broke forth in a courageous couplet or two
upon Sir Richard Blackmore: he has printed it with
16th century, while the corresponding term his name to it, and bravely assigns no other reason,
in German, brav, entered that language in the
than that the said Sir Richard has abused Dr. Swift."
17th century. (From the Select Glossary, p. 24.)
-Pope: Letter to Jervas (1716.)
* (2) Gaudily, finely, gaily.
brāve, s. [BRAVE, C.]
"And she ... decked her seife bravely to allure the
eyes of all men that should see her.”—Judith x. 4.
1. A brave person, a chief. (Used especially
amongst the Indians of North America.) + brāve'-něss, s. [Eng. brave; ness.] The
“Came to parley with Standish, and offer him furs as quality of being brave; bravery.
a present:
Friendship was in their looks, but in their hearts brav-ễr-ỹ, * brav-ễr-le, S. [Eng. brave;
there was hatred.
Braves of the tribe were these, and brothers gigantic -ry. Fr. braverie.]
in stature." Longfellow: Miles Standish, vii.
I. Literally :
* 2. A hectoring, bullying fellow.
“Hot braves like thee may fight, but know not well
1. In a good sense : The quality of being
To manage this, the last great stake.” Dryden.
brave ; courage, valour, high spirit, fearless-
ness.
* 3. A boast, brag, challenge, defiance.
"" And so in this to bear me down with braves,
" Juba, to all the bravery of a hero,
Adds softest love, and more than female sweetness.”
'Tis not the difference of a year or two."
Addison.
Shakesp. : Tit. And., ii. 1.
*4. Bravado.
2. In a bad sense :
• “To call my lord maior knave:
* (1) The act of braving, bravado ; false as-
Besides, too, in a brave.”
sumption of real bravery.
Wilts : Recreation, 1654.
“In which time one Tait, a follower of Cesford, who
brāve, v.t. & i. [BRAVE, a.]
as then was of the Lord's party, came forth in a
bravery, and called to the opposite horsemen, asking
A. Transitive :
if any of them had courage to break a lance for his
1. To defy, challenge, dare, set at defiance.
mistress ; ..."-Spotswood, p. 287.
“Soine of his soldiers, however, who observed him
(1) Of persons.
closely, whispered that all his bravery was put on."-
"Sure I shall see yon heaps of Trojans kill'd,
Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. xviii.
Rise from the shades, and brave me on the field.”
* (2) Showiness, gaudiness, splendour.
Pope : Homer's Iliad, bk. xxi., 1. 64, 65.
“If he [the good yeoman] chance to appear in clothes
(2) of things personified.
above his rank, it is to grace some great man with his
"Where braving angry winter's storms,
service, and then he blusheth at his own bravery.”_
The lofty Ochils rise.”
Fuller: Holy State, bk. ii., ch. 18.
Burns : Where Braving Angry Winter's Storms.
“... there the Ionians, with their wives and
“But no man had in larger measure that evil courage
children, and all their bravery, congregated periodi-
which braves and even courts disgust and hatred." -
cally from their different cities to glorify him.”-
Grote: Hist. of Greece (1846), vol. i., pt. i., ch. i., p 62.
Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. xi.
*2. To risk, venture on.
* (3) Ostentation, show.
“I'll court his favours:
“In braving arms against thy sovereign."
But, sure, the bravery of his grief did put me
Shakesp. : King Richard II., ii, 3.
Into a towering passion."
* (1) To present a boastful show of.
Shakesp.: Hamlet, v. 2.
“Both particular persons and factions are apt enough
“Let princes choose ministers inore sensible of duty
to fiatter themselves, or, at least, to brave that which
than of rising, and such as love business rather upon
they believe not.”-Bacon.
conscience than upon bravery."-Bacon.
* (2) To make fine or showy, to adorn, set off. * (4) Fine dress.
“ Gru. Face not me: thou hast braved many men ;
“... my estate, I wot not how, hath of late been
brave not me; I will neither be faced nor braved
somewhat insufficient to maintain the expense of
say unto thee, I bid thy master cut out the gown, but
those braveries, wherewith it is incumbent on us, who
I did not bid him cut it to pieces. Ergo, thou liest.”.
are chosen and selected spirits, to distinguish ourselves
Shakesp. : Taming of the Shrew, iv. 3.
from the vulgar."-Scott: Monastery, ch. xvi.
* (3) To give courage to, encourage.
* (5) A showy person.
B. Intransitive: Toswagger about, show off.
"A man that is the bravery of his age." —Beaumont
& Fletcher.
“As at Troy most dastards of the Greekes
Did brave about the corpes of Hector colde."
II. Fig. : Applied to fine diction or ornate
Spenser : Ruines of Rome. 1 language.
“In the present cause, we must not be pleased or
put off with the buskry or bravery of language.
Clothed and adorned with the busk and bravery of
beautiful and big words.”—M'Ward : Contendings,
pp. 324, 356.
Crabb thus distinguishes between bravery,
courage, and valour :-“ Bravery lies in the
blood ; courage lies in the mind : the latter
depends on the reason; the former on the
physical temperament : the first is a species
of instinct; the second is a virtue : a man is
brave in proportion as he is without thought;
he has courage in proportion as he reasons or
reflects. Bravery seems to be something in-
voluntary, a mechanical movement that does
not depend on one's self: courage requires
conviction, and gathers strength by delay; it
is a noble and lofty sentiment: the force of
example, the charms of music, the fury and
tumult of battle, the desperation of the con-
flict, will make cowards brave; the courage-
ous man wants no other incentives than what
his own mind suggests. ... It is as possible
for a man to have courage without bravery as
to have bravery without courage : Cicero be-
trayed his want of bravery when he sought to
shelter himself against the attacks of Cata-
line; he displayed his courage when he laid
open the treasonable purposes of this con-
spirator to the whole senate, and charged him
to his face with the crimes of which he knew
him to be guilty. Valour is a higher quality
than either bravery or courage, and seems to
partake of the grand characteristics of both;
it combines the fire of bravery with the deter-
mination and firmness of courage : bravery is
most fitted for the soldier and all who receive
orders ; courage is most adapted for the gene-
ra) and all who give commands; valour for
the leader and framer of enterprises, and all
who carry great projects into execution :
bravery requires to be guided; courage is
equally fitted to command or obey ; valour
directs and executes. Bravery has most rela-
tion to danger; courage and valour include in
them a particular reference to action: the
brave man exposes himself; the courageous
man advances to the scene of action which is
before him; the valiant man seeks for occa-
sions to act. The three hundred Spartans
who defended Thermopyle were brave. So-
crates drinking the hemlock, Regulus return-
ing to Carthage, Titus tearing himself from
the arms of the weeping Berenice, Alfred the
Great going into the camp of the Danes, were
courageous. Hercules destroying monsters,
Perseus delivering Andromeda, Achilles run-
ning to the ramparts of Troy, and the knights
of more modern date who have gone in quest
of extraordinary adventures, are all entitled
to the peculiar appellation of valiant."
(Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
* brāv'-ing, pr. par., d., & s. [BRAVE, v.]
† A. & B. As pr. par. & participial adj. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
"Barbarossa sent a braving letter to Saladin, ..."
-Fuller : Holy War, bk. v., ch. 13.
“ The Florentines and Senoys are by the ears ;
fought with equal fortune, and continue
A braving war.'
Shakesp. : All's Well that Ends Well, i. 2.
* C. As substantive : Bravado, boast, show.
“With so proud a strain of threats and bravings.'
Chapman.
* brāv'-ing-ly, adv. [Eng. braving, a. ; -ly.]
In a braving manner; defiantly.
“Bravingly, in your epistle to Sir Edward Hobby,
you end thus."-Sheldon : Miracles of Antichrist, p. 49.
brāv'-i-tý, * brāv'-1-tỉe, s. [Old Fr.
braveté.]
1. In a good sense : Courage ; bravery.
“Let us put on courage in thir sad times ; brave
times for the chosen soldiers of Jesus Christ to shew
their courage into; offering brave opportunities for
shewing forth the bravity of spirit in suffering."-Ja.
Welwood's Letter, Walker's Remark. Pass., p. 23.
2. In a bad sense : An outward show; pomp.
braº-võ (1), 8. [Ital. baoo.] A bandit, an out-
law, an assassin.
"For boldness, like the bravoes and banditti, is
seldom employed, but upon desperate services."-Go-
vernment of the Tongue.
“The bravo was sent to the Tower."-Macaulay :
Hist. Eng., ch. vi.
| At first, while as yet not naturalised, it
had the plural bravi.
“Hired fencers, called bravi, . . .”—Morison :
Itinerary, pt. 2., p. 25. (Trench : On some Def. in our
Eng. Dict., p. 29.)
Nares has the plural bravoes.
bra'-vō (2), s. [BRAVO, interj.) A cheer, a
hurrah.
|
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, păt, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian. æ, co =ē; ey=ā. qu= kw.

bravo-braxy
677
iii. 2.
bra'-vo, interj. [Ital. bravo (m.), brava (f.) =
brave.] Excellently! well or bravely done!
Music : Well or bravely done. An exclama-
tion of applause, which from Italy its native
land has made way into this country, but is
scarcely naturalised. For a female per-
former it should be brava, and for more than
one performer bravi.
bra-vû'-ra, s. & a. [Ital. bravura; Fr. bra-
voure = spirit, bravery.]
A, As substantive :
1. Lit. In music : An air requiring great
skill and spirit in its execution, each syllable
being divided into several notes. It is distin-
guished from a simple melody by the intro-
duction of florid passages. (Stainer & Barrett.)
A style of both music and execution designed
to task the abilities of the artist. (Grove.)
“The duet in which Mary obtains the King's pro-
mise to befriend Clifford contains a bravura for Miss
Pyne which is very pleasing, ..."-Sat. Review, Dec.
14, 1861.
2. Fig. : A lively display.
"... and you, I, and a few others, who have wit-
nessed his [Coleridge's) grand bravuras of display, were
to have the usual fortune of ghost-seers, ..."-De
Quincey: Works (ed. 1863), vol. ii., p. 50.-
B. As adjective: Pertaining to or connected
with the execution of a bravura.
“His bravura powers are of the most surprising
sort, and as a concerto player he has an aplomb and
fire almost phenomenal."-Cornhill Mag., Jan., 1867,
p. 35.
brâw, brâ', a. [BRAVE, a.]
braw-warld, a. (Scotch.) Showy, gaudy.
"... these fine gallants, with their golden chains
and lovped-up bonnets, with braw-warld dyes and
devices on them."-Scott: Quentin Durward, ch. iii.
* braw-den, pa. par. [BROIDER.] Em-
broidered.
* braw'-dér-ér, s. [BROIDERER.] An em-
broiderer.
* braw-en, pa. par. [A.S. browen, pa. par. of
breowan = to cook, brew (?).] Cooked.
“For fault of cattle, corn and gerse,
Your banquets of most nobility
Dear of the dog brawen in the Merse."
Polwart's Flyting, Watson's Coll., iii. 9, 10.
brâwl, * brall, * brawl - yn, v.i. & t.
[BRAWL, s.]
A. Intransitive :
* 1. To be in or fall into confusion.
“ The Erle with that, that fechtand was,
Quhen he hys fayis saw brawland sua,
In hy apon thaim gan he ga."
Barbour, xii. 132. MS.
2. To quarrel noisily and tumultuously.
" What nedys the to bralle"
Towneley Myst., p. 150.
" Brawlyn', or strywen'. Litigo, jurgo. Quere plura
in stryven.”—Prompt. Parv.
* 3. To contend, to strive.
"Aganys him to brawle .
Barbour: The Bruce (ed. Skeat), i. 573.
4. To create a disturbance, especially in
any consecrated ground or building. [BRAW-
LING, C. 2.]
15. Of running water, to make a noise, to
babble.
"As he lay along,
Under an oak, whose antique root peeps out
Upon the brook that brawls along this wood.”
Shakesp. : As You Like It, ii. 1.
“ So through the Plymouth woods John Alden went on
his errand,
Crossing the brook at the ford, where it brawled over
pebble and shallow."
Longfellow : Miles Standish, iii.
* B. Reflexive: To boast, brag, show off..
“Evere ware thes Bretons braggers of olde!
- Loo! how he brawles hyme for hys bryghte wedes."
Morte Arthure, 1,349.
* C. Trans. : To cry or clamour down, over-
power by noise.
“ Their battering cannon charged to the mouths,
Till their soul-fearing clamours have brawi'd down
The flinty ribs of this contemptuous city.”
Shakesp. : K. John, ii. 1.
brâwl (1), s. [Wel. brawl, brol=a boast; brolio
= to boast, vaunt; bragal = to vociferate;
Dut. brallen = to brag, boast; Dan. Dralle =
to prattle, jabber. Probably brawl is a fre-
quentative of brag (Skeat).] A noisy quarrel,
a disturbance, a tumult.
“He findeth, that controversies thereby are inade
but brawls; and therefore wisheth, that in some lawful
assembly of churches, all these strifes may be decided.”
Hooker.
“ ... in a moment à brawl began in the crowd,
none could say how or where."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng.,
ch. xiii.
Mod. Fr. branler.] An old round dance in
Christmas puddings, brawn, and abundance of
which the performers joined hands in a circle ;
spirituous liquors, ...-G. Eliot : Silas Marner.
a country dance. [BRAUL.]
* 6. A boar.
“Then first of all he doth demonstrate plain
“Brokbrestede as a brawne, with brustils ful large."
The motions seven that are in nature found,
Morte Arthure, 1,094.
Upward and downward, forth, and back again,
9 The word still survives in this sense in
To this side, and to that, and turning round;
some dialects.
Whereof a thousand brawls he doth compound,
Which he doth teach unto the multitude,
And ever with a turn they must conclude."
brâwn, v.t. [BRAWN, s.]
Sir John Davies : Orchestra (1607).
* 1. To make muscular, to strengthen.
“ 'Tis a French brawl, an apish imitation
Of what you really perform in battle."
“Custom and long continuance in slavery have so
Massing. Picture, ii. 2. hardened and brawned their shoulders, [that] the yoke
doth not wring them so much."-Fuller : Holy War
* brâwl (3), * broll, * brole, * brol, s. (1639), p. 178.
[Low Lat. brollus, brolla.] A child, progeny. 2. To salt or preserve the flesh of a boar,
“The leeste brol of his blood."
* brawn-fall'n, a. Having the muscles
Langland : Piers Plow., 1,767.
“ And for the delight thou tak'st in beggars
fallen away ; shrunk in the muscles ; en-
And their brawls.” Jovial Crew (0. Pl.), x. 357. feebled.
“The brawn-fall'n arms and thy declining back
brâwl-er. * brawl-ere, s. [Eng. brawl ;
To the sad burthen of thy years shall yeald.”
-er.] One who brawls, a noisy wrangler, a
Drayton : Pastorals, Ecl. 3.
quarrelsome fellow.
* brâwnch'-yng, s. [BRANDISHING.]
“Brawlere. Litigator, litigiosus, jurgosus.”—Prompt. “Brawndyschyuge (brawnchyng, K.) Vibracio."-
Parv.
Prompt. Parv.
“To speak evil of no man, to be no brawlers, but
gentle, showing all meekness unto all men.” – Titus * brâwn'-dish, * brawn'-dysch,
* braundesche, * braundeschyn, v.t.
brâwl-ing, pr. par., d., & s. [BRAWL, v.]
[BRANDISH.]
A. & B. As present participle & participial * brâwn'-dysch-ynge, s. [BRANDISHING.] :
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
"Brawndyschynge (brawnchyng, K.) Vibracio."-
the verb.
Prompt. Parv.
“It is better to dwell in a corner of the house-top,
than with a brawling woman and in a wide house."
* brâwned, a. [BRAWN, s.] Brawny, mus-
Prov. xxv. 24.
cular.
“ Whether in after life retired
“ His rawbone armes, whose mighty brawned bowrs
From brawling storms."
Were wont to rive steele plates, and helmets hew,
l'ennyson: Ode to Memory.
Were clene consum'd.” Spenser: F. Q., I. viii. 41.
C. As substantive :
1. Ord. Lang. : Noisy or tumultuous wrang-
* brâwn'-er, s. [Eng. brawn; -er.]' A boar
ling, a disturbance.
killed and prepared for the table.
" Then if you would send up the brawner head,
“Brawlynge. Jurgium, litigium."-Prompt. Parv.
Sweet rosemary and bays around it spread.”
“She troubled was, alas! that it might be,
King.
With tedious brawlings of her parents dear.”
brâwn'-1-ness, s. [Eng. brawny ; -ness.]
Sidney.
2. Law : The offence of quarrelling or creat-
1. Literally: The quality of being brawny;
ing a disturbance in a church or churchyard, muscular strength.
or of behaving riotously, indecently, or vio-
“He was rather below the middle stature, but the
lently in any certified place of worship. By
breadth of his shoulders, length and brawniness of his
18 and 19 Vict., c. 81, it is punishable by a
arms, ..."-Scott : Fair Maid of Perth, ch. ii.
fine not exceeding £5, or imprisonment for any
2. Figuratively: Applied to the mind-
period not beyond two months. (Wharton.)
strength, force, power.
“This brawniness and insensibility of mind, is the
best armour against the common evils and accidents
+ brâwl'-îng-ly, adv. [BRAWLING, a.] In a
of life.”—Locke.
brawling or quarrelsome manner.
brawn-ỹ, . [Eng. braun ; -9.]
brâw'-lìt, pa. par. or a. [Etym. unknown,
but possibly a misprint for brawdit = em-
1. Ord. Lang. : Muscular, full of muscle ;
strong, hardy.
broidered.] Perhaps marbled, mixed, or parti-
coloured.
“Whose brawny shoulders, and whose swelling chest,
And lofty stature, far exceed the rest?”
“Bot ye your wyfe and bairns can tak na rest,
2. Pope: Homer's Iliad, iii. 291-2.
Without ye counterfeit the worthyest
“Thither the brawny carpenters repair.”
Buft brawlit hois, coit, dowblet, sark and scho,
Dryden: Annus Mirabilis, 142.
Your wyfe and bairns conform mon be thairto.”
L. Scotland's Lament, fol. 7a.
2. Med. : For definition see example.
brâw'-ly, brâw'-lie, adv. (Scotch.) [BRAVE-
“The pain [in phlegmonous erysipelas] is severe and
accompanied with a sensation of burning heat, while
LY.] Excellently, very well.
in consequence of the effusion which takes place on
"... the brigg ower Warrock burn is safe eneugh,
the subcutaneous cellular membrane, the affected
if he haud to the right side. But then there's Heavie-
parts communicate a peculiar feeling, which has been
side-brae, that's just a murder for pest-cattle-but
expressed by the term brawny."-Cycl. Pract. Med.,
Jock kens the road brawly.”-Scott: Guy Mannering,
ii. 107.
ch, xi.
brawny-built, a. Of muscular build.
“ But Tam kenn'd what was what fu' brawlie :
There was ae winsome wench and walie."
“Broad-backed, and brawny-built for love's delight."
Burns : Tam O'Shanter.
Dryden: The Hind and Panther, iii.
brawn. * braun. * braune. *brawne. s. brâwş, s. pl. [BRAW.] Dress ; finery; show :
[O. Fr. braon = a slice of flesh; O. H. Ger. gaudý apparel. (Scotch.)
bráto, práto, accus. bráton ; M. H. Ger. bráte “Ay, Madge,' said Sharpitlaw, in a coaxing tone;
= a piece of flesh; O. H. Ger. prátan; Ger.
‘and ye're dressed out in your braws, I see; these are
not your every days' claiths ye have on.”-Scott:
braten = to roast, boil.]
Heart of Mid-Lothian, ch. v.
* 1. Muscle.
brăx-8, brăx-ẽs, brăx-it, brắcs, S. &
“Brawne of mannys leggys or armys. Musculus, a. [Possibly contracted from Á.S. brcecseócnes
Tacertus, pulpa, C.F."--Prompt. Parv.
=the “breaking" sickness, the falling sick-
“ And hadde a noble visage for the noones,
And formed wel of brawnes and of boones."
ness, epilepsy ; from bræc = broke, pa. tense of
Chaucer: Legende of Goode Women; Dido. brecan = to break; Gael. bragsaidh = braxy.
* 2. Muscular strength.
Cf. also A.S. broc disease, affliction, misery;
“The boist'rous hands are then of use, when I
and Gael. breac=small-pox.]
With this directing head those han
Brawn without brain is thine.” Dryden.
A. As substantive :
* 3. It is applied to the arm, the calf of the 1. A disease in sheep. This term is fre-
leg, &c., from their being so muscular.
quently applied to totally different disorders,
" Yit, thocht thy braunis be lyk twa barrow trammis,
but the true braxy is undoubtedly an intes-
Defend the, man-
tinal affection, attended with diarrhoea and
Lyndsay: Works (Chalm. ed.), ii. 193. retention of the urine. After young sheep
4. The flesh of a boar.
have been weaned, they are apt to gorge them-
“Brawne of a bore. Aprina."-Prompt. Parv.
selves with grass, turnips, &c.; this produces
"The best age for the boar is from two to five years, a kind of colic, which usually ends in death.
at which time it is best to geld him, or sell him for
Again, when a lean flock of sheep is placed
brawn.”-Mortimer.
T It was also used generally for flesh of any
suddenly on rich food, or on coarse pasture of
an indigestible nature, irritation and inflam-
animal.
mation of the bowels set in, and this fre-
“Brawne of a checun, H. cheken, P. Pulpa, C. F."
quently proves fatal. In both cases the sheep
-Prompt. Parv,
“Take braune of capons or hennes, ..."-Liber Cure
are said to die of braxy. The duration of the
Cocorum, p. 12.
disease is very short, in some cases terminating
5. The flesh of a boar salted and preserved.
fatally in twenty-four hours. Hilly land is
"Biforn him stont the braun of toskid swyn.”
favourable to the production of braxy, and
Chaucer: C. T., 11,566. hence we find it far more prevalent in the
brâwl(2), s. [O.Eng. brangirl, braut; Fr. branle;
O. Fr. bransle, from bransler = to totter;
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ģem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f,
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -țion, -şion -: zhŭn-tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, del.

678
bray-brazen
Highlands of Scotland than in any other part
of the country. The treatment of the disease
is one of very great difficulty, but it may to a
certain extent be prevented by regulating the
animals diet, and sheltering the flock during
severe winter weather.
“.... braxy or braxit, or the sickness. ...-
Prize Essay, Highl. Soc., iii. 340.
“Many are cut off by a disease which is here called
the braxes.”-Par. of Lethnot: Forfars. Statist. Acc.,
iv. 8.
“Another malady preys upon the sheep here.
Among the shepherds it is called the bracks." - Par. of
Barrie, Ibid., iv. 242. (Jamieson.)
Dumb braxy : The dysentery in sheep.
"The dumb braxy ..... is distinguished from
sickness by the season of the year in which it appears
and by dysentery in the common form of a bloody
flux." - Ess. Highi. Soc., iii. 416. (Jamieson.)
2. A sheep which has died of braxy.
" While Highlandmen hate tolls and taxes ;
While moorlan' herds like guid fat braxies."
E Burns: Epistle to William Simpson.
3. The mutton of such a sheep.
B. As adjective: Of or belonging to a sheep
which has died of braxy.
Braxy-mutton : The flesh of a sheep which
has died of braxy. As the duration of the
disease is very short, it may be assumed that
the structures of the body have not been
affected by it, and that the disease has been
limited to the intestines. Every part of the
sheep therefore is eaten, except the liver, the
kidneys, and the intestines. As to its being
wholesome food, Mr. J. Willison, one of the
largest sheep-farmers in Scotland, who has
had seventy years' experience, says, “In
flavour braxy resembles grouse or black-game
more than any food I have ever tasted. It is
wholesome and very digestible, and in my
long experience I have never known of any
man, woman, or child having any disease or
disorder of the human system from eating
braxy. It should, however, be well cooked."
be well cooked."
brāy (1), + brayn, *bray-yn (1), v.t. [O.
Fr. breier, brehier; Fr. broyer; (M.H.) Ger.
brechen = to break small, pound. Cognate
with A.S. brecan = to break.]
1. Lit.
(1) To pound, or grind small, to beat fine.
“ Brayun, or stampyn in a mortere, Tero. Brayyn,
as baxters 'her pastys (brayn, vide in knedying, K.)
Pinso, Cath."-Prompt. Parv:
“I'll burst him: I will bray
His bones as in a mortar." Chapman.
* (2) To break hemp or flax with a brake.
“I bray in a brake, as men do hempe. Je broye." —
Palsgrave.
2. Fig. : To divide into minute parts; to
investigate closely or carefully.
“... how the savour of the word is more sweet,
being brayed, and more able to nourish, being divided
by preaching, than by only reading proposed.”—
Hooker : Eccł. Pol., bk. V., ch. xxii., $ 12.
brāy (2), *brāyne, * brāy'-ýn (2) (Eng.),
bra (Scotch), v.i. & t. [0. Fr. braire; Low
Lat. bragire= to bray ; bragare = to cry as a
child. A Celtic word : compare Welsh bragal
=to cry out; Gael. bragh = an explosion.
(Skeat.)]
A. Intransitive :
1. To make a loud, harsh noise, like an ass.
"Brayyn in sownde (brayne in sowndynge, P.) Barrio,
Cath."- Prompt, Parv.
“Doth the wild ass bray when he hath grass ? or
loweth the ox over his fodder?"-Tob vi. 5.
2. To make any harsh, discordant noise.
“Arms on armour clashing, bray'd
Horrible discord.” Milton: P. L., bk. vi., 209.
"Till the huge bolts rolled back, and the loud hinges
bray
vwo Scott: The Vision of Don Roderick, v. 12.
*3. To make a noise, cry out.
"She cried and braide right lowde."-Merlin.
“The horryble tyrant with bludy mouth sal bra."
Doug. : Virgil, xxii. 13.
B. Transitive:
71. To utter harshly, or loudly.
“The kettle-drum and trumpet thus bray out
cas Shakesp. : Hamlet, i. 4.
* 2. To cry out at, to upbraid.
*3. To gasp out.
"Braies out her latest breath, and up her eies doth
seele."
Spenser : F. Q., II. i. 38.
* brāy (1), s. [BRAY (1), v.] A pestle.
"Bray, or brakene, baxteris instrument. Pinsa,
C.F."-Prompt. Parv.
brāy (2), s. [BRAY (2), v.]
* 2. A noise, crying out.
"So gret bray, so gret crieyng."-Alisaunder, 2,175.
† 3. Any harsh, discordant sound.
"Boist'rous untun'd
Aud harsh resounding trumpets' dreadful bray."
Shakesp. : Richard II., i. 3.
brāy (3), * braye, s. [BRAE.] (Scotch.) (Bar-
bour: The Bruce (ed. Skeat), vi. 77.)
“On that steep bray Lord Guelpho would not then
Hazard his folk."
Fairfax : Tasso, ix. 96.
* brāv (4), s. [In Mid. Eng. fausse braye, from
Fr. fausse braie = a low rampart encircling
the body of a place. Cf. also Scotch brae.]
[BRAIE.]
Fort. : A tower or blockhouse in the out-
works before the port.
“Order was given that bulwarks, brays, and walls,
should be raised in his castles and strongholds on the
sea-side."-Ld. Herbert : Hist. K. Henry VIII., p. 28.
* brayde, s. [BRAID, s.]
+ brāyde (1), v.t. [BRAID (1), v.] (Sir Gaw.
and the Gr. Knight (ed. Morris), 1,609.)
* brayde (2), v.t. [BRAID, S.] To upbraid.
“I brayde or lay the wyte of any faute to a mans
charge. Je reprouche."-Palsgrave.
brāy'-ēr (1), s. [BRAY (1), v.]
1. Ord. Lang. : One who brays or beats in a
mortar, &c.
2. Printing : A wooden muller used on the
ink-table to temper the ink.
brāy'-ěr (2), s. [BRAY (2), v.] One that brays
like an ass.
"Hold,'cry'd the queen, 'A cat-call each shall win ;
Equal your merits ! equal as your din !
But that this well-disputed game may end,
Sound forth, my brayers, and the welkin rend.”.
Pope: The Dunciad, b. ii. -
brāy'-er-a, s. [From Dr. Brayer, a French
physician, who discovered the valuable quali-
ties of the plant.]
Bot. : A genus of Rosaceæ. Brayera anthel-
mintica is a tree indigenous to Abyssinia. It
has been used, not only in that country but
here, as an anthelmintic, and with good
effect. It is called Casso, Cabotz, or Kousso.
bray'-ing (1), * bray-ynge (1), pr. par., a.,
& s. [BRAY (1), v.]
A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj. : (See
the verb.)
C. As substantive :
1. Ordinary Language: The act of pound-
ing or grinding small.
“ Brayynge, or stampynge. Tritura.” – Prompt.
Paru.
2. Woollen - manufacture : The process of
pounding and washing woven cloth in scour-
ing-stocks, to reinove the oil applied prepara-
tory to carding; and also soil acquired in the
course of manufacture.
briying (2), * bray-ynge (2), * bray-
inde, s. & a. [BRAY (2), v.]
A. As substantive :
1. The act of making a harsh noise, as of
an ass.
“Brayynge yn sownde. Barritus, C.F.”—Prompt.
Parv.
2. The harsh noise or bray as of an ass.
"This bird is commonly callcd the jackass penguin.
from its habit, while on shore, of throwing its head
backwards and making a loud strange noise, very like
the braying of an ass.”—Darwin : voyage round the
World (ed. 1870), ch. ix., p. 199.
B. As adjective:
1. Making a harsh noise like an ass.
“For while he spake a braying ass
Did sing most loud and clear.”
Cowper : John Gilpin.
2. Making any harsh noise.
" The braying trumpet and the hoarser drum,
Unite in concert with increased alarms."
Byron : Elegy on Newstead Abbey.
** braying-ropes, s.pl. Part of the har-
ness of a horse. (Halliweli.)
* brāyle, s. [BRAIL.]
brāy'-měn, s. pl. [From Scotch bray, the
same as Scotch brae (q.v.).] The name given
to those who inhabit the southern declivity
of the Grampian hills. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
* brāyne (1), v.t. [BRAIN, v.t.]
* brayne (2), v.t. & i. [BRAY (2), v.]
1 * brāyne, * brayn, * brane, s. & A. [BRAIN,
S. & a.]
A. As substantive :
"Nay, by God!' sayde they, 'thy drynk is not good,
It wolde make mannes brayne to lien in his hood."
Chaucer : 0.T., 593-4.
“Collyn, I see, by thy new taken taske,
Some sacred fury hath euricht thy braynes."
Spenser : F.C. (Verses.)
B. As adjective: Mad, furious.
“ He waxis brane in furoure bellical,
So desirus of dedis marcial."
Doug.: Virgil, 398, 16.
* brāyned, * brāy'-nỹd, a. [Brain, v.t.]
* brā'yne-păn, s. [BRAIN-PAN.) (Spenser :
F. Q., VII. vi. 30.)
* brāýn'-ing, pr. par. [BRAINING.]
* brāyn'-isshe, d. [BRAINISH.]
"Braynisshe, hedy, folisshe, selfe-wylled. Testu."-
Palsgrave.
* brāyn'-les, a. [BRAINLESS.]
"Braynles. Incerebrosus.”—Prompt. Parv.
* brayn-wod, * brayne-wode, a. [O.
Eng. brayn, brane = brain, and wod, wode =
mad.] (. Eng. & Scotch.) “Brain mad”-
i.e., mad, furious, in a state of fury.
“Than brayde he brayn-wod and alle his bakkes
rente."
William of Palerne, 2,096.
“He swa mankyd, as brayne-wode,
Kest fast with the stwm pe the blode
In-til Willame Walays face.''
Wyntown, viii. 13, 51.
+ brāyn'-yd, pa. par. [BRAINED.]
“Braynyd, or kyllyd. Excerebratus." — Prompt.
Parυ.
* brāyn'-ýn, v.t. [BRAIN, v.]
"Braynyn' (brayne, P.) Excerebro."-Prompt. Parv.
* brāyn-ynge, pr. par. & s. (BRAINING.]
_"Braynynge, or kyllynge. Excerebracio."-Prompt.
Parv.
* brayste, v.t. & i. (BRASTE.) To burst. (Duke
Rowlande and Sir Ottuell, 986.)
* brā:-zars, s. pl. Armour for the arms. [BRA-
SERIS.]
brāze, s. [BRAISE.) A roach.
brāze, v.t. [From brass, s. In Fr. braser.]
1. Literally:
(1) To fix or solder in with an alloy of brass
and zinc.
“If the nut be not to be cast in brass, but only hath
a worm brazed into it, this niceness is not so absolutely
necessary, because that worm is first turned up, and
bowed into the grooves of the spindle; and you may
try that before it is brazed in the nut."-Moxon.
(2) To cover or ornament with brass.
“ Full on the lance a stroke so justly sped,
That the broad falchion lopp'd its brazed head."
Pope : Homer's Iliad, xvi. 144-5.
2. Fig.: To harden, to be hardened.
“I have so often blushed to acknowledge him, that
now I am brazed to it."-Shakesp. : King Lear, i. 1.
“If damned custom hath not braz'd it so,
That it is proof and bulwark against sense."
Shakesp. : Hamlet, iii. 4.
In the Globe edition it is brass'd instead
of braz'd.
brā-zen, brā'-sen, a. [A.S. bræsen, bresen
= (1) brazen, made of brass, (2) strong, power-
ful. (Bosworth.).]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : Made in whole or in part of brass.
"... inscribed on brazen tablets.."-Lewis :
Ear. Rom. Hist. (1855), ch. v., § 7, vol. i., p. 147.
2. Fig. (chiefly in poetry):
(1) Of an instrument resounding like brass :
Loud, making noisy clangour.
“With loud and dissonant clangour
Echoed the sound of their brazen drum from ceiling
and casement.” Longfellow : Evangeline, i. 4.
(2) of the larynx or “throat” in a domineer.
ing man: No more feeling than a trumpet
would do the nature or effect of the sounds
which it sends forth. (Contemptuously.)
"I mourn the pride
And avarice that makes man a wolf to man:
Hear the faint echo of those brazen throats,
By which he speaks the language of his heart."
Cowper : The Task, bk. iv.
(3) Of the sounds sent forth by an instrument
of brass : Loud, boisterous.
“Trumpeters,
With brazen din blast you the city's ear;
Make mingle with your rattling tabourines."
Shakesp. : Ant. & Cleop., iv. 8.
(4) of the forehead : As unabashed as if
made of brass ; possessed of effrontery, impu-
dent, immodest.
"Talbot continued to frequent the court, appeared
daily with brazen front before the princess whose
ruin he had plotted, ..."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng.,
ch. vi.
The triumph of his brumpet thus bray out
1. The harsh noise of an ass.
"Of peace or ease to creatures clad as we,
Meantime, noise kills not. Be it Dapple's bray,
Or be it not, or be it whose it may."
Cowper: The Needless Alarm.
fâte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fall, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pīt, sïre, sīr, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; trý, Sýrian. , Q = ē; ey=ā. qu= kw.

brazen--breach
679
genus of leguminous plants constituting the
typical one of the sub-order Cæsalpinieæ.
The Narrow-leaved Braziletto, C. sappan, fur-
nishes the sappan-wood used in dyeing red.
TSAPPAN.) C. sepiaria, the Mysore Thorn, is
so spinous that it constitutes an impenetrable
fence. Hyder Ali planted it around fortified
places. It is a scaudent shrub. There are
other species from the East or West Indies or
South America.
brazilletto-wood, s. The wood of
Caesalpinia brasiliensis. It is used for cabinet
work.
Bra-zil'-1-an, a. & s. [In Ger. brazilianisch ;
Fr. Brésilien (s. &a.m.), Brésilienne (s. & a. f.).
A. As adjective: Pertaining to Brazil.
B. As substantive: A native of Brazil.
“In the land of the Brazilians.”—Darwin: Voyage
round the World, ed. 1870, ch. xxi., p. 498.
brā'-zïl-in, s. [From Brazil, and suff. -in.]
Chem. : A colouring matter, C.22H 2007, found
in Brazil-wood. It crystallizes in yellow
prisms, which give a crimson colour to a solu-
tion of ammonia. Brazilin is converted by
nitric acid into styphnic acid, or trinitrore-
sorcin, C6H(NO2)3(OH)2.
The real adjective brazen is now more
rarely used than it once was. It is being
gradually displaced by the substantive brass
used adjectively. The same process is at work
with golden, beechen, &c.
II. Scripture & Theology : In the earlier part
of the Old Testament, brazen, in the authorised
version, means made of copper; in some of the
later parts it may mean made of bronze. No-
where, apparently, in the Old Testament does
it signify made of what we now call “brass.”
[BRASS.] Connected with the Jewish tabernacle
and the worship there offered there were
“brasen” (or copper) vessels and utensils, as
“brasen " censers (Num. xvi. 39), pots (Lev. vi.
28), a “grate of network” (Exod. xxvii. 4,
xxxv. 16, xxxviii. 4), rings (ibid. xxvii. 4), a
laver (ibid. xxx. 18). (See also brazen-altar,
brasen-sea, and brusen-serpent.)
(1) Brazen age.
Myth.: The third of the four ages into which
history was fancifully divided, each marking a
new stage in the progress of degeneracy. [AGE.]
(2) Brazen altar, brasen altar.
Jewish worship : (a) Connected with the
tabernacle : An altar of “shittim wood," over-
laid with plates of brass (copper?).
(6) Connected with the temple : An altar of
burnt-offering, all of brass (bronze or copper ?).
(3) Brazen dish.
Mining : The standard by which other
dishes are gauged in England.
(4) Brasei sea.
Jewish worship : A large reservoir or tank of
“brass” (bronze or copper ?), connected with
Solomon's temple, containing at the lowest
estimate about 16,000 gallons. (1 Kings, vii.
26 ; 2 Chron. iv. 5.)
(5) Brasen serpent.
Jewish History and Theology: A serpent of
“brass” (copper ?), placed upon a pole and
elevated in the sight of the Jewish people in
the wilderness, that those bitten by fiery ser-
pents looking at it in faith might be cured.
(Num. xxi. 9.) Jesus draws a parallel between
the lifting up of the serpent (upon a pole) and
his own lifting up (upon the cross), as the
object of faith for the attainment of eternal
life. (John iii. 14, 15.)
*brazen-browed, a. Having a forehead
as incapable of blushing as if it was composed
of brass ; shameless, impudent.
“Noon-day vices, and brazen-browed iniquities.”
Browne : Chr. Mor. i. 35.
brazen-clawed, a. Having claws of
brass, or as capable of inflicting injury as if
one had such claws.
"Demons produce them doubtless, trazen-claw'd.”
Cowper : Needless Alarm.
brazen-coloured, a.
Of the clouds : Of the colour of brass ; brassy.
“ The clouds return into the hues of night,
Save where their brazen-coloured edges streak
The verge where brighter morns were wont to
Byron : Heaven and Earth, i. 3.
brazen-face, s. An impudent person,
one incapable of being put to shame. (Vulgar.)
“Well said, brazen-face ! hold it out."
Shakesp. : Merry Wives, iv. 2.
brazen-faced, a. As incapable of feeling
abashed or blushing as if the face were of
brass.
“What a brazen-faced varlet art thou, to deny thou
knowest ine!”-Shakesp. : Lear, ii. 2.
brazen-headed, a. Having a head or
top literally of brass.
“O'erthwarted with the brazen-headed spear."
Tennyson : Enone.
brazen-imaged, a. Resembling a brazen
image in being manufactured by man.
“She-wolf! whose brazen-imaged dugs impart
The milk of conquest yet within the dome.”
Byron: Childe Harold, iv. 88.
brā'-zen, v.t. [From brazen, a. (q.v.).] Im-
pudently to maintain. (Generally followed by
it out, the matter out, or some such expression.)
“When I reprimanded him for his tricks, he would
talk saucily, lye, and brazen it out." -Arbuthnot.
+ brā'-zen-lý, adv. [Eng. brazen ; -ly.] In a
brazen manner; shamelessly, impudently.
“.. the newest Flagellants' crusade ... which
brazenly capers about.”—Times, 19th Dec., 1880. (Karl
Blind : The Jews in Germany.)
+ brā-zen-ness, s. [Eng. brazen ; -ness.]
The quality of being brazen.
* 1. Of being made literally of brass, or of
appearing like brass. (Johnson.)
2. Of manifesting brazen impudence. (John-
son.)
brā'-zï-ěr (1), s. (BRASIER (1).] A pan to
hold coals.
brā'-zï-ěr (2),
† brā' - şi-ěr,
* brasyere, S.
[From A.S. broe-
sian = to mix,
cover, or counter-
feit with brass ;
Eng. suffix -er.]
An artificer who
works in brass.
"Brasyere. Erari-
us.”—Prompt. Parv.
“The halfpence
BRAZIER
and farthings in
England, if you
should sell them to the brazier, you would not lose
above a penny in a shilling."-Swift.
bra-zil' (1), braş-il', * bra-syle, s. & A.
[Fr. brésil; Prov. brezilh ; Sp. brasil; Ital.
brasile. From Fr. braise = burning cinders,
the wood called in Fr. brésil being flame-
coloured. It is not derived from Brazil, the
country in South America, having had the
name, which occurs in Chaucer and other
writers, before the discovery by Europeans of
the western continent. The reverse process
has taken place : the country has been called
from the wood, not the wood from the
country.] [BRAZIL (2).]
A. As substantive :
Bot., Comm., &c.: A kind of wood used for
dyeing, and extensively imported into England
from the West Indies. The best qualities of it
are said to be produced by Caesalpinia echinata.
Other kinds are derived from the C. brasiliensis
and C. crista. The former has timber which
is elastic, tough, and durable, and which takes
a fine polish. It is of a fine orange colour, full
of resin, and yields by infusion a fine, full
tincture.
“Him nedeth not his colour for to dien
With Brasil, ne with grain of Portingalihe Nun's
Lines in the MS. of Chaucer's C. T., in which the Nun's
Priest's Tale is followed by that of the Nun. (Tyrwhitt.)
“Brasyle. Gaudo, Dicc., vel lignum Alexandri-
num."- Prompt. Parv. (about A.D. 1440).
Both the foregoing examples are earlier
than the discovery of Brazil, the country.
[BRAZIL.]
B. As adj.: Containing or constituting the
wood described under A.
brazil-wood, s. The same as brasil (1) A
(q.v.)
Brą-zil' (2), s. & a. [In Sw., Dan. & Ger.
Brasilien; Dut. Brazilië; Fr. Brésil; Sp. &
Port. Brasil, Brazil; Ital. Brasile. From
brazil (1) (q.v.).] [BRAZIL-WOOD.]
A. As substantive :
Geog. : A country which was first sighted by
the Portuguese Admiral Pedro Alvarez de
Cabral, on May 3, 1500, some time later be-
came a Portuguese colony, and on Oct. 12,
1822, was declared an independent State. It
is situated in the great eastern angle of South
America, between lat. 4°30' N. and 33°40' S.,
and long. 34°49' and 72° W., and contains an
area of about 3,275,326 square miles.
B. As adj. : Of or belonging to the country
described under A.
Brazil-nuts, s. pl.
Bot., Comm., &c. : The seeds of a Brazilian
tree—the Bertholletia excelsa. It belongs to
the order Lecythidaceæ. The “nuts” or
seeds are largely exported from Para, whence
they are sometimes called Para-nuts. They
are eatable, besides which they yield on pres-
sure an oil used by watchmakers and artists.
Brazil-tea, s.
Bot., Comm., &c. : A tree—the Mate (Ilex
Paraguayensis), the leaves of which are used
in South America as a substitute for Chinese
or Indian tea.
Brazil-wood, s.
Bot., Comm., &c. : A name often given to the
dye-wood brasil (1), which occurs in the
country of Brazil, though it is not from it
that the name was originally derived. [BRAZIL
(1), etym., def., &c.]
brăz-il-ět'-tő, s. [In Fr. brésilette ; Port.
brasilete ; dimin. of brasil (q.v.).]
Bot. : An English name of Cæsalpinia, a
brāz'-ing, pr. par., A., & s. [BRAZE, v.]
A. & B. As present participle & participial
adjective: (See the verb).
C. As substantive :
Metal.: The act of soldering together the
surfaces of iron, copper, brass, &c., with an
alloy composed of brass and zinc, sometimes
with the addition of a little tin or silver. The
surfaces to be united must be rendered per-
fectly clean and bright. The alloy, in granular
form, is usually wetted with ground borax
and water, dried, the pieces placed in contact
and exposed to the heat of a clear forge-fire,
causing the solder to flow between them.
This may be assisted by the use of a soldering-
iron. (Knight.)
brēach. •* brēache, * breche (Eng.),
* brache (Scotch), S. & a. [A.S. 'brice,
bryce, brece, gebrice = a breaking; Sw. bräck
=a breach; Dan. bräk; Dut. breuk; Ger.
bruch = a breaking, a rupture; Fr. bris=a
breaking ; brèche (see A., I., 3 d); Sp. &
Port. brecha; Ital. breccia. BRECCIA, BREAK. ]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. The act of breaking, or of breaking out.
(1) The act of breaking.
(a) A material thing :
(i) Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
(ii) Spec. : The breaking of a wave right
over a vessel.
(b) Anything immaterial :
"From the possible breach of such an oath."-Scott:
Rob Roy, Introd.
“A deliberate breach of faith."-Early Rom. Hist.,
ch. xii., pt. i., $ 16.
(2) The act of breaking out; an assault.
“The Lord had made a breach upon Uzza."-1 Chron.,
xiii. 11.
"This breach upon kingly power was without pre-
cedent."-Clarendon.
2. The state of being broken.
(1) Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
“Could never keep these boys away from church,
Or tempt them to an hour of Sabbath breach."
Wordsworth: The Brothers.
(2) Spec. : Bereavement.
3. That which is broken. Spec. :
(1) Of things material ::
(a) The shattered portion of a dilapidated
house; the ground after an earthquake, or
anything similar.
"The priests had not repaired the breaches of the
house."--2 Kings, xii. 6.
« Thou hast made the earth to tremble; thou hast
broken it; heal the breaches thereof; for it shaketh."
Psalm, lx. 2.
(6) A broken limb, or anything similar.
" Breach for breach, eye for eye, tooth for tooth."-
Lev., xxiv. 20.
† (c) An opening in a coast; a cliff, or any-
thing similar.
"Till full he dashes on the rocky mounds,
Where, thro'a shapeless breach, his stream resounds."
Burns : Written with a Pencil ; Falls of Fyers.
(d) A hole, chasm, or rent in a fortification,
made by battering guns, or anything similar,
for the purpose of giving entrance to a storm-
ing party.
break.”
boil, boy; póut, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion=shăn; -țion, -şion=zhăn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. =bel, del.

680
breach--bread
“Moreover, in an atoll once breached on opposite
sides, from the likelihood of the oceanic and tidal
currents passing straight through the breaches, ...
-Darwin: Voyage round the World (ed. 1870), ch. xx.,
p. 477.
+ brēach'-fúl, a. (Eng. breach ; full).] Full
of breaches. (Webster.)
t breach-ỹ, đ. [Eng. brearch ; -9.] Tending
or prone to make breaches in fences, walls, or
anything similar. (Holloway.)
bread (1), * breed, * bred, * brede (Eng.),
bread, breid, bred, brede (Scotch), s.& a.
“Crowds of sailors and camp followers came into
the city through the breach."-Jacaulay: Hist. Eng.,
ch. xvi.
(2) Of things immaterial or abstract :
(a) Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
“A wholesome tongue is a tree of life; but perverse-
ness therein is a breach in the spirit.”—Prov., xv. 4.
(6) Spec. : Broken friendship; difference be-
tween people mutually alienated; quarrel.
“To finish it ; that so untimely breach
The Prince him selfe halfe seemed to offend."
Spenser: F. Q., II. x. 68.
The metaphor being that of a broken bone;
the expression “to heal a breach” is common.
“The Act of Supremacy would be the means of heal-
ing the fatal breach which it had caused."-Macaulay :
Hist. Eng., ch. vi.
Rute of brache : Source of dissension.
(Scotch.)
“... than leif ony rute of brache,"—Q. Mary's
Lett. to Elizabeth, Jan. 5, 1561. (Keith's Hist., p. 214.)
II. Law:
1. Eng. Law:
(1) Breach of close, i.e., of what is enclosed in
fact or in the eye of the law. The entry into
another man's land. (Blackstone : Comment.,
bk. iii., ch. xii.)
(2) Breach of covenant: The violation of a
written agreement. (Blackstone : Comment.,
bk. iii., ch. ix.)
(3) Breach of duty: Violation of the duty
incumbent upon one rightly to discharge the
functions imposed upon him by the office or
trust which he holds. (Blackstone : Comment.,
bk. iii., ch. ix.)
(4) Breach of the peace : Offences against the
0.8. brôd ; Icel. braudh ; Sw. & Dan. brod ;
Dut. brood; Ger. brod, brot. From A. S.
breowan = to brew (Bosworth.) From that
verb or better from A.S. breotan; imp. breat
into loaves, and these, after being left for
about two hours, during which they swell to
nearly double their size, are then ready for the
oven. The heat of the oven checks the fer-
mentation, and expels all the alcohol, and
most of the carbonic acid gas.
The art of bread-making consists in pro-
ducing a light, porous crumb, and a pale-
coloured crust. The crumb should consist of
dextrine, starch, gluten, and from 35 to 40
per cent. of water. The crust should consist
almost entirely of dextrine.
Leaven, which is now seldom used in this
country, is a mixture of flour, potatoes, and
water, kept in a warm place till it begins to
ferment.
Unleavened, or unfermented bread, is of
two kinds. In the one, flour and water only
are used, and this produces a heavy and
compact bread. In the other, an acid and a
carbonate are added for the purpose of dis-
engaging carbonic acid gas, which, in imitation
of yeast, raises the dough and renders the
bread light and porous. The substances used
are carbonate of ammonia or carbonate of
soda, in combination with hydrochloric or
tartaric acids. None of these ingredients are
deleterious ; but by far the best is carbonate
of ammonia, as it is entirely driven off in
the oven.
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Lit. : Wheat or other grain, moistened,
kneaded into dough, fired, and made into
loaves. [II.]
Story of Gen. and Exod., 2,079.
"Bred, and a fetles with water fild.".
Ibid., 1,225.
"Item, bread, a halfpenny.'
Shakesp. : 1 Henry IV., ii. 4.
2. Fig. : Food in general.
carbonic acid gas into the dough contained in
a strong iron vessel. When this carbonated
peace, or incitement or provocation to others
to do so. (Blackstone: Comment., bk. iv., ch. xi.)
(5) Breach of pound: The act of breaking
into a pound, or any similar place, to rescue
one's cattle or other property there enclosed.
(Blackstone : Comment., bk. iii., ch. ix.)
(6) Breach of prison : Escape of a prisoner
from prison by breaking the building, or in
any other way. (Blackstone : Comment., bk.
iv., ch. x.)
(7) Breach of promise :
(a) Gen. : Violation of one's pledged word,
especially if the promise be written down.
(6) Spec. : Breach of promise of marriage.
An action lies for it on the part of either
man or woman, though, as a rule, only the
latter is believed to be substantially injured
or deserve damages.
(8) Breach of trust: The violation of one's
duty as trustee, or anything similar.
2. Scots Law. Breach of arrestment: The
act of paying away money in one's hands on
which a legal arrest has been laid, thus show-
ing contempt for the law or its administrators.
Crabb thus distinguishes between breach,
break, gap, and chasm : “ The idea of an open-
ing is common to these terms, but they differ
in the nature of the opening. A breach and a
gap are the consequence of a violent removal,
which destroys the connection; a break and a
chasm may arise froin the absence of that
which would form a connection. A breach in
a wall is made by means of cannon; gaps in
fences are commonly the effect of some violent
effort to pass through ; a break is made in a
page of printing by leaving off in the middle
livelihood.
“Give us this day our daily bread."-Matt. vi. 11.
“Besides, the man's poor, his orchard's his bread."
Cowper : Pity for Poor Africans.
(2) Manna.
"And gavest them bread from heaven for their
hunger."-Neh., ix. 15.
(3) A kind of food on which bees feed.
[BEE-BREAD.]
3. In special phrases :
(1) Bread and cheese, bread-and-cheese :
(a) Lit. :
(6) Fig. : The young leaves and shoots of
the Hawthorn (Cratogus oxyacantha), which
are sometimes eaten by children in spring.
(Britten & Holland.)
(2) Bread and milk, bread-and-milk :
(a) Lit. :
(6) Fig. : A plant, Cardamine pratensis.
(3) Bread and salt :
(a) Lit. :
(6) Fig. : Oaths were formerly sworn by
them, perhaps as symbolising the necessaries
of life.
“I will trust him better that offereth to sweare by
bread and salt, than him that offereth to sweare by
the Bible."-B. Rich: Descr. of Ireland, p. 29.
(4) Bread and water : The necessaries of life.
“... and he shall bless thy bread, and thy water."
--Exod. xxiii. 25.
(5) Bread and wine: The elements in the
Holy Communion.
"She swore by bread and wine she would not break.”
Two Noble Kins., iii. 5.
(6) Cuckoo's bread : A plant, Oxalis Acetos-
ella.
(7) Tartar bread : The fleshy root of a plant,
Crambe tatarica. (Treas. of Bot.)
(8) To be in bad bread : To be in a plight or
dilemma. Probably it meant originally to be
on short allowance.
II. Technically:
1. Baking: Loaves or cakes made from the
flour of wheat, rye, or some other grain, and
baked.
(1) Hist. : The art of baking bread is very
ancient. It was known to the Egyptians, the
Hebrews, the Greeks, the Romans, and other
nations. In England, bread was made with
yeast in 1634. Machinery was used in its
production in 1858. Aerated bread was made
in 1859, having been in use some years earlier
in the United States.
(2) Modern process of manufacture : There are
two kinds of bread, leavened and unleavened.
Leavened, or fermented bread, is prepared by
mixing together certain quantities of flour,
warm water, salt and yeast, or leaven. After
the lapse of some time fermentation sets in,
and the dough, or sponge as it is called, be-
comes permeated with carbonic acid gas, a
small quantity of alcohol being also formed.
As soon as the mass is in a brisk state of fer-
mentation, fresh portions of flour and water
are added, and the whole thoroughly mixed or
kneaded. The dough is next cut and shaped
expands and escapes, leaving the bread light
and porous. Brown bread is ordinary white
bread with from 15 to 20 per cent. of fine bran.
Whole meal bread, made from unsifted
ground wheat, is the only true brown bread,
being richer in nutrients than white bread.
The amount of nitrogenous matter in white
bread varies from 5 to 8 per cent., whilst in
whole meal bread it rises to 14 per cent.
The adulteration of bread is carried on to
a large extent, more especially in London.
The quality of a loaf is very frequently judged
by its whiteness; when, therefore, an un-
scrupulous baker has used an inferior or
damaged flour, he finds that by adding alum
or sulphate of copper, he is able to produce a
loaf equal in whiteness to one made from the
finest flour. These two substances are, how-
ever, dangerous adulterants. They not only
render the bread indigestible, but when taken
into the system for any length of time, are
apt to disorder the stomach and produce
various diseases. It should also be remem-
bered that sulphate of copper is a poison.
Boiled rice, beans, and potatoes are also
frequently used to adulterate bread. They
are harmless in themselves, but are added for
cheapness, and to increase the weight of the
loaf, these substances retaining more water
than wheat flour. In a recent experiment, it
was proved that when half-a-pound of rice
flour was substituted for half-a-pound of
wheat flour in a two-pound loaf, the loaf was
found to contain five per cent. more moisture
than that found in a loaf made from pure
wheat flour. [SHIP-BREAD, CASSADA-BREAD.]
2. Theology:
(1) The first of the two elements in the
communion.
To break bread : To partake of the com-
munion.
“And upon the first day of the week, when the dis-
ciples came together to break bread, Paul preached
unto them."-Acts, xx. 7.
(2) With reference to the descent of manna
in the wilderness. Christ or his death ac-
cepted by faith as the spiritual nourishment
of the soul.
"I am the bread of life.”—John, vi. 35. (See the
whole passage, 31-58.)
3. Zool. : Crumb of bread sponge. [CRUMB.]
B. As adj. : Consisting of or resembling
bread, or in any way pertaining or relating to
it.
Compound of obvious signification: Bread-
crust. (Carlyle : Sartor Resartus, bk. i., ch. iii.)
bread-artist, s. A contemptuous ap-
pellation for one whose thoughts are exclu-
sively occupied with the routine of labour for
his daily bread.
"Here, circling like the gin-horse, for whom partial
or total blindness is no evil, the Bread-artist can travel
contentedly round and round, still fancying that it is
forward and forward." -Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk.
ii., ch. iv.
bread-crumb, s. A fragment of the soft
part of bread ; spec., if broken off from the rest.
words in the sentence are omitted. A breach
and a chasm always imply a larger opening
than a break or gap. A gap may be made in a
knife ; a breach is always made in the walls of
a building or fortification : the clouds soine-
times separate so as to leave small breaks; the
ground is sometimes so convulsed by earth-
and chasm are used morally; break and gap
seldom otherwise than in application to na-
tural objects." (Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
B. As adjective: Designed for breaking
through the wall of a fortification. (See the
compound which follows.)
breach-battery, s.
Mil. : A battery erected for the purpose of
breaching the wall of a fortification.
brēach, v.t. [From breach, s. (q.v.). Origi-
nally to break and to breach were but different
ways of spelling the same word. (Trench :
English Past and Present, p. 65.).) To make a
breach, i.e., a hole or gap in the wall of a
thing similar.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; trý, Sýrian, æ, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu= kw.

bread-break
681
“... my supper (bread-crumb boiled in milk)."-
Carlyle : Sartor Resartus, dk. ii., ch. ii.
bread-fruit, s. & a.
A. As subst. : The fruit of the tree described
below. It is about the size and shape of a
child's head. The surface is reticulated; the
skin is thick, the eatable part lying between
it and the core. The latter is snow-white, and
about the same consistence as new bread. It
is first divided into three or four parts, and
then roasted, or it may be taken boiled, or
fried in palm oil. It is extensively used in
the South Sea Islands and elsewhere, but is
not much appreciated by Europeans.
B. As adj. : Producing the fruit described
under A.
Bread-fruit tree : The English name of
Artocarpus incisa, a tree of the order Arto-
carpaceæ. [ARTOCARPUS.] It has pinnatifid
leaves with sinuations, whilst the allied Jack-
fruit, Artocarpus integrifolia, as its name im-
ports, has them, as a rule, entire. Some, how-
ever, think the two species not properly dis-
tinct. For the fruit of the bread-tree see
above. [BREAD-FRUIT.] The wood is useful ;
the inner bark may be made into cloth; the
male catkins serve for tinder, and the juice for
birdlime, or as a cement for broken crockery.
The tree grows in the South Sea Islands and
in the East Indies. From the former place it
was introduced into the West Indies in 1793,
and thence to South America. [BLIGHIA,
etym.]
bread-knife, s. A knife for cutting bread.
A special form is pivoted at one end to a
post on a table, and used by a vertical motion.
* bread-lepe, s. [A.S. bread, and leap =
a basket.] A bread-basket.
"... me drempte ic bar bread-lepes thre.”-Story of
Gen. & Exod., 2,078.
bread-making, a. Making or designed
to be used in making bread.
Bread-making machine : A machine in which
flour and water are mixed and kneaded. In
some machines of this character the dough is
rolled flat and cut into loaves, which are laid
aside to rise before baking. [BREAD.)
bread-nut, s.
Bot. : The English name of Brosimum, a
genus of plants doubtfully placed at the end
of the Urticaceæ (Nettleworts). The fruit of
the Brosimum Alicastrum, or Jamaica bread-
nut, tastes like chesnut, and has been used
to sustain negroes and others during times of
scarcity.
bread-rasp, s. A rasp used by bakers
in removing the burned crust of loaves and
rolls, especially of French rolls.
bread-room, s.
Naut. : A “room," or portion of the hold
of a ship separated from the rest, and designed
to furnish a place for the bread and biscuit
on board.
bread-root, s.
Bot. : The English name of the Psoralea
esculenta, a papilionaceous plant with quinate
leaves and dense axillary spikes of flowers.
It is cultivated in Missouri for its roots, which
are eaten like potatoes.
bread-slicer, s. The same as bread-
knife (q.v.)
+ bread-study, s. An appellation for a
profession, calling, or occupation, viewed as a
means of gaining a livelihood.
“Is it not well that there should be what we call
Professions, or Bread-studies (Brodzwecke), preap-
pointed us?"-Carlyle : Sartor Resartus, bk, ii., ch. iv.
bread-stuff, s. The materials used in
making bread.
+ bread-tree, s.
1. The same as bread-fruit tree (q.v.).
2. The name given in North Australia to
Gardenia edulis, called also Alibertia edulis.
* bread, in compos. [BROAD.] (O. Scotch.)
* bread (1), v.t. [BRAID.) To braid, to em-
broider, to twist.
« Then, taking thrise three heares from off her head,
Them trebly breaded in a threefold lace."
Spenser : F. Q., III. ii. 50.
* bread (2), v.t. [A.S. brddan, gebrodan ; Sw.
breda; Dan. brede; Ger. breiten.) To make
broad, to extend, to spread.
bread'-běr-rý, s. [From Eng. bread, and
perhaps the Eng. border dialectic word berry
= to beat; O. Sw. baerici; Icel. beria =
“ bruised bread.”] That food of children
which in England is called "pap."
“Where before a peevish nurse would been seen
tripping up stares and down stares with a posset or
berry for the laird or lady.” — Mercur. Caled., Jan.,
1661, p. 8. (Jamieson.)
* bread'-chỉp-pěr, s. [Eng. bread ; chipper.]
One who chips bread; a baker's servant; an
under butler.
“No abuse, Hal, o' my honour; no abuse.-Not to
dispraise me, and call me pantler, and bread-chipper,
and I know not what?"-Shakesp.: 2 Hen. IV., ii. 4.
+ bread'-corn, * bred-corne, S. [Eng.
bread; corn. In Ger. brodcorn.] Corn or
grain of which bread is made. Spec., corn
to be ground into bread-meal for brown bread.
(Skeat.)
“There was not one drop of beer in the town: the
bread and bread-corn sufficed not for six days.”—
Hayward.
“And hange myn hoper at myn hals instead of a
scriffe ;
A bushel of bredcorne brynge me ther-inne."
Piers Plowman: Vis., vi. 63-4.
* bread'-ed, pa, par. & d. [BRAIDED.]
“Her golden lockes she roundly did uptye
In breaded tramels, that no looser heares
Did out of order stray about her daintie eares.”
Spenser : F. Q., II. ii. 15.
+ bread'-en, a. [Eng. bread ; -en.] Made of
bread.
Breaden god : A contemptuous appellation
for the wafer used in celebrating the mass.
"Antichristians, and priests of the breaden god.".
Rogers on the Creed (1585), Pref.
“He consulted with the oracle of his breaden god,
which, because it answered not, he cast into the fire."
-Bp. Hall: Honour of the Married Clergy, iii. 8.
"The idolatry of the mass, and adoration of the
breaden god.”—Mede : Apostacy of the Latter Times, P.I.
Trench says it occurs as late as Oldham.
(Trench : Eng. Past and Present, p. 118.) It
is still sometimes employed by extreme Pro-
testant controversialists.
bread'-lėss, a. Eng. bread; and suff. -less =
without.] Without bread; not having been
able to obtain bread.
"Plump peers, and breadless bards alike are dull.”
P. Whitehead : State Dunces.
* bread'-lin-gis, adv. [Scotch bread = broad,
and suffix -lingis.] Broadwise, with the flat
end of a sword or other weapon.
"... and straik ane of them breadlingis with his
sword."-Bannatgne's Journal, p. 173.
* bread'-sword, s. [BROADsword.] (0.
Scotch.)
breadth, * brēdethe, * bredth,
* bredthe, * breed, * breede, * brede,
s. & a. (A.S. broedo, brodu ; from brád =
broad. In Sw. bredd ; Dan. brede; Dut.
breedte; Ger. breite ; Moso-Goth. braidei.]
[BROAD, A.; BREAD (2), v.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Lit. Of things material: The width of
any surface or solid, as contradistinguished
from the length of the former and the length
and thickness of the latter. In general it differs
from length by being less in amount than it, and
from thickness by being more, or by being on
the surface while thickness is represented by
a certain amount of depth. [HANDBREADTH.]
"That he destroied this lond in brede & in length."
R. Brunne, p. 41.
& the length was as large as the bredth of
it, ... & the leght and the bredthe, & the heygth of it
wer equall."-Bible (1551), A poc. cxxi.
hat a man myght nat se the bredethe of an
acre of land fro hym."-Berners : Froissart. Cronycle,
vol. i., ch. 131.
"A cubit shall be the length thereof, and a cubit the
breadth thereof."-Exod. xxx. 2.
2. Fig. Of things not material :
(1) Gen. : Mentally conceived of as vast in
literal breadth.
"... the breede, and the lengthe, and the highnesse,
and the depnesse ..."-Wycliffe (Purvey): Eph. iii. 18.
“May be able to comprehend with all saints what is
the breadth, and length, and depth, and height; and
to know the love of Christ, which passeth knowledge,
..."-Ephes. iii. 18, 19.
(2) Spec. Of a doctrine or statement : Absence
of careful limitation.
II. Technically :
1. Shipwrighting : The thwart measure of a
ship at any designated place. The beam is
the extreme breadth; that is, at the widest
part.
2. Painting : “Breadth" of effect, or simply
“breadth,” is the quality of giving prominence
to the leading features of a painting by colours
massively laid on, bright lights, dark shadows,
and similar effects, rather than crowding the
canvas with a multiplicity of less important
details.
B. As adjective: Of or belonging to the
width of anything; marking the width.
breadth-line, s.
Shipwrighting: A line of the ship lengthwise,
following the curve indicated by the ends of
the timbers.
+ breadth'-less, a. [Eng. breadth ; and suff.
-less. ] Without breadth.
“The term of latitude is breadthless line."
More : Song of the Soul, ii. ii. 2.
bread'-win-něr, s. [Eng. bread; winner.]
1. Lit. (of persons): One who, by means of
his labour, wins bread. Specially used of a
father winning “bread” for his wife and
children.
“We were saddled with his family, which was the
first taste and preeing of what war is when it comes
into our hearths, and among the breadwinners."-Ann.
of the Par., p. 162.
+2. Fig.: Any instrument of a profession,
by the use of which one earns a sustenance.
(Jamieson.)
“I'se gang hame-and then get my bread-winner'
ſhe meant his fiddle)."-Scott : Bride of Lammermoor,
ch. xxiv.
brêak, * breake, * breke, * brek-en,
* bree-ken, * brak-yn, * brek-yn (pret.
broke, + brake, * brec, * brek, * brak, * brac, *bræc;
pa. par. broken, t broke, * brok, *ibroken), v.t. & i.
(A.S. brecan, pret. brcec, gebræc, pa. par. brocen,
gebrocen = (1) to break, vanquish, overcome,
weaken, open, move, excite, produce ; (2) to
sail (Bosworth); O.S. brecan; Icel. bráka ;
braka; Sw. braka, bråka ; Dan. brække; Dut.
breken, verbreken; 0. Fries. breka; Moso-
Goth. brikan; Ger. brechen = to break, brocken
= to make into crumbs ; 0. H. Ger. prechan;
Lat. frango, from the root frag [FRAGMENT];
Gr. önyvumi (rhēgnumi)= to break. Cf. also
épelkw (ereiko) = to rend, to shiver; Sansc.
bhrag, prag = to break; Heb. Pa (paraq)=
to break. Break was manifestly imitated from
the sound of wood, or some other material
substance, in process of being fractured.
Break was originally the same word as breach,
and it is cognate with wreck.] [BREACH,
WRECK.]
A. Transitive :
I. Literally. With a material thing for an
object :
1. To cause any material thing to separate
into two or more fragments by means of a
blow or other violence applied to it which
overcomes its cohesion.
(1) To do so by the hand or by an in-
strument which produces an irregular frac-
ture instead of a cut.
" The voice of the Lord breaketh the cedars; yea, the
Lord breaketh the cedars of Lebanon.”—Ps. xxix. 5.
It may be used also of anything com-
posed of separate portions or atoms more
Ioosely cohering than is the case in a material
thing of ordinary tenacity.
“.... the Puritan warriors .... never failed to
destroy and break in pieces whatever force was opposed
to them."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. i.
(2) To do so by means of an instrument
causing a clean cut instead of a fracture.
[See 1. To break a deer.]
2. To burst open anything closed or ob-
structed by applying force to it, to clear a
passage, to make a hole through anything.
“Into my hand he forced the tempting gold,
While I with modest struggling broke his hold."
Gay,
"O could we break our way by force !” Milton.
3. Of the bones and joints : To break the
bones or to dislocate the joints. (See C. To
break one's arm, leg, &c.]
4. Of a blow, a falling body, &c. : To inter-
cept, to arrest the descent or the progress of,
to mitigate the severity or lighten the effects
of a fall. (Lit. & fig.)
“As one condemn'd to leap a precipice,
Who sees before his eyes the depth below,
Stops short, and looks about for some kind shrub
k his dreadful fall."
Dryden.
“She held my hand, the destin'd blow to break,
Then from her rosy lips began to speak." Ibid.
5. Of light: To penetrate, to pierce, to
diffuse itself among.
“By a dim winking lamp, which feebly broke
The gloomy vapour, he lay stretch'd along."
Dryden.
II. Figuratively: To tame, to subdue, to
teach to obey, to render more or less docile or
manageable.
(
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn-tion, -sion =shủn; -ţion, -şion=zhún. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

682
break
1. With one of the inferior animals for its
object :
“To break the stubborn colt, to bend the bow."
Dryden.
“Such a horse is well broken;.. .." — Darwin :
Voyage round the World (ed. 1870), ch. viii., p. 153.
In this sense often followed by in, espe-
cially when used of a horse as yet untamed.
[See break-in.]
2. With man for its object :
(1) To tame, to subdue.
“Why, then thou canst not break her to the lute?
Why, no; for she hath broke the lute to me."
Shakesp. : Tam. of the Shrew, ii. 1.
Often followed by of in such an expres-
sion as to “ break a person of a habit.”
(2) To dismiss from office.
"I see a great officer broken."-Swift.
(3) To render bankrupt.
“Attracts all fees, and little lawyers breaks."
. Dryden.
“A command or call to be liberal, all of a sudden
impoverishes the rich, breaks the merchant, and shuts
up every private man's exchequer,”-South.
3. With an immaterial thing for its object :
(1) Of the health or strength : To impair, to
shatter. [C. 14 (2) (6).]
"Have not some of his vices weaken'd his body, and
broke his health?"-Tillotson.
(2) Of the will or the temper of one of the in-
ferior animals, or of man :
“Behold young Juba, the Numidian prince,
With how much care he forms himself to glory,
And breaks the fierceness of his native temper.“
Addison.
“For to bend and break the spirits of men gave hiin
pleasure; ..."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. viii.
(3) Of the heart, the feelings, or emotions :
"I/1 brave her to her face,
I'll give my anger its free course against her;
Thou shalt see, Phoenix, how I'll break her pride."
Philips.
† (4) Of the “brains," or intellect: To injure,
to weaken,
“If any dabbler in poetry dares venture upon the
experiment, he will only break his brains."-Felton.
(5) Of the voice : [B., II. 4.]
(6) Of any immaterial thing capable of viola-
tion: To violate, to infringe; to act contrary
to. Used specially
(a) Of hours.
“Lovers break not hours,
Unless it be to come before their time;
So much they spur their expedition.”
Shakesp. : Two Gent. of Verona, V. 1.
(6) Of promises, vows, contracts, or any-
thing similar.
“When I break this oath of mine."
Shakesp. : Love's Labour Lost, v. 2.
.. and I said, I will never break my covenant
with you."-Judg. ii.'i. "
© Of laws, human or Divine.
“Unhappy man! to break the pious laws
Of nature, pleading in his children's cause."
Dryden.
(7) Of any immaterial thing capable of having
its continuity interrupted : To interrupt for å
greater or less length of time. Used of —
(a) Peace.
“Did not our worthies of the house,
Before they broke the peace, break vows ?"
Hudibras.
(6) Sleep.
Some solitary cloister will I choose.
Coarse my attire, and short shall be my sleep,
Broke by the melancholy midnight bell."
Dryden.
(c) Speech, or the voice.
“Break their talk, Mistress Quickly; my kinsman
shall speak for himself."-Shakesp.: Mer. Wives, iii. 4.
“The father was so moved, that he could only com-
mand his voice, broke with sighs and sobbings, so far
as to bid her proceed."-Addison.
(d) Silence.
“The poor shade shiv'ring stands, and must not break
His painful silence, till the mortal speak."-Tickell.
(e) A fast. [BREAKFAST.]
(f) Company or companionship.
"Did not Paul and Barnabas dispute with that ve-
hemence, that they were forced to break company.”-
Atterbury.
B. Intransitive :
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Of material things:
(1) To separate into two or more portions,
generally with some suddenness and noise,
in consequence of force applied to produce the
rupture.
... and like a glass
Did break i' the rinsing."
Shakesp. : Hen. VIII., i. 1.
(2) To open, as an abscess does when it is
about to discharge pus.
"Some hidden abscess in the mesentery, breaking
some few days after, was discovered to be an aposteme."
-Harvey.
(3) To curl over and fall to pieces, as a wave
upon the sea-shore.
“ At last a falling billow stops his breath,
Breaks o'er his head, and whelms him underneath."
Dryden,
“... that tumult in the Icarian sea, dashing and
breaking ainong its crowd of islands."— Pope.
(4) To burst as a storm, rain, thunder, &c.
“Shipwrecking storms and direful thunders break."
Shakesp.: Macbeth, i. 2.
“The clouds are still above ; and, while I speak,
A second deluge o'er our heads may break."
Dryden.
(5) To appear with suddenness, vehemence,
or noise, or with a combination of these.
“It is your banner in the skies
Through each dark cloud which breaks.”
Hemans : Owen Glyndwr's War-Song.
(6) To make way with force and noise.
“Where the channel of a river is overcharged with
water more than it can deliver, it necessarily breaks
over the banks to make itself room."-Hale.
2. Of the morning, the day, &c.: To dawn;
to open.
(1) Of the literal morning.
“The day breaks not, it is my heart."
Donne.
“See heav'n its sparkling portals wide display,
And break upon thee in a flood of day."
Pope : Messiah, 97.
(2) Fig.: Of the morning of knowledge, of
prosperity, &c.
“ Ere our weak eyes discerned the doubtful streak
Of light, you saw great Charles's morning break.”
Dryden : To Sir Robert Howard.
3. Of sleep : To depart.
"... and his sleep brake from him." -Dan. ii. 1.
4. Of human action or agency: To come forth
with suddenness, and, perhaps, with noise ;
to issue vehemently forth.
“Whose wounds, yet fresh, with bloody hands he
strook,
While from his breast the dreadful accents broke."
5. Of darkness (lit. or fig.): To dissipate, to
break up.
"At length the darkness begins to break; and the
country which had been lost to view as Britain re-
appears as England."-Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. i.
6. Of the human heart : To sink into melan-
choly, if not even to die of sorrow.
"A breaking heart that will not break.”
Tennyson : The Ballad of Oriana.
7. Of man himself or other living beings :
(1) To give way suddenly by the pressure of
external force.
"... wherein whoso will not bend must break."-
Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. ii., ch. ii.
(2) To fade, to decay, to decline in health
and vigour.
“See how the dean begins to break;
Poor gentleman ! he drops apace." -Swift.
(3) To become bankrupt.
“I meant, indeed, to pay you with this; which,
11, like an ill venture it come unluckily home. I
break, and you, my gentle creditors, lose."--Shakesp, :
2 Hen. IV., Epilogue.
“He that puts all upon adventures, doth oftentimes
break, and come to poverty."-Bacon.
“Cutler saw tenants break, and houses fall,
For very want he could not build a wall.”'
Pope: Mor. Ess., iii. 323.
(4) To commence words or action with some
suddenness, vehemence, and noise.
“Every man,
After the hideous storm that follow'd, was
A thing inspir'd; and, not consulting, broke
Into a general prophecy."
Shakesp. : Hen. VIII., i. 1.
II. Technically :
1. Cricket. Of a ball: To twist, generally
from the off side of the wicket.
2. Billiards :
(1) To make the first stroke in a game. [C.
39.]
(2) The balls are said to break well or badly
for a player, according as after a stroke they
fall into a favourable or an unfavourable posi-
tion for the player's next stroke.
3. Horse-racing : In a trotting-race a horse
is said to break when he alters his pace, even
for a moment, into a gallop.
4. Music (of a boy's voice) : To lose the
power of uttering ochildish treble” notes
and begin to emit instead of these manly
tenor, baritone, or bass.
C. In special phrases and compounds : In
some of which break is transitive, while in
others it is intransitive.
1. Break your spectacles : [A translation of
the French name Casse-lunettes.] A vulgar
name for a plant, the Blue-bottle or Corn-
bottle (Centaurea Cyanus).
2. To break a bottle: To open a full bottle;
especially when it is meant only to take out
part of its contents. Hence, a broken bottle,
one out of which part of its contents has
already been taken. (Scotch.)
3. To break a deer, to break a stag : To ap-
portion the body of a slaughtered deer among
the men and animals held to be entitled to
share in it.
“Or raven on the biasted oak,
That watching, while the deer is broke,*
His morsel claims with sullen croak ?"
Scott : Lady of the Lake, iv. 5.
* Note by Scott.-" Everything belonging to the chase
was inatter of solemnity among our ancestors ; but
nothing was more so than the mode of cutting, or,
as it was technically called, breaking, the slaughtered
stag. The forester had his allotted portion, the hounds
had a certain allowance, and, to make this division as
general as possible, the very birds had their share
also.”
4. To break a jest : To crack a jest or joke;
to utter a jest unexpectedly.
"You break jests as braggarts do their blades,
which, God be thanked, hurt not."-Shakesp. : Much
Ado about Nothing, v. 1.
5. To break a journey: To intermit it; tem-
porarily to rest from it.
“... or by the Stokes Bay route, breaking the
journey at Basingstoke, Winchester, Gosport, or Ryde
going or returning.”—Times, Sept. 8, 1876.
6. To break a lance: To enter the lists for a
tournament, or more serious combat. (Lit.
& fig.)
“What will you do, good grey-beard? break a lance,
And run a tilt at death within a chair?"
Shakesp. : 1 Henry VI., iii. 2.
*7. To break a parle : To open a parley.
“Rome's emperor, and nephew, break the parle."
Shakesp. : Tit. Andron., v. 3.
8. To break a stag : [To break a deer.]
9. To break u word : To utter a word ; to
make disclosure.
“Dro. E. A man may break a word with you, sir,
and words are but wind;
Ay, and break it in your face, so he break it not
behind." Shakesp.: Comedy of Errors, iii. 1.
10. To break across :
Tilting : Through unsteadiness or awkward-
ness to suffer one's spear to be turned out of
its direction and to be broken across the body
of an adversary instead of by the prick of
the point. (Nares.)
“One said he brake across, full well it so might be.”
Sidney : Arcadia, bk. iii., p, 278.
11. To break away: To escape from the con-
trol of the bit. Used-
(1) Lit. : Of a horse.
“He break away, and seek the distant plain ?
No. His high mettle, under good control."
Cowper : Table Talk.
Or (2) Fig. : Of a man.
“Fear me not, man, I will not break away.”
Shakesp. : Comedy of Errors, iv. 4.
12. To break bulk (Eng.); to break buik,
bouk, or bowke (Scotch):
(1) Nautical, &c. :
(a) To destroy the record or bulk of a cargo
or a load by removing a portion of it; to un-
pack the goods for the purpose of selling any
portion of them.
“Accusit-for brakyng of bouk within this havyne,
& laying certane geir on land."- Aberd. Reg., A. 1545,
v. 19.
(6) To transfer in detail, as from boats to
carts.
* (2) 0. Law : The separation of goods in
the hands of a bailee. This rendered him
liable to a charge of felony. (Wharton.)
13. To break cover :
Of game: To break forth or rise from pro-
tecting cover.
14. To break down, v.t. & i.:
(1) Trans. : So to assail, batter, or strike a
structure that it falls.
(a) Literally:
“... and brake down the walls of Jerusalem." -
Jer. xxxix. 8.
(6) Figuratively :
“This is the fabrick which, when God breaketh
down, none can build up again." -Burnet : Theory.
(2) Intransitive :
(a) Lit. : To break and fall, to be disabled.
(6) Fig.: To fail in an enterprise, to give
way, to be weakened or impaired.
“One breaks down often enough in the constitutional
eloquence of the admirable Pym, with his 'seventhly
and lastly.'"-Carlyle: Hero Worship, Lect. v.
15. To break forth:
(1) Followed by upon, or standing alone : To
rush out upon; to make an assault of any
kind.
.. lest the Lord break forth upon them.”—Exod.
(2) Followed by into, or standing alone :
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hếr, thêre; pīne, pīt, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, cũb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; trý, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw..

break
683
(a) of persons, or of things personified : Sud-
denly to utter words, or perform actions.
"... break forth into singing, and cry aloud, thou
that didst not travail with child."-Isaiah liv. 1.
“Break forth into singing, ye mountains.”—Isaiah
xliv. 23.
(6) Of things : Suddenly to issue forth; to
rush out; suddenly to become visible or
audible. (Lit. & fig.).
"Or who shut up the sea with doors, when it brake
forth, as if it had issued out of the womb?" – Job
xxxviii. 8.
“Then shall thy light break forth as the morning."-
Isaiah lviii. 8.
16. To break from : To break or go away
from a person or thing with some degree of
vehemence or determination.
"How didst thou scorn life's meaner charms,
Thou who could'st break from Laura's arms."
Roscommon.
“This custom makes bigots and scepticks, and those
that break from it are in danger of heresy."--Locke.
17. To break ground :
(1) Ordinary Language :
(a) Lit.: To loosen the cohesion of the
particles of the vegetable soil by ploughing
it up, to plough.
“ When the price of corn falleth, men generally give
over surplus tillage, and break no more ground than
will serve to supply their own turn."-Carew.
(b) Fig.: To make a first rough commence-
ment of an inquiry or project.
(2) Technically:
(a) Fortif. : To open the trenches or begin
the works of the siege.
(6) Naut. : To bring the anchor up from the
ground in which it is infixed.
18. To break in, v.t. & i. :
(1) Transitive :
(a) Of a window, a door, &c. : To drive in by
violence.
(6) Of a horse : To tame, to teach obedience
to.
(2) Intransitive:
(a) of persons : To enter without proper in-
timation of one's coming, to intrude upon.
(Lit. & fig.)
“This, this is he; softly awhile,
Let us not break in upon him."
Milton: Samson Agonistes.
“The doctor is a pedant, that, with a deep voice,
and a magisterial air, breaks in upon conversation,
and drives down all before him.”-Addison.
(6) Of things : Irresistibly to enter the
mind. Used spec.-
(i) Of light : To illuminate. (Lit. & fig.)
“And yet, methinks, a heam of light breaks in
On my departing soul.”
Addison.
(ii) Of calamity : Suddenly to affect.
“Calamities may be nearest at hand, and readiest to
break in suddenly upon us, which we, in regard of
times or circumstances, may imagine to be farthest
off.”—Hooker.
(iii) Of “woman," i.e., womanish feeling, or
anything similar : To overcome, to make way
into the mind irresistibly.
"I feel the woman breaking in upon me,
And melt about my heart, my tears will flow."
Addison.
19. To break into :
(1) Lit. : To enter by breaking a hole, or by
forcing a passage against any obstruction.
".... and then break into his son-in-law's house."
-2 Hen. VI., iv.7.
“And they came up into Judah, and brake into it.”
-2 Chron. xxi. 17.
(2) Fig. : To enter suddenly and irresistibly.
“ Almighty Power, by whose most wise command,
Helpless, forlorn, uncertain here I stand;
Take this faint glimmering of thyself away,
Or break into my soul with perfect day.”
Arbuthnot.
20. To break jail: To break out of the jail
in which one is confined. (Goodrich & Porter.)
21. To break joints :
Masonry, Bricklaying, &c.: To lay bricks,
shingles, or anything similar, so that the
joints in one course do not coincide with those
in that previously deposited.
22. To break loose :
(1) To escape from captivity.
“Who would not, finding way, break loose from hell,
Though thither doom'd? Thou wouldst thyself, no
doubt,
And boldly venture to whatever place
Farthest from pain." Milton: P. L., bk. iv.-
(2) To shake off moral or other restraint.
“If we deal falsely in covenant with God, and break
loose from all our engagements to him, we release God
from all the promises he has made to us."--Tillotson.
23. To break off, v.t. & i. :
(1) Transitive:
(a) Lit. : To detach from, as to break a
branch from a tree or a geological specimen
from a rock.
(6) Fig.: To dissever one thing from an-
other, to terminate abruptly.
“. .. and break off thy sins by righteousness."-
Dan. iv. 27.
".... and Porsena, indignant at the treachery of
the Tarquins, breaks off his connexion with them."-
Lewis : Ear. Rom. Hist. (1855), ch. xii., pt. i., § 5,
vol. ii., p. 19.
(2) Intransitive :
(a) of things material : To come apart from
anything with which it was joined.
(b) Figuratively :
(i) To separate from with violence or effort.
"I must from this enchanting queen break off.”
Shakesp. : Ant. & Cleop., i. 2.
(ii) To desist abruptly.
“When you begin to consider whether you may
safely take one draught inore, let that be accounted a
sign late enough to break off.”—Taylor.
(iii) To leave off speaking.
“Even here brake off and came away."
Shakesp. : Rich. III., iii. 7.
24. To break one's arm : To dislocate or frac-
ture one of the bones which form its hard
portion.
25. To break one's back :
(1) Lit. : To dislocate, or make an approach
to dislocating, the vertebræ which support it.
“I had rather crack my sinews, break my back,
Than you should such dishonour undergo."
Shakesp. ; Tempest, iii. 1.
(2) Fig. : To disable one's fortune.
"O, many
Have broke their backs with laying manors on 'em,
For this great journey."
Shakesp. : Hen. VIII., i. 1.
26. To break one's brains : To drive mad.
"Nor his papers so well sorted as I would have had
them, but all in confusion, that break my brains to
understand them."-Pepy's Diary (1661).
* 27. To break or breke one's day: To fail to
pay upon the stipulated day..
“ Whan he so trewe is of condicioun
That in no wyse he breke wol his day."
Chaucer : C. T. (ed. Skeat), Group C., 1039-40.
28. To break one's fast: To eat after a certain
time of fasting or abstinence.
“Now can I break my fast."
Shakesp.: Two Gent. of Ver., ii. 4.
29. To break one's head : To break the skin
of one's head, or in an extreme sense of the
phrase, to fracture the skull.
“ Weak soul! and blindly to destruction led ;
She break her heart! she'll sooner break your head."
Dryden.
30. To break one's heart :
+(1) Lit.: To rupture the heart; a rare
disease, but one which occasionally occurs.
(2) Fig.: To cause one to die, or at least to
give way to great depression of spirits by in-
flicting cruelty or being the cause of calamity.
Used
(a) Of a person :
“Were such the wife had fallen to my part,
I'd break her spirit, or I'd break her heart."
Burns : The Henpeck'd Husband.
(6) Of a body of people taken collectively :
“ The defeat of that day was much greater than it
then appeared to be, and it even broke the heart of his
army."-clarendon.
31. To break one's leg : To dislocate or to
fracture one or more of the bones of which it
is composed. (Used non-reflexively or re-
flexively.)
“Then came the soldiers, and brake the legs of the
first, and of the other which was crucified with him."
-John xix. 32.
32. To break one's mind : To open one's
mind, to make a communication to one.
"I. who much desir'd to know
Of whence she was, yet fearful how to break
My mind, adventur'd humbly thus to speak."
Dryden.
33. To break one's neck: To dislocate it, to
dislocate or start from their relative positions
and conjunction two or more of the vertebræ
of the neck.
“I had as lief thou didst break his neck as his
finger."-Shakesp. : As you like It, i. 1.
34. To break one's spirit : To subdue the
spirit, to cause one to cease from offering re-
sistance. (For example, see break one's heart, 2.)
35. To break open: Successfully to apply
force with the intention of opening. (Used
of a door, of a lockfast chest, &c.)
36. To break out, v.t. & i. :
(1) Trans. : To break with the effect of
making any material thing fall or come out, as
to break out a pane of glass.
(2) Intransitive:
(a) Of material things, or of things in the
concrete : To burst forth; to escape from con-
trol; to come suddenly forth with more or less
of violence, to appear suddenly.
“If fire break out, and catch in thorns ..."-Exod.
xxii. 6.
"The flood breaketh out from the inhabitant; even
the waters forgotten of the foot."-Job, xxviii. 4.
“Observe those stars breaking out over the white
surface."-Tyndall : Frag. of Science (3rd ed.) iv. 83.
(6) Of persons :
(i) To burst through moral restraint
(ii) To give way to passion.
"He thought it sufficient to correct the multitude
with sharp words, and brake out into this cholerick
speech."-Knolles.
(c) Of immaterial things, or of things in the
abstract: To come with suddenness and vio-
lence.
: “From whence at length these words broke out."
Butler : Hudibras, ii. 740.
“There being so many ways by which a smothered
truth is apt to blaze and break out."-South.
37. To break sheer:
Naut.: Of a ship: To sheer clear of its
anchor ; to be forced by wind, wave, or cur-
rent from its position.
38. To break squares : To cause trouble, give
offence.
“Give yourself ten thousand airs,
That with me shall break no squares." Swift.
39. To break the balls :
Billiards : To lead off, or make the first
stroke in a game. (II. 2.)
40. To break the bands which bind one :
(1) Lit.: To rend asunder such bands.
(2) Fig.: To cast off restraint or authority.
“Let us break their bands asunder, and cast away
their cords from us.”—Ps. ii. 3.
41. To break the ice :
(1) Lit.: To fracture actual ice.
(2) Fig. : To break through icy stiffness; to
break through reticence or hesitation about
speaking of a delicate matter, or engaging in a
delicate enterprise.
"I will not,' said Lochiel, 'break the ice. That is a
point of honour with me.'"-Macaulay: Hist. Eng.,
ch. xviii.
42. To break the neck :
(1) Lit. : To dislocate the neck. [33.]
(2) Fig.: To destroy.
To break the neck of any work: To finish
the worst or greater part of the task.
43. To break through, v.t. & i. :
(1) Transitive :
(a) Lit. With a material thing for an object :
To effect a breach through; to make way
through any material thing.
...“The three mighty men brake through the host of
the Philistines, ..."-2 Sam. xxiii. 16.
"As deer break through the broom.”
Scott: Lady of the Lake, vi. 18.
(6) Fig. With a thing not material for the
object : To burst forth, overcoming all ob-
stacles in the way of progress.
“Sometimes his anger breaks through all disguises,
nd snares not gods nor men."
Denham.
(2) Intrans. : (Produced by the omission of
an objective after the transitive verb.) For-
cibly to make way through anything.
"He resolved that Balfour should use his utmost
endeavour to break through with his whole body of
horse."-Clarendon.
44. To break up, v.t. & i. :
(1) Transitive :
(a) To lay open.
"Shells being lodged amongst mineral matter, when
this comes to be broke up, it exhibits impressions of
the shells."-Woodward.
*(6) To commit a burglary.
"If a thief be found breaking up, and be smitten
that he die, there shall no blood be shed for him."
Exod. xxii. 2.
(c) To fracture, and at the same time turn
up. (Used specially of land when first it is
ploughed, or when it is ploughed after it has
long lain fallow and become hard and not
easily penetrable.) (Lit. & fig.)
“Sow to yourselves in righteousness, reap in mercy;
break up your fallow ground.”-Hos. X. 12.
* (d) To carve.
(i) Lit. : In the foregoing sense.
"Boyet, you can carve;
Break up this capon
Shakesp. : Love's Lab. Lost, iv. 1.
(ii) Fig. : To examine, to dissect.
“An it shall please you to break up this, it shall
seem to signify."-Shakesp. : Mer. of Venice, ii. 4.
* (e) To open an ecclesiastical convention
with a sermon.
"The assembly sate down the twenty-first of Novem-
ber, 1638, and old Mr. John Bell, minister of the town,
did break up the assembly."-Guth. Mem., p. 47.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f,
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

break-breakage
disband.
“He threatened, that the tradesmen would beat out
meeting."-Arbuthnot.
“After taking the strong city of Belgrade, Solyman,
returning to Constantinople, broke up his army, and
there lay still the whole year following."-Knolles :
Hist, of the Turks.
(g) To terminate. (Used of household ar-
rangements, &c.) (Lit. & fig.)
“He breaks up house, turns out of doors his maid,
..."—Herbert.
(2) Intransitive:
(a) To lose cohesion of its separate parts;
to go to pieces. (Used of a wrecked vessel,
an empire becoming reduced to fragments, &c.)
“.... they thought-or, at least, their master
thought that Turkey was about to break up, ..."-
Times, Nov. ", 1875.
(6) To cease; to intermit.
“It is credibly affirmed, that upon that very day
when the river first riseth, great plagues in Cairo use
suddenly to break up.”-Bacon : Natural History.
(c) To be dissolved, to separate. (Used
especially of schools.)
“Our army is dispers'd already :
Like youthful steers unyok'd, they took their courses,
East, west, north, south'; or, like a school broke up."
Shakesp. : 2 Hen. IV., iv. 2.
.... as soon as the company breaks up, ...."-
Watts."
(d) To begin to give way, fail, be impaired.
(Used of health.)
45. To break upon : To come suddenly and
violently.
“.... that those rays .... may be permitted to
enter the eye, and to break upon the retina without
producing the least luminous impression.”—Tyndall :
Frag. of Science (3rd ed.), ix. 234.
46. To break upon the wheel : To punish by
stretching a criminal upon the wheel, and
breaking his bones with bats.
47. To break with :
_*(1) To make a communication to; to open
one's mind to.
“Stay with me awhile;
I am to break with thee of some affairs
That touch me near.”
Shakesp. : Two Gent. of Ver., iii. 1.
+ (2) To intimate dissent from an opinion, or
from those holding it.
“.... and would break with any church in the
world upon this single point; and would tell them
plainly, if your religion be too good to be examined, I
doubt it is too bad to be believed."-Tillotson (3rd ed.,
1722), vol. i., ser. iv.
(3) To quarrel with; to cease to be friendly
with.
“Can there be anything of friendship in snares,
hooks, and trepans? Whosoever breaks with his friend
upon such terms, has enough to warrant him in so
doing, both before God and man.”-South.
a) Crabb thus distinguishes between to
break, to rack, to rend, and to tear :-" The
forcible division of any substance is the com-
mon characteristic of these terms. Break is
the generic term, the rest specific : every
thing racked, rent, or torn is broken, but not
vice versa. Break has, however, a specific
meaning, in which it is comparable with the
others. Breaking requires less violence than
either of the others : brittle things may be
broken with the slightest touch, but nothing
can be racked without intentional violence of
an extraordinary kind. Glass is quickly
broken; a table is racked Hard substances
only are broken or racked; but everythiug of a
soft texture and composition may be rent or
torn. Breaking is performed by means of a
blow ; racking by that of a violent concus-
- sion; but rending and tearing are the conse-
quences of a pull.”
(6) To break, to bruise, to squeeze, to pound,
and to crush are thus discriminated : -« Break
always implies the separation of the compo-
nent parts of a body ; bruise denotes simply
the destroying the continuity of the parts.
Hard, brittle substances, as glass, are broken;
soft, pulpy substances, as flesh or fruits, are
bruised. The operation of bruising is per-
formed either by a violent blow or by pres-
sure; that of squeezing by compression only.
Metals, particularly lead and silver, may be
bruised; fruits may be either bruised or
squeezed. In this latter sense bruise applies
to the harder substances, or indicates a violent
compression ; squeeze is used for soft sub-
stances or a gentle compression. The kernels
of nuts are bruised ; oranges and apples are
squeezed. To pound is properly to bruise in a
mortar so as to produce a separation of parts;
to crush is the most violent and destructive of
all operations, which amounts to the total dis-
persion of all the parts of a body. What is
bruised or squeezed may be restored to its 5. Naut.: A sudden change of level, as of a
former tone and consistency; what is pounded deck. The break of a poop-deck is where it
is only reduced to smaller parts for conve ends forward.
nience; but what is crushed is destroyed.”
6. Arch. : A projection or recess from the
(c) The following is the distinction between surface or wall of a building.
to break, to burst, to crack, and to split :-
7. Baking : A wooden bench on which
“ Break denotes a forcible separation of the
dough is kneaded by means of a lever called a
break-staff. The weight of the person, often
are onomatopeïas, or imitations of the sounds
in a sitting posture, is thrown upon the staff,
which are made in bursting and cracking. which moves in a semicircular orbit around
Splitting is a species of cracking that takes the bench, keeping up a saltatory motion by
place in some bodies in a similar manner
its flexibility and the dancing action of the
operator. By this means the dough is worked
Breaking is generally the consequence of some
up very dry, and makes the best kind of
external violence; everything that is exposed
crackers. (Knight.)
to violence may without distinction be broken.
8. Fortif. : A change from the general direc-
Bursting arises mostly from an extreme ten-
tion of the curtain near its extremity in the
sion; hollow bodies, when over filled, burst.
construction with orillons and retired flanks.
Cracking is caused by the application of ex-
cessive heat, or the defective texture of the
substance: glass cracks; the earth cracks;
9. Geol. : A "fault," or rather a dislocation,
leather cracks. Splitting may arise from a
combination of external and internal causes;
cast.
wood in particular is liable to split. A thing
“To describe faults of this kind we want some new
technical word. They are neither anticlinals nor syn-
may be broken in any shape, form, and degree;
clinals, nor are they faults in the technical sense of
bursting leaves a wide gap ; cracking and the word. The word break, if geologists would con-
splitting leave a long aperture; the latter of
sent to use that word technically, inight perhaps serve
which is commonly wider than that of the
for their designation.”—Prof. Sedgworth, in Q. J. Geol.
Soc., viii. (1852), pt. i., 39.
former.” (Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
10. Printing : The piece of metal contiguous
break, * brāke, * brek, * breke, s. & a.
to the shank of a type, so called because it is
[A.S. gebrec, gebræc, gebrece = a breaking,
broken off in finishing. [See also I. 3.)
crash, noise. In Dut. break; Sw. brott; Dan. 11. Telegraphy: An apparatus to interrupt
brud ; Ger. brechen, bruch.] [BREAK, v.]
or change the direction of electric currents.
It is called also a rheotome or a commutator.
I. Ordinary Language :
· 1.' The act of breaking.
13. Railway carriages, vehicles, &c.: A break-
(1) Lit.: The act of breaking any material
van (q.v.).
thing.
14. Music:
(2) Figuratively :
(1) Of the human voice : The point of junc-
(a) The act of breaking anything not ma-
tion in the quality of tenor, soprano, and alto
terial; a breach.
voices. A genuine bass voice has no break.
The lower range is called voce di petto, or chest
(6) The act of breaking forth.
voice; the upper, voce di testa, or head voice;
q The break of day.
and the place of junction is called the break.
“Sleep-and at break of day I will come to thee again!" (Stainer & Barrett.)
Wordsworth : Pet Lamb.
(2) Of the clarinet: An interruption in the
2. The state of being broken.
tone of the instrument between B flat and B
“Our reformed churches agreeing soundly in all the natural. (Stainer & Barrett.)
substantiall points of faith, & without break of com-
munion, ..."-Forbes: Defence, p. 5.
(3) Of an organ stop: The sudden alteration
3. The portion of anything broken through. of the proper scale-series of the pipes by re-
(1) Lit. Of things material :
turning to those of an octave lower in pitch.
(Stainer & Barrett.)
(a) Gen. : An opening, passage, gap, or hole
through anything.
For the distinction between break, gap,
"... through the breaks and openings of the woods
chasm, and breach, see BREACH. (Crabb : Eng.
that grow about it.”- Addison.
Synon.)
.. the currents in the transverse breaks which
break-down, s.
connect the longitudinal channels, ..."-Darwin:
Voyage round the World (ed. 1870), ch. XV., p. 32.
1. Lit.: The state of being broken and fall-
(6) Specially:
ing down. (Used of a coach or anything
(i) A kind of furrow in ploughing. (Scotch.)
similar.)
“The field which is designed for bear gets two fur-
2. Fig.: The failure of anything.
rows; the one a break, the other clean.”-Šurv. Banffs.,
"But of the break-down of my general aims, ..."-
App., p. 37.
Robt. Browning: Paracelsus.
(ii) Of a hill: A hollow part. [In Icel. 3. Tech.: A kind of dance.
brecka is = a declivity.]
break-harrow, s. A large harrow.
(iii) A division of land in a farm. (Scotch.)
(Scotch.)
“They shall dung no part of their former crofting,
"Then harrow again with a break-harrow, or larger
till these four new breaks are brought in. Let them
harrow than ordinary, and spare not."-Maxwell : Šel.
give ten or twelve bolls of lime to each acre of their
oat-leave break.”—Maxwell: Sel. Trans., p. 216.
Trans., p. 249.
(iv) Of a figure drawn : An interrupted por-
1 It is called more simply a break, or brake.
tion.
[BRAKE.]
"The surrounding zones likewise show traces, as break-in, s.
may be seen in the drawing (fig. 53), of indentations,
or rather breaks, ..."-Darwin : Descent of Man Carp. : A hole made in brickwork with a
(1871), pt. ii., ch. xiv., vol. ii., p. 136.
ripping chisel, and designed to be a receptacle
(v) of anything written or printed: A line for the end of a beam or anything similar.
to mark that the sense is suspended or that
something is omitted.
break-iron, s.
"All modern trash is
Carp.: The iron screwed on the top of a
Set forth with num'rous breaks and dashes.".
plane-bit to bend upward and break the
Swift.
shaving. Its edge is from 1 to b of an inch
(2) Fig. Of things not material: A pause,
from the edge of the cutting-bit.
an interruption.
“ Thy constant flow of love, that knew no fall,
break-joint, s. Á structure in which
Ne'er roughen'd by those cataracts and breaks
That humour interposed too often makes."
the joints of the parts or courses are made to
Cowper : On the Receipt of my Mother's Picture. alternate with unbroken surfaces, as in the
4. That which breaks. (II. 10, 11.)
continuous railroad rail, in bricklaying, shing-
II. Technically :
ling, and numerous other mechanic arts.
1. Cricket: The twist of a ball as it is break-up, s. The act of breaking up, the
bowled, generally spoken of a twist or turn state of being broken up.
from the off side.
"The break-up and densidation of both of these.” -
2. Billiards : A player's turn in the game; Q. J. Geol. Soc., xxiii., pt. i., 410.
also the number of points scored by a player 1 brêak'-a-ble, a. [Eng. break, and suff. -able.]
Able to be broken. (Cotgrave.)
3. Flas manufacture : An instrument for
taking the rind off flax. (It is also written brêak-age (age as iğ), s. [Eng. break, and
brake and braik.) (Scotch.)
Eng., &c. suff. -age.]
4. Agric. & Mach.: The same as break-harrow
I. Ordinary Language:
1. The act of breaking anything.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pîne, pît, sïre, sīr, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, són; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; trý, Sýrian, =ē. ey=ão qu=kw. -

breaker-bream
685
"In all the sports of children, were it only in their
wanton breakages and defacements, you shall discern
a creative instinct."-Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk, ii.,
ch. ii.
2. The state of being broken.
"... though no doubt the degradation of a lofty
cliff would be more rapid from the breakaye of the
fallen fragments."-Darwin : Origin of Species (ed.
1859), ch. ix, p. 286.
3. Damage done to crockery or other goods
by being broken in transitu.
4. A money compensation for such damage.
II. Naut. : The leaving of empty spaces in
stowing the hold. (Smyth.)
break'-ěr. * brêk'-ēr. * brêk'-ere. S.
[Eng. break ; -er. In M. H. Ger. brechcere.]
I. Ordinary Language:
1. One who breaks anything.
(1) Lit. : One who breaks any material thing.
(a) As an independent word.
“The breaker is come up before them: they have
broken up, and have passed through the gate, ...
Micah ii. 13.
(6) Often in composition; as, “an image-
breaker."
(2) Fig.: One who violates a promise, a
law, human or divine, or anything not made
of matter. (Often also in composition; as,
“a law-breaker,” “a Sabbath-breaker.")
"... if thou be a breaker of the law, ..."-Rom. 11.
25."
“Without understanding, covenant-breakers, ..."
-Rom. i. 31.
2. (Chiefly in compos.): An animal which
breaks anything. [BONE-BREAKER.]
3. An inanimate thing which does so.
4. A crested wave broken into foam while
passing over a sand-bank, or flinging itself
with fury on the shore. (Generally in the plur.)
“old sailors were amazed at the composure which
he preserved amidst roaring breakers on a perilous
coast.”—Macaulay : Hist. Eng. ch. vii.
5. A pier or some similar structure placed
in a river to prevent the ice from injuring the
supports of the arches.
II. Technically :
1. Naut. : A small cask for ship's use. Em-
ployed for bringing water aboard in boats, or
for containing the water required for a boat's
crew absent from the vessel on duty. The
gang-cask is kept on deck, and contains the
drinking-water for the ship's company, being
replenished from day to day from the tanks.
(Knight.)
2. Flax-manufacture : The first carding-
machine which operates upon the parcels of
tow from a creeping-sheet. The finisher is the
final carding-machine, and operates upon a
lap formed of slivers of line. (Knight.)
break'-fast, * brêke'-fast, s. & a. [Eng.
break; fast.]
A. As substantive :
I. Literally:
1. The act of breaking a fast, that is, of
eating after having been for some time without
food. Specially the first meal in the day.
“... while my wife and daughters employed them-
selves in providing breakfast, ...”—Goldsmith : Vicar
of Wakefield, ch. iv.
2. The time when the first meal of the day
is eaten.
3. That which is eaten when the fast is
broken.
(1) At the first meal of the day..
“A good piece of bread would be often the best
breakfast for my young master."-Locke.
(2) At any meal which breaks the temporary
fast of a man or an animal.
“Had I been seized by a hungry lion,
I would have been a breakfast to the beast.”
Shakesp. : Two Gent. of Verona, v. 4.
II. Fig.: That which satisfies one's appe-
tite, desire or aspiration of the huinan soul at
the commencement of one's career. [Corre-
sponding to 3 (2).]
“Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper."-
Bacon.
B. As adjective: Pertaining to the first meal
of the day, or to the time or place where it is
eaten.
“One morn he came not to her hand
As he was wont to come,
And, on her finger perch'd, to stand
Picking his breakfast crumb."
Cowper : Epitaph on a Rcdbreast.
“ Breakfast time, however, is always a cheerful stage
of the day;..."-De Quincey: Works, 2nd ed., i. 96.
breakfast-parlour, s. A parlour de-
signed for the accommodation of a family at
breakfast.
“How jocund was their breakfast-parlour, fann'd
By yön blue water's breath.'
Campbell: Theodric.
break'-fast, v.i. & t. [Eng. break; fast.]
A. Intrans. : To eat the first meal in the
day.
"He breakfasted alone; ..."-De Quincey : Works,
2nd ed., i. 165.
+ B. Trans. : To provide or furnish with the
first meal in the morning. (Milton.)
break'-fast-ing, pr. par., A., & s. [BREAK-
FAST.]
A. & B. As present participle & participial
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
C. As substantive :
1. Gen. : The act of taking the first meal in
the day..
2. Spec. : The act of doing so as one of an
invited breakfast-party.
"No breakfastings with them, which consume a
great deal of time."--Lord Chesterfield.
break'-ing, * break'-yng, * brêk'-yng,
pr. par., a., & s. [BREAK, v.]
A. & B. As present participle & participial
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
“ As if it bore all peace within,
Nor left one breaking heart behind !”
Moore: The Fire-Worshippers.
C. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Of an act :
(1) The act of fracturing anything.
“And breaking of windows, which, you know, maketh
breaches?” Swift: The Famous Speech-Maker.
(2) The act of coming forth suddenly.
“And Jacob was left alone; and there wrestled a
man with him until the breaking of the day.”-Gen.
xxxii. 24.
“Until the breaking of the light."
Tennyson : To —
* (3) The act of vomiting.
“Brakynge or parbrakynge. Vomitus, evomitus.”—
Prompt. Parv.
2. Of a state : The state of being broken or
fractured.
(1) Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
“Therefore this iniquity shall be to you as a breach
ready to fall, swelling out in a high wall, whose break-
ing cometh suddenly at an instant.”—Isaiah xxx. 13.
(2) Spec. : Bankruptcy.
II. Woollen manufacture: A process in the
worsted or long-wool manufacture. The
combed slivers are laid upon a travelling-
apron and joined endwise, to make continuous
lengths.
Breaking of arrestment:
Scots Law: The contempt of the law shown
by an arrestee, who gives over to the debtor
money or goods on which an arrestment has
legally been made.
breaking-down, s. & a.
A. As substantive: The act of fracturing
and crushing downwards.
B. As adjective: Fracturing and making to
fall; rolling so as to consolidate. [Breaking-
down rollers.]
Breaking-down rollers :
Metal. : Rollers used to consolidate metal
by rolling it while hot.
breaking-engine, s.
Machinery: The first of a series of carding-
machines, to receive and act on the lap from
the lapper; it has usually coarser clothing
than the finishing-cards. [CARDING-MACHINE.]
breaking-frame, s.
Worsted-manufacture : A machine in which
slivers of long-stapled wool are planked or
spliced together and then drawn out to, say,
eight times their original length. The slivers
are made by hand-combs, and taper towards
each end. Each is laid lapping half its length
upon the preceding sliver, and the passage
between rollers of gradually increasing speed
attenuates the sliver. (Knight.)
breaking-in, s.
1. The act of bursting suddenly in upon.
(Lit. & fig.)
"They came upon me as a wide breaking in of
waters :..."-Job xxx. 14.
2. The act or process of taming a young
horse.
breaking-joint, s.
Arch. : The same as BREAK-JOINT (q.v.).
breaking-machine, s.
Flax-manufacture: A machine for shorten-
ing flax-staple, to adapt it to be worked by a
certain kind of machinery. Long-flax or long-
line becomes cut-flax or cut-line. The ma-
chine is also known as a cutting-machine or
flax-breaker.
breaking-out, breaking out, s. The
act of suddenly breaking forth or appearing.
"... letters informing him of the breaking out of
scarlet fever among his children.”-Tyndall : Frag. of
Science, 3rd ed., xi. 314.
break-măn, s. [BRAKEMAN.]
break'-něck, * brêake-něck, s. & a.
[Eng. break; neck.]
* A. As substantive :
1. A fall by which the neck is broken.
2. A precipice fitted to break the neck of
any one who falls over it. (Lit. & fig.)
"I must
Forsake the court; to do 't or no, is certain
To me a breakneck."
Shakesp. : Winter's Tale, i. 2.
B. As adjective: Fitted to break the neck;
in which the neck is likely to be broken.
“Alas, and the leaps from raft to raft were too often
of a breakneck character;...”—Carlyle : Sartor Re-
sartus, bk. iii., ch. ix.
6. This way the chamois leapt: her nimble feet
Have baffled me; my gains to-day will scarce
Repay my break-neck travail.”
Byron : Manfred, i, 2.
* break'-prom-işe, s. [Eng. break; promise.]
One who habitually breaks his promise.
"I will think you the most pathetical break-promise
and the most hollow lover."-Shakesp. : As You Like
It, iv. 1.
break-shäre, s. [A corruption of braxy (?)
(q.v.).] Diarrhoea in sheep. (Ogilvie.)
break'-stone, s. [The Eng. translation of
Lat. saxifraga = a plant, anciently supposed
to dissolve “stones ”-i.e., calculi in the
bladder.]
1. Pop. Bot. : Any plant of the genus Saxi-
fraga (Saxifrage). (Prior.)
2. Pimpinella Saxifraga. (Prior.)
3. Alchemilla arvensis. (Prior.)
4. Sagina procumbens. (Prior.) (Britten &
Holland.)
Parsley breakstone : Alchemilla arvensis.
(In Scotland and in Suffolk.) (Britten & Hol-
land.)
* break-vow, s. [Eng. break; vow.] One
who habitually breaks any vows which he may
make.
“That daily break-vow, he that wins of all,
Of kings, of beggars, old men, young men, maids."
Shakesp. : King John, ii. 2.
break'-wa-ter, s. & d. [Eng. break; water.]
A. As substantive :
Ord. Lang. & Hydraul. Engineering : A pier,
wall, mole, sunken hulk, or anything similar,
placed at the entrance of a harbour, at the
exposed part of an anchorage, or in any such
situation, with the view of deadening the
force of the waves which roll in from the
ocean. The breakwater of Cherbourg was
cominenced in 1784 ; it is 4,120 yards long.
The first stone of Plymouth breakwater was
laid on the 12th August, 1812. Its length is
5,280 feet; its breadth, 360 feet at the bottom,
and upwards of 30 at the top. It cost to
April, 1841, more than £1,500,000. [MOLE (2).]
"The heaviest vessels were therefore placed on the
left, highest up the stream, to form something of a
breakwater for the smaller craft crossing below." -
Arnold : Hist. of Rome, vol. iii., ch. xliii., p. 77.
. at low water its summit is left dry, and it
might then be mistaken for a breakwater erected by
Cyclopean workmen.”—Darwin : Voyage round the
World (ed. 1870), ch. xxi., p. 498.
B. As adjective: Pertaining to the structure
described under A.
breakwater-glacis, s.
Hydraulic Engineering : A storm pavement.
The sloping stone paving next the sea in piers
or breakwaters.
brēam, * brem, * breme, s. [Fr. brème;
Provinc. Fr. brâme; 0. Fr. bresme; L. Lat.
bresmia, braximus; Sw. braxen; Dan. & Dut.
brasem ; O. L. Ger. bressuno; (N. H.) Ger.
brassen ; M. H. Ger. brahsem, brasme, prahse,
prahsme; O. H. Ger. brachse, brahsind, brah-
sema.] [BARS, BASSE.]
Ichthyology & Ordinary Language :
* 1. Spec.: The Carp Bream, Abramis brama.
I It is of a yellowish-white colour, which
Cowperkfast crúno staud
of the eakfast tim
boil, bóý; póūt, jówl; cat, çell, chorus, çhin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion=shún; -ţion, şion=zhŭn. -cious, -tious, -sious =shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

686
bream-breast
changes, through age, to a yellowish-brown.
The sides are golden, the cheeks and gill-
covers silver-white, the fins light-coloured,
tinged, the ventral one with red and the others
with brown. It is found in the Regent's
Canal, in London, and in the Medway and the
Mole. It is sought after by anglers, who, how-
ever, consider the flesh insipid.
"And many a brem and many a luce in stewe.”
Chaucer : C. T., Prol., 350.
“The bream, being at full growth, is a large fish."-
Walton : Angler.
2. Gen. : The English name of the several
fishes belonging to the family Cyprinidæ and
the genus Abramis. Three are described
by Yarrell as British : (1) the Bream or Carp
Bream (Abramis brama), already described
(see 1); (2) the White Bream or Breamflat
(A. blicca); and (3) the Pomeranian Bream
(A. Buggenhagii). Though the White Bream
is common on the Continent, yet it is rare in
England; the Pomeranian Bream is still rarer.
3. [SEA-BREAM.]
bream, † brôom, 2.t. [Etymology doubtful.
Cf. Ger. brennen = to burn. (Mahn.)7 To
burn ooze, seaweed, &c., from the bottom of a
vessel.
brēam'-ing, pr. par. & s. [BREAM, v.]
A. As present participle : (See the verb.)
B. As substantive :
Naut. : The act of cleansing the ooze, shells,
seaweed, &c., from the bottom of a ship by a
flashing fire and scraping.
+ brear, † breare, s. [BRIER.]
“... by a narrow way,
Scattred with bushy thornes and ragged breares."
Spenser : F. Q., I. X. 35.
brëard, s. (BREER (2).] (Scotch.)
1. Sing. : The first appearance of grain.
2. Pl.: The short flax recovered from the first
tow, by a second hackling. The tow, thrown
off by this second hackling, is called backings.
"To be sold, a large quantity of white and blue
breards, fit for spinning yarn, 4 to 6 lib. per spindle."-
Edinburgh Evening Courant, Sept. 1, 1804.
breas'-kſt, s. [BRISKET.] (Scotch.)
breast, * breaste, * brest, * breste, s. & A.
[A.S. breóst = the breast, the mind; 0. Sax.
briost; Icel. brjóst; Sw. bröst; Dan. bryst;
Dut. borst; Moeso-Goth. brusts (pl.); Ger.
brust. From A.S. berstan= to burst; Ó. Sax.
brestan.] [BURST, v.] Hence the breast is
the part which bursts out, that is, swells out
beyond the parts around.
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally:
(1) Sing. : The fore part of the human body
in either sex between the neck and the upper
part of the abdomen; also the analogous part
in animals.
“Sal gliden on hise brest nether."
Story of Gen. & Exod., 370.
“... but smote upon his breast, saying, God be
merciful to me a sinner."-Lu. xviii. 13.
(2) Plur.: The mammæ, paps, or protuberant
glands existing in the female sex of man and
the higher animals, and in a rudimentary state
also in the male sex. They are designed for
the secretion of milk.
“.,. or why the breasts that I should suck?”—Job
iii. 12.
2. Figuratively:
(1) Of symbols or associations directly con-
nected with the human breast:
* (a) of the breast viewed as essential to good
singing: A musical voice; voice in general.
"Pray ye stay a little; let's hear him sing, he has a
fine breast."-Beaum. & Flet. : Pilgrim, iii. 6.
“Which said queristers, after their breasts are
changed, &c."-Strype: Life of Abp. Parker, p. 9.
To have a good breast : To have a good
voice; to be a good singer.
“In singing, the sound is originally produced by the
action of the lungs; which are so essential an organ
in this respect, that to have a good breast was formerly
a common periphrasis, to denote a good singer."--Hist.
of Music, vol. iii., p. 466. (Nares.)
(6) Of the breast viewed as the seat of the emo-
tions, of the appetites, of conscience, of courage,
&c. :
(i) As the seat of the emotions in general.
“ If happiness hae not her seat
And centre in the breast." ||
Burns: Epistle to Davie, v.
“ Needless was written law, where none opprest;
The law of man was written in his breast.'
Dryden: Ovid.
(ii) As the repository of secrets.
To make a clean breast :
(a) To confess all that one has kept secret
about anything what he has been charged
with, or which, without being accused, he
still feels constrained to reveal ; to make a
full and ingenuous confession.
"... to make a clean breast of it before she died."-
Scott : St. Ronan's Well, ch. xxxviii.
(6) To tell one's mind bluntly or without
circumlocution.
“To speak truth I'm wearying to mak a clean breast
wi' him and to tell him o' his unnaturality to his own
doohter."-The Entail, iii. 101.
(2) Of remoter resemblances to the human
breast : The surface of the earth, or anything
similar.
“Upon the breast of new-created earth
Man walk'd."
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk, iv.
“ So have ye seen the fowler chase,
O'er Grasmere's clear unruffled breast."
Wordsworth : Blind Highland Boy.
II. Technically:
1. Machinery, &c. :
(1) The part of an object against which the
breast pushes in some machines, such as the
breast-drill, breast-plough, &c.
(2) A bush connected with a small shaft or
spindle.
2. Agric., &c. : The forward part of a
plough's mould-board.
3. Metal., &c. : The front of a furnace.
4. Sheet-iron Ware : As applied to milk-cans,
coffee and tea pots, and similar articles, this
word denotes the bulging or rounded top
which intervenes between the lid or cover and
the cylindrical portion which forms the body
of the vessel.
5. Vehicles : The middle, swell, or bulge of
a nave or hub.
6. Hydraul. : The curved wall up to which
the floats of a water-wheel work, and which
prevents, as far as possible, the waste of
water.
7. Carp. : The lower side of a hand-rail, a
rafter, the rib of a dome or of a beam.
8. Architecture :
(1) That portion of a wall between the win-
dow and the floor.
(2) That portion of a chimney between the
flues and the apartment.
9. Mining : The face of a coal-seam at which
a miner is working.
B. As adjective: Pertaining to the breast in
any of the foregoing senses. (See the sub-
joined compounds.)
breast-band, s.
Saddlery: A band passing across the breast
of the draught animal, and to which the traces
or tugs are attached. It is a substitute for a
collar.
breast-beam, s.
1. Shipwrighting : A beam at the break of a
quarter-deck or forecastle.
2. Weaving: The cloth-beam of a loom.
3. Railroad Engineering : The forward trans-
verse beam of a locomotive.
breast-beating, s. The act or practice
of beating the breast. (Lit. & fig.)
"... breast-beating, brow-beating (against walls),
lion-bellowings of blasphemy and the like, stampings,
smitings, breakages of furniture, if not arson itself?"-
Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. ii., ch. vi.
breast-board, s.
Rope-making : A loaded sled to which are
attached the end yarns at the foot of the walk.
As the yarns are twisted into a strand they
become shorter and draw the sled towards the
head of the walk, the load on the sled main-
taining the necessary tension. The yarns are
usually shortened one-third by the twisting,
and lose about thirty per cent. in so doing.
The twist is, however, necessary, to give the
requisite rigidity, to prevent the fibres sliding
on each other, and to partially exclude wet.
The addition of tar increases the power of ex-
cluding water. (Knight.)
* breast-bundle, * brest-bundel, s.
A girdle or band for the breast.
“Whether foryete shal the ... womman spouse of
hir brest-bundel."-Wickliffe : Jer. ii. 32.
breast-casket, s.
Naut. : The largest and longest caskets, i.e.,
a sort of strings placed in the middle of the
yard. (Johnson.) [CASKET.]
breast-chain, s.
Saddlery: A chain reaching between the
hame-rings, its loop passing through the ring
of the neck-yoke, to support the tongue. In
carriage-harness the hane is destitute of the
rings, and the strap is passed around the
lower part of the collar. [NECK-YOKE.]
breast-collar, s.
Harness: A pulling strap which passes
around the breast of the horse; a substitute
for a collar, which encircles the neck and
rests against the shoulders. In some cases
the breast-strap is padded, and the two pieces
are connected by a snap. A plate upon it
holds the breast-rings and tug-buckle pieces.
breast-deep, a. Sunk so deeply that
water, snow, earth, or whatever else the
person is in, reaches as high as his breast.
“Set him breast-deep in earth, and famish him;
There let him stand, and rave and cry for food."
Shakesp. : Titus Andron., v. 3.
breast-drill, s.
Metal-working : A drill-stock operated by a
crank and bevel-gearing, and having a piece
against which the workman bears his breast
when engaged in drilling.
breast-fast, s. [BREASTFAST.]
breast-harness, s.
Saddlery: A horse-gear arranged to pull by
a band in front of the breast, instead of a
collar.
breast-height, s.
Fortif. : The interior slope of a parapet.
breast-high, a. So high as to reach the
breast of a person in it. (Used of a wall, &c.)
Corresponds to BREAST-DEEP (q.v.).
“The river itself gave way unto her, so that she was
straight breast-high."-Sidney.
“Lay madam Partlet basking in the sun,
Breast-high in sand."
Dryden: Fables.
breast-hook, s. [BREASTHOOK. ]
breast-knees, s. Timbers placed in the
forward part of a vessel across the stem to
unite the bows on each side. (Stormonth.)
breast-line, s. The rope connecting the
pontoons of a military bridge in a straight
direction.
breast-locks, S. pł. The part of the
mane of a lion or other animal hanging down
from the breast.
“And as a lyon sculking all in night,
Farre off in pastures; and come home, all dight
In iawes and breast-locks, with an oxes blood,
New feasted on him."
Chapman : Homer's Odyssey, b. xxii.
breast-mouldings, s. pl.
Carp. : Window - sill mouldings; panel
mouldings beneath a window.
breast-peat, s. A peat formed by the
spade being pushed into the earth horizon-
tally. (Scotch.)
"A perpendicular face of the moss [is] laid bare,
from which the digger, standing on the level of the
bottom, digs the peat, by driving in the spade horizon-
tally with his arms; this peat is designed breast-peat.”
- Agr. Surv. Peeb., p. 208.
breast-plate, s. [BREASTPLATE.]
breast-plough, s.
Agricult. : A shovel whose handle has a
cross-piece applied to the breast, and used
for paring turf or sods.
breast-pump, s.
Surgical (also known as antlia lactea or
antlia mammaria): A pump having a cup
adapted to fit over the nipple, in order to
withdraw milk from the mamma when this
cannot be effected in a natural way.
breast-rail, s. [BREASTRAIL.]
breast-strap, S. & a.
A. As substantive :
Saddlery : A strap passing from the hame-
rings or from the gullet of the collar, to sup-
port the tongue or pole of the vehicle.
B. As adj. : Pertaining to such a strap.
Breast-strap harness :
Saddlery: That which has a strap around
the breast instead of a collar. The breast-
collar is supported from the withers, and at
its rear ends receives the tug-straps. Other
forward attachments are made to the breast-
straps, which are connected to the neck-yoke
or tongue.
Breast-strap slide :
Harness : An iron loop which slips on the
breast-strap, and takes from the latter the
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâlı, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hộr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; māte, cũb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; try, Sýrian, æ, pe=ē; ey=ão qu=kw.

breast-breath
687
wear of the ring on the end of the neck-yoke. which the wheel of a rag-engine works ; be-
The ends of the breast-strap are passed through tween the two is the throat. (RAG-ENGINE.]
the rings on the harness.
breast'-knot (k silent), s. [Eng. breast;
breast-summer, s.
knot.] A knot or bunch of ribands worn by
Carpentry : A beam inserted flush with the women on the breast.
house-front which it supports, and resting at "Our ladies have still faces, and our men hearts; why
its ends upon the walls and at intermediate
may we not hope for the same achievements from the
influence of this breastknot /”-Addis. Freeh.
points upon pillars or columns. Common in
store fronts. Written also, incorrectly, bres breast'-pịn, s. [Eng. breast; pin.] A pin
sumer, brest-summer. [BRESSOMER.]
worn on the breast to fasten the dress, for
breast-wall, s.
ornament or for both; a brooch.
Masonry:
breast'-plāte, s. (Eng. Breast; plate.]
1. A wall built breast-high.
I. Ordinary Language :
2. A wall erected to maintain a bank of
1. Literally. Of plates of a material kind :
earth in position, as in a railroad cutting, a
sunk fence, &c.
(1) Of men :
(a) Armour in the form of a metallic plate
breast-wheel, s. & a.
worn upon the breast.
A. As subst. : A wheel to which the water is
"Gainst shield, helm, breastplate, and, instead of those,
admitted about on a level with the axle, and Fiye sharp smooth stones from the next brook he
maintained in contact with it by a breasting,
chose.”
Cowley,
or casing, which incloses from 60° to 90° of (6) Such a plate, not for defence but for
the periphery of the wheel. The wheel may symbolic purposes, on the breast of the Jewish
have radial or hollow buckets. The peripheral high priest. It was made of richly-embroidered
inclosure is sometimes called breasting or cloth, set with four rows of precious stones
soleing, and the casing at the ends of the each engraved with the name of one of the
wheel is called shrouding. (Knight.)
twelve tribes. (Exod. xxviii. 15–29, xxxix.
8-21.)
B. As adj. : Pertaining to such a wheel.
“And he put the breast plate upon him ; also he put
Breast-wheel steam-engine: A form of ro-
in the breastplate the Urim and the Thummim."-
tary steam-engine in which a jet of steam is Lev. viii. 8.
made to impinge upon the floats of a wheel (2) Of animals :
rotating in an air-tight case. The first steam-
(a) A plate upon the breast of the apoca-
engine of this class was one of the earliest on
lyptic locusts.
record. (Knight.)
“And they (the locusts] had breastplates, as it were
breast, v.t. & i. (From breast, s. (q.v.).
breastplates of iron"--Rev. ix. 9.
(6) A plate of shell covering the breast of
A. Transitive :
a tortoise or other chelonian reptile.
+ 1. Lit.: To place the breast of one person “ While staying in this upper region, we lived en-
against that of another one, or against that of tirely upon tortoise-meat; the breast-plate roasted (as
an animal.
the Gauchos do carne con cuero) with the flesh on it is
very good."-Darwin : Voyage round the World (ed.
(1) In the foregoing sense.
1870), ch. xvii., p. 377.
(2) To mount a horse by applying a person's
(c) A leather band worn round the neck of
breast to the side of the horse, in order to get
a horse, attached to the head of the saddle
on.
and to the saddle-girths. (Used only for riding
2. Fig.: To oppose breast to breast, or breast
purposes.)
to any obstacle opposed to one's progress.
2. Fig. Of defence not material: Means of
“The hardy Swiss
defence against spiritual assault.
Breasts the keen air, and carols as he goes.”
".... having on the breastplate of righteousness."
Goldsmith. Ephes. vi. 14.
“Isle of the free ! 'twas then thy champions stood,
II. Boring instruments: A plate which re-
Breasting unmoved the combat's wildest flood.”
Hemans : Restoration of the Works of Art to Italy.
ceives the hinder end of a drill, and by which
pressure is applied.
B. Intransitive :
Formerly held against
the breast, it still retains its name, even when
Of a horse : To spring up or forward. The
otherwise supported. [BREAST-DRILL.]
use of the word is derived from the action of a
horse's breast when he leaps forward. (Scotch.) breast'-plough (gh silent), s. [Eng. breast;
“Thou never lap, and sten't, and breastit,
plough.] A plough driven by the breast, used
Then stood to blaw."
for paring turf.
Burns : The Auld Farmer's Salutation.
"The breastplough, which a man shoves before him."
breast'-bone, s. [Eng. breast ; bone.) The
-Mortimer.
bone in which the ribs terrninate in front, 1
breast-rāil, s. [Eng. breast; rail.]
what is called anatomically the sternum.
“The belly shall be eminent, by shadowing the flank,
Arch., Naut., &c. : The upper rail on a bal-
and under the breastbone."--Peacham.
cony, or on the breastwork of the quarter-deck
of a vessel, or any similar place.
breast'-ěd, pa. par. & a. [BREAST, v.]
A. As pa. par. : (See the verb).
breast-rõpe, s. [Eng. breast; rope.]
+ B. As adjective :
1. Naut. : The same as breast-band (q.v.).
In compos. : Having a breast of a particular
2. Plural: Those ropes in a ship which
character, as well-breasted, single and double-
fasten the yards to the parrels, and, with the
breasted, &c. (Used of persons or things.)
parrels, hold the yards fast to the mast.
“Singing men well-breasted.”—Fiddes : Life of Card.
(Harris.)
Wolsey, App. p. 128.
breast-wõrk, s. [Eng. breast; work.]
breast'-fast, s. [Eng. breast; fast.]
I. Ordinary Language:
Naut. : A large rope to affix a ship by her 1. Lit. : A rude fieldwork thrown up as
side to a quay or to another vessel.
high as the breast, or any height for the pur-
breast'-hôok, s. [Eng. breast; hook.]
pose of defence; a parapet. [II, 1.)
Sir John Astley cast up breastworks, and made a
Naut.: A thick piece of timber shaped like a redoubt for the defence of his men."-Clarendon.
knee, which is placed across the stein of a 2. Figuratively :
vessel to unite the bows on either side, and
“In fact, this watery breastwork, a perpendicular
strengthen the whole forepart.
wall of water carrying itself as true as if controlled by
a mason's plumb-line."-De Quincey: Works (2nd ed.),
brēast'-ie, s. [Eng. breast, and Scotch and
i. 103.
0. Eng. dimin. suff. -e = Eng. -y.] A little II. Technically :
breast. (Scotch.)
1. Fortif. : A hastily-constructed parapet
“Oh, what a panic's in thy breastie / *
made of material at hand, such as earth, logs,
Burns: To a Mouse. rails, timber, and designed to protect troops
breast-ing, pr. par., d., & s. [BREAST, v.] froin the fire of an enemy.
A. & B. As pr. par. and adj. : In senses 2. Arch.: The parapet of a building.
corresponding to those of the verb.
3. Shipbuilding: A railing or balustrade
C. As substantive :
standing athwartships across a deck, as on
1. Mill. : The curved masonry against which
the forward end of the quarter-deck or round-
the shuttle side of a breast-wheel works, and
house. The beam supporting it is a breast-
which prevents the water from slipping past
beam.
the wheel.
breath, * breeth, * brethe, * breth, s.
2. Paper-making: The concave bed against [A.S. breth ; O. H. Ger. pradan.]
I. Ordinary Language:
(i) Of man and the other animal creation :
1. Literally:
(1) The air drawn in and expelled by the
lungs in the process of respiration. [II. 1.]
“Brethe. Anelitus, alitus, spiramen.”—Prompt. Parv.
* O messager, fulfild of dronkenesse,
Strong is thy breth, thy lymes faltren ay."
Chaucer :0. T., 5191-92.
(2) The act or power of breathing, or of
respiration.
* He giveth to all life, and breath."-Acts xvii. 25.
(3) A single respiration : hence used figu-
ratively for an instant. [2 (3).] In a breath
=at one and the same time, together.
"You menace me, and court me, in a breuth."
Dryden.
* (4) An odour, smell, exhalation.
* The brethe of the brynston bi that hit blende were.”
Allit. Poems : Cleanness, l. 967.
2. Figuratively :
(1) Life; that which gives or supports
vitality or inspiration in anything.
“That hadde his breth almost bynomen."
Chaucer : Romaunt of the Rose.
“Quench, oh quench not that flame! It is the breath
of your being.
Love is life, but hatred is death.”
Longfellow: Children of the Lord's Supper.
(2) Time for breathing (lit. or fig.), a respite,
pause,
“Give me some breath, some little pause, my lord,
Before I positively speak.”
Shakesp. : Richard III., iv. 2.
(3) The duration of a breath, an instant.
[1 (3).]
(4) Words, language, anything uttered.
"Evil was this world's breath, which came
Between the good and brave !"
Hemans : The Kaiser's Feast.
(5) Mere air; emptiness.
“Vows are but breath, and breath a vapour is.”
Shakesp. : Love's L. Lost, iv. 3.
"Covenants being but words and breath have no
force to oblige."-Hobbes : Leviathan.
* (6) Rage, fury...
“His brode eghne
That fulle brymly for breth brynte as the gledys."
Morte Arthure, 116.
(7) Opinion, sentiments ; tendency of
thought. For it seems often merely to respect
a partial expression of one's mind. “I wad
fain hear his breath about this business."
(Scotch.)
(ii) Of nature :
1. Lit. : Air gently in motion; a very slight
breeze.
“Anon out of the north est the noys bigynes,
When bothe brethes con blowe vpon blo watteres."
Early Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris) ; Patience, l. 138.
“Not a breath of wind; a solemn stillness; all nature
fast asleep."-S. Smith : Letters, No. 256.
2. Figuratively:
"... and at the same time open, as it were, a window
to the outer world through which an occasional breath
of every day English sentiment might flutter the self-
absorption of university life."-Times, Nov. 17, 1877.
II. Technically :
1. Physiol. : For details regarding the or-
ganic machine on the action of which breath-
ing depends, see LUNGS. For the process of
breathing itself see RESPIRATION. From 350
to 400 cubic feet of air are drawn into the
lungs in 24 hours. The air expired is different,
both in volume and composition, from that
which was respired. Each hour an adult
man takes in 450 to 550 grains of oxygen, and
emits in the same period about 632 grains of
carbonic acid, about 45 to 50 grains of nitro-
gen, and 9,720 grains of watery vapour.
Hence a continued supply of fresh air, laden
with oxygen, is needful to maintain life. For
the want of it, out of 146 prisoners shut up
in the “Black Hole” of Calcutta, which was
not a hole at all but only a room too small
for its occupants, 123 perished in eight hours,
as did 260 out of 300 Russian prisoners con-
fined in a cave after the battle of Austerlitz.
[AIR.]
2. Music: The signs to mark where breath
is to be taken are-'* V. (Grove.)
III. In special phrases:
1. Below one's breath: The same as under
one's breath.
2. In breath :
(1) Breathing, alive.
“When your first queen's again in breath."
" Shakesp. : Winter's Tale, v. 1.
(2) Able to breathe.
“I am scarce in breath, my lord."-Shakesp. : King
Lear, ii. 2.
3. Out of breath: Breathless, exhausted.
4. Under one's breath : Very quietly, in fear.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhŭn-cious, -tious, -sious = shŭs. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

688
breathable-breathing
“The result of the adventure used to be spoken of
under our breath and in secret."-H, Miller : Schools
and Schoolmasters, p. 69.
5. With bated breath : In a humble, subser-
vient voice.
“Shall I bend low, and in a bondman's key,
With bated breath, and whispering huinbleness."
Shakesp. : Mer. of Venice, i. 3.
6. Breath of life: The soul.
“Yet one doubt
Pursues me (Adam) still, lest all I cannot die:
Lest that pure breath of life, the spirit of man
Which God inspired, cannot together perish
With this corporeal clod."
Milton : Par. Lost, x. 782—791.
7. To take one's breath (lit. or fig.): To pause,
to recover one's self.
8. To catch one's breath : To prevent one
from breathing freely.
9. To hold one's breath : To be eagerly ex-
pectant.
breath-figure, s. A figure produced by
the breath, after a coin or anything similar
has been laid upon a plate of smooth metal or
glass. The figure is that of the coin. Elec-
tricity may have to do with its production.
breath-giver, s. He who gives life, or
the power of breathing; God.
“Peace, wicked woman, peace, vnworthy to breath,
that doest not acknowledge the breath-giver ; most
vnworthy to haue a tongue, which speakest against
him, through whom thou speakest."-Sidney : Arca-
dia, p. 263.
brēath'-a-ble, a. [Eng. breath(e); -able.]
That may be breathed, fit to be breathed.
“ The expulsion of carbonic acid from the blood, and
the taking in of an equivalent amount of oxygen from
the air, go on so long as the air is breathable." Corn-
hill Magazine, 1862, p. 485.
+ brēath'-a-ble-něss, s. [Eng. breathable ;
-ness.] The quality of being breathable, or fit
to be breathed.
brēathe, * brēath, * brethyn, * brethe,
v.i. & t. [BREATH, S.]
A. Intransitive :
I. Literally. Of beings :
1. To inhale or exhale air, to respire.
“Whil yit thou art aboue and brethest.”—Wycliffe:
Ecclus. xxxiii. 21.
“ Brethyn', or ondyn.' Spiro, anelo, aspiro.” —
Prompt. Parv.
† 2. To have the power of respiration, to live.
“... he left none remaining, but utterly destroyed
all that breathed, as the Lord God of Israel com-
manded."-Joshua x. 40.
II. Figuratively :
1. Of persons: To take breath, to recover
oneself.
." He presently followed the victory so hot upon the
Scots, that he suffered them not to breathe, or gather
themselves together again.” — Spenser: State of Ire-
land.
2. Of things :
(1) To pass as air, to be exhaled.
“ Shall I not, then, be stified in the vault,
To whose foul mouth no healthsome air breathes in."
Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, iv. 3.
(2) To live; to be actively in motion.
“Deep thoughts of majesty and might
For ever breathing there."
Hemans : Eryri Wen.
B. Transitive:
i. With a cognate object :
I. Literally: To inhale or exhale.
“Glad are they who therein sail,
Once more to breathe the balmy gale."
Wilson : Isle of Palms, iii. 208.
II. Figuratively :
1. To emit as a breath, to set in motion
softly; to exhale, to be redolent of.
(1) Of air or wind.
“Place me where winter breathes his keenest air.”
Cowper : Table Talk.
(2) Of music.
“And, as I wake, sweet music breathes.”
Milton : 11 Penseroso.
(3) Of odours.
“His altar breathes
Ambrosial odours and ambrosial flowers."
Milton : P. L., bk. ii.
2. To declare or express.
(1) By speech.
(a) In a bad sense : To threaten.
“Some recommended caution and delay; others
breathed nothing but war.” — Macaulay : Hist. Eng.,
ch. xxvi.
(6) Of prayers or vows: To utter softly.
“I have toward heaven breathed a secret vow.”
Shakesp.: Mer. of Venice, iii. 4.
(2) By outward signs.
“And his whole figure breathed intelligence.”
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. 1.
“It's a breather.”—Dickens : Dombey and Son.
breath.
3. An exercise gallop, to improve the wind.
“They breathe the flute or strike the vocal wire.”
(Colloquial.)
Prior.
ii. With an object not cognate :
“... for the famous Worcestershire jockey gave
him his breather.”—Daily News, Sept. 11, 1878.
I. Literally :
1. To give time or rest for breathing to.
* breath'-fúl, a. [Eng. breath ; ful(l).]
“After him came spurring hard
1. Literally: Full of breath or wind.
A gentleman, almost forspent with speed,
“ And eke the breathfull bellowes blew amaine,
That stopp'd by me to breathe his bloodied horse."
Like to the Northren winde, that none could heare."
Shakesp. : 2 Hen. IV., i. 1.
Spenser: F. Q., IV. v. 38.
2. (Reflexively): To take recreation ; to take 2. Figuratively:
exercise.
(1) Full of odour.
“I think thou was created for men to breathe them-
"Fresh Costmarie, and breathfull Camomill."
selves upon."--Shakesp. : All's Well, ii. 3. (Nares.)
Spenser : Muiopotmos, 195.
“.... they had also of auncient time divers other (2) Full of life ; living.
Manor houses of lesse cost and capacitie, planted in
divers parts of this country, in which they used to
breathe themselves."-Lambarde : Peramb. of Kent,
brēath'-ing, * breth-inge, * breth-ing,
p. 239.
* breth-ynge, pr. par., a., & s. [BREATHE.]
3. To put out of breath; to exhaust.
A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: In
"Christian began to pant, and said, 'I dare say this senses corresponding to those of the verb.
is a breathing hill.'”-Bunyan: P. P., pt. ii.
“But, oh! the life in Nature's green domains.
II. Figuratively:
The breathing sense of joy! where flowers are
springing." Hemans : The Release of Tasso.
1. To allow to rest for a time.
C. As substantive :
« Tho, when no more could nigh to him approch,
He breath'd his sword, and rested him till day."
I. Ordinary Language :
Spenser: F. Q., VI. xi. 47.
1. Literally :
2. To give air or vent to.
(1) The act or process of inhaling and exhal-
"She sunk down at her feet in fits, so that they
were forced to breathe a vein." - Richardson : Clarissa,
ing breath ; respiration.
vol. viii., lett. 29.
“The laborious breathing necessary in high regions
C. In special phrases :
would, we have some reason to believe, increase the
size of the chest."-Darwin: Origin of Species (ed.
1. To breathe again :
1859), ch. vi., p. 198.
(1) Lit. : To take breath afresh.
(2) The breath.
(2) Fig.: To recover one's senses or cour-
“ 'Tis her breathing that perfumes."
Shakesp. : Cymbeline, ii. 2.
age, to be relieved in mind.
(3) Air in gentle motion; a very light
2. To breathe out:
breeze, a breath of air.
(1) Lit. : To emit as breath.
“No gentle breathings from thy distant sky
“She is called, by ancient authors, the tenth muse,
Came o'er his path, and whisper'd 'Liberty!'"
and by Plutarch is compared to Caius, the son of
Hemans : Elysium.
Vulcan, who breathed out nothing but flame."-Spect.
“Vast as it is, it answers as it flows
(2) Figuratively:
The breathings of the lightest air that blows."
Cowper: Retirement.
(a) To exhale. [B. i. II. 1.]
(4) Exercise taken to promote ease of respir-
“Whan thei shuld brethen out ther soulis in the ation.
bosom of ther modris."- Wycliffe : Lament. ii. 12.
• "Here is a lady that wants breathing too."
(6) To utter threateningly. [B. i. II. 2 (1).]
Shakesp. : Pericles, ii. 3.
“So desperate thieves, all hopeless of their lives,
(5) A breathing-place, a rent.
Breathe out invectives 'gainst the officers."
“ The warmth distends the chinks, and makes
Shakesp. : 3 Hen. VI., i. 4.
New breathings whence new nourishment she
"And Saul, yet breathing out threatenings and
takes."
Dryden.
slaughter ..."-Acts ix. 1.
2. Figuratively:
3. To breathe into : To cause to pass into as
a breath.
(1) An aspiration or earnest desire, accom-
"He breathed into us the breath of life, a vital active
panied by secret prayer for anything.
spirit; ..."-Decay of Piety.
“Thou hast heard my voice; hide not thine ear at
*4. To breathe after : To aspire to, aim at.
my breathing, at iny cry."-Lam. iii. 56.
"We disown ourselves to be his creatures, if we
(2) Any gentle influence or inspiration, as
breathe not after a resemblance to him in what he
“ the breathings of the spirit.”
is imitable.”—Charnock: Discourses, ii. 259.
(3) Utterance, publicity by word of mouth.
5. To breathe one's last : To die.
"I am sorry to give breathing to my purpose.”..
Shakesp. : Ant. & Cleop., i. 3.
brēathed, pa. par. & a. [BREATHE, v.]
II. Technically:
I. Gen. : In senses corresponding to those
(1) Grammar:
of the verb.
(a) Aspiration ; the sound produced by the
“Each heart shall echo to the strain
use of the letter h.
Breathed in the warrior's praise."
(6) Greek Grammar: A mark placed over
Hemans : The Crusaders' War-Song.
the initial vowel of a word to denote aspira-
II. Specially:
tion. There are two kinds : (a) the rough
* 1. Full of breath ; having good breath or breathing (spiritus asper), indicated by a
wind; stout.
turned comma (), signifies that the vowel is
“Thy greyhounds are as swift as breathed stags." to be pronounced as if preceded by the letter
Shakesp. : Tam. of Shrew, Induct., ii.
h, as avròs (pronounced hautos); (b) the
2. Wanting in breath; out of breath.
smooth breathing (spiritus lenis), indicated by
"Mr. Tulkinghorn arrives in his turret-room, a a comma over the vowel (°), signifies the
little breathed by the journey up.”—Dickens : Bleak absence of any aspirate, as aŭtos (pronounced
House.
autos).
* brēathe'-man, * brethe'-man, s. [Eng. (2) Hunting : This word, applied to the
breathe ; -man.] One who blows a horn, stag, has the same meaning as at gaze. [GAZE,
trumpet, &c.
"Bremly the brethemen bragges in troumppes.”
breathing-place, s.
Morte Arthure, 4,107.
1. An outlet or vent for breathing or the
brēath'-ér, * breth-ere, s. [Eng. breath(e); 1 passage of air.
-er.]
2. A place for taking breath; a pause.
I. Literally :
“That cæsura, or breathing-place, in the midst of
† 1. One who breathes, or lives.
the verse, neither Italian nor Spanish have, the
French and we almost never fail of."-Sidney: Defence
“ When all the breathers of this world are dead,
of Poesy.
You still shall live." Shakesp. : Sonnets, 81.
* 2. One who utters or publishes anything. breathing-pore, s.
“Saul, yit brethere, or blowere, of manassis and Bot. : A pore in the cuticle of plants.
betyng, or sleyng, into disciplis of the Lord, cam nygh
to the princes of prestis, and axide of hem epistlis breathing-space, s. Room or time for
into Damaske, to synagogis."—Wycliffe : Acts ix. 1.
breathing, or recovering one's self. (Lit. &
“No particular scandal once can touch,
But it confounds the breather."
fig.)
Shakesp. : Meas. for Meas., iv. 4. “There the passions, cramp'd no longer, shall have
II. Figuratively:
scope and breathing-space."
Tennyson: Locksley Hati.
† 1. An inspirer; one that animates or in-
fuses by inspiration.
breathing-time, s. A time or space for
“ The breather of all life does now expire."
recovering one's breath (lit. & fig.); a pause ;
- Norris.
relaxation.
2. That which puts out of breath or ex-
“ This breathing-time the matron took; and then
Resuined the thread of her discourse again."
hausts. (Colloquial.)
Dryden: The Hind and Panther, iii.
s.]
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, nếr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; trý, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

breathless--breech
689
gaze."
" We have grown wise enough to shrink from uni-
"Bred, kalues fleis, and flures bred,
necessary interference in foreign brawls; and it be-
Aud buttere, hem tho sondes bed."
hoves us to turn this happy breathing-time to the best
Story of Gen. und Exod., 1,013-14.
account.”—Daily Telegraph, Nov. 1, 1865.
“Quhow understand ye that is writtin be S. Paull,
We ar mony ane breid and ane body?" - N. Winyet :
breathing-while, s. The space of time
Questions; Keith's Hist., App., p. 232.
in which one could take a breath ; a moment, 2. A loaf or mass of bread by itself, whether
an instant. [BREATH, 4.]
large or small. (The term is still vulgarly
“Shall be blasted in a breathing-while."
used by bakers in this sense.) (Scotch.)
Shakesp. : Venus and Adonis.
“Quhy use ye at your Communioun now four, now
breath'-lėss, a. [Eng. breath ; -less. ]
thre coupis, and mony breidis?"- N. Winyet : Ques-
tions; Keith's Hist., APP., p. 232.
I. Literally:
It is sometimes distinguished by its rela
1. Wanting in breath; out of breath.
tive size.
“Urging his followers, till their foes, beset,
“Imprimis, daylie xiiij gret bred. To the lavander
Stand faint and breathless, but undauuted yet."
iij gret bred. Summa of bred, lix gret breu."-Royal
Hemans : The Abencerrage, c. i.
Household: Chalmers's Mary, i. 178, 179.
2. Dead, lifeless.
* bred-wrigte, S. (O. Eng. bred =
"Defends the breathless carcass on the ground.
bread, and wright (q.v.) = a maker.] One
Furious he flies, his murderer to engage.'
Pope : Homer's Iliad, xvi. 381-3. who makes bread, a baker.
3. Attended with exhaustion or want of
“Quath this bred-wrigte, 'litheth nu me.”
breath.
Story of Gen. and Exod., 2,077.
“How I remember that breathless flight." | bred, pa. par. & d. [BREED, v.]
Longfellow : The Golden Legend, iv.
A. & B. As pa. par. & particip. adj. : In
II. Figuratively: Excited, eager; holding senses corresponding to those of the verb.
one's breath in anxiety or eagerness.
“Their malice was bred in them."—Wisdom, xii. 10.
"And inspiration beams upon his brow,
“ Not so the Borderer :-bred to war,
While, thronging round him, breathless thousands
He knew the battle's din afar."
Hemans : The Abencerrage, ii.
Scott : Marmion, v. 4.
breath'-lėss-ness, s. [Eng. breath ; -less ;
Often in composition. [HALF-BRED, ILL-
-ness.] The state of being breathless, or out
BRED, WELL-BRED.]
of breath.
bred-sore, s. A whitlow.
“Methinks I hear the soldiers and busie officers
when they were rolling that other weighty stone (for brěd'-bēr-gīte, s. [From Bredberg, a Swedish
such we probably conceive), to the mouth of the vault
mineralogist.]
with inuch toil and sweat and breathlessness, how
they bragged of the sureness of the place."-Bp. Hall: Min.: A variety of garnet, described by
Works, ii. 276.
Dana as Lime-magnesia Iron-garnet. It is
+ breathm, S. [Eng. breath; -m.] That
from Sala in Sweden.
which is breathed.
“Dr. B. W. Richardson will deliver a lecture on
* bredde, pret. & pa. par. [BREED.] Bred,
Breath and Breathms.'”-Times, Jan. 19, 1881.
generated. (Prompt. Parv.)
"It wirmede, bredde, and rotede thor.”
* breath'-ý, a. [Eng. breath ; -y.] Full of air
Story of Gen. and Exod., 3,342.
or wind, windy.
* bred-dit, pa. par. or a. [BRAIDED.) Covered,
"It the fired whirlwind or presterl differeth from
as though with embroidery.
lightning: lightning is less flamy and less breathy."
-Swan : Speculum Mundi (1635), p. 186.
“The durris and the windois all war breddit
With massie gold, quhairof the fynes scheddit."
Palice of Honour, iii. 68. (Edin. ed., 1579.)
brecc'-1-ą (cc as ch), s. [Ital. breccia ; Fr.
brèche =(1) a breach, (2) a fragment.]
* brede (1), v.t. & i. [BREED.) (Prompt.
1. Building, Comm., &c. : A kind of marble
Parv.)
coinposed of a mass of angular fragments, * brede (2), v.i. [A.S. brcédan = to extend,
closely cemented together in such a manner
spread ; or perhaps = breed, grow.] [BREED,
that when broken they form brèches or V., B., 3, (2).] To spread out, to extend.
notches.
"And blomys bricht besyd thame bredis."
2. Geol. : The word has now a more extended
Barbour : The Bruce (ed. Skeat), xvi. 68.
signification. It signifies a rock composed
* brede (3), * breden, v.t. [A.S. brædan.]
of angular as distinguished from rounded frag-
To roast, burn.
ments united by a cement of lime, oxide of
iron, &c. The fragments of course are derived
“His flæsce he gan breden."-Layamon, iii. 31.
“Man and hous thei brent and bredden."- Arthour
from pre-existing rocks. Presumably these
and Merlin, p. 270.
are not far off, for if the fragments had been
transported from a distance by water, their * brede (4), * breid, v. [BREED, v.] To re-
angles would have been rounded off. There semble.
are quartsite breccias, ferruginous breccias,
volcanic breccias, bone breccias, &c.
* brede (1), s. [BRAID, s.] A braid, a piece of
braiding or embroidery.
"... faced with barricades of limestone rock, inter-
mixed with huge masses of breccia, or pebbles imbedded
“In a curious brede of needlework, one colour falls
in some softer substance which has hardened around
away by such just degrees, and another rises so insen.
them like mortar."-Scott : Rob Roy, ch. xxxii.
sibly, that we see the variety, without being able to
distinguish the total vanishing of the one from the
"I noticed that the smaller streams in the Pampas first appearance of the other."-Addison.
were paved with a breccia of bones." -Darwin : Voyage
round the World (ed. 1870), ch. vii., p. 134.
“Half-lapped in glowing gauze and golden brede."
Tennyson : Princess, vi. 118.
brēcc'-1-ā-těd (cc as ch), a. [BRECCIA.] * brede (2), s. [A.S. brerd =a brim, ... a
Abounding in breccia ; consisting of angular shore, a bank.] A limit.
fragments cemented together.
“The burne blessed hym belyue & the bredez passed."
“There are many points in Auvergne where igneous
Gaw. & the Gr. Knight, 2,071.
rocks have been forced by subsequent injection through
clays and marly limestones, in such a manner that the
* brede (3), pa. par. & S. CA.S. brode = roasted
whole has become blended in one confused and brec meat (Somner).] Roast meat.
ciated mass." -Lyell : Princ. of Geol., iii. 259.
"Sum as brede brochede, and bierdez thame tournede."
Morte Arthure, 1,052.
* brech, s. [BREACH, BREECH.]
* brēde (4), * bred, s. [BREAD.]
brěch'-am, brěch'-ame (ch guttural), s.
A working horse's collar. (Scotch.)
* brede-huche, * bredhitithe, s. A
"... said Cuddie, we'll hae some chance o' getting
lump of bread.
our necks out o' the brecham again.'"-Scott: Old Mor-
"Brede-huche (bredhitithe, P.) Turrundula, UG. in
tality, ch. xvii.
turgeo.”—Prompt. Parv.
* brech'-an, * brêck'-an (Scotch), S.
* brede (5), s. [A.S. bred= a plank, a board.]
[BRACKEN.] Ferns.
A small table.
“Far dearer to me yon lone glen o' green breckan,
"Brede, or lytylle borde. Mensula, tabella, asseru-
Wi' the burn stealing under the lang yellow broom."
Tus."-Prompt. Parv.
Burns : Caledonia.
* brede- chese, * bred - chese, S.
* breche, s. [BREECH, BREACH.]
[Provinc. Eng. of Eastern counties bred = a
braid used to press curd for cheese ; or bred
* breck, * brack, s. [BREACH.]
= a braid-platter; chese = Eng. cheese.] A
1. A gap in a hedge. (Bailey.)
cheese freshly taken from the press or served
2. A piece of unenclosed arable land; a
on a "bred," or broad platter. (Way.)
sheep-walk.
"Bredechese (bredchese, P.). Jumtata (junctata,
P.)."-Prompt. Parv.
* brêck'-ěn, s. [BRACKEN.]
* brede (6), s. [BREADTH, BROAD.] Breadth.
* bred, * breid, s. [BREAD.]
“The brigge ys ... on brede fourty fete."
Sir Ferumbras, 1,688.
1. Bread.
"Brede or squarenesse, croissure."-Palsgrave.
* bredir, s. pl. [BROTHER.] Brethren.
* bredis, s. pl. [Jamieson says this is cer-
tainly the same with in brede as used by
Chaucer, which Tyrwhitt renders abroad.
Thus brondyn in bredis is “branched out."
But it appears more probable that the MS.
has been mis-read, and that we shonld read
broudyn in bredis = embroidered, as with
braids.] [BREDE (1), s.]
“The birth that the ground bure was brondyn in
bredis,
With gerss gay as the gold, and granis of grace.".
Houlate, i. 3. MS.
* bredthe, s. [BREADTH.] Breadth.
“Bredthe of anythyng, largeur."-Palsgrave.
* bred-yn (1), v.t. [BREED.) (Prompt. Parv.)
* bred-yn (2), v.t. [BROADEN.] (Prompt.
Parv.)
* bred-ynge (1), pr. par. & s. [BREED, v.]
(Prompt. Parv.)
* bred-ynge (2), pr. par. & s. [BREDYN (2). ]
(Prompt. Parv.)
* bred-ynge (3), pr. par., A., & s. [BRAIDING. ]
(Prompt. Parv.)
bree (1), brie, brew, broo (Scotch), S.
[A.S. briw; Dut. brij ; Ġer. brei ; 0. H. Ger.
bri, brio; M. H. Ger. bri, brie.] [BREW (1), s.]
1. Broth, soup.
“The priest said grace, and all the thrang fell tee,
And ply'd their cutties at the smervy bree."
Ross: Helenore, p. 116.
“Good beef and mutton to be broo,
Dight spits, and then laid the rosts to."
Sir Egeir., p. 66.
2. Juice, sauce.
3. Water, the sea; moisture of any kind.
“Brent in the bre with the breme lowe.”
V Destruct. of Troy, 12,514.
“A' ye douce folk, I've borne aboon the broo,
Were ye but here, what would ye say or do !"
Burns : The Brigs of Ayr.
* bree (2), * broo, s. [A corruption of O. Fr.
brigue; 0. Eng. brige = contention, quarrel.]
Hurry, bustle, tumult.
“Nae doubt, when ony sic poor chiel' as me
Plays tricks like that; ye'll, in a hurry, see
It thro' the parish raise an unco bree."
Shirref : Poems, p. 67.
bree (3), S. [BRE.) The eye-brow.
breea, s. [BRAY (3), s.]
In East Yorkshire : The bank of a river.
(Prof. Phillips : Rivers, &c., of Yorkshire, p.
262.)
breech (pron. brıçh), brêch, *brêk,
* brêke, * brych (both sing and pl.),
* bryche (sing.), breeches (pl.) (pron.
brich'-es (Eng.), breekş, breiks (pl.)
(Scotch), s. & a. [A.S. bróc, brec (pl. brec, brec)
= breeches, trowsers, a girdle; O. Icel, brok
(pl. brækr); O. Dan. brog; Dut. broek; O.
Fries. brec; M. H. Ger. bruoch; O. H. Ger.
pruoh; Provinc. Fr. brougues; Lat. braca,
bracca (sing.), bracce, braccce (pl.), all = trow-
sers, breeches ; Gael. briogais; Ir. brog. ]
[BROGUE.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally :
(1) A garment worn to cover the lower part
of the body; drawers. (Originally used of the
dress of women as well as of men, but now
confined to the latter.)
(a) Very rarely in the singular.
"The wommen weren breech as well as men."-
Maundeville : Voiage, p. 250.
“That you might still have worn the petticoat,
And ne'er had stol'n the breech from Lancaster."
Shakesp. : 3 Hen. VI., v. 5.
(6) Now only in this sense in the plural.
. and shall have linen breeches upon their
loins ; they shall not gird themselves with anything
that causeth sweat."--Ezek. xliv. 18.
"Young, royal Tarry Breeks."
Burns : A Dream.
. stoles, albs; chlamydes, togas, Chinese silks,
Afghaun shawls, trunk-hose, leather breeches, Celtic
philibegs ..."-Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. i., ch. v.
The Jewish priests wore linen breeches
(Exod. xxviii. 42, xxxix. 28; Levit. xvi. 4). In
classical times breeches were worn only by
the non-Roman and non-Grecian nations.
(2) Sing. : The hinder part of the person,
covered by the trowsers. (Hayward.)
2. Figuratively :
(1) The hinder part of anything. [II. 1.]
(2) Used, in the sense of authority, rule,
boil, bóy; póut, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn, -tion, -sion =shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhŭn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, del.
besim
como
es el debate the more
om en medio
esentiale, e midagi
44

690
breech-breed
superiority, especially in the phrases to have brēech (or as brich), v.t. [From breech, s.
the breeches, to wear the breeches.
(q.v.).]
“Terentia being a most cruel woman, and wearing I. Ordinary Language :
her husband's breeches."- North : Plutarch. (Cicero.)
“Come, Lopez, let's give our wives the breeches too,
1. To put into breeches.
For they will have 'em."
2. To whip upon the breech.
Beaum, & Fletcher : Women Pleased, v. 3.
II. Technically:
II. Technically:
1. Fire-arins and Ordnance : The rear por-
Of a gun : To fit with a breech ; to fasten
tion of a gun; the portion behind the cham-
with breeching (q.v.).
ber.
2. Shipbuilding : The outer angle of a knee-
brēeched (or as briched) (Eng.), brēeked
timber; the inner angle is the throat.
(Scotch). [BREECH, v.]
B. As adjective: Pertaining to a breech in
I. Ordinary Language :
any of the senses given under A.
1. Literally :
breech-band, s.
(1) Wearing, or having on breeches.
"But I can perceive that the idea, roinantic as it is,
Harness : The same as breeching, s. (2) (q.v.).
is strongly felt by the blue-coated, red-breeked crea-
tures, who are wanted just now to reinforce the maimed
breech-belt, *breche-belt, * brek-
armies of the Emperor.".-Daily News, Sept. 3, 1870.
belt, s. A belt or girdle used to sustain the
(2) Put into breeches ; hence grown up.
breeches; a waist-belt..
"His breche-belt all tobrast."
(3) Whipped on the breech. (Beaum. & Fl.)
Hunttyng of the Hure, 205. *2. Figuratively : Covered, hidden.
breech-block. 3. A movable piece at
“There, the inurderers,
the breech of a breech-loading gun, which is
Steep'd in the colours of their trade, their daggers
withdrawn for the insertion of a cartridge and
Unmannerly breech'd with gore."
Shakesp. : Macbeth, ii. 3.
closed before firing, to receive the impact of II. Technically :
the recoil. [FIRE-ARM.]
Of guns: Having a breech.
breech - girdle, * brech - gurdel,
* brech - gerdel, * breek - girdille, 1 * brēech'-ěr, s. [Breech ; -er.]
* breg-gurdel, * brich-gerdel, * brek 1. One who breeches.
gurdel, * bre-gurdel, * bri-gurdel,
* bry-gyr-dyll, S. [Eng. breech ; 0. Eng.
2. One who floys on the breech.
brech, breche, &c.= breech, and girdle.)
“ Fesseur. A whipper, scourger, breecher."-Cotgrave.
1. The same as breech-belt.
breeches (pron. brich'-ěş), s. pl. (BREECH.]
"Small trees that ben non hyere than a mannes
breekyirdille."- Maundeville, p. 50.
breeches-bible, s. A name given to a
"Jeremie's brech-gerdel rotede bezide the wetere."-
bible printed in 1579, and so called from the
Ayenbite of Inwit (ed. Morris), p. 205.
2. The waist, the middle. [BREGGURDEL.]
reading of Genesis iii. 7: “tlrey sowed figge-
tree leaves together and made themselves
breech-loader, s. A fire-arm in which breeches.” As a matter of fact, this bible has
the charge is introduced at the rear instead no more distinctive right to the name than
of at the muz-
Wickliffe's version, in which the same words
zle. The use
are also found.
of breech-
loaders goes
brēeçh-ing (or as brīçh'-ing), pr. par., A.,
back to the
& s. (BREECH, v.]
sixteenth cen-
(
A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adi. : In
tury; indeed,
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
it is probable
that that form
C. As substantive :
of armis BREECH OF A BREECH-LOADING I. Ordinary Language : The act of whipping
about as old
RIFLE.
on the breech; the state of being so whipped.
as the muzzle-
"Memorandum, that Iowe Anamnestes a breeching."
loader. In the modern form, however, it is
-Brewer : Lingua, iii. 1.
of quite recent introduction.
II. Technically :
“Another and still more important lesson of the 1. Ordnance : A rope secured by a thimble
present war is found in the use at once of intrench-
to the breeching-loop of a ship's gun, and
ments and breech-loaders."— Times, Dec. 12, 1877.
attached by its ends to ring-bolts on each
breech-loading, a. Made to be loaded
side of the port-hole, serving to limit the
at the breech.
recoil of the gun when fired. The breeching-
Breech-loading gun or cannon: A gun or loop occupies the place of the ordinary
cannon made to be loaded at the breech in cascabel.
place of the muzzle.
2. Harness : The portion which comes be-
Breech-loading rifle : A rifle made to be hind the buttocks of a horse, and enables him
loaded at the breech.
to hold back the vehicle in descending a hill.
It is called also a breech-band.
breech-pin, s.
3. Furnace: A bifurcated smoke-pipe of a
Fire-arms : A plug screwed into the rear
end of a barrel, forming the bottom of the
furnace or heater.
charge-chamber. Otherwise called a breech breeching-hook, s.
plug or breech-screw.
Vehicles: A loop or hook on the shaft of a
breech-screw, s.
carriage for the attachment of the strap of
Fire-arms : The plug which closes the rear
the breeching, by which the horse bears back-
end of the bore of a fire-arm barrel. The wardly against the load in descending a hill.
parts are known as the plug, the face, the
breeching-loop, s.
tenon, the tang, and the tang-screw hole.
Ordnance : The loop of the cascabel in ships'
breech-sight, s.
guns, through which the breeching goes to
Fire-arms: The hinder sight of a gun. In prevent the recoil.
conjunction with the front sight it serves to
aim the gun at an object. It is graduated to
brēed, * brede, * breden, * bredyn,
degrees and fractions, their length on the * breede, v.t. & i. (A.S. brédan = to noile
scale being equal to the tangents of an arc rish, keep warm; Dut. broeden = to brood,
having a radius equal to the distance between broeijen = (1) to hatch, incubate, (2) to brew;
the front and rear sights. The front sight is
0. H. Ger. pruatan ; Ger. brüten; Wel. brwd
merely a short piece of metal screwed into
= hot, warm ; brydiau = to heat, inflame;
the gun, usually at the muzzle, but some-
Lat. fovere = to cherish, nourish. The word
times between the trunnions, or on one of the is closely connected with brew (q.v.).]
rimbases, with its upper edge parallel to the A. Transitive:
bore of the gun. The rear sight may be de-
I. Literally :
tached, having a circular base fitting the base
of the gun, or may slide through a slotted lug,
1. To procreate, generate, beget.
and be retained at any given height by a set † (1) Of human beings :
screw. The breech-sight, the tangent scale,
"Moght we any barnes brede."
and the pendulum are merely different forms
Cursor Mundi, 2,945.
of this device. (Knight.)
(2) Of animals : To beget, generate, bring
forth.
breech-wrench, s.
(3) Of fowls : To hatch.
Fire-arms: A wrench used in turning out
“ Bredyn' or hetchyn', as byrdys. Pullifico." -
the breech-pin of a fire-arm.
Prompt. Parv.
2. To cause to exist.
“ If the sun breed maggots in a dead dog."-Shakesp. :
Hamlet, ii. 2.
3. To produce, bring into existence.
“ Ther I was bred, also that ilke day,
And fostred in a rock of marble gray."
Chaucer : C. T., 1,081-2.
II. Figuratively:
1. To educate, instruct, form by instruction,
"Charged my brother to breed me well."
Shakesp.: As you like It, i. 1.
“To breed up the son to commou sense,
Is evermore the parent's least expence."
Dryden : Juvenal.
2. To rear up.
"Ah wretched me! by fates averse decreed
To bring thee forth with pain, with care to breed."
Dryden.
3. To raise or continue a breed.
"We breed the sheep and we kill it:
Coleridge : The Friend, p. 118.
4. To produce, give birth to.
(1) Of material things :
"That ever Rome should breed thy fellow."
Shakesp. : Julius Cæsar, v. 3.
"... the worthiest divine Christendoin hath bred
for the space of some hundreds of years."-Hooker.
(2) Of immaterial things : To occasion,
cause, give rise to, originate.
“Thy love excedeth
Mesure, and many a peine bredeth."
Gower : Conf. Aman., i. 60.
“The danger hid, the place unknowne and wilde,
Breedes dreadfull doubts. Oft fire is without smoke."
Spenser': F. Q., I. i. 12.
5. To be the birthplace of.
“The imperious seas breed monsters."
Shakesp. : Cymbeline, iv. 2.
“It bred worms and stank."—Exodus, xvi. 20.
6. To contrive, plot, hatch.
“My son Edgar! Had he a hand to write this? A
heart and brain to breed it in ?"-Shakesp. : Lear, i. 2.
B. Intransitive:
I. Literally :
1. To bear, give birth to young.
“ To sitten and soupen ....
And breden as burghe swyn."
Langland : Piers Plow., 1,075.
“Here nothing breeds."
Shakesp.: Titus And., ii.
2. To raise or continue a breed or kind.
"Choose the kind of animal that you wish to broed
from."-Gardner.
3. To have birth, be procreated or produced.
(1) Of animate beings :
“ To the harte and to the hare
That bredus in the rise."
Avowing of Arthur II.
(2) Of inanimate things :
“Blosmes bredeth on the bowes."-Wright : Lyrio
Poems, p. 45.
II. Figuratively:
1. To be the birthplace or origin of living
things. (Compare our expression to become
alive with.)
"It [manna) wirmede, bredde and rotede."-Story of
Gen. and Exod., 3,342.
2. To take its origin or cause from, arise, bo
produced, or originated from.
“Heaven rain grace
On that which breeds between them.”
Shakesp.: Tempest, fil, 1
To breed of, to breid of, to braid of:
1. To resemble.
“Ye breed of the miller's dog, ye lick your mouth or
the poke be ope."-Ferguson : Scotch Proverbs, p. 85.
“Ye breed o' the gowk, ..."-Ibid., p. 35.
2. To appear, to be manifest.
"Sum schames to ask as braids of me."
Dunbar : Bannatyne Poems, p. 46, st. 3. (Jamieson.)
Crabb thus distinguishes between the
verbs to breed and to engender :-“ To breed is
to bring into existerice by a slow operation, to
engender is to be the author or prime cause
of existence. So, in the metaphorical sense,
frequent quarrels are apt to breed hatred and
animosity. ... Whatever breeds acts
gradually; whatever engenders produces im-
mediately as cause and effect. Uncleanness
breeds diseases of the body; want of occupa-
tion breeds those of the mind; playing at
chance games engenders a love of money."
(Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
* breed-bate, s. A quarrelsome person,
one who causes quarrels and disturbances,
" No tell-tale, nor no breed-bate.”-Shakesp. : Merry
Wives, i. 4.
* breed (1), * brede, s. (BREAD.)
“And straw her cage faire and soft as silk,
And geve hem sugre, hony, breed, and mylk."
Chaucer : 10,927-8.
“Sufficiantly al his lyvyng,
Yit may he go his breed begging; .
Fro dore to dore, he may go trace.”
The Romaunt of the Rose.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâlı, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hõr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian. a, oe=ē, ey =ā. qu=kw.

breed-bregge
691
a kind.
14.
brēed (2), s. (BREED, v.]
[BRIEF, s.] A short sentence used or worn as a violent wind, are blasts. A gust is sudden
I. Literally :
a charm or an amulet. (Scotch.)
and vehement: gusts of wind are sometimes so
violent as to sweep everything before them
“ Ye surely hae some warl .ck-breef,
1. A subdivision of species ; a class, a caste,
Owre human hearts:
while they last. Storm, tempest, and hurricane,
For ne'er a busom yet was prief,
include other particulars besides wind. A
"Butter of kive, and milk of sheep, with fat of
Against your arts."
lambs, and ranis of the breed of Bashan.'--Deut. xxxii.
storm throws the whole atmosphere into com-
Burns: Epistle to James Smith.
“Being demaunded for what cause my Lord kept motion ; it is a war of the elements, in which
the characters so well, depones, that. to his oppinioni,
“The greater number of inen were of a mixed breed,
wind, rain, and the like, conspire to disturb
between Negro, Indian, and Spaniard." - Darwin :
it was for 110 good, because he heard, that in those
the heavens. Tempest is a species of storm
Voyage Rounus the World (ed. 1870), ch. iv., p. 71.
parts where my Lord was, they would give sundry
folks breeves."--Gowrie : Conspir. Cunt's Hist. Perth, which has also thunder and lightning to add
2. A family; a generation (generally con i. 216.
to the confusion. Hurricane is a species of
temptuously).
brēek (generally in the plural), s. [BREECH,
storm which exceeds all the rest in violence
"A cousin of his last wife's was proposed : but John
would have no more of the breed."- Arbuthnot : Hist.
s.]
and duration. ..." (Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
(Scotch.)
of John Bull.
"Why,' said he, you know, Baron, the proverb
breeze (2), s. [O. Fr. brese; Fr. braise =
3. Offspring.
tells us, it's ill taking the breeks off a Highlaudinau,"
and the boots are here in the same predicament." cinders.]
"Since that the truest issue of thy throne
Scott: Waverley, ch. xlviii.
By his own interdiction stands accursed,
1. Brick-making : Refuse cinders used for
And does blaspheine his breed.'
breek-brother, s. A rival in love.
burning bricks in the clamp.
Shakesp. : Macbeth, iv. 3.
II. Figuratively :
“Rivalis. qui cum alio eandem amat, a breek. “Here the rubbish is sifted and sorted by women
brother."-Despaut. Gran. Edin., 1708, p. 34.
and children, and the ashes called 'breeze' are sold by
*1. Produce of any kind ; result, increase.
the defendant to be used in brickmakiug."--Echo;
"For when did friendship take brēek'-less, a. [Scotch breek, and Eng. suff. Dec. 9th, 1879.
A breed for barren metal of his friend ?"
-less. ] Without breeches, without trowsers. 2. Small coke (in this sense used in the plural).
Shakesp. : Mer. of Venice, i. 3.
(Scotch.)
“ The manufacture of the small coke called breezes."
* 2. The act of breeding; a brood.
Ure.
"She lays them in the sand, where they lie till they | breekş, s. pl. [BREEK.)
are hatched ; sometimes above au hundred at a breed."
breeze-oven, s.
-Grew.
* brēem, * brēeme, a. & adv. (BREME, a.) 1. A furnace adapted for burning coal dust
* breed (3), * bread, * breede, * brede,
“That foughten breeme, as it were boores tuo ;
or breeze.
* breid, s. [BREADTH.]
The brighte swerdes weute to and fro."
Chaucer: C. 7., 1,701-2.
2. An oven for the manufacture of breezes
1. Breadth, width.
or small coke.
* brëer, * breard, *brere (pa. par. *brerde,
"Within the temple of mighty Mars the reede ?
* brairdit), v.i. (BREER (2), s.] To germi-
Al peynted was the wal in length and breede."
brēeze (3), * brēeşe, s. [A.S. brimsa; Dut.
Chaucer : 0. T., 1971-72.
nate, to shoot forth from the earth. (Applied
brems; Ger, bremse'; O. H. Ger. brëmo: from
2. A breadth of cloth, woollen or linen. especially to grain.) (Scotch.)
Q. H. Ger. brëman = to hum. Skeat says
(Scotch.)
"The cornis croppis, and the bere new brerde,
the original form of the word must have been
Wyth gladesum garmont reuesting the erd."
“Of claith of silver-contening threttie lang breiddir,
Doug. : Virgil, 400, 27.
brimse.] A gad-fly. [BRIZE.]
sevin schort breidis, four lang and small breidis, and
"Yon ribaudred nag of Egypt, -
“ Whuddin hares, 'mang brairdit corn,
tua sinall and schort breidis."-Inventories, A. 1578,
At ilka sound are startin.'
The breese upon her, like a cow in June,
p. 211.
Rev. J. Nicol : Poems, ii. 1.
Hoists sail and flies."
“Ye maun sleeve-button't wi' twa adder-heads; brëer (1), s. [BRIAR.]
Shakesp. i Ant. and Cleop., ill. 10.
Wi' unchristened fingers maun plait down the breeds."
“A fierce loud buzzing breese, their stings draw blood,
Remains Nithsdale and Galloway Song, p. 111.
“He spraug o'er the bushes, he dash'd o'er the breers."
And drive the cattle gadding through the wood."
Wint. Ev. Tales, ii. 215.
(Jamieson.)
Dryden,
brēed'-ēr, s. [BREED, v.t.]
" Breers, brambles and briers."
Yorks. Marshall.
breeze-fly, s. (BREEZE (3).]
I. Literally :
1. That which breeds or produces young.
brëer (2), * braird, * brere, * breard, s. + brēeze, v.i. [BREEZE (1), s.] To blow gently
[A.S. brerů = the edge, point.] (Scotch.) or moderately.
“You love the breeder better than the inale."
Shakesp. : 3 Hen. VI., ii. 1.
[BRERD (2).]
"For now the breathing airs, from ocean born,
"Get thee to a nunnery: why would'st thou be a
1. Lit. : The first appearance of grain above
Breeze up the bay, and lead the lively morn."
Barlow.
breeder of sinners?"-Shakesp. : Hamlet, iii. 1.
ground after it is sown; a bud, a shoot.
2. A female that is prolific, and good at
In nautical phrase, to breeze up = to begin
“Blosme on bough and breer on rys."
breeding.
to blow freshly.
Castle of Love, 123.
"Brere, new sprung corn,"---Rudd.
“It was very dark, the wind breezing up sharper
II. Figuratively:
and sharper, and cold as death."-Daily Telegraph,
† 1. That which produces anything, the
“There is no breard like inidding breard."-S. Prov. Jail. 10, 1881..
Kelly, p. 328.
cause or origin.
| A fine breer : An abundant gerinination. It brēeze'-less, a. (Eng. breeze; -less.] Un-
“Give sentence on this execrable wretch,
That hath been breeder of these dire events."
2. Figuratively:
disturbed by any breeze ; still, calm.
Shakesp. : Titus Andron., v. 3.
(1) Applied to the first appearance of the
“Yet here no fiery ray inflames
“Time is the nurse and breeder of all good.”
seed of the word after it has been sown in the
The breezeless sky."
Ibid.: Two Gent. of Ver., iii. 1.
chardson : Poems.
2. One who devotes himself to the breed-
ministry of the gospel.
“A stagnate breezeless air becalms iny soul."
"If left free, the braird of the Lord, that begins to
Shenstone': Poems
ing and rearing of stock.
rise so green in the land, will grow in peace to a plenti-
"Breeders believe that long limbs are almost always ful harvest."---R. Gilhaize, i. 195.
breez-ý, a. (Eng. breez(e); -y.]
accompanied by an elongated head."-Darwin: Origin (2) Applied to low-born people who suddenly I. Literally:
of Species (ed. 1859), ch. 1., p. 11.
come to wealth and honour, in allusion to the
+ 3. The person or country which gives birth
1. Rising into a breeze ; gently moving.
stalks of corn which spring up on a dung-hill.
"The budding twigs spread out their fan,
to and rears anything.
To catch the breezy air.
"Time was, when Italy and Rome have been the brëer'-îng, pr. par. & a. [BREER, v.] Coming
Wordsworth: Lines Written in Early Spring.
best breeders and briugers up of the worthiest men." through the ground, as new corn and other 2. Ruffled by breezes.
-Ascham : Schoolmaster.
grain. (Scotch.)
“Oh how elate was I, when, stretch'd beside
brēed'-ing, * bred-ynge, * brod-ynge, "A braw night this for the rye, your honour; the
The murmuring course of Arno's breezy tide."
pr. par., C., & s. (BREED, v.]
west park will be breering bravely this e'en."-Scott : Cowper : Translations of the Latin Poems of Milton :
On the Death of Damon.
Old Mortality, ch. viii.
A. & B. As present participle and participial
3. Blown upon by breezes, open, exposed
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of brēese, s. [BREEZE (3), s.]
to the breezes.
the verb.
“The seer, while zephyrs curl the swelling deep,
C. As substantive :
* breeste, s. [BREAST.]
Basks on the breezy shore, in grateful sleep,
“Breeste of a beste. Pectus."- Prompt. Parv.
I. Literally:
His oozy limbs."
Pope.
* breeste-bone, s. Breast-bone.
II. Figuratively: Soft and gentle, like a
1. The act of procreating or giving birth to.
breeze,
2. The science of raising or continuing a
“ Breeste-bone. Torax, UG. in torqueo."-Prompt.
Parv.
“How shall I tell thee of the startling thrill
breed or kind.
In that low voice, whose breezy tones could fill."
"It would indeed have been a strange fact, had at- brēeze (1), *brize, s. [Fr. brise ; Sp. brisa ;
Hemans: A Spirit's Return.
tention not been paid to breeding, "-Darwin:
Port. briza = the north-east wind ; Ital. brezza
* bref-11, * breve-ly, adv. (BRIEFLY.]
Origin of Species (ed. 1859), ch. i., p. 34.
= a cold wind.]
II. Figuratively:
* breff-nes, s.
1. Lit. : A gentle gale, a light wind.
1. Education, nurture, rearing.
[O. Eng. bref=brief ; -ness. ]
“We find that these hottest regions of the world, Brevity, shortness. (Coventry Mysteries, p. 79.)
"She had her breeding at my father's charge.".
seated under the equinoctial line, or near it, are so
Shakesp. : All's Well, ii. 3.
refreshed with a daily gale of easterly wind, which the
“Why was my breeding order'd and prescrib'd."
* breg-aunde, s. [BRIGAND.] (Morte Ar-
Spaniards call breeze, that doth ever more blow
Milton : Agonistes.
stronger in the heat of the day.”-Raleigh.
thure, 2,096.)
2. Manners, deportment, education.
“His voice was steady, low, and deep,
Like distant waves when breezes sleep."
* breger, s. [O. Fr. brigueur = a quarrelsome,
.. and his name was Mr. Brisk; a man of
Scott : Rokeby, vi. 19.
contentious, or litigious person ; O. Fr. brigue
some breeding, and that pretended to religion,..."-
Bunyan: P. P., pt. ii.
72. Fig. : A slight quarrel or disturbance. = contention.] [BRIGE.] A quarrelsome or
" Politely learn'd, and of a gentle race,
Crabb thus distinguishes between breeze, litigious person; one given to broils and
Good breeding and good sense gave all a grace."
gale, blast, gust, storm, tempest, and hurricane. bloodshed.
Cowper : Hope.
All these words express the action of the
"Sic men than, ye ken than,
+ brēed-ling, s. [Eng. breed ; -ling.]
Amangs our selfs we se,
An wind, in different degrees and under different
As bregers and tygers,
inhabitant of the Fens of Lincolnshire.
circumstances : “A breeze is gentle; a gale is
Delyts in blud to be."
“In that dreary region, covered by vast flights of brisk, but steady: we have breezes in a calm
Burels Pilgrim, Watson's Coll., ii. 46.
wild fowl, a half savage population, known by the summer's day; the mariner has favourable *bregse , PA
name of the Breedlings, then led an amphibious life."
pregge, v.t. (A contracted form of abregde =
--Macaulay : Hist. Eng. ch. xi.
gales which keep the sails on the strateh
abridge.] To shorten, abridge.
blast is impetuous : the exhalations of a
* brēef, * brief, * breif (pl. breeves), s. trumpet, the breath of bellows, the sweep of
"Tho dayes hadden be breggid."-Wickliffe: Matt.
xxiv. 22.
boil, boy; póūt, jówl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ĝem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -ţion, -sion=zhŭn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bộl, del.

692
breggere-brennar
* hrag_gere. s. (BREGGE. 0.] An abridger. | * breith, a. (BRIGHT.] (Scotch.).
“ Brembil and thorn it sal te yeild."
shortener.
“The breith teris was gret payn to behald,
Cursor Mundi, 924.
"Breggere of wordus."-Wickliffe : Pref. Epist., i. 72.
Bryst fra his eyn, he he his tale had tald." * breme, * breem, * breeme, * brim,
Wallace, viii. 1370, MS.
* brime, *brym, * bryme, a. & adv. [A.S.
* breg-gid, pa. par. [BREGGE.]
breīt'-haup-tīte, s. [In Ger. breithauptit. bréme, brýme = famous, notable; bremman =
Named after the Saxon mineralogist Breit to roar, lage; Dut. brommen ; M. H. Ger.
* breg-ging, * breg-gyng, pr. par., C., & s.
haupt.]
brimmen ; 0. H. Ger. breman ; Lat. fremo;
[BREGGE, v.]
A. & B. As pr. par. & partic. adj. : (See
Mineralogy:
Gr. Bpéuw (bremo) all = to roar, rage.]
1. An opaque, hexagonal, brittle mineral,
A. As adjective :
the verb.)
called also Antimonial Nickel, Antimoniet
C. As subst. : The act of abridging, short-
1. Famous, splendid, widely spoken of.
of Nickel, and Hartmannite. The hardness is
“Thilke feste was wel breme
ening, or contracting.
5.5; the sp. gr., 7.541; the lustre metallic, the
For ther was alle kunnes gleo."
“The Lord God of oostis schal make an endyng and
a breggyng."-Wickliffe : Isa. X. 23 (Purvey).
colour copper-red inclining to violet. Com-
Florice and Blaunch, 792.
position : Antimony, 59.706 — 674; nickel,
2. Fierce, furious, raging.
* breg-gur-del, * bry-gyr-dyll, S. 27.054—28.946 ; iron, 0:842–866; and galena,
“Of the breme bestes that heres ben called."
[BREECH-GIRDLE.]
6.437–12:357. Occurs at Andreasberg, in the
William of Palerne (ed. Skeat), 1699.
1. The waist-belt.
Harz Mountains, and has appeared crystallised
3. Sharp, severe, cruel.
in a furnace.
2. The waist, the middle.
" But eft when ve count vou freed from feare
Comes the breme Winter, with chamfred browes."
"Into the breggurdel him gerd."
2. The same as Covellite (q.v.). .
Spenser : The Shep. Cal., ii.
Sir Ferumbras, 2,448.
“Or the brown fruit with which the woodlands teem:
* breith'-fúl, a. [BRAITHFUL.]
The same to him glad suminer or the winter breme."
breg'-ma, s. [Gr. Bpeyua (bregma) = the top
"All kynd of wraith and breithfull yre.”
Thomson : Castle of Indolence, ii. 7.
of the head; from Bpexw (brecho) = to be wet
Douglas : Virgil, 428, 7.
4. Full, complete.
or soft, because the bone in that part is
bre-jeu-ba, s. [From a Brazilian Indian dia-
“Vchonez blysse is breme & beste."
longest in hardening. In Fr. bregma.]
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Pearl, 863.
lect.] One of the names given by the Bra-
Anat. : The sinciput, or upper part of the
B. As adverb : Boldly, loudly.
zilian Indians to a kind of cocoa-nut, called
• head immediately over the forehead, where
by them also the Airi, from which they manu-
the parietal bones are joined.
* breme, s. [BREAM.]
facture their bows. (Lindley.)
“ Breme, fysche. Bremulus." – Prompt. Parv.
bre-hon. * bre-hoon, S. & a. [Irish * brek, s. (BREACH, S., BREAK, v.] (Scotch.) 1 * breme-lv. * brem-ly, * brem-lich,
breathamh, breitheamh = a judge.]
I. Literally : Breach in a general sense.
* brim-ly,* brym-ly, * bremli, * brem-
A. As substantive :
"That the said maister Jaines walde not mak biin lych, adv. [0, Eng. breme, a.; -ly.] Furiously,
1. The ancient, unwritten law of Ireland,
subtennent to him of the said landis, nor enter him
fiercely.
tharto, & tharfore he aucht nocht to pay the said
answering to our common law. It was
" Bremly his bristeles he gan tho arise."
soumez becauss of the brek of the said promitt."- Act.
Dom. Conc., A. 1491, p. 228.
William of Palerne, 4,342.
abolished in the reign of Edward III.
., his brode eghne,
2. Amongst the ancient Irish, an hereditary
(1) Wattir brek: The breaking out of water. “That fulle brymly for breth brynte as the gledys."
judge.
“The burne on spait hurlis doun the bank,
Morte Arthure, 116.
Vthir throw ane wattir brek, or spait of flude,
“As for example, in the case of murder, the Brehoon
Ryfand vp rede erd, as it war wod.”
Brē'-men, s. & a. [From Bremen, a city in
that is theyr judge, will compound betweene the
Doug. : Virgil, 49, 18. Germany. ]
murderer and the frendes of the party murthered.”—
Spenser : State ef Ireland.
(2) Brek of a ship: The breaking up of a
vessel, from its being wrecked ; also, the ship-
Bremen-blue, s.
“The Brehons were, in North Britain and Ireland,
A pigment made of
the judges appointed by authority to determine, on wreck itself.
carbonate of copper, alumina, and carbonate
stated times, all the controversies which happened
within their respective districts.
of lime.
“Gif it chance ony ship of ather of the parties afoir-
Their courts were
usually held on the side of a hill, where they were
said sufferand shipwrak to be brokin, the saidis gudis
Bremen-green, s. A pigment akin in
seated on green banks of earth. The hills were called
to be saiflie keipt to thame be the space of ane yeir,
mute-hills.
composition to Bremen-blue.
from the newis of the shipwrak, or brek of the ship to
The office belonged to certain families,
and was transmitted, like every other inheritance,
be comptit.”-Balfour's Pract., p. 643.
from father to son. Their stated salaries were farms II. Figuratively:
* brěm'-mýli, s. [BRAMBLE.] (Prompt. Parv.)
of considerable value. By the Brehon law, even the
most atrocious offenders were not punished with death,
1. Quarrel, contention of parties.
* brem-stoon, * brem-ston, s. [BRIMSTONE.)
imprisonment or exile; but were obliged to pay a fine
"It is to be provided for remede of the gret brek
called Eric. The eleventh or twelfth part of this fine
“And evermore, wher that ever they goon,
that is now, & apperand to be, in diuerss partis of the
fell to the judge's share; the remainder belonged partly
Men may hem kuowe by siel of bremstoon."
realme; and specially in Anguse betuix the erle of
to the King or Superior of the land, and partly to the
Chaucer : C. T., 12,812-3.
Buchane & the erle of Eroule & thar partijs.”-Parl.
person injured ; or, if killed, to his relations."-Dr.
Ja. III. 1478, ed. 1814, p. 122.
* bren, * brin, * bryn, s. [BRAN.]
Macpherson : Critical Dissertations, D. 13.
B. As adj.: Pertaining or relating to the
2. Uproar, tumult.
"In stede of mele yet wol I geve hem bren.”
laws or magistrates mentioned under A.
“For all the brek and sterage that has bene."
Chaucer : 0. T., 4,051.
Doug. : Virgil, 467, 21.
"Bren, or bryn, or paley. Cantabrum, furfur,
* brěk, * brěke, v.t. & i. (BREAK, v.] To
* breid, v.t. & i. [BRAID.]
Cath."-Prompt. Parv.
break.
* bren, * brenn, * brenne, * bren-nyn,
* breid, * brede, s. [A. S. broedu = breadth.)
“Syne gert brek doune the wall."
* brin, v.t. & i. [BURN, v.] To burn. (Lit.
Barbour: The Bruce (ed. Skeat), ix. 322.
(BREADTH, BROAD.) Breadth, width.
“And all this warld off lenth and breid,
T To brek aray: To break the ranks or line.
" The more thine herte brenneth in fier."
In xij yher, throw his douchty deid."
"Luke he in no way brek aray.”
The Romaunt of the Rose.
Barbour: The Bruce (ed. Skeat), i. 531-32.
Barbour : The Bruce, xii. 217.
“Closely the wicked flame his bowels brent.”
On breid : In breadth.
* brek'-and, pr. par. [BREAK, v.] Breaking.
Spenser : F. Q., III. vii. 16.
“That folk our-tuk ane mekill feld
(Northern.) (Barbour: The Bruce, iii. 699.)
* brend, * brende, * brent, pa. par. & a.
On breid, quhar mony (a schynand] scheld."
[BREN, v.]
Barbour : The Bruce (ed. Skeat), xii. 439-40.
* brēk-běn'-ach, s. [Gael. bratach = a ban 1. Lit. : Burnt.
*breif, * breve, * breue, * brew, v.t. & i. ner; beannuichte = blessed; Lat. benedictus. ]
" Brent child of fier hath mych drede.”
[BRIEF, v.]
A particular military ensign.
Chaucer : The Romaunt of the Rose.
1. Trans. : To compose.
“The Laird of Drum held certain lands of the Abbot
2. Fig. : Burnished so as to glow like fire.
of Arbroath for payment of a yearly reddendo, et
“Quhen udir folkis dois flattir and fenyé,
“ Branded with brende gold, and bokeled ful bene."
ferendo vexillum dicti Abbatis, dictum Brekbenach,
Allace! I can bot ballattis breif."
Sir Gawan and Sir Gol., ii. 3.
Dunbar : Bannatyne Poems, p. 65.
in exercitu regis."-old Chart.
* brend-fier-rein, s. Rain of burning
“And in the court bin present in thir dayis,
* breke, * breken, * brekyn, v.t. & i.
That ballatis breuis lustely and layis."
Lyndsay: Warkis, 1592, p. 185.
[BREAK, v.]
“Sone so loth wit of sodome cam
2. Intrans. : To write, to commit to writing.
Brend-fier-rein the burge bi-nam."
"Brekyn or breston (brasten P.) Frango."-Prompt.
Parv.
Story of Gen. & Exod., 1,110.
"Glaidlie I wald amid this writ haue breuit.”
Palice of Honour, iii. 92.
* brene (1), s. [A.S. bryne = a burning.]
* brěke, s. [BREAK, S., BREACH, s.] The act
Burning, fire.
* breif, s. [BREEF, BRIEF, s.]
of breaking ; a breach, fracture.
“... bol of brene on-tholyinde."
“Breke or brekynge. Ruptura, fractura.”—Prompt. Dan Michel, in Spec. Ear. Eng. (Morris & Skeat),
* breird, s. [A.S. brerd = an edge, border.] Parv.
pt. ii., p. 100, line 56.
[BRERD.] The surface, the uppermost part, or
* brěk'-11, a. (BRITTLE.]
top, of any thing, as of liquids. (Scotch.)
* brěn'-e (2), brěn'-ie, s. [BIRNIE.] Corslet,
“We beseech you therein to perceive and take up
habergeon.
* brěk'-lesse, a. [O. Eng. brek = breeches,
the angrie face and crabbed countenance of the Lord of
“ With his comly crest, clere to beholde;
hosts, who has the cup of his vengeance, mixed with
and suff. lesse = less = without.] Without
His brene and his basnet, burneshed ful bene."
mercy and justice, in his hand, to propine to this whole breeches ; naked.
Sir Gawan and Sir Gol., ii. 4.
land of the which the servants of his own house, and
“He bekez by the bale-fyre, and breklesse hyme
ye in speciall, has gotten the breird to drink.”-Declu-
| * breng-en, v. [BRING.]
ration, &c., 1596. (Melville's MS., p. 279.)
Morte Arthure, 1,048.
semede."
* breird'-ing, s. [BREER, V., BREER (2), s.]
* brek'-yl, a. (BRITTLE.] (Prompt. Parv., p. * brenn, v. [BREN, v.]
Germination. (Used metaphorically in rela-
* bren-nage, s. [O. Fr. brenage, brenaige;
tion to divine truth.)
* brěk'-ynge, s. (BREAKING, S.] A breaking, Low Lat. brennagium, branagium.] [BRAN.]
“I find a little breirding of God's seed in this town." fracture.
old Law : A tribute paid by tenants to their
-Rutherford : Lett., pt. i., ep. 73.
“Brekynge. Fraccio.”—Prompt. Parv.
lord in lieu of bran, which they were bound to
breīs'-lak-īte, s. [Named after Breislak, an
amed after Breislak, anbre-luche', s. [Fr. breluche.] A French floor-
furnish for his dogs.
Italian geologist, who was born of German
cloth of linen and worsted.
* bren-nand, * brin-nand, pr. par. & a.
parentage at Rome in 1748, and died on Feb.
15, 1826.]
* brěm'-bil, * brěm'-ble, * brěm'-mil,
[BRENNING.]
Min.: A woolly-looking variety of alu * brěm-běr, s. [BRAMBLE.] A briar, a * bren-nar, s. [BREN, v.] One who sets on
minous pyroxene. It is called also Cyclopeite. bramble.
fire or burns anything.
& fig.). The more thine
fire.
177.)
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fall, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, work, whô, son; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; trý, Sýrian. @e, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

brenne-bretheling
693
"Brennar, or he that settythe a thynge a-fyre.
Combustor."-Prompt. Purv.
* brenne, v.t. & i. (BREN, v.]
“In culpouns well arrayed for to brenne."
Chaucer : The Knightes Tale, 2,868-9.
* brěn'-ning, * bren'-nyng, * bren'-
nynge; * bren'-nand, * brin'-nand
(North), pr. par., a., & s. [BREN, v.]
A. & B. As present participle & participial
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
“Of brennyng fyre a blasyng bronde.”
The Romaunt of the Rose.
C. As substantive :
1. Lit. : The act of burning, the state of
being burnt.
“As doth a wete brond in his brennyng."
Chuucer: C. T., 2,339-40.
2. Fig. : The state of earnest desire.
“The lasse for the more wynnyng,
So coveit is her brennyng."
The Romaunt of the Rose.
*brăn-ning-lý, *brăn-nẵng-lý, *brăn-
nặng-lì, adv. [Old Eng. brenning; -ly.]
Hotly, fiercely, strongly.
“Love hath his firy dart so brenningly
Ystiked thurgh my trewe careful hert."
Chaucer : The Knightes Tale, v. 1,566.
* bren'-ston, * brun-stone, s. [BRIM-
STONE.]
brent, * brant, a. [A.S. brand = steep, high ;
O. Icel. brattr; Sw. brant, bratt; Dan. brat
= steep.]
I. Literally:
* 1. Steep, high, precipitous.
"Hyghe bonkkez and brent."-Sir Gawaine, 2,165.
“The grapes grow on the brant rocks so wonder-
fully."--Ascham : Lett. to Raven.
2. Straight, unbent.
“My bak, that sumtyme brent hes bene,
Now cruikis lyk ane camok tre.”
Muitland : Poems, p. 193.
II. Fig.: Now in Scotch applied especially
to the forehead, in the sense of high, smooth,
unwrinkled.
" Your locks were like the raven,
Your bonnie brow was brent."
Burns : John Anderson, my Jo.
brent-brow, s. A smooth, unwrinkled
brow.
brent-browed, a. Having a smooth
brow, unwrinkled by care or age.
* brent, * brente, * brende, pret. of v., pa.
par., & a. [A.S. bernan, brennan = to burn.]
[BREND, BURN, BURNT.]
A. As pret. of v. : Burnt. (Lit. & fig.)
“Of cruell Juno the drede brent her inwart.”
Doug.: Virgil, 34, 6.
B. As past participle and adjective:
1. Lit.: Burnt, baked.
"A wal imade of brent tile.”—Trevisa, i. 221.
2. Fig.: Burnished.
* The borgh watz al of brende golde bryght."
Allit. Poems, Pearl, 988.
* brent, s. [Icel. brandar = pillar.] Accord-
ing to Jamieson a door-post.
“I wad gie a' my lands and rents
I had that ladie within my brents ;'
Keep stiil yere lands, keep still yere rents :
Ye hae that ladie within yere brents.'
Remains of Nithsdale Song, p. 216.
brent-goose, s. [BRANT-GOOSE.]
* brent-new, a. (BRAND-NEW.) (Scotch.)
" Warlocks and witches in a dance:
Nae cotillon brent-new frae France."
Burns : Tam O'Shanter.
brěn'-tự dēş, s. pl. [From Med. Lat. brentus,
and pl. suff. -ides.]
Entom.: A family of beetles belonging to
the section Rhynchophora, and the sub-section
Recticornes. They resemble Curculionidæ
(Weevils), but have straight and moniliform
antennæ. They are long, with long snouts.
brěn'-tŭs, s. [From Gr. Bpévoos (brenthos) =
an unknown water bird of stately bearing ;
Bpevovoual (brenthuomai) = to cock up one's
nose.]
Entom. : A genus of beetles, the typical one
of the family Brentides (q.v.).
* brăn-ỷ, s. [BIRNIE. ]
* bren-y-ede, * bryn-y-ede, a. [From O.
Eng. brene, breny = a cuirass. BIRNIE.]
Armed with or wearing a cuirass.
"I salle to batelle the brynge, of brenyede knyghtes."
Morte Arthure, 316.
* breord, s. [BRERD.]
*breost, * brest, * breest, s. [BREAST.] an opening ; thus the beam over a common
shop-front, which carries the wall of the
* breost-bane, s. [BREAST-BONE.]
house above it, is a bressumer; so, also, is the
* breost-broche, * breest-broche, s. lower beam of the front of a gallery, &c., upon
[O. Eng. breost = breast, and broche = brooch.] which the front is supported.
A brooch worn on the breast.
“The breest-broche of dow thou shalt make with
* brěst, * brast, * brestyn, pret. of v. & pa.
werk of dyuerse colours.”— Wickliffe : Exod. xxviii. 15. par. [BREST, v.] Burst, dashed, broken away.
“ With the cloudis, heuynnys, son and dayis lycht
* breost-plate, s. [BREASTPLATE.]
Hid and brest out of the Troianis sycht;
Derknes as nycht beset the see about.”
* breothan, v.i. [A.S. abreotan, abreottan,
Doug. : Virgil, 15, 46.
abreothan = to bruise, break, or destroy.) To * brest, * brěste. * brast, * brist. * brast-
fall, to perish. (Layamon, 5,807.)
en, v.t. & i. (A.S. berstan.) [BRIST, BURST, v.]
* brằ-phôt-rô-phy, S. [Gr. BoeborpobeLov
I. Trans. : To break to pieces, destroy,
(brephotropheion) = a nursery or hospital for
burst.
children ; Bpepòs (brephos) = a child ; Tpópelov “The wyn shal breste the wynvesselis."-Wycliffe :
(tropheion)= a nursery, place for learning ;
Mark ii. 22. (Purvey.).
Tpéow (trepho = to rear, nurse.] A nursery
“Breste downe (brast, P.). Sterno, dejicio, obruo."-
Prompt. Parv.
or hospital for children.
"Breste clottys as plowmen. Occo.”—Ibid.
* brěq-uět'-chāin, s. [Etymology doubtful.
II. Intransitive :
Cf. 0. Fr. braque = the claw of a crab.]
1. To burst, break to pieces.
[BRACKET.] A chain for securing the watch
“So wolde God myn herte wolde brest."
in the vest pocket to a button or button-hole
Chaucer : C. T., 6,685.
of the vest.
2. To break out. (Lit. & fig.)
“Brestyn owte. Erumpo, eructo."-Prompt. Parv.
brerd (1), s. [Etymology doubtful. () A.S. “When they shall see the elect so shining in glorie,
brerd.] According to Jamieson, the whole they shall brest forth in crying, Glorie, glorie, glorie,
and nothing shall be heard but glorie euer more." -
substance on the face of the earth ; but it
Rollock: On 2 Thes., pp. 32-3.
may be a copyist's error for breid = broad.
"I will noght turn myu entent, for all this warla | brest (1), breast, s. [BREAST, S.]
brerd.
Gawan and Gol., iv. 7.
Arch. : That member of a column called also
*brerd (2), * brerde, * breord, * brurd, s.
the torus, or tore.
[A.S. brerd = the edge, side ; 0. H. Ger. brart,
brort. Cf. braird.] An edge, margin, or brim
brest-summer, s. [BRESSOMER.]
of a vessel, &c.
* brěst (2), s. [BURST.) (Ear. Eng. Allit.
“He made to it a goldun brerde."-Wickliffe : Exod. Poems; Cleanness, 229.)
xxxvii. 11.
* brerd-ful, * breord-ful, * brurd-ful, a.
* brěst (3), s. [From Dan. bröst =default
[O. Eng. brerd, and suffix fül(i).] [BRETFUL.]
(Way).] Want.
Full or filled to the brim.
"Brest or wantynge of nede (at nede; P.) Indi-
gencia.”—Prompt. Parv.
“Er vch bothoin watz brurdful to the bonkez eggez."
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems; Cleanness, 383. * brěste, v. [BRIST.]
*brere, v.i. [BREER, v.]
brěst-ing, s. [BEEST.] (Scotch.)
* brere, s. [BRIAR.]
* brest-yn, v.t. & i. (BREST, v.]
"Brere, or brymmeylle (bremmyll, or brymbyll, P.).
Tribulus, vepris.”—Prompt. Parv.
* brěst-ynge, pr. par., a., & s. [BREST, v.]
* bres, s. [BRASS.]
A. & B. As pr. par, & particip. adj. : (See
the verb.)
* bresche, s. (BREACH, s.] A breach.
C. As subst. : The act of bursting, dashing
"The bresche was not maid so grit upoun the day, down, or breaking in pieces.
bot that it was sufficiently repaired in the night."
“Brestynge, supra in brekynge."— Prompt. Parv.
K'nox : Hist., p. 226.
“Brestynge downe. Prostracio, consternacio."-Ibid.
* brese, s. [BREEZE (3).] (Prompt. Parv.)
brět, s. [BURT.) A fish of the turbot kind;
* bre-sed, a. [Cf. Scotch birs = bristle.] also called burt or brut.
Rough, like bristles.
"Bret, samon, congur, sturgeoun."
"Bende his bresed broyez, bly-cande grene."
Book of Nurture, 588.
Gaw. & the Gr. Knight, 305. * bret-age (age as ig), s. [BRETASCE.]
* brē'-sen, v. [BRUISE, v.]
Her. : Having embattlements on each side.
* bress, s. [BRACE.] The chimney-piece, the * bre-tasce, * bre-taske, * bre-tage,
back of the fireplace.
* bri-tage, * bru-tage, * bre-tays,
"The craw thinks its ain bird the whitest ; but for *bre-tis, * bret-tys, * bry-tasqe, *bru-
a' that, it's as black's the back o' the bress."-The
taske, s. [O. Fr. breteche, bretesque, bertesche;
Entail, ii. 277.
Ital. bertesca, baltresca ; Sp. & Port. bertresca;
* bress, s. pl. [BRISTLE, S.] Bristles.
L. Lat. bretechia, breteschia, bertesca.] A battle-
“As bress of ane brym bair his berd is als stift." ment, rampart.
Dunbar : Maitland Poems, p. 48.
“Betrax of a walle (bretasce, K. bretays, A.P.) Pro-
* brěs'-sie, s. [Etymology unknown. Com pugnaculum.”—Prompt. Purv.
pare BRAIZE.] A fish, supposed to be the
“Atte laste hii sende
Al the brutaske withoute,"
Wrasse, or Old Wife, Labrus tinca (Linn.).
Robert of Gloucester, p. 586.
(Jamieson.)
"Turdus vulgatissimus Willoughbaei; I take it to
* bre-tas-ing, * bre-tas-ynge, s. [BRE-
be the same our fishers call a bressie, a foot long, TASCE.) A battlement; rampart.
swine-headed, and mouthed and backed; broad-bodied,
very fat, eatable."-Sibb., Fife, 128.
* bre-tex-ed. a. fo. Fr. bretescher : Ital.
brěs'-som-ěr, brěs'-sum-ér, brest'-
bertescare = to embattle.] Embattled.
"Every tower bretexed was so clene.” – Lydgate,
sum-mêr, breast'-sum-mer, s. [Eng. (Way.)
breast, and summer; Fr. sommier = a rafter, a
beam.] [SUMMER (2), s.] A beam supporting
* brět'-fúl, * brět'-full, a. [Properly brerdful
the front of a building, &c., after the manner
= full to the brim; A.S. brerd = brim, edge;
and Eng. full.] Full to the brim, perfectly
full. [BRERDFUL..]
“ His wallet lay before him in his lappe,
Bretful of pardons come froin Rome all hote."
Chaucer : Prol: C. T., 689.
“ With a face so fat, as a full bleddere,
Blowen bretful of breath."
Piers Plowman's Crede, 1. 442.
* brěth, * brethe, s. [A.S. bræth.] [BREATH.]
1. Lit. : The breath.
2. Fig. : Rage, wrath.
"I see by my shaddow, my shap has the wyte.
BRESSOMER.
Quhame sall I bleme in this breth, a besum that I be?"
"Houlute, i. 6. MS.
of a lintel. It is distinguished from a lintel * breth'-ě-lựng. * brith'-e-ling, Ş. [O.
by its bearing the whole superstructure of Eng. brothel, and dimin. suff. -ling.] A low
wall, &c., instead of only a small portion over fellow..
HETHHHHHH
boil, boy; póūt, jówl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhŭn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bệl, del.

694
brethen-brevipennate
sua,
“ Thral vnhuxsum, Atheling britheling."-Old Eng. . "And dwris and wyndowys
Miscell. (ed. Morris), p. 184.
To mak defens and brettys."
Wyntown, viii. 26, 233.
* brē'-thěn, * brē’-thịn, v.t. & i. (BREATHE.]
EATHE.] * breuk, s. Apparently the same with bruick
* brěth'-ír, * brěth'-ěr, * brěth'-ěre, (q.v.).] A kind of boil. (Scotch.)
brěth'-ren, s. pl. [BROTHER.] Brothers.
“She had the cauld, but an' the creuk,
The wheezlock au' the wanton yeuk;
“Tho brethere seckes hauen he filt."
Ou ilka knee she had a breuk.”
Siory of Gen. & Exod., 2,213.
Mile aboon Dundee, Edin. Mug., June, 1817, p. 238.
“Twa brethir war ſintol that land.
That war the hardiest off hand."
breūn'-nêr-īte, s. [Named after M. Breuner. ]
Barbour: The Bruce (ed. Skeat), iii. 93.
Min.: A variety of Ankerite (Brit. Mus.
breth'-ſr-hóde, * breth'-ur-hede, Cat.). The ferriferous variety of Magnesite
* breth'-er-hede, s. (BROTHERHOOD.)
(Dana). It is called also Brown-spar. It is
“Or with a brethurhede be withholde ;
found in the Tyrol, in the Harz, &c.
But dwelte at hoom, and kepte wel his folde."
Chaucer : C T., 513-14. * brēve, a. (BRIEF, a.]
"Withinne this breue tretis.”—The Booke of Quinte
* brěth'-ly, adv. [From O. Eng. breth; and Essence (ec. Furnivall), p. 1.
Eng. suffix -ly.] Angrily.
"Jesu spak with wordis breue." — Hymns to the
"Ffro the wagande wynde owte of the weste rysses, Virgin, p. 55.
Brethly bessomes with byrre in berynes sailles."
Morte Arthure, 3,660-1. * brēve, * brēyfe, s. (BREIF, BRIEF, s.]
brěth'-rěn, s. pl. [BROTHER, BRETHIR.)
I. Ordinary Language :
“Peace be to the brethren, and love with faith, from
1. Gen. : A writ, a summons, a proclamation.
God the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ."-Ephes.
“ His breyfe he gert spede for-thi
vi. 23.
Til swimownd this Ballyole bodyly."
Brethren in White :
Wyntown, viii. 10, 87.
Ch. Hist. (White BRETHREN.]
2. Spec. : A brief from the Pope; an episco-
Brethren of Alexius :
pal letter or charge ; a letter of indulgence.
“ The breve rather than the bull should have larger
Ch. Hist. : A sect in the fourteenth century, dispensation." - Lord Herbert : Hist. of Hen. VIII.,
the same as Cellites (q.v.). (Mosheim : Ch. p. 227.
Hist., cent. xiv., pt. ii., ch. ii., § 36.)
"Neither the popes themselves, nor those of the
court, the secretaries and dataries, which pen their
Brethren and Sisters of the Community :
bulls and breves, have any use or exercise in Holy
Ch. Hist. : A name given to the laxer of the
Scripture."-Bishop Bedell: Letters, &c., p. 356.
Franciscan sect, as distinguished from the
II. Technically:
Brethren of the Observation, who were the 1. Music: A note
stricter Franciscans. (Mosheim : Ch. Hist., or character of time,
cent. xiv., pt. ii., ch. ii., $ 24.)
equal to two semi-
BREVE.
Brethren of the Free Spirit:
breves or four ininims.
Ch. Hist. : A sect which first attracted notice
It was formerly square in shape, but is now
oval. It is the longest note in music.
in the eleventh century. By Mosheim it is
identified with the Paulicians and the Albi-
“Yes, and eyes buried in pits on each cheek,
Like two great breves as they wrote thein of yore."
genses, the Beghardæ, the Beghinæ, the Adam-
R. Browning.
ites, and Picards. In the thirteenth century 2. Printing : A mark [4] used to desig-
they spread themselves over Italy, France, and nate a short syllable or vowel.
Germany. They are alleged to have derived
their name from Rom. viii. 2-14, and to have * brēve, v.t. [BREIF, V., BREVE, 8.) To tell,
professed to be free from the law. They are narrate briefly or shortly.
charged with going to prayer and worship in - “As hit is breued in the best boke of romaunce."-
a state of nudity, and were treated with great Sir Gaw. & the Gr. Knight, 2,521.
severity both by the Inquisition and by the
* brēve'-ly, adv. (BRIEFLY.]
Hussites. (Mosheim: Ch. Hist., cent. xi., pt.
ii., ch. v. ; cent. xiii., pt. ii., ch. v. ; cent. xv.,
"A tretice in Englisch breuely drawe out of the
book."--The Book of Quinte Essence, p. 1.
pt. ii., ch. V., § 2.)
Brethren of the Holy Trinity :
* brēve'-měnt, s. An account. (Ord. and
Ch. Hist. : A fraternity of nonks who lived
Regulations, p. 71.)
in the thirteenth century. (Mosheim : Ch. * brēv-en, v.t. [Lat. brevis.] To shorten,
Hist., cent. xiv.)
abbreviate.
· Brethren of the Observation :
Ch. Hist. : The stricter Franciscans, or
* brēv'-ēr, s. An account. (Ord. and Regula-
Regular Observantines. [BRETHREN OF THE
tions, p. 70.)
COMMUNITY.] (Mosheim : Ch. Hist., cent. xiv., | brev'-ět. * bre-vette, s. & a. [In 0. Fr.
pt. ii., ch. ii., § 34.)
brievet, a dimin. form of breve.]
Brethren of the Sack :
A. As substantive :
Ch. Ilist. : A fraternity of monks who lived
1. Generally:
in the thirteenth century. (Mosheim: Ch.
Hist., cent. xiii., pt. ii., ch. ii., § 19.)
* (1) A little breve or brief.
"He bonched hein with his brevet."
* preti-ón-ēr * bri'-ton-ere, S. (Eng.
Langland : Piers Plow., prol. 72.
Briton; -er.]' A'native of Britain or Brittany,
"I wol go fecche my box with my brevettes.”
Ibid., xiv. 55.
a Breton.
(2) A royal warrant, conferring a title, dig-
"A bretoner, a bragger.”—Langland: Piers Plow.,
nity, or rank.
“The brevet or privilege of one of the permitted
* brěts, * brět'-tys, * brits, s. pl. [A.S. number consequently brings a high price in the
bryttas, brittas = Britons.] Britons, the name
market."-J. S. Mill: Economy (ed. 1848), vol. i., bk. ii.,
ch. ii., § 7, p. 277.
given to the Welsh, or ancient Britons, in
2. Specially: An honorary rank in the army
general; also, to those of Strathclyde, as dis-
conferred by royal warrant.
tinguished from the Scots and Picts.
“Of langagiš ih Bretayne sere
_." Capt. and Brevet-Major Joseph Poole, R.A., to be
Brigade-Major in South Africa."-Gazette, Nov. 2nd,
I fynd that sum tym fyf thare were:
1880.
Of Brettys fyrst, and Inglis syne,
Peycht, and Scot, and syne Latyne."
".... endeavoured to remedy them in the higher
ranks by a system of brevets : but brevet, though it
Wyntoun: Cron., i. 18, 41.
carries army rank, and consequently a valued claim
to command in the field, carries no rank in the regi.
brett, s. [BRITZSKA.) A short term for britz-
ment, and no pay anywhere." - Pall Mall Gazette,
ska, a four-wheeled carriage having a calash May 1, 1865.
top and seats for four besides the driver's seat. B. As adjective:
* bret-tene, * bret-tyne, v.t. (BRITTENE.)
Mil. : Conferring or carrying with it an
honorary rank or position. (For example see
brět'-tiçe, s. [BRATTICE, S.]
the quotation under the following word.)
Min.: A vertical wall of separation in a
mining-shaft which permits ascending and
| + brěv'-ět, v.t. [BREVET, s.)
descending currents to traverse the respective
Mil. : To grant an honorary rank or posi-
compartments, or permits one to be an upcast
tion to.
or downcast shaft, and the other å hoisting "A brevet rank gives no right of command in the
shaft; otherwise written brattice. Also a
particular corps to which the officer brevetted belongs.'
Scott in Webster.
boarding in a mine, supporting a wall or roof.
* bret-tyne, v.t. [BRITTENE.)
t brěv'-ět-çy, s. (BREVET, s.)
Mil. : An honorary rank or position; the
* bret-tys, s. [BRETASCE.) A battlement. I state of holding a brevet rank.
* bre-vet-owre, s. [O. Eng. brevet = a little
brief, and suffix -owre = our = Eng. -er.] A
carrier of letters or briefs.
"Breuetowre. Brevigerulus, Cath."-Prompt. Parv.
* brev-i-all, s. A breviary. (Wright.)
brē'-vì-a-rý, s. [Lat. breviarium ; Fr. bré-
viaire ; Ger. brevier; from Lat. brevis = short. )
(BRIEF, a.)
* 1. Lit. : An abridgement, epitome.
"Cresconius, an African bishop, has given us an
abridgment, or breviary thereof."-Ayliffe.
2. Eccles.: A book containing the daily
services of the Roman Catholic and Greek
churches.
"My only future views must be to exchange lance
and saddle for the breviary and the confessional."-
Scott : Fair Maid of Perth, ch. xvii.
*brē'-vi-at, * brē-vi-ate, s. (BREVIATE, v.]
1. An epitome, compendium.
"It is obvious to the shallowest discourser, that the
whole counsel of God, as far as it is incumbent for
man to know, is comprised in one breviat of evangelical
truth.”—Decay of Piety.
2. A service in the Roman Catholic Church,
according to the breviary.
* Wearied with the eternal strain
Of formal breviats, cold and vain."
Hogg : Queen's Wake.
* brē-vi-āte, v.t. [Lat. breviatus, pa. par. of
breviare = to shorten ; from brevis = short. ]
To abridge, shorten, abbreviate.
“Though they breviate the text, it is he that com-
ments upon it."—Heuyt: Funer. Serm., 1658, p. 92.
* bre-vi-a-ture, s. [Low Lat. breviatura =
a shortening; from breviatus, pa. par. of bre-
viare; brevis = short. ]
1. A shortening, an abbreviation.
2. A note of abbreviation. (Wright.)
brěv'-1-çīte, s. [From Brevig in Norway,
where it occurs.]
Min. : The same as Natrolite (q.v.).
brě-viër', s. [Probably from having been
employed in the printing of breviaries. Ger.
brevier.]
Printing : A size of type between bourgeois
and minion. Bourgeois, 102 ems to the foot;
brevier, 112 ems to the foot; minion, 128 ems
to the foot.
This line is printed in brevier type.
brev-i-lĩn'-guſ-a, s. pl. [From Lat. brevis
= short, and lingua = a tongue.]
Zool. : A tribe or section of Lacertilia
(Lizards) having their tongues short. They
are called also Pachyglossa. Example, the
Geckos and Agamids.
+ brě-vil'-o-quěnce, s. [From Lat. brevilo-
quentia = brevity of speech, breviloquens =
speaking briefly, brevis (mas. and fem.), breve
(n.) = short, and loquor = to speak.) Brevity
of speech. (Maunder.)
brěv-1-mā'-nů, used as adv. [Lat. brevi
(ablat. sing. fem. of brevis) = short, and manu
(ablat. sing. of manus) = a hand. Lit., with
à “short hand.”]
Scots Law: Summarily. (Used of a person
who does a deed on his own responsibility
without legal authorisation.)
+ brěv'-1-pěd, a. & s. [In Fr. brévipède, from
Lat. brevis = short, and pes, genit. pedis = a
foot.]
A. As adjective: Having short “feet,"
meaning legs.
B. As substantive :
Of birds : A short-legged bird. (Smart.)
+ brev'-i-pěn, . [From Lat. brevis = short,
and penna = a feather, in pl. = a wing.]
Of birds: A short-winged bird. Example,
the Ostrich.
4,104.
brev-1-pen-nā'-tæ, 3. pl. [From Lat. brevis
= short, and pennatus = feathered, winged ;
penna = a feather, a wing. ]
Ornith. : A family of Natatorial Birds, con-
taining the Penguins, Auks, Guillemots,
Divers, and Grebes.
brev-1-pěn'-nāte, a. [From Lat. brevis =
short, and pennatus = feathered, winged, from
perina = a feather, a wing.)
Ornith. : Short-feathered, short-quilled
(Brande.)
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whāt, fàli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pine, pît, sïre, sīr, marine; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; try, Sýrian, ee, ce=ē; ey=ām qu= kw.

brevipennates-brexia
695
brěv-i-pěn-nā'-tēş, s. pl. [BREVIPENNATE.) brew'-ér, *brew-ere, * breow-ere (ew the excess of albumen present, and to extract
Ornith. : Short-winged birds.
as û), s. [Eng. brew; -er.] One whose call the aromatic oil and bitter of the hop.
ing or occupation is to brew beer.
(iv) Cooling : In order to prevent as much
brev-i-pěn'-nēş, s. [In Fr. brévipenne, from
"In the years 1851 and 1861 the cowkeepers and as possible the formation of acid, it is neces-
Lat. brevis = short, and penna = a feather, a
milksellers amounted to 14,386 and 17,964;... malt-
sary to cool the wort as quickly as possible.
sters (masters and men), 10,566 and 10,677 ; brewers
wing.)
(masters and men), 17,380 and 20,352.'-Census Report This is done by exposing it to a current of air
Ornith.: The name given by Cuvier to a for 1861, vol. iii., 37.
in large shallow vessels, or running it over
family of birds, which he classes under Grallæ,
refrigerating pipes.
from the typical families of which however
brew'-er-ý (ew as û), s. [Eng. brew; -ery.)
A place where beer is brewed, a manufactory
(v) Fermenting, or fermentation : As soon as
they differ in having wings so short as to
of beer.
the temperature has fallen to 60° F. the wort
prevent them flying. Exanıple, the Ostrich
is run into the fermenting vats, and yeast
and its allies.
"... and particularly of the concerns of the
brewery, ..."-Boswell. : Life of Johnson.
added. In about four hours fermentation
brey'-y-ty, s. [In Fr. t brévité; Sp. brevidad ; | * brew-et, s. [BREWIS.]
begins, and is allowed to continue for forty-
eight hours, when the yeast is skimmed off and
Port. brevidade; Ital. brevità ; from Lat. bre-
the beer run into large casks. Fermentation
vitas = shortness, from brevis = short.] brew'-ing (Eng.), brew'-in' (Scotch) (ew as is the most delicate operation of the brewer,
+ 1. Gen. : Shortness, “as the brevity of û), pr. par., A., & s..[BREW, v.]
as on it chiefly depends the quality and con-
human life.”
A. & B. As present participle & participial dition of the beer. His aim is, not to decom-
2. Spec. : Conciseness of statement in words adjective : In senses corresponding to those of pose all the sugar in the wort, but to leave a
or written composition.
the verb.
sufficiency to give body to the beer and keep
“Virgil, studying brevity, and having the coinmand
“He saw mischief was brewin.”
up the evolution of carbonic acid gas.
of his own language, could bring those words into
Burns : The Ordination.
narrow compass, which a translator cannot render
(vi) Cleansing: The ordinary practice in
C. As substantive :
without circumlocutions."- Dryden.
cleansing is to run the liquid from the fer-
I. Ordinary Language :
“... brevity is the soul of wit."
menting vats into a series of casks placed with
Shakesp. : Hamlet, ii. 2. 1. Literally :
their bung-holes slightly inclined, so that the
brew (as brû), * brue, * brew-en, * brou (1) In the same sense as II. 1 (q.v.).
yeast still generated may pass over into
en, v.t. & i. [A S. breowan; Dut. brouwen ; (2) The quantity of beer brewed at one
vessels placed to receive it. The object of
Icel. brugga; Dan. brygge; Sw. brygga ; O. H. operation.
cleansing is to check the action of the yeast.
Ger. prúwan ; Ger. brauen.]
"A brewing of new beer, set by old beer, maketh it
When sugar is used it is dissolved in the
copper.
work again."-Bacon.
A. Transitive :
The finished beer varies in specific
gravity from
* 2. Fig. : The act of mixing different things
I. Literally:
1,002° to 1,030°, and contains
from four to twenty-four per cent. of proof
together.
*1. To cook.
"I am not able to avouch anything for certainty,
spirit, together with a sugar, called maltose,
2. To prepare a liquor from malt and hops, such a brewing and sophistication of them they make."
dextrine, colouring matter, and various salts.
-Holland.
or other materials, by a process of boiling,
2. Naut.: A collection of dark clouds por-
steeping, and fomenting. [BREWING, II. 1.]
II. Technically:
tending a storm.
“Who so wicked ale breweth,
1. Liquor manufacture : The art of making
Full ofte he not the worse drinke."
beer. This term is also applied to the first
brewing-tub, s. A tub for brewing.
Gower, i. 334.
operation of the distiller, viz., the extracting
“... we shall then have the loan of his cider-press
3. To convert into a liquor by such pro-
of the wort from grain, malt, or any other
and brewing-tubs for nothing."-Goldsmith: Vicar of
Wakefield, ch. xvii.
cesses.
saccharine substance.
“I boughte hir barly malte: she brewe it to selle."
(1) History: According to Herodotus, the
* brewis, * brouwys, * browesse,
Lungland : Pier's Plowman, v. 219.
* brewet, s.
Egyptians made wine from barley. The Greeks
4. To prepare, concoct.
[A.S. briw, briwes = brewis,
learned the process from them, and, according
the small pieces of meat in broth, pottage,
"Take away these chalices. Go brew me a pottle of
sack finely."-Shakesp. : Merry Wives, iii. 5.
to Xenophon, used a barley-wine.
frumenty (Somner, Bosworth); (N.H.) Ger.
Tacitus
brei = pottage ; M. H. Ger. brî, brie; O. H.
II. Fig.: To contrive, plot, set on foot,
informs us that beer was a common beverage
Ger. pri, prîo ; from A.S. breówan = to brew.)
foment.
among the Germans, and Pliny adds that it
“ Hys wyf ... brewed the childys deth."- Seven
was so among all the nations of Western
[BREW, BREE, BROSE.]
Sages, 1,284,
1. Broth; liquor in which beef and vegeta,
Europe.
" Thy doghtur hryht as blome,
(2) Modern methods of operation : By the Act
bles have been boiled. (Eng. & Scotch.)
That brewyd hath all thys care."
" What an ocean of brewis sball I swim in!"
43 and 44 Vict., c. 20, the brewer is no longer
Le Bone Florence, 686.
Beaumont & Fletcher : Dioclesian.
B. Intransitive:
confined to the exclusive use of malt and
“... there bubbled on the aforesaid bickering fire
sugar, but is at liberty to make use of any
a huge pot, or rather cauldron, steaming with beef and
1. Lit. : To perform the duties or acts of a
material capable of being employed in the brewis ; while before it revolved two spits."—Scott :
brewer.
production of beer. An excise duty of 6s. 3d.
Bride of Lammermoor, ch. xii.
“I keep his house; and I wash, wring, brew, bake,
is charged on every thirty-six gallons of wort,
2. A piece of bread soaked in boiling fat
scour, dress meat and drink, make the beds, and do ali
myself."--Shakesp. : Merry Wives, i. 4.
of a specific gravity of 1,057°, and so in pro pottage, made of salted meat.
2. Fig. : To be set on foot, started, pre-
portion for any difference in quantity or
*brew-stēr, * breû'-stēr, * brêwe-stere
gravity, thirty-six gallons at 1,057° being
paring.
"Your baille now brewys."
deemed to be the produce from two bushels
(ew as ū), s. [Eng. brew; and O. Eng. fem.
Townley Mysteries, P. 314. of malt. The act further defines that forty-
term. -ster.]
"Here's neither bush nor shrub, to bear off any two pounds weight of malt or corn of any 1. (Feminine): A female brewer.
weather at all, and another storm brewing."-Shakesp. : description, or twenty-eight pounds weight of
Tempest, ii. 2.
“Bakers, Bochers, and Breusters monye."
sugar, shall be considered the equivalent of a
Piers Plowinan : Vis., Prol. 98.
*brew, * brewe, s. [Etym, doubtful.] A kind bushel of malt. A special allowance, how-
2. A brewer of the male sex, or without
of bird.
ever, is made when syrups are used. The reference to sex at all. (Trench.)
"Curlewe, brewe, quayle, . . ."—Boke of Keruing, in Crown has the power to charge the duty,
It is still used in the North of England.
Babees Book, p. 271.
either directly on the worts produced, or by
calculation on the estimated produce from
brew (as brû) (1), s. [BREE.] Broth, soup.
| brew'-ster-īte (ew as û), s. [Named after
the materials used. There are six operations Sir David Brewster, the eminent natural
brew (as brû) (2), s. & d. [BREW, v.]
in brewing, viz., grinding or crushing, philosopher, with suff. -ite (Min.) (q.v.).]
A. As substantive :
mashing, boiling, cooling, fermenting, and
Min.: A monoclinic mineral with a hard-
cleansing.
1. A manner or process of brewing.
ness of 4:5—5; a sp. gr. of 2:432–2:453 ; a
(i) Grinding : The malt or corn is bruised
2. A product of the process of brewing, any-
lustre pearly on some faces and on others
or crushed by smooth metal rollers, and left vitreous, a white colour and weak double re-
thing brewed or concocted.
in a heap for a few days before brewing, by
fraction. Compos. : Silica, 53:04 — 54:32 ;
“Trial would be inade of the like brew with potatoe
which it becomes mellow, and is more easily alumina, 15.25--1749 ; sesquioxide of iron,
roots, or burr roots, or the pith of artichokes, which
are nourishing meats."-Bacon.
exhausted by the water in the mashing.
0:08–0.29; baryta, 6.05—6.80 ; strontian, 8:32
B. As adjective: In composition.
(ii) Mashing : The crushed or bruised malt -9.99; lime, 0:80–1:35, and water, 12:58
is now thrown into the mash-tun, and water
14.73. It is found at Strontian, in Argyle-
brew-house, * brewhous, s. A house
added at a temperature of from 158° F. to shire, at the Giant's Causeway, and on the
or place where brewing is carried on.
172° F. After a maceration of three or four continent of Europe. (Dana.)
“In al the toun nas brewhous ne taverne
hours, assisted during the first half hour by
That he ne visited with his solas,
Ther as that any gayları tapster was."
brew-stēr-li'-nite, brew-stêr'-line,
constant stirring, the liquid portion is strained
Chaucer : C. T., 3,834. off through finely-perforated plates in the bot brew-sto-line (ew as û), s. [Named
• brew-kettle, s. The kettle or vessel in
tom of the mash-tun, into the underback, and after Sir David Brewster. The second part
which the wort and hops are boiled in the
pumped into the copper. In mashing, the may be from Lat. linea = line, or Gr. Nivov
process of brewing.
aim of the brewer is, not only to dissolve out (linon) = flax, a flaxen end, a thread ; suffix
the sugar in the malt, but also to cause the so -ite (Min.) (q.v.).]
* brew-lede, s. The leaden cooling vessel called diastase contained in the malt to act on
Min.: A new fluid of unknown composi.
used in brewing.
the starch and convert it into sugar. If the heat
tion, first found by Sir David Brewster, and
+ brew-age (pron. brû-19), s. [Eng. brew;
of the mash-liquor stands below 140° F., the
occurring in the cavities of various crystals
and suffix -age.]
diastase will be inactive ; if above 185° F., it is
A mixture, a concoction of
in Scotland, Brazil, and Australia.
apt to be destroyed. A medium temperature
several materials, drink brewed.
of 165° F. is found to be the most suitable for brex'-1-a, s. [From Gr. Bpétus (brexis) = &
« The infernal brewage that goes round
From lip to lip at wizards mysteries."
mashing.
wetting, Bpéxw (brecho)=to wet, possibly
"Beddões : The Bride's Tragedy, v. 4.
(iii) Boiling : As soon as all the wort is col because the fine large leaves afford one a pro-
brewed (ew as û), pa. pa, & a. [BREW, v.]
lected in the copper, the hops are added, and tection against rain.]
"Hence with thy brewed enchantments, foul deceiver!" |
the whole boiled for about three hours. The Bot. : A genus of plants, the typical one of
Milton : Comus.
object of boiling is to coagulate and precipitate the order Brexiaceæ (Brexiads). The species
boll, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=£.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shún; -ţion, şion=zhún. -tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -tle, &c. = bęl, tel.

696
brexiaceæ-brick
are Madagascar trees, commonly called by + bri-bēe, s. [BRIBE, s.] One who receives a
gardeners Theophrastas. They have firm, bribe.
spiny, or entire leaves, and axillary green
were scheduled as bribees without being ex-
flowers.
amined.”—The Buston Election. Times, March 30, 1876.
brex-i-ā'-cě-æ. S. pl. [From Mod. Lat. | bribe'-less, a. [Eng. bribe, and suff. -less.]
brexia (q. v.), fem. pl. adjectival suffix -acece.]
Free from bribes ; incapable of being bribed.
Bot. : Brexiads, an order of plants placed
1 * brīb'-en, v.t. or i. [BRIBE, v.]
by Lindley under his Forty-third or Saxifragal
Alliance. He distinguishes them as Saxi-
brīb'-ēr, * brib-our, * bryb-our, * bryb-
fragal Exogens, with consolidated styles and
oure, * brey-bowre, s. [O. Fr. bribeur
many-leaved calyx, alternate leaves, and non-
=a beggar, a scrap-craver, also a greedy
albumen. In 1849, four genera were known
devourer ; briber = to beg; and this from
and six species. (Lindley.)
bribe = (1) a lump of bread given to a beggar
brex'-1-adş, s. pl. [Mod. Lat. brexia (q.v.),
(Cotgr.), (2) a present, a gift; briba (anc.
MSS.). = bullet; from Welsh briw = a morsel
and Eng. pl. suffix -ads.]
a fragment.]
Bot. : The English name of the order Brexi-
* 1. A thief, robber, plunderer.
aceæ (q.v.). (Lindley.)
“ Alle othere in bataille beeth yholde brybours,
Pilours and pyke-herneys, in eche parshe a-corsede.”
* brêy, v.t. [A.S. bregean, bregan = to
Langland : P. Plowman, xxiii. 263.
frighten.] To terrify.
" Who saveth a thefe when the rope is knet,
“Bot a serpent all wgly,
With some false turne the bribour will him quite."
That breyd thame all standand thare-by."
Lydgate.
Wyntown, vi. 4, 36. * 2. A low, beggarly fellow.
*breyde, v.t. [BRAID (1), v.] (Prompt. Parv.)
“That pedder brybour, that scheip-keipar,
He tellis thame ilk ane caik by caik."
* brey-dyn, v.t. [BRAID (1), v.] To upbraid.
Bannatyne Poems, p. 171, st. 7.
(Prompt. Parv.)
3. One who offers or gives bribes.
* 4. He who or that which in any way influ-
* breyel, s. [BROTHEL.) (Prompt. Parv.)
ences or tries to influence corruptly or wrong-
* breyfe, s. [BREVE, S.]
fully.
"Affection is still a briber of the judgment; and it
* breythe, v.i. [BRAID (1), v.] To rush.
is hard for a man to admit a reason against the thing
he loves; or to confess the force of an argument against
“And breythed uppe into his brayn and blemyst his an interest."-South.
mynde."
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 1,421. I brīb'-ēr-ý, * bri'-bēr-ie. * brýb'-ēr-. s.
brez--lín, s. [BRAZILIN.] The same as
[Eng. bribe ; -ry.]
BRAZILIN (q.v.).
I. Ordinary Language :
brī-ar, s. & a. [BRIER.)
* 1. Robbery, theft, plunder. [See quotation
under BRIBE, S., 1.]
briar-rose, s. [BRIER-ROSE.]
2. The act or practice of bribing, or of giving
briar-tooth, s. [BRIER-TOOTH.]
or offering bribes; the act of receiving bribes.
"For the congregation of hypocrites shall be deso-
+ Brı-är-ě-an, a. [From Lat. Briareius = late, and fire shall consume the tabernacles of bribery."
-Job xv. 34.
pertaining to Briareus, and Eng. suffix -an.]
1. Class. Myth. : Pertaining to Briareus, a
II. Law: Bribery by a candidate or any
son of Colus and Tellus, or of Æther and
agent of his at a parliamentary or municipal
election voids the seat acquired through its
Tellus, who had a hundred hands and fifty
aid. If it has been practised by the aspirant
heads.
himself it incapacitates him from being elected
2. Ord. Lang. : Having a hundred hands. again within seven years. The extensive pre-
valence of bribery may be punished by the
brībe, * brýbe, s. [O. Fr. bribe = a present,
temporary or permanent disfranchisement of
gift.]
the corrupt place. It was hoped that the
* 1. Robbery, plunder.
establishment of the ballot would strike a
" Brybery, or brybe. Manticulum.”—Prompt. Parv. blow at bribery, but revelations made after
2. A reward or consideration of any kind the general election of 1880 showed that it
given or offered to any one corruptly, with a had failed to do so, and now (March, 1881) a
view to influence his judgment or conduct. bill containing more stringent enactments
“ Glo. Who can accuse me? wherein am I guilty?
against the offence is about to be discussed in
York. 'Tis thought, my lord, that you took bribes of Parliament.
France,
And, being protector, stay'd the soldiers' pay ;
By means whereof, his highness hath lost"France.” | brib'-ing, pr. par., d., & s. [BRIBE, v.]
Shakesp. : 2 Hen. VI., iii. 1. A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj. : (See
f bribe-devouring, a. Eager for bribes: the verb.)
* bribe-pander, s. One who procures
C. As substantive : The act of giving or
bribes.
offering a bribe, bribery.
f bribe-worthy, a. Worthy of a bribe ; bric-à-brac, s. & d. (Fr.)
worth bribing.
A. As subst.: Fancy ware, curiosities, knick-
bribe, * brýbe, * bry-byn, v.t. & i. [O. Fr. |
knacks.
briber.]
"I've no taste for bric-à-brac."-Cornhill Mag., Jan.,
1867, p. 117.
A. Transitive:
B. As adj. : Pertaining to or containing
* 1. To plunder, pillage, rob, or steal.
curiosities, knick-knacks, &c.
“Ther is no theef withoute a lowke
"The old china, the lace and glass, were all for sale.
That helpeth hym to wasten and to sowke
In fact, the chief show-house in Brock was a bric-a-brac
Of that he brybe kan, or borwe inay.
shop. Finally, she took us into a room and intro-
Chaucer : C. T., 4,417.
duced us to ‘Mign Vader.'”-Daily Telegraph, Jan. 5,
“ Brybyn. Manticulo, latrocinor."-Prompt. Parv.
1866.
2. To give or offer to any person a reward * briche, * bruche, s. [BREACH, s.) A
or consideration of any kind, with a view to breach, rupture.
influence his judgment or conduct; to hire
for a corrupt purpose; to secure a vote by * briche, * bryche, a. [A.S. brice, bryce =
illegal or corrupt means.
fragile.] Weak.
"Or would it be possible to bribe a juryman or two
“ Now ys Pers bycome bryche,
to starve out the rest."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch.
That er was bothe stoute and ryche."
xxii.
Robert of Brunne.
3. To influence or bring over to one's side | * bricht, * brycht (ch guttural), A. & S.
in any way.
(Scotch.) [BRIGHT.]
" How pow'rful are chaste vows! the wind and tide
Used substantively for a young woman,
You brib'd to combat on the English side."
Dryden.
strictly as conveying the idea of beauty.
B. Intrans. : To offer or give bribes.
“Wallace hyr saw, as he his eyne can cast,
The prent off luff him punyeit at the last,
“The bard may supplicate, but cannot bribe.”
So asprely, throuch bewté off that brycht,
Prologue to Good-natured Man.
With gret wness in presence bid he mycht.".
Wallace, v. 607, MS.
+ brībe'-a-ble, bri'-ba-ble, a. [Eng. bribe;
and able. ] Capable of being bribed ; open to
brick (1), * brique, s. & a. . Fr. brique =
a bribe.
(1) a fragment, (2) a brick ; 0. Dut. brick,
bricke = a fragment, bit; brick, brijck = a
“Can any one imagine a more dangerous and more
bribable class of electors?"-Edwards : Polish Cap-
tile, brick. Compare A.S. brice, bryce = brit-
tivity, c. 9.
tle, a breaking, from brecan = to break.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Literally :
(1) A mass of clay and sand, tempered and
burnt in a kiln, made in a rectangular shape,
and used in building. [II. 2.]
“Ye shall no more give the people straw to make
brick, as heretofore : let them go and gather straw for
themselves."--Exod., v. 7.
“Not a brick was made but some man had to think
of the making of that brick."-Carlyle : Heroes and
Hero-worship, lect. v.
(2) Bricks collectively, as a material.
"Augustus was accustomed to boast that he had
found his capital of brick, and that he had left it of
marble."--Gibbon : Decline & Fall, i. 44.
2. Figuratively :
(1) A species of loaf, so called from its shape
somewhat resembling a brick. It is applied to
bread of different sizes ; as, a penny brick, a
three-penny brick, a quarter brick, i.e. a quar-
tern loaf.
... a penny brick, on which we made a comfortable
meal."-Smollet, Roderick Random.
(2) A good fellow. (Colloquial.)
“He's a dear little brick.”—Thackeray.
II. Technically :
1. Arch. : A moulded and burned block of
tempered clay. The word is also applied to
the block in its previous conditions, as a
moulded plastic mass, and as a dried block in
which the water, hygrometrically combined
with the clay, is driven off, When this con-
dition is accepted as a finality, the block so
dried is an adobe. The burning of the pre-
viously dried brick drives off the chemically
combined water, and for ever changes the
character of the mass. An adobe may become
re-saturated with water, and resume its plas-
ticity; a brick may become rotten and disinte-
grated, but not plastic. Air-brick is an iron
grating the size of a brick, or a perforated
brick, let into a wall to allow the passage
of air. Arch-brick usually means the hard-
burned, partially vitrified brick from the
arches of the brick-clamp in which the fire is
made and maintained. A brick made voussoir-
shaped is known as a compass-brick. A cap-
ping-brick is one for the upper course of a wall;
clinker, a brick from an arch of the clamp, so
named from the sharp glassy sound when
struck; a coping-brick, one for a coping
course on a wall, feather-edged brick, of pris-
matic form, for arches, vaults, niches, etc.;
fire-brick, made of intractable material, so as
to resist fusion in furnaces and kilns ; hollow-
brick, with openings for ventilation; stocks,
a name given to the best class of bricks, and
also locally to peculiar varieties, as gray-
stocks, red-stocks, etc. Pecking, place, sandal,
semel brick, are local terms applied to imper-
fectly burned or refuse brick. Bricks vitri-
fied by excessive heat are termed burr-bricks
or burrs. (Knight.)
2. Hist. : Bricks were manufactured at a
remote period of antiquity by the Egyptians,
the Babylonians, the Assyrians, &c., and some
of them being inscribed with written cha-
racters have been of priceless value in convey-
ing historic facts to the present age, About
A.D. 44 bricks were made in England by
the Romans, and in
A.D. 886 by the Anglo-
Saxons under King
Alfred. Under Henry
VIII. and Queen Eliza-
beth the manufacture
greatly flourished.
The size was regu-
lated by Charles I. in
1625.
3, Her.: A charge
resembling a billet,
but showing its thick-
BRICKS.
ness in perspective.
B. As adjective :
Pertaining to bricks or brickwork.
brick-axe, s.
Bricklaying: An
axe with two ends,
which are presented
like chisels. It is used
in chopping off the
soffits of bricks to the
saw-kerfs, which have
been previously made
in the brick to the re-
quired depth, in order
to prevent the brick
BRICK-AXE.
from spalling.
brick-bat, s. [BRICKBAT.)
1.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sön; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; trý, Sýrian. a, o=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.-

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A
brick-built, a. Built or constructed of |
brick.
“Yet, enter'd in the brick-built town, he try'd.”
Dryden : Juv. Sat., 10.
brick-burner, S. One whose trade or
occupation it is to superintend the burning of
bricks in the kiln.
brick-clamp, s. A stack of bricks in
order for burning.
brick-clay, s.
1. Ord. Lang. : Clay used for making brick.
“I observed it in pits wrought for tile and brick-
clay."-Woodward.
2. Geol. : The term brick-clay occurs fre-
quently in descriptions of Scottish geology,
whilst the term used for the somewhat similar
deposits in the valley of the Thames is brick-
earth, or the pl. brick-earths (q.v.). Most
of the Scottish brick-clays are of inter-glacial
age, and some of them enclose arctic shells.
Dr. Robert Brown believes the fossiliferous
laminated or brickclays of Scotland attribut-
able almost solely to the sub-glacier rivers
depositing, at the bottom of the sea, clay in
which mollusca burrowed. (Q.J. Geol. Soc.,
xxi. 175, xxvi. 694, and xxxiv. 826.)
brick-colour, brick colour, s. & a.
A. As subst. : The colour of brick. [B.]
B. As adj. : Dull scarlet mixed with grey.
brick-dryer, s. An oven in which green
bricks are dried, so as to fit them for building
up in clamps or kilns for burning. A series
of drying-chambers are separated from each
other by iron-folding doors, through which
chambers a railroad track is laid. Under one
end of the structure is a furnace, and hot air,
of increasing degrees of temperature, is intro-
duced successively into the separate cham-
bers. (Knight. )
brick-dust, brickdust, s. Dust made
or arising from pounded bricks. (Lit. & fig.)
“This ingenious author, being thus sharp set, got
together a convenient quantity of brickdust, and dis-
posed of it into several papers."-Spectator.
brick-earth, s.
1. Ordinary Language : Earth used for brick-
making.
2. Geology:
(1) The term is sometimes used in the
singular.
"From the sub-aërial conditions under which the
brick-earth was formed."-Q. J. Geol. Soc., xiii. 63.
(2) Pl. (brick-earths): A term specially used
of two beds or series of beds, the Upper and
the Lower Brick-earths. The names were
given by Mr. Searles Wood, jun. The latter
are especially interesting. They exist near
London at Ilford, Gray's Thurrock, Crayford,
Erith, and Wickham. Besides freshwater and
terrestrial shells, &c., they contain no fewer
than twenty-four species of mammals, among
others the Wolf (Canis lupus), the Beaver(Castor
fiber), and the Wild Cat (Felis catus), a fossil
horse (Equus fossilis), a Hyæna (Hyæna spelcea),
and yet more remarkable Elephas antiquus,
primigenius and priscus, Rhinoceros tichorhinus,
leptorhinus and megarhinus, and Hippopotamus
major. Prof. Boyd Dawkins considers them
Pleistocene and Pre-glacial. He believes that
in a descending order the following is the
sequence of the several beds :-(1) Post-gla-
cial deposits, climate severe, but gradually
becoming temperate ; (2) Glacial deposits,
climate severe; (3) Lower Brick-earths of
Thames Valley, climate comparatively tem-
perate; (4) Forest bed of Norfolk, climate
temperate. (Q. J. Geol. Soc., xxiii. (1867)
91–109.) Mr. Searles Wood, jun., on some
points differs from Prof. Boyd Dawkins.
(Ibid., 394-417.)
brick-elevator, s. An apparatus for
raising materials used in construction. End-
less chains are carried over wheels above and
below, and the material is carried up on
boxes supported by frames attached to the
chains.
brick-field, s. A field in which bricks
are made.
“The newer deposits of the brick-field.”—R. J. Geol.
Soc., xix. 304.
brick-furnace, S. A furnace for burn-
ing bricks. In Hoffmann's annular brick-
furnace there is a central chimney and remov-
able divisions for separating the annulus into
different chambers. These are filled and
emptied through doors. The chambers being
charged with brick, heat is applied to one
chamber, and the volatile material thence re-
sulting is led throngh the next one, so as to
heat and dry the bricks in the next in series.
The bricks in chamber one being burned, the
fire is applied to number two, and so on to
the end.
brick-kiln, s. [BRICKKILN.]
brick-layer, s. [BRICKLAYER.]
brick - machine, S. A machine for
making bricks. Many such machines exist
diverse in type from each other, patents for
their construction in the aggregate amounting
to hundreds, having been taken out in Eng-
land or in the United States. In one of these,
a patent clay-tempering and brick-making ma-
chine, invented in 1831 by Mr. Bakewell, of
Manchester, the clay, after being tempered, is
compressed into the proper form by a com-
bination of levers. By Messrs. Cooke and
Cunningham's machinery 1,800 bricks can be
made in an hour. A duty on bricks was im-
posed in 1784. At first the rate was 2s. 6d. a
thousand; various alterations were subse-
quently made upon it, and finally the Act 13
and 14 Vict., c. 125, § 6, passed in 1850, swept
the tax away. In that year the number of
bricks made in England was 1,700,000,000.
brick-maker, s. [BRICKMAKER.]
brick-making, S. The operations of
brick-making may be said to consist in Pre-
paring the brick-earth, tempering, moulding,
drying, and burning. The qualities of bricks
may be thus enumerated :- Soundness, that
is, freedom from cracks and flaws; hardness,
to enable them to withstand pressure and
strain ; regularity of shape and size, to enable
them to occupy their proper place in the
course; infusibility, in those intended for
furnace-work. Fire-bricks are made from a
compound of silica and alumina, and the clay
owes its refractory quality to the absence of
lime, niagnesia, potash, and metallic oxides,
which act as fluxes. Hollow bricks are made
for purposes of warming, ventilating, and re-
moving moisture from the wall. In some
cases the hollows form flues, or shafts for
ventilation, or discharge of dust from the
er stories. In other cases the hollows
have no mechanical function other than to
form air-chambers for warmth, as it is well
known that an imprisoned body of air is a
very poor conductor of heat. (Knight.)
“... a dark greyish-blue clay worked for brick-
making.”—Q. J. Geol. Soc., xxxiv. 826.
+ brick-mason, s. A bricklayer. (Ogil-
vie.)
brick-mould, s. A box in which clay
for bricks is moulded into shape. It is some-
times of wood lined with iron or brass ;
sometimes it is made of sheet-iron in four
pieces, rivetted together at the angles, and
strengthened with wood at the sides only.
brick-moulder, s. One who moulds
bricks.
brick-nogging, s. & a.
A. As substantive :
Building : Brick and stud work. [B.]
B. As adjective : Consisting of brick and
stud work.
A brick-nogging wall or partition is one
in which the spaces between the timbers or
brick-trimmer, s. [TRIMMER.)
Arch. : A brick arch abutting against a
wooden trimmer
in front of a fire-
place, to guard
against accidents
by fire.
brick-trow-
el, s. [TROWEL.]
A trowel used by
bricklayers.
brick-truck,
S. A truck with
wide tires to
travel over the
BRICK-TRIMMER.
flat surface of the
brick-yard in
moving brick from the hack to the kiln.
brick-wall, s. & a.
A. As subst. : A wall of brick.
B. As adj. : Consisting of such a wall.
“And they, that never pass their brick-wall bounds,
To range the fields, and treat their lungs with air."
Cowper : The Task, bk. iv.
brick-work, s.
Bricklaying: The English regulation brick
is 87 x 4 x 21 inches. Of such, one foot of
brick-work (1 bricks thick) contains 17
bricks. One foot superficial of Flemish bond
requires 8 bricks. One cubic foot comprises
125 bricks, or 95 pounds of sand, or 135
pounds of clay, or 126 pounds of common
earth. One great ton weight (2,240 pounds)
comprises 330 bricks, or 237 cubic feet of
sand, or 17% of clay, or 18 of earth. One cubic
foot of brick-work weighs 120 pounds; 1 rod
of fresh brick-work (114 cubic yards) weighs
35,840 pounds. (Knight.)
brick-yard, s. A “yard” or enclosure,
or simply a place in which bricks are made.
* brîck (2), s. [Corruption of break, s. (?).]
Brick of land: A division, a portion dis-
tinguished from other portions.
"... the bricks of land vnderwritten, viz., that
brick of land lyand north and south ..."-Acts Parl.
V. vii, p. 516. (Jamieson.)
brick, v.t. [From brick, s. (q.v.). 1
Building:
1. To lay or construct with bricks.
“The sexton comes to know where he is to be laid,
and whether his grave is to be plain or bricked."-Swift.
2. To imitate or counterfeit a brick-wall by
smearing a wall with red ochre, cutting divi-
sions in it, and filling the latter with plaster.
brặck'-băt, s. [From Eng. brick, and bat (1),
s.] A broken piece of brick.
"Earthen bottles, filled with hot water, do provoke
in bed a sweat more daintily than brickbats hot.”—
Bacon.
brick'-ing, s. [BRICK, s.] The imitation of
brickwork on a plastered or stuccoed surface.
brick'-kiln, * bricke-kill, s. [Eng. brick,
and kiln.] A chamber in which green bricks
are loosely stacked, with spaces between them
for the passage of the heat, and in which
they are burned by fires placed eitherin arched
furnaces under the floor of the kiln, or in
fire-holes placed in the side walls.
“Draw thee waters for the siege : fortifie thy strong
holdes, goe into clay, and tread the morter: make
strong the bricke-kill."-Nahum, iii. 14. (Old Bible.)
"Moses took the ashes of the furnace, perhaps the
brick-kiln in which the wretched slaves were labouring.
cast them into the air, and where they fell the skin
broke out in boils."-Milman : Hist. of Jews, vol. i.,
bk. ii., p. 83.
brick'-lay-er, s. [Eng. brick, and layer.] A
man whose trade it is to lay or set bricks.
“In the course of a hundred and twenty years, the
daily earnings of the bricklayer have risen from half
a crown to four and tenpence."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng.,
ch. iii.
bricklayer's-hammer, s.
Bricklaying: A tool having a hammer-head
and a sharpened peen, forming an axe for
dressing bricks to shape.
bricklayer's-hoist, s. A winch and
: tackle for lifting bricks and mortar in building.
bricklayer's-itch, s.
Med. : A disease to which bricklayers are
subject, caused by the particles of brick-dust
entering the skin and producing great irrita-
tion.
bricklayer's-labourer, s. A labourer
who assists the bricklayer by supplying him
with bricks, mortar, &c.
BRICK-NOGGING WALL.
scantling are filled up with brick laid in
mortar. In a brick-nogging partition the
wooden portions are called nogging-pieces.
brick-pit, s. A pit from which bricks
are dug.
“The brick-pit at Lexden is situated ..."-Q. J.
Geol. Soc., xix. (1863).
brick-press, s. A kind of brick-machine,
which effects its object by compressing the
bricks into shape. [BRICK-MACHINE.]
brick-red, s. Of a reddish colour, like
that of bricks.
boil, bóy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion = shŭn; -țion, -şion =zhŭn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, del.

698
bricklaying-bridge
bricklayer's - trowel, S. (BRICK a feast. Compare church-ale, leet-ale, scot-ale, * brīde, v.t. [BRIDE, s.) To make a bride of,
TROWEL.]
&c.]
to wed.
“I knew a man
brick'-lāv-ing, s. Eng. brick, and laying. ]
A. As substantive :
Of eighty winters, this I told them, who
The art or trade of building with bricks, or of 1. Lit. : The nuptial ceremony or festival,
A lass of fourteen bridel,"
Beaum. & Flet. : Two Nob. Kinsmen.
laying or setting bricks.
marriage.
"Who is to judge how much cotton-spinning, or dis-
“The fole maydenes... weren beset wythoute bride-běd, s. [Eng. bride, and bed.] The
tributing goods from the stores, or bricklaying, or uram the bredale."-Ayenbite of Inwit (ed. Morris),
marriage-bed.
chimney-sweeping is equivalent to so much plough-
p. 233.
ing?"-J. S. Mill: Political Economy (ed. 1848), vol. i., “A man that's bid to bride-ale, if he ha' cake
“I hoped, thou shouldst have been my Hamlet's wife;
bk. ii, ch. i., 8 3, p. 246..
And drink enough, he need not vear (fear) his stake."
I thought thy bride-bed to have deck'd, sweet maid,
And not have strew'd thy grave."
Ben Jonson : Tale of a Tub, ii. 1 (Nares.)
The implements of the bricklayer are a
Shakesp. : Hamlet, v. 1
trowel, for spreading mortar and breaking 2. Fig.: Any union.
bricks when a piece smaller than a whole
“Sweet day, so cool, so calm, so hright,
brīde'-cāke, s. [Eng. bride, and cake.1 The
brick is required; a hanımer, for making
The bridal of the earth and sky."" Herbert. cake distributed to the guests at a wedding.
openings in the brick-work and for driving or TA craw's bridal : The designation given to
dividing bricks, for which purposes one end is a flight of crows, if very numerous. (Scotch.)
brīde'-çhām-bēr, s. [Eng. bride, and cham-
formed like a common hammer, and the other B. As adjective: Pertaining to a bride, or a
ber.] The nuptial chamber.
is broad and flattened, somewhat after the bridal ; nuptial, connubial.
"Can the children of the bridechamber mourn, as
manner of an axe; the plumb-rule, made
long as the bridegroom is with them?"-Matt. ix. 15.
"And let them eeke bring store of other flowers,
generally of wood, having a longitudinal open-
To deck the bridale bowers.”
* brī'd-ěd, pa. par. & a. [BRIDE, v.] Made a
ing down its middle and a plummet suspended
Spenser : Epithalamion, 46-7.
from its upper end, for carrying walls up per-
Ordinary compounds are bridal-bed,
bride; wedded.
pendicularly; the level, consisting of a long bridal-cake, #bridal-feast, bridal-flowers, bridal bride'-grôom, * bride-grome, * brid-
horizontal arm, having a perpendicular branch hymn, bridal-ring, bridal-song, bridal-wreath. gume, * bred-gome, S. [A corruption
carrying a vertical arm from which a plummet
of A.S. bryd-guma, from bryd = bride, and
is suspended; a large square, for laying out
* bridal-cheer, * bridale cheare, s.
guma = man; Dut. bruidegom; Icel. brúd-
the sides of a building at right angles; a rod,
The wedding feast.
gumi ; Sw. brudgumme ; Dan. brudgom ; 0. H.
usually five or ten feet long, for measuring
“And askt him where and when her bridale cheare."
Ger. brútegomo; Ger. bräutigam.] A man
lengths; compasses, for traversing arches and
Spenser : F. Q, V. ii. 3.
newly married or on the point of being
vaults ; a line and line-pins, for keeping the bridal-knot, s. The bond of marriage.
married.
courses straight and level as the work pro-
“Be joy and happiness her lot!-
“The wyse maydines ... yeden in mid the bred-
gresses; and a hod, for carrying bricks and
But she hath fled the bridal-knot."
gome to the bredale."-A yenbite of Inwit (ed. Morris),
Scott: Lord of the Isles, iv. 14.
mortar to the workman. (Knight.)
p. 235.
bridal-link, s. A bridal-knot, mar-
" To decke their Bridegromes posies
* brīc'-kle-ness, s. [O. Eng. brickle ; -ness.]
riage.
Against the Brydale day, which was not long."
Spenser : Prothalamion.
The quality of being brickle or fragile, brittle-
"The union of our house with thine,
ness. (Barret.)
By this fair bridal-link !”.
* brī-del, s. [BRIDLE, s.]
Scott: Lord of the Isles, ii. 4.
“He strepeth of the bridel right anoon,
brick'-ly. * bric-kle, * bro-kel, * bro-| * brī-dăl-i-tý. * brī-dăl-tēe...
And whan the hors was loos, he gan to goon."
[Eng.
Chaucer : The Reeves' Tule, 4061-62.
kle, * bru-kel, * bru-kle, a. (O. Dut.
bridal; -ity.] A bridal, a marriage.
brokel = fragile, brittle ; A.S.' brice, bryce =
“At quintin he,
* brīde'-lāçe, s. [Eng. bride ; and lace.] A
brittle, brecan = to break.]
In honour of this bridaltee,
kind of broad riband or small streamer, often
1. Lit. : Brittle, fragile, easily broken.
Hath challeng'd either wide countee."
B. Jonson : Underwoods.
worn at weddings.
"The parke oke is the softest, and far more spalt and * brid'de, s. [BIRD.]
brickle than the hedge oke. '-Harrison : England,
brī-děl'-1-a, s. [Named after Prof. Briedel.]
p. 221.
* briddes-nest, s. A plant. [BIRD'S Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the
“But th' Altare, on the which this Image staid,
NEST.) (Cockayne, iii. 315.)
order Euphorbiaceæ, and the section Phyllan-
Was, O great pitie ! built of brickle clay."
Spenser : Ruins of Time, 498-9.
theæ. The bark of the Asiatic Bridelias is
* briddes-tunge, s. A plant. [BIRD'S-
2. Fig.: Fickle, variable, uncertain, un-
astringent.
TONGUE.) (Cockáyne, iii. 315.)
steady.
brīde, *brid, * brude, * bryde, * burde,
* brīde'-māid, s.
“The brickle and variable doctrine of John Calvin in
[Eng. bride; and maid.)
his institutions.” - Stapleton: Fortress of the Faith
A bridesmaid (q.v.).
* buirde, * berde, s. [A.S. bryd ; Icel.
(1565), f. 24, b.
brudhr; Dut. bruid; Sw. & Dan. brud ; 0. H.
.... when I think how I am to fend for ye now
* brīde'-man, s. (Eng. bride; and man.] A
in thae brickly times."-Scott: Old Mortality, ch. vii.
Ger. prut; Ger. braut, all = a girl, a bride. man who attends on the bride and bridegroom
Compare Wel. priod ; Bret. pried = a spouse. at a wedding; a best man.
brick'-mā-ker, s. [Eng. brick; maker.] One (Skeat.).]
“My vertuous maid, this day ile be your bride-man."
whose trade it is to make bricks.
I. Ordinary Language :
Beaum. & Fletch. : A Wife for a Moneth, v. 1.
"They are common in claypits; but the brickmakers
pick them out of the clay."-Woodward.
1. Literally:
brīdes-māid, s. [Eng. bride, and maid.)
brick'-māk-ing, a. & s. [BRICK-MAKING.]
* (1) A girl ; an unmarried female. (BIRD.] An unmarried woman who attends on the
"He wayted a-boute
bride at her wedding.
brickmaking-machine, s. A machine
To haue bi-holde that burde, his blis to encrese.”
William of Palerne (ed. Skeat), 683.
for making bricks. [BRICK-MACHINE.]
* bride'-stāke, s. [Eng. bride; and stake.) A
(2) A woman newly married or on the point stake or pole set in the ground, round which
brīck'-nog-ging, s. [BRICK-NOGGING.]
of being married.
the guests at a wedding danced, as round a
“Were it better, I should rush in thus.
maypole.
brick-wõrk, s. [BRICK-WORK.]
But where is Kate? where is my lovely bride ?"
Shakesp. : Taming of the Shrew, iii. 2.
"Round about the bridestake."-Ben Jonson.
* brick-ỹ, a. [Eng. briclc ; -9.] Full of or 2. Figuratively :
bride'-wāin, s. [Eng. bride, and (?) wain
composed of bricks. (Cotgrave.)
(1) That on which one fixes his affections,
(q.v.).] A meeting of the friends and neigh-
brì-col', * brī-cõl'e, s. [Fr. bricole.]
and which becomes as near and dear to him bours of a couple about to be married, for
as a wife.
the purpose of raising a little money to enable
Military:
“ The youth went down to a hero's grave,
the young folks to commence housekeeping.
1. Harness for men employed in dragging
With the sword, his bride.”
heavy guns, when horses, &c., cannot be used
Hemans : The Death-day of Korner.
(Halliwell : Cont. to Lexicog.)
(2) Applied in Scripture to the Church, as
or procured.
the bride of Christ, to denote the close union
brīde'-well, s. [Originally a palace or hos-
2. A species of engine of war, the same as
between them.
pital built near St. Bridget's, or St. Bride's
a springold.
Well; subsequently converted into a work-
“And the Spirit and the bride say, Come."-Rev.
- "Some kind of bricol it seemed, which the English
xxii, 17.
house.] A house of correction for disorderly
and Scots called an Espringold, the shot whereof K.
II. Med. : The covering of a small-pox
Edward the first escaped saire at the siege of Strive.
persons or criminals; a prison.
lin."-Camden: Remaines.
vesicle for binding down its centre.
“Such as in London cominonly come to the hearing
of the Masters of Bridewell."- Ascham: Schoolmaster.
* brict, a. [BRIGHT.] (Story of Gen. & Exod.,
“... at the maturation of the pustule the bride
ruptures."-Ency. Metrop. (1845).
1,910.)
brīde'-wört, s. [O. Eng. bride, and wort(q.v.).
* bride-ale, s. [BRIDAL.)
So called from its resemblance to the white
* brid, * bridde, s. [BIRD.]
* bride-bowl, s. A bowl of spiced in.
feathers worn by brides (Prior), or perhaps
"The king to souper is set, served in halle,-
because it was used for strewing the houses
gredients formerly handed about with cake
Briddes brandeii, and brad, in bankers bright.”
at bridals. The cake remains, the bowl is
Sir Gawan and Sir Gal., ii. 1.
at wedding festivities.] Two plants, viz.-
“ As briddes doon, that men in cage feede."
obsolete. (Nares.) [BRIDE-CUP.]
1. Spiræa Ulmaria, L.
Chaucer: C. T., 10,925-6.
"Lord Beaufort comes in-calls for his bed and 2. Spiræa salicifoliu, L. (Loudon : Arbore.
"With briddes, lybardes, and lyouns.”
bride-bowl to be made ready."-New Inn : Argument
tum.) (Britten & Holland.)
Romaunt of the Rose.
of Act V. (Nares.)
“That me thought it no briddis songe." Ibid. * bride-bush, s. A bush hung out by bridge, * brigge, * bregge, * brugge,
* brid-devyner, s. [O. Eng. brid = bird, the ale-house at bridals.
* brygge (Eng.), * brig (Scotch & North of
and devyner = diviner.] An augur.
bride's-cake, s. [BRIDECAKE.)
Eng. dial.), s. & a. [A.S. brycg, bricg, bryc,
"Sweueneres and brid-devyneres."-Wickliffe : Jer.
bric, brig; Icel. bryggja, brú; Sw. brygga, bro;
xxvii. 9.
* bride-cup, s. The same as BRIDE-BOWL Dan. brygge, bro; Dut. brug; Fries. bregge;
* brid-lime, s. (BIRD-LIME.]
(q.v.).
(N. & M. H.) Ger. brücke; O. H. Ger. prúcca. )
“Get our bed ready chamberlain,
And host, a bride-cup, you have rare conceits,
A. As substantive :
brīd'-al, * bride-ale, * bri-del, * bred-
And good ingredients."
New Inn, v, 4.
ale, * brid-ale, * brid-hale, * bryd-
I. Ordinary Language:
ale, * bruid-ale, s. & a. [Properly Eng.
bride's-maid, s. [BRIDESMAID.)
1. Lit. :
bride, and ale; ale being the common term for bride's-man, s. [BRIDEMAN.)
(1) In the same sense as II. 1. (q.v.).
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pít, sïre, sīr, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; müte, cub, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; trý, Sýrian. æ, c=ē. ey=ão qu=kw.

bridge-bridle
699
(2) Anything laid across a stream, gap, or
hollow, to afford means of passing over.
"Thai drou it ſa tree) then and mad a brig
Ouer a litel buru to lig." Cursor Mundi, 8,945.
2. Fig. : Anything similar to a literal bridge.
[II. 1.]
1 (1) Of the nose : The upper bony part of
the nose.
“The raising gently the bridge of the nose, doth
prevent the deformity of a saddle nose."-Bucon.
(2) To break down a bridge behind one:
Mil. : To do as described with the view of
preventing an enemy from following. It has
the additional effect of preventing one's self
from easily retreating again across the water.
(Lit. & fig.)
" He had broken down all the bridges behind him.
He had been so false to one side that he must of neces-
bity be true to the other.”—Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch.
ХХ.
II. Technically :
1. Arch. : A structure consisting of an arch
or series of arches supporting a roadway above
it, designed to unite the two banks of a river
or the two sides of an open space.
(1) History of bridges : Bridges seem to have
existed in China from a period of considerable
antiquity. The word bridge does not occur
in the authorised version of the Bible. Tem-
porary bridges, for military purposes, were
constructed before permanent structures for
the convenience of the inhabitants were
erected. The former were often of boats.
Thus Cyrus constructed such bridges about
536 B.C., Darius Hystaspes about 490, and
Xerxes about 480 B.C. Bridges of stone or
brick seem to have been first used by the
Romans; there were none erected in Greece
till after the Roman conquest. The first
Roman bridge is said to have been one span-
ning the Tiber between the Janiculum and the
Aventine Mountain, built by or under Ancus
Martius. Now they are universal in properly-
civilised countries, though in countries of im-
perfect civilisation even yet they are few. In
India they are not numerous, and most of
those which exist have been erected since the
occupation of the country by the British.
London Bridge, in its oldest form, existed
about A.D. 978, a new one was built of wood
in 1014, yet another in 1209, and the present
structure was completed in 1831. Old West-
minster Bridge was opened in 1750, old
Blackfriars in 1769, Vauxhall in 1816, Waterloo
in 1817, Southwark in 1819, Hungerford in
1845, Chelsea in 1858. The ill-fated Tay
Bridge, intended to afford direct railway con-
nection between Dundee and Fifeshire, was
opened on May 31, 1878. Its length was 10,612
feet, or about two miles. On Sunday evening,
December 28, 1879, a great part of it fell during
a terrific storm, a train, which was passing at
the time, disappearing with all the passengers
in the river beneath.
(2) Construction and parts of a modern
bridge: A bridge is generally made of wood,
of iron, of stone, or of brick. The extreme
supports of the arches at the two ends are
called butments or abutments; the solid parts
between the arches piers, and the fences on
the sides of the road or pathway parapets.
(3) Different kinds of bridges : Among these
may be mentioned a bascule-bridge, a boat.
bridge or bridge of boats, a bowstring-bridge, a
chain-bridge, a draw-bridge, a floating-bridge,
a flying-bridge, a foot-bridge, a furnace-bridge,
a girder-bridge, a lattice-bridge, a pontoon-
bridge, a raft-bridge, a rope-bridge, a skew-
bridge, a suspension-bridge, a swing-bridge, a
swivel-bridge, a trestle-bridge, a truss-bridge, a
tubular-bridge, a viaduct, a weigh-bridge. (See
these words )
2. Shipbuilding : A partial deck extending
from side to side of a vessel amidships. It is
common in steam vessels, affording a con-
venient station for the officer in command,
and extends over the space between the
paddle-boxes. It is also known as the hurri.
cane-deck or bridge-deck.
3. Mining: The platform or staging by
which ore, limestone, fuel, &c., are conveyed
to the mouth of a smelting-furnace.
4. Metallurgy, furnaces, boilers, &c. :
(1) A lower vertical partition at the back of
the grate space of a furnace. [WATER-BRIDGE,
HANGING-BRIDGE.]
(2) The middle part of the fire-bars in a
marine boiler, on either side of which the
fires are banked. (Admiral Smyth.)
(3) The low wall of division between the
fuel-chamber and hearth of a reverberatory
furnace.
(4) The wall at the end of the hearth to-
wards the stack, compelling the caloric cur-
rent in puddling to ascend and then descend
towards the foot of the stack.
4. Music: A thin wooden bar placed be-
neath the strings of a musical instrument to
elevate them above the sounding-board and
to terminate at one end their vibrating por-
tion. The tone of an instrument is largely
influenced by the position of the bridge.
5. Ordnance: The pieces of timber between
the transoms of a gun-carriage.
6. Horology: A piece raised in the middle
and fastened at both ends to the watch-plate,
and forming a bearing for one or more pivots.
When supported at one end it is a cock.
7. Engraving : A board resting on end-
cleats, used by an engraver to span the plate
on which he is working, to support the hand
clear of the plate.
8. Electricity: A device used for measuring
the resistance of an element of an electric
circuit. [ELECTRIC-BRIDGE.]
B. As adjective: Pertaining to a bridge in
any of the foregoing senses.
bridge-board, s.
1. Carp.: A notched board on which the
ends of the steps (technically the treads and
risers) of wooden stairs are fastened. It is
called also a notch-board.
2. The bridge of a steamboat. [A., II. 2.)
bridge-equipage, s. An "equipage”
designed to accompany armies in the field and
provide them with materials whence to con-
struct bridges across any rivers which may
impede them in their progress.
bridge-gutter, bridged gutter, s.
A gutter formed of boards covered with lead
and supported on bearers.
bridge-head, s.
Fortif. : A work commanding the extremity
of a bridge nearest to the enemy; a téte de pont.
bridge-master, s. One who has charge
of a bridge, a bridge-warden.
bridge-over, a.
Carp. : A term showing that certain parts
lie across and rest on others; as, common
joists, bridge-over binding-joists, &c.
bridge-pile, s.
Civil Engineering: A pile driven to support
a timber of a bridge.
bridge-rail, s.
Railroading : A railroad-rail having an
arched tread and lateral foot flanges. It was
adopted by Brunel for the Great Western
Railway. It is laid on a longitudinal sleeper
in cross-ties. Felt saturated in pitch, or its
equivalent, is placed beneath the rail over the
sleeper, and gives a certain resiliency to the
track. The other rails are known as edge-rails
and foot-rails (q.v.). (Knight.)
bridge-stone, s.
1. Masonry: A stone laid from the pavement
to the entrance-door of a house, spanning a
sunken area.
2. Road-making : A flat stone serving as a
bridge across a gutter or narrow area.
bridge-train, s. A military bridge com-
posed of portable boats. The same as bridge-
equipage, or pontoon-bridge or train (q.v.). A
bridge-equipment or pontoon-train, consisting
of a military bridge composed of portable
boats.
bridge-tree, s.
Milling : The beam which supports the
spindle of the runner in a grinding-mill. On
the upper surface of the bridge-tree is the
socket of the spindle. The bridge-tree is
capable of vertical adjustment, to vary the
relative distance of the grinding-surfaces, by
moving the runner towards or from the bed.
stone. The adjusting device is called a lighter-
screw. (Knight.)
bridge-truss, s. A structure of thrust
and tension pieces, forming a skeleton beam,
in a viaduct. It has several varieties : the
lattice, the arched truss, or combination of
arch and truss, the deck-truss, in which the
road-bed is on the straight stringers. (Knight.)
bridge-ward (1), s. [Eng. bridge, and
ward (2), s.]
Locksmithing: The main ward of a key,
usually in the plane of rotation.
* bridge-ward (2), * brigge-ward,
* brigge-warde, s. (Eng. bridge; O. Eng.
brigge, and ward (1), s.]
1. The warden or keeper of a bridge.
"A geant ys maked brigge-ward."
Sir Ferumbras, 1,700.
2. A number of men set to guard a bridge.
"That nyght as it ful by cas,
The brigge-warde foryete was.”
Sir Ferumbras, 3,559.
bridge, v.t. [From Eng. bridge, s. (q.v.). ]
1. Lit.: To build a bridge over a river, a
valley, or road.
“Came to the sea : and, over Hellespont
Bridging his way, Europe with Asia joined."
Milton : P. L., bk. X.
2. Fig.: To establish a passage across any.
thing.
“Till, bridged with Moslem bodies o'er
It bears aloft their slippery tread."
Moore : Lalla Rookh ; The Fire-Worshippers.
bridged, pa. par. & a. [BRIDGE, v.]
bridged-gutter, s. [BRIDGE-GUTTER.)
bridge'-less, a. [Eng. bridge, and suff. -less.]
| Without a bridge. (Southey.)
bridg'-ing, pr. par., d., & s. [BRIDGE, v.]
A. & B. As present participle & participial
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
C. As substantive :
Carp. : Short cross-pieces connecting adja-
cent floor-joists to prevent laterai deflection.
(CHIMNEY.]
Single bridging has one pair of diagonal
braces at the mid-length of the joists. Double
bridging consists of two pairs of cross-braces,
dividing the joist into three lengths.
bridging-floor, s.
Carp. : A floor in which bridging-joists are
used without girders.
bridging-joist, s.
Building : A joist in a double floor, resting
upon the binder or binding-joist, and support-
ing the floor; a floor-joist.
bridging-piece, s.
Carp.: A strut-piece nailed between joists
or beams, to prevent lateral deflection ; a
strutting or straining piece.
* bridg'-ý, a. [Eng. Bridg(e); -y.] Full of
bridges. (Sherwood.)
brī'-dle, * brī-děll, * brī-děl, * brī-dil,
* brý'-dylle, s. & d. [A.S. bridel, bridels,
brydet; Icel. beist; Sw. betsel ; Dan, bidsel;
Dut. breidel; M. H. Ger. britel ; O. H. Ger.
bridel, brittil, priddel; Fr. bride; O. Fr. bri-
del; Prov., Sp., & Port. brida; Ital. briglice
a bridle, and predella =... the reins of a
bridle.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : In the same sense as II. 1.
2. Fig.: A curb or restraint of any kind.
".... that place, which some men fancied to be a
bridle upon the city.'-Clarendon.
".... a continual bridle on the tongue."-Watts.
II. Technically:
1. Saddlery: A head-stall, bit, and bearing
or riding rein, completing the head-gear of a
horse's harness. The modern bridle of Europe
and America consists of the following pieces :-
The crown-piece, the brow-band, the cheek.
strap, the throat-latch or lash, the rein, and
the bit. Sometimes also there is a nose-band
and a hitching-strap.
2. Machinery:
(1) A link attachment, limiting the separa-
tion of two pieces.
(2) Of a slide valve : The flanges which keep
it in place, and serve to guide and limit its
motion.
3. Nautical :
(1) One of the ropes by which the bowline
is fastened to the leech of a sail.
(2) A mooring-hawser.
4. Agric. : The piece on the forward end of
boll, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f,
-aian, -tian=shạn, -tion, -sion = shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhún. -cious, -tious, -sious = shủs. -dle, -kle, &c. = del, kel

700
bridle-brier
schisin. Prolat
CHEEK - PIECE
SNAFFLE|
CURS
a plough-beam, to which the draft-shackle is ! “The prelates boast themselves the only bridlers of
attached; the clevis ; also called the muzzle
schism."-Milton : Reason of Ch. Gov., bk. i., ch. vii.
or plough-head.
brid'-ling, pr. par., a., & s. [BRIDLE, v.]
5. Fire-arms : That piece in a gun-lock which A. As present participle: In senses corre-
serves to bind down the sear and tumbler,
sponding to those of the verb.
and prevent their lateral motion. (Knight.)
B. As participial adjective :
B. As adjective: Pertaining to a bridle.
“He swells his lifted chest, and backward flings
(See the compounds which follow.)
His bridling neck between his towering wings."
Wordsworth: Evening Walk.
bridle-bit, S. A bit connected with a C. As substantive : The same as bridling-up
bridle. Such bits are seen in Assyrian and
(q.v.)
Egyptian paintings and sculptures, and are
subsequently mentioned by Xenophon. Bri bridling-up, s. The act of proudly rear-
dle-bits may be classed under three heads : ing the head.
snaffles, curb-bits,
"By her bridling-up I perceived that she expected
and stiff-bits. The
to be treated hereafter not as Jenny Distaff, but Mrs.
Tranquillus.."-Tatler.
snaffle has two bars,
jointed together in
Brid'-lîng-tón (generally pron. Bür'-ling-
the middle of the
tón), * Brěl-lửng-ton, s. & a. [From 0.
inouth, and has rings
Eng. Brelling (etym. doubtful), and ton =
at the end for the SNAFFLE
town.]
rein.. It sometimes
has cheek-pieces, to
A. As substantive :
CHAIN
keep the ring from
Geog.: A market town and parish on the
pulling into the
sea-coast of Yorkshire, lat. 54° Ñ.
mouth of the animal.
B. As adjective: Pertaining to or found at
The curb-bit con BRIDLE-BIT.
or in the place named under A.
sists of the following
parts : Cheek-pieces or branches with eyes for
Bridlington crag, s.
the cheek-straps and for the reins, and holes Geol. : A deposit belonging to the Newer
for the curb-chain; a mouth-piece, uniting
Pliocene. It consists of sand and bluish clay
the cheek-pieces and forming the bit proper; with fragments of various rocks. It contains
sometimes a bar uniting the lower ends of the molluscs, of which four species are extinct,
branches; a curb-chain. The elastic bit con-
Natica occlusa, Cardita analis, Nucula Cobbol-
sists of a chain covered by closely coiled wire
dice, and Tellina obliqua; most of the remain-
between the bit-rings. Another form of elastic ing species are arctic shells. It appears to
bit is made of twisted wire with a soft rubber have been deposited during the period of the
covering. (Knight.)
greatest cold.
bridle-cable, s.
brī'-doon, s. [From Fr. bridon = a snafile.]
· Naut. : A cable proceeding from a vessel to Saddlery: The snaffle-bit and rein used in
the middle of another cable which is moored European military equipments in connection
at each end.
with a curb-bit which has its own rein.
bridle-cutter, s. One who makes bridles,
briēf, * breef, * bref, * breve, * breff, a.
spurs, &c. (Johnson.)
TO. Fr. brief ; Fr. bref; Sp., Port., & Ital.,
bridle-hand, s. The hand which holds breve ; Lat. brevis; Gr. Bpaxús (brachus) =
the bridle when one is riding; the left hand. short.)
“ The Gaucho, when he is going to use the lazo, A. Of things :
keeps a small coil in his bridle-hand."-Darwin : Voy-
age round the World (ed. 1870), ch. iii., p. 44.
1. Of language : Short, few, concise.
bridle-maker, s. A maker of bridles.
“A play there is, my lord, some ten words long,
Which is as brief as I have known a play;
(Booth.)
But by ten words, my lord, it is too long,
Which makes it tedious."
bridle-path, s. A path sufficiently wide
Shakesp. : Mid Night's Dream, v. 1.
to allow of the passage of a horse, though not 2. Of time : Short in duration, not lasting.
of a cart.
“But man, proud man,
bridle-ports, s.
Drest in a little brief authority."
Shakesp. : Meas. for Meas., ii. 2.
Shipbuilding: A port in the bow for a main † 3. Of length, size, or extent: Short, narrow,
deck chase-gun; through it mooring-bridles contracted.
or bow-fasts are passed.
"The shrine of Venus, or straight pight Minerva,
Postures beyond brief nature."
- bridle-rein, s. A rein passing from the
Shakesp. : Cymbel., v. 5.
hand to the bit, or from the check-hook to B. Of persons : Concise in language; short,
the bit, or, in wagon-harness, from the top of abrupt.
the hames to the bit.
"To finish the portrait, the bearing of the gracious
“ Selected champions from the train,
Duncan was brief, bluff, and consequential, ..."-
To wait upon his bridle-rein."
Scott : Heart of Midlothian, ch. xliv.
Scott: Lord of the Isles, vi. 21.
q In brief (O. Icel. on brefa): Shortly, in
bridle-way, s. A horse-track, a bridle short, briefly.
path.
"In brief, we are the King of England's subjects."
Shakesp. : K. John, ii. 1.
brī-dle, * bry-děl-ýn, v.t. & i. [From To be brief: To speak briefly or shortly,
bridle, s. (q.v.).]
without many words.
A. Transitive:
briēf, * bref, * brefe, * breve, s. [In Dan.
1. Literally. Of a horse or any similar animal:
brev; O. H. Ger. briaf; 0. Fr. bref ; Sp., Ital.,
(1) To restrain by means of an actual bridle. & Port. breve.] [BRIEF, a.]
(2) To furnish or equip with a bridle.
I. Ordinary Language:
“The steeds are all bridled, and snort to the rein."
Byron : Siege of Corinth, 22.
* 1. A short abstract; an epitome.
2. Fig.: To curb, to restrain, to govern.
"I doubt not but I shall make it plain, as far as a
sum or brief can make a cause plain." - Bacon.
“But the thoughts we cannot bridle
“Each woman is a brief of woman-kind."--Overbury.
Force their way without the will."
Byron : Fare thee well.
*2. A writing of any kind.
B. Intransitive: To hold up the head and
“ Bear this sealed brief
draw in the chest, as an expression of pride,
With winged haste to the lord marshal.”.
Shakesp.: 1 Hen. IV., iv. 4.
scorn, or resentment.
II. Technically:
“ Dick heard, and tweedling, ogling, bridling,
1. Eccles. :
Turning short round, strutting, and sideling."
Cowper: Pairing-time Anticipated. (1) A papal letter or licence.
In this sense it is often followed by up. "A bag fulle of brefes . . .”—Townley Mysteries,
[BRIDLING.]
p. 309.
"The apostolical letters are of a twofold kind and
bridle-in, v.t. To hold in or restrain by difference; viz., some are called briefs, because they
means of a bridle or curb. (Lit. & fig.)
are comprised in a short and compendious way of
writing."-Ayliffe.
"I bridle-in my struggling muse with pain,
That longs to launch into a bolder strain."
(2) An episcopal letter or charge.
Addison : A Letter from Italy.
" Then also (if occasion be) shall . . . Briefs, Cita-
tions, and Excommunications be read."--Book of Com-
brı'-dled, pa. par. & a. [BRIDLE, v.t.]
mon Prayer; Rubric in Communion Service.
brī-dlēr, s. [Eng. bridle); -er.] One who
2. Law:
bridles or curbs an animal, a person, or any-
(1) Eng. law:
thing. (Lit. & fig.)
(a) (See definition in quotation.)
“A writ whereby a man is summoned to answer to
any action : or it is any precept of the king in writing,
issuing out of any court, whereby he commands any
suing to be done."-Cowel.
(6) The abstract of the evidence, &c., given
to the counsel, to enable them to plead a case.
"It seems, indeed, from the reports of the trials that
he did as little as he could do if he held the briefs at
all, and that he left to the judges the business of brow-
beating witnesses and prisoners."— Macaulay: Hist.
Eng., ch. xi.
* (C) A royal proclamation for the meeting
of parliament.
“Over alle hys lond hys bref was sente
To aselen a comuyn parliment."
Seven Sages, 3,213.
* (d) Letters patent, authorising any char-
itable collection for any public or private
purpose.
"A brief was read in all churches for relieving the
French Protestants, who came here for protecti
froin the unheard-of cruelties of the king."-Evelyn :
Memoirs, ii. 262.
(2) Scots law: A writ directed to any judge
ordinary, requiring and authorising him to
hear a case before a jury and give sentence
thereon.
3. Music. [BREVE.]
+ brief-man, s.
1. One who prepares briefs.
2. One who copies manuscripts.
+ brief, * breve, v.t. [BRIEF, a.] To write
concisely ; to set forth briefly.
" Bot neuer yet in no boke breued I herde
That euer he wrek so wytherly on werk that he
made.”
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems; Cleanness, 197.
briēf'-less, a. [Eng. brief, and suff. -less.)
Having no briefs ; without clients ; unem-
ployed. (Said only of barristers.)
“If the king notified his pleasure that a briefless
lawyer should be made a judge."-Macaulay: Hist.
Eng., ch. iii.
brief-less-ness, s. [Eng. briefless; -ness.]
The state of being briefless or without clients.
brief-lý, * bref-ly, * breve-ly, ado.
[Eng. brief ; -ly.]
1. Of language : In few words, concisely,
shortly.
"To sey brefly, ..."-Merlin, I., ii. 190.
A plain blunt show of briefly-spoken seeming."
Byron : A Sketch.
2. Of time: Shortly ; in or after a short time.
brief-ness, * breff-nes, s. [Eng. brief ;
-ness.] The quality of being brief or short.
Used-
1. Of language : Conciseness, brevity.
“I hope the briefness of your answer made
The speediness of your return.'
Shakesp. : Cymbeline, ii. 4.
2. Of time : Shortness.
“We passe ovyr that, breffnes of tyme consyderynge."
-Coventry Myst., p. 79.
3. Of length, size, or extent : Shortness, nar-
rowness.
brī-ěr, brī'-ạr, * brý'-ạr, * breere,
*brere, s. & a. [A.S. brér = a briar ; Ir. briar
=a prickle, a thorn, a briar, a pin ; Gael.
preas, gen. prearis= a bush, a shrub, a thicket,
a wrinkle, a plait ; Wel. prys, prysys = covert,
brushwood.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Literally:
(1) Gen.: A thorny or a prickly shrub, with-
out precisely indicating the species.
"But that that is brynginge forth thornes and
breris is repreuable ..."-Wicliffe : Ebrewis, c. 6.
“What subtle hole is this,
Whose mouth is cover'd with rude-growing briers?"
2 Shakesp. : Titus Andron., ii. 3.
(2) Spec. : The same as II. Bot., 1.
"From off this brier pluck a white rose with me."
Shakesp. : 1 Hen. VI., ii. 4.
2. Fig. : Anything sharp or unpleasant to
the feelings.
"... leaue vs your friendes in the briers and betray
vs, ..."-Stow : Edward VI. (1552).
"... some harsh, 'tis true,
Pick'd from the thorns and briers of reproof.".
Cowper : Task, bk. Vi.
II. Technically :
Bot. : Various species of British roses of
larger growth. Spec., the Dog-rose (Rosa
canina). (Treas. of Bot.)
T 1. Slightly scented brier, or briar : Rosa
inodora. (Hooker & Arnott.)
2. Small-flowered sweet brier, or briar: Rosa
- micrantha.
ard VI. ln 'tis true reproof. vi.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pīne, pīt, sire, sīr, marîne; go, pot,
- or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian, æ, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

brierd-briggen
701
3. True sweet brier, or briar : The Eglantine
(Rosa rubiginosa.)
B. As adjective: Pertaining to any of the
plants described under A.
brier-bush, * bryer-bushe, *brere-
bushe, s. Two roses-
1. Rosu canina.
2. Rosa arvensis.
brier-rose, briar-rose, S. A rose
(Rosa canina). (Spec. on the Eng. border.)
“For, from their shivered brows displayed,
Far o'er the unfathomable glade,
All twinkling with the dew-drop sheen,
The briar-rose fell in streamers green."
Scott : Lady of the Lake, i. 11.
brier-scythe, s.
Agric. : A stout, short-bladed scythe in a
nearly straight handle, and used for cutting
down brambles and the like.
brier-tooth, a. Resembling the teeth of
a brier leaf.
Brier-tooth saw : A saw whose interdental
spaces are deeply depressed by oblique filing
on alternate sides. [GULLET-SAW.]
+ brier-tree, s. A rose (Rosa canina).
* brierd, v.t. [BREER, v.] To germinate.
(Scotch.)
“Euen as the husbandman after he has casten the
seede in the ground, his eye is on the ground to see
how the corne brierdes."-Rollock: On 2 T'hes., p. 152.
brī'-ered, a. [Eng. brier; -ed.] Set with
briers. (Chatterton.)
brī-ēr-ý, a. & s. [Eng. brier ; -y.]
A. As adjective: Full of briers ; thorny.
(Lit. & fig.)
"It taketh no rote in a briery place, ne in marice,
neither in the sande that fleeteth awaye, but it re-
quireth a pure, a trymme and a substauncial grounde.”
-Udal: James i.
B. As substantive : A place where briers
grow. (Webster.)
* briēve, s. [BRIEF.]
brĩg (1), * breg, * bryg, s. [BRIDGE.] (Scotch,
Yorleshire, and North of England.)
1. Lit. : A bridge.
“Corspartryk raiss, the keyis weile he knew,
Leit breggis doun, and portculess that drew."
Wallace, i. 90. MS.
"The brig was doun that the entré suld keipe.”
Ibid., iv. 226. MS.
2. Fig. : A ledge of rocks running out from
the coast into the sea. Example, Filey Brig
(in East Yorkshire). (Prof. Phillips: Rivers,
&c., of Yorkshire, p. 262.)
horse, foot, or artillery, under the command 2. A robber, a bandit, an outlaw.
of a brigadier. An infantry brigade contains
“ Lure on the broken brigands to their fate.”.
from three to six battalions; the cavalry
Byron : Lara, ii. xi.
brigade, three or more regiments and a bat-
brig'-and-age (age as ig), s. (Fr. brigan-
tery of horse artillery; an artillery brigade
dage = robbery ; from brigand.] The prac-
two or more batteries. Infantry and cavalry
tices of brigands; robbery, theft.
brigades, when permanently formed, are com-
"... which not only brings them to neglect their
manded by major-generals.
proper trades... but in time inevitably draws them
“Here the Bavarian duke his brigades leads.".
on to robbery and brigandage."- Warburton : Alli-
Philips.
ance of Ch, and State (1st ed.), p. 129.
“Is there any general who can be responsible for the
obedience of a brigade ?"-Burke : Sub. of Speech on | * brig'-and-ěr, * brýg'-and-ér, s. [BRI-
the Army Estimates.
GANDINE (2).]
2. Figuratively :
“He anone apparaylled hymn with the knyghtes
(1) An aggregation, meeting, or union of apparayll, and dyd on hym his bryganders.”-Fabyan,
bk. vii., p. 623.
several hosts as for warfare. (Poetic.)
“Thither, wing'd with speed,
+ brig-and-ess, s. [Eng. brigand; and fem.
A numerous brigade hastend : as when bands
Of pioneers, with spade and pickaxe arm a.
suff. -ess (q.v.).] A female brigand.
Milton : P. L., bk. i.
“These brigandesses have an average of eighteen
(2) A similar gathering of females intending
crimes against them in coinmon with the men.”—Pall
Mall Gazette, May 12, 1865.
to make a conquest of human hearts.
“Then say what beauteous general wilt thou choose, * brig'-and-içe, s. [BRIGAND.] Brigandage.
To lead the fair brigade against thy rebel foes?"
Hughes : Cupid's Review. * brig'-and-īne (1), s. (BRIGANTINE.]
B. As adjective: Pertaining to some kind
of brigade, like one of those described under A. * brựg'-and-īne (2), * brỉg'-and-ěr, s. [Fr.
“Brigade depots are to be considered a portion of a brigandine; Ital. brigantina ; from 0. Fr.
force to be inspected ...."-The Queen's Orders and brigand ; Low Lat. brigans = a light-armed
Regulations (1873), $ 5.
soldier.] [BRIGAND, BRIKCANETYNE.]
brigade-major, S.
1. A coat of mail composed of light, thin
Mil.: A staff officer attached to the brigade jointed scales; also a coat of thin, pliant plate-
and not to the personal staff of the officer by armour.
whoin it is commanded. He issues the orders
“They have also armed horses with their shoulders
of that officer to the brigade, and is the
and breasts defenced, they have helmets and brigan-
dines."-Hakluyt: Voyages, i. 62.
channel through which are transmitted to
“Nor waving plume, nor crest of knight:
him all reports and correspondence regarding
But burnished were their corslets bright,
it. He has to inspect all guards, outposts,
Their brigantines, and gorgets light,
and pickets furnished by the brigade. No
Scott: Marmion, v. 2.
officer under the rank of captain can hold the
2. A jacket quilted with iron, much worn
appointment. (Queen's Regulations and Orders
by archers during the reign of Elizabeth and
for the Army (1873), § 5.)
James I.
bri-gā'de, v.t. [From Eng., &c. brigade, s. * brig-and-ísm. s. rEng. brigand, and suff.
(q.v.).]
Mil. : To form into one or more brigades.
-ism (q.v.).] Brigandage.
"It [brevet rank) gives precedence when corps are * brựg'-ant, s. [BRIGAND.]
brigaded."-James : Mil. Dict. (4th ed.), p. 61.
bri-gā'-děd, pa. par. & d. [BRIGADE, v.]
* brig'-ant-īne (1), s. [BRIGANDINE (2).]
“Their defensive armour was the plate-jack, hau-
brựg-a-dier', s. [In Dan. brigadeer; Fr.
berk, or brigantine."-Scott: Note to Marmion, st. iii.
brigadier; Port. brigadeiro ; Ital. brigadiere.] brig'-ant-îne (2), s. [Fr. brigantin ; Ital.
Mil. : An abbreviation of brigadier-general brigantino = a pirate-ship ; Sp. bergantin.]
(q.v.). It is in common use in the Anglo [BRIGAND.]
Indian army, the forces located in various * 1. A pirate-ship.
cantonments being in charge of brigadiers.
2. A two-masted vessel brig-rigged on the
“.... to raise the best officer in the Irish army
to the rank of Brigadier.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng.,
ch. xiv.
brigadier-general, s.
Mil.: A military officer of intermediate
rank, which is local or temporary only, be-
tween a major-general and a colonel. He is
generally the senior colonel of a number of
battalions temporarily brigaded together and
not commanded therefore by a major-gene-
ral. He may wear the same uniform as the
latter.
“Brigadiers temporarily appointed .... are at
liberty, however, to wear the uniform and appoint-
ments complete, as laid down for a Brigadier-General.”
Queen's Regulations and Orders for the Army, $ 12.
Like very silver shone.
brig (2), s. [Contracted from Eng., &c., brigan-
tine (q. v.).]
Naut.: A vessel with two masts, square-
rigged on both. [SNOW.]
BRIGANTINE
.
BEEELEIFEN
bri-gā'-dîng, pr. par., d., & s. [BRIGADE, v.]
A. As pr. par. : (See the verb).
B. As adj. : Pertaining to the formation of
men into brigades.
“... regiments finding their way on to the ground
as they mustered, with seemingly small attention to
he brigading regulations prescribed in the War-office
memorandum." - Daily News, July 24, 1871.
C. As subst. : The act of forming men into
brigades.
* brựg'-an, s. [BRIGAND.]
BRIG.
* brig'-an-cie, s. [BRIGAND.] Robbery, de-
“.... though the arrival of a brig in the port was
a rare event."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii.
predation, violence.
Hermaphrodite brig: A two-masted vessel,
"... thair be way of hame sukkin, brigancie and
forthocht fellony, maist vyldlie, vnmercifullie aud
square-rigged forward and schooner-rigged aft. treasounablie slew and murtherit him,..."-Acts Ja.
(Totten.)
VI., 1584 (ed. 1814), p. 305.
bri-gā'de, brig'-ade, * bri'-gad, s. & a. | brig'-and, * breg'-aund, * bríg'-an,
[In Sw. brigad ; Dan., Dut., Ger., & Fr. * brïg'-ant, s. [Fr. brigand; Low Lat. bri-
brigade; Sp. brigada = brigade, shelter; Port. gans =a light-armed soldier; Ital. brigante,
brigada; Ital. & Low Lat. brigata = a com pr. par. of brigare = to strive ; briga ; O. Fr.
pany, a troop, a crew, a brigade. From 0. Fr. brigue = strife.]
brigue = contention, quarrel, dispute, faction; * 1. A light-armed soldier.
Ital. briga = trouble, disquiet ; Ital. & Low
“Bekyrde with bregaundez of fesse in tha laundez.”
Lat. brigare = to strive, to shift, to be busy.]
Morte Arthure, 2,096.
A. As substantive :
“Besides two thousand archers, and brigans, so
called in those days of an armour which they wore
1. Mil. : A portion of an army, whether named brigandines."--Holinsh., ii., N n, 5 b.
foremast, but having no square sails on the
after or mainmast.
"The brigantines of the rovers were numerous, no
doubt; but none of them was large."-Macaulay :
Hist. Eng., ch. XXV.
* brig'-bõte, * brūg'-bote, S. [O. Eng.
brig = bridge, and bote (q.v.).] For def. see
the quotation.
"Brig-bote, or brugbote, signifies a tribute, contribu-
tion, or aid towards the mending of bridges, whereof
many are freed by the king's charter, and hereupon
the word is used for the very liberty or exemption
from this very tribute."-Blount : Glossographia.
* brige, - * bryge, s. [O. Fr. brigue; Ital.
briga; Sp. & Port, brega = a dispute, quarrel.]
A quarrel, a contention.
“Myne adversaries han bygonne this debate and
brige."
Chaucer : Melibeus, p. 187.
brigg, * brigge, * brug, s. [BRIDGE.] A
bridge. (Scotch.)
* briġ-ġěn, * breģ'-gen, v.t. [Lat. breviare;
Fr. (a)bréger.] [ABRIDGE.) To shorten,
abridge, cut short.
“He wild haf briggid the fals leue and enoure."-
Langtoft: Chronicle, p. 247.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhŭn. tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

702
briggeward-brigtlike
* brig'ge-ward, * brig'ge-warde, s. bright-studded, c. Studded brightly, II. Figuratively:
[BRIDGE-WARD.]
as the sky with stars.
* 1. Clearly, audibly.
“ Bright-studded to dazzle the eyes."
* brig'-houss, s. [Scotch brig = bridge, and
“Tho so spac God brightlike
Cowper : Gratitude.
That alle he it herden witterlike."
Eng. house.] A toll-house. (Skeat.)
* bright (gh silent), * briht, v.t. [BRIGHT, a.]
Story of Gen. & Exod., 3,491.
"... to low
To make bright or clear. (Lit. & fig.)
Hir by the brighouss to the wall.".
* 2. Plainly, clearly, perfectly.
Barbour : l'he Bruce (ed. Skeat), xvii. 409.
"Al is ase noutayean luue, thet schireth and brihteth
“Thenne schule ye al this brihtliche understonden."
the heorte."--Ancren Riwie, p. 384.
Ancren Riwle, p. 154.
bright (gh silent), * brint, * bricht, * brict,
“The sun brightis all the burghe, and the brode valis."
† 3. Cheerfully, gaily.
* brigt, * brith, * brit, * bryght, * bryht,
Destr. of Troy (ed. Donaldson and Pauton), 814.
"He faced this morn of farewell brightly.”
*bryth, a., adv., & s. [A.S. beorht; 0. Sax.
Tennyson: Enoch Arden, 183.
berht; Goth. bairhts; Icel. bjartr; O. H. Ger.
Bright's-disease, S. [Named after Dr.
Obvious compound : Brightly-coloured
përaht; M. H. Ger. bërht = shining. Cognate
Bright.] [ALBUMINURIA.]
(Darwin).
with Sansc. bhrój = to shine ; Lat. flagro = to bright'-en (ah silent). *brih-ten. vt. & i. brightly-headed, a. Having a bright
flame, blaze (Skeat.).]
[A.S. beorhtan, brihtan.]
or gleaming point.
A. As adj. (Of all the foregoing forms):
"Thus below
A. Transitive :
A well-joyn'd boord he laide it, and close by
I. Literally:
I. Literally :
The brightly-headed shaft."
1. Shedding light, luminous, clear; opposed
1. To make gradually bright or clear (fre-
Chapman : Homer's Odyssey, bk. xxl.
to dark.
quently followed by up).
bright'-ness (gh silent), * bright-nes,
“She saw therinne a lithful schier
Also brith so it were clay."
* briht' -nes, * briht-nesse, * bricht-
“Full fain was he when the dawn of day
Havelok, 588.
“As the sonne with his beinys qwhan he is most
Began to brighten Cheviot gray."
nesse, * brict-nesse, * brit-nesse, 8.
bryth.”
3 Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, ii. 24. [A.S. bryhtnesse, beorhtnesse.]
Coventry Mysteries, p. 117.
2. Radiant, reflecting light, shining; op-
"The purple morning, rising with the year,
I. Lit. : The quality of being bright; lustre,
Salutes the spring, as her celestial eyes
posed to dull.
Adorn the world, and brighten up the skies."
brilliancy, clearness.
Now I am a devyl ful derke
Dryden.
“A gold ring that wit brightnes scain."
2. To cause to shine or sparkle.
That was an aungelle bryght."
Cursor Mundi, 3,320.
Coventry Mysteries, p. 21.
"And tears bedew'd and brighten'd Julia's cheek.”
"A sword, by long lying still, will contract a rust,
.:,: a presence bright
Campbell : Theodric.
which shall deface its brightness."-South.
Returns to her."
II. Figuratively:
Wordsworth : The White Doe of Rylstone, iv.
+ II. Figuratively :
1. To make bright or cheerful, as though
3. Clear, pure, transparent.
1. Cheerfulness, confort.
by removing or dissipating the shadows of
“ Vex'd with the present moment's heavy gloom,
“Bonkez bene of beryl bryght."
Allit. Poems; Pearl, 110.
care or trouble; to relieve from gloom.
Why seek we brightness from the years to coine."
Prior.
“Hope elevates, and joy
“From the brightest wines
He'd turp abhorrent.” Thomson.
Brightens his crest." Milton : P. L., bk. ix.
2. Sharpness, acuteness.
4. Unclouded, clear.
* 2. To make clear or plain; to explain.
“The brightness of his parts, the solidity of his
judgment, and the candour and generosity of his
"And why they pine beneath the brightest skies."
"This word is deosk, auh nime the gode yeme hu ich
temper, distinguished him in an age of great polite.
Thomson : Seasons; Winter.
hit wulle ou brihten."- Ancren Riwle, p. 148.
ness."-Prior.
“The evening bright and still."
3. To make illustrious.
Crabb thus distinguishes between bright-
Pope: Satires, iii. 138.
“There were two honours lost; yours and your son's. ness, lustre, splendour, and brilliancy: “Bright-
5. Resplendent with beauty or charms.
For yours, the God of heaven brighten it!"
ness is the generic, the rest are specific terms :
“How fareth that byrde bryght ?"
Shakesp. : 2 Henry IV., ii. 2.
there cannot be lustre, splendour, and bril-
Erle of Tolouse, 843.
“The present queen would brighten her character, if
liancy without brightness, but there may be
she would exert her authority to instil virtues into
"O Liberty, thou goddess heav'nly bright.”.
her people."-Swift.
brightness where these do not exist. These
Addison.
6. Gay; of brilliant colours.
† 4. To make less dark or grievous ; to alle terms rise in sense ; lustre rises on brightness,
"Here the bright crocus and blue violet grew."
viate.
splendour on lustre, and brilliancy on splendour.
Pope : Spring, 31. “An ecstasy, that mothers only feel,
Brightness and lustre are applied properly to
II. Figuratively :
Plays round iny heart, and brightens all my sorrow.' natural lights ; splendour and brilliancy have
Philips.
1. Cheerful, gay, happy.
been more commonly applied to that which is
75. To make sharp or witty, to enliven.
“ Bright hours atone for dark ones past."
artificial : there is always more or less bright-
Moore: Lalla Rookh; The Fire-Worshippers.
(Generally with up.)
ness in the sun or moon; there is an occasional
"To-day the grave is bright for me."
" Yet time ennobles or degrades each line;
lustre in all the heavenly bodies when they
Tennyson : In Memor., 73.
It brighten'd Cragss', and may darken thine."
Pope : Satires, iv. 45.
shine in their unclouded brightness; there is
2. Witty, clever, highly accomplished ; as B. Intransitive:
splendour in the eruptions of flame from a
we say, “a bright idea," "a bright genius.”
1. To become gradually bright or clear ; to
volcano or an immense conflagration; there is
"Great in arms, and bright in art."
brilliancy in a collection of diamonds. There
clear up.
Anonymous.
" The flowers begin to spring,
may be both splendour and brilliancy in an
“If parts allure thee, think how Bacon shin'd,
The skies to brighten, and the birds to sing."
illumination: the splendour arises from the
The wisest, brightest, ineanest of mankind."
Pope : Spring, 72. mass and richness of light; the brilliancy
Pope: Ess. on Man, iv. 282.
2. To become spirited, lively, cheerful, or from the variety and brightness of the lights
*3. Clear, plain, evident.
less gloomy.
and colours. Brightness may be obscured,
"That he may with more ease, with brighter evi-
(1) Of persons (generally applied to the coun lustre may be tarnished, splendour and brilli-
dence, and with surer success, draw the learner on.
Watts : Improvement of the Mind.
tenance) :
ancy diminished. The analogy is closely pre-
* 4. Distinct, clear, audible,
“On me she bends her blissful eyes
served in the figurative application. Brightness
"God sente a steuene brigt and heg."
And then on thee; they meet thy look
attaches to the moral character of men in
And brighten like the star that shook
Story of Gen. & E.cod., 2,780.
ordinary cases, lustre attaches to extraordinary
Betwixt the palms of paradise."
5. Illustrious, noble, celebrated.
Tennyson: In Memor.
instances of virtue and greatness, splendour
" This is the worst, if not the only stain
(2) Of things (applied to style of language):
and brilliancy attach to the achievements of
I'th' brightest annals of a female reign.”
men. Our Saviour is strikingly represented
Cotton.
“How the style brightens, how the sense retines."
to us as the brightness of His Father's glory,
B. As adv. (Of the forms bright, brighte, I bright'-ened
Pope: Essay on Criticism, 421.
and the express image of His person. The
and brihte) : Brightly.
(ah silent). pa. nar. & a. humanity of the English in the hour of con-
(BRIGHTEN.]
“Than sulde we brighte sen
quest adds a lustre to their victories which
Quilc yure sal God quemest ben."
A. & B. As past participle and participial are either splendid or brilliant, according to
Story of Gen. & Exod., 3,763. adjective: In senses corresponding to those of the number and nature of the circumstances
The moon shines bright."
the verb.
which render them remarkable." (Crabb :
Shakesp. : Mer. of Ven., V. 1.
“ Thus I presumptuous: and the Vision bright,
C. As subst. (of the forms bright, brigt, and
Eng. Synon.)
As with a smile more brightened thus replied."
briht):
Milton: P. L., viii. 368. | * brīght-some (gh silent), a. [Eng. bright,
1. Brightness.
brīght'-en-ing (gh silent), pr. par., A., & s. and suff. -some (q.v.).] Bright, clear.
“ Swilc the sunnes brigt,
[BRIGHTEN.]
- "Let the bright some heavens be dim."
Is more thanne the mones ligt."
A. & B. As present participle & participial
Marlowe : Jew of Malta, il. 2.
Story of Gen. & Exod., 143.
" Drawn round about thee, like a radiant shrine, adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
+ bright'-some-ness. * bright'-some-
Dark with excessive bright Thy skirts appear."
the verb.
něs (gh silent), s. [Eng. brightsome; -ness.)
Milton : P. L., bk. iii.
"Enid listen'd brightening as she lay.”
The quality of being brightsome; brightness.
2. A plant, Ranunculus Ficaria, L., called
Tennyson : Enid, 733.
"So that by the bright somenes of the gold the
by Gerarde Chelidonia. (Britten & Holland.)
"You cannot shut the windows of the sky,
flowers appered so freshely that they semed as they
Through which Aurora shews her brightening face." were growyng in dede."-Hall : Chronicle; Hen. VIII.,
| Obvious compounds are bright-brown,
Thomson : Castle of Indolence, ii. 3.
anno 19.
bright-burning, bright-coloured, bright-eyed, C. As substantive :
bright-faced, bright-green, bright-haired, bright-
*bri-gose, * bry-goos, d. [Low Lat. brigosus;
1. The act of making bright or clear.
hued, bright-red, bright-shining ; also bright-
Ital. brigoso; from Low Lat. briga=strife, con-
dyed, and bright-tinted (Carlyle). The follow-
2. The process or state of becoming bright
tention.] - [BRIGE.] Contentious, quarrelsome,
ing are less frequent-
or clear.
tending to cause contention.
"Brygous, or debate-maker. Brigosus.”—Prompt.
bright-curling, a. Shining with bright
brīght'-ly (gh silent), * bright-like, Parv.
curls.
* briht-liche, * bright'-liche, * brigt “Which two words, as conscious that they were
.. bright-curling tresses."
like, adv. [Eng. bright; -ly.]
very brigose and severe (if too generally taken, there.
Longfellow: The Children of the Lord's Supper.
fore), he softens them in the next immediate words by
I. Lit. : Brilliantly, splendidly, clearly.
an apology."—Puller : Moderation of the Ch. of Eng..
bright-harnessed, a. Wearing bright
"Safely I slept, till brightly dawning shone
p. 324.
The morn, conspicuous on her golden throne."
or shining armour.
* brigte, adv. (BRIGHT.] Clearly.
Pope.
“And all about the courtly stable
"Its battled mansion, hill and plain,
Bright-harness'd angels sit in order serviceable."
On which the sun so brightly shone."
| * brigt-like, adv. (BRIGHTLY.] (Story of
Milton : Ode on the Nativity.
Scott" Rokeby, iſ. 28. Gen, and E.cod., 3,491.)
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, her, thêre; pine, pît, sïre, sīr, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, work, whô, sõn; müte, cũb, cüre, unite, cūr, rûle, füll; trý, Sýrian. ®, cerē. ey=ão qu= kw.

brigue-brimmer
703
we,
brimen, * brim.
men, vii. M
mbs"
* brîgue, s. [Fr. brigue; Ital. & Low Lat. known as the half brilliant, the full brilliant, “This said, a double wreath Evander twin'd:
And poplars black and white his temples bind:
briga; Sp. brega = strife, coutention ; Gael. the split or trap brilliant, the double brilliant
Then brims his ample bowl.”
Dryden.
& Ir. bri, brigh = anger, power.] [BRIGE.] or Lisbon cut. [CUTTING-GEMS.) A diamond
“Arrange the board and brim the glass."
Solicitation, canvassing for power or oflice, cut as a brilliant has two truncated portions,
Tennyson : In Memor., 106, 16.
emulation.
one above and one below the girlle, which is
“A beaker, brimm'd with noble wine.”
"The politicks of the court, the brigues of the car. at the largest circumference. The upper por-
| Ibid. : Duy Dream, 56.
dinals, the tricks of the conclave."--Lu. Chesterfieta. tion, which projects from the setting, is called
B. Intrans. : To be full to the brim, or to
* brigue, v.i. [Fr. briguer; Ital. brigare; Sp.
the bizet, and is one-third the whole depth of overflowing. (Seldom used except in the
bregar = to contend, strive.] To solicit, can-
the gem. The remaining two-thirds are em present participle.)
vass, strive for.
bedded. They are called the culasse. (Knight.)
"The brimming glasses now are hurl'd
With dire intent."
Philips.
“You may conclude, if you please, that I am too proud
2. Printing : A very small type, smaller
to brique for an admission into the latter."-Hurd.
than diamond.
+ brym (2). *brime. * hrimen * hrim
t brîg-uing (u silent), pr. par., a., & S.
This sentence is printed in brilliant type.
men, v.i. [M. H. Ger. brimmen; 0. Icel.
[BRIGUE, v.]
3. Fabric: A cotton fabric woven with a brima.]
A. & B. As pr. par. and particip. adj. : In small raised pattern, and printed or plain.
1. To be fruitful, to bear fruit.
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
4. Pyrotech.: A form of pyrotechnics for
“God biquuad watres here stede,
C. As substantive : Canvassing, soliciting.
And erthe brimen and beren dede."
making a bright light. The filling is gun-
Story of Genesis and Exodus, 117.
“Briguing, intriguing, favouritisi, ..."-Carlyle :
powder 16 and steel-filings 4; or gunpowder
Fr. Revol., bk. v., ch. 5.
16, and borings 6.
2. To be maris appetens.
“The sonner wol thei brimme ayein,
* brik, * brike, s. [A.S. bric = a fracture, bril-li-ant-lý, code. [Eng. brilliant; -1.]
And bringe forth pigges moo.
Palladius, iii. 1,070.
breaking ] [BREACH, s.] A breach, violation In a brilliant manner, lustrously, shiningly.
of, or injury done to anyone. (Scotch & 0. (Lit. & fig.)
*brime, s. [A.S. brim, brymme = shore (of
Eng.)
"No other large Irish town is so well cleaned, so the sea), &c.] Pickle, brine. (Scotch.)
“That sum men and women professing monastik
well paved, so brilliantly lighted.”—Macaulay: Hist.
lyfe, and vowing yirginitie, may efter inary but brik
Eng., ch. xvi.
* brîm'-ěll, a. (Etymology doubtful; ? A.S
of conscience."-N. Winyet : Quest. Keith, App., p. 228.
bril-li-ant-ness, s. [Eng. brilliant; -ness.] bryme = fierce.] Rough, boorish (?).
* brik-cane-tyne, s. [BRIGANDINE (2).] The quality of being brilliant, lustre, splen “Laith we war, but owther offens or cryme,
A very curiously-corrupted spelling of bri dour. (Johnson.)
Ane brimell body suld interstrike my ryine."
gandine.
Douglas : Virgil, 19, 12.
brillş, s. [Cf. Ger, brille ; Dut. bril = a pair
"Assignis continuacioun of dais to pref that the
* brîm'-fìli, v.t. [Eng. brim; and fill.]
of spectacles (Mahn).] The hair on the eye-
said Schir Mongo haid the brikcanetynes contenit in
To
the summondis, & the avale." &c.-Act. Dom. Conc., lids of a horse. (Bailey.)
fill to the brim, or to overflowing. (Lit. & fig.).
A. 1489, p. 132.
"His lamnation will be the sooner wrought up, the
brīm, * brîmme, *brým, *brymme, s. cup of his iniquity brim filled.”—Adams : The Blacke
* brike, s. [BRIK.) A breach, fracture.
[A.S. brim; Icel. brim = surf; M.H. Ger. Devill, 1615, p. 71.
bril, s. [Cf. Dut. bril; Ger. brille = spectacles. ]
brëm; Ger. brame, bräme = a border. From
* brîm'-filled, pa. par. [BRIMFILL.]
Sansc. bhram = to whirl ; M. H. Ger. brëmen =
The merry thought of a fowl. (Scotch.)
(1) to roar, (2) to border; Lat. fremo= to roar.] *brim-fir, * brim-fire, s. [Either an error
“Os, quod vulgo bril appellatur, adeo in hac ave cum
pectore connexum est, ut nulla vi avelli queat."-
I. Lit. : The edge or border of anything. for brinfire = burning-fire, or= wild-fire, i.e.,
Sibb, Scot., p. 20.
Used-
brimstone, from A.S. bryme, bréme = fierce,
brīli, prili, s. [From provinc. Eng. pearl (?).] 1. Of a stream : A bank or shore.
wild.]
'For mannes sinne thus it is went,
Ichthyol.: A flat-fish, Pleuronectes rhombus, "A balgh bergh bi a bonke the brymme bysyde."
Brent with brimfir, sunken and shent."
resembling the turbot, but inferior to it in
Sir Gawaine, 2,172.
Story of Genesis and Exodus, 754.
“Not lighter does the swallow skim
flavour, besides being smaller in size. It is
Along the smooth lake's level brim."
brîm'-fúl, a. [Eng. brim, and ful(l).]
common in the markets.
Scott: Marmion, vi. 15.
1. Lit. : Full to the brim, overflowing.
bril-lan'te (pron. bril-lyan'-tā), adv. (Ital.
2. Of a fountain : The edge or brink.
"The good old king at parting wrung my hand,
"It told me it was Cynthia's own,
& Fr. brillante.]
His eyes brimful of tears" Addison : Cato.
Within whose cheerful brims
- Music : Brilliantly; in a showy, sparkling
“Her brimful eyes, that ready stood,
That curious nymph had oft been known
And only wanted will to keep a flood."
To bathe her snowy limbs."
style. (Stainer and Barrett.)
Drayton
Dryden : The Fables, Sigism inda and Guiscardo.
3. Of any vessel : The upper edge.
bril'-lì-ạnçe, bril'-liançe, brīl'-li-an-
2. Fig. (of the feelings, &c.):
“Thus in a bason drop a shilling,
çý, bril'-lian-çý, s. (From Eng. brillian(t),
Then fill the vessel to the brim." Swift.
(1) Overflowing, full.
"My heart
-ce ; -cy.]
"Froth'd his bumpers to the brim,"
Brimful of those wild tales."
Tennyson : Old Year, 19.
1. Lit. (Of material things): The state or
Tennyson : Dream of Fair Women, 182.
4. Of the horizon : The margin.
quality of being brilliant, lustre.
* (2) Completely prepared ; in full and com-
“As the bright sunne, what time his fierie teme
plete number.
2. Fig. (Of things not material):
Towards the westerne brim begins to draw."
... all those striking events which give interest
Spenser : F. Q., V. ix. 35.
"Our legions are brimful, our cause is ripe."
and brilliancy to the Roman history, particularly in 5. Of a hat : The edge or leaf.
Shakesp. : Julius Caesar, iv, 3.
the pages of Livy."—Lewis : Ear. Rom. Hist., ch. iv.
.. seeing that his hat
+ brim'-ful-ness, s. [Eng. brimful; -ness.)
“.... fertility of thought and brilliancy of Was moist with water-drops, as if the brim
diction ...."- Alacaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. x.
The quality or state of being brimful; com-
Had newly scoop'd a running stream."
"Often also our talk was gay; not without brilliancy,
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. 1.
plete fulness.
and even fire." – Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. ii., 6. Of a pit: The edge or side.
“The Scot on his unfurnish'd kingdom
ch. iii.
Came pouring, like a tide into a breach,
For the distinction between brilliancy,
“He his ne to the brimme
With ample and brimfulness of his force."
Hath leide."
Shakesp. : Henry V., 1. 2.
brightness, lustre, and splendour see BRIGHT-
*Gower : Conf, Amant., ii. 293.
NESS.
* II. Fig.: The edge or brink of anything;
| brîm'-less, a. [Eng brim ; less.] Without a
as, the brim of the grave, but in this sense we
bril-l1-ant, bril-liant, a. & s. [In Sw.
brim; having no brim.
"They [the Jews] wear little black brimless caps, as
now use brink.
briljant, s.; Dan. brilliant, s.; Ger. brillant,
"I was in the very pangs of death and brought
the Moors red."-L, Addison : State of the Jews, p. 1).
8. ; Sp. & Ital. brillante, a. & s.; Port. bril-
downe to the very brimme of the grave."-Hall: on
hante, a. & S.; Fr. brillant, s., and brillant,
Hard Texts (1633), p. 211.
* brim-ly, * brym-ly, a. & ado. [BRIM.]
pa. par, of briller; Prov. & Sp. brillar; Port.
brilhar : Ital. brillare = to shine.
* brim
From Lat.
A. As adjective: Fierce.
(1), a. [A.S. bréme, bryme = famous,
berillus, beryllus; Gr. Búpullos (bērullos). ]
"That brymly best so cruell and unryd."
celebrated.] Well-known, spoken of, public.
Songs & Carols (ed. Wright), p. 26.
[BERYL.)
“That thou dost hold me in disdain,
B. As adverb:
Is brim abroad, and made a gibe to all that keep this
A. As adjective :
plain.
Warner : Albion's England.
1. Fiercely.
1. Literally. (Of anything material capable *brim (2), * brym, * bryme, * breme, a. "His brode eghne
of reflecting light): Shining very brightly,
That fulle brymly for breth brynte as the gledys."
(BREME.]
Morte Arthure, 116.
emitting splendent rays, sparkling, highly
1. Raging, swelling. (Applied to the sea.) 2. Clearly, distinctly.
lustrous.
"A man sees better, and discerns more brimly his
“The yeir of God i. M. iiii. c. lxxxvi yeris certaine
“Replete with many a brilliant spark.”
marchandis wer passand betuix Forth and Flanderis
colours." --Puttenham: The Art of Poetry, p. 256.
Dorset.
(quhen hastelie come sic ane thud of wynd) that sail. (Trench on some def. in our Eng. Dict., p. 18.)
2. Figuratively. (Of things not material): mast and taikillis wer blawin in the brym seis, throw
Lustrous, shining, sparkling, fitted to excite
quhilk the schip beleuit nocht bot sicker deith.”_ brimme, d. [BREME.]
Bellend. : Cron., bk, viii, c. 20.
admiration.
2. Fierce, violent.
† brimmed, a. (BRIM.]
“ Cornbury was not a man of brilliant parts ...."
-Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ix.
“The brim battil of the Harlaw."
1. Having a brim or edge. (Obsolete except
Evergreen, i. 90.
B. As substantive :
in compounds, as broad-brimmed, wide-brim-
3. Stern, rugged. (Applied to the counten-
med, narrow-brimmed, &c.)
I. Ordinary Language :
ance.)
(1) Lit. : The same as II. 1.
“But this sorrowfull boteman wyth bryme luke,
2. Full to the brim or edge, almost over-
Now thir, now thaire within his weschell tuke."
flowing.
* (2) Fig.: A person of illustrious reputation.
Doug.: Virgil, 174, 20.
“May thy brimmed waves for this
" In deference to his virtues. I forbear
Their full tribute never miss."
4. Denoting a great degree either of heat or
To shew you what the rest in orders were:
Milton , Comus.
This brilliant is so spotless and so bright,
of cold, as we say, “a fierce heat.”
He needs not foil, but shines by his own proper
“Vulcanis oistis of brym flambis rede
* brim-men, v.i. [BRIM (2), v.]
light.”
Dryden.
Spredand on bred vpblesis euery stede.*
brīm'-měr, s. [Eng. brim; -er.]
II. Technically :
Doug. : Virgil, 330, 48.
t 1. A glass or drinking vessel filled to the
1. Diamond-cutting : A diamond of the finest 1 t brım (1), v.t. & i. (BRIM, s.]
cut, consisting of lozenge-shaped facets alter A. Trans. : To fill to the brim ; to fill to
brim, a bumper.
nating with triangles. The variations are overflowing.
"Round to his mates a brimmer fills."
Scott: Jarmion.
boil, bóy: póut, jówl; cat, çell, chorus, çhin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph= l.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhŭn -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

704
brimming-bring
"When healths go round, and kindly brimmers flow." brindle-moth, s. A name applied to
Dryden.
* 2. A hat.
several kinds of moths from their streaked
“Now takes his brimmer off.”
and spotted appearance. The best known is,
Brome : Songs, 1661 (Nares.) perhaps, the Brindle Beauty, Biston hirtaria.
brîm'-ming, a. [BRIM, v.]
brın'-dléd, a. [An extended quasi-diminutive
1. Lit. : Filled to the brim.
form of brinded. (Skeat.)]
"And twice besides her beestings never fail
“Where mountain wolves and brindled lions roam."
To store the dairy with a brimming pail."
Pope: Odyssey, x., 242.
Dryden.
And there the wild-cat's brindled hide
“I loved the brimming wave that swam
The frontlet of the elk adorns."
Thro' quiet meadows round the mill."
Scott: Lady of the Lake, i. 27.
Tennyson : The Miller's Daughter
2. Fig. : Overflowing.
brīne, * briyn, * bryne, s. [A.S. bryne; O.
Dut. brijn ; Dut. brem = brine, pickle.]
"Her eyes... were all by
over with
tears."-Kingsley: Water Babies, ch. vi.
I. Literally :
* brims, * brim'-sey, s. [A.S. brimse; 0.
1. Gen. : Water strongly impregnated with
Dut. bremse.] [BREESE.] A gad-fly.
salt.
“Bryne of salt. Salsugo.”—Prompt. Parv.
brîm'-stone, * brem-ston, * brim'-ston, “A mariner ... with incrusted brine all rough."
* brim-stane, * brim'-stoon, * brin'-
Cowper : Odyssey, xxiii. 278.
stan, * brum'-ston, * brun'-stane,
2. Spec. :
* brym'-stoon, s. [O. Icel. brennisteinn, (1) The sea, the ocean.
from brenna = to burn, and steinn = a stone;
“Not long beneath the whelming brine,
Sw. brännsten.]
Expert to swim, he lay."
Cowper : The Castaway.
1. Ord. Lang. : Burnt-stone, sulphur.
* (2) Applied to tears, from their saltness.
“It rayned fire fra heven and brunstane."
“What a deal of brine
SEE Hampole: Prick of Consc., 4853.
Hath wash'd thy sallow cheeks for Rosaline."
“The whole land thereof is brimstone, and salt, and
Shakesp. ; Rom. and Jul., ii. 3.
burning.”—Deut. xxix. 23.
* II. Fig.: Unfruitfulness, barrenness.
T Vegetable brimstone: The inflammable
“He shall dwelle . . . in the lond of briyn and vn-
spores of two flowerless plants, Lycopodium habitable."- Wicliffe : Jer. xvii. 6.
clavatum and Lycopodium Selago. These are
brine-evaporator, S. An apparatus
used on the continent in the manufacture of
fireworks. (Treas. of Bot.)
for evaporating brine so as to produce salt.
2. Entom. : A species of butterfly, so called brine-gauge, S. An instrument for
from its bright canary or brimstone colour, testing the amount of salt in a liquid. [SALI-
the Rhodocera Rhamna.
NOMETER.]
"It is very interesting to watch the female Brim-
brine-pan. s. The pan or vessel in
stone hovering about the hedge."-Newmun: Brit.
Butterflies, p. 147.
which the brine is kept while being evapo-
brimstone-butterfly, s. (BRIMSTONE,
rated in the process of manufacturing salt.
“A minute crustaceous animal (Cancer salinus) is
2.]
said to live in countless numbers in the brine-pans at
Lymington."-Darwin : Voyage round the World (ed.
brimstone-match, s. A match the tip
1870). ch. iv., p. 67.
of which is steeped in sulphur.
"The vapour of the grotto del Cane is generally brine-pit, s.
supposed to be sulphureous, though I can see no reason
1. Literally : A pit or receptacle in which
for such a supposition; I put a whole bundle of lighted
brimstone matches to the smoke, they all went out in brine is collected, a brine-well.
an instant."-Addison on Italy.
"The salt which was obtained by a rude process from
brimstone-moth, s. A species of moth,
brine pits was held in no high estimation."-Macaulay :
Hist. Eng., ch. iii.
Rumia cratcegata, one of the Geometers. It
* 2. Figuratively :
derives its name from its bright yellow colour.
“And made a brine-pit with our bitter tears."
"The curious twig-like caterpillars of the Brimstone
Shakesp.: Titus Andron., iii. 1.
Moth.”—Coleman: Woodlands, Heaths, &c., p. 112.
brimstone-wort, s. [So called from “its
brine-pump, s.
yellow sap or liquor, which quickly waxeth
- Marine engineering : A pump for changing
hard or dry, smelling not much unlike brim-
the water in the boilers, so as to prevent an
stone” (Coles); or from the sulphureous odour
excess of saturation of salt.
of the leaves (Skinner, Prior.) (Britten &
brine-shrimp, brine-worm, S. A
Holland).] The plant Peucedanum officinale.
small entomostracan, Artemia salina, living in
* brîm'-ston-ìsh, a. [Eng. brimston(e); -ish.)
the brine-pans or salt-pans. [ARTEMIA.]
Somewhat resembling brimstone in nature or
“The little creature is a sort of shrimp, and is com-
monly known as the brine-shrimp."-Gosse: Rom. of
appearance.
Nat. Hist., p. 74.
brîm'-ston-y, d. [Eng. brimstone); -Y.] Full brine-spring, s. A spring of water satu-
of or resembling brimstone; sulphureous.
rated with salt.
"This continual fiery or brin
“The brine-springs of Cheshire are the richest in
Tryon: Way to Wealth, p. 72.
our country.”—Lyeli: Princ. of Geol., ch. xvii.
* brîn, * brin-nen, v.t. & i. [BURN, v.] brine-valve, s.
(Scotch.)
Boilers: A blow-off valve ; a valve which is
brîn (1), s. (From Dan. & Sw. bryn ; 0. Icel.
opened to allow water saturated with salt to
brun= the eyebrow.] The eyebrow. (Prompt.
escape from a boiler.
Parv.)
brine-worm, s. [BRINE-SHRIMP.]
brîn (2), s. [Etymology unknown.] One of + brīne, v.t. [BRINE, s.] To steep in brine, to
the inner radiating sticks of a fan. The outer-| pickle, cure.
most ones, which are larger and longer, are “Some corneth, some brineth.”—Tusser.
called panaches. (Knight.)
* brin'-fīre, s. [BRIMFIRE.) (Story of Gen. &
* brînch, v. t. [Etym. doubtful.] Tº drink | E.cod., 1,163.)
to in answer to a pledge, to pledge.
bring, * breng,. * bringe, * bringen,
“I carouse to Prisius and brinch you."
Lilly: Mother Bombie.
* bryng, * brynge (pret. brought, * brohte,
* brogt, * brogte, * brocte; pa. par. brought,
* brin'-děd, a. [A variant of branded (q.v.). * brogt), v.t. [A.S. bringan; Dut. brengen;
Icel. brondottr = brindled, brandr= a flame, Goth. briggan; O. H. Ger. pringan; Ger.
brenna = to burn; A.S. byrnan, brinnan = bringen.]
to burn.] Of different colours, streaked, I. Of material things :
spotted.
« Thrice the brinded cat hath mew'd."
1. To bear, carry, convey to the place where
Shakesp. : Macbeth, iv. 1. the speaker is, or is supposed to be, as op-
“My brinded heifer to the stake I lay."
posed to taking to another place.
Dryden.
"The trumpery in my house. go, bring it hither”
+ brỉn'-dle, a. & s. [A shortened form of
Shakesp. : Tempest, iv. 1.
brindled (q.v.).]
2. To lead, conduct. (Used of persons.)
A, As adjective: Brindled.
(a) Lit. : To a place or person.
" The first a brindle, the second a yellow."
"I'll bring you where you shall hear music."-
Miss Mitford : Our Village, I., 65.
Shakesp. : Two Gent., iv. 2.
B. As substantive: The state of being
To bring forward on a journey: To help
brindled, spottedness.
on, conduct. (3 John 6.)
"A natural brindle.”—Richardson: Carissa.
(6) Fig. : To a mental state.
“Sithen ghe brocte us to woa,
Adam gaf hire name eua."
Story of Genesis & Exodus, 1. 237.
3. To carry in one's own hand, or with one's
self or itself.
Followed by the preposition to of the
place or person to which or to whom the
thing or person is carried or conducted.
Before a person the preposition is usually
omitted.
"Bring me, I pray thee, a morsel of bread in thine
hand.”—1 Kings, xvii. 11.
4. To attract, draw with it.
“The water ascends difficultly, and brings over with
it some part of the oil of vitriol."--Newton: Opticks.
5. To induce, persuade, prevail on. (Fig.)
"I cannot bring
My tongue to such a pace.”
Shakesp. : Coriol., ii. 3.
“The king was brought to consent to a marriage
between the Lady Mary, eldest daughter and pre-
sunuptive heiress of the Duke of York, and William of
Orange.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., i. 226.
Also used reflexively.
“It seems so preposterous a thing to men, to make
themselves unnappy in order to happiness, that they
do not easily bring themselves to it."-Locke.
II. Of immaterial things :
1. To procure, cause, gain for one.
“There is nothing will bring you more honour, and
more ease, than to do what right in justice you may."
- Bacon.
2. To cause to come. Especially in such
phrases as the following.
“... which bringeth their iniquity to remem-
brance."- Ezek. xxix. 16.
"But those, and more than I to mind can bring."
Dryden.
Frequently with back.
"Bring back gently their wand'ring minds."— Locke.
3. To lead by degrees, draw, guide.
“The understanding should be brought to the diff-
cult and knotty parts of knowledge by insensible
degrees."—Locke.
III. In special phrases :
1. To bring about :
(1) To cause to change from the party of
one's opponents to one's own party.
“Now my new benefactors have brought me about,
And I'll vote against peace, with Spain or without."
Swift: An Excellent New Song.
(2) To cause, effect, bring to pass.
“It enabled him to bring about several great events,
for the advantage of the publick."-Addison : Free-
holder.
* (3) To complete.
" How many hours bring about the day,
How many days will finish up the year,
How many years a mortal man may live."
Shakesp. : 3 Henry VI., ii. 5.
* 2. To bring again: To bring back.
“The Lord said, I will bring again from Bashan : I
will bring my people again from the depths of the
sea."-Psalms, lxviii. 22.
† 3. To bring down :
(1) Lit.: To cause to make a literal descent.
“So he brought down the people unto the water."
Judg. vii. 5.
(2) Fig. : To humble, abase.
“And I will tread down the people in mine anger,
and make them drunk in my fury, and I will bring
down their strength to the earth."-Isaiah, I>
4. To bring forth :
(1) To bear, produce, give birth to. (Lit. &
fig.)
“... thy seed, that the field bringeth forth year by
year.”—Deut., xiv. 22.
“The good queen,
For she is good, hath brought you forth a daughter."
Shakesp. : Winter's Tale, ii. 3.
(2) To lead out, deliver.
“ And Moses said unto God, Who am I, that I should
go unto Pharaoh, and that I should bring forth the
children of Israel out of Egypt?”—Exodus, iii. 11.
5. To bring forward :
(1) To produce.
(2) To assert, produce as a statement.
(3) To hasten, promote, forward; as, to bring
forward the harvest, or the business.
6. To bring home :
(1) Ordinary Language :
(a) Literally:
(i) Gen. : To bring to one's house. (Used
specially of a bride.)
* (ii) Spec. : To bring into the world, to give
birth to.
“Margaret, our young queine, broucht home ane
sone."- Pitscottie : Oron., p. 256.
(6) Fig. : To prove conclusively.
"Several prisoners to whom Jeffreys was unable to
bring home the charge of high treason were convicted
of misdemeanours, and were sentenced to scourging
not less terrible than that which Oates had under-
gone."--Macaulay: Hist. Eng., i. 649.
(2) Naut.: To bring home the anchor = to
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sîr, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cūr, rûle, füll; trý, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē; ey=ão qu= kw.

bringer-brisk
705
work in the cable and raise the anchor to its
position at the side of, or on the ship.
7. To bring in :
(1) To produce, afford a return.
“The sole measure of all his courtesies is, what return
they will make him, and what revenue they will bring
him in."--South.
* (2) To gain over.
"Send over into that realm such a strong power of
men, as should perforce bring in all that rebellious
rout, and loose people."-Spenser : Ireland.
(3) To introduce into Parliament.
"It was resolved that a Resumption Bill should be
brought in.”-Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxv.
(4) To return a verdict.
(5) To introduce.
“Since he could not have a seat among them himself
he would bring in one who had inore merit."--Tatler.
8. To bring off :
(1) To procure an acquittal; clear; make to
escape.
"Set a kite upon the bench, and it is forty to one
ne'll bring off a crow at the bar."--L'Estrunge.
(2) To accomplish, to cause to happen.
9. To bring on :
(1) To cause, give rise to.
"And poverty brought on a pettish mood."
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. i.
(2) To hasten, further, forward.
"Hel. Yet, I pray you:
But with the word the time will bring on summer.".
Shakesp. : All's Well, iv. 4.
10. To bring out :
+ (1) To show, prove.
"Another way made use of, to find the weight of the
denarii, was by the weight of Greek coins ; but those
experiments bring out the denarius heavier."-
Arbuthnot.
* (2) To expose, make manifest.
"Bring out his crimes, and force him to confess."
Dryden.
(3) To introduce into society.
"Begg'd to bring up the little girl, and 'out,'
For that's the phrase that settles all things now.”
Byron : Don Juan, xii. 31.
(4) To publish.
11. To bring over : To convert to one's side.
“The protestant clergy will find it, perhaps, no diff-
cult matter to bring great numbers over to the church."
-Swift.
12. To bring under : To subdue.
“That sharp course which you have set down, for
the bringing under of those rebels of Ulster, and pre.
paring a way for their perpetual reformation."-
Spenser : State of Ireland.
13. To bring to :
(1) Ord. Lang. : To resuscitate, revive.
(2) Naut. : To check the course of a ship; to
lie to.
“We brought-to in a narrow arm of the river."-
Darwin : Voyage Round the World (ed. 1870), ch. vii. p.
136.
14. To bring up:
(1) Ord. Lang. :
(a) To educate, rear.
" They frequently conversed with this lovely virgin,
who had been brought up by her father in knowledge.”
- Addison : Guardian.
(6) To raise, start; as, “to bring up a
subject."
(©) To cause to advance, bring forward.
“Bring up your army."
Shakesp. : Coriolanus, i. 2.
(d) To lay before a meeting, as “to bring up
a report."
(e) To reject food from the stomach ; to
vonit.
(2) Naut. : To cast anchor.
To bring up the rear : To come last.
15. To bring word : To bring intelligence of
anything.
“And Benaiah brought the king word again, saying,
Thus said Joab, and thus he answered me."-1 Kings,
ii. 30.
T (1) Other special applications of the word
are bring to book [BOOK]; bring to pass [PASS];
bring to justice = to charge, bring to trial ; to
bring down the house = to be enthusiastically
received; bring to nought=utterly destroy ;
bring to reason = induce one to listen to
reason; to be brought to bed, brought a bed =
to be delivered of a child ; to bring a person
on his way, or to bring him onward = to ac-
company him.
(2) Crabb thus distinguishes between to
bring, to fetch, and to carry :-“To bring is
simply to take with one's self from the place
where one is; to fetch is to go first to a place
and then bring it; to fetch therefore is a
species of bringing. Whatever is near at
hand is brought; whatever is at a distance
must be fetched : the porter at an inn brings a 2. Fig. : The edge, verge.
parcel, the servant fetches it. Bring always “He sayde, Frendes, I am hoor and old,
respects motion towards the place in which
And almost (God woot) at my pittes brinke.""
the speaker resides ; fetch, a motion both to
Chaucer: C. T., 9274-5.
and from ; carry, always a motion directly
“To misery's brink."
Burns : To a Mountain Daisy.
from the place or at a distance from the
The brink of the grave : The verge or
place... Bring is an action performed
point of death.
at the option of the agent; fetch and carry are
mostly done at the command of another.
“The old man stood ... upon the brink of the
grave."-Robertson : Sermons.
Hence the old proverb, 'He who will fetch
will carry,' to mark the character of the *brỉnk-ful, a. [Eng. brink; ful(l). ] Full to
gossip and tale-bearer, who reports what he the brink or brim; brimful.
hears from two persons in order to please
both parties." (Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
* brînt, pa. par. & d. [BURNT.]
bring'-ēr, * bring'-are, s. [Eng. bring ; *brînt-stone, * brîn-stāne, s. [BRIMSTONE.]
er.] He who, or that which, brings anything.
“Yet the first bringer of unwelcome news
brī'-ný, a. [Eng. brin(e); -y.]' Full of brine ;
Hath but a losing office.”
excessively salt.
Shakesp. : 2 Henry IV., i. 1.
"Is he not an eye to us all; a blessed heaven-sent
“Fool that he was ! by fierce Achilles slain,
The river swept him to the briny main."
Bringer of Light ?”—Carlyle : Heroes, lect. iii.
Pope : Homer's Iliad, ii. 1064-5.
bringer in, s. He who, or that which,
“He saw me, and he turn'd aside,
brings in or introduces.
As if he wish'd himself to hide :
Then with his coat he made essay
"Lucifer is a bringer in of light; and therefore the
To wipe those briny tears away.
harbinger of the day.” - Sandys : Christ's Passion,
Wordsworth : Last of the Flock.
Notes, p. 79.
bringer out, s. He who brings forward,
brī'-ő-nīne, 8. [BRYONY.] A chemical prin-
leads out, or publishes.
ciple extracted from bryony.
“Sold. Mock not, Enobarbus.
I tell you true: best you safed the bringer
brī'-on-ý, s. [Bryony.]
Out of the host." Shakesp.: Ant. & Cleop., iv. 6.
* brise, v.t. [BRUISE.]
bringer up, s. One who rears or edu-
cates.
brī-sĩn'-gą, s. [Etymology doubtful. Cf.
"Italy and Rome have been breeders and bringers Mod. Lat. brissus.]
up of the worthiest men.”- Ascham : Schoolmaster.
Zool. : A genus of Star-fishes, the typical
bring'-ing, * brýng'-ýnge, pr. par., a., &
one of the family Brisingidæ (q.v.). The only
s. [BRING.]
species, that found in the Norwegian Seas,
A. & B. As pr. par. and partic. adj. : In
resembles the fossil Protaster.
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
brī-sĩn'-gự-dæ, s. pl. [From Mod. Lat. bri-
C. As substantive: The act of conveying,
singa, and Lat. fem. pl. suffix -ide.]
carrying, or fetching.
Zool. : A family of Asteroideæ (Star-fishes),
bringing-forth, 8.
with long and rounded arms and two rows of
1. The act of bearing or being delivered of. ambulacral feet; the ambulacral grooves not
* 2. That which is brought forth or uttered.
reaching the mouth.
“Let him be but testimonied in his own bringings-
forth, and he shall appear to the envious a scholar.
brisk, a. [Wel. brysg = nimble, quick; Gael.
a statesman, and a soldier.” - Shakesp. : Meas. for briosg ; Fr. brusque.] Lively, animated, active.
Meas., iii. 2.
Used
bringing-to, s.
1. Of persons :
I. Ordinary Language :
(1) Active, lively.
1. Gen. : The act of carrying or conveying "Shaftesbury's brisk boys."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng.,
ch. xv.
2. Spec.: The act of resuscitating, or bring (2) Gay, sprightly.
ing back to consciousness.
"A creeping young fellow, that had committed
matrimony with a brisk gamesome lass, was so altered
II. Naut. : The act of checking the course in a few days, that he was liker a skeleton than a living
of a vessel.
man.”—L'Estranye.
Bringing-to bolt: A screw-bolt or forelock-
2. Of things :
bolt used in keying up a structure.
*(1) Vivid, bright.
bringing-up, s.
"Objects appeared much darker, because my instru.
ment was overcharged ; had it magnified thirty or
1. Ord. Lang. : Education, rearing.
twenty-five times, it had made the object appear more
brisk and pleasant."-Newton.
2. Printing : The operation of overlaying,
(2) Gay, lively.
underlaying, or cutting portions of woodcuts,
so as to equalise the impression by giving pro-
"Now I am recreated with the brisk sallies and quick
turns of wit."-Pope : Letter to Addison (1713).
per prominence to the dark and light portions. “These most brisk and giddy-paced times."-Shakesp.:
Twelfth Night, ii. 4.
* brīn'-ie, s. [BIRNIE.]
(3) Excited, sharp, rapid.
+ brī-ni-ness, s. [Eng. briny; -ness.] The
“Christian had the hard hap to meet here with
Apollyon, and to enter with him into a brisk en.
quality of being briny ; saltness.
counter ..."-Bunyan: P. P., pt. ii.
*bri'n-ish, a. [Eng. brin(e); -ish.] Somewhat
(4) Clear, sharp.
briny; having the taste of brine.
"The air was brisk.”—Disraeli : Venetia, ch. ii.
"To hear and see her plaints, her brinish tears."
(5) Fresh, moderately strong. (Used of the
Shakesp. : 3 Hen. VI., iii. 1. wind.)
“The restless groans, brinish tears."-Bunyan: Pil-
“ With fair weather and a brisk gale.” –
grim's Progress, pt. 2.
Voyages, ch. vii.
+ brī'n-ish-ness, s. [Eng. brinish; -ness.]
(6) Powerful, active.
The quality of being brinish; a tendency to
“Our nature here is not unlike our wine :
Some sorts, when old, continue brisk and fine."
saltness. (Johnson.)
Denham.
brîn'-jal, brîn-jall, s. [From Arab. bydend brisk-ale, s. Ale of a superior quality.
jan = the egg-plant. (Forskhal.)7 The name (Halliwell.)
given in parts of India to the fruit of the
Egg-plant (Solanum Melongena).
brisk - awakening, d. Awakening
sharply or quickly.
brîn-ja'r-rie, * bìn-ja'r-ry, běn-ja'r-ý, “First to the lively pipe, his hand addresst,
băn-ja'r-y, bun-jar-ee, s. [From Hind.
But soon he saw the brisk-awakening viol."
Collins : The Passions.
bonjara, banjari.] A grain-merchant. (Anglo-
Indian.)
brisk-looking, Q. Having a brisk or
bright and animated appearance.
brink, * brinke, * brynke, * brenke, s.
[Dan. & Sw, brink = an edge; Icel. brekka = 1 + brisk. * briske, v.t. & i. (BRISK, a.]
a slope ; Wel. bryncu=a hillock.]
A. Trans. : To exhilarate, enliven, animate.
1. Lit. : An edge, margin, or border, as of a
(Generally with up.)
precipice, or pit, or river.
"I will suppose that these things are lawful, and
"Vche a dale so depe that demmed at the brynkez." sometimes useful and necessary for the relief of our
E. E. Alit. Poems, ii. 384.
natures : for the brisking up our spirits."-Killing.
"Beside the brink
beck : Sermons, p. 223.
Of haunted stream."
"I like a cupp to briske the spirits."
Thomson : Seasons ; Summer.
Feltham : Resolves.
to.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
45
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhủn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, děl.

706
brisked-brisyng
B. Intransitive :
1. To prepare oneself briskly, or with ani-
mation and speed.
“Susan brisked up a little for the occasion."-A.
Trollope: Tales of all Countries.
2. To come up quickly.
* brisked, a. [Eng. brisk, v.t.] Exhilarated,
enlivened.
“Such a vast difference there is in the arteries newly
brisked in the fountain, and that in the veins lowered
and impoverished with its journey.”-Smith: On Old
Age, p. 109.
brisk'-et, s. [O. Fr. brischet, bruschet (Skeat);
Bret. bruched = the breast. The word is evi-
dently connected with breast.] That part of
the breast of an animal which lies next to the
ribs, the breast.
"See that none of the wool be wanting, that their
gums be red, teeth white and even, and the brisket
skin red.” -Mortimer.
“An' spread abreed thy weel-fill'd brisket.”
Burns: The Auld Farmer's Salutation.
brisket-bone, s. The breast-bone.
brisk-ly, adv. [Eng. brisk; -ly.] In a brisk
or lively manner; actively.
“ We have seen the air in the bladder suddenly ex-
pand itself so much and so briskly, that it manifestly
lifted up some light bodies that leaned upon it."
Boyle.
brisk'-ness, s. [Eng. brisk ; -ness. ]
1. The quality of being brisk.
2. Liveliness, quickness, activity.
"Some remains of corruption, though they do not
conquer and extinguish, yet will slacken and allay
the vigour and briskness of the renewed principle.”—
South.
3. Liveliness of spirits, gaiety.
“But the most distinguishing part of his character
seems to me to be his briskness, his jollity, and his
good humour."-Dryden.
* brisk-V, a. [Eng. brisk ; -9.] Brisk.
"Most brisky juvenal and eke most lovely Jew.”
Shakesp. : Mid. Night's Dream, iii. 1.
* brisle, s. [Etymology doubtful.]
* brisle dice, s. A kind of false dice.
“Those bar size aces; those brisle dice. Clown. 'Tis
like they brisle, for I'm sure theile breede anger."
Nobody and Somebody, 4to, G, 3 b. (Nares.)
brıs'-măck, s. [Etym. unknown. Probably
Scandinavian.] One of the English names for
a fish, the Common Tusk (Brosmus vulgaris).
bris'-sal, a. [Fr. brésiller = to break, to
shiver.] Brittle. (Scotch.) (Gloss. Sibb.)
*brissed, pa. par. [BRUISED.) (Prompt. Parv.)
bris'-sěl, v.t. [BIRSLE, V.] To broil. (Scotch.)
bris'-sěl, a. [Corrupted from bristly (?).]
brissel-cock, s. A turkey-cock.
* bris-sen, v.t. [BRUISE.] (Prompt. Parv.)
bris'-sï-dæ, s. pl. [From Mod. Lat. brissus
(q.v.).]
Zool.: A family of Echinoidea, more gene-
rally called Spatangidæ. Their English name
is Heart-urchins.
* bris'-sour, * bris-soure, * brys-sure,
S. [Fr. brisure = a broken piece.)
1. A shaking, contusion, collision.
"Brisyng, or brissoure, K., bryssynge, or bryssure,
H. Quassatio, contusio, collisio.”—Prompt. Parv.
2. A sore, a chap. (Halliwell.)
bris'-sús, S. [From Gr. Bpíocos (brissos),
Bpúooos (brussos) =a kind of sea-urchin.
(Aristotle.)]
Zool. : The typical genus of the family
Brissidæ (q.v.).
* brist, * bryst, v. [BURST.)
bris'-tle (t silent), * bros-tle, * brus-tel,
* brys-tel, * brys-tylle, * brus-tylle,
* burs-tyii, s. [A.S. byrst =a bristle, with
dimin. suffix -el; Dut. borstel; Icel. burst;
Sw. & Ger. borste, all = a bristle.]
1. Ord. Lang. : A short, stiff, coarse hair,
particularly of swine.
"Two boars whom love to battle draws,
With rising bristles, and with frothy jaws."
Dryden.
1 To set up one's bristles : To show pride or
temper.
*2. Bot. : A species of pubescence on plants,
resembling stiff, roundish hairs or bristles.
Example, the stem of the Viper's Bugloss
(Echiuin vulgare).
Compounds of obvious signification :
Bristle-armed, bristle-backed, bristle-bearing,
bristle-brush, bristle-like, bristle-shaped.
bristle-fern, s. A modern book-name
for a species of fern, Trichomanes radicans.
bristle-grass, s. A species of grass,
Agrostis setacea.
bristle-moss, s. A species of moss, Or-
thotricum striatum.
bristle-pointed, a. .
Bot. : Terminating gradually in a very fine
sharp point, setose.
brỉs'-tle (t silent), v.t. & i. (BRISTLE, S.]
I. Transitive:
+ 1. Lit.: To cause to stand up, as the
bristles on a swine.
“Poor Stumah ! whom his least halloo
Could send like lightning o'er the dew,
Bristles his crest, and points his ears."
Scott: Lady of the Lake, iii. 17.
* 2. Fig.:
(1) To raise, as in pride or rage.
“His heart bristled his bosom."
Chapman: Homer's Iliad, i. 192.
Sometimes with up:
“Which makes him prune hiniself, and bristle up
The crest of youth against your dignity."
Shakesp. : 1 Henry IV., i. 1.
(2) To cover as with bristles, to surround
for protection.
“ Bristle yourself around with cannon."--Carlyle:
French Revolution, pt. ii., bk. iii., ch. 4.
To bristle a thread : To fix a bristle to it.
II. Intransitive:
1. To stand erect as bristles on a swine.
" Yet somewhat was he chilled with dread.
And his hair did bristle upon his head."
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, ii. 16.
2. To stand thick and close together, as
bristles do.
“.... what a forest of masts would have bristled in
the desolate port of Newry.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng.,
ch. xvi.
3. To be thickly covered, to abound in.
(Generally of something rough, savage, or
horrible.)
(1) Of material things :
“ The land soon bristled with castles.”-Freeman:
Norm. Conq., ii. 193.
(2) Of immaterial things :
"The twilight bristles wild with shapes."
Mrs. Browning : Dreams of Exile.
4. To show pride and indignation, or defi-
ance. (Generally with up.)
“The glover's youthful attendant bristled up with a
look of defiance."-Scott;: Fair Maid, ch. i.
bris'-tled (t silent), *bris'-teled, * bris-
tlede, pa. par. & a. [BRISTLE, v.t.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : Covered with thick hairs or bristles.
“ With his Amazonian chin he drove
The bristled lips before him."
Shakesp. : Coriol., ii. 2.
2. Figuratively:
(1) Standing erect as bristles.
“ Pard, or boar with bristled hair.”
e Shakesp. : Mids. Night's Dream, ii. 2.
(2) Thickly covered as though with bristles.
"Flashing with steel and rough with gold,
And bristled o'er with bills and spears."
Scott: Lord of the Isles, vi. 14.
bris'-tle-wõrts (t silent), s. pl. [From Eng.
bristle, and wort (q.v.).]
Bot. : Lindley's name for the endogenous
order Desvauxiaceæ (q.v.).
bris'-tlĩ-ness (t silent), S. [Eng. bristly;
-ness.] The state of being bristly or covered
with bristles. (Booth.)
bris'-tling (t silent), pr. par. & d. [BRISTLE,
v.i.]
1. Standing erect as bristles.
"With chatt'ring teeth, and bristling hair upright."
Dryden.
"Erect and bristling like a cat's back."-Hazlitt.
2. Thickly covered. [BRISTLE, II. 2.]
"Renowned throughout the world for its haven
bristling with innumerable masts.”—Macaulay: Hist.
Eng., ii. 415.
3. Thick, close, rough.
“His bristling locks of sable, brow of gloom,
And the wide waving of his shaken plume."
Byron : Lara, I. xi.
bris-tly (t silent), a. [Eng. bºistle); -.]
I. Ord. Lang. : Thickly covered with bristles;
rough, hairy.
“A yellow lion and a bristly boar.” Pope : Thebais.
"If the eye were so acute as to rival the finest
microscope, the sight of our ownselves would affright
us; the smoothest skin would be beset with rugged
scales and bristly hairs."--Bentley
II. Natural Science : Echinate, furnished
with numerous bristles, as the fruit of the
Common Chestnut (Castanea vesca).
“Thus mastful beech the bristly chesnut bears,
And the wild ash is white with bloomy pears."
Dryden.
“The leaves of the black mulberry are somewhat
bristly, which may help to preserve the dew."--Bacon.
Brîs'-tól, * Bris'-tow, * Bric'-stow, s.
[Etymology doubtful. Probably from A.S.
bric= a break, a breach, and stow = a place;
a free rendering of its former name, viz.,
Wel. Caer Odor, from caer = wall, fort, city,
and O. Wel. odor = a break, a breach (?).]
Geog. : A city and seaport of England on the
Avon, mainly in Gloucestershire, but partly
also in Somersetshire.
Bristol-board, s. A kind of thick paste-
board, with a very fine and smooth, sometimes
glazed surface.
Bristol-brick, s. A material used for
cleaning steel, originally manufactured at
Bristol, and made in the form of a brick.
Bristol- diamond. * bristow -dia-
mond, s. A species of rock-crystal, some-
times coloured, sometimes transparent.
Specimens of the latter kind have fre-
quently considerable beauty, only inferior to
diamonds. It is found chiefly in the St. Vin-
cent rocks near Bristol, and is also known as
Bristol-stone.
"Such bastard pearles, Bristow diamonds, and glasse
bugles are these poore pedlars, like pety-chapmen, faine
to stuffe their packets with.”—Gataker on Transub-
stantiation, 1624, p. 65.
Bristol-stone, s. The same as Bristol-
diamond (q.v.).
“Although in this ranke but two were commonly
mentioned by the ancients, Gilbertus discovereth many
more, as Diamonds, ... Chrystall, Bristoll stones."
-Browne : Vulg. Errors, p. 78.
Bristol-water, s. The water from cer-
tain springs at Bristol, or rather Clifton,
greatly in use for diseases of the lungs and
consumption. It is tepid, and contains iron
in combination with sulphur.
brıs'-tów, a. & s. [BRISTOL.]
A. As adjective: Pertaining to or brought
from Bristoſ.
B. As substantive: A crystal set in a ring.
(Scotch.)
the brooch of Rob Roy's wife, the Scottish
Amazon. Its circle appears to be of silver, studded
with what was once the vogue, bristow."-Edin. Ev.
Cour., 22nd Oct., 1818.
bris-üre, s. [Fr. brisure = a fracture, a broken
piece; briser = to break.]
In Fortification : Any part of a rampart or
parapet which deviates from the general
direction.
bris'-wõrt, brī'şe-wõrt, s. (BRUISEWORT.]
1. Symphytum officinale, L. (Cockayne, iii.
316.)
2. Bellis perennis. (Ibid.)
*bris'-yng. * brys-synge, s. [BRUISING. ]
“ Brisyng, or brissoure K. ; bryssynge or bryssure
H. Quassatio, contusio, collisio."-Prompt. Parv.
CUTE
D
TERUDDEG UDEN
eco
SCORE
BRISTLED.
1. Section of Psiadia coronopus, showing bristle re-
ceptacle. 2. Stalk of Echium. 3 & 4. Plain and
jointed bristles from Echium and the root of a fern.
at af. fem
IT. Bot. : Echinate, covered with a kind of
pubescence or stiff hairs resembling bristles.
“The ears are bristeled or bearded." -Lyte, y 505.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, són; müte, oŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian, æ, =ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

brit-broach
707
Britain, the B. media, or Common Quaking-
grass, and the B. minor, or Small Quaking-
grass. The latter is very rare, but the former
is frequent. It is an elegant plant. B. maxima,
or Greatest Quaking-grass, a species from
Southern Europe, is sometimes sown as a
border annual.
I
* brīze, s. [In Ger. bremse.] The breeze, breeze-
fly, or gad-fly. [BREEZE.]
“A Brize, a scorned little creature,
Through his faire hide his angrie sting did threaten.”
Spenser : Visions of the Worlds Vanitie, ii.
tain.
B. As substantive: A native of Britain.
"He hath done no Briton harm.”
Shakesp.: Cymbeline, v. 5.
1“Aspiring, thy commands to Britons bear.”
Thomson : Liberty, pt. i.
britt, s. A species of fish. [BRIT.]
brſt-tle, * bretil, * brickle, * brekyll,
* britel, * brotel, * brutel, * brotul, a.
[From A.S. breótan = to break'; Icel. brjóta ;
Sw. bryta = to break.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally : Liable to break or be broken;
fragile.
"The bretil vessel, forsothe, in the which it is sothun,
shall be broken. - Wyclif, Levit. vi. 22.
“If the stone is brittle, it will often crumble, and
pass in the form of gravel.”-Arbuthnot.
2. Figuratively: Not lasting; fickle, uncer-
tain.
“ A brittle glory shineth in this face :
As brittle as the glory is the face ;
For there it is, crack'd in a hundred shivers."
. Shakesp. : Rich. 11., iv. 1
II. Metal.: This term is applied to those
metals which are not malleable. Arsenic, anti-
mony, bismuth, and manganese are, amongst
other metals, distinguished by this character.
brittle silver ore, s. A mineral, called
also Stephanite (q.v.)
brittle-star, s. The name of a long-
rayed starfish (Ophiocoma rosula). It is ap-
plied also to other starfishes of the order
Ophiuroidea (q.v.).
+ brit-tle, v.t. [From brittle, a. (q.v.).] To
render friable.
“Early in the spring harrow it, to mix the clay
brought to top (which will be brittled by the winter
frosts) with the ashes, ..."- Maxwell : Sel. Trans.,
p. 109.
t brit-tle-lý, adv. [Eng. brittle ; -ly.) In a
brittle manner, so as easily to break. (Sher-
wood.)
brỉt-tle-něss, * brot-ěl-nesse, s. [Eng.
brittle ; -ness.] The quality of being brittle,
fragility ; tending to break easily. Used-
1. Literally:
“... in the tempering of steel, by holding it
but a minute or two longer or lesser in the flame, give
it very differing tempers, as to brittleness or tough-
ness."-Boyle.
2. Figuratively : Uncertainty, fickleness.
"Swich fyn hath fals worldes brotelnesse !"
Chaucer : Troilus, v. 6.
"A wit quick without brightness, sharp without
brittleness."— Ascham : Schoolmaster.
brỉt'-tle-wõrts, s. pl. [Eng. brittle, and
wort (q.v.).]
Botany :
1. The English name given by Lindley to
the order Diatomaceæ (q.v.)
2. A name for Nitella, two genera of Cha-
raceæ. [CHARACEÆ.] (Thomé : Bot., trans.
by Bennet, pp. 292-3.)
brit’z-ską, s. [Russ. britshka; Pol. bryczka,
dimin. of bryka = a freight-waggon.) A travel-
110010
brit (1), britt, s. [Etym. unknown.]
Ichthy. : A fish of the herring kind, Clupea
minima, found in great quantities, in some
seasons, on the eastern coast of New England.
“The pilchards were wont to pursue the brit, upon
which they feed, into the havens."--Carew.
* Brit(2), s. [A.S. bryt = a Briton.] A Briton.
Brit'-ain, * Pry-dhain, s. [Lat. Britannia;
from "Celt. brith, brit = painted. (Camden.). ]
Originally the words Britain and Britany were
almost interchangeable terms. The island in
which we live.
"He [Henry VII.] was not so averse from a war but
that he was resolved to choose it, rather than to have
Britain (meaning what we call Britanny-the ancient
Armorical carried by France, being so great and
opulent a duchy and situate so opportunely to annoy
England, either for coast or trade."-Bucon : Hist. of
King Henry VII.
* Britain-crown, s. A gold coin worth
about five shillings. (Snelling : Coins, p. 24.)
* Brſt-ain-ēr, s. [Eng. Britain ; -er.] A
native of Britain.
“The Britainers, Hollanders, and from the Azores
Islands."-Peacham.
Bri-tăn-ni-a, S. [Lat.] Britain.
Britannia metal, s.
Comm. : An alloy of brass, tin, antimony,
and bismuth. It is used to make cheap
spoons and teapots.
“Britannia metal, which has almost superseded
pewter, and is undoubtedly far inore beautiful, as in
appearance it nearly approaches silver, is composed of
3. cwt. of best block tin, 28 lbs. of martial regulus of
antimony, 8 lbs of copper, and 8 lbs of brass." - Wright:
Scientific Knowledge (1846), p. 60.
Bri-tăn'-nic, a. [Lat. britannicus = pertain-
ing to Britain.] Of or pertaining to Britain,
British.
“... having first well nigh freed us from Anti-
n thraldom, didst build up this Britannic
Empire to a glorious and enviable height, with all her
daughter-islands about her."- Milton : Reform. in Engl.
* britch, s. (BREECH.]
brite, bright, v.in [BRIGHT, a.) To become
bright or pale in colour. (Said of barley,
wheat, or hops, when they grow over-ripe.)
* brith, a. [BRIGHT.]
brīth'-ěr, s. [BROTHER.] Scotch for brother.
* brith'-ēr-ěn, s. pl. [BROTHER.] A form of
the plural of brother.
Brît-ish, * Brit-tish, a. & s. [A.S. bryttisc;
bryt = a Briton.]
A. As adjective :
1. Of or pertaining to Britain.
"Imploring Divine assistance, that it may redound
to his glory, and the good of the British nation, I now
begin."-Milton : Hist. of England, b.i.
“The British cannon formidably roars."
Dryden: Threnod. Augustalis.
2. Of or pertaining to the language of the
ancient inhabitants of Britain, or Welsh..
"What I here offer to the publick, is an explication
of the antient British tongue, once the common lan-
guage of Britain, and still preserved in the principality
of Wales."-Richards : Brit. Dict. Preface.
“ Iren. The Gaulish speach is the very Brittish, the
which was very generally used heere in all Brittayne
before the coming in of the Saxons, and yet is retayned
of the Walshmen, the Cornishinen, and the Brittons.”
--Spenser : State of Ireland.
B. As substantive :
The British : The inhabitants of Britain.
British-gum, s. A substance of a
brownish colour, and very soluble in cold
water, formed by heating dry starch at a tem-
perature of about 600° Fahr.
British-tea, s. A kind of “tea ” made
from elm-leaves.
British tobacco, British herb to-
bacco. A plant, Tussilago farfara.
* brit-nen, * boret-nen, * bret'-tene,
* bret'-tyne, * brut'-nen, * brut-ten-
en, * bryt-tyne, v.t. [A.S. brytnian.] To
cut in pieces, break.
“Sythen he britnez out the brawen in bryght brode
cheldez."
Sir Gawaine, 1611.
« The doughti duk ... bet adoun burwes
And brutned moche peple.".
Wiūliam of Palerne, 1073.
Brit-on, d. & s. [A.S. Bryten, Bryton =
Britain.j
A. As adjective : Pertaining to or inhabiting
Britain ; British.
"I'll disrobe me
Of these Italian weeds, and suit myself
As does a Briton peasant."
Shakesp. : Cymbëline, v. 1.
WIN
NOT
brīze, brizz, v.t. [BRUISE.] To squeeze, press.
(Scotch.)
*0 Jenny! let my arms about thee twine,
And brizz thy bonny breast and lips to mine."
A. Ramsay: Gentle Shepherd.
broach (1), brooch, * broche, * broch, s.
[O. F. broche; Mod. Fr. broche = a spit; Low
Lat. brocca = a pointed stick, from broccus =
a sharp tooth or point.]
I. Ordinary Language:
*1. Anything pointed, as a spit. [TURN-
BROACH.]
“Broche or spete, when mete is vpon it, P. Veru-
tum."-Prompt. Parv.
“He was taken into service to a base office in his
kitchen : so that he turned a broach, that had woru a
crown."-Bacon: Henry VII.
* 2. A pin.
“Ande now stondes a deuylle at myne hede, with a
longe broche, and puttes it in atte crowne of myne
hede; ande anothire deuylle at my fete, with anothere
longe broche, ande puttes it in atte soules of my fete;
ande when they mete togedre at myn herte, I shalle
deye.”—Gesta Romanorum, p. 407.
*3. A woodeni pin on which yarn is wound.
(Scotch.)
Hir womanly handis nowthir rok of tre
Ne spyndil vsit nor brochis of Minerve
Quhilk in the craft of claith making dois serve."
Doug. : Virgil, 273, 18.
* 4. A spur.
* 5. A spire or steeple. (Still
in use in some parts of the
country, where it is used to
denote a spire springing from
the tower without any in-
termediate parapet. [SPIRE.]
The term “to broché” is also
used in old building accounts,
perhaps for cutting the stones
in the form of Voussoirs and
rough-hewing.)
“There is coming home stone to
the broach ten score foot and five."
-Acts relating to the Building of
South Steeple, &c., 1500-18; Archeol.,
vol. x. pp. 70-1.
"In one houres space ye broch of
the steple was brent downe to ye
battlementes."-Archool., vol. xi.
pp. 76-7.
* 6. A clasp used to fasten a BROACH.
dress, so called from the pin
which formed a part of it. [BROOCH.]
7. A jewel, ornament, or clasp, not neces-
sarily used for fastening. [BROOCH.]
"A peire of bedes gaudid al with grene :
And theron heng a broch of gold ful schene."
Chaucer : C.T., 160-61.
“Of broches ne of rynges."
King Alisaunder, 6842.
II. Technically:
* 1. Thatching : A sharp-pointed pin of wood
used by thatchers to secure the gavels or
layers of straw.
“Broche for a thacstare. Firmaculum.”—Prompt.
Parv.
2. Candle-making: The sharp-pointed ridge
of wire on which short pieces of candles were
stuck.
* 3. Liquor traffic: An instrument for tap-
ping casks.
4. Hunting: A start of the head of a young
stag, growing sharp like the end of a spit.
(Johnson.)
* 5. Music: A musical instrument, the
sounds of which are made by turning round
a handle. (Jolinson.)
6. Embroidery : An instrument used by em-
broiderers, and borne by their company on
their coat-of-arms.
7. Watchmaking, &c. : A tapering steel tool
of prismatic form, the edges of which are
used for reaming out holes. It is in use
among watchmakers, dentists, and carpenters.
When smooth, it is called a burnisher.
8. Locksmithing: That pin in a lock which
enters the barrel of the key.
9. Maso12-work: A narrow pointed iron in-
strument in the form of a chisel, used by
BRITZSKA.
ling carriage with a calash top. It is so con-
structed as to give space for reclining while
travelling.
“In the evening I set out ...in Sir Charles's
English coach: my britzka followed with servants." -
Sir R. Wilson: Pr. Diary, 1813, ii. 66.
* brix'-len, v.t. [O: Icel. brigsla,] To reprove.
(Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, iii. 345.)
(Stratmann.)
brī-za, s: [Sp. & Ital. briza ; Fr. brize; Gr.
Bpišaº (brizd) = some kind of grain. Either
(i) Old Æolic for piça (rhiza), a root, or (2) Bpíow
(britho); to be heavy, ... to incline or
droop to one side, as the delicately-suspended
spikelets do.] Quaking-grass. A genus of
grasses with panicles consisting of awnless
spikelets much compressed laterally, and cor-
date-deltoid in form. Two species occur in
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat; çell; chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -țion, -sion=zhún. -tious, -sious, -cious = shús. -ble, -tle, &c.=bęl, tel.

708
broach--broad
1. A species of wild duck, Anas clypeata.
The shoveller.
11
Marille
Wild
BROAD-BILL.
masons in hewing stones. It is called also a
puncheon. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
broach-post, s.
Carpentry: A king-post.
* broach-turner, * broche-turner,
s. [TURN-BROACH.] A turnspit.
“As the broche-turner that sitteth warme by the
fyre may let the spitte stande, and suffre the meate to
burne."-Sir T. More: Works, p. 549.
broach, * broche, * brochyn, v.t. [BROACH,
s.]
A. Ordinary Language :
I. Literally.
*1. To spit, transfix on any sharp instru-
ment.
"He felled men as one would mow hay, and some-
times broached a great number of them upon his pike,
as one would carry little birds spitted upon a stick."-
Hakewitz.
* 2. To spur a horse.
“Ther lances alle forth laid, and ilk man broched his
stede."
Robert of Brunne, p. 305.
3. To tap a cask.
“Brochyn', or settyn a vesselle broche (a-broche, K.P.)
Attamino, clipsidro, KYLW.”- Prompt. Parv.
“Barelle ferrers they brochede, and broghte theme
the wyne.”
Morte Arthure, 2,714.
II. Figuratively :
* 1. To pierce; shed, as blood; allow any
liquid to flow.
“ Cade. Brave thee! ay, by the best blood that ever
was broached."-Shakesp. : 2 Henry VI., iv. 10.
† 2. To open, produce.
"I will broach my store, and bring forth my store.'
-Knolles.
3. To vent, make public; start a subject;
publish.
“This errour, that Pison was Ganges, was first
broached by Josephus."-Raleigh.
* 4. To commence, set on foot.
“ And afterwardes they gan with fowle reproch
To stirre up strife, and troublous contecke broch."
Spenser : F. Q., III. i. 64.
B. Technically:
1. Naut. : To turn a vessel to windward.
“Then broach the vessel to the westward round.”
Falconer : Shipwreck.
2. Masonry: To indent the surface of a
stone with a “broche,” or puncheon, to rough-
hew. [BROACH, S., II. 9; BROACHED.]
broached, pa. par. & d. [BROACH, v.]
broached-stones, s. pl.
Masonry : Stones rough-hewn, as distin-
guished from ashlar, or squared and smoothed
stones.
broached-work, s.
Masonry: Work rough-hewn, as distin-
guished from ashlar work.
broach'-ěr, s. [Eng. broach, v. ; -er.]
I. Lit. :
1. He who, or that which, broaches.
* 2. A spit.
“On five sharp broachers rank'd, the roast they turn'd.”
Dryden.
II. Fig. : One who makes public or divulges
anything ; one who starts or first publishes.
“The first broacher of an heretical opinion.”-
L'Estrange.
broach'-ing, * broch-inge, pr. par., A., & s.
[BROACH, v.]
A. & B. As present participle & participial
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
C. As substantive :
I. Literally :
1. Ord. Lang. : The act of broaching or tap-
ping.
2. Masonry: The act of cutting or rough-
hewing.
"To hewinge, brochinge, and scaplyn of stone for
the chapel, 3s. 4d."-Chapel Bill, Durham Castle, 1544.
II. Fig.: The act of publishing or divulging.
broaching - thurmal, broaching -
thurmer, broaching - turner, S. A
chisel for executing broached-work. (Ogilvie.)
broâd, * brood, * brod, * brad, *brode,
a., s., & adv. [A.S. brád; Icel. breidhr; Sw.
& Dan. bred; 0. H. Ger. preit; Ger. breit.]
A. As adjective :
I. Literally:
1. Widely spread; extended in breadth ; |
wide.
"Brode or large of space. Spaciosus."-Prompt. Parv.
"And in his hond a brod myrour of glas.”
Chaucer : C. T., 10,395-6.
*2. Fully opened, full-blown.
"For brode roses, and open also."
Chaucer : Romaunt of the Rose.
3. Extending far and wide.
“So when the Sun's broad beam has tir'd the sight.'
Pope : Moral Essays, Epistle ii., 253, 254.
II. Figuratively :
1. Open; not hidden or concealed ; fully
exposed or developed.
“Now when broad day the world discovered has."
Spenser: F. Q., I. iii. 21.
2. Large, wide, extensive.
“Cunning, which has always a broad mixture of
falsehood." -Locke.
3. Taken as a whole, not minutely examined
in detail; general.
"On the broad basis of acknowledged interest.” —
Froude : Hist. Eng. (1858), vol. iv., p. 204.
* 4. Bold, free.
“Who can speak broader than he that has no house
to put his head in?”-Shakesp. : Timon, iii. 4.
5. Broadly marked, plain, strong.
“... his broad Scotch accent.”-Macaulay : Hist.
Eng., ch. viii.
6. Coarse, obscene (said of language or
actions).
“If open vice be what you drive at,
A name so broad we'li ne'er connive at."
Dryden.
Broad as long : Equal upon the whoie.
“For it is as broad as long whether they rise to
others, or bring others down to them."-L'Estrange.
B. As substantive :
1. Naut.: A term for a fresh-water lake, in
contradistinction to rivers or narrow waters,
especially the Norfolk broads.
2. Wood-turning : A bent turning-tool, or
one formed of a disk with sharpened edges
secured to a stem. It is used for turning
down the insides and bottoms of cylinders in
the lathe. (Knight.)
C. As adverb : In such a phrase as broad
awake = thoroughly awake.
"I have been broad awake two hours and more"
Shakesp. : Tit. And., ii. 2.
Obvious compounds are broad-backed,
broad-breasted, broad-brimmed, broad-chested,
broad - fronted, broad - headed, broad - horned,
broad-shouldered, broad-spread, broad-spread-
ing, broad-tailed, broad-wheeled, broad-winged.
broad-arrow, * brode arow, s.
1. Ord. Lang. : A broad-headed arrow.
“And ten brode arowis hilde he there."
Chaucer : Romaunt of the Rose.
2. Technically : The mark cut or stamped
on all government property and stores. It
was the cognisance of Henry, Viscount Sydney,
Earl of Romney, Master-general of the Ord-
nance, 1693—1702, and was at first placed only
on military stores. It is also the mark used in
the Ordnance Survey to denote points from
which measurements have been made. [AR-
ROW, BROAD.]
broad-axe, s.
1. Gen. : An axe with a
broad edge.
* 2. Spec. : A broad-edged
military weapon, a battle-
axe.
“He [the Galloglass, or Irish
foot-soldier, 1 being so armed in
a long shirt of mayle down to
the calfe of his leg, with a long
broad-axe in his hand."-Spen-
ser : On Ireland.
broad-band, braid- BROAD-AXE.
band, s. Corn laid out
in the harvest-field on the band, but not
bound.
11. Lying in broad-band : Lying opened
up to dry when wet with rain.
2. To be laid in broad-band :
(1) Lit. Of corn: To be laid open. [1.]
(2) Fig.: To be fully exposed.
“... the very evill thoughts of the wicked shal be
spread out and laide in broad-band before the face of
God."-Boyd: Last Battell, p. 643. (Jamieson.)
broad-based, a. Having a broad or firm
base or foundation. (Lit. or fig.)
“Broad-based flights of marble stairs."
Tennyson : Recol. of the Arabian Nights, 38.
“Which kept her throne unshaken still
Broad-based upon her people's will."
lõid. : To the Queen.
broad-bean, s. A well-known legumin-
ous plant, Faba vulgaris.
broad-bill, s.
Ornithology:
2. The Spoon-bill, Platalea leucorodia.
+ broad-blown, a. Fully blown, full-
blown. (Lit. & fig.)
“His face, as I grant, in spite of spite,
Has a broad-blown coineliness, red and white".
Tennyson : Maud, xiii. 1,
“ With all his crimes broad-blown, as fresh as May."
Shakesp. : Hamlet, iii. 3.
broad-bottomed, a. Having a broad
bottom.
".. . in some of the level, broad-bottomed
valleys."-Darwin : Voyage round the World (ed. 1870),
ch. ix., p. 197.
* broad-brim, broadbrim, s.
1. A hat with a broad brim.
"... half-buried under shawls and broadbrims."-
Carlyle : Sartor Resartus, bk. i,, ch. ix.
2. By metonomy, a Quaker, from the broad-
brimmed hats worn by them.
"... this, added to the rest of his behaviour, in-
spired honest Broadbrim with a conceit.”-Fielding:
Tom Jones, p. 332.
broad-cast, broadcast (Eng.), braid-
cast (Scotch), s., adv., & a.
* A. As substantive: The act or process of
scattering seeds by throwing them from the
hand as one advances over a field, in place of
sowing them in drills or rows.
B. As adverb:
1. Lit. : So as to scatter seeds in all direc-
tions.
2. Fig. : Widely spread, scattered freely or
indiscriminately.
“For sowing broadcast the seeds of crime."
Longfellow: Golden Legend, v.
C. As adjective: Cast in all directions, in
place of being sowed in drills. (Lit. & fig.)
Broadcast sower. Agric. : A machine for
sowing seeds broad-cast.
broad-cloth, s. & a.
A. As subst. : A kind of fine woollen cloth,
exceeding twenty-nine inches in width.
B. As adj.: Made of broad cloth.
“Or else, be sure, your broad-cloth breeches
Will ne'er be smooth, nor hold their stitches."
Swift.
broad-gauge, s. The wider distance or
gauge at which the rails of a railway are laid,
being in the case of the Great Western Railway
seven feet, as against four feet 8] inches in the
case of lines laid on the narrow gauge. The
inconveniences caused to inter-communica-
tion between lines by the difference in gauge
were so great that the “broad-gauge” has
practically been abandoned. [GAUGE.]
broad-glass, s. Glass in large sheets for
cutting into panes.
broad halfpenny, s. [BORD HALF-
PENNY.] (Wharton.)
* broad-head, s. The head of a broad-
arrow.
broad-leaf, s. A tree, Terminalia lati-
folia, a native of Jamaica. The wood is used
for staves, scantlings, and shingles. It is
sometimes mistaken for the almond-tree, from
the similarity of the fruit.
broad-leafed, a. [BROAD-LEAVED.)
broad-leaved, a.
1. Lit. : Having broad leaves.
"Narrow and broad-leaved cyprus grass."
Woodward On Fossils.
2. Fig.: Having a broad brim ; broad-
brimmed
* broad-mouthed, a.
1. Tit. : Having a broad mouth.
2. Fig. : Chattering, talking freely or
coarsely.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sīr, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; mūte, cũb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; trý, Sýrian. æ, =ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

broaden-broccoli
709
PO
“Had any broad-mouthed, sland'rous villain said it." broad-wise, broadwise, adv. In the * broc (2), s. [BROOK. ]
Southerne: Disappointment, i. 1.
direction of the breadth, as contra-distin-
broad-open, a. Wide open.
guished from lengthwise, in the direction of
* broc (3), s. [BREACH, s.] A rupture.
"To walk with eyes broad-open to your grave."
the length. (Lit. & fig.)
Dryden.
* broc (), s. [BROCK.) A badger.
"If one should with his hand thrust a piece of iron
broad-pen-
broadwise against the flat ceiling of his chamber.”—
broc skynne, s. A badger's skin.
nant, S. A
Boyle.
swallow-tailed
"Too much of him longwise, too little of him broad-
"... that wenten aboute in broc skynnes and
tapering flag at
wise, and too many sharp angles of him anglewise."-
skynnes of geet, ..."-Wycliffe (Purvey): Heb. xi. 37.
Dickens : Our Mutual Friend, i. 151.
the mast-head of
bro-cād'e, * bro-cā'-do, s. [Sp. brocado.]
a man-of-war. It
broâd'-en, v.i. & t. [BROAD, a.]
1. A kind of silken stuff, variegated or em-
is the distinctive
A. Intransitive :
bossed with gold or silver flowers or other
sign of a commo-
ornaments. The manufacture of brocades was
dore.
1. Lit. : To become broader, to spread.
established at Lyons in 1757.
“Low walks the sun, and broadens by degrees.”
broad-piece,
Thomson: Seasons ; Summer.
"In this city [Ormus] there is very great trade for
all sorts of spices, drugges, silke, cloth of silke, brocado,
S. An obsolete
2. Fig.: To widen out, become more diffused
and divers other sortes of marchandise come out of
gold coin in use BROAD-PENNANT.
or extended.
Persia."-Hakluyt: Voyages, ii. 216.
before the guinea.
"His principles broadened and enlarged with time;
.. all the finest jewels and brocade worn by
“.... those who muttered that, wherever a broad-
and age, instead of contracting, only served to mellow
duchesses at the balls of St. James's and Versailles.”
piece was to be saved or got, this hero was a mere and ripen his nature.”-S. Smiles : Self-Help, p. 18.
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv.
Euclio, a mere Harpagou."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng.,
“ Where Freedom broadens slowly down
2. In India : A cloth of gold and silver.
ch. xiv.
From precedent to precedent.”
Tennyson : Works (Strahan, 1872), p. 262.
broad-seal, s. The Great Seal.
brocade-shell, s. A variegated species
"Is not this to deny the king's broad-seal ?"
+ B. Transitive: To render broader.
of shell, Conus geographicus.
Sheldon: Miracles of Antichrist, p. 61.
broad'-en-ing, pr. par. & a. [BROADEN, v.i.] bro-cā'-děd, pa. par. & d. [BROCADE, S.]
“Under whose [the chancellor's] hands pass all
charters, commissions, and grants of the king, cor “When, lo! her own, that broadening from her feet
* 1. Drest in brocade.
roborated or strengthened with the broad-seal."-Jus
And blackening, swallow'd all the land."
Sigilli, p. 3.
Tennyson : Guinevere.
† 2. Worked in the style of brocade.
“A brocaded petticoat was stained.” – Johnson:
broad-seal, v.t.
+ broâd'-ish, a. [Eng. broad, and suffix -ish.] Rambler, No. 157.
1. Lit. : To seal with the Great Seal.
Somewhat broad.
“The under part of the tail is singularly variegated
2. Fig.: To seal, to assure.
* bro-cā'-do, s. [BROCADE.]
white and black, the black in long, broadish, streaks."
“Thy presence broad-seals our delights for pure."
* broc'-age, * brāk'-age (age as ig), s.
-Russell : Acc. of Indian Serpents, p. 27.
B. Jonson : Cynthia's Revels.
[BROKE, V. BROKERAGE.]
broad-seed, s. The English name of broad'-ly, adv. [Eng. broad ; -ly.]
1. The management of any business by
Ulospermum, a genus of umbelliferous plants. 1. Lit. : In a broad manner; widely.
means of an agent.
The solitary species is from Barbary.
"Great Alphæus floud.
"He woweth hire by mene and by brocage,
That broadly flows through Pylos fields."
And swor he wolde ben hir owne page.'
broad-set, a. Thickly, strongly framed.
Chapman : Homer's Iliad, v.
Chaucer : 0. T., 3375.
broad-sheet, broadsheet, s. The 2. Fig. : Plainly, openly.
2. Agency for another.
same as BROAD-SIDE, 3 (q.v.).
"Custine has spoken out more broadly.”—Burke :
“I entremet me of brocages ;
'. ... and oral recitation anticipated the advent of Pres. State.
I make pees and mariages.”
the broadsheet and the book.” - Skeat : Introd. to
Chaucer : Rom. of Rose, 6971.
Chaucer (ed. Bell).
broâd'-ness, * brood-nesse, (English), “So much as the quantity of money is lessened, so
broad-side, broadside, s.
braid'-nesse (Scotch), s.
much must the share of every one that has a right to
[Eng. broad ;
this money be the less; whether he be landholder, for
-Ness. ]
1. The side of a ship as contra-distinguished
his goods, or labourer, for his hire, or merchant, for
* 1. Literally : The quality of being broad;
from its bow and stern.
his brocage."--Locke.
"The vessel northward veers
3. The gain got by acting as agent.
breadth.
Till all its broadside on its (the whirlpool's] centre
“Thei stigeden vp on the broodnesse of erthe.”
"He made sinall choyce; yet sure his honestie
bears." Falconer: Shipwreck, c. i., 296.
Wycliffe : Apoc., xx, 8.
Got him small gaines, but shameles flatterie,
2. A
And filthie brocage, and unseemly shifts."
volley fired simultaneously from all
“... thre bredis in braidnesse, ..."-Inventories,
A. 1562, p. 160. (Jamieson.)
the guns on one side of a ship of war.
Spenser: Moth. Hubb. Tale, 849—51.
"The crash reverberates like the broadside of a man-
2. Fig.: Coarseness; or, specially, indelicacy
4. The price or bribe paid unlawfully for
of-war through the lonely channels."-Darwin : Voyage of statement or allusion.
any office or place of trust.
round the World (ed. 1870), chap. xi., p. 246.
"I have used the cleanest metaphor I could find, to
"After some troubles in the time of King Richard
II. it was enacted, that none shall bee made justice of
3. A publication consisting of one large palliate the broadness of the meaning." Dryden.
the Peace, for any gift, brocage, favour, or affection.”-
printed sheet constituting but a single page
Lambarde : Eirenarcha, ch. vi.
or leaf.
bro'ak-ỉe, s. [BROOKED (2).] (Scotch.)
“Broadsides of prose and verse written in his praise 1. A cow having her face variegated with * broc'-ale, * brok'-a-ly, s. [BREAK, v.]
were cried in every street.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., white and black.
Broken fragments, broken meat.
ch. xv.
2. A person with a dirty face.
“Brocale, or lewynge of mete (brokaly of mete, P.)
broad-sighted, a. Having a wide view.
Fragmentum, Comm.”—Prompt. Parv.
+ broad-speaking, a.
bro'ak-it, pa. par. [BROCKED.) (Scotch.)
broc'-ard, s. [Perhaps from Brocardica,
1. Speaking broadly or coarsely; using bro'ak-it-ness, s. [Scotch broakit; -ness.]
Brocardicorum opus, a collection of ecclesias-
coarse or obscene language.
tical canons by Burkhard, Bishop of Worms,
1. The quality or state of being variegated
“The reeve and the miller are distinguished from
who was called by the Italians and French
with black or white spots.
each other, as much as the lady prioress and the broad-
Brocard. (Heyse).] A principle or maxim; a
speaking, gap-toothed wife of Bath."-Dryden.
2. The state of having a dirty face. (Scotch.) canon.
2. Speaking with a broad accent.
“The scholastic brocard, which has been adopted as
brob, s. [Cf. Gael. brog =a probe, a poker. ]
the tenth counter-proposition, is the fundamnental
* broad-spoken, a Broad-speaking ;
Carp. : A peculiar form of spike driven
article in the creed of that school of philosophers who
using coarse or obscene language.
are called 'the sensualists.'”—Ferrier : Metaph., p. 261.
alongside a timber which makes a butt-joint
broad-stone, broadstone, s.
* broc-a-těl, broc-a-těl-lo, s. [Sp. broca-
Masonry: An ashlar.
tel ; Fr. brocatelle ; Ital. brocatello.]
broad - sword, broadsword (Eng.),
1. A kind of coarse brocade, generally made
* bread sword (Scotch), s.
of cotton and silk, or sometimes of cotton only,
1. A sword with a broad blade.
and used for tapestry, linings of carriages, &c.
"The Vice-Chancellor's chair and desk, .
covered with brocatelle (a kind of brocade) and cloth
of gold."-Evelyn: Memoirs, ii. 43.
BROBS.
2. A kind of clouded marble, called also
Sienna marble. The full name is Brocatello
de Sienna. It is yellow-veined or clouded
against another, to prevent the former from
with bluish red, sometimes with a tinge of
slipping. (Knight.)
purple.
BROADSWORDS.
brob-dĩg-năg'-1-an, a. [From Brobdignag,
the name of an imaginary place in Swift's
| broc-cel-lo, s. [From Fr. brocatelle.]
“From his belt to his stirrup his broadsword hangs Gulliver's Travels, where everything was of a Fabrics : A light, thin, silky stuff, used for
down."
Scott : Rokeby, v. 20. gigantic size.]
lining vestments. (Ogilvie.)
+ 2. By metonomy, those soldiers who were “Even the equestrian statue of the Iron Duke has
armed with broadswords.
little human specks of figures standing out black
broc'-co-lĩ, s. [Ital. broccoli = sprouts ; pl. of
"The whole number of broadswords seems to have
against the evening sky, under the horse's girth, like broccolo = a sprout.] A culinary herb, the
a Brobdignagian field-marshal among a crowd of
been under three thousand.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng.,
Brassica oleracea; a variety of the common
cockney Lilliputians.”—Daily Telegraph, May 30, 1864,
ch. xiii.
cabbage, var. botrytis.
broad-tool, s.
* bro'-bil-lande, pr. par. or a. [Comp. Ital. “ Broccoli-Brassica cymosa.-The Brassica Pompe-
cana, aut Cypria, was a cauliflower or broccoli, accord-
Masonry: A stone-mason's chisel, which has
borbogliare; Sp. borbollar; Port. borbulhar =
ing to Dodonæus, p. 552: The third kind of white
an edge 3] inches wide. It is used for finish-
to burble, bubble.] Weltering. [BURBLE.]
colewurtes is very strange, and is named Flowrie or
Cypresse Colewurtes. It hath grayishe leaues at the
dressing.
"Many a balde manne laye there swykede,
Tools used for the preliminary
Brobillande in his blode."
beginning lyke to the White Colewurtes, and after-
rougher work are the point or punch, the rush-
MS. Linc. A i. 17, f. 115 (Halliwetz).
warde in the iniddle of the same leaues, in the steede
tool, and the boaster (q.v.).
of ye thicke cabbaged, or lofed leaues, it putteth forth
* broc (1), s. [A.S. broc (?).] A menace (?). many smal white stemmes, grosse and gentle, with
broad-way, s. A wide, open road or
many short branches, growing for the most part al of
“This was hire broc."-Layamon, 21,029. (Strat one height, thicke set and fast throng togither. These
highway.
mann.)
little stemmes so growing togither, are named the
boil, boy; póut, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, eşist. ph = f.
-cian, -tian =shạn. -tion, -sion=shún; -țion, -şion=zhún. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

710
brochan-brodyn
flower of these Colewurtes.' There are white, green, “Thei wenten aboute in brokskynnes (brockskynnes “Other abuses in hinging of pensils and brods,
and purple broccoli ; of the former, the varieties are P.l. and in skynnes of geet, nedy, angwysschid, tur affixing of honours and arms, hath crept in."- Acts Ass.
numerous, and every year brings forth a new one. The mentid."-Wycliffe : Hebrews xi. 37.
1643, p. 171.
leaves of broccoli are of a deeper green, and the heads
of a less pure white, than those of cauliflowers." * brock (2), * brok, s. [From Ger. brocke =
3. The vessel for receiving alms in churches,
Delamer : The Kitchen Garden, p. 63.
a fragment.] A fragment of any kind, speci-
most probably from its being formerly a cir-
broch-an (1), * brachan, s. [Gael. & Ir. bro-
ally of meat. (Scotch.)
cular board, hollowed out so as to resemble
a plate. (Jamieson.)
chan; Wel. brwchan.] Thick gruel, porridge.
“The kaill are sodden,
It differs from crowdie in being boiled.
And als the laverok is fast and loddin,
When ye half done, tak hame the brok.”
brod-den, vi. [From brod, s.= brood, s.
[CROWDIE.]
Bannatyne Poems, p. 160, st. 10. (q.v.).] To sprout. (Ormulum, 10,769.) (Strat-
“When the cough affects them they drink brochan
"I neither got stock nor brock (i.e. neither money mann.)
plentifully, which is oatmeal and water boiled toge nor meat)."-Kelly: Scotch Proverbs.
ther, to which they sometimes add butter."- Martin :
brod'-dit, pa. par. &a. [BROD (1), v.] (Scotch.)
* brock (3), s. [BRUGH.)
West. Isles, p. 12.
As adjective: Sharp-pointed.
-ạn (2), s. [Etymology doubtful.] An brock'-ed, *brock'-it, d. [BROCK (1).]
article of Highland equipment (?).
Variegated, spotted.
broddit aitis, s. pl. Bearded oats (?).
"... basket hilts, Andra-Ferraras, leather targets, ".... and I wad wuss ye, if Gowans, the brockit
[BROD.]
brogues, brochan, and sporrans?” - Scott : Rob Roy,
cow, has a quey, that she suld suck her fill of milk."
“... lxvi. bolle of clene broddit aitis, ..."-Act.
ch. xxiii.
--Scott : Heart of Midloth., ch. xxxix.
Audit., A. 1478, p. 63.
bro'-chan-tīte, s. [From Brochant de Vil-
| * brock'-el-hempe, s. [From Eng. brock, broddit staff, s. A staff with a sharp
liers, a French mineralogist.]
and hemp.] The same as BROOKLIME (q.v.). point at the extremity. (Gl. Sibb.) Also
Min. : An orthorhombic transparent or
called a pike-staff. (Scotch.) The same as
translucent mineral, with its hardness, 3.5—4,
Brock'-ěn-hũrst, s. & a. [Named from
BROGGIT-STAFF (q.v.).
its sp.gr., 3.78—3.90, its lustre vitreous, pearly, Brockenhurst, a Hampshire parish four and
on one cleavage face. Compos. : Sulphuric a half miles NN.W. of Lymington.]
* brode, a. & adv. [BROAD.]
acid, 15:8–19.71; oxide of copper, 62 626- .
A. As adjective: Broad.
69:1 ; oxide of zinc, 0–8.181 ; oxide of lead,
Brockenhurst series, s.
“The brode ryver som tyme wexeth dreye."
1.03—1:05. It is found in Cumberland, Corn-
Geol.: A term applied by Professor Judd to
Chaucer : The Knightes Tale, 3026-7.
wall, Iceland, the Ural Mountains, Australia,
what was called by the Geological Survey
B. As adverb :
and Arizona. It can be produced artificially.
Middle Headon. Messrs. H. Keeping, E. B.
Dana makes two varieties—(1) Ordinary Bro-
1. Broadly, plainly.
Towney, and others differ from Professor
chantite, (2) Warringtonite, with
“... but now brode sheweth the errour, ..."
Judd's views. (Abstract Proceed. Geol. Society,
which
Chaucer : Boethius (ed. Morris), p. 49, line 1,298.
brongnartine may be classified. (Dana.)
London, No. 393, pp. 14–17.)
2. Broadly, wide awake.
* broche, s. [BROACH, S. BROOCH.] A spit.
*brock'-ět, * brock'-it, * brok'-it, s. [O. “For though ye looke neuer so brode, and stare."
“... carry that ower to Mrs. Sma’trash, and bid her
Fr. brocart.]
Chaucer : C. T.; The Chan. Yem. Tale (ed. Skeat), 1.420,
fill my mill wi' mishing, and I'll turn the broche for
1. Ord. Lang.: A red deer, two years old, * brode (1), s. & a. [Corrupted from bord
ye in the meantime, and she will gie ye a gingerbread
snap for your pains."-Scott: Bride of Lammermoor,
according to some, but according to others, a (q.v.).]
ch. xii.
stag three years old.
“Heirdis of hertis throw the thyck wod schaw,
brode - halfpenny, S. [BORD-HALF-
bro-ché, a. [Fr. broché, pa. par. of brocher =
Bayth the brokittis, and with brude burnist tyndis." I PENNY.] (Wharton.)
to embroider.]
Doug. : Virgil, Prol. to bk. xii.
"... blak velvot broche with gold.”—Inventories,
2. Zool. : Major Hamilton Smith called the
* brode, v.t. [From 0. Eng. brode = broad, a.
A. 1561, p. 147. (Jamieson.)
Subulonine group of his large genus Cervus (q.v.).] To publish abroad.
Brockets, instancing the Pita Brocket (Cervus
broché-goods, s. pl.
"Too hidden them battle, and brodes in haste
rufus), the Apara Brocket (C. simplicicornis),
For to lache hym as lorde,
Fabric: Goods embroidered or embossed.
Alisaunder (ed. Skeat), 122-3.
and the Bira Brocket (C. Nemorivagus), all
* broche, v.t. [BROACH, v.]
from Brazil.
* brode (2), s. [BROOD.]
“Brode of byrdys. Pullificacio.”—Prompt. Parv.
1. To pierce, spur.
* brock'-ish, a. [Probably only a variant of
“Then he broched his blonke, opon the bent bare.” blockish (q.v.).] Beastly, brutal.
*brod -ě-kĩn, s. [Fr. brodequin; Sp. borcegin;
Ywaine and Gawaine.
“Brockish boors."-Hale.
0. Dut. brosekin ; dimin. of broos = a buskin;
And hasteliche ys swerd adrow; and aye til him a gos.
Lat. byrsa = leather.] A buskin or half-boot.
To han i-broched Roland thorw; a caste tho his porpos.' brock'-it, a. [BROCKED.]
Sir Ferumbras, 3389.
“... instead of shoes and stockings, a pair of bus-
2. To stitch. (Scotch,)
kins or brodekins.”—Echard: Hist. of Eng., ii. 836.
* brockle, * brokele (Eng.), brocklie
* bröçhed, pa, par. & a. (BROACHED.]
(Scotch), a. (BRITTLE, a.]
* bro'-del, s. [BROTHEL.]
“Of brokele kende.”—Shoreham, p. 3.
bro-chette', s. [Fr. brochette = a skewer.]
* bröde-quin, s. [The same as brodekin.]
| * bro'-cõur, s. [BROKER.]
In Cookery: A particular method of cook-
“His brocours that renne aboute."
* bro-der, v.t. [BROIDER.]
ing chickens.
Gower, ii. 274.
+ brod, v.t. [PROD, v.]
* brod-er-ed (Eng.), * brod-er-rit (0.
* bröçh'-îng, * bröçh'-yng, pr. par., a., &
Scotch), pa. par. & a. (BROIDERED.)
I. Lit. : To prick, spur.
s. [BROACHING.]
“With brodered workes.”—Bible (1551), Judges v. 30.
“And passand by the plewis, for gadwandis
Brod,is the oxin with speris in our handis."
"Item, ane ggwn of cramasy sating, broderrit on the
brocht (ch guttural), s, [Perhaps from break,
Doug.: Virgil, 299, 26.
self with threidis of gold, ..."-Inventories, A. 1542,
v., or cf. Wel. broch =.., frath, foam.] The II. Figuratively:
p. 80.
act of vomiting.
1. To pierce.
* brod'-ēr-ieş, s. pl. [Fr. broderie = em-
"Ben ower the bar he gave a brocht,
"His words they brodit like a wumil,
broidery, embellishment.]
And laid among them sic a locket,
Frae ear to ear."
With eructavit cor meum."
Fergusson : Poems, ii. 82.
Music: Ornaments wherewith to cover a
Leg. Bp. St. Androis, Poems 16th Cent., p. 313.
2. To incite, to stimulate. (Used of the simple melody.
brocht (ch guttural), pret. & pa. par. mind.)
bro-di-ae-a, s. [Named after James Brodie,
[BROUGHT.] (Scotch.)
"Hundreth versis of Virgil, quhilkis he markis
Aganis Romanis, to vertew thame to brod.”
Esq., a Scottish botanist. ]
broch-ûre, s. [Fr. brochure = a pamphlet;
Doug: : Virgil, 159, 22.
1. A genus of Iridaceæ or Irids. Brodica
brocher = to sew, stitch.] A small pamphlet, * brod (1), * brode (1), s. [BRAD.)
excoides is an ornamental Chilian plant.
consisting of a few leaves of paper stitched "Brode hedlese nayle. Clavus acephalus.”—Prompt. 2. A genus of Liliaceæ or Lilyworts, appa-
together.
Parv.
rently belonging to the section Hemerocalli-
deæ. The species are curious little plants
brock, * brok, v.t. [From oreak, y. or s. (3).7 | * brod (2), s. [PROD, s.]
with blue flowers, from Georgia and Chili.
To cut, crumble, or fritter anything into small I. Literally :
shreds or fragments. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
1. A goad, a spur.
* brod-i-en, v.t. [BRAID, v.]
brock (1), * brocke, * brok, * brokk, s.
"Fling at the brod was ne'er a good ox."-Kelly:
Scotch Proverbs.
* brod-in-stäre, * brod'-¡n-stēr, S.
[A.S. broc; Wel. broch; Gael. broç = a badger.
2. A stroke with a goad, spur, or any other [From O. Eng. brodien = to braid, to em-
Probably, as suggested by Wedgwood, from
broider, and fem. suff. -ster.] An embroiderer.
Gael. breac, Wel. brech = spotted, variegated.
sharp-pointed instrument. (Scotch.)
Compare Dan. broc = a badger, broget = varie-
“Ane ox that repungnis the brod of his hird he “Certane werklumes for ane brodinstare."-Coll. In-
gettis doubil broddis."-Compl. of Scotl., p. 43.
ventories, A. 1578, p. 238.
gated.]
II. Fig.: An incitement, an instigation.
"Item, ten single blankettis quhilkis servit the
1. A badger.
beddis of the brodinsters, quha wrócht upoun the great
“Bridellis hir sprete, and as him lest constrenis,
pece of broderie.”—Ibid., p. 140.
"Brok, best K. brocke. Taxus, Castor."-Prompt.Parv.
From hyr hart his feirs brod withdrawyng."
“Bores and brockes that breketh adown myne hegges."
Doug. : Virgil, 166, 22.
1 * bro-dir, s. [BROTHER.] (Scotch.]
Langland: P. Plowman, vi, 31.
"The thummart, wild-cat, brock, and tod.”
* brod (3), * brode (2), s. [BROOD.]
brodir-dochter, s. [BROTHER-DAUGH-
Burns : The Twa Herds.
brod-hen, s. [BROOD-HEN.]
TER.] (Scotch.)
2. A brocket. [BROCKET.]
brod-sow, brod sow, s. [BROOD-Sow.] * brod-mell, brod māle, s. [From A.S.
* brock-breasted, * brok-brestede,
brod = brood, and 0. Ger. mael =a consort, an
a. Having a breast spotted or variegated like | * brod (1), * brodde, s. [BOARD, s.]
associate (?).] Brood (?).
a badger
1. A board.
"Ane grete sow ferryit of grises thretty hede,
“Brok-brestede as a brawne, with brustils fulle
"... be copyit and affixt vpoun ane brod, ..."-
Ligging on the ground milk quhite, al quhite brod
large.”—Morte Arthure, 1,095.
Acts Ja. VI., 1598 (ed. 1814), p. 174.
About hir pappis soukand." Doug.: Virgil, 81, 16.
* brock - skin, * brock - skynne, 2. An escutcheon on which arms are bla-
* brokskynne, s. A badger-skin.
1 * bro-dyn, v. [BROOD.]
male,
zoned.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pine, pît, sire, sīr, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; trý, Sýrian. a, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

brodynge-broken
711
B. As adjective:
1. Lit. : Cooking over hot coals, or on a grid-
iron. .
2. Fig. : Heating excessively.
“As dry as three months of a broiling sun could
make them."-Sherard Osborn : Quedah, ch. xviii.
C. As substantive : The act or process of
cooking over hot coals, or on a gridiron.
"Brolyynge, or broylinge, K. Ustulacio.”—Prompt.
Parv.
"Brodyn, as byrdys (and fowles, P.). Foveo, fetifico, + broid-ēred, pa. par. & d. [BROIDER.]
C. F. in alcyon."-Prompt. Parv.
I. Literally:
* bro-dynge, s. [BROODING.]
1. Covered with embroidery, embroidered.
“Brodynge of byrdys. Focio, Cath. (focacio, P)."
Prompt. Parv.
"... another stripped me of my rags, and gave me
3
this broidered coat which you see."-Bunyan : The
* bro-dyr, * bro-dyre, s. [BROTHER.]
Pilgrim's Progress, pt. i.
“With broider'd scarf and gem-bestudded mail."
broe, s. [BROU, BREE, BREW, s.] (Scotch.)
Hemans : The Abencerrage, c. 3.
Broth, soup.
2. Worked in embroidery or needle-work.
“The auld runt.
"In hosen black, and jerkins blue,
Wi' boiling broe, John Ploughman brunt."
With falcons broider'd on each breast.”.
Taylor : Scotch Poems, p. 26.
Scott : Marmion, i. 8.
+ brog, s. [A variant of brod = prod.] A
+ II. Fig.: Adorned with fine figures of
pointed steel instrument used by joiners to speech.
make holes in wood for nails, a brad-awl.
"Had she hut read Euphues, and forgotten that
accursed mill and shieling-hill, it is my th ught that
“The young preacher, who was present in Mr.
her converse would be broidered with as many and as
Shirra's pew, was prayed for as a promising labourer
choice pearls of compliment, as that of the most rhe-
in the vineyard, but, withal, as much in need of a
torical lady in the court of Feliciana."-Scott: Mon-
thorough handling in regard to style and manner, the
astery, ch. xxix.
modus operandi in reference to which being suggested
in the following petition, delivered with great fervour:
- But oh! please tak a brog and prod him weel, and
* broid-er-er, s. [BROIDER, v.] One who
let the wind out o' him.'"-Ramsay: Recollections, embroiders or works in embroidery.
Ser. ii., p. 59.
“There mote he likewise see a ribbald train
Of dancers, broiderers, slaves of luxury.”
+ brog, v.t. & i. [BROG, s.]
Travelling.
1. Trans. : To pierce, stab, prod.
“And to see poor Grizzy and Grumbie,' said his * broid'-er-ý, s. [Eng. broider; -Y; Fr. bro-
wife, turning back their necks to the byre, and rout derie.]
ing while the stony-hearted villains were brogging
them on wi' their lances.'”-Scott: Monastery, ch. iii. 1. Lit.: Embroidery, ornamental needle-
2. Intrans. : To browse about. (Yorkshire.)
work.
“Her mantle rich, whose borders, round,
brog'-anş, s. [BROGUE.] A kind of strong,
A deep and fretted broidery bound."
Scott : Marmion, vi. 3.
coarse shoe ; a brogue.
2. Fig.: Any ornamental covering resem-
+ brogged (Eng.), brog'-git (Scotch), pa.
| bling embroidery.
par. & a. [BROG, v.t.]
"Rare broid'ry of the purple clover.”
Tennyson : A Dirge, 6.
broggit-staff, s. [BRODDIT-STAFF.]
| broil, * breull, s. [O. Fr. brouiller = to
* brog'-gěr, s. [BODGER.] A dealer in corn. jumble, trouble, disorder, confound, mar, hy
mingling together, &c. (Cotgrave.) Probably
brog'-gîng, pr. par., A., & s. (Scotch.) [BROG,
of Celtic origin. Compare Gael. broighleadh =
v. & s.)
bustle, confusion, turmoil ; broiglich = noise,
A. & B. As pr. par. & partic. adj. : (See the bawling, confusion, tumult. Also Wel. broch
verb.)
= din, tumult, &c. Probably from the same
“D'ye think I was born to sit here brogging an root as brawl. (Skeat).] A tumult, dis-
elshin through bend-leather."-Scott: Heart of Mid-
turbance, contention.
lothian, ch. ii.
C. As subst. : The act of pricking with a
“Say to the king thy knowledge of the broil,
As thou didst leave it."
sharp-pointed instrument.
Shakesp.; Macbeth, i. 2.
"Stop, or all will fall in broil.”
brog'-gle, v.i. [A frequentative formation
Ibid. : Coriolanus, iii. 1.
from brog (q.v.).] To sniggle or fish for eels. “... those fiends whom blood and broils delight."
(North.)
Thomson : Castle of Indolence, i. 46.
brogue (1), * brog, s. [Ir. & Gael. brog = a
broīl, * broille, * broyl-yn, *bro-ly-yn,
shoe.]
v.t. & i. (Etym. doubtful. Perhaps a fre-
quentative form from Gael, bruich = to boil,
1. A coarse, rough shoe. In the Lowlands,
seethe. (Skeat.)]
shoes of half-dressed leather.
“I thought he slept; and put
A. Transitive :
My clouted brogues from off my feet."
1. Lit.: To fry, to cook by roasting over hot
Shakesp. : Cymbeline, iv. 2.
coals, or on a gridiron.
"A peasant would kill a cow merely in order to get
a pair of brogues.”-Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xii.
“Brolyyn', or broylyn'. Ustulo, ustillo, torreo,
Cath."-Prompt. Pari.
2. An accent; such a manner of pronuncia-
"Some on tbe fire the reeking entrails broil.”
tion as would be used by the wearers of
Dryden.
brogues.
2. Fig.: To heat greatly, to affect strongly'
“The Irish brogue, then the most hateful of all with heat. (Said especially of the sun, and
sounds to English ears.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. x.
used almost exclusively in the pr. part.)
brogue-maker, S. One who makes [BROILING, pr. par.]
brogues.
B. Intransitive :
brogue (2), s. [Etym. doubtful.] Scotch for 1. Lit. : To perform the operation described
a hum; a trick.
under A. 1.
" Then you, ye auld snec-drawin
"He cowde roste, sethe, broille, and frie.” -
Ye came to Paradise incog,
Chaucer : C. T., 385-6.
An' played on man a cursed brogue."
2. Figuratively :
Burns: Address to the Deil.
(1) To be in the heat, to be subjected to heat.
† brogue, v.i. [BROGUE (1), 2.) To utter in a
“Where have you been broiling?
brogue.
-Among the crowd i' the abbey.
"There Paddy brogued ‘By Jasus !""
She Shakesp. : Henry VIII., iv. 1.
Byron : "The Vision of Judgment, 59.
* (2) To be heated with passion or envy.
* broid, * browd, v.t. [BRAID, BROIDER.]
“So that her female friends, with envy broiling."
To plait the hair.
Syron : Beppo, v. 69.
broid'-ěd. *brow-did, pa, par. & a rin | broiled, * broyl-yd, pa. par. & a. [BROIL, V.)
older editions of the Bible for broidered (q.v.).]
Cooked over hot coals.
1 Hire volwe heer was browdid in a tresse. "
“ Broylyd mete, or rostyd only on the colys. Frixum,
frixatura.”—Prompt. Parv.
Chaucer : C. T., 1051.
“Not with broided haire, or gold, or pearles, or broīl'-ěr, s. [Eng. broil; -er.]
costly aray.”—1 Timothy, ii. 9.
I. Literally:
broid'-ěr, * brod-er, v.t. [Fr. broder; Sp.
& Port. bordar=to embroider, literally to
1. One who broils, or cooks meat by broil-
work on the edge, to hem; Fr. bord = the
edge.] [EMBROIDER.]
2. That on which food is cooked over hot
1. Lit.: To embroider, ornament with
coals; a gridiron.
needle-work. Trench says that this word
* II. Figuratively : One who raises broils, or
was never used for plaiting the hair till our
quarrels. [BROIL, S.]
translators introduced it into the authorised "What doth he but turn broiler and boutefeu, make
version of the Bible, 1 Tim. ii. 9. (English
new libels against the church, &c."-Hammond : Serm.,
p. 544.
Past and Present, p. 198, note.)
2. Fig.: To cover as though with embroidery. | brol-ing, * broly-ynge, * broyl-inge,
“Under foot the violet,
pr. par., A., & s. [BROIL, v.]
Crocus and hyacinth, with rich inlay
A. As present participle : In senses corre-
Broider'd the ground.”
Milton: Paradise Lost, bk. iv. 1 sponding to those of the verb.
broil'-lêr-ſe, s. [Fr. brouillerie= confusion.]
[BRULYIE.] A state of contention.
"... have cast themselves, their country, and all
into confused broillerie, ..."-Hume: Hist. Douglas,
p. 92. (Jamieson.)
* brok (1), s. [A.S. broc; O. Icel. brokkr.]
1. Lit.: A poor inferior kind of horse.
“This carter, smoot and cryde as he wer wood,
'Hayt! brok, hayt! stot.' ”.
" Chaucer : C. T. 7124.
2. Fig.: An old sword or dagger. (Ash.)
* brok (2), s. [BROCK.] A badger.
* brok (3), s. [A.S. broce; Icel. broke. From
Eng. brook, v. = to use, to enjoy.] Use.
* brok (4), s. *[BROOK, s.]
*brok (5), . & v. [BROCK, s. & v.] A frag-
ment. (Scotch.)
+ brok'-age (age as iĝ), s. [BROCAGE.]
* bro'-kar, s. [BROKER.] (0. Scotch.)
* brok-dol, a. [A variant of brokel = brittle.]
"Brokdol, or frees (brokyl or fres, H. brokill or feers,
P.) Fragilis.”—Prompt. Parv.
* broke, s. [BROOK, s.]
+ bröke, v.i. [Etym. doubtful. Perhaps from
O.S. brouken ; A.S. brucan = to have the use
of a thing. Compare Dan. brug = use, custom,
trade, business. (Skeat.) Webster says from
O. Fr. brocanter = to buy ; L. Lat. abrocator
= a broker; O. E. brogger = a badger, or
bodger, a dealer in corn.] To act as agent or
middle-man for others.
“He does indeed,
And brokes with all that can, in such a suit,
Corrupt the tender honour of a maid."
Shakesp.: All's Well, iìi. 5.
“Prithee, what art thou? or whom dost thou serve
or broke for?”-Brome: City Wit, ii. 2.
* broked, a. [BROOKED.] (Scotch.)
g dog!
brok'-en, * broke, pa. par. & a. (BREAK, v.]
A. Ordinary Language :
I, Literally : Parted into two or more pieces
or fragments.
"'Twas neither broken wing nor linıb."
Burns: Epistle to J. Rankine.
II. Figuratively :
1. Of material things :
(1) Of land:
(a) Opened up with the plough.
(6) Disconnected.
“On the two great continents in the northern hemis-
phere (but not in the broken land of Europe between
them), we have the zone of perpetually frozen under-
soil in a low latitude."-Darwin: Voyage Round the
World (ed. 1870), ch. xi., p. 249.
(c) Rough, intersected with hills and small
valleys.
(2) Of animals : Weakened, enfeebled.
“ More especially amongst broken and failing groups
of organic beings."-Darwin : Origin of Species (ed.
1859) ch. xiv., p. 460.
(3) Of food, &c. : Meat that has been cut
up; fragments of meat. Also applied to frag-
ments of food of any kind, not necessarily
meat.
"And they did all eat, and were filled : and they
took up of the broken meat that was left seven baskets
full." - Matt. xv. 37.
I Similarly remnants of beer were formerly
called broken-beer.
2. Of immaterial things :
(1) Crushed in spirit.
(a) Of persons :
· reduced in numbers and broken in spirit.'
Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. xiv.
(6) Of the heart, &c. :
“A broken and a contrite heart.”—Psalms li. 17.!
(2) Uttered disjointedly, ejaculated, uttered
in a broken voice.
"Broken prayers to God, that He would judge him
and this Cause."-Carlyle : Heroes, Lect. vi.
3. Of promises, laws, &c. : Violated, unful-
filled, unobserved.
ing
boil, boy; póut, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, çhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shủn; -țion, -şion=zhủn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -gle, -kle, &c. = gel, kel.

712
brokenly-brombenzene
"God pardon all oaths that are broke to me!"
broken-space, s. & a.
“Redeem from broking pawn the blemish'd crown,
Shakesp. : Rich. 11., iv. 1.
Wipe off the dust that hides our sceptre's gilt."
4. Of weather : Rough, unsettled.
| Broken-space saw : A fine hand-saw.
- Shakesp. : Rich. II., ii. 1.
"The weather proved broken and rainy."— Scott :
broken-spirited, a. Having the spirits
2. Acting as a broker.
Antiquary, ch. xxxvii.
crushed by fear or trouble ; broken-hearted.
“Adie, a drab, and filthy broking knaves."
5. Of health : Weakened, failing. [BROKEN-
Marston : Sc. of Villanie.
“Humbled and broken-spirited, yet glad that they
DOWN.]
had come off so well, they stole forth through the * brokke, v.i. [Etymology doubtful. Com.
crowd of stern fanatics."-Jacaulay: Hist. Eng., ch.
B. Technically :
pare Scotch brok; O. H. Ger. brochon ; Ger.
xiii.
brocken.] To sing, carol.
1. Comm. : Bankrupt. (Colloquial.)
broken-stowage, s.
“Aye the crokkere to brokke."-Shoreham, p. 106.
,: . . and whether Lintot be not yet broke?"-Pope:
Letter to Jervas (1714).
Naut. : The space in a ship not filled by her
her * brok-kette, * brok'-itt (pl. brokkettis,
*hole lotte * hrökkvitt (olbrolakett
“But he is abroad ; the place is to be sold.
cargo. (Wharton.)
brokittis), S. [BROCKET.] A red deer two
John. Oh, lies. He was not broken."
Tennyson : Walking to the Mail.
broken-twill, s.
years old. (Doug. : Virgil, 402, 19.)
2. Music:
Fabrics: A variety of twill or textile fabrics. | * brök-king. pr. par. & a. (BROKKE, v.]
(1) Of a cadence : Interrupted.
broken-winded, a. [BROKENWINDED.] Quavering, throbbing.
(2) Of chords : Arpeggio.
“He singeth brokking as a nightingale."
(3) Of time : Unobserved, unkept.
+ brok'-en-ly, adv. [Eng. broken ; -ly.]
Chaucer : The Miller's Tale, v. 3,377.
"Ha, ha ! keep time: how sour sweet music is,
1. Not continuously, interruptedly.
Wright's edition reads :-“He syngeth
When time is broke, and no proportion kept!"
"Sir Richard Hopkins hath done somewhat of this crowyng as a nightyngale."
Shakesp. : Rich. 11., v. 5.
kind, but brokenly and glancingly.”-Hakewill.
(4) Arranged for several instruments.
2. In a broken or crushed state, broken-
* brok-lembe, s. [A corruption of brooklime
“And so, likewise, in that music which we call
hearted.
(q.v.).]
broken-music or consort-music, some consorts of in-
struments are sweeter than others, a thing not suffi-
"And thus the heart will break, yet brokenly live on." | * brok-yll, a. [BRITTLE.] (Scotch.)
ciently yet observed.”-Bacon: Works (ed. 1765), vol. i..
Byron : Childe Harold's Pilg., iii. 32.
(5) Played on harps, guitars, or lutes, be-
3. In broken language; not fluently.
* brok-ynge, pr. par. & 8. [BROOK, v.]
cause the sounds of these instruments cannot “King.-0 fair Katharine, if you will love me A. As present participle. (See the verb.)
be sustained at will. (Stainer & Barrett.)
soundly with your French heart, I will be glad to hear
* B. As substantive : Digestion.
you confess it brokenly with your English tongue."-
3. Painting. Of colours : Those produced Shakesp. : Hen. V., V: 2.
“Brokynge of mete and drinke.”—Prompt. Parv.
by the mixture of different pigments.
+ brök-en-něss, s. [Eng. broken ; -ness.] * brol, * broll, * brolle, s. [Low Lat. brollus,
4. Arith. Of a number: A fraction.
The quality or state of being broken. (Lit. & brolla = poor, miserable, contemptible.) A
5. Dioptrics : The line into which an incident fig.)
brat.
ray is broken” or refracted in crossing the “ Those infirmities that are incident to them (the “Of that beggares brol an abbot schal worthen."
second medium.
teeth] whether looseness, hollowness, rottenness,
Piers Plowman's Crede, 1,941.
6. Naut. Of water: The contention of
brokenness.”--Smith : Old Age, p. 85.
“The leeste brol of his blood a barones piere."
“It is the brokenness, the ungrammatical position
Langland : Piers Plowman, 1,767.
currents in a narrow channel. Also, the the total subversion of the period that charms me."
waves breaking on or near shallows, choppy -Gray: Letter to Mason.
* brol-y-yn, v. [Broil, v.]
water.
brāk-en-wind, s. [Eng. broken ; wind.]
7. Mil. : Cashiered. (Colloquial.)
* brol-y-ynge, s. (BROILING, S.]
8. Bot. Of a whorl: Not on the same plane,
Farriery: A disease of the organs of respira-
* brom, 8. [BROOM.]
tion in horses.
but constituting part of an exceedingly short
brom-ăç'-et-ate, s. [Eng., &c. brom(ine);
spiral. (Treas. of Bot.)
brāk-ěn-wind-ěd, * broke'-wỉnd-ěd, a.
acetate.] A salt of bromacetic acid.
9. Comp. Grammar. : Not distinct in sound 1. Farr. : Suffering from broken wind; af-
or value.
fected in the organs of respiration.
brom-a-cět'-ịc, a. [Eng. brom(ine), and
“... exhibit the greatest proclivity towards the
acetic.]
use of these broken vowels.”-Beames : Comp. Gram.
2. Fig.: Dull, heavy.
use of these bro
Aryan Lang. of India, Vol. i. (1872), ch. ii., p. 141.
“Brokewinded murmurs, howlings, and sad grones."
bromacetic acid, s. An acid obtained
10. Of language: Not fluent, ungrammatical.
May: Lucan, bk. v.
from a mixture of crystallizable acetic acid
“Break thy mind to me in broken English.” brāk'-ěr, s. [In Fr. brocanteur.] [BROCAGE.] and bromine in the proportion of equal equi-
Shakesp. : Henry V., V. 2.
1. One who acts in business for another, a valents, introduced with a sealed tube, and
broken-backed, * broke bakkyde,
middle-man, agent, or commissioner.
heated in an oil bath to 150° C. Its salts are
* broke-bak, a.
“Brokers, who, having no stock of their own, set
called bromacetates.
up and trade with that of other men; buying here,
1. Ord. Lang. : Having a broken back, and selling there, and commonly abusing both sides to
bro'-mal, s. [Eng., &c. brom(ine); al(dehyde.]
crippled. (Lit. & fig.)
make out a little paultry gain."- Temple.
Bromine, from aldehyde.
“Broke bakkyde. Gibbosus.”—Prompt. Parv.
2. One who deals in merchandise or securi Chemistry: Also called Tribromaldehyde
"God save you alle, lordynges, that now here be !
ties, acting as agent between the seller and CBrz.CO‘H, obtained by the action of dry
But broke-bak scherreve, evel mot thou the!”
the buyer, or between the importer and the Bromine, an absolute alcohol. It is a liquid
Chaucer : C. T., 13-14.
"A few even sprawl-out helplessly on all sides, quite
consumer. [STOCK-BROKER.]
boiling at 172°, and unites with water to form
broken-backed and disinembered."-Carlyle: Sartor
*3. An agent generally, a go-between.
a solid hydrate - which melts at 43°. It is
Resartus, bk, i., ch. iv.
“... a person who had long acted as a broker be decomposed by alkalies into formic acid
2. Nant. : The state of a ship so loosened tween Jacobite plotters and people who dealt in HCOOH, and bromoform CHBrz. It unites
in her frame by age, weakness, or some great
cutlery and firearms."-Macaulay : Hist. Eng. ch. xvi.
strain from grounding amidships, as to droop
* 4. A match-maker, a pimp, a pander of
with hydrocyanic acid, forming CBr3 CH
at each end, causing the lines of her sheer to either sex; a bawd, a procuress.
which, by the action of acids, is converted into
be interrupted, and termed hogged. (Smyth.)
“Of brokaris and sic baudry how suld I write ?
tribromolactic acid CBrz:CH(OH).CO.OH.
Of quham the fylth stynketh in Goddis neis."
By the action of nitric acid on Bromal it
* broken-bellied, a.
Doug. : Virgil, 96, 51.
yields tribromacetic acid CBrz.CO.OH.
1. Lit. : Ruptured.
5. One who deals in old or second-hand
goods.
bro'-man-il, s. [From Eng. bromline); and
2. Fig.: Deformned, corrupted.
Port. anil = indigo.]
"Such is our broken-bellied age, that this astutia is brok'-ēr-age (age as iġ), s. [Eng. broker ;
turned into versutia : and we term those inost astute
and suffix -age (q.v.).]
Chem. : An aromatic compound called also
which are most versute." — Sir M. Sandys : Essays,
Tetrabromoquinone C6Br402 or
p. 168.
* 1. The business or profession of a broker.
O—C—C—Br
broken-down, a. Which has failed or
2. The pay or commission received by
< | 11
brokers.
0-0 C—Br
become useless from breaking down, either
literally or from disease or other cause.
" The compensation, which they allow in this plan
to their masters for their brokerage, is, that if (after
C=C
“I left Osbaldistone Hall on the back of a broken-
deducting all the charges, which they impose) the
down hunter, with ten guineas in my purse." -Scott : amount of the sales should be found to exceed two
Rob Roy, ch. ii.
shillings and two pence for the current rupee of the
Br Br
invoice account, it shall be taken by the Company."
broken-footed, a. Having deformed or Burke: Works, vol. ii., p. 72.
It is prepared by heating one part of phenol
CoH5OH) with ten parts of bromine, three
crippled feet.
* brõR-ễr-lý, a. [Eng. brokker ; -lu.]
parts of iodine and water to 100°.
“Or a man that is broken-footed or broken-handed.”
Like a
It crystal-
-Lev. xxi. 19.
broker; hence, mean.
lises in golden yellow scales, which are
“We had deterinin'd that thou shouldst ha' come, sparingly soluble in carbon disulphide.
broken-handed, a. Crippled in the In a Spanish suit, and ha' carried her so; and he.
hand. (See quotation under broken-footed.)
A brokerly slave, goes, puts it on himself."
bröm -ăr-gỹr-īte, s. [In Ger. bromargyrit;
B. Jonson: Alchem.
Eng., &c. brom(ine); Gr. äpyupos (arguros) =
broken-hearted, a. Having the spirits * brok'-er-ý, * brok'-êr-ie, s. [Eng. broker; silver; and suff. -ite (Min.) (q.v.).]
broken or crushed through grief or anxiety. -y.] The business or pursuit of a broker, Min.: The same as bromyrite (q.v.).
[BROKEN, A., II. 2 (1) (b).]
brokerage.
"He hath sent me to bind up the broken-hearted."-
“Let them alone for me,
bro'-māte, s. [Eng. bromline); -ate (Chem.).]
Isa. lxi. 1.
Busie their brains with deeper brokerie."
[BROMIC ACID.]
Bp. Hall : Sat. ii. 2.
broken-legged, * broke-legged, a.
“More knavery, and usury,
* bro-ma-tol-0-ġý, s. [From Gr. Bpõua
Having the leg or legs broken or crippled.
And foolery and brokery, than dogs-ditch."
(brūma), genit. Bpóuatos (brāmatos) = that
Beaum. and Flet.: Tamer Tamed.
"If he be blynd or broke-legged."
which is eaten, food, meat ; and dóyos (logos)
Langland : Piers Plowman, 4,088. | * brok-il, a. [BRITTLE.]
= a discourse.) A discourse, dissertation, or
+ broken-man, s. An outlaw, bankrupt. * brok'-ing, a. [BROKE, V.]
treatise on aliments.
“.... belted the broadsword to his side, took to
the brae-side, and became a broken-man."-Scott: Rob
1. Practised by brokers, pertaining to brom'-běn-zēne, s. [Eng., &c. brom(ine);
Roy, ch. xxvi.
| brokers.
benzene.]
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; trý, Sýrian. Po, ce=ē; ey=ā. qu=kw.

brome--bronchic
713
Chem.: A compound called also phenyl- | bro'-mide, s. [Eng. brom(ine); -ide (Chem.) of lime, 30.19—34.29; carbonate of strontia,
bromide C6H5Br. It is a liquid boiling at (q.v.).]
0–6.64; and carbonate of manganese 0–9:18.
154°, obtained by the action of daylight on a Chem.: A combination of bromine with a
It is found near Hexham, in Northumberland,
mixture of bromine and benzene; also by the
metal or a radical. Bromides are soluble in
and in Cumberland (etym.). It is called also
action of PBr5, phosphous pentabromide on
water, except silver and mercurous bromides; Alstonite (q.v.).
phenol C6H5(OH).
lead bromide is very slightly soluble. They
| bró-mo-ar-gěn'-tő-type, s. [Eng. bromo ;
* bröme (1), s. [BROOM.] (Prompt. Parv.)
are detected in analysis by the following re-
from bromine (q.v.); Lat. argentum, and Gr.
actions :- Argentic nitrate gives a yellowish
brôme (2), s. & a. [In Fr. brome. From Gr.
TÚTOS (tupos) = type.]
precipitate of AgBr, insoluble in dilute nitric
Bpóuos (bromos) = a kind of oat.] [BROMUS.]
acid, and soluble in strong ammonia. Chlor Photog. : A photographic agent of very deli-
A word used in the compound which follows. ine liberates bromine, and, if the liquid is
cate action made by nitrate of silver, bromide
shaken up with ether, a yellow ethereal solu-
brome-grass, s.
of potassium, and again nitrate of silver,
tion floats on the liquid. Heated with sul-
brushed over paper.
Bot. : The English book-name for the genus
phuric acid and MnO2, bromides yield vapours
Bromus (q.v.).
bro'-mo-form, s. (From Eng., &c., brom(ine),
of Br, which turns starch yellow.
and form(ate), from Lat. formica=an ant.]
bro-měl'-1-ą, s. [In Fr. bromélie. Named
Bromide of silver, Bromid of silver :
Chem. : Bromoform CHBrz, or Tribromome-
after Bromelius, who published a Gothic flora.]
Min.: The same as Bromyrite (q.v.).
thane. It is a heavy volatile liquid, obtained
Bot. : A genus of plants, the typical one of
bro'-mĩn-ā-těd, a. [Eng. bromin(e); -ated.]
by adding bromine to a solution of caustic
the order Bromeliaceæ (q.v.).
Made to have bromine in the composition.
potash in ethyl alcohol. It boils at 152º.
bro-měl-1-ā'-çě-2, s. pl. [From Lat., &c.
Heated with caustic potash, it is converted
".... water and its chlormated and brominated
bromelia (q.v.); and Lat. fem. pl. adjectival congeners." -- Fownes : Chem. (ed. 1873), p. 944.
into potassium bromide and potassium for-
suffix -acere.]
mate.
bro'-mīne, s. [From Gr. Bpwuos (brūmos)=a
Bot.: Bromelworts, an order of endogenous
stink ; Mod. Lat. bromium.]
bro'-mo-quî-none, s. [Eng., &c., bromine,
plants, placed by Dr. Lindley under his Nar-
1. Chem. : A non-metallic element. Symbol, and quinone.] [BROMANIL.]
cessal Alliance. The calyx is sometimes
herbaceous-looking, but sometimes coloured.
Br; atomic weight, 80. Bromine was dis-
* bróm'-ų-rět, 8. [BROMIDE.]
Petals, three, coloured; stamina, six or more ;
covered in 1826 by Balard in the salts obtained
by the evaporation of sea-water. Bromine is
ovary, three-celled, many-seeded, as is the
bro'-mus, 8. [In Fr. brome; Sp., Port., &
fruit, which is capsular or succulent. The
liberated from the sodium and magnesium salts Ital. bromo; Lat. bromos; Gr. Bpóuos (bromos)
stem is wanting or, if present, very short.
by the action of free chlorine, and is separated = a kind of oat, obvena salina.]
Sometimes it consists of fibrous roots, consoli-
by ether, which dissolves the bromine. This
Bot. : Brome-grass. A genus of grasses
dated round a slender centre with rigid chan-
red-coloured solution is removed, saturated
having two unequal glumes and two herba-
with potash, evaporated, and heated to red-
neled leaves spiny at the edge or point. The
ceous glumelles, the outer one bifid and with
ness, and the bromide of potassium is heated
fruit is sometimes eatable. In 1847 Lindley
an awn from below the extremity. Bromus
with nianganese dioxide and sulphuric acid.
estimated the known species at 170, all from
mollus, or Soft Brome-grass, is widely diffused
America, whence they have migrated to Africa,
The bromine is liberated in the form of a deep-
in Britain and abundant. Its seeds, when eaten
the East Indies, and elsewhere. The well-
red vapour, which condenses into a dark,
by man or the larger animals, produce giddi-
reddish-black liquid. Sp. gr., 2.97; it boils
known pine-apple is the Bromelia Ananas.
ness, and they are said to be fatal to poultry.
[ANANAS, PINE-APPLE.] Ropes are made in
at 63° ; its vapour density is 5.54 times that of
B. secalinus, or Smooth-rye Brome-grass, is
air. It has an irritating smell, and when in-
Brazil from another species of the same genus.
common in rye and wheat-fields. When the
All the species of Bromeliaceæ can exist with-
haled is poisonous. It dissolves in thirty parts
seeds are accidentally ground with the flour,
out contact with the earth; they are therefore
of water, and the solution has weak bleaching
they impart a bitter taste to bread, and are
suspended in South America in houses, or
properties. Bromine and hydrogen do not
narcotic like the seeds of Lolium temulentum.
hung to the balustrades of balconies, whence
unite in the sunlight, but do when they are
In Scania the panicles are said to dye green.
passed through a red-hot porcelain tube,
they diffuse fragrance abroad.
B. asper, or Hairy Wood-brome grass, is the
forming hydrobromic acid (HBr), which is also
tallest of British grasses ; it is found in moist
bro-měl-wõrts, s.pl. [From Lat. bromellia, obtained by the action of phosphorus and
woods and hedges. B. sterilis, or Barren
and Eng. wort.]
water on bromine. It is a colourless, fuming
Brome-grass, is common, and some other
Bot. : The English name given by Lindley
gas, which liquifies at 73°, very soluble in
species are not very rare.
to the natural order Bromeliaceæ.
water. The concentrated solution contains
47.8 per cent. of HBr, it boils at 126°, and has brom'-yr-īte, s. [From Fr. bromure d'argent
bröm-hý-drînş, s. pl. [From Eng., &c. powerful acid properties; it neutralises bases, = bromuret of silver, i.e., a combination of
brom(ine); hydr(ate); and suffix -in (Chem.)
forming bromides and water. Hypobromous bromine and silver.]
(q.v.).]
acid, HBrO. is only known in solutions; it Min.: An isometric yellow, amber, or green
Chem. : Haloidethers formed by replacing
has bleaching properties. Bromine can dis-
splendent mineral, with a hardness of 2–3 and
the 1, 2 or 3 (OH) radicals in the triatomic
place chlorine from its compounds with oxy-
sp. gr. of 5-8.6, consisting of bromine 4-2.6,
alcohol glycerin by Br. Monobromhydrin
gen, whilst chlorine can liberate bromine from
and silver 5—7.4, from Mexico and Chili. It
CH, Br.CH(OH).CH (OH), an oily liquid boil-
its compound with hydrogen. Free bromine
is the same as bromargyrite, bromic silver, or
ing at 130°, obtained by the action of HBr on
turns starch yellow.
bromide of silver (q.v.).
glycerin C3H5(OH)3. Symmetrical Dibrom-
2. Pharm.: Bromine has been applied exter-
hydrin, CH,Br*CH (OH):CH Br, a liquid boil nally as a caustic, but rarely. Its chief offi-
* bronche, s. [BRANCH.]
ing at 2190, obtained by the action of bromine cinal preparations are bromide of ammonium,
bron-chi, s. pl. [Latinised word, from Gr.
on monobromhydrin. Unsymmetrical Di useful in whooping-cough, infantile convul.
bromhydrin CH Br:CHBr CH2(OH), boiling at sions, and nervous diseases generally; and
Bpóyxia (bronghia) = the bronchial tubes.]
212° by the action of bromine on allyl alcohol bromide of potassium, now very extensively
Anatomy:
(CH2 = CH-CH(OH).) Tribromhydrin or used, especially in epilepsy, hysteria, delirium 1. Gen. : Any of the air-passages, great or
Allyītribromide CÀ, Br:CHBr•CH,Br, a crys tremens, diseases of the throat and larynx, small, in the lungs.
talline substance melting at 16°, and boiling at bronchocele [GOITRE), enlarged spleen, hyper-
" Thus a bronchus of the size of a straw ..."-Dr.
220°; it is obtained by the action of excess of trophy of liver, fibroid tumours, &c. Also, 0. J. B. Williams, in Cycl. P. M., art. Bronchitis.
bromine on allyl iodide. [CHLORHYDRINS.] as an antaphrodisiac, for sleeplessness, gland 2. Spec.: The two great tubes into which
ular swellings, and skin diseases. Its altera the trachea divides beneath, just before en-
bro'-mic, s. [From Eng., &c. bromline), and
tive powers are similar to but less than that tering the lungs.
suffix -ic.] Pertaining to bromine; having of the iodides. Its preparation is the same as
bromine in its composition.
iodide of potassium, substituting an equivalent
bron-chỉ-a, t bron-chi-æ, s.pl. [In Fr.
bronches; Med. Lat. bronchice.
quantity of bromine for iodine-6KHO + Br.
bromic acid, s.
From Gr.
Bpóyxia
= 5KBr + KBrO3 + 3H20. It has a pungent
Chem. : HBrO3. A monobasic acid, forming
(bronghia), the bronchial tubes ;
Bpóyxos (bronghos), the trachea, the windpipe.
salts called bromates.
saline taste, no odour, and occurs in colour-
When bromine is
less cubic crystals, closely resembling the
Akin to Bpáyxlov (branghion) =a fin, pl. the
dissolved in caustic potash a mixture of
iodide. As a hypnotic its usefulness is much
gills of fishes.]
bromide and bromate of potassium are ob-
increased by combining it with morphia and Anat. : The bronchial tubes, the numerous
tained, which can be separated by crystalli-
chloral hydrate.
ramifications into which the two bronchi
sation, 3Br2+6KHO=5KBr +KBrO3 + 3H,O.
divide within the lungs.
Free bromic acid can be prepared by * brăm-ing-ham, S. & 0. [A corruption of
passing chlorine into bromine water, Birmingham.] [BRUMMAGEM.]
bron-chi-al, a. [From Gr. Bpóyxưa (bronghia)
Bro+ 5Cl + 6H2O=2HBrO3+10HCl. The acid
* Bromingham groat : Counterfeit money. = the bronchia (q.v.).]
is best obtained by decomposing potassium
"In other places whole lines are bodily transferred,
bromate by argentic nitrate acid acting on
Med. : Belonging to the bronchus, or to the
and portional parts of lines minted into spurious
bronchia (q.v.)
the resulting argentic bromate by bromine, Bromingham groats, as counterfeit money was called
5AgBrO3 + 3Br2 + 3H20 = 5AgBr + 6HBrOn.
in those days."-Dryden: Absalom and Achitophel, Bronchial respiration of Andral and Laënnec
Bromic acid is a strongly-acid liquid, redden-
pt. ii. (Note.)
= A whiffling sound, sometimes rising nearly
ing and then bleaching litmus paper. On bro'-mite, s. [In Ger. bromit; Eng., &c. to a whistle, which is heard in the respiration
concentration at 100° it decomposes into bro-
brom(ine), and -ite (Min.) (q.v.).] The same at a certain stage of pneumonia. It resembles
mine and oxygen. It is decomposed by sul as Bromyrite and Bromargyrite (q.v.).
the sound produced by blowing through a
phur dioxide (SO2), sulphide of hydrogen
crow's quill, (Dr. C. J. B. Williams, Cycl. P.
H.S), and by hydrobromic acid (HBr). Bro-
brom-līte, S. [From Bromley Hill, near
M., art. Pneumonia.)
mates are with difficulty soluble in water, and
Alston, in Cumberland, where it occurs ; suff.
Bronchial tubes : The same as the bronchia
are decomposed on heating into oxygen and
-ite (Min.) (q.v.).]
(q.v.).
bromides.
Min: An orthorhombic, translucent mineral,
with hardness 4–4:5, sp. gr. 3•71—3-72, lustre bron-chic, * bron'-chick, a. [From Gr.
bromic silver, s.
vitreous. It is colourless, snow-white, greyish, Bpóyxos (bronghos) = the windpipe, and Eng.
Min.: The same as Bromyrite and Bromar pale cream-coloured, or pink. Composition : Suffix -ic.] Bronchial; pertaining to the
gyrite (q.v.).
Carbonate of baryta, 6063–65•71 ; carbonate bronchi.
boll, boy; póut, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian =shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -țion, -sion=zhăn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, del

714
bronchiectasis-bronze
bron-chi-ěc'-ta-sis, s. [From Gr. Bpóyxos introduced by Laënnec. Bronchophony is
(bronghos)= the windpipe, and ēkTaois (ektasis) different from pectoriloquy (2.v.).
= extension; ekteiVw (ekteino) = to extend ;
ÉK (ek) = out, and teivw (teino)=to stretch.]
bronch-o-pneū-mõ'-nì-a, s. [From Gr.
Bpóyxos (brongitos) = the windpipe, and yev-
Med.: Dilatation of the bronchi. [BRONCHI.]
The most important forms are :-(1) The general
Movia (pneumonia) = a disease of the lungs;
ir veúuwv (pneumon) = the lungs; ivéw (preo)
or uniform, with cylindrical or fusiform dila-
fut. Veúo qual (pneusomai) = to blow, to
tation of a tube, or several tubes ; (2) The
breathe.]
saccular, or ampullary [AMPUL), in which there
is abrupt dilatation of a tube at a particular
Med.: Inflammation of the substance of the
point or points. The breath and sputum are
lung (PNEUMONIA] associated with inflamma-
fetid, and general health impaired, followed by
tion of the air-tubes. [BRONCHITIS.]
lung consolidation, ulceration, abscess, or gan-
bronch-or-rhæ-a, s. [In Fr. bronchorhée.
grene. Death may result from exhaustion, but
recovery may take place by formation of a sort
From Gr. Bpóyxos (bronghos) = the windpipe;
of fibrous capsule, or from penetration of the
and péw (rheo), fut. peúoouai (rhcusomai) = to
pleura and thoracic walls and discharge of the
flow.]
contents outwards. Bronchiectasis is not un-
Med. : Excess of the serous liquid thrown
common, and is of interest and importance on
out in bronchitis, especially in chronic cases.
account of its alliance with some forms of
bronch'-o-tome, s. [From Gr. Bpóyxos
phthisis.
(bronghos)= the windpipe, and tou“ (tomē) =
bron-chi-tis, s. [Gr. Bpóyxia (bronghia) =
à cutting ]
the bronchia, or Bpóyxos" (bronghos) = the Surg. : A knife used for bronchotomy, now
bronchus or windpipe (q.v.), and Gr. Lils (itis) called tracheotomy.
(Med.), denoting inflammation.]
* bronch-ot-o-mỹ. s. [In Fr. bronchotomie.
Med.: Inflammation of the air-tubes leading
From Gr. Bpóyxos (bronghos) = the windpipe;
to the pulmonary vesicles, accompanied by
and touń (tomē) a cutting, from réuvw (temno)
hoarseness, cough, increase of temperature,
= to cut.) An obsolete term for tracheotomy
and soreness of the chest anteriorly. The
natural mucous secretion is at first arrested,
(q.v.).
but increases afterwards, and is altered in bronch'-ús, s. Gr. Bpbyxos (bronghos) = the
quality, becoming more corpuscular. Its
trachea, the windpipe.)
forms are :-(1) Acute bronchitis, (a) of the
Med.: The sing. of bronchi (q.v.). One of
larger and medium-sized tubes ; (b) capillary
the two great tubes into which the trachea
bronchitis, and bronchitis of the tubes gene-
divides beneath.
rally—the peri-pneumonia notha of the older
writers. (2) Chronic bronchitis. (3) Plastic * brond, * bronde, s. [BRAND, s.]
bronchitis. (4) Mechanical bronchitis, such
“As doth a wete brond in his brennyng."
as knife-grinder's disease-carbonaceous bron-
Chaucer : C. T., 2,340.
chitis or black phthisis. (5) Bronchitis I See also Prompt. Parv..
secondary to general diseases, such as measles
or typhoid fever. (6) Bronchitis secondary to
brond-yron, s. A branding-iron. (Spen-
blood diseases. (7) Syphilitic bronchitis. All ser: F. Q., III. xii. 24.)
varieties are generally preceded by feverish-
ness, but oftener by “a cold in the chest."
* brond'-ir-on, S. [From O. Eng. brond=
The uneasy sensations begin about the region
brand (II. 2.), and Mod. Eng. iron.] A sword.
of the frontal sinuses, passing from the nasal
“But with stout courage turnd upon them all,
And with his brondiron round about him layd."
mucous passages, trachea, and windpipe to
Spenser : F. Q., IV. iv. 32.
the chest, with hoarseness, cough, and expec-
toration; but in capillary bronchitis the | * bron-dyde, pa. par. [BRONDYN, BRONNYN.]
cough is dry and without expectoration. In
(Prompt. Parv.)
acute cases the sputum is first thin, then opaque
and tenacious, lastly purulent; the breathing
* bron-dyn, v.t. [BRONNYN.] (Prompt. Parv.)
is hurried and laborious, the pulse quickened, * bron-dyn, a. [From Fr. brande = heath
and the skin dry. The danger increases in
furze, gorse, poor land.] Branched. (Scotch.
proportion as the finer bronchial tubes become
“The birth that the ground bure was brondyn in
involved, and instead of the healthy respiratory
bredis."
Houlate, i. 3.
sound we have sharp, chirping, whistling
notes, varying fromi sonorous to sibilant. The
* bron-dynge, pr. par. & S. [BRONNYN,
sharp sound is most to be feared, as arising in
BRONDYN, BRAND, v.] (Prompt. Parv.)
the smaller tubes; the grave, sonorous notes
brondynge yren, s. [BRANDING-IRON.]
originate in the larger tubes. Spitting of
blood sometimes occurs, and in severe cases
(Prompt. Parv.)
persons actually die suffocated from the im broń-gie, s. [Etymology doubtful, probably
mense quantity of nucus thrown out ob Icelandic.] The name given in Shetland to
structing the tubes and causing collapse of a bird, the Common Cormorant (Phalacorax
the vesicular structure of the lungs. The ratio
carbo.)
of the respiration to the pulse is high, going
up to 60 or even 70 in the minute, with a brön-gnar-tīne (gn silent), s. [From Alex-
pulse-rate of 120 or 130. Chronic bronchitis, andre Brongniart.] [BRONGNIARDITE.]
or bronchial catarrh, is extensively prevalent,
Min. : A variety of brochantite (q.v.). It is
especially among the aged, recurring once or
found in Mexico.
twice a year in spring or autumn, or both, till
it becomes more or less constant all the year bron-gni-ar-dīte (gn silent), s. [From Alex-
round.
andre Brongniart, the very eminent mineralo-
gist and zoologist, nay, even “the legislator in
bronch'-o-çēle, s. [In Fr. bronchocèle. From
fossil zoology," born in Paris in 1770, died
Gr. Bpoyxornan (bronghokēlē)= a tumour in the
October 14, 1847 ; suff. -ite (Min.) (q.v.).]
throat, goitre ; from Bpóyxos (bronghos) = the
Min.: An isometric, greyish-black mineral
windpipe, and kňan (kēlē) = a tumour.]
with metallic lustre, having a hardness of
Medical : An indolent tumour on the fore-
about 3, and a sp. gr. of 5.95. Composition :
part of the neck, caused by enlargement of
Sulphur, 19:14–19:38 ; antimony, 29.75–
the thyroid gland, and attended by protrusion
of the eyeballs, anæmia, and palpitation.
29.95 ; silver, 24:46—25:03; lead, 24•74–25.05,
besides copper, iron, and zinc. Occurs in
[EXOPHTHALMIC GOITRE.]
Mexico.
brbich-ở-phồnỮc, đ. [Eng. brocho brồn-gni-ar-tine, brõn-gni-ar-tin (gn
phon(y); -ic.]
silent), S. [In Ger. brongniartin. From
Med. : Pertaining to bronchophony (q.v.). Alexandre Brongniart.] [BRONGNIARDITE.]
; the bronchophonic resonance." - Cyclop.
Min. : The same as Glauberite (q.v.).
1. 423.
bronch-oph'-on-ý, s. [In Fr. bronchophonie;
* bron'-nyn, * bron-dyn, v. [BRAND, v.]
Gr. Bpóyxos (bronghos) = the windpipe, and
(Prompt. Parv.)
owrń (phõnē) = a tone, a sound, the voice.]
bronşe, v.t. [From Icel. bruni = inflamma-
Med.: The natural sound of the voice, or
tion; Moso-Goth. brunsts = a burning, con-
pectoral vocal resonance, over the first divi flagration. Cf. also Ital. bronzino = sunburnt
sions and subsequent larger sub-divisions of (?). To overheat one's self in a warm sun, or
the trachea—the larger bronchial tubes. The
by sitting too near a strong fire. (Scotch.)
French word bronchophonie, from which the
English bronchophony was derived, was first 1 * bron-ston, s. [BRIMSTONE.]
* bront, pa. par. [BRUNT, BURNT.] (Scotch.)
(Doug. : Virg., 257, 11.)
* bront, s. [BRAND.] (Sir Gaw., 1,584.)
bron-tě'-1-dæ, s. pl. [From Mod. Lat. bron-
teus (q.v.), and suffix -ido.]
Palceont.: A family of Trilobites, contain-
ing only the genus Bronteus (q.v.).
bron'-tērn, s. [From Gr. Bpovtń (brontē) =
thunder.] A brass vessel in the basement
below a stage, used to produce an imitation
of thunder.
bron'-tě-ús, bron'-tēş, s. [From Gr. Bpóv-
ons (brontēs) = Thunderer, one of the three
Cyclopes.]
Palæont.: A Devonian trilobite, with a
broad, radiating, fan-like tail. Type of the
family Bronteidæ (q.v.).
bron-tõl--gỹ, s. [In Ger. brontologie; from
Gr. Bpovtń (brontē) = thunder, and lóyos (logos)
... discourse.) A discourse or treatise upon
thunder.
bron-to-thër'-1-dæ. s. pl. [From Mo
brontotherium (q.v.), and Lat. fem. pl. suff.
-idce. ]
Palæont. : A family of ungulate mammals
belonging to the order Perissodactyla, formed
for the reception of the large North American
Miocene Mammals, with toes in number like
those of the Tapir, while in other characters
these animals are like the elephant. The
family was founded by Prof. Marsh.
bron-to-thër-1-úm, s. [From Gr. Bpovrń
(brontē) = thunder, and Anplov (thērion) = a
wild animal.]
Palceont. : The typical genus of the Bronto-
theridæ (q.v.).
bron-to-zo'-um, s. [Latinised from Gr.
Bpovtń (brontē)= thunder, and śwov (zoon)=
a living creature.]
Palæont. : A genus of animals founded on
the largest footprints in the Triassic Sand-
stones.
* bron-ys, * broun-ys, * brown-is, s. pl.
[From Fr. brande = heath, furze, gorse, &c.]
Branches, boughs.
"Of sowpill wandis, and of brounys sere."
Doug.: Virgil, 362, 7.
"Bronys of the olyue twistis.”
Ibid., 402, 5.
“ Brownis, ..."-Palice of Honour, Prol., st. 9
bronze, s. & a. [In Sw. & Dut. brons; Ger.
bronze; Dan., Fr., & Port. bronze; Sp. bronce ;
Ital. bronzo ; Low Lat. bronzium. Muratori
and Diez derive this from Ital. brunezza =
swarthiness; brunazzo = brownish, swarthy;
bruno = brown.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally :
(1) An alloy of copper and tin. [In the
same sense as II. 1. (q.v.).]
"As monumental bronze unchanged his look."
Campbell: Gertrude of Wyoming, i. 23.
(2) A statue or a figure in relief cast in
bronze.
"How little gives thee joy or pain:
A print, a bronze, a flow'r, a root,
A shell, a butterfly can do't." Prior.
..old Roman and French bronzes, .."-Times,
September 9th, 1876. Advt.
2. Figuratively:
(1) The colour of bronze, brown. [BRONZED.]
* (2) Brazen effrontery, impudence.
“Imbrown'd with native bronze, lo! Henley stands
Tuning his voice, and balancing his hands."
Pope: Dunciad, iii. 199.
II. Technically :_
1. Metal., Archceol., & Hist. : An alloy com-
posed of copper and tin, sometimes with a
little zinc and lead.
(1) Archcol. & Hist. : Bronze was in use in
ancient China, Egypt, Assyria, Europe, and
Mexico. The tin used in parts of the Eastern
world was brought from Cornwall or from the
peninsula of Malacca. [BRONZE AGE.]
(2) Characters, properties, and uses : Bronze,
as already stated, is an alloy of copper and
tin. It is harder and more fusible than copper
itself. The proportions of the two constituents
vary according to the purpose for which the
alloy is produced. The bronze for cymbals
is composed of 78 parts of copper and 22
of tin, that for cannon 100 parts of copper
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whất, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pine, pit, sire, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; try, Sýrian. ~, =ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bronze-broodness
715
to 11 of tin, that of English bell-metal about
80 of copper, 10.1 of tin, 5'6 of zinc, and 4:3 of
lead, and the British bronze coinage 95 parts
of copper, 4 of tin, and 1 of zinc. Its average
density is 8.4. It oxidises very slowly, even
when the air is moist, which renders it well-
adapted for statues and similar works of art.
2. Cotton manufacture : One style of calico-
printing peculiar rather from the character of
its colours than from any specific novelty in
treatment.
B. As adjective: Made of bronze, charac-
terised by the presence of bronze in a literal
or figurative sense.
bronze age, s.
1. Archceol. : The age of bronze, the second
of three ages believed by MM. Nilsson, Steen-
strup, Forchhammer, Thomsen, Worsäæ, and
other Danish archæologists to have followed
each other in the peninsula of Jutland and else-
where in the following order :-(1) The stone
age, (2) the bronze age, and (3) the iron age.
During the first stone, or sometimes bone, was
used for weapons and implements, the work-
ing of metal being as yet unknown. Then
weapons were made of bronze, the method of
alloying the two metals having been dis-
covered, but that of working in iron being
undiscovered. Finally iron took the place
of bronze. These views have been generally
adopted by geologists and archæologists,
though some believe an age of copper to have
intervened between those of stone and bronze.
The allegation that the use of stone came
first, that of bronze next, and that of iron
last is not inconsistent with the fact that all
still exist contemporaneously in portions of
the world.
During the age of bronze the oak was the
dominant tree in Denmark, the Scotch-fir,
now extinct in that country, having flourished
during the earlier part of the stone age; while
the beech was and remains the characteristic
tree of the iron age. Lake-dwellings of the
bronze period have been found in western
and central Switzerland, and one has been
discovered in the lake of Constance. Geologi-
cally even the stone age belongs only to the
recent periód. (Lubbock, Lyall, &c.)
2. Fig.: The Age of Bronze: The unheroic
age of impudence, the age wanting in venera-
tion for what is good and great, the grovelling
age.
| Byron has a poem called “The Age of
Bronze," or Carmen seculare et annus haud
mirabilis.
bronze-liquor, s.
Chem. : A solution of chloride of antimony
and sulphate of copper used for bronzing gun-
barrels.
bronze-powder, s. Finely pulverised
metal, or powder having a metallic base,
applied to the surface of paper, leather, and
other materials, for imparting a metallic colour
and lustre.
bronze, v.t. [From Eng. bronze, s. (q.v.). In
Sw. bronsera ; Dut. bronzen ; Ger. bronziren;
Fr. bronzer; Port. bronzear.]
1. Lit. : To give metals a lustre resembling
that of bronze. [BRONZING.]
2. Fig. : To brazen, to render hard or un-
feeling.
"Art, cursed art, wipes off the indebted blush
From nature's cheek, and bronzes every shame."
Young : Night Th. 5.
“The lawyer who bronzes his bosom instead of his
forehead."-Scott, in Goodrich and Porter.
bronzed, pa. par. & a. [BRONZE, v.t.]
| Bronzed-skin : Addison's disease. Disease
of the supra-renal capsules, with discoloura-
tion of the skin, extreme prostration, loss of
muscular power, and failure of the heart's
action. Death occurs in from one year and a
half to four or five years, from asthenia, with
every sign of feeble circulation, anæmia, and
general prostration. The discolouration of the
skin is characteristic, and covers the whole
body, especially the face, neck, and arms.
bronz-ing, pr. par., A., & s. [BRONZE, v.]
A. & B. As pr. par. and particip. adj. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
C. As subst.: The process of giving a bronze-
like or antique-metallic appearance to the
surface of metals. The processes vary; they
may be classed as coating with a melted alloy;
coating with a metal in paste, solution, or
vapour; corrosion; coating with a gum, ap-
plication of bronze-powder, and painting.
bronzing-machine, s. A machine for
bronzing wall-paper or printed sheets.
brónz'-īte, s. [In Ger. bronzit. Named from
the pseudo-metallic lustre, which somewhat
resembles that of bronze.]
Mineralogy:
1. The ferriferous variety of Eustatite found
at Cape Lizard, in Cornwall, in Moravia,
2. A variety of diallage (q.v.).
3. The same as Seybertite (q.v.).
bronz -ý, a. [Eng. bronz(e); -y.] Bronze-like.
brôo (1), s. [BREE.] Broth, juice.
brôo (2), s. [Etymology doubtful, but pro-
bably a Scotch form of brew (q.v.).] Opinion
founded on report ; favourable opinion.
brooch, *broche, s. [In Fr. broche = a
broach, a knitting-needle, a task ; 0.Fr. broche
= a lance, a needle, a packing-needle (Kelham);
Prov., Sp., & Port. broca; Ital. & Low Lat.
brocca ; Ital. brocco = a peg, a stump of a tree;
Class. Lat. brochus, brocchus = projecting
(used of teeth); Wel. procio = to thrust, to
stab; procian = a thrust, a stab; Gael. brog =
= a probe, a poker. ] [BROACH, S.; PROG.]
I. Ordinary Language:
* 1. Lit. :
*(1) A sharp point. (Skeat.)
* (2) A pin. (Skeat.)
*(3) A spear.
“Breme was the broche in the brest pan."
Destr. of Troy, 10,870.
(4) An ornamental clasp, with a pin, for
fastening the dress. It is called in the Bible
an ouch (q.v.)
“Her golden brooch such birth betray'd.”
Scott : The Lady of the Lake, i. 19.
*2. Fig.: Ornament.
" Laer. I know him well, he is the brooch, indeed,
And gem of all the nation.'
Shakesp. : Hamlet, iv. 7.
II. Painting : A painting all of one colour,
as in sepia or india-ink.
* brooch, v.t. [From brooch, s. (q.v.).] To
adorn as with a brooch.
“Not the imperious show
Of the full-fortuned Cæsar ever shall
Be brooch'd with me."
Shakesp.: Ant. & Cleop., iv. 15.
brooched, pa. par. & a. (BROOCH, v.t.]
brôod (1), * brod, * brode, * brud, s. [A.S.
bród = that which is bred ; from A.Ś. brédan
= to breed; Dut. broed ; M. H. Ger. bruot •
Ger. brut = a brood.] [BREED.]
I. Literally :
*1. The act of breeding or hatching.
“Brode of byrdys. Pullificatio."-Prompt. Parv.
2. Offspring, progeny.
(1) Of birds.
"Toh not to hwan thu breist thi brod "
Owl and Nightingale, 1,631.
"Ælian discourses of storks, and their affection
toward their brood."-Brown: Vulgar Errours.
_* (2) Of other animals.
“ The lion roars and gluts his tawny brood."
Wordsworth.
(3) Of human beings, but generally only
used in contempt.
“To that noble brood.
Of Priamus his blood."
Trevisa : Polychron., i. 395.
3. That which is bred, a species generated,
a breed, a race.
(1) Of birds and other animals, &c.
“Among hem (beasts] al the brood is liche to the
same kynde."-Trevisa. : Polychron, ii. 201.
* (2) Of human beings. (Most frequently
in an unfavourable sense.)
“Who yet will shew us good ?
Talking like this world's brood.
Milton : Translations, Psalm iv.
+ (3) Generally of anything generated or
produced.
“ Have you forgotten Lybia's burning wastes,
Its barren rocks, parch'd earth, and hills of sand.
Its tainted air, and all its broods of poison."
Addison.
4. A hatch, the number hatched at one time.
“A hen followed by a brood of ducks."-Spectator.
II. Figuratively:
#1. The act of brooding over anything.
“O'er which his melancholy sits on brood."
Shakesp. : Hamlet, iii 1.
† 2. The produce, offspring.
"Such things become the hatch and brood of time."
Shakesp. : 2 Henry IV., iii. 1.
+3. A number, hatch.
“A new brood of false witnesses, among whom a
villain named Dangerfield was the most conspicuous,
infested the courts."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ii.
brood-hen, s. A hen inclined to sit, or
kept for sitting on eggs.
,"The auld brood-hen."-Scott : Bride of Lammer.,
ch. vii.
brood-hen star, s. An old name for
the constellation Ursa Major.
“This constellation (Great Bear] was also formerly
called the Brood-hen in England," -- Penny Cyclop., vi.
510.
brood-mare, s. A mare kept for the
purpose of breeding from.
“I'll gie ye Dumple, and take the brood-mare my-
sell."-Scott: Guy Mannering, ch. xxv.
brood-sow, * brod-sow, S. A SOW
which has a litter. (Polwart.)
brood-stock, s. Stock or cattle kept for
breeding from.
+ brood (2), s. (Etym. doubtful.] Any hetero-
geneous mixture among tin or copper ore, as
mundick, black-jack, &c.
brôod, v.i. & t. [BROOD, s.]
A. Intransitive:
I. Literally:
*1. To sit as a hen on eggs.
“Dove-like sat'st brooding on the vast abyss,
And mad'st it pregnant." Milton : P. L., i. 21.
+ 2. To breed.
"The happy birds, that change their sky
To build and brood."
Tennyson : In Memor., cxv. 16.
3. To cover for protection, as a hen covers
her chickens with her wings.
"They breed, they brood, instruct, and educate."
Dryden.
+ II. Figuratively :
1. To settle down, envelop, cover.
"Above him broods the twilight diin."
Tennyson : Two Voices, 263.
2. To meditate long and anxiously, to be
engrossed in thought or study.
"When with downcast eyes we muse and brood."
Tennyson: Early Sonnets, i.
(1) Generally with on before the subject
meditated upon.
“ When I would sit, and deeply brood
On dark revenge, and deeds of blood."
Scott: Marmion, vi. 6.
(2) Frequently with over.
"The mind that broods o'er guilty woes."
Byron: The Giaour,
* B. Transitive :
I. Literally: To sit upon, as a hen on eggs.
II. Figuratively:
* 1. To cherish, brood over, meditate
anxiously and long over.
"You'll sit and brood your sorrows on a throne."
Dryden.
*2. To produce, bring into operation.
“Hell and not the heavens brooded that design,"
Fuller : Worthies, iii. 362.
* brood, * broode, * brode, a. & adv.
[BROAD.]
"Crist spak himself ful broode in holy writ."
Chaucer : C. T., 739.
* brood-axe, s. [BROAD-AXE.]
'Brood axe, or exe. Dolabrum."-Prompt. Parv.
brôod'-ěd, a. [BROOD, v.] Anxiously medi-
tated on.
“ In despite of brooded watchful day,
I would into thy bosom pour my thoughts."
Shakesp.: K. John, iii. 3.
* brood-fúl, * brode'-ful, a. [Eng. brood ;
ful(i).] Fruitful, prolific.
"Thai schepe brodeful."-Early Eng. Psalter. Psa.
cxliii. 13.
brood'-ing, * bro'-dynge, pr. par., A., & s.
[BROOD, v.]
A. As pr. par. : (See the verb.)
B. As adj. : Broody, inclined to sit
C. As substantive:
1. Lit. : The act of hatching or sitting on
eggs.
"Brodynge of byrdys. Focio.”—Prompt. Parv.
2. Fig. : The act of meditating on or plot-
ting anything
* brood'-něss, * brood-nesse, s. [Eng.
brood; -ness.] The act of breeding.
“And he seide to Gad, Gad is blessid in broodnesse."
-Wycliffe : Deut. xxxiii. 20. (Purvey.)
bóīl, bóy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, eşist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shủn; -țion, -şion=zhủn. -cious, -tious, -sious =shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, del.

716
broody-broscus
brood'-ý, * brud-y, * brood'-ie, a. [Eng.
brood ; -y. A.S. brodige = brooding.)
1. Lit. : Inclined or ready to sit on eggs.
“... breeds of fowls which very rarely or never
become 'broody,' that is, never wish to sit on their
eggs."-Darwin: Origin of Species (ed. 1859), ch. vii., p.
215.
2. Fig.: Sullen, morose ; inclined to brood
over matters. (Provincial.)
brook, * brooke. *brouke, * broke,
* bruk-en, ** brúc (Eng.), bruk, brwk
(Scotch), v.t. & i. (A.S. brúcan = to use, eat,
enjoy, bear, discharge, fulfil ; Sw. bruka =
to use of, to cultivate, to use, to be wont;
Dut. gebruiken = to use, spend, enjoy ; Icel.
bruka ; Goth. brukjan = to use, to partake of;
(N. H.) Ger. brauchen, gebrauchen ; M.H. Ger.
brûchen ; 0. H. Ger. průhhan, průchan ; Lat.
fruor = to enjoy.]
A. Transitive :
*1. To use.
“So mote I brouken wel min eyen twey."
Chaucer : The Nonnes Prestes Tale, v. 15,306.
* 2. To continue to use, to enjoy, to possess.
"He sall nocht bruk it but bargane."
Barbour : The Bruce, v. 236.
... Robert Steward suld be
Kyng and brwk Call] the Rialte."
Ibid., XX., 131-2.
* 3. To retain on the stomach. (Used of
food and drink.) (Prompt. Parv.)
4. To endure, to stand, to support, to put
up with, to tolerate, to submit to, to be sub-
missive under. Used-
(1) Gen. : Of anything unpleasant.
“A thousand more mischances than this one
Have learned me to brook this patiently."
Shakesp.: Two Gent., v. 3.
(2) Spec. : Of an affront.
B. Intrans. : To endure. [A. 4.]
"... he could not brook that the worthy prince
Plangus was by his chosen Tiridates preferred before
him."-Sidney.
brook, * broc, * brok, *broke, s. & a. [A.S.
bróc, brooc; Dut. broek = a marsh, a pool;
0. H. Ger. pruoch; Ger. bruch = a marsh, a
bog; A.S. brecan = to break, from the fact
of the water breaking out or forcing its way
through the earth.]
A. As substantive : A small stream, a rivulet.
“Ther goth a brook, and over that a brigge.”
Chaucer : 0. T., 2,920.
B. As adj. : Pertaining to a brook; growing
in a brook.
Obvious compound : Brook-side.
brook-betony, s. A plant, Scrophu-
laria aquatica.
brook-owzel, S. One of the English
names for a bird—the water-rail (Rcillus
aquaticus).
brook-tongue, s. [A.S. brocthung.] A
plant-the Cicuta virosa. (Cockayne.)
t brook-a-ble, a. [Eng. brook; able.] Able
to be borne or endured.
brook'-bēan, s. [From Eng. brook ; bean.]
A name for the Menyanthes trifoliata, the
Buck-bean, or Marsh-trefoil, a plant of the
order Gentianaceæ, or Gentianworts.
brooked (1), pa. par. [BROOK, v.]
brooked (2), brooket, brukit, bruket,
broukit, a. [In Dan. broget = variegated,
speckled, checkered, spotted.] (Scotch.)
[BROCK.]
1. Of persons : Partly clean, partly dirty.
(1) Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
“The bonie bruket lassie."—R. Burns : Letters.
(2) Of a child which has wiped tears off its
face with a dirty hand.
"Cried, Let me to the brooket knave.”
Cock : Simple Strains.
2. Of sheep: Streaked or speckled in the
face. (Jamieson.)
brook'-ïe, a. & s. [From brooked (2) (q.v.).]
(Scotch.)
A. As adj. : Dirtied with soot, sooty.
B. As subst. :
1. A ludicrous designation for a black-
smith, from his face being begrimed.
"The blacksmith niest, a rampan chiel,
Cam skelpin thro' the breem ;-
The pridefu' tailor cockit's ee,
Ban't Brookie as wanwordy."
Tarras : Poems, p. 66.
Hence the term is applied to Vulcan.
in brooks.
2. A designation given to a child whose face
is streaked with dirt.
brook-īte, s. [Named after Mr. H. J. Brooke,
an English crystallographer and mineralogist;
suff. -ite (Min.) (q.v.).]
Min.: A native form of titanic oxide, TiO2.
It is trimetric, brittle, and has a hardness of
5:5–6; sp. gr., 4:12—4.23. Composition :
Titanic acid, 94.09—9936; sesquioxide of iron,
1:36–4:50 ; alumina, 0–0·73, &c. It occurs
at Fronolen, near Tremadoc, in Wales ; on the
continent of Europe, in Sicily, in the United
States, &c.
brook'-let, s. [Eng. brook, and dimin. suff.
Tet.] A little brook or stream.
“Stood in her holiday dress in the fields, and the wind
and the brooklet
Murmured gladness and peace, God's peace.”
Longfellow : The Children of the Lord's Supper.
brook'-līme, s. [From Eng. brook, and A.S.
lim = that which adheres, cement.] The
English name of a Veronica or Speedwell,
Veronica beccabunga. The leaves and stem are
glabrous and succulent; the latter is pro-
cumbent at the base, and rooting. The flowers
are in opposite racemes. The flowers are
generally bright blue, but in one variety they
are pink or flesh-coloured. The plant is com-
mon in ditches and watercourses. It is some-
times used as a spring salad.
brook'-mint, s. [A. S. brocminte, brocmynte.]
The Water-mint, Mentha hirsuta, or aquatica.
brook-wēed, s. [From Eng. brook; weed.]
The English name of Samolus, a genus of
plants somewhat doubtfully referred to the
order Primulaceæ (Primworts). The capsule
is half inferior, and opens by valves. The
stem is eight or ten inclies high, with racemes
of numerous small white flowers.
* brook-ỹ, a. [Eng. brooc ; -g.] Abounding
“Lemster's brooky tract.” Dyer.
* brôom, v.t. [BREAM, v.t.]
brôom, * brộome, * brome, * brom, s. &
a. [A.S. bróm ; 0. Dut. brom; Dut. brem;
Ir. brum.]
A. As substantive :
1. The English name of a common shrub,
Sarothamnus, formerly Cytisus scoparius, and
of the genus to which it belongs. The large
and beautiful yellow flowers of the broom
come out in this country from April to June.
[BROOM-TOPS.]
(1) Butchers' Broom : The English name
for the Liliaceous genus Ruscus, and specially
for the Ruscus aculeatus, which grows in
Britain.
(2) Irish Broom : Sarothamnus patens, a
native of Spain and Portugal.
2. A besom for sweeping, so called because
it is occasionally made of broom, though other
material is often employed.
B. As adjective: Pertaining to the plant
described under A, or to a besom. (See the
compounds which follow.)
broom-corn, s. A name for two plants
of the order Grammaceæ (Grasses).
1. Sorghum vulgare. Its panicles are made
into brooms for sweeping and into clothes-
brushes.
2. Sorghum saccharatum.
T Broom-corn, Seed-stripper: A machine
like a flax-ripple, for removing the seed from
broom-corn. It is like a comb, over which
the corn-brush is thrown, and the seeds
stripped off by pulling the brush between the
teeth. (Knight.)
broom-cypress, s.
Bot. : A name given to the plant-genus
Kochia, which belongs to the order Chenopo-
diaceæ (Chenopods).
broom-grove, s. A grove composed of
late broom ; a place overgrown with broom.
broom-handle, s. & a.
Broom-handle machine : A lathe with a
hollow mandrel and internal cutters. The
stick is passed longitudinally through the
mandrel and rounded through its length.
broom-head, s. A clasp or cap for hold-
ing the bunch of broom-corn, so that a worn
stump may be removed and fresh brush sub-
stituted.
broom-plant, s.
Her.: “Planta genista.”
broom-sewing, a. Sewing or designed
to sew brooms.
Broom-sewing machine: A machine for
pressing a bunch of broom-corn into shape
for a broom, and sewing it in its flattened
form.
broom-tops, s. pl.
Pharm. : The fresh and dried tops of Saro-
thamnus Scoparius (Common Broom). There
are two officinal preparations; the decoction
(Decoctum Scoparii), consisting of a pint of
distilled water to an ounce of the dried tops;
and the juice (Succus Scoparii), made of three
ounces of the fresh expressed juice to a pint of
rectified spirit. They are valuable diuretics,
especially in cardiac dropsies. Scoparine and
Sparteia are the two active principles; the
action of Sparteia is analogous to that of
Conia (q.v.).
* broom-tree, s. A broom shrub.
"Ye schulen be as broom-trees."-Wickliffe : Jer.
xlviii. 6. (Purvey.)
broom-ing, s. [BREAMING.]
Naut.: The same as BREAMING (q.v.).
+ broom'-lănd, s. [Eng. broom ; land.] Land
on which broom grows or adapted for its
growth.
"I have known sheep cured of the rot, when they
have not been far gone with it, by being put into
broomlands."-Mortimer.
brôom'-rāpe, s. [Eng. broom ; rape.]
Ord. Lang. & Bot. : The English name of
Orobanche, a genus of plants constituting the
typical one of the order Orobanchaceæ (Broom-
rapes). Eleven species have been enumerated
as British. All are parasitic on other plants.
They grow upon furze, broom, a galium, on
thymus, a centaurea, a picris, on clover, milfoil,
on hemp-roots, &c. Some broomrapes confine
themselves to a single genus or even species
of plants, whilst others range over a consider-
able variety. The Greater Broomrape, one of
the eleven which grows on leguminous plants,
especially on furze, broom, and clover, is so
destructive to the last-named genus of plants
in Flanders that it prevents inany farmers
from attempting their cultivation. The Tall
Broomrape (Orobanche elatior), though pre-
ferring Centaurea scabiosa, also attacks clover,
as does the Lesser Broomrape (Orobanche
minor).
broom'-stăff, s. [Eng. broom; staff.) A
broomstick.
"They fell on; I made good my place; at length
they came to the broomstaff to me: I defied 'em
still."--Shakesp. : Hen. VIII., V. 4.
broom'-stick, s. [Eng. broom; stick.] The
stick which serves for a handle to a broom.
“At the cry of 'Rescue,' bullies with swords and
cudgels, and termagant hags with spits and broom-
sticks, poured forth by hundreds.”—Macaulay : Hist.
Eng. ch. iii.
broom-ỹ, C. [Eng. broom ; -g.]
1. With much broom growing upon it.
"If land grow mossy or broomy, then break it up
again."-Mortimer.
2. Pertaining to broom ; derived from
broom.
"The youth with broomy stumps began to trace
The kennel edge, where wheels had worn the place."
Swift.
brôoşe (1), brûşe, bruişe, s. [From Moso-
Goth. bruthe; Ger. braut = a bride (?).]
1. A race at country weddings, who shall
first reach the bridegroom's house on return-
ing from the church.
"At brooses thou had ne'er a fellow.”
Burns : Auld Farmer's Salutation.
2. Hay contest.
"To think to ride, or run the bruise
Wi' them ye name."
R. Galloway: Poems, p. 156.
* brôoşe (2), s. [BROSE.]
* brôost, s. [The same as O. Eng. brast, s.=
a burst (?).] A burst (?), a spring (Scotch.)
“The yaud she made a broost,
Wi' ten yauds' strength and mair."
Auld Gray Mare. Jacobite Relics, i. 71.
bros'-cůs, s. [From Gr. Bußpáo kw (bibrāsco)
= to eat.]
Entom.: A genus of beetles belonging to the
family Harpalidæ. Broscus cephalotes is found
on the sea-coast in Britain. It is from nine
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre ; pīne, pīt, sïre, sír, marîne; gó, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sön; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; trý, sýrian. 2, ce=ē; ey=ā. qu = kw.

brose-brotherliness
717
lines to an inch in length. Its elytra are brothe, 8. [From 0. Eng. brothe, a. (?).] 1 frequently applied to persons of a more dis-
nearly smooth. When captured it feigns Fierceness (?), copiousness (?). (Scotch.)
tant degree of relationship. [BROTHER-BAIRN.)
death.
A great brothe of sweat : A violent per “Because thou art my brother, shouldest thou there.
fore serve me for nought?”—Gen. xxix. 15.
bröşe, * brew-is, * brow-esse, * browes,
spiration. (Scotch.)
In these uses the plural is brethrer anly.
* brow-yce, s. & a. [From Gael. brothas = brothe, v.t. [From brothe, s. (q.v.).] To be “Is not this the carpenter's son? is not his mother
brose.]
in a state of profuse perspiration. (Scotch.)
called Mary? and his brethren, James, and Joses, and
Simon, and Judas?”-Matt. xiii. 55.
A. As substantive :
broth'-el, * bord'-el, * brod-el, s. [AC-
* 1. A kind of food which is fat or greasy.
brother-angel, S. An angel viewed as
cording to Webster and Wedgwood, a form
(0. Eng.)
akin to a person whom it is designed extrava-
of O. Eng. bordel; but Skeat points out that
gantly to compliment.
“ Browesse (browes, H. P.). Adipatum, C. F." the original phrase was not a brothel, but a
Prompt. Parv.
“Thy brother-angels at thy birth
brothel-house, and considers brothel = a prosti-
Strung each his lyre, and tun'd it high."
“... browesse made with bread and fat meat."-
Huloet.
tute, and derived from A.S. abrodhen=degene Dryden: To the Memory of Mrs. A. Killigrew, 44-5.
“That tendre browyce made with a mary-boon."
rate, base.]
brother-bairn, 3. The child of an uncle.
Lydgate : Order of Fooles. (Way.)
I. Ordinary Language :
(Used to denote the relation of a cousin.)
2. A kind of pottage, made by pouring
* 1. A prostitute, a debauchee.
(Scotch.) [BROTHER, II. 4.]
boiling water on oatmeal ; stir-about. (Scotch.)
“Stynt, brodels, youre dyn.” – Towneley Myst., p. 142.
“Sir Patrick Hamilton was brother-german to the
B. As adjective:
Earl of Arran, and sister and brother-bairn to the
2. A place of resort for prostitutes ; a king's majesty."-Pitscottie (ed. 1720), p. 104.
1. Pertaining to brose; fitted for making bawdy-house.
There was a corresponding word sister-
brose. [BROSE-MEAL.]
II. Law : In the Middle Ages brothels were bairn (q.v.).
2. Suitable for taking brose. [BROSE-TIME.] allowed in certain places, especially in South-
brother-beast, s. One of the bestial
brose-meal, s. Meal of pease much
wark, but they were legally suppressed by a
fraternity viewed in its relation to another.
proclamation in the 37th year of Henry VIII.
parched.
"And like the sheep, his brother-beast, is slain.”.
To keep a brothel is now an offence at com-
Dryden: The Fables, Palamon and Arcite, bk. i.
brose-time, s. Supper-time.
mon law.
brother-brutes, s. Brutes to which man
* bro'-şen, a. (From Old Eng. brasten.] * brothel-haunting, a. & 8.
is akin.
[BRAST.] Burst.
A. As adjective: Frequenting brothels; dis “No arts had made us opulent and gay;
sipated.
With brother-brutes the human race had graz'd."
* bro-sen, v.t. (BRUISE.]
Thomson: Castle of Indolence, ii. 51.
B. As substantive: The act or practice of
bros'-1-mům, 8. [From Gr. Bpóolmos (bro frequenting brothels; dissipation.
brother-daughter, s. A niece. (Scotch.)
simos) = eatable ; Bpớols (brosis) = eating;
brothel-house, * brodelhouse, s.
brother - german, brother - ger -
Bußpóokw (bibrāsko) = to eat.]
A brothel.
main, 8. A full brother.
Bot. : A genus of plants doubtfully referred "They (the monkes) wrought off great wickednesse,
See the example under brother-bairn.
to the order Urticaceæ (Nettleworts). It con and made those end wares little better than brodel-
tains Brosimum alicastrum, the Bread-nut of
houses, especially where nunries were far off."--Hol-
brother-in-law, 8. The brother of one's
linshed : Desc. of England, ch. xiii.
Jamaica (q.v.), B. Galactodendron, the Cow-
husband or wife; a wife's brother, or a sister's
tree of South America, &c. [CoW-TREE.]
brothel-keeper, brothel-monger, husband.
8. One who keeps a brothel ; a pimp.
“His brother-in-law, the foolish Mortimer.”
broş'-mữ-ús, 8. [Latinised from brismak, the
Shakesp. : 1 Hen. IV., i. 3.
Shetland name of the Torsk (?).]
* broth-el'-ler, s. [Eng. brothel; -er.] A fre-
brother-love, 8. The love shown by
Zool.: A genus of fishes belonging to the
quenter of brothels; a dissolute, abandoned
fellow.
a brother; brotherly love.
family Gadidæ. There is a single dorsal fin,
"Gamesters, jockeys, brothellers, impure."
“With a true heart
which is long, as is the anal one; the ventral
Cowper : The Task, bk. ii.
And brother-love I do it.”
Shakesp. : Henry VIII., v. 3.
fins are small and fleshy, and there is but one
barbule to the mouth. Brosmius vulgaris, the
* broth-el'-rý, * broth-el-rie, s. [Eng. brother-son, s. A nephew. (Scotch.)
Torsk, called in Shetland the Tusk and the
brothel ; -ry.]
brother-uterine, 8. One born of the
Brismak, is the only British species, and it is 1. Prostitution, lewdness.
same mother but of a different father.
confined to the north of our island.
“Shall Furia brook her sister's modesty,
And prostitute her soul to brothelry?"
brother-warden, . A warden acting
bros'-sīte, bros'-īte, s. [From the Brossa
Marston : Scourge of Vill.. i. 3.
2. Obscenity.
as one's colleague.
valley in Piedmont.]
"Ill could the haughty Dacre brook.
Min.: A columnar variety of ferriferous
“With brothelry, able to violate the ear of a pagan."
His brother-warden's sage rebuke."
-B. Jonson: Fox, Dedication.
Dolomite.
Scott : The Lay of the Last Minstrel, iv. 31.
* br>the-lý, * broth-ly, * brothe-liche, * broth'-ēr, v.t. [From brother, s. (q.v.).] To
* bros-ten, * bros-tyn, pa. pa. & a. [BURST.] * brothe-lych, adv. (BRAITHLY.]
admit to a state, and to the privileges, of
“That yet aswowne lay, bothe pale and wan:
For with the fal he brosten had his arm.”
1. Hastily, quickly.
brotherhood in any corporation or society;
- Chaucer : C. T., 3,826-7.
2. Fiercely, violently.
or to make the mirthful imitation at a con-
* brostyn man, s. A man ruptured.
vivial party of the ceremonies of initiation
"Thay wer brothely broght to Babiloyn,
Ther bale to suffer."
into such a body.
"Brostyn man, yn the cod. Herniobus, C. F."-
Ear. Eng. Atlit. Poems ; Cleanness, 1,256.
Prompt. Parv.
broth'-ēr, * bro-der, * bro-dire, * bro-
broth'-ěr-hood, *bríth-ěr-hod, * brith-
* bro-sure, s. [BRISURE.] A fracture, break-
dyr, * broith-er, * broth-ir, broth-
er-hěd, * brö'th-ēr-hēed, s. [A.S bró-
ing; a part broken off.
ur, broth-re, * broth-yr (plur. * bro-
thorhád.]
bros'-ý, broş'-ỉe, a. [From Scotch brose; -y.) |
dhru, * brothre, * brothren, brethren, brothers), * 1. The state of being a brother.
8. [A.S. brodhor, brodher; dat. s. bredher ;
1. Semifluid.
(1) The state of being a brother in the literal
nom. plur. brodhru ; 0. Icel. bródhar ; 0. sense; a son of the same immediate parent
2. Bedaubed with brose or porridge.
Fris. brother, bróder; O. H. Ger. bruodar; as another.
“Out o'er the porritch-pingle takes a sten,
Goth. dróthar; Dan. broder ; Gael. & Ir.
Laying the brosy weans upo' the floor
(2) An association of men of the same pro-
Wi' donsy heght." -Davidson : Seasons, p. 28.
brathair; Wel. brawd, plur. brodyr; Lat.
fession, society, fraternity, religious profes-
frater; Gr. ppatńp (phratēr); Sansc. bhráti.
sion, or religious order.
brosy-faced, a. A term used of the face From a root bhar = to bear (Skeat).]
“... in pitee, love of brotherhod, and in love of
when very fat and flaccid. (Scotch.)
I. Literally: A son born of the same father brotherhod charite."—Wycliffe (Purvey), 2 Pet., i. 7.
"A square-built brosy-faced girl.”—St. Johnstoun, i. and mother,
“There was a fraternity of men-at-arms called the
240.
brotherhood of St. George."-Davies.
The term is also frequently applied to
(3) The relationship of a member of the
* bros-yn, v.t. [BRUISE, v.] (Prompt. Parv.) men who have only one parent in common,
but, strictly speaking, such are only half-
human family at large, viewed as a child, with
brô-tê-kín, brô-tê-in, s. [Fr. brode-
the rest of mankind, of one common Father.
brothers.
quin.] [BRODEKIN, BUSKIN.]
“ To cut the link of brotherhood, by which
_” Brodyr by the modyr syde onely (alonly by moder,
One common Maker bound me to the kind."
Generally pl. : Buskins ; a kind of half P.) Germanus."-Prompt. Parv.
Cowper : The Task, bk. iii.
boots. (Scotch..)
II. Figuratively :
2. The love thence resulting.
“For I can inak schone, brotekins and buittis."
1. One closely resembling or nearly akin to
Lindsay: S. P. R., ii. 237.
“... finds brotherhood in thee no sharper spur."
"A pair of brotikins on his feet, to the great of his
another in manner or character.
Shakesp. : Richard II., i. 3.
legs."-Pitscottie, p. 111.
"He also that is slothful in his work is brother to + broth'-er-kin. 6. [From brother. s., and
him that is a great waster.”—Prov. xviii. 9.
* brot-el, a. (BRITTLE.]
2. One closely connected with another, an
dimin, suffix -kin. In Ger. brüderchen.] A
associate, one of the same community
little brother. (Carlyle.)
* brot-el-ness, * brot-el-nesse, s. [BRIT-
[BROTHER-IN-ARMS.]
TLENESS.]
broth'-ēr-less, a. [Eng. brother, and suffix
"The peers, however, by sixty-nine votes to fourteen, -less. ] Without a brother.
acquitted their accused brother."-Macaulay: Hist.
broth (pron. brâth), * brothe, s. [A.S. &
Eng. ch. xix.
" Cain. Who makes me brotherless ?
Icel. brodh; O. H. Ger. prót; M. H. Ger. brot;
In these senses the plural was formerly in
Byron : Cain, iii. 1.
Ger. gebräude, all = broth; A.S. breówan =
the forms brethren and brothers, but the latter broth'-er-like, a. [Eng. brother ; like.] Like
to cook, to brew.] The liquor in which flesh
is now used almost exclusively.
a brother, what might be expected of a brother,
has been boiled ; a kind of thin soup.
3. In theological language: Man in general. “Welconie, good Clarence : this is brotherlike."
“Brothe. Brodium, liquamen, C. F."- Prompt.
Shakesp. : 3 Henry VI., v. 1.
Parv.
our fellow-men.
"Men and brethren, let me freely speak unto you ofl + broth'-ēr-11-ness, 8. [Eng. brotherly;
* brothe, * broth, a. (BRAITH.) Angry, fierce. the patriarch David."-Acts ii. 29.
-ness.] The quality of acting to one like a
(Sir Gaw., 2,233.)
* 4. In the Bible and elsewhere brother is brother. (Dr. Allen.)
boll, boy; póut, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exsist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion = shăn; -țion, -şion=zhŭn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. =bel, dệl.

718
brotherly-brown
As adne men to Lau?
br6th-ẽm-ly, a. & ado. [Eng. brother ; -lg.] (1) The prominent ridge over the eye with brow'-den (1), brow'-dîn (1), a. [From Eng.
A. As adj. : Like that of a brother; natural
the hair upon it; the orbital arch.
brood (?).] (Scotch.) Fond, warmly attached to.
or becoming to a brother,
". , . the right arched beauty of the brow, ..."-
“As scho delyts into the low,
“Upon whose lapse, or error, something more
Shakesp.: Mer. Wives, iii. 3.
Sae was I browdin of my bow."
Than brotherly forgiveness may attend.”.
(2) The hair covering the arched prominence
Cherrie and Slae, st. 13.
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. vi. above the eye. [EYEBROW.]
“We are fools to be browden and fond of a pawn in
B. As adv.: After the manner of a brother.
the loof of our hand.”—Rutherford : Letters, P. i. Ep. 20.
“'Tis not your inky brows, your black silk hair."
“Of the men he had loved so brotherly."
Shakesp.: As You Like It, iii. 5. I * brow'-den (2), pa. par. or a. [BROWDYN.]
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstret, ii. 20.
(3) Sing. or pl. : The forehead.
(See example under browdyd.)
* broth-ēr'-rêde, * broth'-ēr-rêd-îne, s.
"... she kissed his brow, his cheek, his chin."
Shakesp. : Venus & Adonis, 59. brow'-děr-ér, * brow-děr-ére, S.
[A.S. bróthorræden.] Fraternity. (0. Eng. "With myrtle wreaths my thoughtful brows inclose.” [BROIDERER.]
Hom., i. 41.) (Ayenb., 110.)
Dryden: Ovid's Amours, bk. i., eleg. i., 33.
"Browdyoure (browderere). Intextor, frigio."-
(4) The countenance generally.
Prompt. Parv.
broth'-îng, pr. par. & a. [BROTHE.]
"To cloak offences with a cunning brow.”
Shakesp. : Lucrece, 749.
1 * brow'-dín (2), a. [From browdyn = em-
- "The callour wine in cave is sought,
Mens brothing breists to cule.'
2. Figuratively (of anything):
broidered (q.v.). ] Embroidered in a ludi-
4. Hume: Chron. S. P., iii. 389.
crous way-i.e., clotted, defiled, foul, filthy.
(1) Aspect, appearance.
brot-ų-lą, s. [From Gr. Bpótos (brotos) =
“This seeming brow of justice, ..."
"His body was with blude all browdin."
Chr. Kirk, st. 18.
gore (?) (Agassiz).]
Shakesp.: 1 Hen. IV., iv. 3.
(2) The projecting edge of a cliff or hill. * brow'-dîn-stēr, *brow'-dîn-star, s. [In
Ichthy. : A genus of fishes belonging to the
“Yon beetling brow."
Dan. brodere=to embroider; fem. suff. -star =
Gadidæ, or cod family. B. barbatus, the only
Scott : Rokeby, ii. 15.
Eng. -ster.] An embroiderer (male or female).
known species, is from the Antilles.
To knit the brow: To frown, to scowl.
"... the browdinstaris that wrocht upoun the
tapestrie of the crammosie velvois."-Collect. of In-
* brôu'-aġe, s. [SALT BROUAGE.] (Scotch.) B. As adjective: Pertaining to the brow in
ventories, A. 1561, p. 150.
any of the foregoing senses,
* brouch, s. [BROOCH.] (John of Trevisa,
* brow'-din-stēr-schỉp, s. (From Scotch
1,387.)
brow-ague, s.
browdinster; suffix -schip = Eng. suffix -ship.]
* brouded, * browded, pa. par. & a.
Med. i A disease, called also hemicrania, or The profession of an embroiderer.
migraine. It is a combination of neuralgia "... the office of browdinsterschip, and keping of
[BROWDYN, V.; BROIDER.] Embroidered.
with headache, paroxysmal, and confined to
his hienes wardrop."-Acts Ja. VI., 1592 (ed. 1814),
(Chaucer.)
p. 608.
one side of the head or brow. The eyes are
* broud-ster, s. [From Fr. broder, to em-
extremely sensitive to light and the ears to * brow-dyd, pa, par. [BROWDYN, v.]
broider, and 0. Eng. fem. suffix -ster.] An
sound, the pulse very slow. Common in "Browdyd, or ynbrowdyd (browdred, or browden,
embroiderer. (Scotch.)
childhood, with a tendency to diminish after P.) Intextus, acupictus, C. F. frigiatus, Ug."-Prompt.
Parv.
"... harness-makers, tapesters, broudsters, taylors.'
middle age. Women are more usually affected
-Pitscottie, p. 153.
than men. It is often due to mental excite-
* brow'-dýn, v.t. [A.S. bregdan = to braid,
ment.
* brouet, s. [O. Fr. brouet.] Pottage, caudle.
pa. par. bróden, brogden.] To embroider.
(Prompt. Parv.) [BREWET.]
brow-antler, s. The first start that
“Browdyn', or imbrowdyn’ (inbrowdyr, P.) Inteso.
C. F. frigio, Úg. in frigid." - Prompt. Paru.
grows on a deer's head.
brôu-ette', s. [Fr. brouette.] A small two-
* brow'-dýn, pa. par. [BROIDER, v.] Em-
wheeled carriage or frame, contrived by Dupin
brow-band, s.
broidered.
about A.D. 1671.
Saddlery: A band of a bridle, headstall, or
"Scepter, ryng, and sandalys
halter, which passes in front of a horse's fore-
Browdyn welle on Kyngis wys."
brougham (pron. bröm or brû'-am), s. head, and has loops at the ends through which
Wyntown, vii. 8. 446.
[Originally from Fr. brouette, but modified by
the cheek-straps pass.
* brow'-dyne, pa. par. [A.S. bredan = to
the name of the very eminent Lord Brougham,
make broad, to extend, to expand.) Displayed,
who was born at Edinburgh September 19,
brow-bound, a. Bound as to the brow :
unfurled.
1778, and died at Cannes, in the south of
crowned.
"Thai saw sa fele browdyne baneris,
“Was brow-bound with the oak.”
Standaris and pennownys."
France, May 7, 1868.]
Shakesp. : Coriolanus, ii. 2.
Barbour, xi. 464, M.8.
Vehicles : A two-wheeled closed carriage
* brow-dũng, s.
brow-sick, a. Sick as to the brow.
with a single inside seat for two persons, or a
[BROWDYN, .] Em-
“But yet a gracious influence from you
four-wheeled close carriage with two seats,
broidery.
May alter nature in our brow-sick crew."
“Of goldsmithrye, of browdyng, and of steel."
each adapted for two persons. The seat for the
Suckling. Prologue of the Authors.
• Chaucer : The Knightes Tale, 1,640.
driver is elevated.
brow (2), s. [From brew (q.v.). (Jamieson.).] * brow'-dy-oure, s. [O. Eng. browdy(n); and
brought, * broughte (pronounced brât). An opinion. (Scotch.) [BROO (2), s.]
suffix -oure = or, -er.]
* brogt, * brogte, * brout, pret. & pa. par.
1. An ill brow: An opinion preconceived "Browdyoure(browderere, P.) Intextor, C. F.
[BRING. ]
to the disadvantage of any person or thing.
frigio, Cath. Ug.” -Prompt. Parv.
* brouke, * brouk-en, v.t. [BROOK, v.] 2. Nae brow: No favourable opinion. browed, a. [Eng. brow; -ed.]
(Chaucer : C. T.; The Nonnes Priestes Tale, 479.)
“I hae nae brow o' John; he was wi' the Queen In compos. : Having a brow as described in
whan she was brought prisoner frae Carberry."- Mary the word preceding it, as dark-browed, low-
brôu'-kit, d. [BROOKED (2).] (Scotch.)
Stewart : Hist. Drama, p. 46.
browed.
* brow, v.t.
* broun, a. & S. [BROWN.] (Sir Gaw., 1,162.)
From brow, s. (q.v.).] To be at 1 *hotelosse
the edge of; to hound, to limit.
at
BeewIS BROS
* brow'-ěsse, s. [BREWIS, BROSE.]
* bround, s. [BRAND.] (Sege of Melayne (ed.
“ Tending my flocks hard by. i' th' hilly crofts
"Browesse (browes, H. P.) Adipatum, C. F."-
Prompt. Parv.
Herrtage), p. 126, 1. 671.)
That brow this bottom glade.”-Milton : Comus.
* brow'-ett, s. [BREWET, BREWIS.] Pottage.
brouse, browse, s. [Etymol. unknown.]
brow-1--a, s. [Named after John Browal-
“Browett. Brodiellum."-Prompt. Parv.
lius, Bishop of Aboa, who wrote a botanical
Metal. : Partially reduced lead ore mixed i
work in 1739.]
* brow'-ịn, pa. par. [BREW, v.] Brewed.
with slag and cinders.
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the "... to haue bakin breid, browin aill.”-Acts Mary,
brolls-son-ět'-a, s. [Named after P. N. v. 1 order Scrophulariaceæ (Figworts). The species
1555, ed. 1814, p. 495.
Broussonet, a naturalist who travelled in Bar-
are handsome plants with blue flowers, * brow-ys.'s. pl. [BROLI Brats. (Scotch.)
bary, and published a work on fishes in 1782.] brought originally from South America.
“... his dame Dalila and bastard browis ?" - N.
- Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
Winyet's First Tractat, Keith's Hist., App., p. 206.
inging to the brow'-bēat, v.t. [From brow, and beat.]
order Urticaceae (Nettleworts). Broussoneta
papyrifera is the paper-mulberry. It has 3-5
1. Lit. Of persons : To beat down the brow. I * brow-itt, s. [Etym. doubtful. Cf. Wel.
briwod = driven snow.] A silver-bellied eel.
lobed leaves.
or make one abashed by dogmatic assertions |
[PAPER-MULBERRY.] There is
or stern looks.
another species of the genus, B. spatulata, or
(Halliwell : Cont. to Lexicog.)
Entire-leaved Broussoneta.
The bar ans the bench united to browbeat the un- | *hrow-ken, v.t. [BROOK, v.]
fortunate Whig.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. v.
* brous'-tąre, s. [BROWSTER.] (Scotch.)
2. Fig. Of things : To bend the brow down
“Wel browken they hire service or labour."
Chaucer : Prol. to Legende of Goode Women.
upon (?).
* brout, pret. & pa. par. [BROUGHT.]
“Half God's good sabbath, while the worn-out clerk *brow'-less, a. [Eng. brow; -less.] Without
Brow-beats his desk below."
shame.
† bróüze, * browys, s. [BROWZE, 8.]
Tennyson: Early Sonnets II. (TO J. M. R.)
“So browless was this heretick (Mahomet], that he
* brouze, v.i. [BROWZE, v.]
brow-bēat-en, pa. par. & a. [BROWBEAT.)
was not ashamed to tell the world, that all he preached
was sent him immediately from heaven."-L. Addison :
"It was, indeed, painful to be daily browbeaten by Life of Mahomet, p. 84.
brow (1), * browe, s. & d. [A.S. bru=a brow, an enemy.”-Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. vi.
an eyebrow, an eyelid. cf. also bruwa = the
brown, * browne, * bróune, * broun,
eyelashes; 0.8. braha; Icel. bra, brún, bryn ;
| brow'-bēat-ing, pr. par., A., & s. [BROW-
* brûn, a., adv., & s. [A.S. brún= brown, dark,
Dut. braauw; Goth. brahw; N. H. Ger. brave,
BEAT.]
dusky ; Icel. brúnn ; Sw. brun; Dan. bruun;
braune; M. H. Ger. brâ, brâwe; O. H. Ger. A. & B. As present participle & participial Dut. bruin ; 0. Fries. brûn; (N. H.) Ger.
prå, prawa ; 0. Fr. bre; Ir. bra, brai; Ir. & adjective : In senses corresponding to those of braun ; M. H. Ger. brûn; O. H. Ger. prün;
Gael. abhra; Arm. abrañt ; Pol. brwi, Russ. the verb.
Fr. & Prov. brun ; Sp., Port., & Ital., bruno;
brov'; 0. Slav. br'v'; Gr. o pús (ophrus) = the C. As substantive: The act of abashing a Low Lat. brunneus. From A.S. bryne = a
eyebrow ; Sansc. bhrû. ]
person by insolent words or looks.
burning; Icel. bruni = burning.) [BURN, v.]
A. As substantive :
“What man will voluntarily expose himself to the A. As adjective :
imperious browbeatings and scorns of great men?"-
1. More or less literally of the human body): L'Estrange.
I. Ord. Lang. : Of the colour produced when
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hếr, thêre; pīne, pît, sire, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, són; mūte, cũb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; trý, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu= kw.
müll try, Springen. Dit, sire, sir, marine ; sõ, pět,

brown-browse
719
certain substances-wood or paper, for example
—are scorched or partially burnt.
"I like the new tire within excellently, if the hair
were a thought browner."-Shakesp. : Much Ado, iii. 4.
“Land of brown heath and shaggy wood."
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, vi. 2.
II. Technically :
1. Optics : Brown is not one of the primary
colours in a spectrum. It is composed of red
and yellow, with black, the negation of colour.
2. Bot. : A genus of colours, of which the
typical species is ordinary brown, tinged with
greyish or blackish. The other species are
chestnut-brown, deep-brown, bright-brown, rusty,
cinnamon, red-brown, rufous, glandaceous,
liver-coloured, sooty, and lurid. (Lindley :
Introd. to Bot. (3rd ed., 1839), p. 478.)
Brown gum-tree. [GUM-TREE.]
3. Zool. : Brown Bee-hawk. [BEE-HAWK.]
B. As adverb : Into a brown colour.
1. To boil brown. [To play brown.]
2. To play brown : A phrase used of the
broth-pot when the contents are rich. It is
the same as to boil brown.
"Yere big brose pot has nae played brown."
Remains of Nithsdale Song, p. 102. (Jamieson.)
C. As substantive :
1. Ord. Lang. : The colour described under
the adjective brown,
"The browns of a picture often present the appear-
ance of the bloom of a pluin."--Tyndall: Frag. of
Science, 3rd ed., vii. 146.
2. Painting : The chief browns employed
as pigments are Terra di Sienna, Umber, and
Bistre.
brown-bess, S. The name familiarly
given to the smooth-bore, flint-lock, musket
in use until the percussion fire-lock was intro-
duced in 1839. So designated from the brown
colour of the barrel, produced by oxidisation.
At first the musket barrels were kept bright.
It weighed 12 lb., and carried a leaden bullet
of fourteen and a half to the pound.
brown-bili, brownbill, s. A kind of
halberd formerly used as an offensive weapon
by the English foot soldiers. Called brown
from its being generally left rusty, and thus
distinguished from the black-bill which was
painted black; the edge in both cases was
kept sharp and bright. The brown rusty sur-
face, which was possibly oiled, corresponds to
the “ browning” of modern rifle barrels.
“And brownbills, levied in the city,
Made bills to pass the grand committee."
. Hudibras.
brown-bread, s. (Skeat thinks it un.
certain whether it is from brown or bran.]
[BREAD.]
brown-bugle, * browne-begle, s. A
plant, Ajuga reptans. [AJUGA.]
brown-coal, s. [Named from its brown
or brownish-black colour. In Ger. braun-
kohle.1 A variety of Lignite (q.v.).
brown-cress, s. A plant, the Water-
cress (Nasturtium officinale).
brown-eagle, s. A name for the Golden
Eagle (Aquila chrysaëtus).
brown-gannet, s. A bird (Sula fusca)
from the South Seas. It is called also the
Brown-gull or Booby.
brown-glede, s. A name for the Ring-
tailed Harrier (Circus cyaneus).
brown-gull, s. [BROWN-GANNET.) A
name for the Brown-gannet.
brown gum-tree, s. The English name
of an evergreen tree, the Eucalyptus robusta,
from New South Wales.
brown hematite, brown hæmatite,
S. [HÆMATITE.]
Min.: (1) Limonite (q.v.). (2) Göthite (q.v.).
brown iron-ore, brown iron-stone,
Mineralogy: (1) Limonite (q.v.). (2) Göth-
ite (q.v.).
brown-jennet, brown-janet, s.
1. A cant name for a knapsack. (Scotch.)
2. A musket. (Picken : Gloss., 1813.) (Scotch.)
brown-kite, s. A name for the Ring-
tailed Harrier (Circus cyaneus).
brown-lizard, 6. An eft, the Triton
vulgaris. It is not properly a lizard.
brown man of the moors, or muirs,
s. An imaginary being supposed to frequent drudgery. If offered food or any other recom-
moors; a dwarf ; a subterranean elf.
pense for his services, he decamped and was
brown-mint, s. A plant, Mentha viridis.
seen no more. The diffusion of knowledge
has been more potent in its operation, and
brown-ochre, s.
the “brownie" may now be reckoned almost
Min. : A variety of Limonite (q.v.).
an extinct species. [BAWSY-BROWN.]
“ All is bot gaistis, and elrische fantasyis,
brown-owl, s. A name given to the
Of brownyis and of bogillis full this buke."
Tawny Owl (Syrnium stridula), called also the
Doug. : l'irgil, 158, 26.
Ivy Owl.
one might almost believe in brownies and
fairies, Lady Emily, when your ladyship is in pre-
brown-paper, s. A coarse variety of sence."-Scott: Waverley, ch. lxxi.
wrapping paper made from unbleached brownie's stone, s. An altar dedicated
material, such as junk, hemp, the refuse of to a brownie.
flax, &c.
“Below the chappels there is a flat thin stone, call'd
Brownie's Stone, upon which the autient inhabitants
brown-pink, S. A vegetable yellow
offered a cow's milk every Sunday.”—Martin : West.
pigment forming one of the yellow lakes. Islands, p. 67.
(Ogilvie.)
brown'-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [BROWN, v.]
brown-red, s. Dull red, with a slight
mixture of brown.
A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj. : (See
the verb.)
brown-rust, s. A kind of rust made by
C. As substantive :
or consisting of a small parasitic fungus, which
1. Gen. : The act or process of making any-
converts the farina of cereal plants into a
thing brown.
brown powder.
2. Spec. : A process by which the surfaces
brown sandpiper, s. One of the Eng of gun-barrels and other articles made of iron
lish names for a bird,' the Dunlin (Tringa may acquire a shining black lustre. This
variabilis or alpina.)
inay be effected by chloride of antimony or in
brown-spar, s. [în Ger. braunspath.]
other ways. One recipe for browning gun-
Mineralogy: (1) A variety of Chalybite. (2)
barrels is to mix sulphate of copper 1 oz.,
sweet spirit of nitre 1 oz., with a pint of
A variety of Magnesite. (3) Ferriferous Dolo-
mite. It graduates into Ankerite (q.v.). (See
water. (Knight.)
also Brossite and Tharandite.) (4) A variety browning -liquid, s. The same as
of Ankerite (q.v.).
BRONZING-LIQUID (q.v.).
brown-stout, s. A superior kind of brown'-ish, d. [Eng. brown; -ish.] Some-
porter.
what brown. [BROWNY.]
brown-study, brownstudy, brown
“A brownish grey iron-stone, lying in thin strata, is
study, s. A study of a gloomy complexion,
poor, but runs freely."— Woodward.
in which the individual is absent in mind and brown-ism, s. [From Robert Brown [1. Ch.
absorbed in meditations, and these of a profit-
Hist.], and Eng., &c. suffix -rsm.]
less character.
1. Ch. Hist. : The scheme of church govern-
“They live retired, and then they doze away their
time in drowsiness and brownstudies.”—Norris.
ment formed by Robert Brown about A.1).
“Faith, this brown study suits not with your black." 1581. He considered that each congregation
Case alter'd, iv. 1. of Christians should be self-governing, and
brown-ware, s.
should be exempt from the jurisdiction of
Pottery: A common variety of ware, named Bishops or of Synods. He was in favour of
from its colour.
the election by each congregation of a pastor,
but allowed others than him to preach and
brown, * bróun, v.t. & i. [From brown, a.
exhort. Propagating these views in England
(q.v.). In Ger. bräunei ; Fr. brunir; Ital.
he met with so much opposition that he
brunire.]
removed to Holland, but ultimately he re-
I. Trans. : To make brown.
turned to England and conformed to the
II. Intrans.: To become brown.
Established Church. His views, slightly
"Whan note brouneth in haselrys."
modified by Robinson, are those of the Inde-
Alisaunder, 3,293. pendents or Congregationalists. [CONGREGA-
* browne, * brow-yn, v.t. [BREW, v.] To TIONALISM.]
brew.
"That schism would be the gorest schism to you;
“Browne ale, or other drynke (brwyn, K. P. Bruwyn,
that would be Brownism and Anabaptism indeed."
Milton : Reason of Ch. Gov., B. i.
H. browyn, W.). Pandoxor."--Prompt. Parv.
2. Med. : The views of John Brown, founder
brown'-ě-a, s. [Named after Dr. Patrick of the medical system called after him Bruno-
Browne, who in 1756 published a Natural nian (q.v.).
History of Jamaica.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
brown'-ist, s. [From Robert Brown (BROWN-
leguminous order and to the sub-order Cæsal-
ISM], and Eng., &c. suffix -ist.]
pinieæ. Brownea coccinia (the Scarlet Brow-
1. Ch. Hist. : A follower of Robert Brown,
nea) is a splendid evergreen tree from the
mentioned above. The Brownists soon be-
West Indies.
came extinct in Holland and in England, but
the Congregationalists, who hold similar
+ browned, pa. par. & d. [BROWN, v.t.]
views, are a flourishing sect.
Brown'-1-an, d. [From Dr. Brown, dis-
2. Med. : A follower of Dr. John Brown.
coverer of the “Brownian motion” (q.v.).]
"I had as lief be a Brownist as a politician."
Pertaining to the Dr. Brown mentioned in
Shakesp.: Twelfth Night, iii. 2.
the etymology.
brown'-ness, s. [Eng. brown; -ness.] The
Brownian motion, Brownian
quality or state of being brown.
"... that lovely, indeed most lovely, brownness of
movement, s. A rapid whirling motion Musidorus's face."-Sidney.
seen in minute particles of matter, whether
vegetable or mineral. Its origin is obscure. brown'-wört, s. [Eng. brown; wort. In
It is sometimes called molecular motion.
Dut. & Ger. braunwurtz.] Various plants,
“Filippi proved him wrong, and showed that the viz.-(1) The Penny-royal (Mentha Pulegiui).
motion of the corpuscles was the well-known Brown (2) Asplenium ceterach, (3) Scrophularia
ian motion."-Tyndall : Frag. of Science, 3rd ed., xi.
aquatica. (Turner & Johnson.) (4) Scrophu-
305.
laria nodosa. (Lyte & Johnson.) (5) Prunella
brown'-ie, brown'-y, *broun'-ý, s. [From vulgaris. (Cockayne.) (Britten & Holland.)
Eng. brown, and suff. -y, as opp. to fair; -y.] “Brownworte herbe (brother wort, P.) Pulio, peru-
Scotch Mythology:
leium (puleium, P).”--Prompt. Parv.
1. In Shetland: An imaginary being, to * brown'-ý, a. [Eng. brown; -Y.] Somewhat
whom evil properties were attributed.
brown.
“Not above 40 or 50 years ago, almost every family "His browny locks did hang in crooked curls.”
had a Brouny or evil spirit so called, which served
Shakesp. : Lover's Complaint.
them, to whom they gave a sacrifice for his service."-
Brand : Descrip. Zetland, p. 112. (Jamieson.)
brow'-post, s. [Eng. brow; post.]
*2. In other parts of Scotland : A domestic Carp. : A beam which goes across a build-
spirit or goblin, meagre, shaggy, and wild,
till lately supposed to haunt many old houses,
especially those attached to farms. He was browse, browze, * brouşe, * brouze,
the Robin Goodfellow of Scotland. In the * brooze, v.t. & i. [From O. Fr. brouster =
night he helped the family, and particularly to browse Sp. brosar = to brush; N. H. Ger.
the servants, by doing many pieces of brossen = to sprout; M. H. Ger. brozzen ;
8.
ing.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhủn. tious, -sious, -cious = shús. -ble, -gle, &c.=bel, gel.

720
browse-bruisewort
O. H. Ger. prozzen ; Arm. brousta = to eat, to (broukos) or Bpouxos (brouchos) = a wingless S. J. Brugmans, author of botanical works,
graze. From 0. Fr. bross, broust.] [BROWSE, locust, which the modern bruchus is not.] one of which was published in A.D. 1783.]
s.
Entom. : A genus of beetles belonging to the Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
A. Transitive: To nibble or eat off the
section Tetramera, and the family Rhynco order Solanaceae (Nightshades). Brugmansia
tender shoots of trees or shrubs, as deer, goats, phora or Curculionidæ. The antennæ are arborea, or the Downy-stalked Brugmansia, is
and similar animals do.
fourteen-jointed, and are filiform, serrate, or a small evergreen tree about ten feet high,
... the fields between
pectinated, not geniculated as in the more with large corollas protruding from a spathe-
Are dewy-fresh, browsed by deep-udder'd kine."
Tennyson : The Gardener's Daughter.
normal Curculionidæ. It contains small like calyx nearly four inches long. The
beetles which deposit their larvæ in the germs flowers are pale yellow outside and white
B. Intransitive:
of leguminous plants, and when hatched within. They are so fragrant that one tree
1. Of the higher quadrupeds: To feed upon devour their seed. Bruchus Pisi is destructive will perfume the air of a large garden. The
the tender shoots of trees or shrubs. -[A.]
to the garden-pea, but is not common in tree grows in Chili.
“Wild beasts there browze, and make their food
Britain. Several other species, as B. Loti, B.
Her grapes and tender shoots."
Milton : Translat. of Psalm 1xxx.
brů-gui-êr-ra, s. [From Bruguière, a French
Lathyri, &c., also occur in our country.
+ 2. Of man: To feed upon.
botanist.)
brû'-çine, brû'-çi-ą, s. [In Ger. brucin.
“There is cold meat i' the cave; we'll browse on that.”
Bot. : A genus of Rhizophoraceæ (Man-
Shakesp. : Cymbeline, iii. 6.
Named from the plant Brucea antidysenterica, groves). It consists of trees, natives of the
from which it is derived.]
East Indies, the wood of which is used as an
browse (1), 8. & a. [From 0. Fr. brost, broust =
Chem: : (C.H26N204). An alkaloid found astringent, as also for dyeing black. (Treas,
a sprout, a shoot; Sp. broza = dust that falls
along with strychnine in nux vomica, also in of Bot.)
from worm-eaten wood; M. H. Ger. brosz;
false Angustura bark. Brucine is a tertiary
O. H. Ger. broz; Arm. brous, broñs.]
base; it is more soluble in alcohol and water
* brūick, v.t. [BRUIK, BROOK.)
A. As subst. : The tender shoots of trees than strychnine, and is less bitter and poison-
and shrubs, regarded as food on which certain
* brūick, * brūik, s. [Icel. bruk=a tumour.]
ous. It forms crystalline salts, and turns a
animals browse or feed.
bright red colour when moistened with nitric
A kind of boil. (Scotch.)
“Astonish'd how the goats their shrubby browse acid.
“ Brukis, bylis, blobbis, and blisteris."
Gnaw pendent.”
Philips.
Roull's Cursing, Gl. Compl., p. 330.
"To heal bruick, byle, or blister."
B. As adj. : Suitable for browsing upon. Brû'-çīte, . [In Ger. brucit. Named after
Polwart : Flyting. Watson's Coll., iii. 11.
browse-wood, s. The same as A., brush-
Dr. Bruce of New York, editor of the New
* brūik, * brūick, v.t. [BROOK, v.] (Scotch.)
American Mineralogical Journal.]
wood.
Mineralogy:
browşe (2), 8. [BROUSE.]
bruil'-zie (z silent), s. [BRULYIE.]
1. A rhombohedral translucent or subtrans-
* browş'-ér, 8. [Eng. brows(e); -er.] An
lucent sectile mineral, with broad, often brû'-ịn, s. [The name of the bear in the
tubular crystals, foliated, massive, or fibrous, notable beast epic of the Middle Ages, termed
animal which browses.
with the fibres elastic. Hardness, 2:5; sp. Reineke Fuchs (Reynard the Fox). (Trench :
browş'-ing, pr. par., A., & 3. [BROWSE, v.]
gr., 2:35—2:46. Lustre between waxy and English Past and Present, p. 61.) Bruin the
vitreous; but on a cleavage face pearly, and animal was from Dut. bruin = brown, imply-
A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj. : In
on the fibrous variety silky; colours white, ing that the animal was of that colour.]
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
greyish, bluish, or greenish. Compos. : Mag (BROWN.] A familiar name given to a bear.
"The browsing camels' bells are tinkling."
Byron: The Giaour.
nesia, 62.89–70; oxide of iron, 0-5.63; water, “Mean-while th' approach'd the place where Bruin
Was now engag'd to mortal ruin."
29:48—31:43, &c. Found at Sumaness in Unst,
C. As substantive :
the most northern of the Shetland Isles, in
1. The act of nibbling or eating off the tender
Butler: Hudibras, I., ii. 131-2.
Sweden, in the Ural Mountains, and in North
shoots of shrubs and trees.
brûişe, * broog-en, * broy-sen, * bre-
America. Variety 1, foliated; var. 2 (Nema-
2. A place adapted for browsing, or where
sen, * bri-sen, v.t. [From 0. Fr. brusser,
lite), fibrous. (Dana.)
it takes place.
brussier, bruser, briser = to break, to shiver;
2. The same as Chendrodite.
.... for groves and browsings for the deer. ...."
Mod. Fr. briser; A.S. brysan = to bruise
-Howell: Lett., i. ii. 8.
(Somner). Skeat thinks Somner invented this
brūck'-it, a. (BROOKED.]
word. Gael. bris = to break.] To crush, in-
browst, * browest, s. [From A.Ş. breówan
brūck-le, a. [BRICKLE, BRITTLE.] (Scotch.)
dent, or discolour by the blow of something
= to brew.]
(Scott: Waverley, ch. lxvii.)
blunt and heavy.
1. The act of brewing.
1. Of the human or animal body. (Lit. & fig.)
2. That which is brewed.
* brück-ly, a. [Eng. bruckle); and suffix -.] “Fellows in arms, and my most loving friends,
(1) Lit.: As much as is brewed at one time.
Brittle. (Halliwell : Contrib. to Lexicog.)
Bruised underneath the yoke of tyranny."
E Shakesp. : Richard III., v. 2.
"...'a sour browst o'sma' ale that she sells to
folk that are ower drouthy wi' travel to be nice'...
S to Brûck'-nêr-ěl-līte, 8. [Named after the
2. Of stones, wood, grain and other seeds, &c. : -
-Scott: Old Mortality, ch, xli.
chemist and mineralogist Brückner.]
To beat into pieces, to grind down.
(2) Fig.: The consequences of one's con-
“ As if old chaos heav'n with earth confus'd,
Min.: A mineral separated from the yel-
And stars with rocks together crush'd and bruis'd."
duct. (Generally in a bad sense.)
lowish-brown “brown coal" of Gesterwitz.
Waller.
| An ill browst: Evil results of improper
brûişe, s. [From bruise, v. (q.v.). In Ger.
conduct.
holic solution. Compos. : Carbon, 62:61 ;
hydrogen, 9:56 ; oxygen, 27.83 = 100. (Dana.)
brausche.]
* brows'-tēr, * brows'-tare, * brous'-
1. The act of bruising.
tare, 3. & d. [BREWSTER.] A brewer. (0. * brud, * bruid, * brude, 8. [BIRD, BRIDE. ]
"One arm'd with metal, th' other with wood,
Eng. & Scotch.)
This fit for bruise, and that for blood."
* brud-ale, s. [BRIDAL.]
Hudibras.
browster wife, 8. A female ale-seller,
2. A contusion, an injury to, and discoloura-
especially in a market.
* brūd-er-it, a. [From Scotch brodir=a
tion on the body of a sentient being by the
* But browser wives and whiskey stills."
brother.] [BROTHER, 8.] Fraternised.
blow of something blunt and heavy.
Burns: Third Epistle to John Laprałk.
“Sen thay are bowit and bruderit in our land.”
Siege Edin. Castel. Poems, 16th Cent., p. 289.
(1) Literally :
* broy'-dyn, pa. par. (BRAID, v.] Ensnared,
"... the sovereign'st thing on earth
entangled.
* brūd'-ēr-mäist, a. [From Scotch brodir
Was parmaceti for an inward bruise."
Shakesp.: 1 Hen. IV., i. 3.
“Broydyn (broyded, P.) Laqueatus." — Prompt. = brother, and maist = most.] Most bro-
(2) Figuratively :
Paru.
therly; most affectionate. (Scotch.)
“To bind the bruises of a civil war."
* broy'-lyd, pa. par. [BROILED.]
“Quhais faythful brudermaist freind I am."
Dryden.
Dunbar : Maitland Poems, p. 92.
“ Broylyd. Ustulatus.”—Prompt. Parv.
brûişed, pa. par. & a. [BRUISE, V.t.]
* brud-gume, s. [BRIDEGROOM.]
“With bruised arms and wreaths of victory."
Brû'-çě-a, s. [Named after James Bruce, the
Shakesp. : Tarquin and Lucrece.
Abyssinian traveller, who was born at Kin- | brud'-ý, d. [BROODY.] (Scotch.)
naird in Stirlingshire on December 14th, 1730;
brûi'-şăr, 8. [Eng. bruise); -er.]
was consul-general in Algiers from 1763 to
* brue, s. [BREE.]
I. Ordinary Language:
1765, travelled in Abyssinia from 1769 to the
end of 1770, and died at home on April 27th,
* brug, * brugge, s. [BRIDGE.] (William of
1. Of persons : One who bruises. Spec., a
Palerne, 1,674.)
pugilist. (Vulgar.)
1794.]
“Be all the bruisers cull'd from all St. Giles'."
Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the brugh, * brogh, * brock, * brough,
Byron : The Curse of Minerva.
order Xanthoxylaceæ (Xanthoxyls). The green
burgh, s. [BURGH.] (Scotch.)
2. Of things : That which bruises or crushes.
parts of Brucea sumatrana are intensely bitter. 1. An encampment of a circular form.
II. Among Opticians : A concave tool used
B. antidysenterica contains a poisonous prin-
2. The stronger kind of “ Picts' houses,” in grinding lenses or the speculums of tele-
ciple called Brucia (q.v.). The bark of another
chiefly in the north of Scotland
scopes.
species is bitter, and has qualities like those
of Quassia Simarouba. B. ferruginea is from
“We viewed the Pechts’ Brough, or little circular
fort.”-Neill's Jour., p. 80.
brûişe'-wõrt, * brûişe'-wõrte, * brûse'-
Abyssinia, and with B. sumatrand, already
3. A burgh. (Scotch.)
wõrt, * bris'-wõrt, * brôoze'-wõrt, s.
mentioned, has been introduced into British
"In some bit brugh to represent
[Eng. bruise, and wort.] Various plants--
hot-houses.
A bailie name?'
Burns : Epistle to J. Lapraik.
1. The Common Comfrey (Symphytum offici-
* bruche (1), s. (BROCHE, BROOCH.) (Morte
4. A halo round the sun or moon.
nale.) (Cockayne.)
Arthure, 3,256.)
"For she saw round about the moon
2. The Daisy (Bellis perennis.)
A mickle brough."
* bruche (2), s. [BREACH.]
“The leaves stamped taketh away bruises and
The Farmer's Ha', 28. (Jamieson.)
swellings if they be laide thereon, whereupon it was
called in olde time bruiseworte."--Gerarde: Herbal,
brû'-chủs, s. [From Lat. bruchus; Gr. Bpoūkos | brúg-măn'-si-ą, s. [Named after Professor |
2
a
p. 512.
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pịt, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, work, whô, sõn; mūte, oŭb, cüre, unite, cūr, rûle, füll; trý, Sýrian. 2, pe=ē. ey =ão qu= kw.

bruising-bruny
721
3. The Common Soapwort (Saponaria offici- | brûl-zỉe, s. [BRULYIE.] (Scotch.)
brû-no-ni-adş, s. pl. [From Mod. Lat.
nalis). (Britten & Holland.)
Brû-mäire, s. (Fr. Brumaire; from bruma
brunonia (q.v.); and plur. suffix -ads.]
brûiş'-îng, pr. pa., d., & s. (BRUISE, v.t.] = the winter solstice.] The name adopted
Bot. : The English name given by Lindley to
A. & B. As present participle & participial in October, 1793, by the French Convention
the order Brunoniaceæ (q.v.).
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
for the second month of the republican year.
It extended from October 23rd to the 24th
the verb.
brû-nö'-ni-an, a. [Named after Dr. John
November, and was the second autumnal
Brown, who was born at Dunse in 1735, and
"They beat their breasts with many a bruising blow."
died in London in 1788.] Pertaining to or
Dryden. month.
C. As substantive :
emanating from the person mentioned in the
I. Ord. Lang. : The act, operation, or pro-
+ brû'-măl, a. [In Fr. brumal; Ital. brumale ; etymology.
cess of injuring and discolouring the skin of
from Lat. brumalis = pertaining to the winter
solstice; from bruma.] [BRUME.]
a sentient being, or of crushing an inani-
Brunonian theory.
Pertain-
Med.: A theory or rather hypothesis, ac-
mate body to powder, by a blow from a heavy
ing to winter; winterly.
and blunt instrument; the state of being so
cording to which the living system was re-
"About the brumal solstice, ..."-Browne : Vulgar
Errors, bk. iii., ch. x.
garded as an organised machine endowed with
bruised.
excitability, kept up by a variety of external
II. Leather manufacture: The act of extend-
+ brûme, s. [From Fr. brume = mist, fog ;
or internal stimuli, that excitability consti-
ing and rubbing on the grain-side of curried Sp. & Port. bruma = a fog at sea ; Ital. bruma
tuting life. Diseases were divided into sthenic
leather after it has been daubed, dried,
= winter ; Lat. bruma = (1) the shortest day
or asthenic, the former from accumulated
grained, and rubbed with a crippler.
in the year, (2) the winter.] Mist, fog, vapour. and the latter from exhausted excitability.
(Longfellow.)
[STHENIC, ASTHENIC.] Darwin, author of the
bruising-machine, s.
Brúm-ma'-gěm, s. & a. [The word Birming-
Zoonomia, adopted the theory with enthusi-
Agric. : A machine for bruising rough feed
asm, and Rasori introduced it into Italy,
ham altered.]
to make it more palatable and digestible for
where it flourished for a time, and then had
stock.
A. As subst. : An imitation or counterfeit to be abandoned, as it ultimately was every-
article.
bruising-mill, s.
where.
B. As adj. Of goods : Imitation, counter-
Milling : A hand-mill in which grain for feit.
Brûnş-fěl'-sï-a, S. [Named after Otho
feed, mait for brewing, and flax-seed for press-
Brunsfels of Mentz, who in 1530 published
ing, are coarsely ground.
+ brún, s. [BURN.) (Scotch.) A small brook.
figures of plants.]
bruisk, a. [BRISK, BRUSQUE.] (Scotch.) * brûn, brûne, a. [BROWN.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Solanaceæ or Nightshades. The species
brūit, * brute, s. [Fr. bruit = noise, dis- | + brănd, s. [BRAND.) (Scotch.)
are handsome tropical shrubs, with neat foliage
turbance, ... rumour, fame; Prov. 'briut,
and showy white or purple flowers. They
briuda; Sp. & Port. ruido; Ital. bruito; Low
* brune, s. [BURN, S.]
come from the West Indies.
Lat. brugitus; Arm. brûd; Wel. brud =
* brune, a. [BROWN.)
chronicle, surmise, conjecture; broth, brwth
* brūn'-stone, * brun'-ston, * brun'-
= stir, tumult; Gael. bruidhneach = talka- brû'-něl, s. [From Mod. Lat. brunella, pru-
stoon (0. Eng.), brūn'-stāne (Scotch), s. &
tive, babbling, loquacious, broighleadh =
a. Brimstone, sulphur. [BRIMSTONE.]
nella.] [PRUNELLA.] (Britten & Holland.)
bustle, confusion.]
brunstane-match, s. A match dipped
* brû'-něn, v.t. [From O. Eng. brun = brown.]
I. Ord. Lang. :
[BROWN.) To become brown.
in sulphur. (Scotch.)
*1. Noise, tumult.
brû-nět'te, * būr'-nette, s. [Fr. brunette,
"Than aroos soche brut and soche noyse."
* brūn'-ston-ý, a. [BRUNSTON.] Of or re-
Merlin, iii. 574. from brun = brown.] A girl or woman of a
sembling brimstone.
+ 2. Rumour, report.
“Thei that saten on hem hadden fyry haberiouns,
brown complexion.
"A bruit ran from one to the other that the king was
and iacynctines and brunstony."-Wickliffe : Apoc. ix.
“Your fair women therefore thought of this fashion, 17.
slain."—Sidney.
to insult the olives and the brunettes."-Addison.
“Upon some bruits he apprehended a fear, ..."-
Brūns'-wick, s. & a. [See def.]
Hayward.
" And therefore being inform'd by bruit
Brûn-hil'-da, s. [A Scandinavian female
A. As subst. : A.city and duchy in Ger-
That Dog and Bear are at dispute."
name.]
many.
Butler : Hudibras, I. i. 721-2.
Astron. : An asteroid, the 123rd found. It
II. Med. : The name given to various mur-
B. As adj. : Pertaining to this city or
was discovered by Peters on July 31st, 1872.
murs or sounds heard during auscultation,
duchy.
such as cardiac bruit, placental bruit.
Brû'n-1-a, s. [Named after Cornelius Brun, a
Brunswick-black, s. A composition of
traveller in the Levant and Russia about the
brûit, v.t. [From bruit, s.(q.v.). In Fr. bruire end of the eighteenth and the beginning of
lampblack and turpentine, used for imparting
=to roar, rattle, or peal; ébruiter = to make
a jet black appearance to iron articles.
the nineteenth century.]
public ; Prov. brugir, bruzir ; Ital. bruire =
Bot.: A genus of plants, the typical one of Brunswick-green, s. [Eng. Brunswick,
to bustle, to rumble; Low Lat. brugire = to
the order Bruniaceæ (Bruniads). The species and green. In Ger. Braunschweiger-grün. So
rustle, roar, or rattle. Skeat suggests also
are small, pretty, evergreen, heath-like shrubs called because it was first made in Brunswick
Gr. Bpuyaoual (bruchaomai)= to roar.] To
or under-shrubs from the Cape of Good Hope. by Gravenhorst.] A green pigment, prepared
rumour, to report, to noise abroad.
by exposing copper turnings to the action of
"... and thy wild name
brûn-1-ā'-çě-æ, s. pl. [From Mod. Lat.
Was ne'er more bruited in men's minds than now.”
hydrochloric acid in the open air. It is a
Byron : Childe Harold, iii. 37.
brunia (q.v). ; and fem. plur. adj. suff. -acec.] pale bluish green, insoluble, cupric oxy-
brûit-ěd, pa. par. & a. (BRUIT, v.t.]
Bot. : An order of plants classed by Lindley chloride, CuCl2:3CuO 4H2O.
under his 55th, or Ūmbellal Alliance. They
have a five-cleft calyx, five petals, five stamina,
* brūn'-swyne, s. [O. Eng. brun = brown;
brûit-îng, pr. par. [Bruit, v.t.]
inferior fruit, two or one-celled, with seeds
and swyne = swine.] A porpoise.
* brûk, * bruken, v. [BROOK, V.]
solitary or in pairs. Leaves small, imbricated,
“ Brunswyne, or delfyne. Foca, delphinus, suillus,
Cath.”—Prompt. Parv.
rigid. Appearance heath-like. Nearly all from
* bruk, * bruke, s. [Lat. bruchus; Gr. the Cape of Good Hope. In 1847 sixty-five brúnt, s. [Icel. bruna = to advance with the
Bpowxos (brouchos); Ital. bruco.] A locust.
were known. (Lindley.) [BRUNIA.]
heat of fire ; brenna = to burn.]
"As is bruk in his kynde, that is the kynde of locust
or it haue wenges."-Wickliffe : Lev. xi. 22.
* brūn'-ied, a. [From bruny; -ed.] Clothed
1. A violent attack, a furious onset.
* brû'-kět, * brû-kỉt, a. [BROOKED (2).]
.“ Brunt. Insultus, impetus.”—Prompt. Parv.
with a coat of mail, protected against attack.
Now only used in the phrases : the brunt
* brû-kil, * bru-kill, * brú'-kýı, * bro'-
brūn'-1-on, s. [From Fr. brugnon ; Ital. of the battle = the heat of the battle, the
brugna, prugna.] [PRUNE.]
place where it burns most fiercely; and the
kýli, * brok'-lie, a. [BRICKLE, BRITTLE.]
Hort. : A nectarine, a novel variety of the brunt of the onset or attack.
* brūk'- 11 - nėsse, * brūk-le- nesse, peach fruit.
"These troops had to bear the first brunt of the
onset.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xix.
* brok-il-něss, s. [BRICKLENESS, BRITTLE-
| Brún’-něr's-glands, s. (GLAND.]
* 2. A blow, attack. (Lit. & fig.)
NESS. ]
“And heavy brunt of cannon-ball."
brûl-yě, brûl'-yie, brûl'-zie (= silent),
brû-no-ni-a, s. [Named after Robt. Brown,
Hudibras, pt. i., c. 2.
the celebrated botanist, who was born at
S.
“Thy soul as ample as thy bounds are small
[From Fr. brouiller = to mix confusedly ;
Montrose in 1773, and died in London in 1858.
Endurest the brunt, and darest defy them all."
se brouiller = to grow dark, ... to quarrel.]
Bot. : The typical genus of the order Bru-
A brawl, broil, fray, or quarrel.
Cowper: Expostulation.
(Scotch.)
noniaceæ (q.v.). The species are scabious-
† 3. A contact or conflict with.
"... like a proper lad of his quarter's that will not
“Our first brunt with some real affair of common
cry barley in a brutzie."-Scott: Waverley, ch. xlii.
looking blue-flowered Australian herbs.
life.”—Isaac Taylor.
*brul-ve, * brul-vie. v.t. From Fr. Orailer | brû-no-ni-ā'-çe-æ, s. pl. [From Mod. Lat.
| * brúnt, * brun-tun, vi. [BRUNT, S.] To
* runt *hni
=to burn.] Broiled, scorched.
brunonia (q.v.); and fem. plur. adj. suffix
make a violent attack, to rush upon.
“Within with fyre, that thame sa brutyeit.”
-acece.]
“Bruntun, or make a soden stertynge (burtyn, P.)
Barbour: The Bruce, iv. 151.
Bot. : Brunoniads, an order of plants placed Insilio, Cath."-Prompt. Parv.
brûl'-yie-ment, bruil-lie-ment, s. [From
by Dr. Lindley under his 48th or Echial
| brunt, pret. of v., pa. par., & a. [BURN,
Scotch brulyie, and Eng. suff. -ment.)
Alliance. The ovary is superior and one-
celled, with a single erect ovule.
1. The same as BRULYIE (q.v.).
BURNT.) Scotch for did burn, burnt.
The fruit is
a membranous utricle. The leaves are radical
"And quat their brulysement at anes.”
* bru-ny, * bruni, * brunie, * brenie,
Ramsay: Poems, i. 260.
and entire, the flowers are blue; they are col-
* breni, * brini, * burne, s. (BIRNIE.] A
† 2. A battle.
lected in heads surrounded by enlarged bracts.
corslet, a breastplate.
"An hundred at this bruilliement were killed.”
Two species were known in 1847 (Lindley),
“He watz dispoyled of his bruny."
Hamilton : Wallace, p. 45.
both from Australia.
Gaw. & Green Knight, 860.
boil, bóy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, phin, bench; go, ĝem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
46
-oian, -tian= shạn. -tion, -sion=shún; -țion, -şion =zhủn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -le, &c. = bel, el.

722
brurd-brustling
* brurd (1), s. [BROOD.]
* brurd (2), s. (BRERD.]
* brurd-ful, a. (BRERDFUL.]
* brus, v. [BRUSCH.]
* brus, s. [From O. Scotch brus, brusch (q. v.).]
Force, impetus.
“ And with his brus and fard of watir broun,
The dykys and the schorys betis doun."
Doug.: Virgil, 55, 34.
*brusch, * brus, v.t. & i. [From Ir. & Gael.
bris = to break, or from Eng. bruise (q.v.).]
_A. Trans. of the forms brusch and brus):
To force open, to press up.
“Wpe he stwrly bruschyd the dure,
And laid it flatlyngis in the flure." .
Wyntoun, v. 93.
B. Intrans. (of the form brusch): To burst
forth, to rush, to issue with violence.
“The how cauerne of his wounde ane flude
Furth bruschit of the blakuit dedely blude."
Doug.: l'irgil, 303, 10.-
* brusch-alle, * brush-a-ly, S. (Fr.
broussailles = brushwood.] [BRUSH, s.] Brush-
wood.
“Bruschalle (brushaly, K.) Sarmentum, Cath. ra-
mentum, Ug. in rado, ramalia, arbustum.”—Prompt.
Parv.
* bruse, v. & s. [BRUISE.]
“That, through the bruses of his former fight,
He now unable was to wreake his old despight."
Spenser : F. Q., IV. i. 39.
bruse, bruise, s. [BROOSE.] (Scotch.)
To ride the bruse :
1. To run a race on horseback at a wedding.
2. To strive, to contend in anything.
* brûşe'-wõrt, s. [BRUISEWORT.]
brush (1), * brusche, * brusshe, s. [O. Fr.
broce, broche, brosse = brushwood; Low Lat.
brustia, bruscia = underwood, a thicket.
Compare M. H. Ger. broz = a bud; Fr. brous-
sailles = brushwood.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally:
* (1) Brushwood, underwood.
(2) An instrument for cleaning clothes, &c.,
by sweeping up or away particles of dirt, dust,
&c. Probably from the original implements
having been made of twigs or brooms.
" Wyped it with a brusshe.” — Langland: Piers
Plow., bk. xiii., 460.
(3) The pencils used by painters.
"Artists, attend-your brushes and your paint-
Produce them-take a chair-now draw a saint."
Cowper : Truth.
To gie a brush at any kind of work, to
assist by working violently for a short time.
(Scotch.)
2. Figuratively:
* (1) An attack, assault.
“And tempt not yet the brushes of the war."
e Shakesp. : Troil. and Cress., V. 3.
(2) A slight skirmish.
"He might, methinks, have stood one brush with
them, and have yielded when there had been no
remedy."-Bunyan : P. P., pt. i.
II. Technically: The bushy tail of a fox.
“As if he were a hunted fox, beginning to droop
his brush."-Macmillan's Mag., Aug., 1862, p. 280.
Obvious compound : Brush-maker.
brush-apple, s. The name given in
Australia to Achras australis. (Treas. of Bot.)
brush-cherry, s. The name given in
Australia to Trochocarpa laurina. (Treas, of
Bot.)
brush-hat, s. A hat in which the surface
is continually brushed by a hand-brush
during the process of sizing, so as to bring a
nap to the surface.
brush-puller, s.
Agric. : A machine for pulling up brush-
wood by the roots.
brush-scythe, s. A long-handled bill
for cutting hedges, brushwood, &c.
brush-shaped, a.
1. Corresponding to Lat. muscariformis :
Shaped like a brush-slender, and terminated
by a tuft of long hair. Example, the style or
stigma of numerous composite plants.
2. Corresponding to Lat. aspergilliformis.
[ASPERGILLIFORM.]
brush-turkey, s.
Ornith. : A large gregarious species of bird,
Tallegalla Lathami. It is an inhabitant of
Australia. It makes its nest in large mounds
of brushwood, &c., which it collects, and from
which it takes its name.
brush wattle-bird, s. The Wattled
Honey-eater, Anthochcera carunculatır, one of
the Meliphaginæ. It is from Australia.
brush-wheels, s. pl.
1. Toothless wheels used in light machinery
for driving other wheels by the contact of
anything brushlike or soft, as bristles, cloth,
&c., with which the circumferences are
covered.
2. Revolving brushes used by turners,
lapidaries, silversmiths, &c., for polishing.
* brush (2), s. [BREEZE (2), s.] A locust.
(Wickliffe : Isa. xxxiii. 4.)
brúsh, * brusche, v.t. & i. (BRUSH, s.)
A. Transitive :
I. Literally :
1. To sweep or remove dust or dirt from
anything by means of a brush.
“The robes to kepe well, and also to brusche them
clenly."-Babees Book (ed. Furnivall), p. 180.
"He brushes his hat o' morning."-Shakesp.: Much
Ado, iii. 2.
2. To remove with a light touch as with a
brush; to sweep off.
"And from the boughs brush off the evil dew.”
Milton.
3. To touch lightly or quickly, as in passing.
“High o'er the billows flew the massy load,
And near the ship came thund'ring on the flood.
It almost brush'd the helın."
Pope.
* 4. To paint or make clean, as with a brush;
to decorate, renovate.
"I have done my best to brush you up like your
neighbours.'Pope.
II. Figuratively:
1. To set in motion or move as a brush; to
cause to pass lightly.
"A thousand nights have brush'd their balmy wings
Over these eyes."
Dryden.
To brush up or brush down : To tidy,
make neat and clean. To brush aside : To
remove from one's way. To brush away: To
remove.
“A load too heavy for his soul to move,
Was upward blown below, and brush'd away by love."
Dryden : Oymon and Iphigenia, 228, 229.
2. To thrash, beat.
.. and yet, notwithstanding, they had their
coats soundly brushed by them."-Bunyan: P. P., pt. i.
B. Intransitive :
1. To move quickly by touching, or almost
touching, something in passing. (Generally
with the prep. or adv. by.)
“Nor took him down, but brush'd regardless by.”
Dryden.
2. To pass lightly over, to skim.
“And brushing o'er, adds motion to the pool.”
Dryden.
To brush along : To succeed, fare (col-
loquial). To brush against : To touch, or come
in contact with lightly.
* brush-a-ly, s. [BRUSCHALLE.]
brushed, pa. par. & d. [BRUSH, v.]
brush'-ēr, s. [Eng. brush; -er.] One who
uses a brush.
* brush-i-ness, s. [Eng. brushy; -ness.] The
quality of being brushy; roughness.
“Considering the brushiness and angulosity of the
parts of the air."-H. More: Immort. of the Sout. b.
lii., Ax. 31.
brush'-îng, pr. par., a., & s. [BRUSH, V.]
SEA. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
C. As subst. : The act of removing dirt or
dust by means of a brush.
brushing-machine, s.
1. Hat-making: A machine for brushing
hats, to remove the dust after pouncing, or to
lay the nap smoothly.
2. Woollen manufacture: A machine used
to lay the nap on cloth before shearing. It
has a cylinder covered with brushes.
3. Flax manufacture: A machine for scutch-
ing flax, in which the beaters are superseded
by stiff brushes of whalebone.
brush'-īte, s. [Named after Prof. G. J.
Brush, suffix -ite (Min.) (q.v.)].
Min.: A monoclinic transparent or translu-
cent mineral, on some faces of its crystals
pearly, on others vitreous, and on others
splendent. Hardness, 2—2:5; sp. gr., 2.208.
It is colourless to pale yellowish. Compos. :
Phosphoric acid, 39.95--41:50 ; lime, 32:11-
32.73; water, 25.95—2633, &c. It is found
among the rock guano of Aves Island and
Sombrero in the Caribbean Sea. (Dana.)
brúsh'-līke, a. [Eng. brush; like.] Like a
brush.
brush'-wood, s. & a. [Eng. brush, and wood.)
[BRUSH, s.]
A. As substantive :.
1. Brush, underwood, low, scrubby thickets.
“The brushwood of the mountain of Somma was
soon in a flame."-Herschel : Pop. Lectures, p. 27.
2. Small branches cut for firewood, &c.
“Her scanty stock of brushwood, blazing clear."
Cowper : The Ťask, bk. iv.
* B. As adjective : Rotten, useless.
“What safety from such brushwood helps as these ?"
Dryden : Religio Laici.
+ brúsh'-ý, a. [Eng. brush ; -y.) Resembling
a brush ; rough, shaggy. (Boyle.)
* brus-it, pa. par. [Low Lat. brusdus, brust-
US = ornamented with needle-work.]
“With nedil werk brusit riche and fyne."
Doug. : Virgil, 298, 13.
* brusk, a. [BRUSQUE.]
brusque (pron. brúsk). a. [Fr. brusque =
rude; Ital. brusco = sharp, sour.) Rough,
rude, blunt, unceremonious.
“The speech verged on rudeness, but it was delivered
with a brusque openness that implied the absence of
any personal intention."-G. Eliot: Felix Holt, p. 61.
brusque'-ness, * brúsk'-něss, s. [Eng.
brusk, brusque; -ness.] The quality of being
brusque ; bluntness of manner.
* brussch-et, s. [Dimin. of brush (q.v.). Cf.
Fr. brusc = butcher's-broom.] A thicket,
underwood.
"And in that ilke bruschet ..."
Sir Ferumbras (ed. Herrtage), p. 34., 1. 800.
Brús'-selş, s. [The capital of Belgium.]
Brussels-carpet, s. [CARPET.)
Brussels-lace, s. A kind of lace made
originally at Brussels.
“No, let a charming chintz, and Brussels lace."
Pope : Mor. Ess., Ep. i.
Brussels-point : Brussels-lace with the net-
work made by the pillow and bobbins.
Brussels-ground : Brussels-lace with a hex-
agonal mesh, formed by plaiting and twisting
four flaxen threads to a perpendicular line of
mesh,
Brussels wire-ground : Brussels-lace of silk
with the meshes partly straight and partly
arched.
Brussels-sprouts, s. pl. The small
sprouts or heads, each a perfect cabbage in
miniature, springing from the stalks of a
species of cabbage. They were originally in-
troduced into England from Belgium.
* brust, * brusten, inf. & pret. of v., pa. par.,
& a. (BURST.]
“Low i' the dust,
An' screechin' out prosaic verse,
Burns : Earnest Cry and Prayer.
“ Eftsoones shee grew to great in patience,
And into termes of open outrage brust."
Spenser: F. Q., III. i. 48.
* brust (1), s. [BREAST.]
* brust (2), s. [A.S. byrst = loss; O. H. Ger.
brust = fracture.] Damage, defect. (Laya-
mon, 1,610.)
* brus-tel, * brus-tle, * brus-ty1, * brus-
tylle, s. [BRISTLE, s.] A bristle.
“Brustyl of a swyne, K. P. Seta.”—Prompt. Parv.
* brús'-tle, * brus-tel, v.i. [A. S. brastlian.]
[BRESTLE.]
1. To make a crackling noise ; to crackle.
“He writeth with a slepy noise,
And brustleth as a monkes poise,
Whan it is throwe into the panne."
Gower : 0.A., ii. 93.
2. To rise up against one fiercely; to bustle.
"'Sbud I'll brustle up to him.”
Otway: The Atheist, 1684.
* brust-ling, pr. par., C., & S. [BRUSTLE, 0.]
A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
Burns : mke to brusts;
"Eftsooned'
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whăt, fall, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pít, sïre, sīr, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whồ, sôn; mūte, cũb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fül; try, Sýrian. 2, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

brusur-brybe
723
(3) In dullness or stupidity: Dull, stupid,
senseless.
"Every man is brutish in his knowledge."—Jer.x. 14.
(4) In absence of knowledge or refinement:
Ignorant, uncivilised.
“They were not so brutish, that they could be ig-
norant to call upon the name of God.”-looker.
t brût'-ish-ly, adv. [Eng. brutish; -ly.] In a
brutish manner, after the manner of a brute
rather than a man, with cruelty, indecency,
stupidity, or brutal ignorance.
.. and afterwards are carried brutishly into all
palpable impiety."—Bp. Hall: Cont. Golden Calf.
+ brût'-ish-ness, s. [Eng. brutish; -ness.]
The quality of being brutal, resemblance to
the inferior animals in some marked respects;
animality, brutality, savageness.
"All other courage, besides that, is not true valour,
but brutishness.”-Šprat.
t brût-ışm, s. [Eng. brutle); -ism.) A quality
or the qualities or characteristics of a brute.
* brut-nen, v.t. [BRITNEN.]
brútte, v.i. & t. [BROWSE, v.]
A. Intrans. : The same as browse (q.v.).
“What the goats so easily brutted upon.”
Evelyn : Acetaria, after sect. 82.
B. Transitive:
! " The cow bruts the young wood." Grose.
* brut-ten, v.t. [A.S. bryttan; O. Icel. brytja.
(Rob. Manning : Hist. Eng. (ed. Furnivall),
244, 10.) (Stratmann.).] To break.
* brut-ten-et, pa. par. [A.S.Dryttan, bryttian;
Sw. bryta; Dan. bryde=to destroy; A.S. brytse
=a fragment; Eng. brittle.) Destroyed, slain.
“ The emperour entred in a wey euene to attele
To haue bruttenet that bor and the abaie seththen."
William of Palerne, 205-6.
brutº-ting, pr. par, & S. [BRUTTE.]
A. As present participle: (See the verb.)
B. As substantive : The act of browsing.
“Of all the foresters, this [horn beam] preserves
itself best from the bruttings of the deer."-Evelyn, i.
vi. 2.
C. As subst. : The act of making a crackling brute rather than a man might be expected to
noise ; a crackling, rustling.
do.
“Mrs. Bull aimed a knife at John, though John
* brusur, * brusure, s. [BRISURE.] A frac threw a bottle at her head, very brutally indeed.”-
Arbuthnot.
ture, a breaking of anything.
"Brusur for brusur, eye for eye."-Wicliffe : Levit.
brûte, a. & s. [Fr. brut (m.) and brute (f.) (adj.),
xxiv. 20.
and brute (s.); Prov. brut; Sp., Port., & Ital.
* brut, v.i. [Fr. brouter; 0. Fr. brouster. ] bruto; Lat. brutus = (1) heavy, unwieldy, im-
[BROWZE.] To browze, graze. (Evelyn.) movable, (2) dull, stupid ; Gr. Bpidús (brithus)
(Webster.)
= weighty, heavy; Bpítw (britho) = to be
heavy or weighed down ; Bapós (barus) =
* brû'-ta, s. [Lat. bruta, n. pl. of adj. brutus
heavy ; Bápos (baros) = weight. ]
= (1) heavy, unwieldy ; (2) dull, stupid, also
A. As adjective :
irrational.]
1. Literally :
Zool. : Linnæus's name for the second of his
seven orders of the class Mammalia. He in (1) Inanimate, unconscious.
cludes under it the genera Elephas, Triche-
"... not the sons of brute earth, : . ."-Bentley.
chus, Bradypus, Myrmecophaga, Manis, and (2) Pertaining to the inferior animals ; irra-
Dasypus.
tional.
... which exalts
* bru-tag, * bre-tage, s. [Fr. breteche.]
The brute creation to this finer thought.”.
A parapet of a wall, a rampart.
Thomson: Seasons ; Spring.
" Trwe tulkkes in toures teneled wyth-inne,
2. Fig.: Bestial ; resembling the inferior
In bigge brutage of borde, bulde on the walles."
animals, or some of them.
Ear. Eng. Altit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 1,189-90.
(1) In violence or cruelty.
brû'-tal, * brû'-tall, a. [In Dan., Ger., Fr.
" Brute violence, and proud tyrannick pow'r.”
Milton
and Port. brutal; Sp. brútal ; Ital. brutale =
fierce; all from Lat. brutus.] [BRUTA.]
(2) In inability to appreciate the higher
emotions ; unpolished.
1. Lit. : Pertaining to the inferior animals.
"One whose brute feeling ne'er aspires
"To me so friendly grown above the rest
Beyond his own more brute desires."
Of brutal kind ..."-Milton : P. L., bk. ix.
Scott: Marmion, ii. 22.
2. Figuratively :
B. As substantive :
(1) Of persons : Having a disposition like 1. Lit. : Any one of the inferior animals.
that of the inferior animals.
“Made nothing but a brute the slave of sense."
Cowper : Progress of Error.
(a) Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
2. Figuratively:
(6) Spec: Fierce, cruel. [BRUTALITY.]
(1) A man of coarse character, or deficient
"By brutal Marius and keen Sylla first.”
in sense or culture; an ignoramus.
Thomson : Liberty, pt. ili.
"And get the brutes the power themsels,
(2) Of character, action, or conduct : Charac-
To choose their herds."
teristic, or which might have been expected
Burns : The Twa Herds.
fron brutes rather than froin men ; resulting
“While brawny brutes in stupid wonder stare."
from ungoverned passion or appetite.
Byron : The Curse of Minerva.
(2) The brutal part of the nature.
(3) Of the manners : Unrefined.
“Again exalt the brute and sink the man."
“ His brutal manners from his breast exil'd.”
Burns : Stanzas. (The Prospect of Death.)
Dryden : Cymon and Iphigenia, 218-19.
Compound of obvious signification :
“See how the hall with brutal riot flows."
Thomson : Liberty, pt. v. 160.
Brute-like.
brû'-tal-īşe, v.t. [BRUTALIZE.)
* brute, s. (BRUIT.]
+ brû-tal-ışm, s. [Eng. brutal; -ism.) Bru- | * brûte, v.t. [BRUIT, v.]
tality.
This, once bruted through the ariny, filled them
all with heaviness.”—Knolles.
brû-tăl'--tý, s. (From Fr. brutalité. In Dan.
brutalitet; Ger. brutalität; Sp. brutalidad ;
* bru-tel, a. (BRITTLE.]
Port. brutalidade; Ital. brutalità.) Resem- * bru-tel-nesse, s. (BRITTLENESS.]
blance to the brutes in disposition or conduct.
Used-
* brû'te-lý, adv. [Eng. brute; -ly.] Violently,
Specially :
like a brute; rudely, impetuously. (Milton.)
(1) Of violence, cruelty, or inhumanity.
* bru-ten, v.t. [From A.S. brytan = to break,
The brutality of an animal, a bull for
breotan = to bruise, to break; Sw. bryta ;
instance, when one intrudes upon the field in
Dan. bryde.) To break to pieces.
which it is grazing, manifests itself in three
"... setten al on fure
respects—it takes offence when no insult was And do bruten alle the burnes, that be now ther-inne."
intended ; secondly, it would not have mind
William of Palerne, 3,759-60.
enough to appreciate or even comprehend any * brû'te-ness, s. [Eng. brute ; -ness.] Bru-
explanation or apology were one offered it;
and finally, in its criminal code there is but
tality.
“Thou dotard vile,
one penalty for even trifling offences-death.
That with thy bruteness shendst thy comely age."
Those men who act similarly may justly be
Spenser : F. C., II. viii. 12.
called brutal, and their conduct brutality. + brût'-1-fy, v.t. [Lat. brutus; i connective;
(2) Insensibility to shame; indecency.
and facio = to make.) To make brutal.
“These Epicureans ... discovering in their writ-
"... am I then brutified ?"-Congreve.
ings, as well as throughout all their lives, were beastly
brutality.”-Holland : Plutarch, p. 907.
“Hopeless slavery effectually brutifies the intellect."
-J. S. Mill: Polit. Econ. (ed. 1848), vol. i., bk. ii., ch.
V., § 2, p. 295.
brû-tăl-1-zā'-tion, brû-tăl-1-şā'-tion,
s. [Eng. brutaliz(e); -ation.] The act of * bru-til, a. (BRITTLE.]
making brutal; the state of being made brutal.
brû't-ish, a. (Eng. brut(e); -ish.]
brû'-tal-īze, brû'-tal-īşe, v.t. & i. [Eng.
1. Pertaining to the inferior animals; animal,
brutal; -ize ; Fr. brutaliser= to treat brutally.]
bestial.
“Osiris, Isis, Orus, and their train,
A. Trans. : To render brutal.
With inonstrous shapes and sorceries abus'd
“Strange! that a creature rational, and cast
Fanatick Egypt, and her priests to seek
In human mould, should brutalise by choice
Their wand'ring gods disguis'd in brutish forms."
Milton : P. L.
His nature." Cowper : The Task, bk. i.
B. Intrans.: To become brutal.
2. Resembling some, or the generality of
"... he mixed, in a kind of transport, with his
the inferior animals; manifesting animal
countrymen, brutalized with them in their habit and
rather than distinctively human character-
manners."-Addison.
istics.
brû'-tal-īzed, brû-tal-işed, pa. par. or a.
(1) In a coarse organisation leading to cruelty
[BRUTALIZE.]
or inhumanity : Rough, brutal, ferocious,
cruel, inhuman,
brû'-tal-īz-ing, brû-tal-īş-îng, pr. par.,
"Brutes, and brutish men, are commonly more able
a., & s. [BRUTALIZE.]
to bear pain than others."-Grew.
A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj. : (See
(2) In the undue or unseasonable indulgence
the verb.)
of the appetites : Gross, carnal, indecent in
conduct.
C. As substantive: Brutalization.
“ As sensual as the brutish sting itself."
brû'-tal-ly, adv.
Shakesp. : As you Like it, ii. 7.
[Eng. brutal; -ty.] In a
“... he staggers to his table again, and there acts
brutal manner; cruelly or indecently, as a over the same brutish scene."-South.
brû'-túm fül-měn, a. [Latin. Literally, a
senseless lightning-flash or “thunderbolt.”)
A threat which has a formidable sound but
ends by doing no damage.
* brux-le, v.t. [A.N. brixla = to reprove, re-
proach.] To upbraid, to reprove.
"Thenne a wynde of goddez worde efte the wyghe
bruxlez."
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Patience, 345.
* bruģ-dāle, s. [BRIDAL.]
* bruze, v.t. [BRUISE.] (Spenser : F. Q., III.
ix. 19.)
* brúz'-zing, s, [From Sw. bruza = to roar;
Dan. bruise = to roar, to foam ; Dut. bruisen
= to foam, to snort.] The roaring of a bear,
the noise made by a bear. (Scotch.)
"Mioling of tygers, bruzzing of bears, &c."-Ur.
quhart: Rabelais.
* brwk,,v.t. [BROOK, ,v.] (Scotch.)
* brwnd, s.. [BRAND.) (Scotch.) (Wallace,
viii. 1,052.)
bry-a. s. [Lat. brya; Gr. Bpvá (brua) = a
shrub-one of the tamarisks, Tamarix gallica,
africana, or orientalis.]
Bot. : A genus of papilionaceous plants.
Brya Elenus is the Jamaica or West Indian
Ebony-tree. [EBONY.] The rough twiggy
branches are used for riding. whips. (Treas. of
Bot.)
bry-ā'-çě-æ, s. [From Mod. Lat. bryum
q.v.); and fem. plur. adj. suffix -acece.]
Botany :
1. Gen. : Urn-mosses, a natural order of
Muscals, distinguished by having the spore-
cases valveless, with an operculum without
elaters. In 1846 Lindley enumerated forty-four
genera and, with a query, 1,100 species as
belonging to the order. They are found in all
humid climates, but abound in the temperate
rather than in the polar regions. [BRYUM.]
2. Spec. : A large group of acrocarpous
mosses having a double row of teeth, the
inner united at the base by a common plicate
membrane. It constitutes part of the order
Bryaceæ, [No. 1.] (Treas. of Bot.)
* brýbe, v. & s. [BRIBE.]
boil, boy; póut, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-cian, -tian =shạn. -tion, -sion=shăn; -ţion, -şion=zhăn. -cious, -tious, -sious =shús. -ple, -tle, &c. =pel, tel.

724
bryche-bubble
* brýche, a. [A.S. bryce = liable to break.]
“Quhill all inuiroun rekit lyke brynt-stane."
or portall of defence on the rampire or wall
Frail, vain (Grein), reduced, poor (Morris &
Doug.: Virgil, 62, 14.
of a town." (Cotgrave).] A battlement.
Skeat).
* bryn-ye, s. [BRENE, BIRNIE.]
"And the brytasques on the tour an heye ..."
“Now ys Pers bycome bryche,
Sir Ferumbras (ed. Herrtage), p. 105, 1. 3,315.
That er was bothe stoute and ryche.”
* bryn-yede, a. [BRENYEDE.)
Robert of Brunne, 5,821-22.
* bryt-tene, * bryt-tyne, v.t. [BRITNEN.]
* bryd, * brydde, s. [BIRD.] (Prompt. Parv.,
brý-01--ġist, s. [From Gr. Bpúov (bruon)
a kind of mossy seaweed ; dóyos (logos) = a
* brýt-tlynge, pr. par. [A.S. bryttan = to
&c.)
discourse ; and suffix -ist.] One who makes break ; Sw. bryta ; Dan. bryde.] Breaking up,
* brýde, s. [BRIDE.] (Chaucer : C. T., 9,764.) a special study of mosses.
cutting up.
“To the quyrry then the perse went to se the bryt-
bry-1'-o-ġý, s. [From Gr. Bpúov (bruon)= a
* bryde-lyme, s. [BIRDLIME.]
Chevy Chase.
tlynge off the deare.''
kind of mossy seaweed, and dóyos (logos) = dis-
* bry-del-yn, v.t. [BRIDLE, v.]
course.] The department of botany which
brý'-um, s. [Gr. Bpúov (bruon)= a kind of
treats of the Bryaceæ (Urn-mosses).
mossy seaweed.]
* brý-dille, * brý-dỹlle, s. [BRIDLE, s.]
Bot. : A genus of mosses, the typical one of
(Prompt. Parv.)
bry-ỏn-ỹ (Eng.), bry-õn-i-a (Lat.), 8. [In the family Bryaceæ (q.v.). Many species are
Dut. & Fr. bryone ; Ital. brionia ; Lat. bry found in Britain.
* bryge, s. [BRIGUE.] Debate, contention.
onia; Gr. Bpuwvía (bruõnia), Bpvóvn (bruānē),
"Bryge, or debate (brygging, K.) Briga, discensio." Bpów (bruo) = to be full of, to swell or teem
*brý-zě, s. [BRIZE, BREEZE.]
Prompt. Parv.
with.]
I For omitted words commencing * bry- see
* brygge, s. [BRIDGE.] (Prompt. Parv.)
I. Of the form bryony :
the spelling bri-.
1. Ord. Lang. : A plant, Bryonia dioica,
* bryg-gyng, s. [BRIGUE.) Debate, conten-
bu, bue, v.i. [From the sound.1 To emit the
tion. (See example under bryge.)
which grows in England. It has a large root,
sound which a calf does. (Scotch.)
white and branched. Its stem is long and
* bryght, * bryghte, * bryht, a. (BRIGHT.]
weak, with tendrils which enable it readily to bu, boo, s. [From Wel. bo = a scarecrow.]
(Prompt. Parv., &c.)
cling to bushes in the hedges and thickets
1. A sound meant to excite terror. (Scotch.)
where it grows. The inflorescence consists of
“Boo is a word that's used in the North of Scotland
* bryghte-swerde, s. A bright sword. short axillary racemes of whitish dicecious
to frighten crying children."— Presbyterian Eloquence,
"Bryghte-swerde. Splendona.”—Prompt. Parv.
flowers with green veins. The berries are red. p. 138.
The plant abounds in a fetid and acrid juice.
2. A bugbear, an object of terror. (Pres-
* bry-gows, s. (Low Lat. brigosus = quarel-
2. Bot. : The English name of the genus byterian Eloquence, p. 138.)
some; briga= quarrel, contention.]
Bryonia. [II.]
“Brygows, or debate-makar. Brigosus.”—Prompt.
bu-kow, s. [From bu, and Scotch kow,
Parv.
II. Of the form bryonia :
cow = a goblin.]
* bry-gyr-dyli, * breke-gyr-dle, s. [O.
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the 1. Gen.: Anything frightful, as a scarecrow.
order Cucurbitaceæ (Cucurbits). (For Bryonia
Eng. & Scotch breek = breeches; and gyrdle
2. Spec. : A hobgoblin. (Scotch.)
dioica, the Red-berried Bryony, see I. 1.)
=a girdle.] A girdle round the middle of the
B.
alba, or Black-berried Bryony, which grows bu-man, s. A goblin, the devil. (Scotch.)
body.
on the continent of Europe, is by some be [BU-KOW.]
"Brygyrdyll. Lumbare, renale."-Prompt. Parv.
lieved to be only a variety of the dioica.
Several other species are found in our East
* bryl-lare, s. [From O. Eng. bryllyn (q.v.);
bu-at, boo-it, bou-at, bow-at (Scotch),
bow-et (2), bow-ett, s.
Indian possessions.
and 0. Eng. suffix -are =-er.] One who drinks
[Fr. boëte = a
box; Low Lat. boieta.]
to a person's health, or who gives a toast.
(1) Black Bryony: Two plants-
1. Lit. : A hand-lantern.
“Bryllare of drynke, or schenkare (drinkshankere, (a) Tamus communis. (Prior.)
P.) Propinator, propinatrix."-Prompt. Parv.
“Bowett or lanterne. Lucerna, lanterna.”—Prompt.
† (6) Actæa spicata. (Lyte.)
Parv.
* bryl-lyn, v.t. [From A.S. byrlian = to
(2) Red Bryony: Bryonia dioica. (Lyte.) 2. Fig. : The moon.
drink ; byrle= a cup-bearer.] To give a toast, (Prior.)
“He muttered a Gaelic curse upon the unseasonable
to drink to one's health.
splendour of M'Farlane's buat."-Scott: Waverley, ch.
(3) White Bryony: Bryonia dioica. (Lyte.)
xxxviii.
“Bryllyn', or schenk drynke. Propino.”—Prompt.
(Prior.)
Parv.
III. Of both forms. Pharm.: An eclectic
būb (1), bob. s. From Eng. bob = to beat.
* bryl-lynge, pr. par. & S. [BRYLLYN.]
medicine, much used in America but not in
Cf. Gael. bobgournach = a blast.] A blast, a
.“ Bryllynge of drynke (of ale, K.) Propinacio.” this country, except by homoeopathic practi-
gust of severe weather.
Prompt. Parv.
tioners.
“Ane blusterand bub, out fra the north braying,
Gan ouer the foreschip in the bak sail ding.”
* bry-lock, S. [Gael. braoilag, dreigh’lac.] Ihrevenhy1_1ůms (Gr. Bouw (bruo)= to
Doug. : Virgil, 16, 19.
The whortleberry, or Vaccinium vitis idaea.
be full of, to swell, to burst forth, and pullov * bůb (2), s. Etymology doubtful. Probably
(Scotch.)
(phullon) = leaf. So named because if the connected with bubble, from the bubbling
“Here also are everocks, resembling a strawberry, leaves are laid upon damp earth they will put
and brylocks, like a red currant, but sour.”-Papers
or foaming of the liquor.]
Antiq. Soc. Scotl., i. 71.
forth roots and grow.]
1. Ord. Lang. : A cant term for strong malt
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the liquor.
* brym, * bryme, a. [BRIM (2), a.]
order Crassulaceæ (Houseleeks).. There are
" He loves cheap port, and double bub,
“Brym, or fers. Ferus, ferox.”—Prompt. Parv.
eight stamina and four ovaries. Bryophyllum
And settles in the humdrum club." Prior.
* brym-ble, * brym-byll, s. [BRAMBLE.]
calycinum, the Large-cupped Bryophyllum, 2. Distilling : A substitute for yeast, em-
(Huloet.) (Prompt. Parv.)
has succulent, oval, crenate leaves, and long, ployed by the distiller. It is prepared by
pendulous, cylindrical flowers. Its native mixing meal or flour with a little yeast in a
* brým'-ly, adv. [O. Eng. brim; and Eng. country is the East Indies, whence it has been quantity of warm wort and water. (Knight.)
suffix -ly.] Fiercely, keenly. (Wall., vii. 995.)
carried to other places. In Bermuda, where
it is naturalised and grows abundantly, it is
* bůb, v.t. [A contracted form of bubble (q.v.).]
* brymme, a. & adv. [BRIM, A. & adv.]
called Life-plant.
To bubble, throw up bubbles, foam.
“ Ther were, and also thisteles thikke,
“Rude Acheron, a loathsome lake to tell,
And breres brymme for to prikke.”
bry-o-zo'-a, s. [Gr. Bpúov (bruon) = moss, That boils and bubs up swelth as black as hell."
* The Romaunt of the Rose.
Sackville : Induct. Mir. for Magistrates.
and Sợov (zoon) = animal.]
* brymme, s. [BRIM.] A flood, a river.
Zool.: The name given by Ehrenberg to a bü'-bal-ine, a. [From Mod. Lat. bubalus
"A balgh bergh bi a bruke the brymme bysyde.”
class of molluscoid animals, the peculiarities (q.v.), and Eng. suffix -ine.] Pertaining or
Sir Gaw., 2,172.
of which had been previously observed by Mr. relating to the bubalus or buffalo.
* bryn, * brin, * birn, v.t. [BURN, V.] To J. V. Thompson, who had called them Polyzoa “The Bubaline group.”—Griffith : Cuvier, iv. 378.
burn.
(q.v.).
“And gert his men bryn all Bowchane
* bu’-balle, s. [Lat. bubalus.] An ox. (Doug-
Fra end till end, and sparyt nane."
bry-o-zo'-on, s. [BRYOZOA.]
Tas.)
Barbour, ix. 296.
* bryne (1), S. [BRINE, s.]
Zool. : Any species belonging to the class bū-bal-ús, s. [Lat. bubalus ; Gr. Boubados
“Bryne of salt. Salsugo, Cath. C.F."-Prompt. Parv.
Bryozoa (q.v.)
(boubalos) = a kind of African stag or gazelle.]
Zool. Buffaloes : A genus of Bovidæ (Oxen),
* bryne (2), S. [Sw. bryn = brim, edge, sur-
* bryr'-ỉe (yr as ïr), s. [A.S. bryrdan = to
to which belong (Bubalus bubalis) the Cominon
face; O. Icel. brûn (sing.); brinn (plur.).]
prick, goad, infuriate (?). ] Madness. (Scotch.)
Buffalo, and (Bubalus Caffer) the Cape Buffalo.
“ Bryne, or brow of the eye. Supercilium."-Prompt.
Lyk bryrie : Equivalent to the vulgar
[BUFFALO.]
Parv.
phrase, “like daft.”
* brýng, * brynge, * brýng-en, * brýng-
“For if I open wp my anger anes-
bůb'-ble, s. [Sw. bubbla ; Dan. boble; Dut.
My tongue is lyk the lyons ; vhair it liks,
bobbel = a bubble; bobbelen = to bubble; Ger.
yn, v.t. [BRING, v.] (Prompt. Parv., Chaucer,
It brings the flesh, lyk bryrie, fra the banes.
&c.)
Montgomery : Poems, p. 94. (Jamieson.)
bubbeln, poppeln ; Mahratta budhbudha; Pali
bubbulakam, bubbulam = a bubble, a blister, a
* bryng-are, s. [BRINGER.]
* bryste, v.i. [BURST, v.]
pimple.)
“Bryngare. Allator, lator.”—Prompt. Parv.
* brys'-týlle, s. [BRISTLE.]
I. Ordinary Language:
* brynke, s. [BRINK.)
“Brystylle, or brustylle (burstyll, P.). Seta."-
1. Lit. : A small bladder or vesicle of water
Prompt. Parv.
filled with air.
* brynne, s. [BRAN.]
* brys-yde, a. [A.S. brysan.] [BRUISE, v.]
2. Figuratively:
"Brynne of corn, K. Cantabrum, furfur."-Prompt.
" Brysyde (brissed, P.).
Parv.
+1. Anything unsubstantial or unreal; a
Quassatus, contusus.”—
Prompt. Paru.
false or empty show; mere emptiness.
* bryn-ston, * bryn-stane, * brynt- brý'-tasque, s. (From 0. Fr. britask = a'
" Seeking the bubble reputation,
Even in the cannon's mouth.”
stane, s. [Sw. braensten.] [BRIMSTONE.] , fortress with battlements (Ketham); “a port
Shakesp. : As You Like It, ii. 7.
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fall, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hếr, thêre; pīne, pịt, sire, sír, marine; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu = kw.

bubble-bucconidæ
725
"At Manhood's touch the bubble burst.”.
I bū-bo (2), s. [From Lat. bubo, genit. bubonis the old, which continued even when the
Scott : Rokeby, v. 18.
= an owl, specially the long-horned owl (Strix nations from which they were drawn were at
42. A cheat, a fraud, a swindling project.
bubo) (Linnæus). Cf. Gr. Búas (buas), Buğa peace in Europe. The association of bucca-
"In truth, of all the ten thousand bubbles of which
(buza) = the eagle-owl.]
neers began about 1524, and continued till
history has preserved the memory, none was ever more
skilfully puffed into existence.”—Macaulay : Hist. Ornith. : A genus of birds belonging to the
after the English revolution of 1688, when the
Eng., ch. xxiv.
family Strigidæ, or Owls. They have a small
French attacked the English in the West
* 3. A person cheated or victimised by some ear aperture, two large feathered tufts like
Indies, and the buccaneers of the two coun-
swindling speculation ; a gull.
horns on the sides of the head, and the legs
tries, who had hitherto been friends, took
“Cease, dearest mother, cease to chide;
feathered to the toes. Bubo maximus is the
different sides, and were separated for ever.
Gany's a cheat, and I'm a bubble." Prior.
Eagle Owl, or Great Owl. It occurs in Britain Thus weakened, they began to be suppressed
* II. Levelling: The bubble of air in the and on the continent of Europe. The corre-
between 1697 and 1701, and soon afterwards
glass spirit-tube of a level.
sponding American species is Bubo virgini-
ceased to exist, pirates of the normal type
anus.
to a certain extent taking their place. The
bubble and squeak, s. A mixture of
buccaneers were also called “filibustiers," or
meat, greens, and potatoes, which have been bū'-bon, s. [In Fr., Sp., & Ital. bubon; from “filibusters"-a term which was revived some
already cooked, fried up together.
Lat. bubonium ; Gr. Bovbóvlov. (boubānion) = years ago in connection with the adventures
a plant, Aster atticus, useful against a Bovßov of “General.” Walker in Spanish America.
bubble-company, s. A sham company
(boubön)= a swelling in the groin. This, [FILIBUSTER.]
promoted for purposes of fraud and cheating. however, has no affinity to the botanical genus
“Bubble-companies for trading with the antipodes
bubon.]
bắc-can-Čer, bắc-an-öer, 10... [From
have been the rage before."--Edinburgh Review, Jan.
Bot.: A genus of umbelliferous plants from
Eng., &c., buccaneer, s. (q.v.)]
1865, p. 231.
To act the
Southern Europe, the Cape of Good Hope,
part of a buccaneer ; to be a more respectable
bubble-shells, s. pl. A name for the
and elsewhere. B. galbanum furnishes the
pirate.
shells of the family Bullidæ (q.v.). -
drug called by that name. [GALBANUM.] In
bắc-can-©er-ing, bắc-an-öer-ing, p.
bubble-trier, s. An instrument for
parts of the East B. macedonicum is put
par., d., & s. [BUCCANEER, v.]
testing the delicacy and accuracy of the tubes
among clothes to imbue them with scent.
A. & B. As pr. par. & partic. adj. : (See the
for holding the spirit in levelling-instruments. bū-bon-ic, a. [From Gr. Bovbóv (boubön) = verb.)
bub'-ble, v.i. & t. [BUBBLE, S.]
.. a bubo, and Eng. suff. -ic.] Of which C. As substantive :
buboes or swellings are a feature.
A. Intransitive:
1. The act of doing as the historical bucca-
Bubonic Plague. [PLAGUE.]
neers did. [BUCCANEER, s.]
I. Literally: To rise up in bubbles.
“ The same spring suffers at some times a very bū-bon-in-æ, s. pl. [From Lat. bubo, genit.
2. The act of committing semi-piracy, or
manifest remission of its heat, at others as manifest bubonis, and pl. fem. suff. -ince.]
piracy outright.
an increase of it; yea, sometimes to that excess, as to
make it boil and bubble with extreme heat."- Wood-
Ornith. : A sub-family of Strigidæ (Owls). bůc-çěl-lā-tion, s. [In Fr. buccellation ;
ward.
It contains the Horned Owls. [BUBO.]
from Lat. buccella, buccea = a small mouthful,
To bubble, and greet: To cry, to weep.
bū-bon'-o-çele, s. [Gr. Bovßwvornan (bou-
a morsel ; bucca = cheeks, mouthful.]
Spec., if conjoined with an effusion of mucus
The
bonokēlē); froin Bovßúv (houbon)= the groin,
from the nostrils. (Scotch.)
act of breaking into large pieces.
“John Knox-left her (Q. Mary] bubbling and greet-
and kan (kēlē) = a tumour.]
+ bůc'-cîn-al, a. [From Lat. buccina = a
ing."-Walker : Remark. Passages, p. 60.
Med. : Incomplete inguinal hernia, or rup crooked horn or trumpet, as distinguished
II. Figuratively:
ture.
from tuba = a straight one.]
1. To run along with a gentle gurgling noise.
1. Shaped like a trumpet. (Ogilvie.)
“Not bubbling fountains to the thirsty swain.”
bū-bro'-mą, s. [Gr. Bovs (bous) = an ox;
2. Sounding like a horn or trumpet. (Christ-
Pope: Pastorals ; Autumn, 43.
Bpõua (brūma) = food, as if producing food fit
iun Observer.) (Worcester.)
for cattle.]
* 2. To make a gurgling or warbling sound.
“At mine ears
Botany: Bastard cedar. A genus of plants búc'-cỉn-ā-tõr, s. & a. [In Fr. buccinateur.
Bubbled the nightingale." Tennyson. belonging to the order Byttneriaceae (Bytt From Lat. buccinator = one who blows the
* B. Transitive:
neriads). B. guazuma is the Elm-leaved trumpet; buccino = to blow the trumpet ;
Fig. : To cheat, swindle.
Bastard Cedar. [BASTARD CEDAR.]
buccina = a crooked horn or trumpet.] [BUC-
“ 'Tis no news that Tom Double
CINAL.]
* būP-bùk-le, s. [Corrupted from Eng., &c.
The nation should bubble."
Swift : Ballad. bu(bo), and (car)bu(n)cle.] A red pimple.
A. As substantive :
bůb'-bler, s. (Eng. bubble); -er.]
- "His face is all bubukles, and whelks and knobs."-
Anat. : The trumpeter's muscle, one of the
Shakesp. : Hen. V., iii. 6.
maxillary group of muscles of the cheek.
* 1. Ord. Lang. : A cheat, a swindler.
They are the active agents in mastication, and
.... the great ones of this part of the world ;
bû-car-a-măn-gīte, s. [From Bucara-
are beautifully adapted for it. The buccinator
above all the Jews, jobbers, bubblers, subscribers, pro manga, where it was found.]
circumscribes the cavity of the mouth, and
jectors, directors, governors, treasurers, etc. etc. etc. in
saecula saeculorum.”—Pope : Letter to Digby (1720).
Min. : A resin resembling amber in its pale aided by the tongue keeps the food under the
2. Ichthyol. : A kind of fish found in certain
yellow colour; sp. gr. about 1. Composition : pressure of the teeth; it also helps to shorten
rivers of America, so called from the peculiar
Carbon, 82:7 ; hydrogen, 10.8; oxygen, 6.5 = the pharynx from before backwards, and thus
noise it makes.
100.
assists in deglutition.
búc-cal, a. [In Fr. buccal ; Port. bocal. From
B. As adjective: Pertaining to or analogous
būb'-blựng, * bub-blyng, * byb-blyng,
Lat. bucca = the cheek when puffed out by
to a trumpeter.
pr. par., d., & s. [BUBBLE, v.]
speaking, eating, &c.]
| Buccinator muscle : The same as A. (q.v.).
A. & B. As present participle & participiat
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
Anat. : Pertaining to the cheek.
bůc-çin'-1-dæ, s. pl. - [From Mod. Lat. buc-
the verb.
- (1) Buccal artery: A branch of the in cinum = a whelk (q.v.), and plur. adj. suffix
“The crystal treasures of the liquid world,
ternal maxillary artery..
-idce.]
Through the stirr'd sands a bubbling passage burst."
(2) Buccal glands : Small glands situated Zool.: A family of molluscs belonging to
Thomson : Autumn.
C. As substantive:
under the cheek, which secrete saliva.
the order Prosobranchiata, and the section
Siphonostomata. They constitute part of
1. The act of making a gurgling noise. bůc-can-ëer', bŭ-can-ëer', bŭ-can-iër',
Cuvier's Buccinoida. They have the shell
* 2. The act of dabbling in the water.
s. [In Dut. boekaneer; Fr. boucanier = a buc-
notched in front, or with the canal abruptly
“Bubblyng, or bybblyng in water, as duckes do.
caneer; Fr. boucaner = to cure flesh or fish
reflected so as to produce a varix on the
Amphibolus,"--Huloet. (Wright.)
by smoking it. From Caribbee Indian boucan
front of the shell. The leading genera are
=flesh or fish thus prepared.]
Buccinum Terebra, Eburna, Nassa Purpura,
* bắb-blý, . [Eng. bubble); -(0.] Full of
* 1. Gen.: The name given in the West Indies
Cassis, Dolium, Harpa, and Oliva. Many are
bubbles.
to any one who cured flesh or fish in the way British.
“They would no more live under the yoke of the
described in the etymology. This was done
sea, or have their heads washed with this bubbly
spume."-Nashe : Lenten Stuffe (1599), p. 8.
continually by the men described under 2. bắc-xin-ăm, 8. [From Lat. bauccimo.] [BUC-
2. Spec. : An order of men, not quite pirates,
CINAL.]
bub'-bly-jock, s. [From bubble, v., II. 2, and yet with decidedly piratical tendencies, who, 1. Zool. : The typical genus of the family
Jock, vulgar name for John.] The vulgar for nearly two hundred years, infested the
Buccinidæ (q.v.). In English they are called
name for a turkey-cock. (Scotch.)
Spanish main and the adjacent regions. A Whelks, which are not to be confounded with
bull of Pope Alexander VI., issued in 1493, the Periwinkle, also sometimes called whelks.
būb?-by (1), s. [Cf. Provinc. Ger. bübr; O. having granted to Spain all lands which might Buccinum undatum is the Common Whelk.
Fr. poupe; Prov. popa; Ital. poppa=a woman's be discovered west of the Azores, the Spaniards There are several other British species. The
breast, a teat (Mahn).] A woman's breast. thought that they possessed a monopoly of all Scotch call them buckies. [BUCKY.]
(Vulgar.)
countries in the New World, and that they 2. Palcont. : Species of the genus exist in
had a right to seize, and even put to death,
the cretaceous rocks, but it is essentially
# būb'-bỹ (2), s. [A corruption of brother.] all interlopers into their wide domain. Enter-
tertiary and recent.
Brother. A word applied to small boys. prising mariners belonging to other nations,
(Colloquial.) (American.) (Goodrich & Porter.) and especially those of England and France, | búc'-co, s. [From Lat. bucco = one who has
naturally looked at the case from quite an distended cheeks.]
bū’-bő (1), s. [In Fr. & Sp. bubon; Port. opposite point of view, and considered them-
Ornith.: The typical genus of the family
bubão; Ital. bubbone; Low Lat. bubo; Gr. selves at liberty to push their fortunes within
Bucconidæ, or the sub-family Bucconinæ
Boußúv (boubon)= the groin.]
the prohibited regions. Being cruelly treated,
(q.v.). They belong to the Old World, though
Med.: Hardening and induration of lymph when taken, by the Spaniards, their comrades
closely analogous genera are in the New.
atic glands, generally the inguinal, as in made reprisals, and a state of war was es-
the Oriental or Levantine plague, syphilis,
tablished between the Spanish governments bŭc-con'-1-dæ, s. pl. [From Mod. Lat. bucco
gonorrhoea, &c.
in the New World and the adventurers from (q.v.); and fem. plur. adj. suffix -ido. ] -
bóll, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bençh; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian =shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhŭn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bệl, del

726
bucconinæ-bucket
21
Ornith. : A fainily of birds, sometimes called bū-cid-a, s. [From Gr. Bous (bous) = an ox,
from the stiff bristles around their bills
and eidos (eidos) = form. So named because
Barbets, and sometimes denominated Puff the ripe fruit is shaped like the horn of an ox.)
birds, from the puffed out plumage. They
Bot, : Olive Bark-tree, a genus of plants
have been placed as a sub-family Bucconinæ,
under the family Picidæ (Woodpeckers), as
belonging to the order Santalaceæ (Sandal-
worts). Bucida buceras is the Jamaica Olive
a sub-family of Alcedinidæ, and as a family
Bark-tree, which grows in the island just
under the order Scansores. The genus called
named in low swampy places, is an excellent
Bucco by Linnæus and Cuvier is the same
timber tree, and has bark much valued for
as Capito of Vieillot. (BARBET (1).]
tanning
buc-con--næ, s. pl. [From Mod. Lat. bucco; | bůck (1), s. [A.S. bóc = a beech-tree; Icel. &
and fem. plur. adj. suffix -ince.]
Sw. bok; Dut, beuke; Russ. buk; Ger. buche.]
Ornith. : A sub-family of birds. [Bucco, [BEECH.] A beech-tree. (Scotch.)
BUCCONIDÆ.]
“There is in it also woodes of buck, and deir in
them.”—Descr. of the Kingdome of Scotlande.
bų-çěl'-las, s. [From Bucellas, a Portuguese buck-finch, s. One of the English names
village fourteen miles north of Lisbon.] A for the chaffinch, Fringilla celebs.
white wine, somewhat resembling a hock, the
produce of a peculiar kind of vine cultivated
bůck (2), * būkke, s. [A.S. bucca = a he-
in Portugal. A genuine Bucellas should
goat, a buck; buc = a stag, a buck; Icel.
contain not more than 26 per cent. of proof
bukkr = a he-goat; bokki = (1) a he-goat,
spirit.
(2) a dandy; Sw. bock; Dan. brik; Dut. bok;
N. H.) Ger. bock; M. H. Ger. boc; 0. H. Ger.
bū-çěn'-tâur, 8. [From Gr. Bous (bous) = an poch ; Low Lat. buccus ; Fr. bouc ; Prov.
ox'; and KÉvTavpos (kentauros) = a centaur, boc; Sp. boque; Ital becco; Arm. buch; Corn.
a monster of double shape, half man and half byk ; Wel. Twch, bouch ; Ir. boch, poc; Gael.
horse.]
boc, buic; Hind. bakrá (m.), bakri (f.) = a
goat; Mahratta bukare (n.), bakara (m.), ba-
kari (f.).]
1. Lit. Of the inferior animals :
(1) A he-goat. [BUKKE.]
(2) The male of the fallow deer.
" Bucks, goats, and the like, are said to be tripping
or saliant, that is, going or leaping."-Peacham.
(3) The male of various other mammals
more or less analogous to the foregoing. Spec.,
the male of the sheep, the hare, and the
rabbit.
“The same gentleman has bred rabbits for many
BUCENTAUR.
years, and has noticed that a far greater number of
bucks are produced than does." -Darwin: The Descent
1. Class. mythol. : A monster, half ox and
of Man, vol. i., pt. ii., ch. viii., p. 305.
half man.
2. Fig. Of man: A gay, dashing young
fellow.
2. The state barge of Venice.
“Again, wert not thou, at one period of life, a Buck,
bū-çěr:-1-dæ, s. pl. [BUCEROTIDÆ.]
or Blood, or Macaroni, ...">Carlyle : Sartor Resartus,
bk. i., ch. ix.
bū'-çēr-os, s. [Lat. bucerus; Gr. Boúkepws buck's-beard, s
(boukeros) = having the horns of a bullock, ox 1. An unidentified plant. (Mascal.)
horned : Bows (bous) = an ox, and képas (keras) 2. A plant, Tragopogon pratense.
=a horn.]
Ornith. : Hornbills, the typical genus of the
buck's-horn, s. A name sometimes given
family Bucerotidæ, or Buceridæ (q.v.). The
to the plant genus Rhus.
best known species is Buceros galeatus.
buck-jumper, s. An Australian epithet
bū-çěr-ot'-Ì-dæ, bū-çěr'-1-dæ, s. pl.
for a kicking horse.
[From Lat. "Buceros, and fem. pl. adj. suff. * buck (3), s. (BUIK, BOUK, BULK.) The
-idce.]
body, a carcase. (Scotch.)
Ornith.: Hornbills, a family of conirostral
"... sic derth is rasit in the cuntrie that ane
birds. They have a huge bill, surmounted by
mutton buck is deirar and far surmountis the price of
ane boll of quheit."-Acts Ja. V1., 1592 (ed. 1814), p. 577.
a casque. The plumage is greenish black.
They are found in the tropics of the Old World, bůck (4), S. & d. [In Sw. byk; Dan. byg ;
and especially in the Atlantic and African (N. H.) Ger. bäuche, beuche ; Fr. buée ; Prov.
islands.
& Sp. bugeda; Ital. bucato. From Ital. bucare
= to pierce holes in ; buca = a hole, because
Bų-chăn-a'-ni-a, s. [Named after Dr. Bu the ashes are strained through a pierced dish
chanan Hamilton, a well-known Indian bo (Littré, &c.).; from Gael. bog = moist, soft,
tanist.]
tender (Wedgwood), from Ir. buac = lye; Gael.
Bot. : A genus of Anacardiaceæ (Anacards).
buac = dung used in bleaching the liquor in
Buchanania latifolia is a large Indian tree,
which cloth. ... linen in the first stage of
the kernel of the nut of which is much
bleaching. (Skeat.).]
used in native confectionery. It abounds in A. As substantive :
a bland oil. A black varnish is made from I. Ordinary Language:
the fruits. The unripe fruits of B. lancifolic
1. The liquid in which linen is washed.
are eaten by the natives of India in their
“Buck ! I would I could wash myself of the buck! I
curries.
warrant you, buck; and of the season too it shall
appear."-Shakesp. : Merry Wives, iii. 3.
buch-an-ītes (ch guttural), s. pl. [Named
2. The clothes washed in such a liquid.
after their founder.] An extraordinary sect
of fanatics, founded by one Lucky Buchan in 2 Hen. VI., iv. 2.
".... she washes bucks here at home."-Shakesp. :
the west of Scotland in 1783. They appear to
To beat a buck: To beat clothes at the
have lived in the grossest immorality, and
wash. [BUCKING.]
they gradually diminished in nuniber, the
last member of the sect dying in 1846.
"If I were to beat a buck I can strike no harder."
Mass. Virg. Mart., iv. 2.
(Chambers's Encyclopaedia.)
II. Tech. Sawyer's work and carpentry : A
bû-chol-zīte, s. [In Ger. bucholzit.]
frame of two crotches to hold a stick while
Min.: A variety of fibrolite (q.v.).
being cross-cut.
It is
from the Tyrol.
B. As adj. : Pertaining to a buck in any of
the foregoing senses.
bŭcht (ch guttural), s. [BOUGHT, 8.] (Scotch.)
A bending, a fold, a pen in which ewes are
buck-basket, s. A basket to hold linen
milked.
about to be washed.
“They conveyed me into a buck-basket."-Shakesp. :
buch-u, s. [BUCKU.]
Merry Wives, iii. 5.
* buch-y-ment, s. [From Fr. embâche; O.
buck-board, s.
Fr. embusche, embosche = ambush, and Eng. Vehicles : A plank bolted to the hind axle
suff. -ment.] Ambush.
and to a bolster on the fore axle, being a cheap
“Y leuede yond on a buchyment ; sarasyns wonder
substitute for a bed-coupling and springs.
fale."
Sir Ferumbras (ed. Herrtage), i. 798.
buck-saw, s.
Carp. : A frame saw with one extended bar
to form a handle,
and adapted to
a nearly vertical
motion in cross-
cutting wood
held by a saw-
buck. (Knight.)
buck-wag-
on, buck-
waggon, s.
BUCK-SAW.
Vehicles : A
rude waggon formed of a single board resting
on the axle-trees, and forming by its elas-
ticity a spring-seat for the driver. (Knight.)
* buck-washing, s. The act of washing
dirty linen, a laundry.
“You were best meddle with buck-washing."-
Shakesp. : Merry Wives, iii. 3.
bůck (1), * bouk-en, * buk-ken, v.t. [In
Sw. byka ; Dan. byge; (N. H.) Ger. bouchen,
bäuchen, beuchen ; 0. Fr. brier.] [BUCK (4), s.)
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally : To wash clothes.
"Alas, a small matter bucks a handkerchief."
Puritan, Sh. Sup., ii. 540.
2. Figuratively: To soak or deluge with rain.
.. fell such plente of water that the grounde
was therewith bucked and drowned."--Fabyan: Chron.,
i. 243.
II. Mining : To break or pulverise. (Used
of ores.)
bůck (2), v.i. [From buck (2), s. (q.v.). ]
1. To copulate as bucks and does.
2. To kick or jump about. (Said of horses.)
bůck (3), v.i. [BOLKE, BELCH.] (Scotch.) To
gurgle.
To buck out: To make a gurgling noise
like that of liquids issuing from a straight-
necked bottle. (Jamieson.)
bůck'-a-çy, bắck-a-sie, * buk-ke-sy, 8.
[From Fr. boccasin = a kind of fine buckram
resembling taffeta ... callimanco. (Cot-
grave.). ]
Fabrics: A species of buckram or callimanco.
"Five quarters of buckacy, for a doublate to littill
Bell, 10s."- Acct. John Bishop of Glasgow, Treasurer to
K. James Ill., A. 1474.
bůck'-bēan, * bŭck-bāne, * bog-bean,
S. [In Ger. backsbohne; Dut. bocksboonen.
From Eng. bog, bean; but cf. Dan. bukke, blad
= goat's leg. )
Ord. Lang. & Bot.: The English name of
Menyanthes, a genus of plants belonging to
the order Gentianaceæ (Gentianworts). Špe-
cially the name of Menyanthes trifoliata, called
Shume
TE
VWX1
BUCKBEAN.
1. Plant and Aower. 2. Section of corolla.
also Marsh Trefoil, a British plant common in
boggy ground. It has densely-creeping and
matted roots, ternate leaves, and a compound
raceme or thyrse of white flowers, tipped
externally with red, and beautifully-fringed
within with white thread-like processes. An
infusion of its leaves is bitter, and is some-
times given in dropsy and rheumatism. In
Sweden two ounces of the leaves are sub-
stituted for a pound of hops. In Lapland the
roots are occasionally powdered and eaten.
bůcked, pa. par. [BUCK (1 & 2), v.]
bůck'-ět, * bok-et, s. & d. [A.S. buc= a
bucket, a flagon, a vessel or water-pot, a
pitcher; Gael. bucaid. cf. also Fr. baquet =
a tub, a washing-tub, a trough.] [BACK.)
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hếr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sīr, marîne; gó, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; müte, cũb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; trý, Sýrian. æ, =ē; ey=ā. qu= kw.

bucketful-buckler
727
“To her came a rewayl'd draggle,
Wha had bury'd wives anew,
Ask'd her in a manner legal,
Gin she wadna buckle too."
Train: Political Reveries, p. 64.
buckle-the-beggars, s. One who
marries others in a clandestine and disorderly
manner. (Scotch.)
bůck'-le (2), v.t. & i. (Fr. boucler = to buckle,
to ring, to curl.]
A. Trans. : To bend, put out of shape,
crinkle up.
"Supposing, therefore, a ship to be plated on the
Lord Warden style, then even a single cannon-shot
that pierced and buckled a slab would com pel the re-
moval (for repairs) of a mass weighing over seven tons,
and costing nearly £300, :.."-Daily Telegraph, Aug.
10, 1864.
B. Intrans.: To bend, bow, get out of shape.
“The wretch, whose fever-weaken'd joints,
Like strengthless hinges, buckle under life."
Shakesp. : 2 Henry IV., ii. 1.
bůck'-led (1), * boc-lyd, * bok-eled,
* buc-lede, pa. par. & a. [BUCKLE (1), v.j
Fastened with a buckle.
“Boclyd as shone or botys (bokeled, P.). Pluscu-
latus."-Prompt. Parv.
“Now han they buclede shoon.”—P. Ploughman's
Crede (ed. Skeat), 595.
A. As substantive :
I. Ord. Lang. : In the same sense as II. 1
(q.v).
II. Technically:
1. A vessel of wood, leather, or any suitable
material, provided with a handle, and adapted
for holding or carrying water or other liquid
or solid material, or being hauled up.
2. Water-wheels : The vane or float of a
water-wheel.
3. Hydraulic Engineering : The scoop of a
dredging-machine, which has usually a hinged
bottom, closed while raising mud, and then
opened to deposit the load.
4. Naut. : A globe of hoops covered with
canvas, used as a recall signal for whale-boats.
(Knight.)
B. As adjective: Pertaining to a bucket in
the foregoing senses.
Compound of obvious signification :
Bucket-making.
bucket-engine, s.
Hydraul. Engineering : A series of buckets
attached to an endless chain, which runs over
sprocket wheels. It is designed to utilise a
stream of water which has a considerable fall
but only a moderate quantity of water.
bucket-hook, s.
Sugar Manuf.: A device for holding a
bucket against a tree to catch sugar-maple
sap. (American.)
bucket-valve, s.
Steam-engines: The valve on the top of an
air-pump bucket.
bucket-wheel, s.
Hydraul. Engineering: An ancient device
for raising water. It consists of a wheel, over
which passes a rope having pots or buckets,
which dip into the water of the well and dis-
charge their contents at the surface. It is
used also in grain-elevators and in carburetors.
(Knight.)
bŭck'-ět-fúl, s. [Eng. bucket; ful(l).] As
much of anything as will fill a bucket.
bůck'-eye, s. [Eng. buck, and eye.] The
American "horse-chestnut tree, the Asculus
ohioticus of botanists. Its fruit, root, and
leaves are all said to be poisonous to men
and animals. (Lindley : Veg. Kinn (1847), p.
384.)
bůck'-horn, s. [BUCK'S-HORN.]
bůck'-ỉe, s. [BUCKY.] (Scotch.)
buckie ingram, s. A crab, Cancer ber-
nardus. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
bůck-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [BUCK (1), v.]
A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj. (See
the verb.)
C. As substantive:
* I. Ord. Lang. : The act of washing dirty
clothes. This was formerly done by beating
the clothes in water on a stone with a pole
flattened at the end. (Nares.)
"Here is a basket, he may creep in here, and throw
foul linen upon him, as if it were going to bucking."-
Shakesp. : Mer. Wives, iii. 3.
II. Technically:
1. Bleaching: The act of soaking cloth in a
lye. This alternates with crofting, i.e., with
exposing the cloth on the grass to air and light.
2. Mining : The act of breaking up masses
of ore by means of hammers.
bucking-iron, s.
Mining: A massive hammer used in break-
ing up masses of ore.
bucking-keir, s. An apparatus for re-
moving the dirt and grease from linen or
cotton by boiling it with lime in a pan.
bucking-plate, s. The miner's table on
which ore is broken.
* bucking-stool, s. A washing-block.
"... no bigger than a toad upon a bucking-stool."-
Gayton : Notes on Don Quixote, bk. iii., ch. iii.
bůck'-ing, pr. par. [BUCK (2), v.]
t bůck-ish, a. [Eng. buck; -ish.] Pertaining
to a “buck" in a figurative sense, that is, to
a gay and frivolous young man. (Grose.)
+ bůck'-ışm, s. [Eng. buck; -ism.] The
quality of a buck. (Smart.)
bůck-land-īte, s. [Named after the very
eminent geologist, Dean Buckland, who was
born at Axminster, in Devon, in 1784, was
reader in mineralogy, and in 1818 reader in
geology in Oxford University ; in 1818 became
F.R.S., was twice President of the Geological
Society, and died in 1856.]
Min. : Two minerals-
1. Bucklandite of Hermann : A variety of
Epidote.
2. Bucklandite of Levy: A variety of Allanite
(Dana), called Orthite in the British Museum
Catalogue. The former authority terms it
anhydrous Allanite. It is found at Arendal,
in Norway.
bŭck'-le (1), * boc-le, * bok-ele, * bek-
ille, * bok-ylle, * bo-cul, * bok-ulle, s.
[O. Fr. bocle ; Fr. boucle = the boss of a shield,
a ring; O. Sp. bloca ; from Low Lat. bucula =
the boss of a shield ; a dimin. of bucca = the
cheek.] A link of metal, with a tongue or
catch, made to fasten one thing to another.
“Bocle or boculle (bocul, bokyli, or bocle). Pluscula."
--Prompt. Parv.
"Fifti bokelis of bras."—Wycliffe: Exod. xxxvi. 18.
(Purvey.)
From a very early period buckles have
been marks of honour and authority. [See
1 Macc. x. 89.]
"Ribands, buckles, and other trifling articles of
apparel which he had worn, were treasured up as
precious relics by those who had fought under him at
Sedgemoor."- Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. v.
Compound of obvious signification :
Buckle-maker.
buckle-chape, s.
Saddlery: The part by which the buckle is
secured to the band.
buckle-tongue, s. The tongue or catch
.- of a buckle.
bůck'-le (2), s. [BUCKLE (2), v.]
I. Literally:
1. A bend, a bow, a curl..
* 2. The state of the hair crisped and curled;
a curl.
“The greatest beau was dressed in a flaxen periwig;
the wearer of it goes in his own hair at home, and lets
his wig lie in buckle for a whole half year."-Spectator.
II. Fig.: A distorted expression.
“ 'Gainst nature armed by gravity,
His features too in buckle see." Churchill.
bůck'-le (1), * bok-el, * bok-el-yn, v.t. & i.
(BUCKLE (1), s.]
A, Transitive:
I. Lit. : To fasten with a buckle.
"Bokelyn, or spere wythe bokylle. Plusculo."-
Prompt. Parv.
“ Took from the nail on the wall his sword with its
scabbard of iron,
Buckled the helt round his waist, and, frowning
fiercely, departed."
Longfellow : Courtship of Miles Standish, iv.
II. Figuratively :
* 1. To confine.
“How brief the life of man
Runs his erring pilgrimage,
That the stretching of a span
Buckles in his sum of age."
Shakesp.: As you Like it, iii. 2.
* 2. To join in battle.
“The lord Gray, captain of the men at arms, was for-
bidden to charge, until the foot of the avantguard
were buckled with them in front."—Hayward.
3. To join in matrimony. (Scotch.)
“Soon they loo'd, and soon ware buckled,
Nane took time to think and rue."
Macneill: Poems, i. 10.
B. Reflex.: To set one's self to do anything;
to prepare to do anything. (A metaphor
taken from the buckling on of armour.)
" The Sarazin, this hearing, rose ainain,
And, catching up in hast his three-square shield
And shining helmet, soone him buckled to the field."
Spenser: F. Q., I. vi. 41.
C. Intransitive:
1. To be joined in matrimony, to wed, to be
married. (Scotch.)
“May, though it is the sweetest month in a the
year, is the only month that nobody in the north
country ever thinks o buckling in."-Reg. Dalton, iii.
163.
"Is this an age to buckle with a bride?" Dryden.
2. To join in a contest with, to engage.
"In single combat thou shalt buckle with me"
Shakesp.: 1 Henry VI., i. 2.
· 3. To apply one's self to any work; to set
bůck'-led (2), pa. par. & a. [BUCKLE (2), v.]
buckled-plates, s. pl.
Arch.: A form of iron plates for flooring.
having a slight convexity in the middle, and a
flat rim round the edge called the fillet. They
are usually square or oblong, and are laid
upon iron beams or girders, the convexity
being placed upward.
bůck'-lér (1), s. [BUCKLE, v.] One who
buckles.
bůck'-ler (2), * boc-el-er, * bok-el-er,
* boc-ler, s. [O. Fr. bocler; Fr. bcuclier, so
named from the bocle or boss in its centre
(Skect); or perhaps from its being worn buckled
on the left arm.]
I. Ordinary Language: A kind of shield,
anciently made of wicker-work, and covered
with skin or leather.
“With good swerd and with bocler by her side."
- Chaucer: C. T., 4,016.
“One laced the helm, another held the lance;
A third the shining buckler did advance."
Dryden: The Fables ; Palamon and Arcite, bk. iii.
SIT
MWOW
BUCKLER.
1. To give the bucklers, to yield the bucklers :
To yield.
“I give thee the bucklers."
Shakesp. : Much Ado, v. 2.
2. To lay down the bucklers : To cease to
contend.
“If you lay down the bucklers, you lose the victory.
Every Woman in her Humour.
3. To take up the bucklers : To contend.
“Charge one of them to take up the bucklers
Against that hair-monger Horace."
Decker : Satiromastix.
II. Technically:
1. Palæont. : The anterior segment of the
carapace or shell in trilobites. (Dana.)
2. Nautical :
(1) Plur. : Two blocks of wood fitted to-
gether to stop the hawse-holes, leaving only
sufficient space between them for the cable
to pass through, and thereby preventing the
vessel from taking in much water in a heavy
head-sea. They are also called riding or
blind bucklers. (Smyth.)
(2) Sing. : The lower half of a divided post,
lid, or shutter.
I Compounds of obvious signification :
Buckler-head, buckler-headed.
buckler-beak, s.
Palceont. : A name sometimes given to a fish
which has a beak-shaped upper jaw. It is a
Jurassic Ganoid, allied to Lepidosteus, but
having a homocercal tail.
to.
“This is to be done in children, by trying them,
when they are by laziness unbent or by avocation
bent another way, and endeavouring to make them
buckle to the thing proposed."-Locke.
To buckle to: To be married, to wed.
boil, boy; póūt, jówl; cat, çell, chorus, çhin, bench; go, ģem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion = shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious, -cious = shủs. -ble, -le, &c.=bel, el.

728
buckler-bucolic
búc'-kû, buch'-u, + buc'-ū, s. [Caffre (?).]
A South African name for several species of
Barosma, especially B, crenata, crenulata, and
serratifolia. They belong to the order Rutaceae
and the section Endiosmieæ. They have a
powerful and usually offensive odour, and
have been recommended as antispasmodiys
and diuretics.
bůck'-um-wood, s. [BUKKUM-WOOD.]
bůck-whēat, * bock'-whēat, s. & a. [From
0. Eng. buck = beech, which the “mast” of its
triangular seeds resembles. In Dan. boghvede;
Dut. bockweit; Ger. buchweizen.]
A. As substantive :
Ord. Lang. & Bot.: A plant, the Polygonum
Fagopyrum. It is found in Britain chiefly in
• BUCKWHEAT.
buckler fern, buckler-fern, s.
"One that not long since was the buckram scribe.”
Beaum. & Flet. : Span. Curate.
Bot. : A modern book-name for the fern-
genus Lastrea.
bůck'-rạm, v.t. [From buckram, s. (q.v.)]
buckler-mustard, s. The English name
To stiffen by means of buckram. (Cowper.)
of Biscutella, a genus of cruciferous plants.
bůck'-shîsh, bŭck'-shēish, s. [BAK-
They are small annual or perennial hispid
SHEESH.]
plants, with bright yellow flowers of no great
size. [BISCUTELLA.]
bŭcks'-horn, + bŭck'-horn, * bukes
horne, s. & a. [From Eng. buck's (possess.
buckler-shaped, a.
case of buck), and horn.]
Bot. : Of the appearance of a small round
A. As substantive :
buckler. The term is akin in meaning to lens-
formed, but differs in implying that there is I. Of British plants :
an elevated rim or border.
1. Senebiera Coronopus.
"Bukes hornes, or els swynes grese (grass), and has
buckler-thorn, s. A plant, the same as
leues slaterde as an hertys horne, and hit groyes
Christ's-thorn (Paliurus aculeatus).
gropyng be the ertbe. And hit has a letell whit floure
and groyes in the ways." -M.S. Bodl., 356 Cockayne,
bůck-ler, v.t. [From buckler, s. (q.v.).] To
iii. 316. (Britten & Hotland.)
defend as with a buckler. (Lit. & fig.).
2. Lycopodium clavatum. (Local.)
“I'll buckler thee against a million.”
3. Plantago coronopus.
Shakesp. : Tam. of Shrew, iii. 2.
4. Plantago maritima.
“Can Oxford, that did ever fence the right,
Now buckler falsehood with a pedigree?”
II. of foreign plants : The English name of
Shakesp.: 3 Hen. VI., iii. 3.
d plant—the Lobelia coronopifolia, from the
būck-lérş, s.pl. [BUCKLER, S.]
Cape of Good Hope.
B. As adj.: Resembling the horn of a buck,
bůck-ling (1), * bůck'-el-îng, pr. par., d., or resembling, in some particular or other, the
& s. [BUCKLE (1), v.]
more typical of the plants now described.
A. & B. As present participle & participial
Buckshorn plantain : [So called because
adjective : In senses corresponding to those of the deeply-cut leaves somewhat resemble the
the verb.
horns of a buck.]
C. As substantive :
1. The ordinary English name of a plant-
1. The act of fastening with a buckle; the Plantago coronopus—which has linear pin-
state of being so fastened.
natifid or toothed leaves, and slender cylin-
“At buckling of the faulchion belt!"
drical spikes of flowers. It is not uncommon
Scott: Marmion, vi. 12. on sterile soils, especially near the sea.
2. The act of engaging in a contest
2. A name for an allied plant-Plantago
marítima, the Sea-side Plantago.
.."... it was set up at the first buckeling."-Holland :
Livy, bk. viii., ch. 38.
Like the
former, it is a British plant.
buck'-lựng (2), pr. par., A., & s. [BUCKLE (2),
bůck'-shot, s. [From Eng. buck, and shot.1
A kind of leaden shot larger than swan-shot.
A. & B. As present participle & participial
About 160 or 170 of them weigh a pound.
adjective: Bending, bowing, causing to get out
They are specially designed to be used in
of shape.
hunting large game.
“... the danger of a plate dropping off is propor-
tional to the buckling power which breaks the screws
bůck'-skĩn, s. & A. [Eng. buck; skin.]
or bolts." -Daily Telegraph, Aug. 10, 1864.
C. As substantive :
A. As substantive:
1. Ord. Lang. : The act of bending or putting 1. Ordinary Language:
out of shape.
(1) The skin of a buck.
2. Tech. : The act of twisting or warping ; (2) A native of Virginia. (Burns.)
the state of being twisted or warped.
2. Leather Manufact. : A kind of soft leather,
“In fact, however, the tendency to twist or warp
technically called buckling.” – Herbert Spencer :
generally yellow or greyish in colour, prepared
Psychol., vol. ii.
originally by treating deer-skins in a particular
way, but now in general made from sheep-
bůck'-mast, buck mast, s. [From Scotch skins. This may be done by oil, or by a
buck = the beech-tree, and mast; and A.S. second method, in which the skins are
moeste (?) = food, specially that on which ani “grained,” “brained,” and “smoked.” (For
mals are fattened, such as acorns, berries, and details, see Knight's Dict. Mechan.)
nuts (Lye). In Ger. buchmast.] The mast or B. As adj. : Made of the skin of a buck.
fruit of the beech-tree. (Skinner.)
“... a pair of buckskin breeches.”—Tatler, No. 42.
buck'-ra, s. & a. [Calabar-negro, buckra =a * bůck-some, a. (Buxom.]
demon, a powerful and superior being. (J.L.
Wilson.) (Mahn.)]
*bůck'-some-ness, s. [BUXOMNESS.]
A. As subst. : A white man. (Negro-English, 1 buck'_stâul. * būdk'-stâl. s. Eng. buck:
whether African or American.)
and stall (q.v.).] A toil or net to take deer.
B. As adj. : White. (Bartlett.) (Goodrich &
“ Knit thy torne buck-stals with well twisted threds,
Porter.)
To be forsaken?” Brown : Brit. Past., ii., p. 108.
bůck'-ram, *bok-er-am, s. & a. [In Fr. 1 buck'-thorn, s. [Eng. buck, and thorn.]
bougran; 0. Fr. boucaran; Prov. bocaran;
Ord. Lang. & Bot. : The English name of
Ital. bucherame; M.H. Ger. buckeram, buck-
Rhamnus, a genus of plants, the typical one
eran, buggeram; Low. Lat. buchiranus, boque-
of the order Rhamnacea (Rhamnads). Two
rannus, boquena = goat's-skin. From Fr. bouc
species—the common Buckthorn (Rhamnus
=a he-goat, or, in the opinion of some, derived
catharticus) and the Alder Buckthorn (R. fran-
by transposing the letter w from Fr. bouracan,
gula) occur in Britain.
baracan, barracan = barracan; strong, thick
The former has
dioecious flowers, sharply serrate ovate leaves,
camlet.)
and terminal spines, the latter has herma-
A. As substantive :
phrodite flowers, obovate entire leaves, and is
1. Ord. Lang. : A kind of strong linen cloth, unarmed. The berries of the common species
stiffened with gum, used by tailors and stay are black, nauseous, and, as the specific name
makers. (Lit. & fig.).
imports, highly cathartic ; they afford a yellow
“ Our men in buckram shall have blows enough,
dye when unripe, as the bark of the shrub does
And feel they too are penetrable stuff.”
a green one. They are sold as “ French ber-
Byron : English Bards and Scotch Reviewers. ries.". The alder buckthorn, again, has dark
+ 2. Bot. (Pl. Buckrams): Two plants ; (1) purple purgative berries, which, in an unripe
Wild Garlic (Allium ursinum); (2) Cuckow state, dye wool green and yellow, and when
pint (Arum maculatum). (Ger. Appendix.) ripe bluish grey, blue, and green. The bark
B. As adjective:
dyes yellow, and, with iron, black. Of the
I. Lit. (of things) : Consisting of the fabric
foreign species, the berries of the Rock-buck-
described under A.
thorn, or Rhamnus saxatilis, are used to dye
"I have peppered two of them : two, I am sure, I
the Maroquin or Morocco-leather yellow,
have paid, two rogues in buckram suits."-Shakesp.
whilst the leaves of the Tea-buckthorn, R.
1 Hen. IV., ii. 4.
Theezans, are used by poor people in China as
2. Fig. (of persons): Starched, stiff, precise, a substitute for tea. [RHAMNUS.] ·
formal, trim.
"A few buckram bishops of Italy, and some other
bŭck'-tôoth, * būk'-tûth, s. [Eng. buck ;
epicurean prelates "-Futke against Allen, p. 301.
tooth.] Any tooth that juts out from the rest.
the vicinity of cultivation, and is not really
indigenous here. Its native country is Asia,
where it is extensively cultivated as a bread-
corn. In Europe its flowers are employed in
the making of bread, also of cakes, crumpets,
&c., and its seeds for feeding horses and
poultry.
B. As adj.: Resembling buckwheat; de-
signed to grind buckwheat.
buckwheat huller, s.
Grinding : A form of mill, or an ordinary
mill with a particular dress and set of the
stones, adapted to remove the hull from the
grains of buckwheat.
buckwheat-tree, s. The English name
of Mylocarpum, a genus of plants belonging
to the order Ericaceæ (Heathworts). The
Privet-like Buckwheat-tree, Mylocaryum ligus-
trinum, is a native of Georgia.
bắc -ỷ, buck-ie, k bik-7, 8. [From
Lat. buccinum (q.v.), or from Ger. bücken=to
bow, to bend.]
1. Lit. : Any spiral shell.
“Triton, his trumpet of a Buckie."
Muse's Threnodie, p. 2.
“Cypraea pecticulus, or John o' Groat's bucky, is
found on all the shores of Orkney."—Neill : Tour, p. 16.
Specially :
(1) The whelk (Buccinum undatum).
(2) The periwinkle (Turbo littoreus).
“And there will be partans and buckies.".
Ritson: S. Songs, i. 211.
(1) The dog-bucky (Purpura lapillus).
(2) The roaring-buckie (Buccinum undatum).
2. Fig. : A perverse or refractory person.
"Gin ony sour mou'd girning bucky
Ca' me conceity keckling chucky."
Ramsay: Poems, ii. 350.
(1) A deevil's bucky or buckie: A person
with a moral twist in his nature.
“It was that deevil's buckie, Callum Begg,' said
Alick."-Scott : Waverley, ch. lviii.
(2) A thrawn bucky: The same as No. 1, but
more emphatic, thrawn meaning twisted.
* bucled, a. [BUCKLE.]
bu-col-ic, bu-col-ick, a. & s. [In Fr. buco-
lique, a. & s. ; Sp. & Port. bucolico, a. ; bu-
colica, s. f. ; Ital. buccolico, a., buccólica, s. f.
From Lat. bucolicus ; Gr. Bovkodikós (boukolikos)
= pertaining to shepherds, pastoral; Bovkolos
(boukolos) =a cowherd, a herdsman; Bous
(bous) = an ox, and Kodéw (koleo) (in compos.
only)= to... tend, to take care of.]
A. As adj. : Pertaining to the life and oc-
cupations of a shepherd; pastoral, rustic,
often with the imputation of deficiency in in-
telligence, culture, and refinement.
†B. As substantive :
1. A pastoral poem.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fall, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pỉt, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian. X, o=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bucolical-buen
729
“Theocritus and Moschus had respectively written a "'Tis true, your budding Miss is very charming."
*2. Figuratively: Looking learned, or like a
bucolick on the deaths of Daphnis and Bion."--Notes
Byron : Beppo, 39.
on Milton's Smaller Poems.
C. As substantive :
doctor; scholastic, stern, severe.
2. The writer of a pastoral poem.
“The solemn fop; significant and budge.”
1. Hortic. : The operation of grafting a bud
“Spenser is erroneously ranked as our earliest
Cowper : Conversation.
from one plant upon the stock of some nearly-
English bucolick."-Warton: Hist. Eng. Poetry, iii. 51.
allied species. Abud, with the leaf to which it
* budge-bachelors, s. pl. A. company
* bū-col-1-cal, a. [From
of men dressed in long gowns lined and
is axillary, is cut with a sharp knife from the
Eng. bucolic, a.,
trimmed with budge-fur, who formerly ac-
and suffix -ai.] The same as bucolic, a. (q.v.). stem on which it grew. It is inserted into an
incision shaped like a capital T (T) in the
"Old Quintilian, with his declamations,
companied the Lord Mayor of London in his
Theocritus with his bucolical relations."
stock of the allied tree, and then tied round by
inaugural procession.
Skelton : Poems, p. 19.
a ligature of matting.
*budge-face, s. Well-furred-i.e., well-
búd(1), * búdde, s. [From Wel. budd=profit,
2. A variety of fissure. [GEMMIPARITY.] bearded face (?) or solemn face (?). (Nares.)
gain (3) (Jamieson). Or from A. S. bót=a... (Rossiter.)
“Poor budge-face, bowcase sleeve, but let him passe."
remedy, ... compensation. (Skinner.)] A
The so-called budding of yeast : A con-
Scourge : III., X.
gift, spec. a bribe.
tinual formation of sporidia, under special cir * būdge (3), S. [Etymology doubtful. Perhaps
“Thay pluck the puir, as thay war powand hadder ;
cumstances, in yeast. (Thomé.)
connected with o. Fr. bougeon=a bolt or
And taks buds fra men baith neir and far.
arrow with a large head.] A kind of bill; a
Priests of Peblis, p. 24. būd'-dle, s. [Etymology doubtful. Cf. Ger.
warlike instrument.
búd (2), * búdde, s. [Apparently from Dut. butteln, bütteln = to shake. (Mahn.).]
“Nane vyle strokis nor wappinnis had thay thare,
bot – a bud, an eye, a shoot; butz = a core. Mining: An oblong, inclined vat, in which Nouthir spere, budge, staf, pol-ax, swerd, nor mace."
Fr. bouton = a button, a bud, a germ.]
stamped ore is exposed to the action of running
Doug.: Virgil, 354,21.
I. Ordinary Language :
water, that the lighter portions may be washed *búdġe'-ness, s. [Eng. budge; -ness.] Stern-
1. Lit. : In the same sense as II. 1 (q.v.).
away. There are trunk-buddles or German
ness, severity.
chests, stirring-buddles, nicking-buddles or
"... every tree displays the same fact, for buds
"A Sara for goodnesse, a great Bellona for budgenesse."
must be considered as individual plants." -Darwin :
sleeping-tables, and buddle-holes or sluice Stanyhurst, cited by Warton, Hist. Eng. Poetry, iii. 401.
Voyage Round the World, ix. 203.
pits.
2. Fig.: The germ of anything.
budg'-ēr, s. [Eng. budg(e); -er.] One who
bud-dle, v.i. [From buddle, s. (q.v.).]
budges.
"Boys are, at best, but pretty buds unblown."
Cowper : Tirocinium.
Mining: To wash ore.
"Let the first budger die the other's slave."
II. Technically:
Shakesp. : Coriolanus, i. 8.
1 búdd'-1ě-a, búdd'-lei-a, s. [Named after
1. Bot. (A Bud or Leaf-bud): The germ of
future leaves which arises from a node imme-
Adam Buddle, a discoverer of localities for
búdġ/-ēr-ow, būdġ'-ēr-7, s. [A native
diately above the base of a leaf, or, in other
many rare British plants.]
word.]
words, from the axil of a leaf. Any one ap-
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
1. A large Bengal pleasure-boat.
pearing in a different situation is regarded as
order Scrophulariaceæ (Figworts). The species † 2. A vessel called also a buggalow (q.v.).
latent or adventitious. A bud consists of are evergreen or deciduous shrubs froin
Africa, Asia, or America.
scales imbricated over each other, the outer
būdġ'-ět, * bow-get, * bou-get, s. [Fr. bou-
Buddled Neemda is
series being the hardest and thickest, as being
one of the most beautiful plants in India.
gette = a little coffer or trunk, diminutive of
B.
designed to afford protection to those within
globosa, from Chili, is also highly ornamental.
Fr. bouge = a budget, wallet, or great pouch
Fully sixty species of Buddlea are known.
(Cotgrave); 0. Fr. boulge; from Lat. bulga = a
against the weather. In the centre of the scales
little bag ; from Gael. bolg, builg = a bag,
is a minute but all-important cellular axis, or
growing point, whence the future development
būd'-dling, pr. par. & s. [BUDDLE, v.]
budget.]
is to take place.
A. As pr. par. : (See the verb.)
I. Ordinary Language :
“Buds are distinguished into stem-buds (plumules), B. As subst. :
1. Lit. : A little bag, generally of leather.
leaf-buds, and flower-buds.”—Thomé : Struct. & Physiol.
“His budget, often filled, yet always poor,
Bot. (transl. by Bennet), 3rd ed., 1879, p. 82.
Mining: The act of separating ore from
Might swing at ease behind his study door."
2. Zool. : A protuberance, or gemmule, on
the refuse by means of a stream of water
Cowper : Charity.
polypes and similar animals, which ultimately passing down an inclined trough or cistern.
2. Fig.: A store, stock.
develops into a complete animal.
“It was nature, in fine, that brought off the cat, when
* bude, v.t. [BID, v.] To offer.
the fox's whole budget of inventions failed him.”—
bud-scales, s. pl.
“How answerest thou a lantail womman, that budeth
L'Estrange.
Bot. : Scales protecting buds which persist
the no wron: Ferumbras (ed. Herrtage), 1,235.
II. Technically:
through the winter. They are dry, viscid,
1. Parliament: The annual statement rela-
covered with hairs, or smooth.
* bude, * budde, s. [Bowd.]
tive to the finances of the country, made by the
"Budde, flye.”—Prompt. Parv.
Chancellor of the Exchequer in the House of
búd (1), v.t. [From bud (1), s. (q.v.).] (Scotch.)
Commons, in which is presented a balance-
To hribe.
*bu-del, s. [BEADLE.] ,
sheet of the actual income and expenditure of
“I have nothing that can hire or bud grace ; for if
grace would take hire, it were no more grace."--Ruther-
bude'-līght (gh silent), s. [From Bude, in
the past year, and an estimate of the income
ford's Letters, 86.
Cornwalī, where Mr. Gurney, the inventor of
and expenditure for the coming year, together
the light, lived.] An oil or gas burner supplied
with a statement of the mode of taxation pro-
búd (2), * būd'-dŭn, v.i. & t. [From bud (2),
with a jet of oxygen gas; the flame is very
posed to meet such expenditure.
s. (q.v.). In Dut. botten.]
brilliant.
2. Her. Water-bouget: A water-bucket.
A. Intransitive :
būdġe, * boudġe, v.i. [Fr. bouger = to stir;
3. Tiling : A pocket used by tilers for hold-
1. Lit. (of plants): To put forth buds.
Prov. bolegar =to disturb oneself; Ital. buli-
ing the nails in lathing for tiling.
“The rose is fairest when 'tis budding new,
care = to bubble up; from Lat. bullire =to
And love is loveliest when embalmed in tears."
būdg_y. * būdg-ie, a. [Eng. budg(e) : -y.]
Scott : Lady of the Lake, iv. 1.
boil. (Skeat.)] To stir; to move from one's Made of or resembling budge, well-furred-
2. Fig. (of animals or of anything):
place.
¿.e., well-bearded.
“I though
(1) To begin to grow.
For fear.”
“On whose furr'd chin did hang a budgie fleece."
“There the fruit, that was to be gathered from the
Thule, or Virtue's Historie, by F. R. 1598, sign. R. 2. b.
conflux, quickly budded out."-Clarendon.
* būdge (1), s. [O. Fr. boulge; Fr. bouge =
a budget, wallet, or travelling-bag ; Lat. bulga
t būd'-lět, s. [Eng. bud, and dimin. suff. -let.]
(2) To be blooming.
= a little bag ; from Gael. bolg, builg = a bag,
B. Transitive: [BUDDING, C. 1.]
A little bud.
budget.] A bag or sack.
“We have a criterion to distinguish one bud from
“... the capacity of one plant to be grafted or
another, or the parent bud from the numerous budlets
budded on another."-Darwin: Origin of Species (ed.
which are its offspring."-Darwin.
budge-barrel, s.
1859), ch. viii., p. 261.
Milit. : A small barrel, used for carrying
Būd-nē'i-ans, Bůd-næ-ans, s. pl. [Named
búd (3), * búde, v. impers. Behoved.
powder from the magazine to the battery in after Simon Budny, who was deposed from
“When first this war i' France began,
siege or sea-coast service. The head was formed the ministry in 1584, though afterwards re-
Our blades bude hae a meddlin' hand."
by a leather hose or bag, drawn close by a
Hogg : Scot. Pastorals, p. 15.
stored to office.] --
string, so as to protect the powder from danger Ch. Hist. : A Unitarian sect, followers of
būd'-děd, pa. par. & d. [BUD, v.]
of ignition by sparks.
Budny (see etymology), who in the 16th cen-
tury flourished for a time in Russian Poland
Bûd'-dha, s. [BOODDHA.]
būdge (2) (Eng.), * buge (Scotch), s. & a. and Lithuania. (Mosheim : Ch. Hist., cent.
Búddha is the spelling on Sir Wm.Jones's [Etymology doubtful, but probably connected
xvi., $ iii., pt. ii., ch. iv.)
system, and Booddha that on the rival system
with Fr. bouge = a budge, wallet.] [BUDGE
of Gilchrist. The former is more scientific, (1), s.]
* bůd'-ta-kar, s. [O. Scotch bud =a gift, and
but carries with it the disadvantage that many A. As substantive: A kind of fur made of takar = taker, receiver.) One who takes or
readers mispronounce the word Buddha. An lambskin with the wool dressed outwards ; receives a bribe.
Englishman is likely to pronounce the word formerly commonly worn as a trimming to
bid-y-tẽs, S. [From Gr. Boosurns (bonudat@s)
Bóoddha correctly, but where double o (00) is capes, cloaks, &c. (Lit. & fig.)
= the wagtail.]
introduced for his benefit, the Sanscrit and
"Item, ane nycht gown of lycht tanny dalmes, lynit
Pali have only a single vowel. .
with blak buge.”—Inventories, A. (1542), p. 78.
Ornith. : A genus of birds, family Sylvidæ
"A happy sight! rarely do buffe and budge
and sub-family Motacillinæ. Or the Mota-
Bûd'-dhỉşm, s. [BOODDHISM.]
Embrace, as do our souldier and the judge."
cillinæ may be raised into the family Mota-
Gayton : Fest. Notes, iv. 15, p. 251.
cillidæ. There are two British species, Bu-
Bûd-dhis-tic, a. [BOODDHISTIC.]
B. As adjective :
dytes flava (Motacilla flava, Yarrell), the Grey-
1. Literally : Wearing budge-fur, alluding to headed Wagtail ; and Budytes Rayi (Motacilla
būd-dîng, pr. par., A., & s. [BUD (2), v.]
the lambskin fur worn by those who had taken Rayi, Yarrell), Ray's Wagtail.
A. & B. As pr. par. & partic. adj. : In senses
degrees.
corresponding to those of the verb.
“O foolishness of men ! that lend their ears
* bue-gle, s. [BUGLE (2).]
“The budding rose above the rose full blown."
To those budge doctors of the Stoic fur.”
Wordsworth : French Revolution.
Milton : Comus. 1 * bu-en, v. [BE] To be.
to th' hadst scorn'd to budgradibras.
ból, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, çhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shủn; -ţion, -şion=zhăn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -dle, -gle, &c. = del, gel.

730
buf,buffet
“Forte buen hire owen make."
tanned soft and white. Its place is now filled 3. Cotton manuf.: A hamper of buffalo-
Specim. Ear. Eng. Lyric Poetry (1300). (Morris & Skeat.)
by the leather of cow-skins for a common, leather used in a factory to convey bobbins
buf, baf, s. [Etymology doubtful. Cf. buf
and of the American buffalo (bison) for a from the throstle.
(1), and Scotch baff.] An expression of con-
superior, article. It is still, however, much B. As adj.: Used as food by the buffalo;
tempt for what another has said."
used in the sabre, knapsack, and cartridge derived from the buffalo, or in any way per-
"Johann Kmnox_ansuerit inaist resolutlie, buf,
box belts of European armies, as well as
taining to it.
baf."-Nicol Burne, F. 128, b.
occasionally to cover the buffers and buff-
buffalo-berry, s.
wheels of the cutler, lapidary, and polisher.
* búff (1), * bŭffe, s. [Ital. buffa = a puff;
A plant-Shepherdia
(Knight.)
argentea.
0. Fr. (re)bouffer = to repulse, drive back;
Norm. Fr. buffe = a blow (Kelham).] A blow, buff-stick, s. [BUFF (2), s., II. 2.]
buffalo-clover, s. The English name of
a buffet.
a plant—the Trifolium pennsylvanicum. It is
buff-wheel, s.
so called because it covers the American
“Yet so extremely did the buffe him quell,
That from thenceforth he shund the like to take."
Polishing : A wheel of wood or other mate prairies, in which the North American
Spenser : F. Q., I. xi. 24. rial, covered with leather, and used in polish to buffalo," or rather bison, feeds.
ing metals, glass, &c.
bŭff (2), * bŭffe, s. & d. [A contraction of
buffalo-grass, s.
buffle = a buffalo.]
| bŭff (3), s. [Etymology doubtful.] Nonsense, 1. A grass, Sesleria dactyloides.
A. As substantive:
foolish speech or writing.
2. The same as buffalo-clover (q. v.).
I. Ordinary Language:
"Or say it only gi'es him pain
To read sic buff.”
buffalo-robe, s. The skin of the North
*1. A buffalo.
Shirref: Poems, p. 338. American bison, with the hair still remaining.
“We saw many Buffes, Swine, and Deere."-Pur búff (4), s. From Eng. buff, v. (q.v.) (?).] A
(Webster.)
chas: Pilgrimage, bk. V., c. 5.
term used to express a dull sound.
2. A kind of leather prepared from the skin
* bŭff'-ard, s. [O. Fr. bouffard; from bouffer.]
of the buffalo.
búff (5), * buffe, s. [Etymology doubtful.
[BUFF, v.] A foolish, silly fellow.
“ Costly his garb-his Flemish ruff
BUF.]
“ Yet wol she take a buffard riche of gret vilesse."
Fell o'er his doublet, shaped of buff.”
Buffe ne baff: Neither one thing nor another;
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, v. 16.
Lydgate : Minor Poems, p. 32.
3. Applied also to the leather prepared from nothing at all.
búf'-fel, s. [BUFFALO.] A duck—the Buffel's-
the skins of other animals, as elks and oxen, “A certaine persone being of hym [Socrates) bidden head, i.e., Buffalo's head duck (Anas buce-
and even of man, in the same manner as the
good speede, saied to hym againe neither buffe ne baff phala), a bird with a head looking large on
that is, made him no kind of answer). Neither was
buff-leather proper.
Socrates therewith any thing discontented."- Udall :
account of the fulness of its feathers. It is
"A fool of a colder constitution would have staid to
Apophth., fol. 9.
found, in winter, in the rivers of Carolina.
have flead the Pict, and made buff of his skin."-
To ken, or know, neither buff nor stye: To
bŭff'-ēr, s.
Addison : Spectator, No. 43.
know nothing. The phrase is used concern-
[O. Eng. buff = to puff, blow,
A thick tough-felted material of which
ing a sheepish fellow, who from fear loses his
strike, stammer.]
military belts were made was also called, pro-
recollection.
I. Ordinary Language :
bably from the colour, buff. (Knight.)
“Who knew not what was right or wrong,
* 1. One who stanımers or stutters.
* 4. A military coat made of buff-leather.
And neither buff nor sty, sir.”
“The tunge of bufferes swiftli shal speke and
*Jacobite Relics, i. 80.
“A fiend, a fury, pitiless and rough ;
pleynly."- Wickliffe : Isaiah xxxii. 4.
A wolf, nay worse, a fellow all in buff."
bŭff (1), * boffen, *buffen, v.i. & t. [Fr. + 2. A foolish fellow. [BUFFARD.]
Shakesp. : Comedy of Errors, iv. 2.
bouffer; 0. Fr. buffer; Sp. & Port. bufar; Ital. II. Engineering : A cushion or mechanical
5. A colour intermediate between light pink
buffare = to puff ; M. H. Ger. buffen; Ger. apparatus formed with a strong spring to
and light yellow.
puffen=to puff, pop, strike; Dan. puffe = to deaden the concussion between a body in
76. The bare skin. To be in buff=to be
pop. Essentially the same word as puff (q.v.).] motion and one at rest. Buffers are chiefly
naked.
* A. Intransitive: To puff, blow; hence, to
applied to railway carriages, there being two
II. Technically:
stammer or stutter.
at each end.
1. Medical : A greyish, viscid coat or crust, “Renable nas he noght of tonge, ac of speche hastyf,
buffer-spring, s. That which gives re-
called also buffy-coat, observed on blood drawn Botfyng and meste wanne he were in wraththe other
from a vein during the existence of violent
in stryf.”
Robert of Gloucester, p. 414. siliency to the buffer, and enables it to
inflammation, pregnancy, &c., and particularly
B. Transitive: To strike, beat.
moderate the jar incident to the contact of
in pleurisy. (Webster.) [BUFFY-COAT.]
"A chield wha'll soundly buff our beef;
two carriages or trucks.
I meikle dread him.
2. Mech.: A slip, lap, wheel, or stick
Burns : The T'wa Herds. bŭff'-ět (1), * boff-et, * bof-et, * boff-ete,
covered with buff-leather, used in polishing.
1 1. To buff corn : To give grain half thrash-
s. [O. Fr. bufet= a blow on the cheek; buffer,
"The points are then set and the needles polished, ing. (Scotch.) A field of growing corn, much
bufer = to strike, puff ; Sp. & Port. bofetada.
being held in the hand after the manner of pointing,
shaken by the storm, is also said to be buffed.
The word is radically the same with bobet
and rotating on a wheel covered with prepared leather,
which is called a buff.”-Marshall : Needle-making, p.
(Gl. Surv. Nairn.)
(q.v.), and is closely allied to the Gael. boc;
84.
2. To buff herring: To steep salted herrings
Wel. boch = cheek; Lat. bucca. ]
3. Military :
in fresh water, and hang them up. (Scotch.)
I. Literally :
* (1) Sing. : The beaver of a helmet.
1. A blow with the fist, especially a box
búff (2), v.i. [Probably a variant of puff (q.v.).]
“ They had helmets on their heads fashioned like
on the ears.
wild beasts necks, and strange bevers or buffes to the
To emit a dull sound, as a bladder filled with
“He had not read another spell,
same."-Holland : Livy.
wind does. (Scotch.)
When on his cheek a buffet fell."
(2) Pl. (the Buffs): A name given to the
“He hit him on the wame a wap,
Scott: Lay of Last Minstrel, iii. 10.
third regiment of the line from the colour of
It buft like ony bledder.”
* 2. A blast of a trumpet, &c.
their facings. In 1881 they were altered to
Ch. Kirk, st. 11.
“They blwe a boffet in blande that banned peple."
white.
To buff out: To laugh aloud. (Scotch.)
Allit. Poems : 'Cleanness, 885.
“The third regiment, distinguished by flesh-coloured bŭf-fa'-lo. * buf-fa-loe. * buf-fo-lo,
II. Fig. : Hardships, trials.
facings, from which it had derived the well-known
name of the Buffs, had, under Maurice of Nassau,
* buf-fle, * buffe, s. & a. [In Sw. & Dut.
"A man that fortune's buffets and rewards
Has ta'en with equal thanks.
fought not less bravely for the delivery of the Nether. buffel; Dan. böffel, Ger. büffel ; Fr. buffle ;
Shakesp. : Hamlet, ill. 2.
lands.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii.
Sp., Port., & Ital., bufalo; Pol, bawól; Bohem.
B. As adjective:
biewol; Lat. bubalus; Gr. Boubados (boubalos)
1 bŭff'-ět (2), bŭff-ět', 'bof-et, * buff-ett,
I. Literally:
=a species of African antelope, probably
* boff-et, s. (Fr. buffet; 0. Fr. bufet ; Ital.
1. Made of buff-leather.
Antilopus bubalus of Linnæus.]
buffetto; śp. bufete; Low Lat. bufetum = a
... wearing the buff coat and jackboo is of a
A. As substantive :
cupboard.]
trooper."-Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xiv.
I. Ordinary Language:
I. Ordinary Language :
2. Of the colour described in A., I. 5.
*1. A three-legged stool.
1. The European bison. [BISON.]
* II. Figuratively: Firm, sturdy.
_"... those neat, or buffles, called uri, or bisontes.”_
“Bofet, thre fotyd stole (boffet stole, P.) Tripos."-
Prompt. Parv.
Obvious compound : Buff-coloured.
Holland : Pliny, pt. 11, p. 323. (Trench.)
“Become the unworthy browse
2. A cupboard or sideboard, movable or
buff-belt, s. A soldier's belt, made of
Of buffaloes, salt goats, and hungry cows."
fixed, for the display of plate, china, &c.
buff-leather.
Dryden.
“The rich buffet well-colour'd serpents grace,
2. An ox-like animal, with long horns, un-
And gaping Tritons spew to wash your face."
buff-coat, s. A military coat made of
gainly aspect, and fierce countenance, domes-
Pope : Mor. Ess., iv. 153.
buff-leather.
ticated in India and southern Asia generally,
3. A refreshment bar.
“The rest of his dress was a loose buff-coat, which whence it has been introduced into Egypt and
II. Music : An organ-case, a keyboard-case.
had once been lined with silk and adorned with em.
broidery, but which seemed much stained with travel,
the south of Europe. The domestic buffalo is (Stainer & Barrett.)
and damaged with cuts, received probably in battle." descended from a wild one still found in the
-Scott: Abbot, ch. XX.
Indian jungles. It is the Bubulus bubalis of
bŭff-ět, * bof-et-en, * buff-et-yn, v.t. & i.
buff-hide, s. Buffalo hide or buff-leather. zoologists.
(BUFFET, s.]
buff-jerkin, s.
A. Transitive:
A
3. Any analogous species. Spec. (1) The
leathern waistcoat,
Cape Buffalo (Bos caffer), a native of Southern
one of a buff colour, worn by serjeants and
1. Lit. : To strike with the hand, especially
catchpoles, and used also as a military dress.
Africa, fierce and dangerous to those who on the cheek.
"o heavens, that a Christian should be to
molest it, or even intrude upon its haunts. “Ha buffeted the bretoner aboute the cheekes."
buf-jerkin!
Langland? Piers Plow., 4,148.
(2) The American bison.
Captain Conscience, I love thee, cap-
“Ah! were I buffeted a day,
tain." -Malcontent (O. Pl.), iv. 91.
II. Technically:
Mock'd, crown'd with thorns, and spit upon."
buff-leather, s. A strong oil-leather
1. Zool. : The English name of the genus
Cowper : Oiney Hymns, xliii. ; Prayer for Patience.
prepared from the hide of the buffalo, elk, or Bubalus (q.v.).
2. Fig. : To strike or beat in contention, to
ox. Formerly it was largely used for armour.
contend against.
*2. Her. (Of the form buffaloe): A name
It was said to be pistol-shot proof, and capa given by some of the older writers on heraldry
“The torrent roar'd, and we did buffet it
With lusty sinews, throwing it aside.”
ble of turning the edge of a sword. It was to the common bull.
Shakesp. : Julius Cæsar, i. 2.
White.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pît, sire, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, work, whô, son; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian. 2, =ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

buffeted-bugabo
731
B. Intransitive :
1. Lit. : To box, contend, strike.
2. Fig. :
(1) To smite the mind or heart.
"Our ears are cudgell'd: not a word of his
But buffets better than a fist of France."
Shakesp. : King John, ii. 1.
(2) To make one's way by struggling or
contention.
"Strove to buffet to land in vain."
Tennyson.
(3) To struggle, contend.
"Year after year the old man still kept up
A cheerful mind, and buffeted with bond,
Interest, and mortgages ; at last he sank.”
Wordsworth: The Brothers.
bŭff-ět-ěd, pa. par. & d. (BUFFET, v.]
+ bŭff-ět-ér, s. [Eng. buffet ; -er.] One who
buffets. (Johnson.)
bŭff-ět-ing, * bŭf-fět-ynge, * bof-et-
ynge, pr. par., A., & s. [BUFFET, v.]
A. & B. As pr. par. & partic. adj. : In senses
corresponding to those of the verb.
C. As substantive :
1. The act of striking.
"Buffetynge. Alapacio."-Prompt. Parv.
"Bofetynge. Alapizacio."-Ibid.
2. A blow, a buffet.
"From the head these hysterick buffetings de-
scended, and were plentifully bestowed upon the mem-
bers.' - Warburton : Doct. of Grace, i. 122.
* buff-et-yn, * bof-et-yn, v.t. [BUFFET, v.]
bŭf-fie, búf-file, 0. [Fr. bouffé = blown
up, swollen, pa. par. of bouffer (t.) = to blow,
(i.) = to blow up.) Fat, puffed up. (Applied
to the face.)
* buf-fil, * búff-ill, a. & s. [BUFFLE.]
A. As adj.: Of or belonging to the buffalo,
made of buffalo's hide ; buff.
"Belts called buffil belts, the dozen iii. s." —Rates
A. 1611.
B. As subst. : A buffalo's hide ; also, buff
in colour.
"Hingers of buffil,” &c.—Rates A. 1611. (Jamieson.)
* bŭff-ịn, s. & a. [Probably so called from
resembling buff-leather.]
A. As subst. : A kind of coarse stuff, used
for gowns.
“Grogeraine, buffins, or silke.”
Dalton : Country Justice (1620). Halliwell : Cont.
S to Lexicog.
B. As adj. : Made of this coarse stuff.
"My young ladies
In buffin gowns, and green aprons ! tear them off.”
Mässing. : City Mad., iv. 4.
The stage direction says, that they come
"in coarse habits, weeping.” (Nares.)
* búff-ing, pr. par. & d. [BUFF, v.]
buffing-apparatus, S. A mechanical
contrivance for deadening the shock of a col-
lision between railway carriages, consisting
of powerful springs enclosed in a case, the
springs being compressed at the time of col-
lision by a rod attached to them, which, pro-
ceeding outwards, is terminated by cushions
called buffers, placed there to receive the first
impact. (BUFFER.]
Buffing and polishing machine: A machine
having a wheel covered with what is tech-
nically known as buff-leather, though not
usually made of buffalo-hide. The leather
holds the polishing material, crocus, rouge,
bûf-fő, s. (Ital. buffo. Essentially the same
word as buffoon (q.v.)] A comic singer or
actor in an opera.
“By one of these, the buffo of the party."
Byron: Don Juan, iv. 81.
bûf'-fon, * bŭf-fôon, s. [Ital. buffo = a
humorous melody.) A pantomime dance.
"Braulis and branglis, buffoons, vitht mony vthir
lycht dansis.”—Compl. s., p. 102.
bûf-fon'-1-ą, bû-fõ'-ni-a, s. [Named after
Count Buffon, the well-known naturalist.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Caryophyllaceæ (Cloveworts). The se-
pals are four, as are the petals and stamina.
The capsule is one-celled, two-valved, two-
seeded. B. annun, or annual Buffonia, is
said to have been formerly found in Britain,
but it was not really wild.
bŭf-fôon', s. [Sp. bufon; Fr. bouffon ; Ital.
bufo, bufóne, from Ital. buffa = a trick, joke;
Sp. bufa = a scoffing, laughing; Ital. buffare
= to joke, jest, orig. to puff out the cheeks,
in allusion to the grimaces of the jesters
(Skeat); or from buff = a blow, because they
amused the spectators by buffing or cuffing
each other (Mahn).]
1. A man whose profession, it is to amuse
spectators by low antics and tricks; a jester,
a clown, a mountebank.
"No prince would think himself greatly honoured,
to have his proclamation canvassed on a publick stage,
and become the sport of buffoons."- Watts.
“... part squandered on buffoons and foreign
courtezans."- Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iii.
2. One who makes use of indecent raillery.
*3. Buffoonery, scurrility.
"Closed with mummery and buffoon."
4. Applied to animals, a mimic.
“Next her the buffoon ape."
Dryden : The Hind and the Panther, 39, 40.
buffoon-like, a. & adv. Like a buffoon.
* búf-fôon', v.t. & i. (BUFFOON, s.]
A. Trans. : To make ridiculous.
“Religion, matter of the best, highest, truest, hon-
our, despised, buffooned, exposed as ridiculous."-
Glanville: Serm., ix. 343.
B. Intrans. : To act or play the part of a
buffoon.
bŭf-fôon'-ēr-ý, s. [Fr. bouffonerie.]
1. The art or profession of a buffoon.
2. Indecent or low jests and tricks; scur-
bū'-fő, s. [Lat. buſo = a toad.]
Zool.: A genus of Batrachians, the type of
the family Bufonidce (q.v.). The body is in-
flated, the skin warty, the hind feet of mode-
rate length, the jaws without teeth, the nose
rounded. There are two British species-
Bufo vulgaris, the Common Toad or Paddock,
and B. calamita, the Natterjack Toad. At
least eighteen foreign species are known.
[TOAD.]
bû-fõ'-ni-ą, s. [BUFFONIA.]
bū-fon'-1-dæ, s. pl. [From Lat. bufora toad,
and fem. pl. suffix -idae.]
Zool.: A family of Batrachians. They are
distinguished from the Pipidæ by their pos-
sessing a well-developed tongue, and from the
Ranidæ (Frogs) by the absence of teeth.
bū'-fon-īte, s. [Lat. bufo = a toad.] Literally
toad-stone; a name given to the fossil teeth
and palatal bones of fishes belonging to the
family of Pycnodonts (thick teeth), whose re-
mains occur abundantly in the oolitic and
chalk formations. The term bufonite, like
those of " serpent's eyes,” “batrachites,” and
“ crapaudines,” by which they are also known,
refers to the vulgar notion that those organ-
isms were originally formed in the heads of
serpents, frogs, and toads.
bŭg (1), bŭgge, s. & d. [In Dan. bæggeluus
= (bug-louse) = the insect called a bug ; Wel.
bwg =a hobgoblin; bwgan =a bugbear, a
hobgoblin; bwgwth = to threaten, to scare,
from bw = a threat, terror, a bugbear; Ir. &
Gael. bocan =a bugbear; Ir. pucka=an elf,
a sprite, Puck (Shakesp. : Midsummer Night's
Dream, ii. 1., 40, 148 ; iv. 1, 69; v. 438, 442).
Cf. Mahratta bagül = a bugbear, a boggle.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language:
*1. Of terrifying objects : An object of terror,
a bugbear (q.v.). (Lit. & fig.)
"Matrimony hath euer been a blacke bugge in their
sinagoge and churche." — Bale: Votaryes (Pref.)
(Richardson.)
2. Of insects, whether contemptible or an-
noying :
(1) Of contemptible insects : Any insect of
diminutive size, or in other ways contemptible.
“Do not all as much and more wonder at God's rare
workmanship in the ant, the poorest bug that creeps,
as in the biggest elephant."-Rogers: Naaman the
Syrian, p. 74.
(2) Of annoying insects : The bed-bug (Cimex
lectularius). [II.] Its unattractive form and
manner of life are too well known to require
description. The eggs, which are white, are
deposited in the beginning of summer. They
are glued to the crevices of bedsteads or
furniture, or to the walls of rooms. Before
houses existed, the bug probably lived under
the bark of trees.
(3) Any similar insect.
“Yet let me flap this bug with gilded wings,
This painted child of dirt which stinks and stings."
Pope : Prol. to Satires, iii. 309.
II. Zoology:
1. The English name of the genus Cimex, to
which the bed-bug [A. I. 2. (2)] belongs.
2. The English name of the family Cimicidæ,
of which Cimex is the type.
3. The English name of the sub-order He-
teroptera, one of two ranked under the order
Hemiptera or Rhyncota. Most of the spe-
cies essentially resemble the bed-bug, except
that they have wings. Some suck the blood
of animals, and others subsist on vegetable
juices. Not a few species are beautiful, but
many have the same unpleasant smell which
emanates from the bed-bug.
B. As adjective: Pertaining to bugs, de-
signed to destroy bugs.
Obvious compounds: Bug-destroyer, bug-
powder.
bug-agaric, s. An agaric or mushroom
which used to be smeared over bedsteads to
destroy bugs. (Prior.)
búg (2), * bouge, s. & d. [BUDGE.)
bug-skin, s. A lamb's skin dressed.
.".... ane hundreth bug skinnes...."-Act. Dom.
Conc. A. 1491, p. 199.
*bug, a. (Big.] (More : Song of the Soul, pt. ii.,
bk. ii., ch. iii., § 63.)
bŭg'-a-bö, s. [From Eng. bug (1), (q.v.); and
bo (q.v.).] A bugbear.
"For all the bugaboes to fright you."-Lloyd: Chit
Chut. (Richardson.)
rility:
&c.
“The carnival was at its height, and so
Were all kinds of buffoonery and dress."
Byron : Beppo, v. 21.
bŭf-fòon'-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [BUFFOON, v.]
A. & B. As pr. par. & participial adj. : (See
the verb.)
"Let not so mean a style your muse debase,
But learn froin Butler the buffooning grace.”
Sir W. Soames and Dryden's Art of Poetry.
C. As subst. : The act of behaving like a
buffoon, buffoonery.
" Leave your buffooning and lying: I am not in
humour to bear it."-Dryden : Amphitryon.
+ bŭf-fôon'-ish, d. [Eng. buffoon; -ish.] Like
a buffoon. (Blair.)
+ bŭf-fôon'-ism, s. [Eng. buffoon; and suffix
-ism.] The conduct or procedure of a butfoon,
buffoonery. (Minsheu.)
+ bŭf-fộon'-īze, v.i. [From Eng. buffoon, s.,
and suffix -ize.) To play the buffoon. (Min-
sheu.)
* bi-fồon-lý, a. [Eng. banfoom ; -0.] Like
a buffoon, characteristic or suitable for a
buffoon; low, scurrilous.
"Such men become fit only for. toys and trifles, for
apish tricks and buffoonly discourse." - Goodman :
Wint. Ev. Conference, p. 1.
bŭffs, s. pl. [BUFF (2), s., II. 3.]
bŭf-fy, d. [From buff, a. & s. (q.v.).]
Med. : Of a buff colour; consisting of what
is medically called buff (q.v.).
buffy-coat, s. A layer of fibrine at the
top of the coagulum, formed on blood drawn
from the veins of a patient during severe in-
flammation, and especially during pleurisy.
The term buffy is applied to it because the
red corpuscles being of heavier specific gravity
fall to the bottom, leaving the lighter coloured
on the top. The buffy-coat varies from less
than one line to one or two inches in thick-
ness. It is called also buff and size.
* bŭff-le, * buffil, * bufle, s. [Fr. buffle =
a buffalo.] [BUFFALO.)
1. Lit. : A buffalo.
2. Fig.: A stupid fellow.
"He said to the three buffles, who stood with their
hats in their hands, "Tell me, you waggs, is not my page
a gallant boy? Mark but the pleasant sport he
makes."-The Comical History of Francion (1655).
(Halliwell : Cont. to Lexicog.)
buffle-head, s. One who has a large
head, like a buffalo; a heavy, stupid fellow.
buffle-headed, a. Having a large head,
like a buffalo; heavy, stupid.
bufile-hide, s. The hide or skin of a wild
ox.
* búf-fie, v.i. [A variant of baffle (q.v.).] To
puzzle, to be at a loss.
"This was the ntter ruin of that poor, angry, buffling,
well-meaning mortal, Pistorides, who lies equally
under the contempt of both parties."-Swift.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çeli, chorus, chin, bench; go, ģem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious, -cious = shús. -ble, -fle, &c.=bel, fel.

732
bugasine-Buhl
dichotomous, the joints lengthened, cylindri-
cal, with lozenge-shaped impressed cells. Its
height is from two to three inches, its diameter
the twentieth of an inch or less.
bugle-horn, s. [Eng. bugle-horn. In Ger.
mil. bügel-horn. Originally the horn of the
bugle-ox.]
1. The musical instrument described above.
* 2. A horn of a similar shape used for quaf-
fing wine.
“And drinketh of his bugle-horn the wine."
Chaucer : The Frankleiner Tale, 11,565.
* bugle-rod, s. A bishop's crozier.
(Stainer & Barrett.)
búg'-a-şīne, s. [From Fr. boccasin = a kind
of fine buckram resembling taffeta, also cal-
limanco. (Cotgrave).] A name for calico.
[BUCKASY.]
“Bugasines or callico 15 ells the piece-4s."-Rates,
A. 1670.
búg'-bāne (1), s. [From Eng. bug; and bane.]
A name given in America to Cimicifuga, a
plant of the order Ranunculaceæ (Crowfoots).
It is called in England bugwort.
būg'-bāne (2), s. [A corruption of bog-bean
(q.v.).]
búg'-beär, s. & a. [From Eng. bug (1) = an
object of terror (q.v.); and bear = the animal
so called.]
A. As substantive: A spectre or hobgoblin ;
any frightful object, especially one which,
being boldly confronted, vanishes away.
[BUG (1).] (Lit. & fig.)
“Invasion was the bugbear with which the court
tried to frighten the nation."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng.,
ch. xxiii.
B. As adjective: Terrifying.
“.... such bugbear thoughts "-Locke.
* búg'-bêar, v.t. [From bugbear, s. (q.v.).]
To frighten with idle phantoms. (Abraham
King.)
* buge (1), s. [Bough.] (Story of Gen. and
Exod., 2,060.)
* buġe (2), s. [BUDGE, S.] (Scotch.).
búg'-ga-low, s. [Mah. bagala.]
Naut. : An East India coasting-vessel with
!
one nast and a lateen sail, which navigates
one, is of the calash kind. In this case it is
commonly known as a top-buggy.
B. As adjective: (See the compounds.)
buggy-boat, s. A boat having a provi-
sion for the attachment of wheels, so as to be
converted into a land vehicle.
buggy-cultivator, s.
Agriculture: A machine called a cultivator,
having wheels and a seat so that the person
may ride.
· buggy-plough, s. A plough having
usually several ploughs attached to a single
frame, and having a seat for the ploughman,
who rides and drives.
buggy-top, s.
Vehicles : The calash top of the single-seated
vehicle known as a buggy.
* bughe, s. (BOUGH.]
būght (gh guttural), s. (BOUGHT.] A pen in
which ewes are milked. (Scotch.)
bŭght (gh guttural), v.t. [From bught, s.
(q.v.).] To collect sheep into the pen to be
milked.
bŭ'ght - în (gh guttural), pr. par. & a.
[BUGHT, v.]
bughtin-time, s. Scotch for the time of
collecting the sheep in the pens to be milked.
“ When o'er the hill the eastern star,
Tells bughtin-time is near, my jo."
Burns : My ain kind dearie, O!
* bū'-ġi-ard, s. [From Ital. bugiardo = a liar;
* haha
from bugiardo = false.] A liar.
"Like an egregious bugiard, he is here quite out of
the truth."--Hacket : Life of Archbishop Williams,
pt. i., p. 71. (Trench : On some Deficiencies in our
Eng. Dict., p. 53.)
* bug-larde, s. [From Wel. bwg, bwgan = a
hobgoblin.] The same as Bug (1) (q.v.).
“Bugge or buglarde. Maurus, Ducius.”—Prompt.
Parv.
bū’-gle (1), * bu-gel, * bu-gele, * bu-gill,
* bou-gle, * bow-gle (Eng.), boo-gle
(North of England dial.), * bow-gle, * bow-
gill (Scotch), s. [From 0. Fr. bugle ; Lat.
buculus = a young bullock or steer ; bucular
a heifer.] A kind of wild ox.
"He beareth azure, a buffe. Or some call it a bugiti,
and describe it to be like an oxe."-R. Holme: Acad.,
II. ix., p. 170.
" These are the beastes which ye shall eat of, oxen,
shepe, and gootes, hert, roo, and bugle (now rendered
fallow-deer.] Deut. xiv. 4, 5."-Phillips: World of
Words.
bū'-gle (2) (Eng.), bū'-gle, * bū'-gil, * bū'-
gill (Scotch), s. & a. (A contraction of bugle-
horn = the horn of a bugle, i.e., of the wild-ox
so called. [BUGLE (1). ] (Skeat.).]
A. As substantive :
1. Gen. Of things bent or curved : Spec. -
* (1) The head of a bishop's crozier, (2) the
handle of a kettle, (3) the handle of a basket.
2. Of musical instruments :
(1) Literally:
(a) A small hunting-horn. [BUGLE-HORN.]
“Or hang my bugle in an invisible baldrick."
Shakesp. : Much Ado, i. 1.
(6) A treble instrument of brass or copper,
differing from the
trumpet in having
a shorter and more
conical tube, with
a less expanded
bell. It is played
with a cupped
mouth-piece. In
the original form
it is the signal-horn
BUGLE.
for the infantry, as
the trumpet is for the cavalry. (Grove's Dict.
of Music.)
“Our bugles sang truce for the night-cloud had lowered.”
Campbell : The Soldier's Dream.
(2) Figuratively: The shrill sounding wind.
“Sa bustuouslie Boreas his bugill blew
The dere full derne doun in the dalis drew.” |
Doug. : Virgil, 281, 17.
B. As adjective : (See the compounds.)
Compounds of obvious signification :
Bugle-blast (Scott: Lord of the Isles, vi. 4);
bugle-call (Scott: War Song of the Royal Edin-
burgh Light Dragoons); and bugle-clang (Scott :
Rokeby, vi. 34).
bugle-coralline, S. Fareimia fistulosa,
a zoophyte of the family Flustradæ. It is
BUGGALOW.
bū'-gle (3), * bue-gle, s. [Low Lat. bugolus
= an ornament, stated by Muratori to have
been worn by the ladies of Placentia, A.D.
1388. (Wedgwood.) Ger. bügel = a bent piece
of metal or wood. Skeat considers bugle a
dimin. from M.H. Ger. bouc, bouch = an arm-
let; A.S. beág=an armlet, neck ornament,
&c.]
A. As substantive: A long, slender glass
bead; sometimes arranged in ornamental forms
and attached to various articles of ladies'
wearing apparel.
"I wonne her with a gyrdle of gelt
Embost with buegle about the belt."
Spenser : Shep. Cal., ii.
B. As adjective:
1. Literally : Consisting of glass beads. [A.]
"Bugle bracelet, necklace amber,
Perfume for a lady's chamber."
Shakesp.: Winter's Tale, iv. 4 (Song).
2. Figuratively:
“ 'Tis not your inky brows, your black silk hair,
Your bugle eyeballs, nor your cheek of cream,
That can entame my spirits to your worship."
Ibid. : As You Like It, iii, 5.
bugle-lace, s. Apparently a kind of lace
resembling bugle-beads.
bū'-gle (4), s. [Apparently corrupted from
Lat. bugillo or bugula, this again being a con-
tracted diminutive of buglossum, which the
plant fairly resembles.]
1. The English name of Ajuga, a genus of
plants belonging to the order Lamiaceæ, or
Labiates. [AJUGA.]
2. The same as BUGLE-WEED.
bugle-weed. S. The name given in
America to a labiate plant--the Lycopus vir-
ginicus.
bū'-gloss, s. & a. [In Fr. buglos; Ital. buglossa;
Lat. buglossos or buglossa = a plant, the An-
chusa italica (?); Gr. Bouyswocos (bouglōssos);
from Bows (bous) = an ox, and ywooa (glossa)
= the tongue, which the long, rough leaves
faintly resemble.]
A. As substantive :
Ord. Lang. & Bot. : A name for several plants
belonging to the order Boraginaceæ (Borage-
worts). Spec.-
1. Echium vulgare. [Viper's bugloss.]
2. Lycopsis arvensis, more fully called the
Small or Wild Bugloss. It is very hispid,
and has bright blue flowers.
3. An Alkanet (Anchusa officinalis).
4. Helminthia echiodes. (Britten & Holland.)
Viper's Bugloss : [So called from being of
old believed to be of use against the bite of
serpents.] The genus Echium. The E. vul-
gare, or Common, and the E. violaceum, or
Purple-flowered Viper's Bugloss, occur in
Britain. The latter is a rare plant found in
Jersey, while the former is not uncommon.
Its stem is hispid with tubercles, and its
large blue flowers, with protruding stamina,
are arranged in a compound spike or panicle.
B. As adjective: [BUGLOSS CowSLIP.]
bugloss cowslip, s.
1. A plant, Pulmonaria officinalis.
2. Pulmonaria angustifolium.
bůg'-wõrt, s. [Eng. bug; and A.S. wyrt=
wort, an herb.] The English name of Ci-
micifuga, a genus of plants belonging to the
order Ranunculaceæ, or Crowfoots. [CIMICI-
FUGA.] It is called also SNAKEROOT (q.v.).
Bûhi, s. & a. [Named from André Buhl or
Boule, an Italian, who was born in 1642. He
died in 1732 ; lived in France in the reign of
Louis XIV., and made the work since called
after him.]
the Indian seas from the Gulf of Cutch. It
was in existence as early as the time of Alex-
ander the Great. [BUDGEROW.] (Journ. Roy.
Asiat. Soc., i. 12, 13.)
* būgge, s. [BUG (1), s.] A bugbear. [Bog-
GARDE.]
* bug-ge, * bug-gen, v.t. & i. [A.S. bycgan,
bycgean.) [Buy.) To buy.
“Ac vnder his secret seel treuthe sent hem a lettre
That they shulde bugge boldely."
Piers Plowman : Vis., vii. 24.
búg'-gēr, S. [Fr. Bougre, bougré =(1) (Bougre),
the name of certain so-called heretics, the
Bulgarians or Paulicians, some of whom
passing into Western Europe were supposed
to have originated or become identified with
the Albigenses. (2) One guilty of sodomy. No
proof exists of the truth of the inputation
conveyed in the etymology that members of
the Bulgarian sect were ever guilty of the
crime against nature. BULGARIAN.]
1. One guilty of buggery (q.v.).
2. A low, vile wretch. (Very low and vulgar.)
būg'-gěr-ý, s. [From O. Fr. bougrerie, bogre-
rie = heresy.] [BUGGER.] Sodomy. (Black-
stone.)
bug'-gi-ness, s. [Eng. buggy; suffix-ness.]
The state of being infested with bugs. (John-
son.)
bůg'-gy, a. [Eng. bug; -y.] Infested with
bugs. (Johnson.)
būg'-gỹ, s. & d. [Etymology doubtful.]
A. As substantive :
Vehicles : A light four-wheeled vehicle,
having a single seat. The top, when it has
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hộr, thêre; pīne, pīt, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, work, whô, son; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; try, Sýrian, æ, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

buhr-buksum
733
and siluer. ... and put it In N18 DUIS. -
no
buhl-saw, s. A saw resembling a frame What is built is employed for the purpose of 2. A species or class of construction.
or bow-saw in having the thin blade strained receiving, retaining, or confining; what is “There is hardly any country which has so little
in a frame.
erected is placed in an elevated situation; what shipping as Ireland ; the reason must be, the scarcity
is constructed is put together with ingenuity.
of timber proper for this built."--Temple.
buhl-work, S. Artistic work in dark-
All that is built may be said to be erected or
Used largely in composition, as brick-
coloured tortoise-shell or wood, inlaid with constructed : but all that is erected or constructed built, clinker-built, half-built, &c.
brass and ornamented with the graver.
is not said to be built; likewise what is erected built-beam, s.
bůhr, s. [BURR.]
is mostly constructed, though not vice versa.
· Carp.: A beam or girder formed of several
We build from necessity; we erect for orna-
ment; we construct for utility and convenience.
pieces of timber, fitted and bolted, or strapped
búhr-stone, s. [BURRSTONE.]
together, in order to obtain one of a greater
Houses are built, monuments erected, machines
* buick, pret. [BECK, v.] Courtesied.
strength than is usually obtainable in one
are constructed.” (Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
balk of timber. (Gwilt.)
"The lass paid hame her compliment and buick."
Ross : Helenore, p. 66. (Jamieson.) build, * bild, * buld, * bylde, s. [BUILD, 2.] built-rib, s.
* buige, v.i. [A.S. bugan = to bend.] To
1. The form, style, or mode of construction ; Carpentry: An arched beam made of
bow.
figure.
parallel plank laid edgewise and bolted to-
"I hate thraldome, yet man I buige and bek."
* 2. A building, edifice, structure.
gether.
Arbuthnot : Maitland Poems, p. 150. (Jamieson.)
“Bryng me to that bygly bylde."
built-up, a. A term used of masts made
* buik, * buke, pret. [A.S. bóc, pret. of bacan
Early Eng. Allit. Poems : Pearl, 962.
of pieces and hooped ; and of cannon having
=to bake.] Baked.
build-ěr, s. & a. [Eng. build ; -er.]
an inner core and outer reinforcements.
“Wald hald one boll of flour quhen that scho buik."
A. As subst. : One who builds.
Dunbar: Maitland Poems, p. 73. (Jamieson.)
büird-lý, a. [BURDLY.] (Scotch.)
“But what we gain'd in skill we lost in strength,
būik, buke, s. [BOOK.) A book. (Scotch.)
Our builders were with want of genius curs'd."
* buise, s. (Etym. doubtful. From 0. Eng.
Dryden: Epistle to Mr. Congreve, 12,13.
The buik : The Bible.
buysh = bush (?).] A bush, a tree (?), a gallows.
B. As adj. : Fitted for building; of use in
To take the buik : To perform fainily wor building.
To shoot the buise : To be hanged.
ship.
""The builder Oake, sole king of forrests all." * buissh, s. [BUSH.] (Chaucer.)
buik-lare, s. Book-learning. (Scotch.)
Spenser : F. Q., I., i. 8.
I Used largely in composition, as boat * būist (1), * būste, * boost, * booste,
buik-leard, book-lear'd, a. Book builder, carriage-builder, &c.
* boyste, s. [The same as boist (2), s. (q.v.).]
learned. (Scotch.)
"I'm no book-leard."
builder's-jack, S.
1. Lit. :
A kind of scaffold
A. Nicol : Poems, p. 84. (Jamieson.) which is supported on a window-sill and (1) A box.
against the wall and extends outwardly, to “The Maister of the money sall answer for all gold
build, * beld-en, * bild-en, * buld-en,
and put it in his buist."-Ja. II., Parl.
enable a workman to stand outside while re-
1451, c. 33, 34 (ed. 1566).
* build'-en, * bylde (u silent) (pret. and pairing or painting.
pa. par. *builded, built, * bult, * bulte), v.t. & i.
(2) A brand or mark set upon sheep or
IO. Swed. bylja=to build ; bol, böle =a house;
build-ing. * beld-inge, * bild-inge, cattle by their owner. (Scott.)
Dan. bol; Icel. böle = a farm; byle, boli = a
* bild-ynge, * buld-inge, pr. par., A., 2. Fig.: The distinctive characteristic of a
house; A.S. bold = a house.]
& s. [BUILD, v.]
fraternity.
A. Transitive :
A. & B. As pr. par. & partic. adj. : In senses “He is not of the brotherhood of Saint Mary's—at
least he has not the buist of these black cattle."-
I. Literally:
corresponding to those of the verb.
Scott: Monastery, ch. xxiv.
1. To erect an edifice on the ground by
C. As substantive :
būist (2), s. [The same as Eng. busk (?)
uniting various materials into a regular struc 1. The act of constructing or erecting.
(Scotch).] An article of female dress, intended
ture.
"In buyldynge thei spende it." - Langland : P. to give fulness to the figure.
"He bildede a citee."-Wickliffe : Genesis, iv. 17.
Plowman, 10,274.
2. To construct or frame a fabric of any
“Busy with hewing and building."
būist, v.t. [From buist (1) s. (q.v.).]
Longfetlow : Courtship of Miles Standish, viii.
kind.
1. To box, in the sense of enclosing in a box
2. The art, science, or profession of a builder.
"The desirability of building rigged turret ships for
or shutting up. (Generally with up.).
sea-going purposes.”—Brit. Quarterly Rev., January,
3. That which is built; a fabric, an erection,
“This barme and blaidry buists up all my bees.”
1873, p. 112.
an edifice.
Montgomerie: Ms. Chron. S. P., iii. 500.
“The earlier voyagers fancied that the coral-building
"Among the great variety of ancient coins which I 2. To brand or mark sheep or cattle.
animals instinctively built up their great circles to
saw at Rome, I could not but take particular notice of
afford themselves protection in the inner parts."-
such as relate to any of the buildings or statues that
Darwin : Voyage Round the World (ed. 1870), ch. xx.,
are still extant."-Addison.
* buist-ows, a. [Boistous.]
p. 466.
3. To construct a nest.
building-act, s. An act regulating the 1 * buit, s. [Gael. buite = a firebrand (Shaw);
construction of buildings. The Building Acts Ir. brute = fire (Lhuyd and O'Brien.) (Jamie-
II. Figuratively:
7 & 8 Vict., c. 84, and 9 & 10 Vict., c. 5, &c., son.).] A match for a firelock.
1. To construct, frame, or form.
are confined in their operation to London and
“... there were no lighted buits among the mus.
"The Lord God bildede the rib ... into a woman." its vicinity.
quetry.”—Gen. Baillie : Letter, ii. 275.
-Wickliffe : Genesis ii. 22. (Purvey.)
2. To raise or bring into existence anything building-block, s.
* būith, s. [BOOTH.] A shop. (Scotch.)
on any ground or foundation; to found.
Shipbuilding : One of the temporary struc-
the temporary struc- bû'ith-hăv-ér, s. [From Scotch buith=a
“Love built on beauty, soon as beauty, dies.” Donne. tures resting upon the slip and supporting
booth ; Eng. have, and suffix -er.] A keeper
3. To compose, put together.
the keel of a ship while building.
of a booth or shop.
"Himself to sing and build the lofty rhyme."
building-lease, s. A lease of land for
Milton : Lycidas, v. 11.
a term of years, the lessee covenanting to
* bûit-ing, s. [Booty.) (Scotch.)
* 4. To strengthen, establish, conform (fre-
erect certain buildings upon it.
"Ransounes, buitinges, raysing of taxes, imposi-
quently with the adverb up.)
tions.”- Acts fa. VI. (1572), c. 50.
(1) Of persons :
building-mover, s. A heavy truck on
rollers or wide track-wheel, used in moving
*buk (1), s. [BUCK (2).] (Prompt. Parv.)
“I commend you to God, and to the word of his
grace, which is able to build you up."-Acts xx. 32.
houses.
buk (2), buke, s. [Book.] (Scotch.)
(2) Of things :
building-place, s. A place in which to
buke-muslin, s. [BOOK-MTJSLIN.]
“The Lord doth build up Jerusalem."-Ps. cxlvii. 2. build a nest; a nesting-place.
* B. Reflexively: To establish, strengthen.
"A small green parrot (Conurus murinus), with a
bůk’-a-sý, bůk'-ke-sý, s. [BUCKASIE. )
"Building up yourselves on your most holy faith."-
grey breast, appears to prefer the tall trees on the is-
lands to any other situation for its building-place."-
Jude 20.
Darwin : Voyaye Round the World (new ed., 1870), ch.
* buk-hid, * buk-hud, s. [From Sw. bock =
C. Intransitive :
vii., p. 138.
a buck, a he-goat; hufvud = head.] A game,
I. Literally :
building-slip, s.
probably blindman's buff.
“So day by day scho plaid with me buk hud."
1. To exercise the art or science of a builder Shipwrighting : A yard prepared for ship-
Bannatyne MS. Chron, s. P. iii. 237. (Jamieson.)
or architect.
building.
“ To build, to plant, whatever you intend,
* bukk, v.t. [Etym. doubtful. Cf. Ger. bocken
To rear the column, or the arch to bend.” Pope. | * build-ress, s. [Eng. builder; and fem. suff. =to butt.] To incite, to instigate.
2. To construct a nest.
-ess.] A now obsolete feminine form of builder.
“Sym to haif bargain culd not blin
“Bryddez busken to bylde."
"Sherah, the daughter of Ephraim the younger,
But bukkit Will on weir."
Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight, 509.
the greatest buildress in the whole Bible." -Fuller :
Evergreen, ii. 181, st. 12.
“Sparrows must not build in his house-eaves."-
A Pisgah Sight of Palestine, pt. i., bk. 2, c. 9. (Trench,
on Some Def. in our Eng. Dict., p. 19.)
* bukke, s. [BUCK (2).]
Shakesp.: Meas. for Meas., iii. 2.
II. Figuratively:
* buile, v.t. & i. [BOIL.]
* bukkes-horne, s. A buck's horn.
1. To ground oneself on; to depend, rest on. I built * bult, pa, nar., d., & s. [BUILD, 0.1
To blowe the bukkes horne: To employ
"Some build rather upon the abusing of others, and
oneself in any useless amusement.
putting tricks upon them, than upon soundness of
A. & B. As pa. par. & particip. adj. : In
their own proceedings."-Bacon.
senses corresponding to those of the verb. |
bùk-kům, s. [Bukkum or wukkum, name of
* 2. To live, dwell.
(Lit. & fig.)
the wood in some of the languages of India.]
“Brittenes the baronage, that bieldez tharein."-
“He is tall, well and athletically built."-Daily bukkum-wood, s. The wood of Cæsal-
Morte Arthure, 1241.
Telegraph, Dec. 1, 1865.
pinia Sappan. It is used as a dye-stuff.
Crabb thus distinguishes between to build, *C. As substantive :
to erect, and to construct :-"The word build by
1. The form, style, or general figure of a bük'-shēesh, bůk-shîsh, s. [BAKSHISH.]
distinction expresses the purpose of the action;
structure (now replaced by build).
erect indicates the mode of the action ; con-
* bùk-sům, * būk'-some, * bouk'-sům,
“As is the built, so different is the fight.”
struct indicates contrivance in the action.
Dryden. * bulk-some, a. [Buxom.]
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhăn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -gle, &c. = bel, gel.

734
bul-bulker
*bul(1), s. [BOLE.]
Lat. bulbus (q.v.), i connective, fero= to bear, búlge'-wāys, s. pl. (BILGEWAYS.]
and Eng. suff. -ous.]
*bul (2), s. [BULL.)
Botany : Bearing bulbs. Example, Globba
| búlg'-îng, pr. par., a., & s. [BULGE, v.]
.. the oddest mixture of these plants and
búi (3), s. (Heb. & Phen. 972 (Bul)=(1) rain, (2) marantina. (Lindley.)
bulging rockthe. od
.Arthur Young.
the rainy month; from 2 (yabal) = to flow
búi'-bîl (Eng.), bŭl-bîl'-lús (Mod. Lat), s. bū-lim'-1-a, s. [BULIMY.]
copiously.) The eighth month of the Jewish [From Class. Lat. bulbulus, dimin. of bulbus
year. (1 Kings vi. 38.)
=a bulb.]
bū-lìm'-ų-lūs, s. [From Lat. bulimus (q.v.);
and dimin, suffix -ulus.]
bulb, s. & a. [In Fr. bulbe; Sp., Port., & Ital. Botany : The same as BACILLUS (q. v.).
bulbo; from Lat. bulbus ; Gr. Bonbós (bolbos) =
Zool.: A sub-genus of Bulimus (g.v.). Above
(Lindley.)
three hundred species are known, three of
a certain bulbous plant.]
bul-bī'-nē, s. [Gr. Borbós (bolbos) = a certain them British
A. As substantive :
bulbous plant much prized in Greece.)
bu-lim-us, s. [From Lat. balimous ; Gr.
I. Ordinary Language:
Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the order
Bovdepos (boulimos) = (1) extreme hunger, (2)
1. In the same sense as II. 1. (q.v.).
Liliaceæ (Lily worts), and the section Anthe-
weakness of the stomach, fainting ; Bows (bous)
2. A protuberance shaped more or less like riceæ. The species, which are all ornamental,
= an ox, and Aquós (limos) = hunger, famine.)
a bulb, as the bulb of a chronometer.
are common in flower-gardens.
Zool. : A large genus of molluscs, family
"If we consider the bulb or ball of the eye.”-Ray.
bŭlb'-let, s. [From Eng. bulb, and dimin.
Helecidæ (Land-snails). The shell is oblong
II. Technically :
suff. -let.]
or turreted, with the longitudinal margins un-
1. Botany: A scaly body, formed at or Bot.: A small bulb growing above ground
equal. The animal is like that of Helix. The
beneath the surface of the ground, sending
genus is widely distributed. The European
on some plants, and which ultimately drops
roots downward from its lower part and a stem
species are mostly small, but Bulimus ovatus
off, and, rooting itself in the ground, becomes
upwards from its centre. It propagates itself
of South America is six inches long. In 1875
a new plant. (Gray.)
by developing new bulbs in the axils of the
the known recent species were 1,120, the fossil
scales of which it is formed. There are two kinds bulb'-Ōse, a. [In Sp., Port., & Ital. bulboso ; thirty, the latter from the Eocene upwards.
from Lat. bulbosus.] The same as BULBOUS “The tropical bulimi cement leaves together to
(q.v.).
protect and cement their large bird-like eggs."-
Woodward : Mollusca, p. 15.
bŭlbʻ-oŭs, a. [In Fr. bulbeux.]
bu-lim-ỹ, boa-lim-ỹ, bu-lim-1-a, 8.
Of plants, roots, &c. : Having a bulb, con [From Gr. Bovdnia (boulimia) = ravenous
sisting of a bulb. Example, Cyperus.
hunger.) [BULIMUS.]
bûl-bûi, s. [Pers. bulbul = a bird in voice
* I. Ord. Lang. (Of the forms bulimy and
like the nightingale.] The Indian name of
boulimy):
any bird belonging to the Pycnonotinæ, a sub 1. Lit. : The same as II.
family of Turdidæ, or Thrushes. The bulbuls 2. Fig.: Insatiable desire for anything.
are admired in the East for their song, like
“It stretches out his desires into an insatiable
the nightingale among ourselves. Some species boulimy."-Scott : Serm. (1687), Works, ii. 75.
are found in Africa. Pycnonotus jocosus, which II. Med. (Chiefly of the form bulimia): A
can be easily tamed, is kept for this end, and most inordinate appetite utterly dispropor-
P. hcemorrhous for fighting purposes.
tioned to the wants of the body; the stomach
"... the Bulbuls (Pycnonotus hæmorrhous), which is greatly enlarged, hanging down like a pouch.
fight with great spirit, ...."-Darwin: The Descent of This affection is very rare.
Man, vol. i., pt. ii., ch, xiii., p. 41.
“The peaceful sun, whom better suits
bůlk (1), * bolke (Eng.), bouk, buik
The music of the bulbul's nest.”
BULBS (REDUCED).
Moore: Lalla Rookh ; The Fire-Worshippers.
(Scotch), s. [Icel. búlki = a heap ; Dan. bulk
1. Tunicated bulb, Hyacinth. 2. Section of ditto.
=a lump; O. Sw. bolk = a heap ; Wel. bwlg
8. Scaly bulb, Lily (L. candidum). 4. Section of ditto. bŭlb'-ūle, s. (From Lat. bulbulus = a little = a swelling. Connected with buige (q.v.).]
bulb; dimin. of bulbus.]
I. Lit. : Magnitude of material substance;
of bulbs : (1) a tunicated bulb, literally a coated Botany :
mass, size, extent.
bulb, that is, a bulb furnished with a tunic or
1. A little bulb.
se "Bulk without spirit vast."
covering of scales, the outer series of which is
Milton: Samson Agonistes.
thin and inembranous, example, the onion ;
2. One of the little seeds growing along the II. Figuratively :
and (2) a naked bulb, or one in which the outer
shoots of plants.
1. The extent or importance of immaterial
scales are not membranous and united, but I búl-card. s. Etym. doubtful.] One of the
things.
distinct and fleshy like the inner ones, ex English names of a fish, the Smooth Shan " Things, or objects, cannot enter into the mind as
ample, the lilies. The so-called solid bulb of
(Pholis lævis).
they subsist in themselves, and by their own natural
the crocus is, properly speaking, not a bulb at
bulk pass into the apprehension."-South.
all, but an underground stem with buds upon * búl-chin, s. [Dimin. of Eng. bull (q.v.). 2. The gross, the main body or part, the
it, technically called a corm [CORM), whereas Really a double dimin., being a contraction of majority.
a proper bulb is analogous not to an under bullockin.] A young male calf.
“These wise men_disagreed from the bulk of the
ground stem but to a bud only.
“ And better yet than this, a bulchin two years old,
people."- Addison : Freeholder.
2. Hort. : Bulbs placed in water tend to
A curl d pate calf it is, and oft might have been sold." 3. The main part of a ship's cargo; as, to
Drayton: Polyolb., S. xxi., p. 1,050. break bulk, is to open the cargo.
rot; they flourish best when fixed in very
light soil or even in the air an inch above * bulde, pret. of v. [BUILT, BUILD.]
* 4. A part of a building jutting out; a stall.
water, into which their roots enter. They
“Of Cadmus, the which was the furst man
"Clambering the walls to eye him: stalls, bulks,
should have abundance of light.
That Thebes bulde, or first the toun bygan."
windows."
Shakesp. : Coriol., ii. 1.
Chaucer : C. T., 1,549-50.
*5. The body.
B. As adjective : (BULB-TUBER.]
+ búld-rie, s. [O. Eng. buld(e) = build, and
"My liver leaped within my bulk."
bulb-tuber, bulbo-tuber, s. A corm.
Turberville.
suff. -rie=-ry.] Building, method of building.
" He raised a sigh so piteous and profound
búib, v.i. [From bulb, s. (q.v.).] To take or
“ This muldrie and buldrie
As it did seem to shatter all his bulk
Wes maist inagnificall."
And end his being." Shakesp.: Ham., il. 1.
possess the form of a bulb.
Burel's Piig. Watson's Coll., ii. 36.
TA bouk of tauch : All the tallow taken
"Bulbing out in figure of a sphere."
Cotton: Wonders of the Peake (1681), p. 11. * bûle (1), s. [BULL.]
out of an ox or cow.
TA bouk-louse is one that has been bred
bŭlb-ā-çě-oŭs, a. [From Lat. bulbaceus.] | bûle (2), s. (BOOL.] (Scotch.)
about the body, as distinguished from one
Pertaining to a bulb, bulbous. (Johnson.)
búlge, bilge, 3, [From Sw. & Dan. bölg=
that has been bred in the head.
bulb'-ar, a. [Eng. bulb; -ar.] Pertaining to the belly ; A.S. bælg, belg=a bulge, budget, bulk-head, s. A partition made across a
the “bulbus” specially so called-i.e., to the bag, purse, belly; Gael. bolg= belly.] [BELLY.] ship, with boards, whereby one part is divided
Medulla oblongata.
1. The protuberant part of a cask.
from another. (Harris.)
bulbar paralysis, s. Myelitis bulbi 2. The flat portion of a ship's bottom.
“The creaking of the masts, the straining and
groaning of bull-heads, as the ship laboured in the
acuta, acute inflammation of the medulla
The same as BILGE, S. (q.v.).
weltering sea, were frightful.”-W. Irving: Sketchbook,
oblongata, with difficulty of swallowing and
p. 18.
speaking, and considerable affection of the bulge, v.i. [From O. Sw. bulgja = to swell bůlk (2), s. [A.S. bolca = a balk, beam, stem
extremities. The chronic form is characterised
out; A.S. belgan.]
of a ship, ridge; O. H. Ger. pl. balkun
by muscular paralysis of the tongue, soft
1. To jut out; to be protuberant.
(Morris). ] The stern of a ship. (Morris.)
palate, lips, pharynx, and larynx, which derive
“The side, or part of the side of a wall, or any timber
their nervous supply primarily from the bul-
that bulges from its bottom or foundation, is said to * bůlk (1), v.i. [BOLK, BELCH.] To belch.
bus, from atrophy of the grey nuclei in the batter, or hang over the foundation."--Moxon : Mech.
floor of the fourth ventricle. Erb. Ziemssen :
* búlk (2), * bulk-yn, v.i. (BULGE, v.] TO
Cyclop. of Pract. of Med., London, 1878.)
*2. To take in water, to leak.
bend, bow.
“Thrice round the ship was tost,
"Bowyn', or lowtyn' (lowyn, bulkyn, or bowyn, H.
bülbed, a. [Eng. bulb ; and suffix -ed.] Having
Then bulg'd at once, and in the deep was lost."
P.) Inclino."-Prompt. Parv.
the figure of a bulb, swelling into a sphere at
Dryden.
búlg -ět, * bul-yet, s. [O. Fr. boulgette = a
bůlk'-ěr (1), s. [Eng. bulk ; -er.]
the lower part.
mast, a point, a budget, bag, a pouch (?).]
Naut. : A person whose business it is to
+ bûl'-bēr-rý, bû11'-bēr-rý, s. [From bull
A bag or pouch (?). (Scotch.)
ascertain the bulk or capacity of goods, so as
(1), and berry.] The fruit of Vaccinium Myr-
"Coffenis, bulyettis, fardellis, money, jewellis,” &c.
to fix the amount of freight or dues payable
tiltus. [BILBERRY.]
-Keith : Hist., p. 217.
on them.
“ Brekis the cofferis, boullis, packis, bulgettis,
"From humble bulker to haughty countess."
bŭlb-if-ér-oŭs, a. [In Fr. bulbifere. From
mailiis.”-Balfour: Pract., p. 635. (Jamieson.)
Shadwell: The Scowrers, I. i.
E
.
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whất, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hếr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or; wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; müte, cũb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fùu; try, Sýrian. e, ce=ē; ey=ão qu= kw.

bulker-bull
735
búlk'-ěr (2), s. (Probably from balk, s.] A1
beam or rafter. (Provincial.)
em
bůlk'-i-ness, s. (Eng. bulky; -ness.] The
quality of being bulky; greatness in bulk. .
“Wheat, or any other grain, cannot serve instead of
money, because of its bulkiness, and change of its
quantity."-Locke.
* būlk'-îng, * bulk'-ynge, * bolk'-ynge,
S. [BELCHING.]
* búlk'-som-něss, s. [Eng. bulk, som(e), and
suff. -ness. 1 Bulkiness, size.
búlk'-ý, a. (Eng. bulk; -y.] Of great bulk
or dimensions ; large.
"Latreus, the bulkiest of the double race,
Whom the spoil'd arms of slain Halesus grace."
Dryden.
"As these despatches were too bulky to be concealed
in the clothes of a single inessenger, it was necessary
to employ two confidential persons."- Macaulay :
Hist. Eng. ch. xv.
Crabb thus distinguishes between bulky
and massive :- Whatever is bulky has a pro-
minence of figure ; what is massive has com-
pactness of matter. The bulky therefore,
though larger in size, is not so weighty as the
massive. Hollow bodies commonly have a
bulk ; none but solid bodies can be massive.
A vessel is bulky in its form; lead, silver, and
gold, massive." (Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
bûll (1), * bûlle, * bûl, * boole, * bolle,
*bule, * bole, s. & a. [In O. Icel. boli; Dan.
bulle; Dut. bul, in compos. bulle ; 0. Dut.
bulle, bolle ; Ger. bulle; Ir. bolan = a full-grown
cow; bolog = a heifer; Wel. bwld ; Lith. bul-
lus; Lett. bollis; Slav. vol; Bohem. wole; Pol.
wol. From A.S. bellan = to bellow, roar, or
bark (Somner). Or froin Celt. buile = fine,
large, comely, beautiful.] [B. 2, T.]
A, As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally :
(1) The male of the bovine mammal (Bos
taurus) of which the cow is the female.
“Dew-lapp'd like bulls, whose throats had hanging at
Wallets of flesh ?” Shakesp.: Tempest, iii. 3.
(2) The male of any other bovine mammal.
“Pliny's Æthiopian bull with blue eyes might refer
to this species, ..."-Griffith : Cuv., iv. 401.
(3) The male of some other large mammals ;
the elephant, for instance.
2. Figuratively:
(1) Scripture: A rough, fierce, cruel man.
"Many bulls have compassed me ; strong bulls of
Bashan have beset me round."-Ps. xxii. 12.
(2) Literature : One whose aspect and pro-
cedure somewhat suggest those of a bull.
John Bull: A satirical personification of
the English people, derived from Arbuthnot's
History of John Buil. Some points of resem-
blance between Mr. Bull and the quadruped
after which he is named may be indicated.
Compared with the slimmer natives of southern
climes, he is a massive, and even ungainly,
animal ; certain spectacles, especially if de-
fiantly presented, powerfully excite him, and
when danger is in his path his general practice
is to shut his eyes and run forward.
I To take the bull by the horns : Boldly, if
not even rashly, to attack a difficulty, regard-
less of the consequences which will result
from failure.
II. Technically:
1. Zoology: [A. 1.)
2. Astron.: The constellation Taurus (q.v.).
"And the bright Bull receives him."
Thomson: Seasons ; Spring.
3. Stock Exchange: One who operates in
expectation of the rise of stock, and, perhaps,
to render his speculation profitable, takes
means with others, if he can, to help them up,
even as a bull tries to fling people in the air.
with his horns. His natural and unceasing
foe is called a bear. [BEAR (1), s., II. 1.]
B. As adjective: In compos.-
1. Specially :
(1) Pertaining to the quadruped defined
under A.
(2) Male, as opposed to female. [BULL-CALF.]
2. Gen.: Large; as, bull-head, bulrush.
TA writer in All the Year Round for June
5, 1880, considers that bull in this sense is not
from bull the animal, but from Celt. buile =
fine, large, comely, beautiful. He thinks it
has this meaning in the words bull-dog, bull-
rush, bull-frog, bull's-eyes, bullfinch, bull-trout, I
bull-beggar, bull-fly, bull-weed, bull-wort, and I vicious or obstinate bulls, and occasionally to
bull-speaking, in the epithet John Bull, and in fasten or hitch them.
the American salutation “ Bully (i.e. fine) for i bull-of-the-bog, s. The bittern (Scotch,
you."
specially of Liddesdale).
Compound of obvious signification : Bull-
“.... the deep cry of the bog-blitter, or bull-of-the-
bearing (Shakesp. : Troil. & Cres., ii. 3.)
bog, a large species of bittern."-Scott: Guy Manner-
bull-baiting, * bull bayting, s. The
ing, ch. i.
baiting of a bull; the setting dogs upon a
bull-rush, s. [BULRUSH.]
bull to harass it. In Queen Elizabeth's time, bulls-and-cows, s. So called because
and subsequently, it was a common amuse the spadices, which are sometimes dark-red
ment.
and sometimes pale-pink or nearly white, give
"Entertained the people with a horse-race or bull an idea of male and female (Prior).] The
baiting/"-Addison,
flowers of the Cuckow-pint (Arum maculatum).
bull-bat, s. [ſo named (1) from a boom-
bull's-eye, s.
ing sound which it makes in the air when
I. Ordinary Language :
flying, and (2) from the resemblance of its
flight to that of a bat.) A name given in the
1. Lit. : The eye of a bull.
United States to a bird, the American Goat 2. Fig.: A policeman's lantern with a thick
sucker (Caprimulgus americanus).
glass reflector on one side.
bull-bee, s. The same as BULL-FLY (q.v.). II. Technically :
bull-beef (pl. bull-beeves), s. Beef derived
1. Nautical :
from a bull. It is coarse in character.
(1) A small pulley of hard wood, having a
"They want their porridge and their fat bull-beeves.”
groove round the outside and a hole in the
Shakesp.: 1 Hen. VI., i. 2. middle, answering the purpose of a thimble.
bull-calf, s.
(2) A bulb or thick disc of glass let into a
1. Lit. : A he-calf, a male calf.
ship's side or deck.
2. Fig. : A stupid fellow.
(3) One of the perforated balls on the jaw-
bull-faced, a. Having a face like a bull;
rope of a gaff.
large-faced.
2. Target practice : The centre of a target.
bull-feast, s. The same as BULL-FIGHT.
3. Glass-making : The central boss which is
attached to the bunting-iron or pontil, in the
“Victorious still in bull-feast, or in fight."
Scott : The Vision of Don Roderick, 30.
operation of making crown-glass.
4. Optical instruments :
bull-fight, s. A barbarous amusement of
great antiquity, having been practised by the
(1) The lens of a dark lantern. [1. 2.)
Egyptians, by the Thessalians, and others,
(2) A plano-convex lens, used as an illumi-
but now associated chiefly with Spain, into
nator to concentrate rays upon an opaque
which it seems to have been first introduced
microscopic object.
by the Moors. [BULL-BAITING.]
5. Confect. : A kind of large round balls
bull-finch, s. [BULLFINCH.]
made of coarse sugar.
Bull's-eye cringle :
bull-fish, s. One of the names for the
Great Seal (Phoca barbata). It is not a fish,
Naut. : A wooden ring or thimble used as a
cringle in the leech of a sail.
but a mammal.
bull's-head, * bullis head, s. The
bull-fly, s. An unidentified insect; also
head of a bull.
called a bull-bee. (Phillips : World of Words.)
It has been asserted and again denied
bull-frog, s.
that in the old turbulent times in Scotland
1. Gen. : Anly frog, European or otherwise,
the presentation of a bull's head to a person
which croaks with a deep rather than a sharp
was the signal for his execution or for his
sound.
assassination.
“ The bull-frog's note from out the marsh,
".... efter the dinner was endit, once all the
Deep-mouth'd arose, and doubly harsh."
delicate courses taken away, the chancellor (Sir
Byron : Siege of Corinth, 33.
William Crichton) presentit the bullis head befoir the
earle of Douglas, in signe and toaken of condemnation
2. Spec. : Some American frogs.
to the death."-Pitscottie, p. 405.
(1) A species of frog (Rana pipiens) found in
bull's-horn, s. & A.
Carolina and the parts adjacent, which has a
voice not unlike that of a bull. It is six or
Bulls-horn coralline : [So named because the
eight inches long, by three or four broad,
shape of the cells is like a bull's horn.] A
without the legs. It swallows ducks and
zoophyte of the family Cellariadæ. It is the
young goslings whole. It is difficult to catch
Eucratia loricata. It is branched subalter-
from its length of leap, besides which it is
nate, has the cells conical, with a raised
generally left unharmed because it is said to
orifice, beneath which is a spinous process.
purify rather than to pollute the waters in
Found in the British seas.
which it lives. (2) Rana ocellata. (3) Rana bull's-nose, s.
clamitans. (4) Rana grunniens.
1. Lit. : The nose of a bull.
bull-grape, s. The English name of a 2. Carp. : A term sometimes applied to the
plant, the Vitis rotundifolia, a North American angle formed by the junction of two plane
species of the vine genus with polished reni surfaces.
form cordate-toothed leaves. [BULLET-GRAPE.]
bull-seg, s. [From Eng. bull, and Scotch
bull-grass, s. A grass, Bromus mollis, segg (q.v.).] A gelded bull. (Scotch.)
or some other species of Bromus.
bull-stag, s. A castrated bull.
bull-head, s.
bull-trout, S. An English name for
1. Lit. : Various fishes having large heads, Salmo eriox, called also the Grey-trout, and
Spec.,
the Round-tail. It is a British fish.
(1) The River Bull-head, a spiny-finned fish,
bull-weed, s. A plant, the Black Cen.
Cottus gobio. It is called also the Miller's
Thumb and the Tommy Lugge. It has a
taury (Centaurea nigra).
broad and flat head, the preopercle with one bull-wort, s. [Prior thinks this should
spine, the body dusky clouded with yellow, be pool-wort, from growing near pools. This is
the belly whitish. Its length is about four doubted by Britten and Holland.]
inches. It occurs in Britain in clear brooks, Botany :
depositing its spawn in a hole in the gravel
1. A name for the Scrophularia genus of
(2) The fish-genus Aspidophorus, of the plants.
same family Triglidæ. Aspidophorus euro-
2. An umbelliferous plant, Ammi majus.
poeus is the armed bull-head.
2. Fig. : A stupid person, a blockhead.
bûll (2), * bûlle, s. [In Fr. & Ger. bulle; Ital.
bulla, bolla. From Low Lat. bulla=a seal or
bull-hide, s. The hide of a bull, a shield
stamp, a letter, an edict, a roll; Class. Lat.
made of bull-hide.
bulla = (1) a bubble, (2) a boss, a knob, a
bull-hoof, s. A plant of the Passion stud.]
flower order, Murucuja ocellata.
I. Ecclesiastical:
bull-nose, s. & a.
1. Literally:
Bull-nose ring : A hook whose knobs enter (1) The seal appended to the edicts and
the nostrils and clamp the dividing cartilage briefs of the pope.
or septum of the nose. It is used to lead (2) A letter, edict, brief, or rescript of the
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çeli, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-oian, -tian =shạn. -tion, -sion = shŭn; -ţion, -sion = zhŭn-cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

736
bull-bullfinch
pope sealed with such a seal. Such a writing * bûl-lar-y (1), s. [In Fr. bullaire ; Low Lat.
is issued by the pope to the large portion of bullarium; from bullara bull.] [BULL (2), s.]
Christendom of which he is the head, to A collection of papal bulls.
convey to the churches intimations of his
“The whole bull is extant in the bullary of Laertius
will.
Cherubinus.”-South : Sermons, v. 224.
“... by publishing that very noted decree, the * bûl-lăr-ỹ (2). s. Etym. doubtful.)
Buti Unigenitus.”—Mosheim: Ch. Hist.
A
bucket of brine. (Wharton.)
2. Fig. (In ridicule of the papal edicts de-
scribed under No. 1. (2): A one-sided statement | bûl-lāte, a. [Lat. bullatus is either fleeting
with an aspect of cleverness, but in which
like a bubble or inflated like one.]
there is an absurdity unperceived by the
Bot. : Blistered, puckered. (Used when
speaker which renders the sentence ridicu-
lous. (Often used with the word Irish prefixed.)
the parenchyma of a leaf is larger than the
area in which it is formed.)
II. Technically.
1. History:
bûll'-dog, s. & a. [From Eng. bull, and dog.]
(1) An imperial edict.
A. As substantive :
Golden bull: So named from its seal, 1. Ord. Lang. & Zool.: A variety of the com-
which was of gold.
mon dog, Canis familiaris, variety taurinus,
(2) An edict sent forth by the Emperor
sometimes called variety molossus, from Mo-
lossia (Southern Epirus or Lower Albania),
Charles IV. in 1356, containing an imperial
constitution which became the fundamental
where similar dogs are said anciently to have
existed. The bulldog has a thick, short, flat
law of the German empire.
muzzle, a projecting underjaw, thick and pen-
2. Law: To procure, publish, or put in use dent lips, a large head, a flat forehead, a small
a papal bull was made treason. (28 Hen. VIII., brain, half-pricked ears, a thick and strong
c. 16; 13 Eliz., c. 2; and 7 Anne, c. 21.)
body, but of low stature. Its courage and
bûll (3), S. & A. [Etym. doubtful. From bull
tenacity of hold are well known.
(2) (Johnson). From Eng. bold (Skinner) (?).]
2. Bot. (pl. Bulldogs): The name of a plant,
Antirrhinum majus. (Pratt.)
bull-beggar, bull-begger, s. A kind
3. Metal.: A very refractory, grey, lustrous
of hobgoblin used to frighten children with.
substance used for the lining of puddling
“A scarebug, a bullbegger, a sight that frayeth and furnaces. It is obtained by roasting the top
frighteth."-Coles, 469 b.
cinder (principally ferrous silicate) for several
"These fulminations from the Vatican were turned
days in kilns, the silicate is oxidised, and
into ridicule; and as they were called bull-beggars,
they were used as words of scorn and contempt." fusible silicious slag separates from the in-
Aytiffe.
fusible bulldog.
bull (pron. bill), v.i. [From bull, s. (q.v.).]
B. As adjective: Resembling that of a bull-
Of a cow: To take the bull.
dog. [A, 1.]
“... that bulldog courage which flinches from no
bûl'-lą, s. (Lat. bulla =a bubble.]
danger, however terrible, ..."-Macaulay: Hist.
Eng. ch. xxi.
1. Zool.: A genus of molluscs called from the
thinness of their shells bubble-shells. The * bûlled, a. (BOLLED (q.v.).] _Swelled or em-
shell is oval, ventricose, convoluted externally,
bossed.
or only partially invested by the animal. The "And hang the bulled nosegays 'bove their heads."
animal has a large cephalic disk bilobed be-
B. Jons. : Sad Shep., i. 3.
hind; the lateral lobe is much developed. bûl-len, s. [Cf. Wel. bulion = the seed-vessel
It occurs in temperate and tropical seas from
of some plants.] The awn or chaff from flax
twenty-five to thirty fathoms. In 1875 fifty
or hemp.
recent species were known and seventy fossil,
the latter from the Oolite onwards. (Wood bûl'-lěn, a. [From Eng. bull, a.= large. Or
ward & Tate.)
from bullion.]
2. Med. : [BULLÆ.]
bullen-nail, s.
bûl'-laçe, * bol'-açe, * bol'-las, + bol-as, Upholstery : An upholsterer's nail, with a
s. & a. [In Mod. Norm. Fr. beloce ; 0. Fr. round head, a short shank, turned and lac-
beloce (Littré); from Ir. bulos = a prune; Gael. quered.
bulaistear (Skeat).]
bûl'-lêr. v.i. & t. [From Sw. bulira = to
A. As substantive :
make a noise; Dan. buldre = to racket, rattle,
1. The fruit of the tree described under 2. make a noise ; Dut. bulderen = to bluster,
“Bolas frute (botlas, P.). Pepulum, mespilum, rage or roar; Sw. buller; Dan. bulder = noise,
Kylw. Cath.”-Prompt. Parv.
tumbling noise.] [BOULDER.]
“Bolaces and blake-beries that on breres growen.”
William of Palerne (ed. Skeat), 1,809.
A. Intransitive :
2. The English name of a tree, the Prunus 1. To emit such a sound as water does,
communis, var. B insititia. It is akin to the when rushing violently into any cavity, or
var, a spinosa (the sloe), but differs in having forced back again.
the peduncles and underside of the leaves
“Fast bullerand in at euery rift and bore.”
pubescent and the branches slightly spinous,
Douglas: Virgil, 16, 54.
whereas the a spinosa has the peduncles 2. To make a noise with the throat when it
glabrous, the leaves ultimately so also, and is being gargled with a liquid, or when one is
the branches decidedly spinous.
in the agonies of death.
"In October, and the beginning of November, come “.... quhare the kyng was lyand bullerand in his
services, medlars, bullaces; roses cut or removed, to blude."--Cron. B. vi. c. 14.
come late : holyoaks, and such like."-Bacon.
B. Trans. : To impart the impetus which
B. As adjective : (See the compounds).
is attended by or produces such a sound.
“Thame seemyt the erde opynnyt amyd the flude:
bullace-plum, s. The name of a fruit.
The storm up butlerit sand as it war wod.”
The Jamaica Bullace-plum: The fruit of
Doug. : Virgil, 16, 29
Melicocca biguga. (Treas. of Bot.)
* bûl-lér, * bul-loure, s. [From buller, v.
bullace-tree, * bolas tre, s. [BULLACE, (q.v.).] (Scotch.) A loud gurgling noise.
"Bot quhare the flude went styl, and calmyt al is,
“Bolas tre. Pepulus.”—Prompt. Parv.
But stoure or bulloure, murmoure, or mouing."
Doug.: Virgil, 325, 53.
bûl'-la-dæ, s. pl. [BULLIDÆ.]
Near Buchan-ness, on the coast of Aber-
deenshire, lie the Bullers of Buchan or Buchan-
bûl-læ, s. pl. [Lat. bulla=(1) a bubble, (2) a bullers. They form a vast hollow or cauldron
boss, knob, or stud.] Blains, or blebs.
in a rock open at the top, and affording in-
Med.: Miniature blisters, or blebs. They gress to the sea on one side through a natural
are larger than vesicles, with a large portion archway. Carlyle uses the term Buchan-
of cuticle detached from the skin and a watery bullers figuratively.
transparent fluid between. The skin beneath “Thus daily is the intermediate land crumbling-in,
is red and inflamed.
daily the empire of the two Buchan-bullers extending.”
Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. iii., ch. X.
* bûl-lăn'-tic, a. & s. [Fr. bullantique; from
buller-fish, s. One of the English names
Lat. bulla = a bull.] [BULL (2).]
of a fish-the Common Gunnel (Gunnellus
A. As adjective: Pertaining to or used in
vulgaris.)
apostolic bulls, as bullantic letters. [B.]
(Fry.)
bûr-let, s. & a. [Fr. boulet, dimin. of boule =
B. As substantive : Capital letters used in a ball; from Lat. bulla (q.v.).]
papal bulls.
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
* 1. A small ball.
2. Of firearms :
* (1) A cannon ball.
(2) A ball, generally of lead, made to fit the
bore of a rifle or musket, and designed to be
propelled thence with great force as an offen-
sive instrument or weapon. Bullets are now
usually cylindrical, with conical or conoidal
points.
II. Technically :
1. Military : [I. 2.]
2. Her.: A name some-
times given to the ogress
or pellet. (Gloss. of Her.)
B. As adjective: (See the
compounds.)
bullet - compasses,
S. pl. A pair of scribing BULLET.
compasses with a bullet
on the end of one leg to set in a hole. The
same as CONE-COMPASSES and CLUB-COM-
PASSES.
bullet-extractor, s. A pair of pincers
with projecting claws, adapted to imbed
themselves in a bullet so as to draw it from
its bed and extract it. When closed, these
form a smooth, blunt surface, like a probe,
and are opened against the bullet so as to
spread apart the vessels which might oppose
the retraction. (Knight.)
bullet-hook, s. A hook-ended tool for
extracting bullets. An iron bullet-hook was
disinterred at Pompeii in 1819 by Dr. Savenko,
of St. Petersburg.
bullet-ladle, s. A ladle for melting lead
to run bullets.
bullet-making, a. Making, or designed
to be used in making bullets, as bullet-making
machine.
bullet-mould, s. A mould for making
bullets. It is an implement opening like a
pair of pincers, having jaws which shut closely
together, and a spherical or other shaped
cavity made by a cherry-reamer, with an in-
gate by which the melted lead is poured in.
(Knight.)
bullet-probe, s. A sound for exploring
tissue to find the situs of a bullet. It is
usually a soft steel wire with a bulbous ex-
tremity.
bullet-proof, a. Strong enough to pre-
vent its being penetrated by a bullet.
bullet-screw, s. A screw at the end of
a ramrod to penetrate a bullet and enable the
latter to be withdrawn from the piece. [BALL-
SCREW.]
bullet-shell, s. An explosive bullet for
small-arms. In experiments made with thein
at Enfield in 1857, caissons were blown up at
distances of 2,000 and 2,400 yards; and brick
walls much damaged at those distances by
their explosion. [BULLET.] (Knight.)
bullet-tree, s. [BULLY-TREE.]
bullet-wood, s. The wood of the Bully,
or Bullet-tree, No. 1 (q.v.).
bûl-lě-tın, s. [In Ger. bülletin ; Dut. & Fr.
bulletin; Ítal. bullettino = a bill, a schedule;
from bulletta = a ticket, a warrant; diinin, of
bulla, bolla= an edict of the pope.]
1. A brief narrative of facts issued for the
information of the public after a battle, during
the sickness of a distinguished personage, or
in any similar circumstances.
" Lord Beaconsfield's condition had not improved
since the issue of the last bulletin." -Daily News,
March 31, 1881.
2. A public announcement of news recently
arrived, or anything similar.
3. A periodical publication reporting the
proceedings of a society.
The name is sometimes used in the title
of a newspaper.
bŭl-let-stāne, s. [Eng. bullet ; Scotch stane.]
A round stone. (Scotch.)
bûll'-fînch, bûl’-fînch, s. [Eng. bull;
finch.] A well-known bird, the Pyrrhula vul-
garis [PYRRHULA), locally known as the
Norskpipe, the Coalhood, the Hoop, or the
Tony Hoop, the Alp, and the Hope. In the
2.]
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whăt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; māte, cũb, cüre, unite, cũrN
, rûle, full; try, Sýrian. Pe, ce=ē. ey=ão qu=kw.

bullidæ-bulter
737
inale the head, the parts surrounding the bill, | glass bulb at the end of the blowing-tube. name given in Guiana to a species of Mimu-
the throat, and the tail are lustrous black; The bulb having assumed a conical form is sops, one of the Sapotaceæ (Sapotads). The
the nape, the back, and the shoulders bluish rested on a horizontal bar called the bullion fruit is about the size of a coffee-berry, and
grey ; the cheeks, neck, breast, the fore part bar, to assist in bringing it to the spherical tastes delicious. The wood is solid, heavy,
of the belly, and the flanks red; the rump form. (Knight.)
cross-grained, and durable.
and the vent white. A pinkish-white bar runs
B. As adjective:
2. A name given in the West Indies to the
transversely across the wing. Its length is
species Bumelia, a genus of plants belonging
about 63 inches.
Of coin :
The female is less brightly
to the order Sapotaceæ (Sapotads).
coloured.
1. (Lit. or fig.): Not now current.
[BU-
It feeds on pine, fir, and other
MELIA.] They have fine leaves, but their
seeds, on grain, on berries, on buds, &c. It
“Words whilom flourishing
Pass now no more, but banished from the court,
flowers possess little attraction. Bumelia in.
is permanently resident in Britain. Its
Dwell with disgrace among the vulgar sort;
gens is the Bastard, and B. nigra the Black
nest is usually of moss, the eggs, generally
And those which eld's strict doom did disallow,
Bully-tree. [BUMELIA.]
four, bluish-white speckled and streaked with
And damu for bullion, go for current now."
purplish or pale-orange brown at the thicker
Sylvester : Divine Works of Du Bartas; Babylon.
3. The Jamaica Bully-tree, Lucuma manz-
end. Its song is much prized. It is often
2. Pertaining to uncoined gold and silver, mosa, is also a Sapotad. Its fruit is egg-
domesticated. It occurs in many lands.
or to metallic money.
shaped, from three to five inches long, and
There are also several foreign species of bull-
Obvious compounds : Bullion-bar, bul-
has been called Marmalade or Natural Mar-
finch.
lion-fringe.
malade.
“The blackbird whistles from the thorny brake,
bûl’-lý, v.t. & i.
bull-1-on (2), s. Etym. doubtful.1 Awild
The mellow bull-finch answers froin the groves."
[Froin bully, s. (q.v.).]
Thomson : Seasons. plum, a large sloe (Wright), Prunus insititia (?). A. Trans. : To attempt to overbear by
Pine Bullfinch : A name for the Pine (Britten & Holland.)
clamour, insult, or threats.
Grosbeak (Pinus enucleator).
“ The Jacobites, who hated Smith and had reason to
bûll'-1-on-ist, s. [From Eng. bullion, and hate him, affirmed that he had obtained his place by
bûl-lì-dæ, t bûl'-la-dæ, s. [From Lat. suff. -ist.] An advocate for a metallic cur-
bullying the Lords of the Treasury, and particularly
by threatening that, if his just claims were disre-
bulla (q.v.), i connective, and fem. pl. suff. rency, or for the limitation of a paper one to
garded, he would be the death of Hampden.”-Ma-
-dce.]
an amount which renders it always converti caulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xi.
Zool.: A family of molluscs, the second of
ble into gold.
B. Intrans. : To act as a bully, to behave
the section Tectibranchiata, of the family
with noise, insolence, and menace.
bū1'-lì-rag, * búi'-ly-rag, v.t. [Provinc.
Opisthobranchiata. They have thin, globular,
Eng. balarag (Lye); from Icel. baul, bol = a
“He fawned, bullied, and bribed indefatigably."-
convoluted shells without an operculum.
Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. vi.
curse, and raegia = to reproach (Lye ; also
The animal more or less invests the shell.
Jamieson).] To rally in a contemptuous way; bui-ly-ing, pr. par., C., & S. [BULLY, 10..]
The head is in the form of a single or lobed
to abuse one in a hectoring manner. (Scotch.) A. & B. As present participle & participial
disk, frequently with its lateral lobes much
"The gudeman bullyragged him sae sair, that he
developed. It contains the genera Bulla,
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
begude to tell his mind.”—Campbell, i. 331.
the verb.
Akera, Aplustrum, &c. It has existed since
the deposition of the Lower Oolites.
+ bûll-ish, a. [Eng. bull (2); suff. -ish.]
C. As substantive : The act of attempting to
Of a statement or argument: Containing a overbear by means of noise, insult, or menace.
bûll'-red, pa. par. & d. [BULLY, v.t.]
bull; having in it a blunder.
* bul'-lyn, v.i. & t. [BOIL, v.] (Prompt. Parv.)
bai-li-môn-ỹ, s. [Etym. doubtful. A plant,
“A toothless satire is as improper as a toothed sleek-
stone, and as bullish."--Milton : Animadv. Ren. De bûi'-rush, bûll-rúsh, s. & a. (From Eng.
Polygonum Fagopyrum.] (Gerarde.)
fence.
bull, a. = large; and rush.]
bûll'-ing (1), s. (From bull, s. (q.v.).]
* bû11'-ist, s. [From Eng. &c., bull (2), and suff. A. As substantive:
On the Stock Exchange : The system of con-
-ist; Ger. bullist; 0. Fr. bulliste.] A writer
I. Ord. Lang. and Botany :
tracting to take stock at a specified future
of papal bulls.
nenitentiaries, proctors in the court eccle.
1. In the singular : -
time, inaking it one's interest during the in-
siastical, dataries, bullists, copyists."--Harmar : Tr. of (1) A name sometimes given to the botanical
terval to raise its value.
Beza's Sermons, p. 134.
genus Typha, called also Cat's-tail or Reed-
bûll-ing (2), s. [Etym. doubtful.]
* bû11-1'-tion, s. [From Lat. bullitum, sup. mace (q.v.). [See also TYPHA.]
Blasting: Parting a piece of loosened rock
of bullio, or bullo = to bubble, to be in a state (2) The name of the genus Scirpus, called
from its bed by means of exploding gunpowder
of ebullition.] The same as EBULLITION.
also Club-rush. Specially used of the species
poured into the fissures.
"There is to be observed, in these dissolutions, which Scirpus lacustris, Lake Club-rush. [CLUB-
will not easily incorporate, what the effects are, as RUSH, SCIRPUS.]
bû11'-1-on (1), * bûll'-yon, s. & a. [From
the bullition, ..."-Bacon.
2. In the plural. (Bulrushes or Typhads) :
Low Lat. bullio, genit. bullionis = (1) the balº-löck, * bùi-lök, * bùi-ljke, s. & c. The name given by Dr. Lindley to the order of
ebullition of boiling water, (2) a mass of gold
[A.S. bulluca = a bullock. Bullock is a dimin. plants called Typhaceæ.
and silver ; from bullare = to stamp, to mark
of bull (q.v.).]
II. Scripture and Botany : The bulrush of
with a seal.] [BULLA.]
A. As substantive : A young bull.
Scripture is the translation of two distinct
A. As substantive :
“... one young bullock, one ram, and seven lambs Hebrew words, yox (agmon), possibly an
I. Ordinary Language :
of the first year; ..."-Numb. xxix. 8.
Arundo or some similar genus, in Isaiah lviii. 5,
* 1. (Of the forms bullyon and bullion): A
B. As adjective: Drawn by bullocks ; as, and xpi (gome), evidently the Papyrus nilo-
stud, a boss, a globular hollow button ; a
bullockc-carriage, bullock-cart, bullock-waggon.
tica (Ex. ii. 3, Isaiah xviii. 2).
series of copper plates put on the breast-
"... it was in so bad a state that no wheel vehicle,
excepting the clumsy bullock-waggon, could pass
B. As adjective: Resembling any of the
leathers or bridles of horses for ornament.
along."-Darwin : Voyage round the World (ed. 1870), plants described under A.
"The claspes and bullions were worthe a M. pounde." ch. ii., p. 26.
Skelton: The Crown of Laurel.
Bullrush pencillaria : The English name
bullock's eye, s.
* 2. A kind of dress.
of a grass, P. spicata, from India.
“The other is his dressing block, upon whom my
1. Lit. : The eye of a bullock.
lord lays all his clothes and fashions, ere he vouchsafes 2. Bot. : A plant, Sempervivum tectorum.
bûl'-růsh-wõrts, s. pl. [From Eng. bulrush,
them his own person : you shall see him in the morn-
and worts.]
ing in the galley-foist, at noon in the bullion, in the bullock's heart, s.
evening in quirpo.”-Massing : Fatal Dowry, ii. 2.
Bot. : Lindley's name for the Typhaceæ
(Nares.)
1. Lit. : The heart of a bullock.
(q.v.).
* 3. Coin not allowed to pass, or not cur 2. Bot. : The fruit of a tree, Anona reticulata.
rent at the place where it is tendered.
+ búlse, s. [From Port. bolsa = a purse, a bag. ]
bûl-ly (1), s. & a. (Probably from Dan. buldre
“... and vur coin is bullion in foreign dominions."
A purse, a bag. (Used only of a receptacle
-Locke : Further Considerations.
= to racket, make a noise, chide, and scold or for diamonds.)
4. Uncoined gold and silver in bars or in
bully ; Sw. bullra = to make a noise ; Dut. bul-
“.... bulses of diamonds and bags of guineas." —
the mass.
deren = to bluster, rage, or roar [BOULDER.] Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xviii.
Cognate also with bull (1).]
(1) Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
* bul'-stare, v.t. The same as BOLT (2), v.,
A. As substantive :
... the profit of conveying bullion and other
* BULTE, v. (q.v.). (Prompt. Parv.)
valuable commodities from port to port.”-Macaulay : *1. A brisk, dashing fellow.
Hist. Eng., ch. iii.
"I love the lovely bully."
* bult, * bulte, pret. & pa. par. [BUILD, v.]
* (2) Spec. : Pure gold.
Shakesp. : Hen. V., iv. 1.
* bulte. * bult-en, v.t. [From Sw. bulta
The roiall riches and exceeding cost
2. A noisy, insolent man, who habitually
Of every pillour and of every post,
= to beat.] [BOLT (2).] (Chaucer : C. T.)
Which all of purest bullion framed were."
seeks to overbear by clamour or by threats.
Spenser : F.Q., III. I. 32.
".... he became the most consummate bully ever * bult-ed, pa. par. & a. [BulTE, v.]
5. Metallic, as contradistinguished from
known in his profession."--Macaulay: Hist. Eng.,
ch. iv.
* bulted bread, s. The coarsest bread.
paper money.
B. As adjective: Brisk, dashing. (Vulgar.)
II. Technically :
(Wharton.)
"Bless thee, bully doctor!"-Shakesp. : Merry Wives,
1. Coinage. [I. 3 & 4.]
ii. 3.
| * bul'-těl, s. (Low Lat. bultellus.] [BOLT, v.]
2. Goldsmith-work:
Among the most usual compounds are : 1. A bolter or bolting-cloth.
Bully-boy, bully-monster, bully-rook (Shakesp. :
(1) A showy metallic ornament or metal-
2. The bran after sifting.
covered fringe ; if genuine, of gold or silver,
Merry Wives, i. 3 ; ii. 1.)
búlt-ér, * boult-ēr, * bolt-er, * bult-
but sometimes a mere colourable imitation in bûl'-1ỹ (2), s. & d. [Probably a corruption of
baser metal.
ure, * bult'-ar, s. [From O. Fr. bulter =
bullet.]
a boulter or sieve.] [BOLTER.]
(2) A form of heavy-twisted fringe, the cords
of which are prominent, as the strands of a bully-tree, s. [Probably a corruption of 1. The bran or refuse of meal after it is
cable. Bullion-fringe for epaulets is made of
bullet-tree.]
dressed.
silk covered with fine gold or silver wire.
Botany :
2. The bag in which it is dressed.
3. Gluss-making: The extreme end of the I 1. According to Sir R. Schomburgk the 3. (Of the form bulter): A deep-sea line.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shăn; -țion, -sion=zhăn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, del.

738
bulture-bump
ES LIM
WINNITURE
IND
A
IN
DINOS
Resto
Sim
nun
TUTUMUT
th
GENDA
UNUT
NEL
1
* bult'-ure, * bult'-ar, s. [From 0. Eng. under bailiff, einployed to dun and arrest one 3. A boom over the stern to extend the
bulte, and suff. -ure, -ar = modern Eng. -er.] for debt.
mizzen.
One who or that which boults. (BOLTER (2).] “Go, Sir Andrew, scout me for him at the corner of
the orchard, like a bumbailif."-Shakesp.: Twelfth
* bult-yd, pa. par. [BULTE.] (Prompt. Parv.) Night, iii. 4.
* bult-ynge, pr. par., a., & s. [BULTE, v.] băm-bãized, băm-băzed, băm-bãzed,
(Prompt. Parv.)
a. [From Scotch bum, v., and bazed (q.v.).]
Amazed, confused, stupified. (Scotch.)
bûl'-wark, s. [Dan. bulværk; Sw. bolverk ;
“Conscience ! if I am na clean bumbuized-you, ye
Dut. & Ger. bollwerk; from Dan. bul= a cheat, the wuddy rogue ..."-Scott : Rob Roy, ch.
stump, log, and værk = work.]
xxiii.
I. Ordinary Language :
bum'-bard (1), s. & a. [BOMBARD, S. & a.]
1. Lit.: A rampart or fortification, pro-
perly one made of stumps of trees, &c.; a
búm'-bạrd (2), bům'-bart, s. & d. [From
bastion.
Ital. bombare = a humble-bee (Jamieson).]
"They oft repair
[BOMBUS, BUMBEE.]
Their earthen bulwarks 'gainst the ocean flood."
A. As substantive (of the form bumbart): A
Fairfax.
2. Fig. : Any shelter or screen against an
drone, a driveller.
“An bumbart, ane dron bee, ane bag full of fleume."
enemy.
Dunbar : Maitland Poems, p. 48.
"Our naval strength is a bulwark to the nation."-
Addison.
B. As adjective (of the form bumbard): In-
BUMKINS.
II. Naut. : That part of the sides of a ship
dolent, lazy.
which rises above the level of the upper deck.
"Mony sweir bumbard belly-huddroun."
búm -lér, bum'-mel-ěr, s. [From Scotch
Dunbar : Bannatyne Poems, p. 29, st. 7.
“Like leviathans afloat,
bummil, v. ; -er.] A blundering fellow. (Jamie-
Lay their bulwarks on the brine."
* bům'-bast, s. [BOMBAST.]
son.)
Campbell: Battle of the Baltic, 2.
* bum'-bast, v.t.
* bûl'-wark, v.t. [BULWARK, S.] To fortify;
[BOMBAST, v.]
búm'-ling, s. [From Lat. bombilo = to hum.]
To stuff
[BUMBLE, v.] The humming noise made by a
to secure with bulwarks.
out, to pad out. (Gascoigne : The Steele Glas,
bee. (Scotch.)
“And yet no bulwark'a town, or distant coast,
1,145.)
Preserves the beauteous youth from being seen."
* bůmme, v.t. [Probably from Wel. bwmp=
Addison.
búm'-bāze, v.t. [From Dut. bommen = to
a hollow sound; Dut. bommen = to sound
* bul'-yette, s. [BULGET.]
resound as a barrel, and verbazen = to astonish,
hollow; bom = a drum (Skeat), referring to
to amaze, & Scotch bazed (q.v.).]
* bûl-yie-ment, s. [HABILIMENT.] (Scotch.)
To stupify;
the sound made with the lips. Cf. Eng. boom
to confuse.
Habiliments ; specially such as constitute
(q.v.).] To taste.
“By now all een upon them sadly gaz'd,
part of a inilitary equipment.
“ The best ale lay in my boure or in my bedchambre,
And Lindy looked blate and sair bumbaz'd."
"Gird on their bulyiement and come alang.”
Ross: Helenore, p. 85.
And who-so bummed ther-of boughtë it ther-after.'
Piers Plowman, v. 222-3.
Ross: Helenore, p. 121. I bům'-bāzed, pa. par. [BUMBAZE.] (Scotch.) | búm'-mērs, s. pl. [From bum = to hum.] A
bum, v.i. [In Dut. bommen = to sound like an
play of children. (Scotch.) (See example.)
einpty barrel; 0. Dut. boin= a drum. Imitated bum'-bēe, s. [From bum, V. or s., and bee.]
from the sound.) To make a humming noise.
A humble-bee. (Lit. & fig.)
“Bummers, a thin piece of wood swung round by a
(Scotch.)
cord."--Blackw. Mag., Aug., 1821, p. 35. (Jamieson.)
(Chiefly Scotch.) Used-
bumbee-byke, s. A nest of humble- búm'-m.11, v.t. & i. [From bumble, v. (q.v.).]
1. Of bees.
bees. (Scotch.)
A. Trans. : To bungle.
"Shall let the busy, grumbling hive,..
“Auld farnyear stories come athwart their minds,
Bum o'er their treasure.”
" 'Tis ne'er be me
Burns : To William Simpson.
Of bum-bee bykes." Davidson : Seasons, p. 5.
Shall scandalize or say ye bummil
Yer poetrie."
2. Of the confused hum of a multitude. bům-bê-lo, bŭm-bo'-lo, s. [Cf. Ital. bom-
Ramsay: Poems, 11, 330.
“For English men bum there as thick as bees."
bola = a pitcher.] A thin, spheroidal glass
B. Intrans. : To blunder.
Hamilton: Wallace, hk. X., p. 253. (Jamieson.)
vessel or flask with a short neck, used in the
3. Of the drone of a bagpipe.
sublimation of camphor.
búm'-ming, bum'-min', pr. par. & a.
“At glomin now the bagpipe's dumb,
"In a large chemical factory near Birmingham thi [BUM, v.]
Whan weary owsen hameward come;
camphor-refining room contained about a dozen sand
Sae sweetly as it wont to bum,
baths ... each containing about ten bumboloes." -
búm'-mle, s. [From bummle, v. (q.v.).] A
And Pibrachs skreed."
Tomlinson, in Goodrich & Porter.
blunderer. (Scotch.)
, Fergusson : Poenr 8, ii. 24.
“O fortune, they ha'e room to grumble!
búm (1), s.
* bum'-ble, v.t. & i. [From Lat. bombito; O.
[In Dut. bomme. Contr. of Eng.
Had'st thou ta'en aff some drowsy bummle,
bottom.] The buttocks. (Vulgar.) [BUM-
Dut. bommelen = to buzz or hum.] To make
Wha can do nought but fyke an' fumble."
a humming noise like the humble-bee or the
Burns: On a Scotch Bard.
BAILIFF, etym.]
bittern. (Chaucer.) [BUM, v.]
* bům'-myn, * búm'-byn, * bom-bón, v.t.
búm (2), s. & d. [From bum, v. (q.v.).]
"As a bitour bumbleth in the mire."
[Imitated from the sound.] To hum as a bee.
A. As substantive : A humming noise, the
Chaucer: C. T., 6,554.
(Prompt. Parv.)
sound emitted by a bee.
búm'-ble, * bom'-bell, * búm'-mīl,
"... I ha' knowne
būmp (1), s. [BUMP (1), v.]
* bům'-mle, s. [From bumble, v. (q.v.). ]
Twenty such breaches piec'd up, and made whole,
1. A wild bee. (In Galloway.)
I. Ordinary Language :
Without a bum of noise."
B. Jonson : Magnetick Lady, Works, ii. 49. 2. [BUMMLE.]
1. A thump, a blow.
" Those thumps and bumps which flesh is heir to.”
B. As adjective : Emitting a humming sound.
bumble-bee, s. A humble-bee, Bombus
Th. Á ook : Gilbert Gurney, i. 5.
bum-clock, S. A humming beetle which
terrestris, or any of its congeners. Sometimes 2. A swelling, a protuberance.
flies in the summer evenings. Probably it is the Bumble or Humble-bees are elevated into
“It had upon its brow
what entomologists call Geotrupes stercorarius. a family, Bombidæ.
A bump as big as a young cockerel's stone."
Shakesp. : Romeo and Juliet, i. 3.
“The bum-clock humm'd wi' lazy drone."
Burns: The Twa Dogs. bům-ble-běr-ry, s. [A corruption of Eng.
II. Technically:
* bum, prep. with pro. [Contracted from Eng.
1. Phrenology: A protuberance on the cra-
bramble, with berry.] The fruit of the bramble,
nium, believed by phrenologists to be asso-
Rubus fruticosus. (Britten & Holland.)
by my.]
ciated with distinct faculties or affections of
* bum troth. By my troth.
bŭm-ble-kīte, s. [A corruption of bramble,
the mind.
"No, bum troth, good man Grumbe, his name is and Scotch kyte = belly.] The fruit of the
2. Boating : In the college races at Oxford
Stephano."-Damon and Pith., 0. Pl., i. 211.
bramble, Rubus fruticosus. (Britten & Hol-
and Cambridge the boats are not started in
*bum-ladie. By my lady, i.e., by the
land.)
line, but at certain intervals in succession, in
Virgin Mary.
búm'-boat, s. [From Eng. bum (1), and boat.
the order of their“ place on the river.” When
"Nay, bum-ladie, I will not, by St. Anne.”
any boat succeeds in overtaking the one in-
So called from its clumsy form.]
Promos and Cassandra, iv. 7. (Nares.)
mediately in front, and runs into it with its
bū-măs'-tús, s. [From Gr. Boúpaolos (bou-
Naut. : A boat used to carry provisions to bow, it is said to bump it, and the two boats
vessels.
masthos), Boumagros (boumastos) = a kind of
change places in seniority.
vine bearing large grapes ; Bous (bous) = a bū-mel'-i-a, s. [Lat. bumelia; Gr. Bovuedía
"St. Catherine's, Christ's, and King's made a fine
race, and Christ's claim to have bumped St. Cathe-
bullock or ox, a cow, and pastós (mastos)= a (boumelia) = a large kind of ash.]
rine's. King's, in turn, ran into the former crew, and
breast, spec. the swelling breast of a woman. Bot.: A genus of trees belonging to the
claimed a bump."-Standard, March 10, 1881.
Named from being large like a cow's nipple.] order Sapotaceæ (Sapotads). Bumelia nigra bump-supper, s. A supper given in one
Palceont. : A sub-genus of Silurian Trilobites has a bitter and astringent bark, which is of the colleges at Oxford or Cambridge to
ranked under the genus Illænus. The Illcenus used in fevers. B. retusa has a milky fruit. celebrate the boat of that particular college
(Bumastus) barriensis is from Barr, in Stafford The fruit of B. lyciodes, partly sour, partly having bumped its predecessor in the races,
shire. It is called the Barr Trilobite.
sweet, is useful in diarrhea. (Lindley.) and thus gained a step towards “the head of
[BULLY-TREE.]
the river.”
búm'-bāi-liff, s. [Generally believed to be a
corruption of bound bailiff, but Todd and
búm'-kin, bôom'-kịn, s. [From Eng. boom, 1 * bump (2), s. [BOOM (1), s.] The loud boom-
Skeat think bum is = bum (1) (q.v.), and that
and dimin. suff. -kin.]
ing noise of the bittern,
it was applied by the common people con-
“ The bitter with his bump,
temptuously to the functionary, as implying
Nautical :
The crane with his trump.
that he caught those of whom he was in pur-
1. A boom on each side of the bow, to haul
Skelton : Poems, p. 227.
suit by the hinder part of their garments. the fore-tack to.
bump (1), v.t. & i. (Wel. bwmp = a lump;
Hall and Wharton think it is from bum (2) =
pwmpio = to bump, bang; Ir. & Gael. beuns =
a humming, droning, or dunning noise.] An part of the main-brace.
a blow.]
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pīne, pît, sire, sīr, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; try, Sýrian. æ, 0e =ē; ey=ā. qu=kw.

bump-bung
739
3.]
tion.
A. Transitive :
to be bunchy, when the yield is irregular-
1. Gen.: To strike forcibly against any sometimes rich, sometimes poor.
thing, to beat, thump.
2. Flax manufacture: Three bundles, or
“I bumped the ice into three several stars."
180,000 yards, of linen yarn. [BUNDLE.]
Tennyson : The Epic.
** bunch-backed, * bunchbacked, a.
2. Spec. (Boating): To effect a bump.
Having a prominence on the back; hump-
B. Intransitive: To strike against anything,
backed.
to bob up and down.
“To help thee curse that poisonous bunch-back'd toad."
“And thumping and plumping and bumping and
Shakesp.: Richard III., i. 3.
jumping." Southey : Cataract of Lodore, p. 77.
+ būnch, * būnch'-on, * bun-sen, v.t. & i.
t bump (2), v.t. [BOOM (1), s.] To make a [BUNCH, s.]
loud booming noise, to bumble. (Said only of A. Transitive:
the bittern.)
* 1. To beat, bump.
“And as a bittour bumps within a reed,
To thee alone, O lake, she said-—" Dryden.
"Bunchon. Tundo, trudo.”—Prompt. Parv.
"He buncheth me and beateth me.”
bůmp'-ěr, s. [A corruption of bombard, s., I.
Palsgrave.
2. To tie up or form into a bunch or cluster.
I. Ord. Lang. : A glass filled to overflowing. B. Intransitive: To grow or form into a
"The purple bumper trembling at his lips."
cluster or bunch ; to swell out, or grow into
Cowper : Hope.
a protuberance or bulb.
“One of those nobles swallowed so many bumpers
that he tumbled into the turf fire.”—Macaulay: fist.
"It has the resemblance of a champignon before it is
Eng., ch. xvii.
opened, bunching out into a large round knob at one
end."-Woodward.
II. Tech. :
1. Naut. : Logs of wood placed over a ship's
* bunch'-1-ness, s. [Eng. bunchy; -ness. ]
side to keep off ice
The quality of being bunchy.
2. Rail. : A projecting head at the end of a + bănch'-îng, *būnch'-înge, * búnch'-
railway-car, to receive or deliver the contact
ynge, pr. par., A., & s. [BUNCH, v.]
when cars come together, and by transferring
the force to a spring moderate the force of the
A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj. : (See
collision ; a buffer.
the verb.)
C. As substantive :
bump'-îng, pr. par. & a. [BUMP, v.]
*1. The act of beating.
bumping-post, s.
"Bunchinge. Tuncio." -Prompt. Parv.
Railway Engineering : A timber or set of
2. The act of forming into a bunch.
timbers at the termination of a railway track,
+ băngh-ỹ, a. [Eng. bunch ; -9.]
to limit the motion of the train in that direc-
1. Ord. Lang. : Forming a cluster or bunch;
humpy, swelling.
bump'-kin, * bům'-kín, S. (A word of "He is more especially distinguished from other
doubtful origin. Skeat and Mahn consider it
birds, by his bunchy tail.-Grew.
the same as boomkin = a small boom or luff 2. Mining : [See BUNCH, B.]
block, and hence, metaphorically, a wooden-
headed fellow, a blockhead.] [BOOMKIN.) A
* būn'-combe, a. & s. [BUNKUM.]
country lout; an awkward, clumsy, thick-
bund, * bun'-din, * bun'-dyn (Scotch),
headed fellow.
* bun'-dyn (0. Eng.), pa. par. & a. [BIND, v.]
" 'Twas April, as the bumpkins say."
Cowper : Raven. bund-sack, s. A person of either sex
* bump-kin-lý, ủ. [Eng. bumpkin ; -lg.]||
engaged to be married. (Scotch.) (Vulgar.)
Like a bumpkin, having the manners of a (Jamieson.)
bumpkin, clownish.
búnd, a. [BOUND, a.] Ready, prepared ;
“Who, aiming at description, and the rustick
bound for. (Scotch.)
wonderful, gives an air of bumpkinly romance to all
he tells."-Richardson: Clarissa.
“But bide ye-ye shall hear what cam o't, and how
far I am bund to be bedesman to the Ravenswoods”
+ bún (1), * būnne (1), s. [A.S. bune = a Scott : Bride of Lammermoor, ch. xxiv.
hollow pipe, a cup.] The inner part or core
búnd, s. [A native word.]
of the stalks of flax. (Still in use in the
provinces.)
In India : An embankment.
“Ryse, or bunne, or drye weed. Calamus.”—Prompt.
"... the broad brown plains where bunds and
Parv.
water-dykes and machinery for regulating the flood-
ing of the land indicated the scenes of labour.”—Times,
June 6, 1861.
bùn (2), * bonne, * bằnn, ý bằnne (2), s.
[O. Prov. Fr. bugne = a kind of fritters ; Fr. * búnd'-ě)-ět, s. [O. Eng. bundel = bundle,
bigne = a swelling; Sp. buñuelo = a sort of
and dimin, suff. -et.] A little bundle.
sweetbread. Compare O. H. Ger. bungo=a
"A bundelet of myrre my lemman is to me." -
bulb; Eng. bunch.] A small cake or sweet Wycliffe : Song of Solomon, i. 12.
bread.
bun'-dér, s. & a. [Hind. bundar, from Arab.
"Bunne, brede. Placenta.”—Prompt. Parv.
băndăr = a city, an emporium, a port, a
+ bún (3), * bwn, s. [Gael. bun = bottom, harbour, a trading town (Catafago).]
foundation ; Ir. bon, bun = the bottom of any-
thing. ] [BUM.] (Scotch.) (Lyndsay: Worhis,
bunder-boat, s. The surf-boat of the
p. 208. A. Scott: Poems, p. 50.) (Jamieson.)
Malabar coast of India.
* būn, a. [BOUN, a.] Ready, prepared. būn'-dle, * bun-del, * bun-delle, s. [A.S.
"Fodder and hai thou sal find bun."
byndel, dimin. of bund=a bundle, things
Cursor Mundi, 3,317. bound together; bindan = to bind up ; Dut.
bunch, * bonche, * būnche, s. [Icel. bunki
bondel ; Ger. bündel.]
= a heap, pile; O. Sw. bunke; Dan. bunke;
I. Ordinary Language:
Dut. bonken = to beat.]
1. Literally:
I. Ordinary Language :
(1) A number of things bound together.
+1. A lump, a knob, a prominence.
“Observe the dying father speak,
Try, lads, can you this bundle break?”
"Mid brode bunches on heore bak."-Mapes, p. 344.
Swift : The Fagot.
" They will carry their treasures upon the bunches " With base and with capital flourished around,
of camels.”—Isa. XXX. 6.
Seemed bundles of lances which garlands had bound."
2. A cluster of several things of the same
Scott: The Lay of the Last Minstrel, ii. 9.
kind growing naturally together.
(2) A roll, a package, a parcel.
"For thee, large bunches load the bending vine."
*2. Fig.: A collection, a number.
Dryden.
"So that this and the whole bundle of those follow.
3. A number of things tied together.
ing sentences may be applied."--Milton: Eikonoklastes.
"If I fought not with fifty of them, I am a bunch II. Flax manuf. : Twenty hanks, or 60,000
of radish."-Shakesp. : 1 Hen. IV., ii. 4.
yards, of linen yarn.
« A bunch of ponderous keys he took."
Scott: Lady of tire Lake, vi. 12. bundle-pillar, s.
4. A tuft or little bundle of things fastened Arch. : A column or pier with others of
in a knot or bow.
smaller dimensions attached to it.
II. Technically:
1. Mining: A miner's term for an irregular
băn-dle, a.t. & . [BUNDLE, s.]
lump of ore more than a stone, and not so
A. Transitive:
much as a continuous vein. A mine is said 1. Lit. : To tie up in a bundle or parcel.
“ As if a man, in making posies,
Should bundle thistles up with roses."
Swift.
2. Fig. : To heap together roughly.
“We ought to put things together as well as we can,
doctrinæ causa; but, after all, several things will not
be bundled up together, under our terms and ways of
speaking."-Locke.
1 To bundle off: To start anyone off hur-
riedly.
To bundle up: To pack up hurriedly.
+ B. Intransitive:
1. To prepare for departure ; to pack up.
2. To sleep together without undressing.
(Applied to the custom of a man and woman
so doing.) (American.)
bun'-dled, pa. par. & a. [BUNDLE, v.]
“By tricks and lies as numerous and as keen
As the necessities their authors feel :
Then cast them, closely bundled, every brat."
Cowper : The Task, bk. ii.
búnd'-lựng, pr. par. & a. (BUNDLE, v.]
bundling-machine, s. A machine for
grasping a number of articles into a bundle
ready for tying. Machines of this character
are used for fire-wood, asparagus, and many
other things sold in tied bundles.
bundling-press, s. A press in which
hanks of yarn are pressed into cubical pack-
ages for transportation, storage, or sale.
*bune, s. [A. S. bune (Somner).] [BUN (1).]
A reed, a pipe, a flute. (Prompt. Parv.)
băng (1), * bùnge, S. & C. [Wel. bong =(1) a
hole, (2) a bung; O. Gael. buine = a tap, a
spigot; Ir. buinne= a tap. Cf. O. Dut. bonne
= a bung, stopple; O. Fr. bonde =a bung.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Lit. : [II. 1.]
“Bunge of a wesselle, as a tonne, barelle, botelle, or
othere lyke. Lura."-Prompt. Parv.
“After three nights are expired, the next morning
pull out the bung, stick, or plug."-Mortimer.
2. Fig.: Applied- -
(1) To the landlord of a public - house.
(Slang.)
(2) To a sharper or pickpocket. (Slang.)
“Away, you cut-purse rascal ! you filthy bung, away!"
- Shakesp. : 2 šten. IV., ii. 4.
(3) To a pocket or a purse. (Slang.) (Nares.)
II. Technically:
1. Coopering: A stopper for the large open-
ing in the bulge of a cask called the bung-ħole.
2. Pottery: A pile of seggars forming a
cylindrical column in a kiln.
3. Shoemaking : The instep of a shoe.
(Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
B. As adj. : Tipsy, intoxicated. (Scotch.)
“But changed her maid when bung."
Ramsay: Poems, i. 268. (Jamieson.)
bung-borer, s.
Coopering: A conical auger for reaming out
a bung-hole.
bung-cutter, s. A machine for cutting
bungs. There are four forms :--The annular
borer, a lathe which turns the circular bung,
a cylindrical saw, and a descending tubular
knife.
bung-fu', a. Quite intoxicated. (Scotch.)
(Vulgar.) (Picken : Poems, 1785, p. 52.)
bung-hole, s. The hole in a cask through
which it is filled, and which is then stopped
wîth a bung.
“To what base uses we may return, Horatio ! Why
may not imagination trace the noble dust of Alexander,
till he find it stopping a bung-hole!" - Shakesp. :
Hamlet, v. i.
bung-starter, s.
Coopering : A stave shaped like a bat,
which, applied to either side of the bung,
causes it to start out.
bung-vent, s. A passage for admitting
air through the bung of a cask, to allow a free
flow of liquid from the tap.
* bũng (2), S. & d. [Imitated from the sound.
In Ger. bunge = a drum.]
A. As substantive:
1. The sound emitted when a stone is forcibly
thrown from a sling.
2. The act of throwing a stone from a sling.
B. As adjective: Humming. (See the com-
pound.)
bung-top, s. A humming-top.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhăn. -tious, -sious, -cious =shús. -ble, -dle, &c.= bęl, del.

740
bung-bunting
GPS coord
0902
0.0
2.0.
GRO.
200
băng, 2.. [BUNG, s.]
I. Ordinary Language :
black, foetid powder. This powder is a mass
1. Lit. : To close, stop with a hung.
1. Of the forms bunker, bunkart. (Scotch.) of spherical, reticulated spores, which, when
“They bung up the said vessels, and give them vent (1) A bench, or sort of long low chests that
crushed, give out a most disagreeable smell.
soinetimes." -Markham: Country Farm.
serve for seats.
It was formerly called Uredo fætida, or stink-
2. Fig.: To close up, stop.in any way.
“Ithers frae aff the bunkers sank."
“If Ronaldos had heard these speeches froin tihe poor
Ramsay: Poems, i. 280.
knave, he had bungecl up his mouth, that he should
(2) A seat in a window, which also serves
not have spoken these three years."-Shelton : Don
Quixote.
for a chest, opening with a hinged lid.
būn'g-a-low, s. From Bengali bánglá;
"A bunker, a window-seat."—Sir J. Sinclair : Obser-
vations, p. 169.
Mahratta băngăla.] The name applied to the
2. Of the form bunker only (Eng.): A large
kind of houses erected by Europeans in India.
They are generally of one story, and with the
bin or receptacle for anything; for exanıple,
coals.
roof thatched, the ceiling being often of white-
washed cloth. They are not well adapted for
II. Technically :
defence against a foe.
1. Naut.: A space in steamers below decks
búng'-le, 2.t. & i. (Etymology doubtful.
for the accommodation of coal.
Skeat suggests bongle, bangle, a formation from 2. In the game of golf: Ån obstacle.
bangand = to strike often or clumsily. Cf. Sw.
bangla = to work ineffectually. Mahn says a
bun-kum, bun-combe, s. [From Bun-
dimin. of Prov. Ger. bungen = to beat.]
combe, a county in the western part of North
Carolina. When, in the Sixteenth Congress
A. Transitive :
of the United States, the “Missouri Question”
1. Lit. : To botch; mend clumsily.
was being discussed, Felix Walker, the mem SPORES OF BUNT (MAGNIFIED 200 DIAMETERS).
“They make lame mischief, though they mean it well ; ber for part of West Carolina, persisted in
Their intrest is not finely drawn, and hid,
speaking when the House was impatient to
ing-rust. Bread made from flour containing
But seams are coarsely bungled up, and seen.”
Dryden.
vote, he was implored to desist, but would
this fungus has a disagreeable flavour and a
2. Fig. : To manage clumsily or awkwardly,
not, declaring that he must make a speech for
dark colour. Such flour, however, is said to
Buncombe, meaning for his constituents in
to spoil.
be sometimes used in the manufacture of
“You have bungled this business.”—Thackeray:
that then uncelebrated region.]
gingerbread, the treacle effectually disguising
Adv. of Philip, i. 240.
1. A body of constituents. (Goodrich & the flavour. The presence of bunt is readily
B. Intransitive: To mismanage, botch, act Porter.) (American.)
detected by the microscope.
clumsily or awkwardly.
2. A speech made for the purpose of clap III. Nuut. : The middle perpendicular por-
"I do not use to bungle."--Beaum. & Flet. : Maid's trap or political intrigue. (American.)
tion of a sail.
Trag., iii. 1.
"All that flourish about right of search was bunkum
-all that brag about hanging your Canada sheriff was
bunt-lines, s. pl. [BUNTLINE.)
bung-le, s. [BUNGLE, v.) A botching, awk-
bunkum, slavery speeches are all bunkum; so are re-
ward mismanagement; clumsiness.
form speeches."-Haliburton. (Goodrich & Porter.) búnt (2), s. [Provinc. Scotch bun = the tail
“Errours and bungles are committed when the TTo speak for buncombe : To speak for os-
or brush of a hare. Cf. Ir. bon, bun; Dan.
matter is inaptor contumacious."-Ray on the Creation. tentation.
bund = the bottom of anything (Jamieson).
Cf. also bundt = bundle, ... bottle of hay,
búng-ler, s. [BUNGLE, v.] One who bungles ;
† būnn, * bỏnne, s. [Bun.]
faggot of branches.] The tail or brush of a
a botcher, a clumsy fellow.
hare or rabbit.
“Hard features every bungler can command ; būn'-nērts, s. [Froni Sw. björn = a bear, and
"... a strolling hound
To draw true beauty shows a master's hand.”
Eng. Wort. In Sw. björn-ram, and in Ger.
Had near hand catch'd me by the brint."
Dryden: Epistle to Mr. Lee, 53,54.
bärenklau, are names of this plant, and are
The Hare's Complaint, A. Scott's Poems, p. 79.
băng-lăng, p. par., C., & S. [BUNGLE, 0.] = the bear's paw. (Jamieson.).] The same búnt, v.i. [From bunt (1), s. (q.v.).] To swell
A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj. : (See as BUNNLE (q.v.).
out; as, the sail bunts out.
the verb.)
† bun-nle, † bun-nel, s. [Corrupted from * búnt-ēr (1) s. [Cf. bunt (1), s. (q.v.).]
“He must be a bungling gamester who cannot win.”
Scotch buinnerts (q.v.) (?). (Jamieson.)] A
Macaulay.
1. Spec. : A cant term for a woman who
“Name it not faith, but bungling bigotry."
plant, Heracleum sphondylium.
picks up rags about the streets.
Dryden : The Hind and the Panther, 141-2.
bûn'-ó-donts, bûn-o-don'-ta, s. pl. [From
"Punks, strolers, market dames, and bunters."
C. As substantive : A botching, clumsy or
Gr. Bovvós (bounos) = a hill, a height, a heap,
Hudibras Redivivus (1707). (Halliwell: Cont. to Lex.)
awkward performance.
a mound, and odoús (odous), genit. ódóvtos
2. Gen. : Any low, vulgar woman.
băng-ling-lý, ada. [Eng. boung4mg ; -lg.] |
(odontos) = a tooth.]
"Her two marriageable daughters, like bunters, in
stuff gowns, are now taking sixpennyworths of tea at
In a bungling manner; clumsily, awkwardly. Zool. : Kowalewsky's name for one of two the White-conduit House."-Goldsmith: Essays, Ess.
“To denominate them monsters, they must have sections of the Artiodactylate Mammalia. It
15.
had some system of parts, compounded of solids and
is so called because the teeth have tuberculated
fluids. that executed, though but bunglingly, their
| bûnt'-er (2), s.& a. [From Ger. bunt = party-
peculiar functions.”—Bentley.
crowns. It contains the families Hippopota-
midæ and Suidæ. (Nicholson : Zool.)
coloured, variegated, pied, motley.]
băn-gõ,5. [An American-Indian word.]
A. As substantive : The same as BUNTER
Boat. : A kind of canoe used in the Southern
Bûn'-sën, s. & a. [From Herr Bunsen, pro SANDSTONE (q.v.).
States and in South America.
fessor of chemistry at Breslau.]
B. As adjective: Variegated ; pertaining to
the bunter and sandstone.
būn'-ion (ion as yun), t būn-yon * būn'-
Bunsen-battery, Bunsen's battery,
"... many plants have been obtained from the
1-an, * bun'-ne-an (Eng.), bún-yan
'bunter,' especially conifers of the extinct genus Volt-
(Scotch), s. [In Ital. bugnone, bugno = a round
Electricity: A modification of the Grove zia."-Lyell: Man. Gcol. (4th ed.), ch. xxii.
knob or bunch, a boil or blain ; 0. Fr. bugne,
battery, carbon or gas-coke replacing the
platinum, and a solution of bichromate of
bunter sandstone, S.
bune, buigne = a swelling; Icel. bunga = an
(Ger. bunter
elevation, a convexity. (Skeat.).]
sandstein.]
potash replacing the nitric acid of the Grove-
battery.
Geol. : One of the three great divisions of
Med. : An enlargement and inflammation of
the Triassic formation. It is the lowest, i.e.
the joint of the great toe. (Lit. & fig.)
Bunsen's burner, s. [BURNER.]
the oldest of the series. It corresponds to
"He was not aware that Miss Mally had an orthodox
corn or bunyan that could as little bear a touch from
Bunsen's photometer, s.
the Grès bigarré (variegated freestone or grit)
[PHOTO-
the royne slippers of philosophy ..."-Ayrs. Legat.,
of the French, and is represented in England
METER.]
p. 198. (Jamieson.)
by sandstone and quartzose conglomerate. In
the Hartz it is more than 1,000 feet thick ; in
bū'-ni-úm, S.
bûn'-sen-īte, s. [From Professor Bunsen of
[Lat. bunion ; Gr. Boúviov
Breslau, who observed artificial crystals of Cheshire and Lancashire about 600. The
(bounion) = probably the earth-nut, from
the mineral.]
footprints of old called Chirotherium, now
Bovvós (bounos) = a hill, because the plant
grows in hilly situations. ]
known to be Labyrinthodont, Occur in the
Min.: An octohedral translucent mineral
Bunter; the plants are chiefly ferns, cycads,
of a vitreous lustre and pistachio-green colour,
Botany: A genus of umbelliferous plants.
and conifers.
Bunium flexuosum is the Common Earth-nut,
a pure protoxide of nickel, found in Saxony.
and is British. What was formerly called B. | búnt (1), s. [Corrupted from bent (Skinner).]
búnt-ing (1), pr. par. & d. [BUNT, v.]
bulbocastanum is now removed to the genus
Carum (q.v.).
bunting-iron, s.
I. Ordinary Language :
It also is wild in this country.
Glass-making: The glassblower's pipe.
* 1. Gen. : A swelling part, an increasing
(EARTH-NUT.]
cavity.
búnk, s. (Sw. bunkera flat-bottomed bowl;
bũnt'-îng (2), * búnt-ynge, * bount-ing
“The wear is a frith, reaching slopwise through the
Dan. bynke = a meal-tub.] [BUNG.]
ooze, from the land to low water mark, and having in
(Eng.), búnt'-lin (Scotch), s. & d. [Etym.
1. Ord. Lang. : A wooden case or box, which
it a bunt or cod, with an eye-hook, where the fish doubtful. Cf. Bret. bounta, bunta = to push,
entering, upon the coming back with the ebb, are
serves for a seat in the daytime and a bed at
knock, or shove; Eng. dial. bunt = to shove,
stopped from issuing out again, forsaken by the water,
night. (American.)
and left dry on the ooze."-Carew.
to push with the head. Cf. Wel. buntin = the
2. Naut. : One of a series of berths arranged
2. Spec. : A swelling arising from a blow. rump; buntinog = large-buttocked (Skeat, &c.).
From Ger. bunt = variegated, motley, because
in vertical tiers. (Chiefly, but not exclusively, II. Ordinary Language, Botany, &c. :
it is covered with a great many small black
American.)
1. A weed, a herb. (Halliwell: Contr. to
spots like grains of millet (?). Cf. bunt-drossel
“But the rooms are divided by upright boards into Lexicog.)
= a redwing (Mahn).]
bunks, and the berths are in pairs, one above the
other."-Times, May 21, 1874. The Emigrants' Depot
2. Two fungi.
A. As substantive: The Common Bunting.
at Blackwall.
* (1) A puff-ball, Lycoperdon bovista.
I. Ord. Lang. : A bird, Emberiza miliaria.
búnk'-ẽr (Eng.), búnk'-ēr, búnk'-art (2) Tilletia caries, which attacks the ears of [II. 1.]
(Scotch), s. [BUNK.]
| wheat, completely filling the grains with a "Buntynge byrde. Pratellus.”—Prompt. Paro.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sīr, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; try, Sýrian. Be, ce=ē. ey=ām qu= kw.

bunting--bur
741
OUCA
HLILIYON
"I took this lark for a bunting."-Shakesp. : All's | II. Naut.: A floating body anchored or Entom. : A genus of Lepidoptera, family
Well, ii. 5.
fastened in the vicinity, and employed to Geometridæ. Bupalus piniarius is the Bor.
II. Ornith. : The English name of Embe-
point out the
dered White Moth. It flies during the day-
rizinæ, a sub-family of Fringillidæ (Finches).
position of
time in the vicinity of pine trees, on which its
Of British species the following are enumerated
anything under
larvæ feed.
by Yarr ll: --
water, as a
1. The Common Bunting (Emberiza miliaria). ship's anchor,
bu-phag-a, S. [From Gr. Booặáyos (bonuphat-
Above it is yellowish-brown streaked with reef, shoal, or
gos) = ox-eating; Boüs (bous) = an ox, and
blackish-brown; beneath it is pale yellowish danger of any
payeiv (phagein) = to eat. )
grey with dark spots. It lays four or five kind. Buoys,
Ornith. : A genus of birds, the typical one
eggs of reddish-white or pale purple with dark in general, are
of the sub-family Buphaginæ (q.v.). Buphaga
purple-brown streaks and spots. It is com divided into
africanu is the African Ox-pecker, so called
mon in Britain,
three kinds :
because, sitting on the backs of cattle, it picks
2. The Black-headed Bunting (E. schæniclus),
the cask-buoy,
out the bot-flies which annoy them. It is
sometimes called also the Reed-bunting and
the can-buoy, and the nun-buoy
found in Senegal, as well as in Southern
the Ring-bunting. It has a black head and
(q.v.). (See also spar-buoy.)
Africa.
white throat. The eggs are four or five, with
(Knight.)
angular lines and spots.
B. As adjective : (See the com-
bū-phag'-1-dæ, s. pl. [From Mod. Lat. bu-
phaga (q.v.), and fem. pl. adject. suff. -idæ.]
3. The Yellow Bunting, Yellow Ammer, or pounds.)
BUOYS,
Ornith. : In some classifications a family of
Yellow-hammer. (YELLOW-HAMMER.]
buoy-rope, s. [Eng. buoy;
Conirostral birds; in others it is reduced to a
4. The Cirl-bunting (E. cirlus.)
rope. In Sw. boj rep.]
sub-family of Sturnidæ. [BUPHAGINÆ.]
5. The Ortolan Bunting (E. hortulana.)
Naut. : The rope which fastens a buoy to an
6. The Snow-bunting (Plectrophanes nivalis). anchor.
bū-phag'-i-næ, s. pl. [From Mod. Lat. bu-
It is a winter visitant to Britain.
buoy-safe, s. A metallic body divided
phaga (q.v.)., and fem. pl. adject. suff. -inc.)
7. The Lapland Bunting (P. lapponica).
into compartments, by which it is braced,
Ornith. : A sub-family of Sturnidæ (Star-
The birds of the genus Plectrophanes are
and having water-tight doors opening to the
lings). Type, Buphaga (q.v.).
sometimes called Lark-buntings. [LARK-
inside. The buoy has an encircling armour būph-thal-mum, s. [In Fr. bufthalme;
BUNTING.]
of cork.
Sp. & Ital. buftalmo ; Lat. buphthalmum ;
B. As adjective: Resembling some of the
| buoy (u silent), v.t. & i. [From buoy, s. (q.v.).]
Gr. Boúpeadmov (bouphthalmon) = ox-eye, pro-
species described under A., specially the first.
A. Transitive:
bably an antheinis or a chrysanthemum ; Bous
(bous) =an ox, and opaduós (ophthalmos) =
bunting-crow, s. One of the names for 1. To place a buoy upon, to mark as with a eye.]
the Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix).
buoy. (Lit. & fig.)
Bot. : A genus of composite plants belong-
bunting-lark, s. One of the English
“.... not one rock near the surface was discovered ing to the sub-order Tubulifloræ. Buphthal-
which was not buoyed by this floating weed."-Darwin:
names for a bird, the Common Bunting (Em Voyuge round the Worlă (ed. 1870), ch. xi., p. 239.
mum fruticosus, or Shrubby, and B. arborescens,
beriza miliaria.)
2. To cause to keep afloat, or to ascend, to
or Tree Ox-eye, both undershrubs of orna-
bear up. (Lit. & fig.) (Often followed by up.)
mental character, have been long introduced
búnt-îng (3), † būn'-tīne, s. [Etym. doubt-
into Britain, the first from the continent of
“.... wherever there was heat enough in the air
ful. In Dut. bont (s.) = fur, printed cotton, to continue its ascent, and buoy it up." - Woodward :
America and the second from Bermuda.
(a.) = party-coloured, motley. Mahn derives Nat. Hist.
* B. Intrans. : To rise to the surface, or at
bunting from Ger. bunt = variegated ; Wedg-
bū-pleûr-úm, s. [In Fr. bupleire ; Sp. bu-
wood from Eng. Somerset dial. bunt = to sift; least to rise. (Fig.)
plero; Port. & Ital. bupleuro; Russ. buplewr ;
Lat. bupleuron ; Gr. Boulevpov (boupleuron) :
Bret. bounta = to push, knock, shove.]
"For rising merit will buoy up at last."
Pope : Essay on Criticism, 461.
Bows (bous) = ox, and
Ord. Lang. & Fabric: A thin woollen stuff
devpóv (pleuron) = a
rib.]
of which flags are made. (Used also for a buoy'-age (u silent), (age as ig), s. [Eng.
Bot. : Hare's-ear. A numerous genus of
display of flags.)
buoy; and Eng., &c. suff. -age.]
Umbelliferous plants with simple leaves. Bu-
“The bridges, the private houses had broken out in 1. The act of providing buoys.
pleurum aristatum, or Narrow-leaved ; B. ro-
bunting."-Daily News, Sept. 24, 1870.
2. Buoys taken collectively, a series of tundifolium, or Coinmon; and B. tenuissimum,
búnt-lĩn, s. [BUNTING.) (Scotch.)
buoys used to render the entrance into a port or Slender Hare's-ear, are wild in Britain, and
more safe, or for any similar purpose.
B. falcatum introduced.
búnt-līne, s. & a. [From Eng. bunt = the
cavity of a sail, and line.]
t buo-ançe, busy-an-ẹỹ (u silent), s. | bu-pres-ta-o (Lat. ), bu-pres-tia-ans,
A. As substantive :
[From Eng. buoyan(t), and suffix -cy.]
S. [From Mod. Lat. buprestis (q.v.).]
Naut. : One of the ropes attached to the I. Ordinary Language :
Entom.: A family of insects, section Penta-
foot-rope of a sail, which passes in front o
1. Lit. Of material things : Tendency to rise
mera, sub-section Sternoxi. They are akin to
the canvas, and is one of the means of taking
the Elateridæ, or Click-beetles, but cannot
to the surface of water or other liquid, or of
it in, turning it up forward so as to spill the
leap like them. They are splendidly coloured,
the air or other gas.
wind and avoid bellying.
green being the most common hue, after
"All the winged tribes owe their flight and buoyancy
which follow blue, red, gold, and copper.
B. As adjective : Pertaining to such a rope. to it. '-Derham : Physico-Theoloyy.
2. Fig. Of things not material: Lightness,
More than 500 are known, all but a few being
buntline-cloth, s.
tendency to rise or to sink. (Often used of
foreign.
Naut. : The lining sewed up a sail under the the temperature or the spirits.)
bū-prēs'-tis, s. [From Gr. Boúmpnotis (bou-
buntline, to prevent the rope from chafing the
II. Nat. Phil. : The buoyancy of a material prēstis) = a poisonous beetle (the Spanish
sail.
substance depends on the relation between its fly :), which, eaten by cattle in their grass,
specific gravity on the one hand and that of makes them swell up and die, from Bous (bous)
būn'-tý, s. (From Wel. bontin=the rump (?).]
the volume of the fluid which it displaces.
=ox, and mpňow (prētho) = to blow up.)
A hen without a rump. (Scotch.)
Entom.: The typical genus of the family Bu-
buoy-ant (u silent), a. [From Eng. buoy; and
prestidæ (q.v.). The Buprestis of modern
būn'-wănd, bune'-wand, s. [From Eng.
suffix -ant.]
entomologists is not identical with that of the
dial. bun = the inner part of flax, the core, and
1. Lit. Of a liquid or gas :
Eng. wand (Jamieson).] A plant, Heracleum
etymology.
sphondylium.
(1) Tending to rise to the surface of a liquid
or gas.
* būr (1), * būrre, * bir, * birre (Eng.),
* bun'-wede, s. [BINWEED.]
(2) Tending to buoy up a particular thing
*byr (Scotch), s. [Icel. byr=a tempest; Sw.
1. Senecio Jacobcec. (Jamieson.)
placed in it. [2. (2).]
& Dan. bör = a wind. Cf. Wel. bur = vio-
lence, rage.]
2. Polygonum convolvulus.
2. Fig. Of things not material:
1. A wind.
bún'-yěl, s. [Corrupted from Eng. bundle (?).]
(1) Tending to rise instead of sinking.
"The bur ber to hit [the bote] baft.”
"And days, prepared a brighter course to run,
Altit. Poems : Patience, 148.
A beggar's old bag. (Scotch.)
Unfold their buoyant pinions to the sun!”
2. Force.
Hernans : Dartmoor.
* būn'-yon, s. [BUNION.]
“ His once so vivid nerves
.. no buerne might ffor the birre it abide."-
So full of buoyant spirit.”
Wycliffe (Purvey): Lu. viii. 33.
* buothe, pl. of a. (BOTH.]
Thomson : Autumn.
3. A blow, an assault.
(2) Fitted to sustain or even to raise up “And I shal bide the first bur, as bare as I sitte."
buoy (u silent), S. & a. [In Fr. bouée ; Norm. anything in contact with it.
Sir Gaw. and the Gr. Knight, 290.
Fr. boie; Sp. boya; Port. boia; Sw. boj : “... the weight of thirty years was taken off me
bũr (2), s. & d. [In Fr. bourre=wadding ; Ital.
Ger. boje, boie ; M. H. Ger, boije. From Dut.
while I was writing. I swam with the tide, and the
borra = hair to stuff saddles.
water under me was buoyant."-Dryden: Eleonora,
boei = a shackle, fetter, a handcuff, a buoy.
From Gael.
Dedication.
borr = a knob, bunch, or swelling.)
Cf. Sw. boja = fetters, irons; Dan. boie =
bilboes; Fr. bouée ; Ital. bove = an ox, fetters. | buoy'-ant-lý (u silent), adv. [Eng. buoyant ; A. As substantive :
shackles; Low Lat. boia = a fetter, a clog;
-ly.] In a buoyant manner. (Coleridge.)
I. Ordinary Language :
Lat. boice, plur. = a collar. A buoy ther. is
1. Of anything annular :
that which is fettered.)
buoyed (u silent), pa. par. & d. [BUOY, v.]
(1) Artificial : The broad ring of iron behind
A. As substantive:
buoy-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [Buoy, v.]
the place for the hand on a tilting spear.
I. Ordinary Language :
(Holmes, Nares, and Skeat.)
bū'-pal-ús, s. [From Gr. Boúradis (boupalis)
1. Lit. : In the same sense as II.
"He thryst hymsself wyth the myght that he had
= wrestling like a bull, hard struggling, from
vp to the bur of King Arthur's spere."-Le Morte
2. Fig.: Anything that supports a person Boûs (bous) =an ox . . . bull, and Táin (palē) D'Arthur. Spec. Ear. Eng. Lit. (1394-1579) (ed. Skeat).
or his hopes.
= wrestling.)
(2) Natural :
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhŭn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, del.

742
bur-burden
(a) The rough annular excrescence at the (2) A thistle, Carduus lanceolatus. (Scotch.)
root of a deer's horn. (Nares.)
(3) The English name of a grass, Cenchrus
(6) A halo round the moon.
lappaceus. It comes from India.
2. Of anything knobbed or projecting: The II. Fig.: A person whom, or a thing which,
lobe of the ear.
one cannot easily shake off.
3. Of anything swelled, though irregular in
"I am a kind of burr; I shall stick."-Shakesp.:
form : The sweetbread or pancreas of the sheep
Meas. for Meas., iv. 3.
or any other of the inferior animals.
B. As adjective: Of or belonging to a bur in
II. Technically:
any of the senses given under A.
1. Weapons : [I. 1.]
bur-bark, s. [Named from the hooked
fruits.] The fibrous bark of Triumfetta semi-
2. Tools :
triloba. (Treas. of Bot.)
(1) A triangular chisel.
bur-flag, s. A plant, Sparganium ramosum.
(2) A fluted reaming-tool.
(3) A dentist's instruinent of the nature of a
bur-marigold, s.
drill, but having a serrated or file-cut head, Bot. : A book-name for Bidens tripartita.
larger than the shank.
bur-parsley, s. [So called from resem-
3. Machinery:
bling parsley and from having prickly fruit.]
(1) A small circular saw or toothed drum The English name of Caucalis, a genus of um-
used on a mandrel placed between the centres
belliferous plants. The Small Bur-parsley,
of a lathe.
Caucalis dancoides, is common in a chalky
(2) A wheel with thin plates or projections
soil in cornfields in the east and south-east of
inclined to the axis of the bur in a knitting-
England. C. latifolia, an introduced species,
machine, and used to depress the thread be-
is now extinct.
tween the needles and below the beards ; it is bur-reed, s.
then called a sinker. It becomes a knocker-
Bot. : An English book-name of Sparganium,
off when it raises the loops over the top of
a genus of plants belonging to the order
the needle. [SINKER.]
Typhacea (Typhads or Bulrushes). Four
4. Metallurgy, &c. :
species occur in Britain, the Branched (Spar-
(1) A roughness left on metal by a cutting ganium ramosum), the Unbranched Upright
tool, such as a graver or turning-chisel. The (S. simplex), the Floating (S. natans), and the
bur of a graver is removed by a scraper; that Šmall Bur-reed (S. minimum). The third is
of a lathe-tool by a burnisher or in the polish rare, the rest are tolerably abundant.
ing process. A bur is purposely made on a
bur-thistle (Eng.), bur thristle
currier's knife and a comb-maker's file, and
(Scotch), s. A thistle, Carduus lanceolatus.
in each case constitutes the cutting edge.
(Knight.)
bur-weed, s. [BURWEED.]
(2) A planchet driven out of a sheet of bür (7), s. & a. [Corrupted from bore (q.v.).]
metal by a punch.
(3) A washer placed on the small end of a
bur-tree, s. The same as BORE-TREE-
rivet before the end is swaged down.
i.e., Sambucus nigra.
(4) The jet, sprue, or neck on a cast bullet. * bur-al, a. [BORREL.] (Scotch.)
5. Brick-making: A clinker, a partially
bür'-a-tīte, s. _ [Named by Delessert after
vitrified brick.
a mineralogist Burat.]
B, As adjective: Pertaining to a bur in any
Min.: A doubtful variety of Aurichalcite.
of the foregoing senses.
It was called Lime-aurichalcite, but the lime
bur-chisel, s. A triangular chisel used is from an adventitious source. It is found
to clear the corners of mortises.
in France, in Tuscany, and in the Altai moun-
bur-cutter, bur-nipper, s.
tains.
Metallurgy: A nippers for cutting away the 1 bür'-ble, * bür-běl-yn, * bür'-blön, v.i.
flange from a leaden bullet.
[Cf. Dut. borrelen = to bubble. Perhaps imi-
bur-drill, s. A drill with an enlarged
tated from the sound.)
1. To bubble up, to froth up. (0. Eng.)
head used by operative dentists.
“Burblon as ale or other lykore (burbelyn, P.)
bur-gauge, s.
Butlo.”—Prompt. Parv.
Metal. : A plate perforated with holes of 2. To purl. (Scotch.)
graduated sizes, whose numbers determine
+ būr'-bling, pr. par. & a. [BURBLE, v.]
the trade sizes of drills and burs.
“Throw burbling brookes, or throw the forest grene.”
* bũr (3), s. [Corrupted from bird (?).]
Hudson : Judith, p. 60. (Jamieson.)
* bur-bolt, s. A bird-bolt. (Ford.)
būr'-bot, būr'-bõlt, s. [Fr. barbote; from
barbe = a beard.] A fresh-water fish (Lota
* bur (4), S. [BOWER.] (Ormulum, 3,323.)
vulgaris) of the family Gadidæ. In some
places it is called the Eel-pout, its lengthened
* bur (5), s. [In Icel. bara; O. Ger. bare; Dut. form resembling that of the eel, and the
baar = a wave.] [BORE (2), s.] A high tidal Coney-fish, from hiding itself under stones
wave.
like a rabbit. [LOTA.]
“ The bur ber to hit baft that braste alle her gere,
Then hurled on a hepe the helme and the sterne." * būr'-bŭlle, * būr'-býli, s. [From burble
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Patience, 148.
(q.v.).]
bũr (6), bũrr (1), * būrre, * borre, s. & A.
"Burbulte or burble (burbylt, P.). Bulla, C. F."-
Prompt. Parv.
[Sw. kardborre = a burdock ; borre = an
echinus, a sea-hedgehog; Dan. borre = a bur. * bur-byll, v.i. [BURBLE.]
Fick and Skeat cite Gr. βέρρον (berron), βειρόν
(beiron) = rough, rugged. (Hesychius.)]
* bũrch (pl. bũrch'-is), s. [BURGH, BOR-
A. As substantive :
OUGH.] (Barbour: Bruce (ed. Skeat), iv. 213.)
I. Literally :
* bur-cniht, s. [O. Eng. bur = bower, and
1. Of fruits :
cniht = knight.] A chamberlain, (Layamon,
ii. 372.)
(1) Gen.: Any prickly or spinous fruit, calyx,
or involucre.
bũrd (1) (Scotch), * burd, * burde (0. Eng.),
“Burre. Lappa, glis.”—Prompt. Parv.
S. [BIRD.]
* And fast like burres they cleife baith ane and all,
To hald, O God, thy word and ys in thrall."
búrd (2), s. [BIRTA.]
Poems of the Sixteenth Century, p. 97.
(2) Spec. : The involucres of the burdock, -* burd (3), * burde (1), * boord, s. [BOARD.]
which are covered with hooked scales. This
Burdis (pl.), in the following example, is
renders them invaluable to the British school-
=movable tables.
boy, who uses them as projectiles designed to
adhere to the clothes of his companions.
To lay burdis down: To set aside the tables
[BURDOCK.]
when a feast is over. (Scotch.) (Skeat.)
“... its heads of flowers (those of the burdock] burd'-a-lāne, s. [Scotch burd= bird, and
under the name of burs, ..."-Treas. of Bot. (ed. 1866),
alane = alone.) The only child left in
i. 86.
a
2. Of plants :
family. (Scotch.)
(1) The burdock.
bũrd'-clāith, s. [From burd (3), and Scotch
“Rough thistles, kecksies, burs, ..."-Shakesp.:
claith. 7 A táblecloth. (Scotch and North of
Hen. V., v. 2.
England dialect.)
"Aft for ane cause thy burdclaith needs nae spredding,
For thou has nowther for to drink nor eit.
Dunbar : Evergreen, ii. 58, st. 20.
* burde, impers. v. [O. Icel. byrjar; Dan.
bör.]
1. Pres. : Behoves, is fitting.
"A nobill suerde the burde not wolde."
Roland and Ottuell (ed. Herrtage), 1,253.
2. Past : Ought, behoved.
“Me thynk the burde fyrst aske leue."
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Pearl, 316.
* burde (1), s. [BOARD (3).]
* burde (2), s. [From Dan. borde = border.]
A border, a strip. [BORDE (2), s.]
"And of ane burde of silk, richt costlie grein.".
Dunbar : Maitland Poems, p. 70.
* burde (3), s. [BEARD.] (King Alisaunder,
1,164.)
*burde (4), s. [BURD, BIRD.]
1. A bird.
2. A woman, a lady. Spec., a maiden, a
damsel.
"But geten of a-noother gome in that gaye burde."
Alisaunder, 670.
Burde no barne : Neither maid nor man.
"He fond there burde no barn in that bour thanne."
William of Palerne, 1,971.
bûr'-dě-läis, s. [Fr. bourdelais, bourdelois,
bourdelai ; from Bourdeaux ; Lat. Burdigala
=a French commune and city, the latter on
the Garonne.] [BURLACE.] A kind of grape.
(Johnson.)
būr-děl'-lo, s. [BORDEL.]
būr'-den (1), + bũr'-then, * bur-don,
* bur-doun, * bir-thun (Eng.), bur
den, * bir-ding (Scotch), s. [A.S. byrdhen,
berdhen, hyrden = a burden, load, weight, or
faggot; Icel. byrdhr, byrdhi; Sw. börda; Dan.
byrde; M. Dut. borde; Goth. baurthei; (N.
H.) Ger. bürde; O. H. Ger. burdi. From
A.S. beran; O.S. beran; Dut. baren; Goth.
bairan ; Ger. gebären.] [BEAR.]
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Literally :
(1) Gen. : Anything material which is borne
or carried.
... and bear no burden on the sabbath day.”
Jer. xvii. 21.
(2) Spec.: Anything material which is heavy,
and therefore difficult to be carried or sus-
tained by the person or thing supporting it.
“Did here the trees with ruddier burdens bend."
Pope: Essay on Man, iii. 203.
2. Figuratively :
(1) Anything not material which is difficult
or grievous to bear or to be borne, or is
tedious to the mind.
(a) Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
“So you, great Lord, that with your counsell sway
The burdeine of this kingdom mightily.”
Spenser : F. Q., Verses.
(6) Specially :
(i) Childbirth.
“Thou hadst a wife once, call'd Æmilia,
That bore thee at a burden two fair sons."
Shakesp. : Com. of Errors, v. 1.
(ii) Plur.: The load of taxation, &c., which
one has to pay to the Government.
“Here the public burdens were heavy: there they
were crushing.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. xix.
(2) A prophetic utterance directed against
a country. “The burden (Heb. Si (massa]
= a load ... an oracle against a place) of
Babylon " (Isaiah xiii. 1); “the burden (Heb.
vien (massa]) of Moab (Ibid., xv. 1).
| Possibly it should be arranged under
burden (2), but see the Hebrew words.
II. Technically:
1. Naut. : The tonnage or carrying capacity
(by weight) of a vessel.
2. Metallurgy: The charge of a furnace.
53. Mining: The tops or heads of stream
work, which lie over the stream of tin.
4. Logic. Of proof: Logical obligation.
Burden of proof (Lat. onus probandi): The
logical obligation to prove an assertion. This
naturally falls upon the person who makes
the assertion, not on his opponent.
būr'-den (2), būr'-then, * bour-don,
* bur-done, * bur-doun, * bor-doune,
S. [From Fr. bourdon = (1) the pipe which
makes the bass sound in an organ; (2) a
church-bell (Littré); Prov. bordos; Sp, bordon;
Ital. bordone; Gael. burdan ; Low Lat. burdo.
(Littré, &c.).]
06
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, põ,
or, wöre, wolf, work, whô, son; māte, cúb, cüre, unite, cūr, rûle, füll; trý, Sýrian. 2, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu= kw.

burden-burgess
743
Ordinary Language and Music :
bird-lý, * bu-rede-ly, buird-lý, ủ. & Chem. & Phar.: A small, graduated glass
1. Of the form burdoun: The drone of a bag adv. [From Eng. boor (Skinner).] [BURLY.] tube with a small aperture and a stop-cock,
pipe. (Scotch.) (Ruddiman.)
A. As adjective : Large and well made ; in-
used in pharmacy or in the laboratory for
2. Of all the forms :
clining to stout, or actually of portly aspect ;
measuring or transferring small quantities of
(1) The chorus or refrain of a song.
stately, powerful, majestic. (Scotch.)
liquid. It was invented by Gay-Lussac.
... there I bore twelve buirdly sons and
“The awful burthen of the song-
daughters."-Scott: Guy Mannering, ch. liii.
bũrg (1), s. [BOROUGH.]
Dies iræ, dies illa."
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, vi. 31.
B. As adverb : Forcibly, vigorously.
As an independent word:
(2) The chorus; the tune sung as an accom-
“Als wounded as he was,
1. A city. (Story of Gen. and Exod., 812.)
Some buredely he ras."
paniment to a dance when there were no in-
Sir Gawan and Sir Gal., ii. 21.
2. A small walled town or place of privi-
struments.
lege. (Wharton.)
“ Foot it featly here and there;
būr'-dock (Eng.), būr'-dock-ěn (Scotch), s.
And, sweet sprites, the burthen bear."
The names of various continental cities,
Shakesp. : Tempest, i. 2.
[Eng. bur, and dock; Scotch docken.] The
towns, districts, or territories end in burg.
"Belike it hath some burden then."
English name of Arctium, a genus of plants
These are often anglicised by appending a
Ibid., Two Gent. of Ver., i. 2. belonging to the order Asteraceæ (Composites),
final n; as, St. Petersburgh, Mecklenburgh
and the sub-order Tubuliforæ. The common
* būr'-den (3), * būr'-doăn, s. [From Fr.
Square.
burdock, Arctium lappa, is well known.
bourdon = a pilgrim's staff; Prov. bordo;
Sp. burdo; Ital. bordone; Low Lat. bordonus, * bur-don, * bur-doun, * bur-downe, s.
burg-grave, s. [BURGRAVE.]
bordo, burdo, burdus (Littré).] A pilgrim's [BURDEN (3).] A pilgrini's staff.
būrg (2), s. [From A. S. burg = a hill, a cita-
staff.
* būr'-doăn, s. [BURDEN (2).] The drone of
del (?).] [BERG.]
“I fonde hym cruel in his rage,
(See the phrase which
follows.)
And in his honde a gret burdoun."
a bagpipe. (Scotch.)
The Romaunt of the Rose.
1 A burg of ice :
būr-den, bũr-then, v.t. [From burden (1),
*bur-dour, s. [BORDYOURE.] A jester.
Among whale-fishers : A field of ice floating
" to make gamen and glee
s. (q.v.). ]
Burdours in to the haullē thay brynge."
in the sea. (Scotch.)
1. Lit.: To lay a heavy material load upon.
Roland and Ottuell (ed. Herrtage), 34. būrg'-age (age as įg), s. 10. Fr. bourgage;
2. Figuratively :
* bur-down, s. [BURDEN (1), s.]
Low Lat. burgagium ; from Fr. bourg (BURG),
(1) To lay upon one anything immaterial, "I take two burdowns charge fro the lond."-Wick and Fr., Eng., &c. suff. -age.] A land or tene-
which is difficult to be borne.
liffe : 4 Kings, v. 17.
ments in a town held by a particular tenure.
"For I mean not that other men be eased, and ye * būr'-dyn, a. [From A.S. bórd = a board;
[BURGAGE-TENURE.]
burdened.”—2 Cor. viii. 13.
and -yn = Eng. -en.]
"The gross of the borough is surveyed together in
"Burdening the heart with tenderness."
the beginning of the county ; but there are some other
Hemans : Come Home.
Of boards : Wooden,
particular burgages thereof mentioned under the
titles of particular men's possessions."-Hale : Origin
“Burdyn duris and lokis in thair ire,
+ (2) To lay the responsibility for an act
of Mankind.
All werk of tre thai brynt wp in a fyr.”
upon a person or party.
Wallace, iv. 509. MS.
“It is absurd to burden this act on Cromwell and
burgage-holding, s.
his party.”—Coleridge.
* bur-dynge, pr. par., a., & s. [BORDYN.]
Scots Law : A tenure by which lands in
A. & B. As pr. par. & par. adj. : (See the royal burghs in Scotland are held of the sove-
būr'-den-a-ble, a. [Eng. burden; able.]
verb).
reign on the tenure of watching and warding
Burdensome.
C. As subst. : Joking, merriment.
“They were but silly poor naked bodies, burdenable
them.
to the country, and not fit for soldiers."--Spalding, i.
“Ne in thy burdynge say."
Sege of Melayne (ed. Herrtage), 1,419.
burgage-tenure, s.
291.
Feudal Law or Custom : The particular feudal
būr'-dened, pa. par. & a. [BURDEN, V.] bûre, pret. of v. [BEAR, v.] (Scotch.)
service or tenure of houses or tenements in
"Aft bure the gree, as story tells."
+ būr'-den-ěr, s. [Eng. burden; -er.] One
Burns: To William Simpson.
old boroughs. It is considered to be a town
socage, the tenements being held from the
who burdens.
bû'-reau (eau as ), s. [Fr. bureau = a
king or other lord, in consideration either of
writing-table or desk, an office, the people
+ bůr'-den-ing, pr. par., A., & s. [BURDEN, V.]
an annual rent or certain stipulated services
engaged in such an office; from bureau =
rendered him. It seems to have been a rem-
* būr'-den-oŭs, * būr'-then-oŭs, a. [Eng.
drugget, Low Lat. burellum, such writing-
nant of Saxon freedom. Littleton and others
tables being at first covered with this kind of
burden ; and suffix -ous.]
think that it originated the right of voting for
cloth.]
1.. Of things : Constituting a burden, griev-
burgh members of Parliament. [BOROUGH
ous to be borne, burdensome. (Lit. & fig.)
1. Originally: A desk or writing-table with ENGLISH.]
drawers for papers; a chest of drawers with a
“His burthenous taxations notwithstanding."
Shakesp. : Richard II., ii. 1.
būr'-gạm-ot, s. The same as BERGAMOT
writing-board.
2. Of persons : So idle or useless that it is a
“For not the desk with silver nails,
(q.v.).
Nor bureau of expence,
grievance to have to support him.
Nor standish well japann'd, avails
būr'-gạn-ět, * bur-gant, s. [BURGONET.]
“But to sit idle on the household hearth,
To writing of good sense.'
A burdenous drone; to visitants a gaze."
In the United States it is used analo * burge, s. [BURG.]
Milton: Samson Agonistes.
gously for a chest of drawers, even without
* burge-folc, s. Townsfolk. (Story of
bũrd'-en-sěck, s. [BERTHINSEK.) (Scotch.) such a board, especially one of an ornamental
Gen. and Exod., 1,854.)
character.
būr'-den-some, + būr-then-some, a. 2. Now:
būr'-gee, s. [Etym. doubtful.]
[From Eng. burden ; and suffix -some.] Con-
(1) An office in which such a bureau is used; 1. Comm. : A kind of small coal suitable to
stituting a material or an immaterial burden,
an office.
to be burnt in the furnaces of engines.
onerous, grievous, forming an incubus upon.
(2) The occupants of such an office; the
2. Naut.: A flag ending in two points. It
... burdensome to himself, and almost useless
to his country.”-Macaulay: Hist. Kng., ch. xi.
officers working in an office, especially a state
is used in cutters, yachts, and merchant
“The decay'd
one, under a chief.
vessels.
And burthensome."
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. v. bureau-bed, s. The same as Box-BED, būr'-geïn, v.i. [BURGEON, 2.]
No. 2. (Scotch.)
+ būr'-den-some-ly, adv. [Eng. burdensome;
* būr'-gěn (pl. burgens), s. [In Moeso-Goth.
-ly.] In a burdensome manner. (Dr. Allen.) bureau-system, s. Government by a baurgja = a burgher; from Low Lat. bur-
bureau, bureaucracy.
gensis.) A burgess. (Scotch.)
+ būr'-den-some-ness, * būr-den-
"Honorabil burgens, and awenand.".
some-nesse, s. [Eng. burdensome ; -ness.]
bû-reauc-ra-çý (eaucas oc), s. [Fr. bureau-
Wyntown, viii. 5, 28.
The quality of being burdensome, heaviness,
cratie; from Fr. bureau, and Gr. kpatéw (krateo)
būr'-ġeois, boũr'-geois, boũr'-geoise, s.
weight. (Johnson.)
=to be strong; kpáros (kratos) = strength.] 1
[BOURGEOIS.]
Government by departments of state, acting
būr'-dět, s. [Named after Sir William Bur with some measure of independence of each Printing : A size of type. [BOURGEOIS.]
dett, M. P. for Westminster for nearly thirty other, instead of government by the heads of
* būr'-ġeón, * būr'-ġein, *bur-rýn,
years from 1807, and a popular leader (?).]
those departments acting as a cabinet on their
Fabric: A cotton stuff.
joint responsibility.
* būr'-ġġn, * bur-gion (0. Eng.), * bůr'-
"Free the citizen from monopoly and the tutelage
ģeoun (0. Scotch), v.i. [BOURGEON, v.]
bũrd'-ỉe, s. [Scotch dimin. BURD, BIRD.) A of the bureaucracy, ..."—Times, Oct. 30th, 1875.
(Spenser : F.Q., VII. vii. 43.)
little bird. (Lit. & fig.)
+ bû-reau-crăt'-ic (eau as 7), a. [From
“Burgyn or burryn as trees. Germino.
“For ae blink o' the bonnie burdies /”.
Prompt. Parv.
Fr. bureaucratique.] Pertaining or relating
Burns : Tam o' Shanter.
to, or constituting a bureaucracy. (Westm.
* būr'-geoun, s. [BOURGEON, S.] (Doug. :
* būr'-dîng, s. [BURDEN (1), s.] (Scotch.) Rev.)
Virgil, 116, 5.)
Burden.
“The cherries hang abune my heid-
+ bû-reauc'-rat-îst (eauc as oc), 2. [From | būr'-ġess, * būr'-ġesse, * būr'-ġeis,
On trimbling twistis, and tewch,
Fr. bureaucrat; -ist.] One who advocates bu * bur-geys, * bor-ġeys (plur. burgesses,
Quhilk bowed throw burding of thair birth."
reaucracy, or supports it when in existence. * burgeyses, *burgeiss, * burgeys), s. [O. Fr.
* Cherrie and Slae, st. 42.
burgeois; from Low Lat. burgensis = a citizen;
bũrd'-it, a. [From burd = board.]
* bure'-dě-lý, adv. [BURDLY.] (Scotch.) Fr. bourg ; Ital. borgo = a city.) [BOROUGH,
BURGH.]
Of wood : Split into thin planks. (Scotch.) | * bur'-ěl, * bur-eil, Q. [BORREL.]
1. Gen. : An inhabitant of a borough.
bũrd'-lì-ness, s. [Scotch burdly; and Eng. bûr-ět'te, s. [From Fr. burette = a cruet, TA burgess of a borough corresponds with
suffix -ness.] Śtateliness. (Used in regard to a small decanter, a crystal bottle or flask; the citizen of a city.
the size and stature of a man.) (Scotch.)
dimin. of buire=flagon.]
"Burgeys. Burgensis."-Prompt. Parv.
boil, boy; póūt, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-cian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion=shủn; -ţion, -şion=zhủn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -tle, &c. = bęl, tel.

744
burgessship-burial
2. Specially :
(Mod. Fr, larron)=a thief; Prov. laire, lairo, 2. Then : The head of such a town and the
(1) The freeman of a borough, one who
lairon; Sp. ladron; Port. ladrão; Ital. ladro; adjacent domain, with the right of transmit-
possesses a tenement in a borough.
from Lat. latro = a hired servant, a mercenary ting it to his descendants. .
“That barouns, burgeys, and bonde, and alle other
soldier, a freebooter.] One guilty of house-
"Foure marquesses, foure landgraves, foure bur-
burnes."- Wm. of Palerne, 2,128.
breaking by night; one who commits the graves, foure earles, &c."-Bule ; Acts of Eng. I'otaries,
(2) A leading craftsman in a guild or trade crime of burglary.
pt. ii., sign. B, 8, b.
belonging to a borough.
1. Literally:
+ būr-grā'-vi-āte, s. [In Fr. burgraviat.]
"Wel semed eche of hem a fair burgeys."
"The definition of a burglar, as given us by Sir The office, position, or dignity of a burgrave.
Chaucer : C. T., 371-2.
Edward Coke, is he that by night breaketh and
(3) A member of the corporation, the latter
entereth into a mansion-house with intent to commit * bũrgt, s. & a. [BURG.] (Story of Gen. and
a felony "-Blackstone : Commentaries, bk. iv., ch. 24. Exod., 727.)
consisting of a mayor and burgesses.
2. Figuratively :
“He was welcomed at the North Gate by the
* burgt-folk, s. Townsfolk, townspeople.
magistrates and burgesses in their robes of office."-
"Love is a burglarer, a felon.'
(Story of Gen. and Exod., 1,063.)
Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. xvi.
Hudibras, ii. 1.
* (4) A borough magistrate.
burglar-alarm, s. A device to be at-| būr-gul-lì-an, s. [Corrupted from Bur-
+(5) A member of Parliament for a borough. tached to a door or a window, to make an gundy (q.v.), and conjectured to be a term of
alarm when it is opened from without
contempt, invented upon the overthrow of
būr'-gěss-shịp, s. [Eng. burgess; and suffix
Burglar-alarm lock: A lock so constructed
the Bastard of Burgundy in a contest with
-ship.] The office of a burgess.
as to sound an alarm if it be tampered with,
Anthony Woodville, in Smithfield, in 1467
"One of our burgess-ships is vacant by the promotion
(Nares). ] A bully, a braggadocio (?).
of Sir Heneage Finch." — Smith: Lett. to Bathurst, * būrg-lär'-i-an, s. [From Eng. burglary; " When was Bobadili here, your captain? that
Warton's Life of Bathurst, p. 174.
and suff. -an.] A burglar. (Webster.)
rogue, that foist, that fencing burgullian."-B. Jonson:
Every Man in his Hu., iv. 2.
būrgh (pron. burrů), * burghe, s. [A.S.
burh. ] [BOROUGH.] The same as BOROUGH
būrg-lär'-1-ods, a. [From Eng. burglary, Būr-gün'-di-an, a. & s. [From Eng. Bur-
and suff. -ous. ] Pertaining to burglary ; in-
(q.v.).
gundy, and suff. -an. In Fr. Bourguignon.]
volving the crime of burglary. (Blackstone.)
"And byde with my balde mene within the burghe
[BURGUNDY.]
ryche."
Morte Arthure, 1,968.
būrg-lär'-1-oŭs-ly, adv. [Eng, burglarious;
A. As adjective : Pertaining or relating to
(1) The spelling borough is the common
-ly.] After the manner of a burglar; with the
Burgundy.
one in England, whilst burgh is that which
intention of committing a burglary.
B. As substantive : A native of Burgundy.
chiefly obtains in Scotland. Examples-Scar-
borough, Edin-burgh.
būrg'-lar-ý, s. [Eng. burglar; -y. In Norm. Būr-gũn-dý, s. & a. [In Sw. Bourgogne; Ger.
(2) A burgh of barony, in Scotland, is a
Fr. burgerie.]
burgunder = a kind of wine (def. 2). From
certain tract of land created in a barony by 1. Law & Ord. Lang. : The crime of breaking
Sw., Dan., & Ger. Burgund ; Dut. Bourgondië;
the feudal superior, and placed under the into an inhabited house, a church, or the Fr. Bourgogne =a country (def. 1).]
authority of magistrates.
gates of a town by night with the intention A. As substantive :
(3) A royal burgh in Scotland is a corporate
of committing a felony.
1. Geog. (Burgundy): An old province of
body created by a charter from the crown. "Burglary, or nocturnal housebreaking, burgi la France, inhabited originally by a Germanic
trocinium, which by our ancient law was called hame-
There is a convention of royal burghs.
secken, as it is in Scotland to this day, ..."-
people, who invaded and settled in it in
Blackstone : Comment., bk. iv., ch. 16.
Roman times.
* burgh-breche, s.
The capital was Dijon. It
2. Ord. Lang. Fig. : To steal from a man's
now forms the Departments of Côte-d'Or,
Old English Law : A fine imposed on the
mind or heart.
Saône-et-Loire, Ain, and part of Yonne.
inhabitants of a town for a breach of the
“To pilfer away his thoughts, his affections, his pur. 2. Ord. Lang. (burgundy): The finest of all
peace.
poses, inay well be deemed a worse sort of burglary or the French wines, the produce of vines cul-
theft, than to break open doors, to rifle trunks, or to
burgh-folc, s. People of a town. (Laya-
tivated in the Côte-d'Or, a portion of the
pick pockets."— Barrow, vol. i., Ser. 21.
mon, i. 416.)
ancient province of Burgundy. The most
* būrg'-mote, * būrgh'-mõte, s. [From noted of the red wines of Burgundy are Riche-
burgh-master, s.
A.S. burgh, and mót=a moat, an assembly.] bourg and Chambertin. The white wines are
1. Ord. Lang. : The same as BURGOMASTER A court of a borough.
less celebrated.
(q.v.).
"The king sent a notification of these proceedings B. As adjective: Pertaining to or brought
to each burgmote, where the people of that court also
2. Mining: A barmaster or bailiff who lays
swore to the observance of them."-Burke: Abridg.
from the place indicated under A. 1.
out the “meers” for the workmen.
Eng. Hist.
Burgundy-hay, s. A plant, Medicago
* burgh-yat, s. A town gate. (Laya- burg'-o-mas-ter, S. [From Dut. burge sativa.
mon, ii. 317.)
meester. In Sw. borgmäster ; Dan. borgemester ;
Burgundy-pitch, s.
Ger. bürgermeister; Fr. bourgmestre; Norm.
bürgh-al, a. [Eng. burgh; -al.] Pertaining Fr. bourchemester ; Sp. burgomaestre ; Port.
1. Bot., Chem., & Comm. : Pix Burgundica,
to a burgh. (Edin. Rev.)
burgomestre; Ital. borgomastro. From Dut.
the resinous exudation of the stem of the
burge; Low. Lat. burghus= a borough (BURGH),
Spruce-fir, Abics excelsa or Pinus Abies, melted
* burgh-bote, * burg-bote, s. [A.S. burh-
and Dut. meester, Eng. master (q.v.).]
and strained. It is got from Switzerland,
bót ; from burh = an English town, a city; and
but seldom genuine. It is hard and brittle,
bót = boot, remedy, atonement, compensa-
1. Ord. Lang. : A burgh-master, the chief
opaque, of a dull reddish-brown colour, empy-
tion.] [Boot (1).]
magistrate of a municipal town in Holland,
reumatic odour, and aromatic taste. It gives
Switzerland, and Germany, corresponding to
Old Law: A contribution towards the ex-
off no water when heated, is not bitter, and is
a mayor in England or a provost in Scotland.
pense of building or repairing castles or walls
free from vesicles. It consists chiefly of resin
“... and that great body of citizens which was ex-
for the defence of a town.
and a little volatile oil, whence its odour.
cluded from all share in the government, looked on
The resin resembles that of turpentine, and
the Burgomasters and Deputies with a dislike ..."
bürgh'-ér, s. [Eng. burgh; -er.]
Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. ii.
of the American frankincense.
1. Ord. Lang.: The inhabitant of a burgh, 2. Ornith. : An arctic gull, Larus glaucus.
2. Pharm. : Offic. prep., Einplastrum picis,
especially if he be a freeman of the place.
pitch-plaster. It acts externally as a slight
būr'-gon-ět, bũr'-gan-ět, s. [From 0. Fr.
".... the keys were delivered up amidst the
stimulant to the skin. It enters also into the
acclamations of a great multitude of burghers."-Ma-
bourguignote. So
composition of the iron-plaster.
caulay: Hist. Eng. ch. xiii.
called because the
"... and the burghers, or inferior tradesmen, who
Burgundians (0. Fr.
Burgundy wine, s. The same as BUR-
from their insignificancy happily retained, in their
Bourguignons were
| socage and burgage tenures, soine points of their ancient
GUNDY, 2 (q.v.).
freedom."-Blackstone : Comment., bk. iv., ch. 33.
the first to wear it.
2. Church Hist. & Ecclesiol.: A former sub-
In Sp. borgoñota ;
* bur-gyn-ynge, * bur-gynge, pr. par. &
division of the Scottish Secession Church.
Ital. borgognotta.] A
S. [BURGEON, v.]
The Secession, which originated through the
helmet or steel cap,
"Burgynynge (burgynge, K. P.). Germen, pullu-
withdrawal of Ebenezer Erskine and some
worn chiefly by foot
lacio."-Prompt. Parv.
other ministers from the Scottish establish-
soldiers ; a Spanish
* bûrh, s. [From A.S. burg, burgh.]
ment in 1732, split into two in 1747, part
morion.
I. As an independent word :
having felt free to take, whilst others refused
"This day I'll wear aloft
my burgonet.”
1. A city.
what they deemed an ensnaring burgess oath.
Shakesp. : 2 Žen. VI., v. 1.
They reunited in 1820 under the name of the
BURGONET.
2. A castle, house, or tower.
Associate Synod, and joining with the “Re Būr-gos, S. & d.
II. In compos. : A defence; as, Cuthburh =
lief” [RELIEF] in 1847, formed the United
[Burgos, a city and province of Spain.]
eminent for assistance. (Gibson.)
Presbyterian Church.
Burgos lustre: Double sulphide of gold and * burh-man, * burh-mon, s. A citizen,
bürgh'-ēr-shịp, s. [Eng. burgher; -ship.]
potassium. (Rossiter.)
townsman.
The position and privileges of a burgher. būr'-gout (out as â) (Provinc. Eng. bur * burh-town, s. [BOROUGH-TOWN.]
good), S. [Etym. doubtful. From Wel.
* bũrgh-man, s. [O. Eng. burgh = borough,
* burh-wall, s. A town wall.
burym = yeast, and cawl, gawl = cabbage,
and man.] A burgess.
gruel (°).] A kind of oatmeal porridge or bur-1-a1, * bur'-1-all, * bur'-1-el, * bir-
* būrgh'-mõte, s. [BURGMOTE.]
thick gruel used by seamen.
1-el, * bur'-y-el, * bur'-y-elş, * bur'-1-
+ bũrg'-hõld-ér, s.
els (bur as běr), s. & d. [Eng. bury, -al; A.S.
[BORSHOLDER.]
būr'-grāve, s. [In Sw. borggrefve; Dan. borg-
The
same as BORSHOLDER (q.v.).
birgels = a sepulchre; birgen, byrgan, byrgen
greve; Dut. burggraaf; Ger. burggraf: M. H.
Ger. burcgrave; Low Lat. burggravius; from
= a burying, a burial, a tomb; 0.8. burgisli
bũrg'-lar, * būrg'-lāy-er, * bourgʻ-lair, Ger. burg =a fortress, and graf, M. H. Ger.
=a sepulchre. From Eng. bury; A.S. byrian,
* burg'-lar-er, s. [In Norm. Fr. burges grâve, O. H. Ger. grâvo = a count.]
byrgian, birian, burian = to bury.] [BURY.]
sour; from Fr. bourg = a borough (BOROUGH, * 1. Originally: The commandant of a forti-
A. As substantive :
BURGH), and 0. Fr. laire, lairre, leire, liere | fied town.
I. Ordinary Language:
LUOTTORIT
IV
.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pît, sire, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sön; mūte, cũb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; try, Sýrian. æ, oe=ē. ey=ā. qu = 1377.

buried-burlesque
745
*1. Originally. (Of the forms buriels, buryels, noininations, the conductors of a funeral make a living by luring the unwary into his
biriel, buriall) : A tomb, a burying-place.
having the right to request whom they please house and suffocating them, to sell their
".... that bilden sepulcris of profetes and maken
to officiate.
bodies to the doctors. After he had admittedly
faire the birielis of iust men."-- Wycliffe : (Purvey), 3. In Ireland : Some years previous to the made away with fifteen people in this manner,
Matt. xxiii. 29.
he was executed in Edinburgh on January 28,
2. Now. (Of the form burial): The act of
disestablishment of the Irish Church the
burial-grounds were similarly thrown open to
1829.]
burying, the state of being buried, interment,
sepulture.
all denominations.
1. Lit.: To smother or suffocate after the
burial-place, s.
(1) Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
manner adopted by Burke. [See etym.]
A place for burying
the dead.
2. Fig. : Quietly to put out of existence, as
“... the duke take order for his burial."
Shakesp. : Richard III., i. 4.
TA more general word than burying-
a parliamentary motion or anything similar,
(2) Spec. : The act of placing anything under ground. When one is interred in a church or
making as little noise as possible over the
earth or water.
committed to the deep the church or the
transaction. (Inelegant.)
“We have great lakes, both salt and fresh; we use
ocean-bed is to him a burial-place, but it is not
t būrked, pa. par. & a. [BURK.]
them for burials of some natural bodies; for we find a the burial-ground in which he sleeps. The
difference of things buried in earth, and things buried
Romans interred their dead outside the cities; + būrk’-ing, pr. pa. [BURK.]
in water."-Bucon.
the early Christians imitating them in this
II. Technically:
respect. Then the latter began to bury ť búrk'-işm, s. [From the Burke mentioned
1. Archceol. & Hist.: Most nations have around their churches. Haydn makes the in burk (etym.), and Eng. suff. -ism.] The
selected burial as the best method to dispose first Christian burial-place be instituted in system of procedure which justly doomed
of their dead; the practice of burning them 596, burial in cities in 742, in consecrated Burke to death and infamy. (Wharton.)
on a funeral pile, prevalent to a limited extent places in 750, and in churchyards in 758.
among the Greeks and the Romans and nearly
Of late, cemeteries, with a consecrated portion būri, * būrle, s. [In Fr. bourre, bourlet,
universal among the Hindoos, being the ex for Church of England interments and an un bourrelet = flocks or locks of wool, hair, &c.,
ception and not the rule. About 1860 (?) B.C. consecrated one for those of Dissenters, have used for stuffing saddles, balls, &c. (Cotgrave);
Abraham buried Sarah. The Egyptians, and, been opened, Kensal Green in 1832 being the
Fr. of Languedoc bourel, bourrel = a flock or
at least, in some special cases, the Jews, em first. Sanitary considerations have led to a end of thread which disfigures cloth (Wedg-
balmed their dead (Gen. 1. 3, 26; John xix, 39, gradually increasing number of these places wood); Sp. borla = a tassel, a bunch of silk,
40). (EMBALMMENT ) In Europe, according to of interment being located outside of cities. gold or silver.) A knot or lump in thread or
Sir John Lubbock, interments in which the
"At rest on the tombs of the knightly race,
cloth,
corpse is in a sitting or contracted posture
The silent throngs of that burial-place."
belong to the stone age, those in which it has
Hemans: The Lady of Provence. būrl (1), v.i. & t. [From Low Ger. burreln.]
been burnt and only the ashes interred to the burial-service, burial service, s.
* A. Intrans. : To boil, to welter.
bronze age, and those in which the corpse lies
1. Ecclesiol.: What is called in the Liturgy
“Burland yn hys owne blode."-Erle of Tolous, 98
extended presumably to the age of iron.
“The Order for the Burial of the Dead."
B. Trans. : To cause to boil, to whirl.
During the first French Revolution a proposal
was made to adopt the process of cremation,
"Thou, Winter, burling thro' the air
2. Law: This “office," the Liturgy inti-
The roaring blast."
but it failed. The project was revived on the
mates, “is not to be used for any that die
Burns: Elegy on Captain M. Henderson,
continent during this century, and recom-
unbaptized, or excommunicate, or have laid
mended in this country in 1873 by Dr. Henry
violent hands upon themselves.”
| bürl (2), v.t. [From burl, s. (q.v.).]
Till 1880
Thompson, but as yet it has met with little
the clergyman had to read it over all others 1. To dress cloth by fulling it. [BURLING.]
acceptance from the public. In 1875 Mr.
to whom burial in the parish churchyard was 2. To pick knots, loose threads, &c., from
Seyinour Hadden advocated the “ earth to
accorded, but by the “Burials Laws Amend-
cloth, so as to finish its manufacture.
earth” system of sepulture, and in the same
ment Act” of that year a certain measure of
year wicker cofiins were exhibited at Stafford
discretion was given him. The same act | bür-lāçe, s, (Corrupted from Eng. burdelais. ]
House, but this innovation, too, has as yet
opened the parochial grounds to any one who A kind of grape. (Johnson.)
been unpopular.
had previous rights of interment there with-
out the limitations that an ordained clergy-
| * bur-la-dy, interj. An oath, a corruption of
2. Law : In 1693, 1733, and 1783 Acts were
man must officiate, and the burial service
by our Lady.
passed imposiny a tax on burials, but it has
must be used. Any person professing to be a
been long since repealed. A felo de se or
| būr-lăp, s. [Etymology doubtful.]
Christian can officiate at the request of the
suicide was formerly buried in the highway
Fabric: A coarse, heavy goods for wrapping,
relatives, provided proper notice be given to
with a stake driven through his body, and
the incumbent. Latitude is given as to the
made of jute, flax, manilla, or hemp.
all his goods and chattels were forfeited to
service, but it must be performed in a decent
the king. (Blackstone, bk. iv., ch. 14.) [BUR-
* būr'-law, * bîr'-law, * býr'-lâw, s. & d.
and orderly manner, and without covert at-
IAL-GROUND, BURIAL-SERVICE.]
[The original form of by-law (q.v.); Icel. hæjar.
tack on Christianity. An ordained clergyman
log = a town-law, from ber = a town, lög =
B. As adjective: (See the compounds.)
can also officiate now in unconsecrated ground
law.] (For def. see the example.)
Obvious compound : Burial-plain.
without incurring any ecclesiastical penalty
“Laws of Burlaw ar maid & determined be consent
burial-aisle, s. An aisle in which a body
or censure.
of neichtbors, elected and chosen be common consent,
in the courts called the Byrlaw courts, in the quhilk
has been interred. (Lit. & fig.)
bur-ied (bur as běr), pa. par. & a. [Bury.] cognition is taken of complaintes, betuixt nichtbour
“Looks he also wistfully into the long burial-aisle of
& nichtbour. The quhilk men sa chosen, as judges &
the Past."-Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk, i., ch. xi. * bur'-i-el (1), * bur'-i-els, s. [BURIAL.] arbitrators to the effect foresaid, ar commonly called
Byrlaw-men."-Skene : Burlaw.
burial-board, s. A board of persons
* būr'-1-el (2), s. [From Fr. burell; Low
appointed to regulate burials.
Lat. burellus.] A coarse and thick kind of
būrled, pa. par. & d. [BURL, v.]
burial-case, s. A mummy-shaped form
cloth (?). [BORREL.]
būr'-lér, s. [Eng. burl; -er.] One who burls
of coffin, alleged to be an improvement on the
"Item, three bannurs [banners) for the procession, cloth, [BURI., v.] (Dyer.)
and two buriels with their brists with a bairns cap for
ordinary one in the lids, in having glass over
the crosse."-Inventary of Vestments, A. 1559; Hay's
the face, in the means of fastening, in her Scotia Sacra, p. 189.
būr-lěs'que (que as k), + būr-lěsk', a. &
metical sealing, and in the complete isolation
S. [From Fr. burlesque; Ital. burlesco. In
of the body from air by enveloping the corpse
bur'-1-ěr (bur as běr), s. [Eng. bury; -er.] Dan. burlesk, a. & s.; Ger. burlesk, a. ; bur.
in a resinous or other air-excluding compound.
One who buries, one who performs the act of leske, s.; Sp. burlesco, a. & S.; Port. burlesco;
interment. (Lit. & fig.)
from Sp. & Port. burlar; Ital. burlare = to
burial-ground, s.
“And darkness be the burier of the dead.".
jeer, to banter; Port. & Ital. burla= mockery,
I. Ord. Lang. : Ground set apart or used for
Shakesp. : 2 Hen. IV., i. 1. raillery.]
the interment of the dead.
* bur-i-ing, pr. par., A., & s. [BURYING.]
A. As adj.: Mocking, jocular, ludicrous,
1. Literally :
bür-in, * bür'-îne, s. [Fr. burin ; Sp. buril;
calculated and intended to excite laughter.
“Their mingled shadows intercept the sight
".... writing burlesque farces and poems." —
Of the broad burial-ground outstretched below." Port. boril; Ital. bulino, borino; from Ger. Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xi.
Scott: Don Roderick. bohren ; O. H. Ger. poron = to pierce.]
B. As substantive :
2. Figuratively :
1. Engraving: The cutting-tool of an en 1. Verbal language or a literary or other
we at the time exclaimed that it was the
burial-ground of all the goats in the island."-Darwin:
graver on inetal; a graver.
composition in which a subject is treated in
Voyage round the World (ed. 1870), ch. viii., p. 168.
“Who indeed handled the burin like few in those such a way as to excite laughter. This may
II. Law:
cases.”—Carlyle : Sartor Resartus, bk. i., ch. iii.
arise from the nature of the subject chosen or
1. In England : Burial-grounds are almost
2. Masonry: A triangular square-shaped from the manner of treating it.
universally situated around churches, urban
steel tool whetted off obliquely at the end, so “.... epistles much resembling burlesques of those
gublime odes in which the Hebrew prophets foretold
as to exhibit a diamond. It is shaped like a
as well as rural. They are consecrated by
graver, and is used by the marble-worker.
the calamities of Babylon and Tyre."-Macaulay:
bishops, and till recently no one could
Hist. Eng., ch. xvii.
officiate at the funeral except the clergyman
* bur-i-nesse, * bur-i-næsse, s. [A.S. 2. The act of turning anything into ridicule.
of the parish or another one appointed by him.
On his part he was bound, without delay, to
bebyrigniss. ] Burial. (Layamon, 25,852.)
“ Their chief pastimes consisted in the burlesque of
their gravest convictions.”-Skeat: Introd. to Chaucer.
bury any corpse brought to the church or * būr'-1-7, s. [BURRIOUR.) (Scotch.)
churchyard in the manner and form prescribed
būr-lěs'que (que as k), v.t. & i. (From
by the Book of Common Prayer. The Burials * bur-own-ynge, pr. par. [BURGEON, V.]
burlesque, a. & s. (q.v.).]
Act of 1880 permits those conducting the | Springing up, germinating. (Lit. & fig.)
A. Trans. : To treat anything in a ludicrous
funeral of a parishioner to call in another "... that no roote of bitternesse buriownynge vp way, to parody.
minister than the incumbent, if they feel so
ward lette, and many ben defouled bi it."-Wycliffe " Prior burlesqued, with adinirable spirit and plea-
disposed. [BURIAL-SERVICE.] Haydn says that
(Purvey): Heb. xii. 15.
santry, the bombastic verses ...."-Macaulay: Hist.
in 1873 there were 13,673 consecrated burial- + būrk, * būrke, v.t. [From Burke, an Irish-
Eng. ch. xxi.
grounds open in England and 1,411 closed.
man, who, when popular prejudice against
B. Intrans. : To comment with ridicule.
2. Scots Law: The Scottish parochial bury allowing human corpses to be dissected had
"Dr. Patrick joins hands with them in burlesquing
upon the doctrine."-Du Moulin : Adv. of the Ch. of
ing-grounds have long been open to all de-| run up their price to a high figure, tried to Eng. towards Rome (1680), p. 31.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-oian, -tian = shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhăn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

746
burlesqued-burn
būr-lěs'qued (qu as k), pa. par. & a. | būr-măn'-ni-ădş, s. pl. [From Mod. Lat.
[BURLESQUE, v.]
burmannia; and suffix ds.]
būr-lesqu'-er (qu as k), s. [From Eng.
Bot.: Lindley's name for the Burmanniaceæ.
burlesque, v.; and suffix -er.] One who bur * būr'-māy-děn, s. [A.S. búr=a bower,
lesques.
and maghden = a girl.] A “bower-maiden”-
būr-lěsqu'-ing (qu as k), pr. par., A., & s.
that is, a chambermaid.
[BURLESQUE, v.]
būrn (1), * bürne, * ber-nen, * bær-nen,
būr'-let, s. [Fr. bourlet, bourrelet =“a wreath,
* brěnne, * brěn-nen (Eng.), būrn,
or a roule of cloth, linnen, or leather, stuffed
* byrne, * brenn, * brin, * bryn (Scotch),
with flockes, haire, &c. . . . also, a supporter
v.t. & i. [A.S. byrnan, birnan, bernan, bær-
(for a ruffe, &c.) of satin, caffata, &c., and
nan, brennan; O.S. brinnan, brennian, Icel.
having an edge like a roule.” (Cotgrave.).] A
brenna; Sw. bränna, brinná; Dan. brände;
standing or stuffed neck for a gown.
Dut. branden ; O. Dut. bernen; Goth. brinnan,
“A lang taillit gowne of layn sewit with silver &
(ga)brannjan; (N. H.) Ger. brennen; 0. H.
quhit silk, laich neccat [necked] with burlettis." Ger. prinnan. ]
Inventories, A. 1578, p. 219. (Jamieson.)
A. Transitive :
+ būr'-let'-ta, s. [Ital. burletta.) A comic I. Ordinary Language:
opera, a farce interspersed with songs, what 1. Literally:
the French call a vaudeville.
(1) To consume more or less completely by
“The curtain dropped, the gay burletta o'er."
means of fire.
Byron: English Bards and Scotch Reviewers.
“.... thou shalt burn their chariots with fire."-
* bur-liche, a. (BURLY.]
Joshua xi. 6.
(2) More or less to scorch or injure by
būr'-lìe, s. [BURLAW.]
means of fire, as to burn meat in roasting it,
* burlie-bailie, s.
to burn one's clothes at the fire.
Scots Law: An officer employed to enforce (3) To subject to the action of the sun's or
the laws of the Burlaw-courts.
similar heat, without actual contact with fire.
“Jud tuk him for a burlie-bailie.”
[SUNBURNT.]
Ramsay: Poems, ii. 536. (Jamieson.)
2. Figuratively :
* būr'-17-ness, s. [Eng. burly; -ness.] The (1) To create a sensation of heat in the
quality or state of being burly. (Johnson.) human frame by something eaten or drunk, or
by the inflammatory action of fever, or of the
bür'-lựng, pr. par., d., & s. [BURL, v.]
artificial cautery.
A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: In + (2) To cause to suffer in any enterprise or
senses corresponding to those of the verb. action. [C. 3.]
C. As subst. Woollen manufacture : A pro-
(a) Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
cess in which woollen cloth is examined for
"It seems our people were so ill burnt, that they
rents, flaws, knots, defective yarns, &c., a de had no stomach for any farther meddling."-Baillie:
ficiency being made good with a needle, and
Lett., ii. 396.
offensive matters removed. This is done after + (6) Spec. : To overreach, to cheat, to de-
scouring and before fulling. (Knight.)
fraud, to swindle.
burling-iron, s.
II. Technically:
Woollen manufacture: A sort of pinchers or
1. Surgery : To cauterise with actual fire or
nippers, used in burling cloth.
by caustic.
"A fleshy excrescence, becoming exceeding hard,
burling-machine, s. A machine for is supposed to demand extirpation, by burning away
removing knots and foreign matters project-
the induration, or 'amputating."-Sharp: Surgery.
ing from the surface of woollen cloth before
2. Chem. : To combine with oxygen.
fulling.
3. Engin.: The same as To burn together.
būr'-lĩns, s. [Etymology doubtful. From
[C. 5.]
burn (1) (?).] The bread burnt in the oven in
4. Lime manufacture : To calcine calcareous
baking. (Scotch.)
substances as shells, that they may be subse-
quently pulverised.
bằrlý, * boor-ly, * boose-ley, * bor-lic, 5. Pottery: To subject pottery with colours
* bur-li, * bur-liche, * bur - lyche, impressed to the action of fire, to fix the
* bure - lyche, * buir-lie, a. Y From
pattern by heat.
Eng. boor ; and like. Cf. also O. Eng. burle =
6. Charcoal manuif. : To expel the volatile
a knot or lump (Mahn). From Gael. & Ir.
borra = a knob, a bunch, grandeur (Skeat).]
elements from wood to reduce it to charcoal.
7. Brick manuf. : To bake dry or harden by
I. Of persons :
means of fire.
1. In a good sense : Tall, stately, grand,
B. Intransitive:
“Of Babyloyne and Baldake the burlyche knyghtes."
Morte Arthure, 586.
I. Ordinary Language :
2. In a slightly bad sense : Great of bulk, over 1. Literally :
grown, and probably boisterous in manners.
(1) To be on fire, to flame.
"And some ascribe the invention to a priest
“.... the bush burned with fire, and the bush was
Burly and big, and studious of his ease.”
not consumed."--E.cod. iii. 2.
Cowper: The Task, bk. i.
* II. Of the inferior animals : Stately, fine in
(2) To emit light, to shine.
aspect, splendid.
"And sacred lamp in secret chamber hide,
Where it should not be quenched day norr
“And alle the burliche birdes that to his boure lengez.”
For feare of evil fates, but burnen ever bright."
Morte Arthure, 2,190.
Spenser : F. Q., I. xii. 37.
* III. Of things : Great, large, huge.
2. Figuratively :
“Wallace gert brek thai burly byggyngis bavld,
(1) Of feeling or emitting heat :
Bathe in the Merss, and als in Lothiane."
(a) To feel a sensation of heat in the phy-
Wallace, viii. 402. MS.
sical frame.
bũr-măn'-nï-a, s. [Named after Nicholas
Laurent Burman, who was born at Amsterdam
(6) To be under the influence of passion,
in 1734, and died in 1793.]
affection, or desire.
Bot. : A genus of endogens, the typical one
(i) Of anger or hatred.
of the order Burmanniaceæ (q.v.). The species,
(ii) Of affection or desire.
few in number, are natives of Asia, Africa, and
"She burns, she raves, she dies, 'tis true;
the warmer parts of America, one, however,
But burns, and raves, and dies for you."
Addison.
extending as far north as Virginia.
Sometimes it is followed by with.
bữr-măn-ni-aº-ve-m, S. pl. [From Mod.
“Raleigh, the scourge of Spain, whose breast with all
The sage, the patriot, and the hero burn'd."
Lat. burmannia (q.v.); and Lat. fem. plur.
- Thomson : Seasons ; Summer.
adj. suffix -acece.]
(©) To flame or glow as that passion, affec-
Bot. : Burmanniads, an order of endogenous
tion, or desire itself.
plants, placed by Lindley under the alliance
..... shall thy wrath burn like fire?”—Psalms
Orchidales. They have regular flowers with
three to six distinct stamens, consisting of a
(d) To carry passion into action with de-
tubular perianth with six teeth and a three-
structive effect.
“The nations bleed where'er her steps she turns,
cleft style, an inferior three-celled ovary, with
The groan still deepens, and the combat burns.'
numerous minute seeds. They are herbaceous
Pope.
plants with blue or white flowers, nearly all (2). Of shining or emitting light : To shine, to
found in the tropics.
sparkle.
"Oh prince; oh wherefore burn your eyes ? and why?"
Rowe.
II. Technically. Children's games : To be
near the concealed object of which one is in
quest. It is generally worded “You are a
burning."
“I flatter myself that I burn (as children say at
hide-and-seek, when they approach the person or thing
concealed): yes, I do flatter myself that I burn in the
conclusion of this paper."-Blackw. Mag., Jan. 1821,
p. 355. (Jamieson.)
C. In special compounds and phrases :
1. To burn a bowl:
Games : To displace a bowl accidentally
while the game of bowls is being played.
(Ogilvie.)
2. To burn daylight : To lose one's time.
3. To burn one's fingers :
(1) Lit. : To do so literally.
(2) Fig. : To hurt oneself by meddling with
something dangerous, as with financial specu-
lation, quarrels not belonging to one, &c.
4. To burn out, v.t. & i. : To flame or burn
as long as combustible material is accessible,
and then to expire.
To be burnt out means (1) to be compelled
by fire to quit a place, (2) to be completely
burnt.
5. To burn together, or simply to burn :
Metal. : To fuse two surfaces of a metal
together by pouring over them some of the
same metal in a melted state.
6. To burn up, v.t. :
(1) Wholly or almost wholly to consume.
“O that I could but weep, to vent my passion!
But this dry sorrow burns up all my tears."
Dryden.
(2) To expel the sap or moisture from a
plant and thus cause it to wither.
* būrn (2), v.t. [BURNISH, v.] To burnish.
būrn (1), + būrne, * brene, * brune (Eng.),
būrn, * birn, * birne (Scotch), s. & a. [A.S.
bryne. In Icel. bruni.]
A. As substantive :
1. Sing. : Any burnt mark upon the flesh or
skin, Spec. —
(1) An injury to the flesh produced by the
operation, in most cases accidental, of fire. A
burn is produced by a heated solid, a scald by
a heated fluid.
(2) A brand or burnt mark intentionally
made upon the noses or other portions of the
bodies of sheep, to mark their ownership.
(Chiefly Scotch.)
“Fourscore o' breeding ewes of my ain birn.".
Gentle Shepherd, iil. 2.
Skin and birn : The whole number of
people connected with anything, the whole of
anything. (Scotch.)
2. Plur. (Of the form birns): Roots, the
stronger stems of burnt heath, which remain
after the smaller twigs are consumed. (Scotch.)
“And some were toasting banpocks at the birns."
Pennecuik: Poems (1715), p. 25. (Jamieson.)
B. As adjective: (See some of the com-
pounds).
burn-airn, s. An iron instrument used
for impressing letters or other marks on sheep.
(Scotch.)
burn-grenge, s. One who sets fire to
barns or granaries. (Scotch.)
“A burn grenge in the dirk.'
Colkelbie Sow, F. i. v. 92.
burn-wood, s. Wood for fuel. . (Scotch.)
* burn (2), * burne, s. [A.S. beorn = a war-
rior, a chief.] A man, a knight, a noble.
[BAIRN.]
".... but hath him bore so buxumly, that ich
burn him preyseth, & vch a burn of this world, wor-
chipeth him one."—William of Palerne, 510-11.
“Now blysse burne mot the bytyde."
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems : The Pearl, 897.
būrn (3), S. & d. [A.S. burne = a bourn; a
stream, a fountain, a well; Icel. brunnr; Ger.
brunnen = a fountain, a spring. ) A bourn,
water, a rivulet, à stream. [BOURN.]
“ Whare three lairds' lands met at a burn."
Burns : Halloween.
Burn in the names of English and Scotch
towns implies that the latter are near a stream,
as Blackburn, Bannockburn. It corresponds
to the more common English word bourne, as
Eastbourne.
burn-brae,s. The acclivity at the bottom
of which a rivulet runs. (Scotch.)
1xxx
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whất, fall, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pīt, sire, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, work, whô, son; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; trý, Sýrian, æ, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu= kw.

burnable-burning
747
“While our flocks are reposing on yon burn-brae."
Turras : Poems, p. 119.
burn-trout, s. A trout which has been
bred in a rivulet, as distinguished from one
bred in a river. (Scotch.)
“Salmo Fario—the River Trout, vulgarly called
Burn Trout, Yellow Trout."-Arbuthnot : Hist. Peter-
head, p. 22.
būrn'-a-ble, a. [Eng. burn, v.; and suffix
-able.] Able to burn or be burnt. (Cotgrave.)
* burne (1), * buyrne, s. (BAIRN.] A child,
a man.
* burne (2), s. [BIRNIE.]
* búrne'-coili, s. [oid form of Eng. burn, v.;
and coal.] Coal for burning. (Scotch.)
".... that the grite burnecoill ar commounlie
transportit furth of this realme, &c."-Acts Ja. VI.,
1597 (ed. 1814), p. 121.
būrned (1), būrnt, * berned, * barnde,
* brend, * brende, * brent (Eng.), burnt,
brunt, * bront, * brende, * brent
(Scotch), pa. par. & a. (BURN, v. ; BURNT.]
* būrned (2), * bourned, * borned,
* brenned, * brend, * brende, pa. par.
& a. [BURN (2), v.] Burnished.
“Wrought al of burned steel, ..."
Chaucer : 0. T., 1,985.
būr'-nér, s. [Eng. burn; -er. In Ger. brenner,
verbrenner.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Of persons : One who burns any thing or
person.
2. Of things : A thing which does so. (Often
used in composition, as a gas-burner.)
II. Technically :
1. Lighting:
(1) The part of a lighting apparatus at which
combustion takes place.
(2) The corresponding portion of a gas-
heater or of a gas-stove.
2. Chem. : [BUNSEN'S BURNER.]
Bunsen's Burner : [Named from Herr
Bunsen, professor of chemistry at the Univer-
sity of Breslau.]
Chem. : A Bunsen's burner consists of a jet
surmounted by a wide brass tube, at the
bottom of which are several holes for the
admission of air. The
air and gas mix in the
wide tube in such pro-
portion that they burn
with a non-luminous
flame. The flame has
the following structure.
It consists of (1) a dark
conea, consisting of cold
unburnt coal-gas, mixed
with 62 per cent. of air.
(2) The flame-mantle b,
composed of burning
coal-gas mixed with air.
(3) A luminous point c,
seen only when the air-
holes at the base of the
lamp are partly closed;
the area of this zone
may be regulated by
DY BUNSEN'S BURNER.
opening or shutting the
holes to a greater or less
extent. The flame of a Bunsen's burner-
(1) At a low temperature, is suitable for ob-
serving the flame colourations of volatile sub-
“Sum peirs, sum pale, sum burnet, and sum blew."
Doug. : Viryil, 106.
B. As subst. : A brown colour.
“Burnet, coloure. Burnetum.”—Prompt. Parv.
burnet-moth, s.
Ord. Lang. & Entom.: The name for the
genus of Hawkmoths called Anthrocera, or by
some Zygæna. 'Anthrocera Flipendulce is the
Six-spot Burnet-moth. The six spots, which
are on the superior wings, are red, while the
rest of the wings are green. It is common in
England in June. Its caterpillar, which feeds
on the plantain, trefoil, dandelion, &c., is
yellow, spotted with black. A. Loti is the
Five-spot Burnet-moth. It is less common.
The caterpillar feeds on honeysuckle, bird's-
foot trefoiſ, &c.
būr'-nět (2), s. & a. [From Eng. burn, v. (1),
or s. (1), because the root of the Poterium
(def.) is acrid or pungent in taste.]
A. As substantive :
Ord. Lang. & Bot.: The English name of
Poterium, a genus of plants belonging to the
order Rosaceæ (Roseworts). It is called also
Salad-burnet and Lesser Burnet. The Com-
mon, or Garden Salad-burnet (Poterium san-
guisorba), is abundant in England, but less fre-
quent in Scotland and Ireland. It is a herba-
ceous plant one or two feet high, with pinnate
leaves and dull purplish flowers. The leaves
taste and smell like cucumber, and are eaten
in salad. The Muricated -Burnet, or Salad-
burnet (A. muricatum), has larger fruit than
the former, to which it is closely allied. It is
not common. There are other species, but
they are foreign. The Great Burnet is Sangui-
sorba officinalis.
B. As adjective. (See the compounds.)
burnet-bloodwort, s. A plant, San-
guisorba officinalis.
burnet-ichneumon, s.
Entom. : An ichneumon, the larva of which
preys upon the caterpillar of the Burnet-moth.
burnet-rose, s. A book-name for Rosa
spinosissima.
burnet-saxifrage, S. A book-name
of Pimpinella, a genus of umbelliferous
plants. There are two British species, the
Common Burnet-saxifrage (Pimpinella saxi-
fraga) and the Greater Burnet-saxifrage (P.
magna). The former is frequent, the latter
inclining to rare. The root of the common
species is acrid, and is used as a masticatory
in toothache, also as an external application
to remove freckles, and in gargles to dissolve
viscid mucus.
* būr-nette', s. [BRUNETTE.]
“In mournyng blak, as bright burnettes."
The Romaunt of the Rose.
būr-nět-tīze, v.t. [Named after Burnett,
who patented the process in 1837.] To use a
certain process to prevent decay in wood and
fibrous fabrics. [BURNETTIZING.]
bữr-net-tizing, p. par. & S.
A. As present participle. (See the verb.)
B. As substantive : A process for preventing
decay of wood and fibrous materials or fabrics.
The wood or fibre is immersed in a solution of
chloride of zinc, 1 pound; water, 4 gallons
for wood, 5 gallons for fabrics, 2 gallons for
felt, contained in a wooden tank. Timber is
saturated two days for each inch of thickness,
and then set on end to drain for from two to
fourteen weeks. Cotton, yarns, cordage, and
woollens are immersed for forty-eight hours.
(Knight.)
būr'-ně-wîn, s. [From Eng. burn; Scotch e
= the, and win = wind. Burn the wind.]
A ludicrous appellation for a blacksmith.
" Then Burnewin comes on like death
At ev'ry chaup.".
Burns : Scotch Drink.
bür'-nie. + būr-ný, s. [From Scotch burn
=a stream, and diminut. suff. -ie = little.]
A little “ burn," bourne, or stream. (Scotch.)
"Ye burnies wimplin' down your glens,
Wi' toddlin din,'
Burns: Elegy on Captain Mathew Henderson.
būrn'-îng, * brěn'-ning, * bern-inde, pr.
po
par., d., & s. [BURN, v.]
A. As present participle : In senses cor-
responding to those of the verb.
B. As adjective :
I. Literally :
1. Flaming.
“ Thus once, when Troy was wrapped in fire and smoke,
The helpless gods their burning shrines forsook.”
Dryden: To the Lord Chancellor Hyde.
2. Hot.
“I know that from thine agony
Is wrung that burning rain.
Hemans : The Vaudois Wife.
II. Figuratively:
1. Of the body : Producing or feeling a sen-
sation of bodily heat.
"Her burning brow, or throbbing breast.”
Hemans : Tale of the Secret Tribunal.
2. Of the heart or the emotions :
“... that burning shame
Detains him from Cordelia.".
Shakesp. : Lear, iv. 3.
3. Of the utterance of the lips, or of the pen, or
of anything similar:
"Every burning word he spoke.”.
Cowper: Boadicea.
C. As substantive:
I. Ordinary Language:
1. & 2. The act or operation of consuming
by fire, or the state of being so consumed.
"... burning for burning, wound for wound, ..."
- Exod. xxi. 25.
3. Fire, flame. (Lit. or fig.)
(1) Literally:
"In liquid burnings, or on dry, to dwell,
Is all the sad variety of bell.” Dryden.
(2) Figuratively :
"The mind surely, of itself, can feel none of the
burnings of a fever."-South.
II. Technically :
1. Law:
(1) Maliciously to burn the sovereign's
ships is a highly penal offence; so also is the
setting fire to a house, barn, a haystack, &c.
[ARSON.] One can be fined even for setting
fire to furze, heath, &c., in a forest, chase, on
a common, or any similar place.
(2) Burning was once itself a penalty.
(a) Burning in the hand : [BRANDING, BENE-
FIT OF CLERGY.]
(6) Burning alive : Women were formerly
burned alive for treason, as men were for the
crime against nature, and under Edward I. for
arson. It was also the punishment during the
fifteenth and sixteenth centuries for so-called
heresy; the first person who thus suffered
being Sir William Sawtre, priest of St. Osyth,
London, 12th February, 1401. The cruel
practice reached its consummation in Queen
Mary's reign (1553-8), during three years of
which 277 persons, most of them religious
reformers, were consumed at the stake. (Black-
stone : Comment., &c.)
2. Metal-working : Joining metals by melt-
ing their adjacent edges, or heating the
adjacent edges and running into the interme-
diate space some molten metal of the same
kind. It differs from soldering in this :-In
burning a heat is required sufficient to melt
the original metal, and a flux is seldom used.
In soldering a lower heat is used and a more
fusible metal employed, assisted by a flux.
(Knight.)
3. Ceramics : The final heating of clay ware,
which changes it from the dried or biscuited
condition to the perfect ware. The glaze or
enamel is applied to the baked ware, and is
vitrified in the burning. (Knight.)
stances
burning-bush, burning bush, s.
1. Lit. : The bush of Exod. iii. 2-4.
2. Botany :
(1) The Artillery plant, Pilea serpyllifolia,
an urticaceous species.
(2) Euonymus atropurpureus, and E. ameri-
canus. (American.)
(3) Dictamnus fraxinella, a garden plant,
which is said to give off so much essential oil
that if a light be brought near it it will ignite.
(2) At the highest temperature, is suitable for
fusions at high temperatures.
T The lower oxidising flame is suitable for
oxidation of substances in borax or other
beads.
The lower reducing flame is suitable for
reductions on charcoal, and for fusing borax
or other beads in the reducing flame.
The upper oxidising flame (obtained by ad-
mitting the maximum of air) is suitable for
oxidation at lower temperatures than are
found at (2) (q.v.)..
The upper reducing flame is suitable for re-
ductions, and possesses greater reducing power
than the lower reducing flame already men-
tioned.
būr'-nět (1), a. & s. [From Fr. brunette = a
dark brown stuff formerly worn by persons of
quality ; Low Lat. bruneta, brunetum ; from
Fr. brun = brown.] [BROWN, BRUNETTE.]
A. As adj.: Of a brown colour.
burning-glass, s.
1. Lit. Optics : A convex lens of large size
and short focus, used for causing an intense
heat by concentrating the sun's rays on a very
small area. The larger the circular area of
the lens and the smaller the area of the spot
on which the concentrated rays fall, the
greater is the effect produced
2. Fig.: Anything which produces the heat
of passion, Spec., love.
“Dazzling and rich, as through love's burning-glass.
Moore : L. R., The Veiled Prophet.
burning-house, s.
Metal. : A miner's term for a kiln or roast-
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhŭntious, -sious, -cious =shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

748
burnish-burrow
alah
)
,
from the root) עוֹלָה
) עָלָה
alah
)
=
to
ing-furnace, in which volatile mineral matters būr'-nôose, būr-nos, s. (Fr. bournous, cone collapsing as it is depressed, and expand.
are expelled, as the sulphur from tin pyrites; burnous; Port. al-
ing by the weight of the column of water as
a kiln.
bernos ; Sp. al-bor.
it is raised. It is called also bilge-pump.
nos; from Arab. bur-
burning-mirror or reflector, s.
(Knight.)
nus, al-bornos.] An
Optics : A concave mirror, or a combination upper cloak or gar-
búrr (4), bûhr, s. (From 0. Eng. bur = a
of plane-mirrors, so arranged as to concentrate ment with a hood on
whetstone for scythes.] The same as BURR-
the rays of the sun into a focus and thus pro it, worn by the Moors
STONE or BUHR-STONE. (BURR-STONE.]
duce heat. Its operation is the same as that and the Arabs.
Metallic buhr: A grinding-plate of metal
of a convex lens.
"... a cloak of suffi-
made as a substitute for the real buhr-stone,
| Archimedes is stated to have burnt the
cient weight as well as
and used for some coarse work, such as grind-
compass, or an Arab's
Roman fleet of Marcellus before Syracuse, hy burnoose
." - De
ing corn for stock.
concentrating on them the force of several Quincey: Works, 2nd
burr millstone, buhr millstone, s.
ed., i. 132.
large burning-mirrors.
The same as BURR-STONE, BUHR-STONE (q.v.).
burning - nettle, S. Urtica urens or
* būrn'-rõpe, s. (Cor-
burr-stone, buhr-stone, s. The name
Urtica pilulifera.
ruption of Eng. bur-
given to certain siliceo-calcareous rocks,
den (?), and rope.) A
coarse, flinty, and cavernous, like coarse
burning-on, s.
rope for carrying a
chalcedony: Their cellular texture renders
Metal.: A process of mending castings by
burden of hay or
them suitable for millstones. The separato
uniting two fractured portions, or by attach-
straw. (Halliwell :
blocks which are hooped together to form a
ing a new piece to a casting.
Contrib. to Lexicog.)
buhr-stone are known as panes. The best,
which are of a whitish or cream colour, are
* burning thorny-plant, s.
būrnt (Eng.), brunt
from the Upper Fresh-water beds of the Paris
* Bot. or Ord. Lang. : A species of Eu (Scotch), pa. par. & a.
basin, which are of Eocene age. So are those
phorbia. (Webster.)
[BURN, V., BURNED.]
BURNOOSE.
of South America, whilst the buhrs of Ohio,
Till burnt: Hav-
Washington, and other parts of North America,
būr'-nish,* būr'-nis, * būr'-nisch,* būr ing suffered severely. [BURN, V., A., I. 2 (2).] come from much older rocks.
nys, v.t. & i. [From Fr. brunissant, pr. par.
of brunir = to make brown, from brun = burnt claret, s. Claret made hot. būr'-rą, s. [Hindustani.)
brown.) [BURN (2), v.]
The term burnt is used similarly of other In India : Great, as opposed to chota =
A. Transitive:
liquors.
small. (Continually used by natives in their
intercourse with Europeans.)
1. Of things :
burnt ear, s.
(1) To polish by rubbing, to render smooth,
Bot.: A disease in grain caused by a fungus,
búr'-ras, a. [Etymology doubtful.]
bright, and glossy.
Uredo carbo, which covers the seedi-coat with burras-pipe, s. A tube to contain lunar
(2) To render bright and glossy without a black dust, while leaving the interior appa caustic or other corrosive.
friction.
rently uninjured, but abortive.
"Others whose fruit, burnish'd with golden rind,
būr'-rel, s. [O. Fr. & Prov. burel; Sp. buriel ;
Hung amiable, ..." Milton : P. L., bk. iv.
burnt-offering, burnt offering, s.
froin 0. Lat. burnis = red, reddish.] A sort
2. Of persons : To wash or scrub clean.
[Eng. burnt; offering. In Ger. brandopfer.]
of pear, otherwise called the red butter-pear,
" Thenne watz her blythe barne burnyst so clene."
Scrip. & Theol. : One of the sacrifices divinely from its smooth, delicious, and soft pulp.
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 1,085. enjoined on the Hebrew Church and nation. (Phillips.)
B. Intransitive:
It is called in their language 75 (olah), or
burrel-fiy, s. [So called from the colour.]
1. Lit.: To become bright or glossy.
An insect, the breeze-fly.
" I've seen a snake in human form,
ascend, because, being wholly consumed, all burrel-shot, s. (So called either from
All stained with infamy and vice,
Leap from the dunghill in a trice,
but the refuse ashes was regarded as ascend-
annoying the enemy like a burrel-fly, or, more
Burnish and make a gaudy show,
ing in the smoke to God. In the New Testa-
probably, from Fr. bourreler = to sting, to
Becoine a gen'ral, peer, and beau." Swift.
ment it is called ódokaútwua (holokautoma),
2. Fig. : To shine forth, to grow, to spread
torture. (Mahnı.). ]
meaning a whole-burnt offering, an offering
out, to develop.
Projectiles : A medley of shot, stones,
wholly burnt. In the Vulgate it is called
chunks of iron, &c., to be projected from a
"Ere Juno burnish'd, or young Jove was grown."
holocaustum, which has the same meaning.
Dryden.
[HOLOCAUST.] Stated burnt-offerings were
cannon at short range ; emergency shot; lan-
"To shoot, and spread, and burnish into man."
presented daily, every Sabbath, at the new
grel. (Knight.)
Ibid.
moon, at the three great festivals, on the day | būr'-rel. a. [BORREL, a.l
+ būr'-nish, s. [From Eng. burnish, v. (q.v.).
of atonement, and at the feast of trumpets.
In Fr. brunissure.] Polish, gloss. (Lit. & fig.)
Private ones might be presented at any time.
burrel ley, s. An old term in husbandry.
"The burnish of 110 sin.”
"The inferior land, besides the outfields, was de-
Crashaw: Poems, p. 126.
* burnt silver, * brint silver, S. nominated faughs, if only ribbed at midsummer ; was
called one fur ley, if the whole surface was ploughed;
burnish-gilding, s.
Silver refined in the furnace. (Scotch.)
or burrel ley, where there was only a narrow ridge
“... that thair be strikin of the vnce of brint ploughed, and a large stripe or baulk of barren land
Gilding : A process for gilding and burnish-
siluer, or bulyeoun of that fynes, ..."-Acts Ja. II., between every ridge."-Agr. Surv. Aberd., p. 235.
ing picture frames, &c.
1451, c. 34, ed. 1566.
bur'-ring, pr. par., d., & s. [BURR, v.t.]
bũr'- nished, * būr'- nýscht, * būr'-
burnt-up, a. [Eng. burnt, a., and up,
A. & B. As present participle and participial
adv.] Completely scorched so as to render
něschte, * būr' - nist, * būr'- nýst,
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
destitute of verdure.
* būr'-něste, * būr'-nýste, pa. par. & a.
the verb.
“Leaving Santiago we crossed the wide burnt-up
[BURNISH, v.]
plain on which that city stands."-Darwin : Voyage
C. As substantive. Woollen manufacture: A
“He Trulla loved, Trulla more bright
round the World (ed. 1870), ch. xv., p. 314.
process in the manufacture of wool by which
Than burnish'd armour of her knight."
burs and foreign matters are removed from
Butler : Hudibras, I. ii. 365-6.
* bur-nys, v.t. [BURNISH.)
wool, which has been opened by the willowing.
būr'-nish-ēr, s. (From Eng. burnish; -er. | * bur-nyste, pa. par. & d. [BURNISHED.)
process.
In Fr. brunisseur.]
burring-machine, s. A machine for
1. Of persons: One who burnishes anything.
* burowe, s. [BOROUGH, BURGH.]
picking and burring wool. It follows the
būrr, v.i. [Imitated from the sound.]
2. Of things (Engraving, Bookbinding, Gild-
willowing machine and precedes carding.
To
ing, &c.): A tool for smoothing or pressing make a guttural sound in which r is promi burring-saw, s. A serrated wheel or
down surfaces to close the pores or obliterate nent, as is done in portions of Britain.
blade which works in a burring-machine to
lines or marks. The engraver's burnisher is
“And Johnny burrs, and laughs aloud,
seize the fibres of wool and draw them away
made of steel, elliptical in cross-section, and
Whether in cunning or in joy
from the burs, which cannot pass the opening
coming to a dull point like a probe. Some
I cannot tell." Wordsworth : Idiot Boy.
through which the saw works. (Knight.)
burnishers are made of the canine teeth of būrr (1), s. [From the verb or from the sound.]
burring-wheel, s. A circular or annular
dogs. Burnishers of bloodstone are used for Guttural pronunciation in which r is unduly
wheel with serrated periphery, used in burring
putting gold-leaf on china-ware. Agate bur. prominent.
nishers are used by bookbinders. The gilder's
wool or ginning cotton. (Knight.)
"From that river [Tweed] southward, as far I be-
burnisher is of agate or porphyry. (Knight.) lieve as Yorkshire, the people universally annex a bin-ri-oũr, * bữr-1-3, * bur--6,
guttural sound to the letter r, which in some places
būr-nish-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [BURNISA, V.]
goes by the name of the Berwick burr."-P. Cold-
* bur-1-7, * bör-eau'(eau as o), s, [Fr.
stream: Berw. Statist. Acc., iv. 420.
bourreau.] An executioner. (Scotch.)
A. & B. As pr. par. & part. adj. : In senses
būrr (2), * būrre, s. [BUR.]
corresponding to those of the verb.
"Sum burriouris ye sall gar come yow to."
clariodus, Ms. Gl. Compr.
C. As substantive: The act or operation of būrr (3), būr, s. [BUR (2), s.]
búr'-rock, s. [From. A.S. beorg, beorh, burg
polishing metal, or anything similar, by fric-
I. Ordinary Language, &c. : Anything in th
tion; the state of being so polished.
= a hill; and Eng. dim. suffix -ock.]
form of a knob.
Hydraulic Engineering: A small weir or
dam in a river to direct the stream to gaps
II. Technically:
burnishing-machine, 8. A machine
where fish-traps are placed. (Knight.)
for giving a polish by compression. Such are 1. The waste or refuse of raw silk.
the machines for burnishing paper collars and 2. A vitrified brick.
búr'-row, * búr' - rowe, * burwe,
boot-soles. (Knight.)
* burwhe, * burwth, * borwgh, s. [A.S.
burr-pump, s.
beorh.] [BOROUGH.]
burnishing-stone,s. [Eng. burnishing; Naut.: A form of bilge-water pump in
* 1. A place of shelter.
-stone. In Ger. brunirstein.] A stone used which a cup-shaped cone of leather is nailed
"Fast byside the borwgh there the barne was inne."
for burnishing. [BURNISHER, 2.]
1 by a disk (burr) on the end of a pump-rod, the
Wm. of Palerne, 9.
infenughs, if only nible surface was plow ridge
*
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; mūte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, full; try, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē; ey=ā. qu = kw.

burrow-burton
749
* 2. A borough town.
is much used in connection with Aberdeen (a) Of persons :
"Burwthe towne (burwth K., burwe H., burrowe P.). University, where many bursaries exist. Of
“When bursts Clan-Alpine on the foe."
Burgus.'-Prompt. Parv.
these a large number are given by open com-
Scott : Lady of the Lake, ill. 23.
3. A hole in the ground made by a rabbit or petition, whilst the remainder are bestowed (6) Of things:
other small mammal to serve as its abode. by presentation on various grounds. In some
"And tears seem'd bursting from his eye."
... they will out of their burrows like conies places merit bursaries are called scholarships,
Scott: Lord of the Isles, v. 8.
after rain." --Shakesp. : Cor., iv. 5.
and the name bursary is limited to those
“Had from their sheaths, like sunbeams, burst."
Moore: L. R.; The Fire-Worshippers.
T Burrow of habitation :
given by presentation.
(2) To be subjected to sudden and powerful
Zool. : The name given by Nicholson to the "... and appoint the rent to be paid annually as a
student whom they have chosen, ....
impression upon the senses, or yield to sudden
temporary hole or burrow of an annelid.
-P. Dron : Perths. Statist. Acc., ix. 480.
and overpowering emotion.
(Nicholson : Palæont., i. 317.)
“There are four bursaries at the King's college of "He burst into tears..."-Carlyle: Heroes, Lect. iv.
burrow-duck, s. One of the names of a
Aberdeen for boys educated here."-Statis. Acc. of Scot-
land, xvii. 433.
būrst (1), * būrst-en (Eng.), būrst, bũrs-
duck, the Sheldrake, Tadorna vulpanser.
* bũrse (Eng.), * būrse, burss (Scotch), s.
těn, * būr'-sěn, * būr'-sîn (Scotch), pa.
búr'-row, v.i. & t. [From burrow, s. (q.v.).]
[BOURSE.)
par., d., & s. [BURST, v.t.]
A. Intrans. : To excavate a hole in the
1. (Of the forms burse and burss): A bur-
A. & B. As pa. par. & particip. adj. (Of all
ground, to serve as a place of concealment or
sary, an endowment given to a student in a
the forms): In senses corresponding to those
as a special abode. (Used most frequently of
university
of the verb.
rabbits.)
“That nane sall bruik ane burss in ony facultie bot
*T A burst man, a bursten man : A man
"On Yarrow's banks let herons feed,
for the space of foure yeiris."-Acts Jas. VI. (1579), ed. affected by the disease called hernia or
Hares couch, and rabbits burrow /"
1814, pp. 179-80.
Wordsworth : Yarrow Unvisited.
rupture.
+ B. Trans. : To dig, to excavate.
2. (Of the form burse):
C. As subst. (Of the form burst): A sudden
In the Elizabethan time, and for a cer-
and violent breaking forth of anything, as of
* būr'-rowe (1), s. [BURROW.]
tain period afterwards, two London burses
thunder, speaking, passion, tears, &c.
figure in English literature, as “Britain's
* būr'-rowe (2), s. [From burr (1) (q.v.) (?).
“What is known at Kirkwall as a burst of razor or
Burse" or simply the Burse, which was the spout-fish (Solen siliqua) commenced on an extensive
(Way). ]
New Exchange in the Strand. After the scale last Sunday morning on the Broadbay Sands."-
"Burwhe, sercle (burrowe, P.). Orbiculus, C. F."--
Royal Exchange was opened in 1571, the
Weekly Scotsman, Feb. 2, 1881.
Prompt. Parv.
“The snatches in his voice,
foriner became the Old Exchange.
And burst of speaking, were as his: I am absolute,
būr'-rowed, pa. par. & a. (BURROW, v.]
“She says, she went to the burse for patterns,
'Twas very Cloten." Shakesp. : Cymbeline, iv. 2.
-You shall find her at St. Kathern's.'
búr'-row-ing, pr. par. & a. [BURROW, v.]
Roaring Girl (O. Pl.), vi. 81. būrst (2), s. [A.S. byrst = a loss, a defect.]
“Afer hath sold his land and bought a horse,
“In South America, a burrowing rodent, the tuco-
An injury. (Wright.)
Wherewith he pranceth to the royal Burse."
tuco, or Ctenomys, is even more subterranean in its
Wit's Recreations (1663), Epigr. 106. (Nares.)
habits than the inole." --Darwin: Origin of Species
* būrst-ěn-ness, s. [From * bursten, pa. par.
(ed. 1859), ch. V., p. 137.
* būrs'e-hõld-ēr, s. [BORSHOLDER.]
(q.v.); and Eng. suffix -ness.] The state of
burrowing-owl, s.
* būr'-sen, * būr'-sin, pa. par.
having a rupture, the state of being affected
[BURST,
with hernia. (HERNIA.]
Ornith.: An owl, the Athene cuniculoria.
pa. par.] (Scotch.)
In the West Indies these birds dig burrows
for themselves, in which they form their nests
būrst'-ēr, s. & a. (Eng. burst; -er.] One who
būr'-sēr-a, s. [Named after Joachim Burser,
or that which bursts. (Cotgrave.)
a friend of Caspar Bauhin, and professor of
and deposit their eggs, whilst in the United
States they seize on the holes of the prairie botany at Sara, in Naples.]
burster-bag, s.
dogs.
Bot. : A genus of plants, the typical one of Ordnance: A bag to hold the charge de-
the order Burseraceæ, now again suppressed. signed to burst.
būr'-row-mail, bõr'-row-maīli, s. (From [BURSERACEÆ.] The Bursera gummifera of
0. Eng. burrow; Eng. borough; and mail, Jamaica is an evergreen tree, rising to the
būrst'-ing, pr. par., A., & s. [BURST, v.]
from A.S. mal = tribute, toll.] The annual height of twenty feet. It has unequally pin A. & B. As present participle & participial
duty payable to the sovereign by a burgh for
nate leaves and axillary racemes of flowers. adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
the enjoyment of certain rights. (Scotch.)
It abounds in a watery balsamic fluid, which the verb.
“.... tua hundereth threttene pundis sex schil. becomes thicker by exposure to the air. The C. As substantive: The act, operation, or
lingis aucht pennyes of borrow mailī, ...."-Acts root is said to possess the same properties as process of flying asunder, or rushing with
Ju. VI., 1617 (ed. 1816), p. 579.
quassia. The South Americans, who call it
suddenness and violence.
būr'-rý, a. [From Eng. burr = the prickly Almacigo, plant it for hedges.
spine of the burdock.]
bursting-charge, s.
būr-sēr-ā-çě-æ, s. pl. [From Mod. Lat.
Bot. : Covered with stiff hooked prehensile
1. Mining: A small charge of fine powder,
hairs, like those of the burdock.
bursera (q.v.).]
placed in contact with a charge of coarse
"Indian mallow with an elm-leaf and single seeds
Bot.: An order of plants constituting part
powder or nitroleum to ensure the ignition of
armed with three burry prickles." - Philip Miller : of the old order of Terebinthaceæ, or Tere-
the latter. It is usually fired by voltaic means.
Gardener's Dictionary (ed. 8, 1768), 12 I 4.
binths, which is now divided into several 2. Ordnance : The charge of powder required
bür-sa, s. [From Lat. bursa; Gr. Búpoa
distinct ones. Some again suppress the Bur. for bursting a shell or case-shot; it may be
(bursa) = a hide stripped off, a wine-skin.]
seraceæ, as Lindley does, reducing them poured in loose, or placed in a burster-bag.
under his Amyridaceæ (Amyrids).
Med.: A cavity interposed between surfaces
būrst'-wort, s. [Eng. burst, and wort; A.S.
which move on each other, as between the | būr-síc'-u-lāte, a. [From Low Lat. bursa
wyrt = a herb, a plant.) A name sometimes
integument and front of the patella (knee-cap), =a purse, -ulus, dimin, suffix, and Eng. suffix given to the botanical genus Herniaria or
containing fluid. There are two varieties, -ate.] Shaped like a little purse.
Rupture-wort; all the English names refer-
Bursc mucosce and Synovial bursce.
būr'-sï-form, a. [From Low Lat. bursa =a
ring to the fact that the species were supposed
to be of use in the disease called rupture or
būr-săl-o-gy, s. (From
purse, and forma = form, shape.] Shaped like
Lat. bursa; Gr.
hernia. [HERNIARIA.] It belongs to the Ille-
Búpoa (bursa) = a hide stripped off, a wine-
: | a purse, subspherical. (Nicholson.)
cebraceæ (Knotworts). Herniaria glabra is
skin, the skin of a live animal; and dóyos bürst, * berst'-en, * bras'-ten. * bros' wild in Britain. [RUPTURE-WORT.]
(logos)= a discourse.]
ten, * brest'-en, v.t. & i. [A.S. berstan,
1 * būrt, * bur-ton, v.t. [Cf. Eng. butt (q.v.).]
brestan (pret. bearst, burston, borsten); O.S.
Med. : A discourse or treatise concerning
To butt like a ram, to make an indentation of
brestan; O. Icel. bresta; Sw. brista ; Dan.
the Bursa mucosa.
briste ; Dut. bersten ; O. Fris. bersta ; Ger. anything. (Huloet.)
bür-sar, s. [From Low Lat. bursarius = (1) a bersten; M. H.Ger. bresten; O. H. Ger. presto .
Still used in Somerset.
treasurer, (2) a bursar; from bursa = a purse; Gael. bris, brisd = to break.]
Gr. Búpoa (bursa) = the skin stripped off a
burt, * birt, * bret, * brut, s. [Cf. Norm.
A. Transitive:
hide.]
Fr.bertonneau (Mahn).] A flat fish of the
* 1. To break.
turbot kind.
1. A treasurer.
" Brasten, supra in breken, P."-Prompt. Parv.
Originally bursar and purser were but "You will not pay for the glasses you have burst.
* būr'-ter, s. [From 0. Eng. burt, v. (q.v.);
different methods of writing the same word.
Shakesp. : Tam. Shrew, Induct. 1. and Eng. suffix -er.] An animal which butts
(Trench.)
"... and then he burst his head for crowding
with its forehead or its horns.
among the marshal's inen."-Ibid., 2 Hen. IV., iii. 2.
"The name of bursar, or bursarius, was anciently
"Burtare, beste (burter, P.). Cornupeta.”—Prompt.
given to the treasurer of an university or of a college,
2. To break, to rend asunder with sudden-
Parv.
who kept the common purse of the community." ness and violence; to force open with sudden-
Univ. Glasgow, Statist. Acc., xxi.; App., p. 18. (Jamie-
ness and violence.
burth, * burthe, s. [BIRTH.] (Chaucer :
son.)
"Bursting their waxen bands."
Boethius.)
2. A resident at a university who has for Cowper : Transl. of Milton. On the Death of Damon.
his complete or partial support a bursary.
* burth-tide, s. The time of birth.
B. Intransitive :
[BURSARY.]
1. Lit. : To break, to fly open, to open.
*burthe-time, * burtyme, s. Birth.
"From owre Lordes burthetime to the worldes
bũr'-sar-shỉp, būr'-ser-ship, s. [From (1) To fly open with violence, suddenness, ende."-R. of Gloucester, p. 9.
Eng. & Scotch bursar, and Eng. suff. -ship.] and noise; to explode.
The office of a bursar.
* burth-tonge, s. Native tongue, (John
“No-though that cloud were thunder's worst,
"... but the contriving of a bursership of twenty
And charged to crush him-let it burst /"
of Trevisa.)
nobles a year, ..."-Hales : Rem., p. 276.
Byron: The Siege of Corinth, 21.
(2) To do so without these accompaniments;
būr'-then, s. (BURDEN.)
būr-sar-ý, s. (From Low Lat. bursaria.]
as, "the tumour burst."
For the compounds burthenous, burthen-
[BURSAR.)
2. Figuratively:
some, burthensomeness, &c., see burdenous, bur-
1. The treasury of a college or a monastery.
densome, burdensomeness, &c.
- (1) To rush with suddenness and energy or
2. An exhibition in a university. The word | force; to rush in, out, or away from. | * bur'-ton, v.t. [BURT, v. (q.v.).]
boil, boy; póūt, jówl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph= f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -tion, -şion=zhŭn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -tle, &c. = bęl, tel.

750
burton-bush
búr'-ton, s. [Cf. O. Eng. burton, v.]
burying-beetles, s.
Naut.: A peculiar style of tackle. It has at Entom. : The English name for the beetles
least two movable blocks or pulleys and two of the genus Necrophorus. They belong to
ropes. The weight is suspended to a hook the family Silphidæ. Some are beautiful,
block in the bight of the running part. having two orange-coloured bands across the
(Knight.)
elytra. They receive their name from a practice
burton-tackle, s. The tackle described
they have of burying the carcases of moles,
mice, or other small quadrupeds to afford
under burton (q.v.); an arrangement of pulleys.
nutriment to their larvæ.
* bur-tre, * bur-tree, s. [BOURTREE.]
* buryt, * borith, s. [Etymology doubtful.]
* burt-ynge, pr. par. & s. [BURT, v. (q.v.).] A plant, Saponaria officinalis. (Bailey: Dict.,
A. As pr. par.: (See the verb.)
1736.)
B. As subst. : The act of butting or pushing * būs (1), * búss, S. [BUSH.] (Scotch.)
at with the horns.
(Doug. : Virgil, 232, 16.)
"Burtynge. Cornu petus.”—Prompt. Parv.
* būs (2), s. [Buss (1), s.]
* burw, * burwgh, s. [A.S. burh = (1) a
town, a city ; (2) a fort, a castle ; (3) a court,
tbus (3), s. [Contr. for omnibus.] An omnibus.
a palace.] [BOROUGH.]
(Colloquial.)
1. A town.
* bus, * buse, v. impers. [Contracted from
".... but bet a-doun burwes • & brutned moche behoves.] Behoves, must. (Scotch.)
peple."-William of Palerne, 1,073.
“Then sal ye say, nedes bus me take."
2. A castle or large edifice.
F. M., Rom. i. 46. (Jamieson.)
3. A convent.
"Nedes bus yow have sum nobil knyght."
Ibid.
“For one buldeth a burw, a brod and a large,
A churche and a chapaile with chambers a-lofte."
TUs bus : We must. (Brock.)
Piers Plow. Crede, 118-9.
* bus-ard, s. [BUZZARD.]
* burwgh mayden, S. A “bower
maiden,” an attendant.
bús-āu'n, bús-ā'in, búz-ā'in, s. [Cf.
“.... but on of hire buruagh maydenes that she
Eng., &c. bussoon (q.v.).] A reed-stop on the
loued most."-William of Palerne, 3,071.
organ. (Stainer & Barrett.)
būr'-wēed, s. [Eng. bur; weed.]
* bus-cayle, * bus-kayle, s. pl. [O. Eng.
1. A plant, Xanthium strumarium.
busk. From Sw. buske = a bush, and -ayle =
-al (?).] Bushes.
2. A plant, genus Sparganium.
"On blonkez by yone buscayle, by yone blythe stremez."
būr'-ý, * būr'-ye, * būr'-1-ěn, * bîr'-ye,
Morte Arthure, 895.
“In the buskayle of his waye, on blonkkes fulle hugge.”
* bîr'-ie, * bēr'-ye, v.t. [A. S. byrgan, byri-
Ibid., 1,634.
gean, closely allied to A.S. bergan = to pro-
* busch (1), * busche, v.i. [BUSK (1), v.]
tect. (Mahn & Skeat.). ]
1. Lit.: To place the body of a deceased or * busch (2) (pret. buschyt), v.i. [Cf. O. Fr.
even a living person under the ground, rub embuscher =to set an ambush. From Ger.
bish, the water of the ocean, or anything busch = a bush.] [BUSH, AMBUSH.] To lay
similar.
an ambush.
(1) Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
“The ost he maid in gud quyet to be,
A space fra thaim he buschyt prewalé."
(2) Spec. : To commit the body of a deceased
Wallace, viii, 588, MS.
person to the grave or to the ocean, with the
appropriate ceremonies; to inter.
* busch (3), * busche, * buschen, v.i.
“... Go up, and bury thy father, ...”—Gen. 1. 6. [BUSKE, v.] (William of Palerne, 173.)
2. Figuratively:
* busch, s. [BUSS (1).] (Parl., Jas. III., A.
(1) To place anything in the ground.
1471.)
“To bury so much gold under a tree.".
Shakesp. : Titus. Andron., i.. 3. *busch-el, * busch-elle, s. [BUSCHEL.]
(2) To hide or conceal under heaps of any- | * bûsche'-ment, s. [BUSHMENT.]
“ That is the way to lay the city flat,
“Buschement or verement. Cuneus, C.F."-Prompt.
And bury all.” Shakesp. : Coriol., iii. 1.
Paro.
(3) Reflexively or otherwise : To place in re- * busch-en, v.i. [BUSK, v.] To go.
tirement or in an obscure position, involving
“Til hit big was and bold · to buschen on felde."
death to one's influence and name.
William of Palerne, 173.
“And, seeking exile from the sight of men,
Bury herself in solitude profound.”
* busch-ope, s. [BISHOP, s.) (Prompt. Parv.)
Cowper : Truth.
(4) To cause to forget, also to forget ; to get * buse, v. impers. (Bus, v. impers.]
rid of, to hide.
"When he lies along,
* buse-mare, * buse-mere, s. [BISMARE.]
After your way his tale pronounced, shall bury Blasphemy.
His reasons with his body."
V., V. 6. bûsh (1), * bushe, * busshe, * busch,
† būr-y (1), s. [BURROW.]
* buysh, * buysch, * bosshe, * busk,
† 1. A burrow.
* buske (Eng.), bûsh, * buss, * bus
"It is his nature to dig himself buries, as the coney (Scotch), s. & a. (In Fr. buisson = a bush, a
doth; which he doth with very great celerity.”-Grew.
thicket; Sp. & Port. bosque; Ital. bosco = a
* 2. A receptacle for potatoes. (Halliwell :
wood; Ger. busch ; Dut. bosch; Dan. busk;
Contr. to Lexicog.)
Sw. buske. Skeat considers that the word is
bury (2), *b+r-V, s& 1m compos. [BOROUGH.]
of Scandinavian origin, the Fr., Ital., and
A borough. (Used chiefly in the names of
similar forms being from the Teutonic.]
places.)
A. As substantive :
1. As a separate word; as, Bury in Lanca I. Ordinary Language :
shire, Bury St. Edmunds in Suffolk.
1. A thicket, a wood, a grove, a forest, a
2. As a portion, generally the final one, of place overrun with shrubs.
the names of places; as, Aldermanbury.
“ Ther as by aventure this Palamon
Was in a bush that ne man might se
* būr'-yed, pa. par. [BURIED.]
For sore afered of death was he.”
Chaucer: C. T.; The Knightes Tale, 1,519.
* būr-y-ěls, s. (BURIAL.]
This sense, or one akin to it, is still com-
mon among our Australian colonists.
bur-y-ing, * bur-v-ingo, * bữr--ộng,
2. A single shrub with numerous and close-
pr. par., d., & s. [BURY, v.]
set branches.
A. & B. As. present participle & participial
"And stud intill a busk lurkand.”
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
Barbour: The Bruce, vii. 71.
the verb.
"And the Angel of the Lord appeared unto him in a
flame of fire out of the midst of a bush : and he looked,
C. As substantive: The act or operation of
and, behold, the bush burned with fire, and the bush
interring the dead; the state of being in was not consumed.”—Exod. iii. 2.
terred.
I To beat about the bush : To take circuitous
"... she is come aforehand to anoint my body methods of hinting at one's meaning in a
to the burying.”-Mark xiv. 8.
matter of special delicacy, instead of blurting
Obvious compounds : Burying-ground, out one's desires or intentions in a way to
burying-place.
startle and repel. The metaphor is taken
probably from sportsmen beating about bushes
to start game.
*3. The branch of a tree formerly hung out
in front of a tavern to indicate that liquor was
sold inside.
"If it be true that good wine needs no bush, 'tis true
that a good play needs no epilogue."-Shakesp. i As
you Like It, Epil.
II. Technically :
1. Bot., Hortic., &c. : A perennial ligneous
plant (usually with several stems issuing from
its root), which in its normal or natural state
of growth does not attain a girth of more than
six inches, and in consequence does not furnish
timber. The same as a shrub.
* 2. Hunting : The tail of a fox cut off as a
trophy of victory.
B. As adjective : (See the compounds.)
Compound of obvious signification: Bush-
exploring (Cowper: Task, bk. vi.).
bush-bean, s. The kidney bean or French
bean, Phaseolus vulgaris. (American.)
bush-beater, s. One who beats amongst
the cover to rouse game.
bush-creepers, s. pl.
Ornith. : The English name of the Uncotil-
linæ, a sub-family of the Sylviadæ. These
birds have sharply-conical bills and long
pointed wings. They are usually diminutive
in size, active in habits, have a twittering
note, and build their nests in thickets, solitary
bushes, or trees. They are found in the
warmer parts of both hemispheres, some of
them, however, being migratory.
bush-extractor, s.
Husbandry: An implement for pulling out
bushes and grubs. It is of the nature of a
claw-bar or cant-hook, or a pair of claws.
bush-fighting, s. Irregular warfare in a
woody country.
bush-grass, s.
Bot. : A grass, Calamagrostis Epigejos.
bush-harrow, s.
Agric., &c.: An implement consisting of a
number of limbs or saplings confined in a
frame and dragged over ground to cover grass-
seed.
bush-quails, s. pl.
Ornith. : The name given to the Turnicidæ,
a family of Gallinaceous birds, found in
Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia.
bush-ranger, s. [BUSHRANGER.]
bush-scythe, s.
Agric., &c. : A stout short scythe for cutting
brush and briers.
bush-shrikes, s. pl.
Ornith. : The English name of the Thamno-
philinæ, one of the two sub-families of the
Laniidæ (Shrikes). They have the upper
mandible of the bill straight, and arched only
at the tip, whereas it is curved in the Laniinæ.
The typical genus, Thamnophilus, is American;
the rest belong chiefly to the Old World.
bush-syrup, bush syrup, s. A sac-
charine fluid obtained in the Cape Colony
from the flowers of Protea mellifera. (Treas.
of Bot.)
* bush-tree, s. A shrub, the Common
Box, Buxus sempervirens.
bush-whacker, s.
1. A person accustomed to beat about or
travel through bushes; a raw countryman.
(American.) (Goodrich & Porter.)
2. A bush-scythe. (American.)
bush-whacking, a. & s.
A. As adjective: Pertaining to the method
of procedure described under B.
B. As substantive: The act of travelling or
working one's way through bushes; hauling
a boat through them, or anything similar.
(American.) (Goodrich & Porter.)
bush (2), s. & a. [From Fr. bouche = a mouth
(Knight); from Dut. bus = a box (Skeat).]
A. As substantive : The metal box in which
the axle of a machine works. (Skeat.) A bear-
ing for a spindle or arbour, as in the case of
the wooden chocks; called also followers,
which surround the spindle within the eye of
a bed-stone, and form the upper bearing of
the spindle. A piece of metal or wood inserted
thing...
no
2.
Core
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pīne, pít, sīre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu = kw.

bush-business
751
167.
into a plate to receive the wear of a pivot or
"The bushing alders form'd a shady scene."
arbour. A thimble, sleeve, or hollow socket
Pope : Odyssey.
placed in a hole in a plate or block, and bûsh'-ing, pr. par. & s. [BUSH (2), v.]
adapted to receive a spindle, gudgeon, or A. & B. As pr. par. & participial adj. : (See
pivot. It forms a lining for a bearing-socket.
the verb.)
(Knight.)
C. As subst. : A lining for a hole. Often
B. As adjective : (See the compounds.)
called a bush (q.v.).
bush-hammer, s.
bush-măn, s. [Eng. bush ; ma.]
Masonry :
+ 1. Gen. (Ord. Lang.): A inan who habitu-
1. A mason's large breaking-hammer.
ally resides among bushes.
2. A hammer for dressing millstones. The 2. Spec. (Ethnol., pl. bushmen): A tribe of
steel bits are usually detachable from the men, diminutive in size and very far behind
sockets of the heads, to enable them to be in culture, who exist in South Africa, and
dressed on a grindstone.
have not met with kind treatment either from
the other dark races of the district or from
bush-metal, s.
the European settlers.
Metallurgy: Hard brass, gun-metal (q.v.).
* bûsh'-ment, *bûshe-ment, * bûsshe-
* bûsh (1), v.t. & i. [From bush, s. (q.v.).] ment, s. [A contracted form of abushment
A. Transitive :
= embushment (q.v.).] A thicket, a bushy
1. To furnish with a bush.
place, a clump of bushes.
"Princes thought how they might, discharge the
2. To support with bushes.
earth of woods, briars, bushments, and waters, to make
3. To use a bush-harrow upon.
it more habitable and fertile."-Raleigh.
B. Intrans.: To grow thick. [Chiefly in the bûsh'-rān-ġēr, s. [Eng. bush ; ranger.) One
pr. par. bushing (1) (q.v.).]
who ranges through the bush, especially for
predatory purposes, bushrangers often being
bûsh (2), v.t. [From bush (2), s. (q. v.).]
escaped convicts. (Anglo-Australian.)
Of the wheels of carriages : To enclose in a
case or box, to sheathe.
bûsh'-rān-ğing, s. [Eng. bush; ranging.]
The act or practice of ranging through the
bûsh-chăt, s. [From Eng. bush, which the “bush." (Anglo-Australian.)
species, not excepting the so-called stonechat,
frequent; and suffix -chat.]
bush-ỷ, . [Eng. bush ; -9. In Sw. busic ;
Ornith. : _ A name given by Macgillivray to
Dan. busket; Ger. buschig, gebüschig.] [BOSK.]
his genus Fruticola.
1. Of literal bushes or vegetation of a similar
character:
* bushe (1), s. [BUSH (1).]
(1) With many branches, but not tall enough
* bushe (2), s. [Buss.]
to constitute a tree; shrubby, thick.
“Of stone, and ivy, and the spread
* bushe-fishing, s. (BUSS-FISHING.]
Of the elder's bushy head."
Wordsworth: The White Doe of Rylstone, i.
bûsh'-el. * bussh-el. * bush-ell. * bous- | (2) Full of bushes, studded with bushes,
sel, s. & a. [In Fr. & Nor. Fr. boisseau ; Low overspread with bushes.
Lat. bustellus, bussellus, bissellus, bustula,
“... spaces which were generally bushy..."-
buxula. From Low Lat. buza, buta = a vat, Darwin : Voyage Round the World (ed. 1870), ch. viii.
a large brewing vessel (Du Cange); or from
0. Fr. boissel, boucel; Prov. bossel; Ital. botti-
2. Of anything thick, like a bush: Thick, like
cello = a small barrel ; 0. Fr. boiste, boist = a
a bush.
box.] [Box.]
“... with a thick, bushy beard ..."-Addison.
A. As substantive :
bus'-ỉed (us as îz), * bes-yed, pa. par.
I. Ordinary Language :
[BUSY, v.]
1. Lit. : In the same sense as II. 2.
* bus-i-hede, * bis-y-hed, * bys-i-hede,
“Gif us a busshel whet, or malt, or reye."
S. [O. Eng. bisy = Eng. busy; and 0. Eng.
Chaucer : C. T., 7,327-8.
hede = Eng. hood.] The state of being full of
2. Fig. : A large quantity, without precisely
business or care.
indicating how much. (Lit. & fig.)
“Alle the bisyhedes and the greate niedes of the
“The worthies of antiquity bought the rarest pic.
wordle."-Ayenbite, p. 164.
tures with bushels of gold, without counting the
weight or the number of pieces."-Dryden.
bus-1'-ly, * bus-y-ly, * bus-i-li, *bis-i-
II. Technically :
ly, bes-i-ly, * bus-i-liche (us as iz),
1. Vehicles. Of a cart-wheel (plur. bushels): adv. [Eng. busy; -ly.]
Irons within the hole of the nave, to preserve 1. In a good sense :
it from wearing. (Johnson.)
(1) Laboriously.
2. Weights and Measures :
"... & wyth besten blod busily anoynted,"
(1) In the United Kingdom : A measure of
Ear. Eng. Atlit. Poems (ed. Morris), Cleanness, 1446.
capacity used for corn or what is called dry (2) Eagerly, carefully.
measure. It contains eight gallons or four
“... Debated busyly about tho giftes."
pecks, whilst four bushels constitute one
Sir Gaw., 68.
coomb or sack, and eight bushels a quarter.
“Bi-thought hire ful busily, howe best were to werche.”
William of Palerne, 650.
(2) In Canada and the United States : A (3) Industriously.
measure = 0:9,692 of the imperial bushel.
“... how busily she turns the leaves."
B. As adjective: (See the compounds.)
Shakesp. : Tit. Andron., iv. 1.
T Compounds of obvious signification :
2. In a sense not so good : Curiously, in-
Bushel-full, bushel-maker, bushel-making.
quisitively.
“Or if too busily they will enquire
bushel-breeches, s. pl. Breeches wide
Into a victory which we disdain." Dryden.
laterally, and drawn in beneath so as to look business (pron. biz-nës), * bus-i-nesse,
like upright bushel measures. (Carlyle.)
*bus-y-nesse, * bus-y-nes (us as íz),
bûsh'-el-age (age as iſ), s. [Eng. bushel, * bỉs-y-nesse, * bỉs-1'-něsse, * bes-i-
and suff. -age.] A duty on commodities esti nesse, s. & d. [Eng. busy; -ness.]
mated by their bushel bulk.
A. As substantive :
*bûsh'-et, s. [Dimin. of Eng. Bush (1) (q.v.).] I. Subjectively :
1. A small bush. (Glossog. Nov., 2nd ed.)
+ 1. The state of being industriously en-
2. A wood. [BUSKET, BOSKET.)
"The fantasy and the curious busynesse
“ Near Creek, in a bushet or wood on a hill, not far
Fro day to day gan in the soule impresse."
from the way-side."-Ray: Rem, p. 251.
Chaucer : c. T., 9,451-2.
3. A common.
I To do businesse : To apply oneself steadily
“We rode through a bushet, or common, called to any work.
Rodwell Hake."-Ray: Rem., p. 153.
"The pilours diden businesse and cure.
bûsh'-1-něss, s. [Eng. bushy; -ness.] The
Chaucer : The Knightes Tale, 149.
quality of being bushy. (Johnson.)
2. The state of being anxious; anxiety, care.
3. The act of engaging industriously in cer-
#bûsh-ing, pr. par. & d. [BUSH (1), v.]
tain occupations.
As participial adj.: Spreading bush-like; be-
(1) The act of forming mercantile or financial
coming bushy.
"The roses bushing round
bargains. More generally an abundance of
About her glow.d." con Milt
Milton : P. L. such acts done by separate individuals.
“Apparently business was partial in the Discount
Market."—Daily Telegraph, October 8, 1877.
(2) The act of engaging in serious work, as
distinguished from mere pastime.
"Pastime and business both it should exclude."
Cowper : Progress of Error.
II. Objectively: That with which one is en-
gaged ; that about which one is or should be
busy or anxious. Specially--
1. A multiplicity of affairs. [T 1.] Specially
mercantile transactions, commercial inter-
course.
2. A single affair or transaction.
"You are so much the business of our souls, .
Dryden.
In this sense it may have a plural.
: . so full of businesses ..."-Shakesp. : All's
Weil, i. i.
3. An affair of honour, a duel. (Affectedly.)
“For that's the word of tincture, the business. Let
me alone with the business. I will carry the business.
I do understand the business. I do find an affront in
the business. *— Masque of Mercury, &c., vol. V., p. 431.
4. A calling or occupation ; also special
province, sphere, or duty.
"The great business of the senses being to take notice
of what hurts or advantages the body."-Locke.
"... the management of a wine and spirit business,
or other position of trust."— Times, Nov. 18, 1878.
5. Legitimate occupation.
"What business has a tortoise among the clouds ?"-
L'Estrange.
6. That which requires to be done, an object.
“... a perpetual spring will not do their business ;
they must have longer days, a nearer approach of the
sun."-Bentley.
* 7. Labour and endeavour.
“To drawe folk to heven by fairnesse,
By good ensample, this was his busynesse."
Chaucer : 0. T., Prologue, 520.
Special phrases:
1. A man of business: A man naturally
gifted with capacity, adaptation, and love for
managing a great commercial enterprise, a
department of the political government, or
anything similar.
“He was one of the most skilful debaters and men
free of business in the kingdom.”-Macaulay: Hist. Eng.,
ch. iv.
2. To do the business for one: To kill one,
destroy or ruin one, that being the most
serious thing which can be done to him.
(Colloquial.)
3. To have no business in a place or to do
anything: To have no occupation calling one
thither, or no obligation or even right to do
the thing.
(1) Lit. : Of persons.
(2) Fig.: Of things.
“A frown upon the atmosphere,
That hath no business to appear
Where skies are blue, and earth is gay."
Byron : The Prisoner of Chilion, x.
(a) Crabb thus distinguishes between
business, occupation, employment, engagement,
and avocation : “Business occupies all a per-
son's thoughts, as well as his time and
powers; occupation and employment Occupy
only his time and strength : the first is mostly
regular, it is the object of our choice; the
second is casual, it depends on the will of
another. Engagement is a partial employment,
avocation a particular engagement: an engage-
ment prevents us from doing anything else ;
an avocation calls off or prevents us from
doing what we wish. ... A person who is
busy has much to attend to, and attends to it
closely : a person who is occupied has a full
share of business without any pressure; he is
opposed to one who is idle: a person who is
employed has the present moment filled up;
he is not in a state of inaction: the person
who is engaged is not at liberty to be other-
wise employed : his time is not his own; he is
opposed to one at leisure."
(6) Business, trade, profession, and art are
thus discriminated : “ These words are syno-
nymous in the sense of a calling, for the pur-
pose of a livelihood : business is general, trade
and profession are particular; all trade is
business, but all business is not trade. Buying
and selling of merchandize is inseparable from
trade; but the exercise of one's knowledge
and experience, for purposes of gain, con-
stitutes a business; when learning or particu-
lar skill is required, it is a profession; and
when there is a peculiar exercise of art, it is
an art: every shop-keeper and retail dealer
carries on a trade; brokers, manufacturers,
bankers, and others, carry on business; clergy-
men, medical, or military men follow a pro-
fession ; musicians and painters follow an art."
(c) The following is the distinction between
business, office, and duty: “Business is what
gaged.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn, -tion, -sion=shủn; -țion, -sion=zhŭn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -kle, &c. =bol, kel.

752
busk-bussing
um
one prescribes to one's self; office is prescribed * bús-kāyle, s. [BUSCAYLE.]
“But every Satyre first did give a busse
by another; duty is prescribed or enjoined by
To Hellenore: so busses did abound."
Spenser : F. Q., III. X. 46.
a fixed rule of propriety: mercantile concerns | búsk-ed (Eng.), büsk'-it (Scotch), pa. par. &
are the business which a man takes upon hinn a. [BUSK, v.]
būss (2) (Eng.), buss, * busse, * busshe,
self; the management of parish concerns is "Th[er]e were beddes busked · for eny burn riche."
* busch, * busche (Scotch), s. [In Dut
an office imposed upon him often, much against
Williary of Palerne, 3,196. buis; Ger. büse ; 0. Fr. busse ; Prov. bus;
his inclination; the maintenance of his family
"Nae joy her bonnie buskit nest."
Low Lat. bussa, busa.]
Burns : Epistle to William Creech.
is a duty which his conscience enjoins upon him
* 1. Originally: A large vessel, wide, capa-
to perform. Business and duty are public or
| t búsk'-ed, a. [From busk (3), s.] Wearing
cious, and well adapted for stowage.
private ; office is mostly of a public nature : a
a busk. (Pollok.)
"Ane busche quhilk was takin be the Franchemen."
minister of state, by virtue of his office, has
* búsk-ēr, s. [O. Eng. & Scotch busk, v. ;
-- Aberd. Reg., A. 1538, v. 16.
always public business to perform ; but men
-er.] One who dresses another.
* 2. Then sometimes : A hulk.
in general have only private business to trans-
- " Mistress Mary Seaton ... is pr vised, by the queen,
"Hulks or busses ..."-Howell: Letters (1650).
act; a minister of religion has public duties to
to be the finest busker, that is, the finest dresser of
(Halliwell : Contr. to Lexicog.)
perforin in his ministerial capacity ; every a woman's head of hair, that is to be seen in any
3. Afterwards and now: A two-masted fish-
other man has personal or relative duties, country."-Knolly : Lett. Chalmers's Mary, i. 285.
ing-vessel of from fifty to seventy tons burden,
which he is called upon to discharge according
* búsk'-et, S. [Fr. bosquet = a grove, a
to his station.” (Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
thicket.j [BOSKET, BOSQUET.] A small bush
business-like, a. Like business, with or branch with flowers and foliage. (Spenser:
proper accuracy, with attention to details, Shep. Cal., v.)
and a careful adaptation of means to the end
* búsk-ie (1), a. [From busk (1), and suff. -ie.]
aimed at, such as is seen in men expert in
Fond of dress.
business, and is one of the most important
1. kintra lairds, an' buskie cits,
elements in their success.
A' gather rouu' some sumphs."
"There is no need, however, that it should diminish
Tarras : Poems, p. 156.
that strenuous and business-like application to the
matter in hand, ..."-J. S. Mill: Political Economy * búsk-e (2), a. (Bosky.]
(1848), vol. i., bk. i., ch. vii., $ 3, p. 125.
7 bús'-kín, * bus-kyn, s. (Etym. doubtful.
* bằsk (1), * bằske, * bắsk-, * bằsk,
In Dut. broos = a buskin; O. Dut. brosekin;
* busch, * busche (Eng.), * busk (Scotch),
Fr. bottine, brodequin = (i) an ancient boot,
(pret. buskit), v.t. & i. [Icel. búask = to pre-
which covered the foot and part of the leg ;
pare one's self; from búa = to prepare.]
(2) a boot worn by actors in comedies ; Sp.
[BOUN.) (Skeat.)
borsegui ; Ital. borzacchino. Remotely from
A. Transitive :
Low Lat. byrsa; Gr. Búpoa (bursa) =a hide,
1. To prepare, to make ready.
leather. Skeat considers that it may be cog-
2. To dress, to array.
nate with brogue.]
* BUSS.
“Thou burne for no brydale art busked in wedez."
1. A boot covering the foot and the lower
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems; Cleanness, 142. part of the leg, so as to defend it against mud, with a cabin at each end. It is employed
3. To fasten. (Used of an article of dress.) thorns, &c.
chiefly in the herring fishery.
(Scotch.)
(1) As worn by men.
“... to drive the Dutch whalers and herring busses
:.i. cockernony she had busked on her head at
“ The hunted red deer's undressed hide
out of the Northern Ocean."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng.,
the kirk last Sunday." -Scott : Old Mortality, ch. v.
ch. xix.
Their hairy buskins well supplied."
B. Reflexive :
e Scott : Marmion, v. 5.
buss-fishing (Eng. & Scotch), * bushe-
(2) As worn by women.
1. To prepare one's self.
fishing (0, Scotch), s. The act of fishing in
“My Mary's buskins brush the dew."
"He buskyt hym . ..."-Barbour: The Bruce (ed.
busses.
Scott : Glenfinlas.
Skeat), i. 142.
“That there be no bushe fishing betwix the ylands
*2. A similar boot worn among the ancients
"All thay buskede tham fit to bere,
and the mayne land ..."-Acts Cha. I., ed. 1814, V.,
Helme and hawberke, schelde and spere.".
by actors in tragedy. Sometimes it had thick V. 238.
Roland and Ottuell (ed. Herrtage), 43. cork soles so as to make the wearer look taller
2. To go, to hurry.
than he really was.
buss (3), S. [BUSH, s.]
".... the Iustices somme
(1) Lit. : In the foregoing sense.
1. Lit. : A bush. (Scotch.)
Busked hem to the boure .
"I like our hills an' heathery braes,
Piers Plowm., iii. 13, 14.
“In her best light the comic muse appears,
Ilk burdie, buss, an' burnie."
C. Intransitive :
When she with borrow'd pride the buskin wears."
Picken: Poems, i1. 168.
Smith.
1. To get ready.
(2) Fig. : Tragedy.
2. Fig. : Shelter. (Scotch.) (Or is it froin
“The king busket and mad him yar."
“Great Fletcher never treads in buskins here,
another root?)
Barbour: The Bruce, vili. 409.
No greater Jonson dares in socks appear."
"My trunk of elid, but buss or bield,
2. To begin.
Dryden.
Sinks in Time's wintry rage."
“ Than hamvardis buskit he to fair."
Burns : The Auld Man.
| † bús-kîned, a. [Eng. buskin ; -ed.] Pro-
Barbour: The Bruce (ed. Skeat), vii. 492.
būss (4), s. [BUS (3).]
vided with or wearing buskins, tragic.
3. To direct one's steps towards a place, to
“Ennobled hath the buskin'd stage."
7 búss (1), * basse, v.t. [From buss (1), s.
go.
Milton : Pensoroso. (q.v.). In Sw. pussa ; Provinc. Ger. bussen ;
"And buskit theddirward but bard."
Barbour : The Bruce, X. 404. * búsk'-ing, pr. par., d., & s. [BUSK, v.] Fr. baiser ; Norin. Fr. beser; Sp. besar; Port.
4. To brush about, to hurry about, to hurry, A. & B. As present participle & participial
beijar; Ital. baciare; Lat. basio.] [Buss, s.]
to hasten.
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
1. Lit. : To give a smacking kiss to. (Now
"Than bad he a baroun buske to here chamber." — the verb.
vulgar and ludicrous, but not so formerly.)
William of Palerne, 1,968.
C. As substantive :
"... that I lye bassing with Besse."-Sir T. More :
- To buskor buske of: To hurry from.
Workes, p. 557. (Richardson.)
1. Dressing, manner of dressing. (Skeat.)
“Come, grin on me, and I will think thou smilest,
(Wm. of Palerne, 1,653, 1,997.)
“... either a stoninglie busking or an ouerstaring
And buss thee as thy wife."
frounced hed."-Roger Ascham : The Schoolmaster,
Shakesp. : K. John, iii. 4.
* busk (2), v. [Etym. doubtful.] To pulverise,
bk. i.
2. Fig. : To come in close contact with.
as fowls do in the dust. (Halliwell : Cont. to
2. Headdress or other dress or decoration. “Yond towers, whose wanton tops do buss the clouds."
Lexicog.)
"That none weare upon their heads, or buskings,
Shakesp. : Troil. & Cress., iv. 5.
* būsk (1), s. [From Eng. busk (1), v. (q.v.).] any feathers.”-Acts Ja. VI., 1621, c. 25, § 2.
“Thy knees bussing the stones, ..
Ibid. Coriol., iii. 2.
1. Lit. : Dress. (Scotch.)
busk'-it, pa. par. & d. [BUSK (1), v.] (Scotch.) | * būss (2), v.t. [Buss (3), s.] To place in
2. Fig. : Decoration.
* būsk'-ry, s. [From busk (1), v. ; and suffix ambush.
words..."-M Ward : Contendings, p. 356.
"... the busk and bravery of beautiful and big
-ery. The same as BUSK (1), s.)
"Saladyn priuely was bussed beside the flom."
R. de Brunne, p. 187.
1. Dress.
busk (2), * buske (1), s. & d. [Fr. busc.]
* bussche'-měnt. * busse'-měnt.
2. Decoration, outward show. (Lit. & fig.)
A. As substantive: A stiffening bone or
* busche'-ment, * buysche'-ment, s.
. put off with the buskry or bravery of words,
plate in a corset, to maintain its shape and
when the thing itself is lost and let go,..."-M'Ward :
[BUSHMENT.] Ambush.
prevent its gathering in folds and wrinkles Contendings, p. 324.
"Leulyn in a wod a bussement he
around the waist. The busk is made of wool,
R. Brunne, p. 242.
steel, brass, whalebone, or vulcanite.
* búsk'-ý, * búsk'-ie (2), a. [BOSKY.] The * bússh'-op, s. [BISHOP.]
"Her long slit sleeves, stiffe buske, puffe verdingall."
same as bosky, i.e., woody, shaded with woods.
“ How bloodily the sun begins to peer
Marston : Scourge, ii. 7.
* bus'-sie, a. [BUSAY.] (Scotch.)
B. As adjective : (See the compound.)
Above yon busky hill."
Shakesp. : 1 Hen. IV., v. 1. búss'-ing, * bass-ing, pr. par. & 8. [Buss,
* busk-point, s. The lace, with its tag, 1 t búss (1), * bŭsse, * basse, s. [In Sw. puss=
v.]
which secured the end of the busk.
a puddle, a plash, a smack, a kiss; O. H. Ger. A. As present participle : (See the verb.)
* busk (3), * buske (2), 3. [Low Lat. bosous,
bus; Fr. baiser, s.; Sp. beso; Port. beijo; B. As substantive: The act of kissing with
Ital. bacio ; Lat. basium; Gael. busag = a a smacking sound.
buscus = a bush.] [BUSH.] A bush.
smacking kiss; bus= the mouth ; Wel. bus =
“Kissing and bussing differ both in this,
"And stud intill a busk lurkand."
the lip. Perhaps imitated from the sound.]
We busse our wantons, but our wives we kiss."
Barbour : The Bruce (ed. Skeat), vil. 71.
"And range amid the buskes thy selfe to feede."
Herrick: Works, p. 219.
A snacking kiss. (At first good English, now
Davison: Poetical Rapsodie (1611), p. 39.
vulgar and ludicrous.)
* búss'-ing, s. [From Eng. bushing (q.v.),
* busk-ad-dre, * bosk-ed-dre, s. (From
* 1. Originally : Of the form basse, from Fr. || or from Ger. busch = a bundle, a fardel (?).]
Covering.
busk (3); and adder.) An adder, a snake.
"The folk was fain
"Be it turned into a boskeddre."-Wycliffe : Exodus,
2. Then: Of the forms busse, buss, from
To put the bussing on thair theis." .
vil. 9.
the Teutonic.
Redsquair: Evergreen, il. 230.
91
baiser.
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hér, thêre; pine, pît, sïre, sīr, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fül; trý, Sýrian. e, crē. ey =ão qu=kw.

bussle-but
753
būs'-sle, s. [BUSTLE.] (Scotch.)
†B. Transitive: To cause to move about (2) Of the powers or faculties of the human
with unnecessary noise or stir; to jostle, to mind.
* bust (1), s. [BUIST.] (Scotch.)
push about.
“This busy pow'r is working day and night."
1. A box.
Davies.
2. A tar mark upon sheep, generally the
būs'-tle (1) (t silent) (Eng.), bús'-sle (Scotch), (3) Of such abstract conceptions as rumour,
initials of the proprietor's name.
S. [From bustle, v. (q.v.). In Icel. bustl =
scandal; science, culture.
a bustle, the splashing about of a fish.] The
“Rumours strange,
būst (2); s. [In Ger. büste; Fr. buste ; Prov. act of hurrying about with much noise, gene-
And of unholy nature, are abroad,
bust; Sp. & Port. busto; from Ital. busto = rally to an unnecessary extent; stir; agitation,
And busy with thy name."
** Byron : Manfred, iii. 1.
bust, stays, boddice; Low Lat. bustum = the tumult.
trunk of a body without the head. Mahn
"The bustle of the mariners,
| Compounds of obvious sigr.ification :
In stillness or in storm.
thinks that it is from Ger. brust = breast.]
Busy-looking (Pope), busy-minded.
Wordsworth: The Blind Highland Boy.
[BREAST, BUSTO.)
Crabb thus distinguishes between bustle;
bus'-ý (us as íz), * bus-i-en, * bis-i-en
Ordinary Language & Sculpture :
tumult, and uproar :-“Bustle has most of (pret. busied), 1.t. & i. [From busy, a. (q.v.).
1. A statue of the upper part of the body, hurry in it; tumult most of disorder and con-
A.S. bysigan, bysgian. ]
i.e., the head, shoulders, and breast, without fusion; uproar most of noise : the hurried
A. Trans. : To make or keep busy, to engage,
the arms.
movements of one, or many, cause a bustle ;
to employ industriously or with unremitting
“His library, where busts of poets dead
disorderly struggles of many constitute a
attention.
And a true Pindar stood without a head,
tumult; the loud elevation of many opposing
Received of wits ..
voices produces an uproar.
Pope : Prologue to Satires, 235.
"Laverd bisied es of me."-E. Eng. Psalter: Ps.
Bustle is fre-
xxxix. 18.
quently not the effect of design, but the
2. The chest or thorax of the human body,
| It is followed by with, in, about, amid,
natural consequence of many persons coming
the trunk, more specifically the portion of
together; tumult commonly arises from a
&c., or by an infinitive.
the human body between the head and the
general effervescence in the minds of a mul-
"Be it thy course to busy giddy minds
waist; whether-
With foreign quarrels."
titude; uproar is the consequence either of
S hakesp. : 2 Hen. IV., iv. 4.
(1) In the actual person.
general anger or mirth. A crowded street “... busied with dice and claret, love letters and
Or (2) in a statue.
will always be in a bustle ; contested elections challenges."-Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xv.
are always [not even in the olden time “The learning and disputes of the schools have been
* bust, v.t. [Etymology doubtful. Cf. bustle, "always, and now under the ballot rarely]
much busied about genus and species.”—Locke.
v.) To beat.
accompanied with a great tumult; drinking
I It is often used reflexively.
"Beateth the and busteth the as his ibohte threl."
parties make a considerable uproar, in the in-
“For the rest, it must be owned he does not busy
Hali Meidhenhad, p. 31. dulgence of their intemperate mirth.” (Crabb :
himself by entering deep into any party."-Swift.
būs'-tam-īte, s.
* B. Intrans.: To be active, to be much
Eng. Synon.)
[Named after Mr. Busta-
engaged:
mente, its discoverer; and suff -ite (Min:) būs'-tle (2) (t silent), s: [Etymology doubtful. “Martha bisyede åboute moche seruyce."—Wickliffe :
(q.v.).]
Perhaps connected with bust (q.v.).] A pad Luke x. 40.
Min.: A variety of Rhodonite (q.v.). Dana or cushion, formerly worn by ladies beneath
«Naf I now to busy bot bare thre dayez.”
makes it the equivalent of his calciferous their dress to expand their skirts behind, and
Sir Gaw. and the Gr. Knight, 1,066.
Rhodonite. It is greyish-red in colour:
relieve the wearer of part of their weight. It
bus'-y-bod-ý (us as íz), s. [Eng. busy ; body.)
was called also a bishop.
bús-tard, s. [In Fr. outarde; Provinc. & O.
A person at a certain period or habitually
engaged with things with which he has no
7 bús'-tlér (t silent), s. [-Eng: bustle; -er.]
Fr. bistarde, bostarde, boustarde; Prov. ausa
tarde; Sp. avutarda ; Port. abetarda, betarda;
duty or no clear call to intermeddle. (Used
One who bustles ; an active, stirring man.
Ital. ottarda; from Lat. avis tarda (Pliny) =
“Forgive him, then, thou bustler in concerns
of either sex.)
Of little worth; an idler in the best.”
“And withal they [the younger widows] learn to be
slow bird.]
Cowper: Task, bk. vi.
idle, wandering about from house to house, and not
Ornith. : The name of a genus of birds, the
only idle but tattlers also, and busybodies, speaking
things which they ought not."-1 Tim., v. 13.
| būs’-tling (t silent), bús-těl-ụng, pr. par.,
Otis, which is the typical one of the family
Otitidæ.
“ William thought him a busybody who had been
(OTIS, OTITIDÆ.]
d., & s. (BUSTLE, v.]
Three species
properly punished for running into danger without any
occur in Britain, the Great Bustard (Otis tarda),
call of duty."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxi.
the Little Bustard (0. tetrix), and Macqueen's
* būs'-to (pl. bustoes), s. [Ital. busto.] [BUST,
Bustard (0. Macqueeni). The Great Bustard s.] A bust (prose and poetry).
bus'-y-ing (us as íz), pr. par. [BUSY, v.]
was formerly common in Wiltshire and in
“... a vestibulo supported with pillars, with some
Norfolk, but being large, the male about four
antick bustoes in the niches."- Ashmole, Berk. iii. 115. * bus-y-ship, * bis-i-schipe, * bes-i-
feet long and the female three, it was too con-
“Worn on the edge of days, the brass consumes,
ship, s. [O. Eng. bisi, besi = Eng. busy, and
The busto moulders, and the deep-cut marble,
spicuous a bird to escape persecution, and
Unsteady to the steel, gives up its charge.”
suffix -ship.] Business, exercise.
now it is much more rare. It is one of the
R. Blair : The Grave.
“Licomliche bisischipe is to lutel wurth."-Ancren
indigenous animals which Sir Chas. Lyell
Riwle, p. 384.
* bus-tu-ous, * bus-te-ous, * bus-ti-ous,
cites as having been recently extirpated or all
* bous-tous, s. [BOISTOUS.] Large in size ; 1
but extirpated in England. (Prin. of Geol.,
bút (1), * butte, * bute, * bot, k bote,
ch. xlii.) It has the plumage on the back
strong, powerful ; terrible, fierce; rough, un * buton, * boute, * buten, prep., conj.,
polished, boisterous, rude. (Dunbar : The
of a bright-yellow traversed by a number
adv., & s. [A.S. bútan, búton, bútun, búta,
Thrissel and the Rose, 5; Doug.: Virgil, 131,27;
of black bars, the rest of the plumage being
búte, as prep. = without, except; as conj. =
Lyndsay: Warkis (1592), p. 167.)
greyish. It runs and flies well. It is still
unless, except, save, but (Bosworth), from A.S.
common on parts of the Continent. The
be, Eng. bi=by, útan, úte = without, beyond ;
* bus'-tu-oŭs-ness, S. [BOISTOUSNESS. ]
Little Bustard (0. tetrix) is a Mediterranean
0. Sax. biûtan, bûtan. [OUT.] In Dut. buiten
(Scotch.) (Jamieson.) (Doug. : Virg., 374,45.) = without; out, besides, except.)
bird which occasionally straggles to Britain.
It is brown dotted with black above, and be- bus'-Ý, *bus'-ie, *bus'-i (us as íz), *bes-y,
A. As preposition :
neath is whitish. The male has a black neck * bes'-i, * bis'-y, * bis'-i (Eng.), bus'-ý, T Technically it is one of separation or
with two white collars.
* biz-zy (Scotch), a. [A.S. bysig, bisig, bysi exclusion (Bain Higher Eng. Gram:) Its
I Thick-kneed bustard : One of the English (Somner); Dut. bezig.] [BUSINESS. ]
signification is excepting.
names for a bird, the Common Thick-knee 1. Of persons, or of the inferior animals : 1. Except, unless, besides, save:
(Oidicnemus Bellonii).
Occupied so that the attention is fixed on what
"... and we have no objection but the obscurity of
is being done; occupied, with much work to
several passages by our ignorance in facts and persons."
* bús'-tě-oŭs, * bus-ti-oŭs, a. (BUSTU-
- Swift.
be done.
ous. ]
(1) Occupied at the time to which attention
2. Except with, unless with, without.
"Touch not the cat but a glove;' the motto of the
*bús-tîne, a. [Corrupted from Eng. fustian, is being directed.
Macintoshes." (Jamieson.)
or from Fr. buste =“ the long, small, or sharp-
“Gude ale keeps me bare and bizzy,
B. As conjunction :
pointed, and hard-quilted belly of a doublet."
Gaurs me tipple till I be dizzy."
Remains of Nithsdale Song, p. 90. (Jamieson.)
(Cotgrave.) (Jamieson.).] Fustian, cloth.
I. Ordinary Language :
“Sir, my mistress sends you word
"Neat, neat she was, in bustine waistcoat clear
q Technically it is a co-ordinate conjunc-
That she is busy and she cannot come."
Ramsay: Poems, ii. 70.
Shakesp. : Taming of the Shrew, v. 2.
tion of the division called adversatives, and
būs'-tle, *būs'-těl (t silent), * būs’-le,
the subdivision arrestives, that is, it is a con-
(2) Troublesome; vexatiously meddlesome.
* bus-kle, * búss-kle, v.i. & t. [Bustle is
junction in which the second sentence or
"The Christians, sometimes valiantly receiving the
enemy, and sometimes charging them again, repulsed clause is in opposition to the one preceding it,
probably from Icel. bustla = to bustle, to splash the proud enemy, still busy with them."-Knolles : and arrests an inference which that first sen-
about in the water; and buskle from A.Ş. bys History of the Turks.
tence or clause would else have suggested.
gian = to be busy. (Skeat, Mahn, &c.).]
(3) Habitually occupied, with only neces-
(Bain : Higher Eng. Grdm.) Its significations
A. Intransitive :
sary remission ; bustling, active, industrious.
are-
1. In a good sense : To be active.
(a) In a good or in an indifferent sense :
1. Properly or strictly:
" Come, bustle, bustle , caparison my horse."
Occupied
(1) Yet still, notwithstanding which, con-
Shakesp. : Rich. III., v. 3.
“... or the controversy of opinions, wherein the
busy world has been so much employed."--Temple.
2. In a slightly bad sense : To move about in
trary to what might have been expected.
a fussy manner; to go hither and thither with
(6) In a bad sense : Fussy, meddling:
It expresses that the inference which
agitation, and generally with unnecessary noise
"On meddling monkey, or on busy ape."
would naturally be deduced from the first of
or stir.
Shakesp. : Mid. Night's Dream, ii. 1. the two clauses which it couples together can-
"Wherefore now began the bisshopes to busskle and
2. Of things personified: At work temporarily not legitimately be drawn, there being a dis-
bear rule."-Joye ! Expos. of Daniel, ii.
or habitually. Used
turbing element which destroys its validity.
“ Awing the world, and bustling to be great!”
(1) Of the hands, feet, &c., or other material “The words of his mouth were smoother than butter,
Granville.
but war was in his heart: his words were softer than
“Of idle busy men the restless fry
instruments of man's action.
oil, yet were they drawn swords."-Psalms, lv. 21.
Run bustling to and fro with foolish haste,
“Display with busy and laborious hand
In search of pleasures vain that from them fly."
+ (2) Excepting that, except that, unless
The blessings of the most indebted land."
Thomson : Castle of Indolence, i. 49.
Cowper : Expostulation, that, were it not that, had it not been that.
boil, boy; póut, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
48
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion = shŭn; -ţion, -şion = zhủn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -tle, &c. = bel, tel.

754
but-butchering
| Properly it is an ellipsis for but that.
5. But that, bote that, bute that, buttan thatt, bouc; Ital. becco = a goat, 2 buck.) [BUCK
“And, but my noble Moor
buton that : Unless, except.
(2), s.]
Is true of mind, and made of no such baseness
“He wolde al his kinelond selten on heore lond,
As jealous creatures are, it were enough
A. As substantive :
To put him to ill thinking."
bute that he ideoped weore king of than londe."
Layamon, iii. 252.
Shakesp. : Othello, iii. 4.
1. Lit. : One who makes a livelihood by
(3) Except, unless otherwise than, other-
5. But yet : Yet, still, notwithstanding,
killing sheep, oxen, and other animals, and
wise than that.
stated more emphatically.
selling their flesh as human food.
“I should sin
“But yet, Madam
“The barbour, and the bowcher, and the smyth."
To think but nobly of my grandmother.”.
I do not like but yet; it does allay
Chaucer : C. T., 2,027.
Shakesp.: Temp., i. 2.
The good precedence; fie upon but yet !
“Bochere. Carnifex, macellarius."-Prompt. Paro.
But yet is as a gaoler, to bring forth
“Who shall believe
“The captains were butchers, tailors, shoemakers."-
Some monstrous malefactor
But you misuse the reverence of your place ?”
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv.
A lbid : 2 Hen. IV., iv. 2.
Shakesp. : Ant. & Cleop., ii. 5.
2. Fig.: A person of sanguinary character;
2. More loosely : Yet, still, however, added but-and, prep. [BUT, E (1).]
a man delighting in bloodshed.
to which; as a complementary statement to
“... now fastened on the prince who had put down
which.
but-if, conj. [BUT, E (3). ]
the rebellion the nickname of Butcher."-- Macaulay :
Hist. Eng., ch. xiii.
In this second sense it is used, though bút (2), bútt, prep., adv., & 3. [From A.S.
there is no disappointment of expectation
B. As adjective : (See the compounds.)
butan, búton, bắtun, (prep.) = without, except.
with regard to the inference derivable from From prefix be and útan = without, beyond.)
butcher-bird, s.
the first clause.
(Scotch.)
Ornithology:
(1) Yet, still, however, nevertheless.
A. As prep. : Towards the outer part of the 1. Sing. : A shrike. [2 Pl.]
"... he [Naaman) was also a mighty man in valour;
house.
but he was à leper."-2 Kings, v. 1.
2. Plural (butcher-birds):
"Lifts up his head, and looking butt the floor"
(2) Added to which, as a complementary
Ross : Helenore, first ed., p. 74.
(1) One of the English names of the genus
statement to which.
"Flaught bred upon her but the house he sprang."
Lanius. The species are so denominated be-
“By the blessing of the upright the city is exalted :
Ibid, p. 76. cause they cruelly impale on a thorn the small
but it is overthrown by the mouth of the wicked."-
B. As adverb:
birds, small quadrupeds, insects, and worms
Prov. xi. 11.
1. Towards the outer apartment of a house.
on which they feed. They are also called
In the foregoing example there is an op-
"And but scho come into the hall anone;
shrikes. Three are known in Britain.
position between the words exalted and over-
And syne sho went to se gif ony come."
(a) The Great Grey Butcher-bird, or Shrike
thrown, and between upright and wicked, but
Dunbar : Maitland Poems, p. 70.
(Lanius excubitor).
the second clause, taken as a whole, is com-
2. In the outer apartment.
(6) The Red-backed Shrike or Butcher-bird
plementary and not antithetical to the first.
"... to the bernis fer but sweit blenkis I cast.”
Dunbar : Maitland Poems, p. 63. (Jamieson.)
(Lanius collurio).
(3) Without this consequence following,
But-and-ben, a. : Outside and inside ; (c) The Woodchat Shrike (Lanius rutilus.)
"Frosts that constrain the ground,
Do seldom their usurping power withdraw,
pertaining to the two rooms of a two-roomed [LANIUS, SHRIKE.]
But raging floods pursue their hasty hand.”
cottage.
(2) A name for the True Shrikes, or Laniinæ,
Dryden.
(4) Than.
C. As substantive : The outer room in a two the first sub-family of Laniadæ. [LANIINÆ,
roomed cottage. It is the kitchen, while the SHRIKES.]
"The full moon was no sooner up and shining in all
its brightness, but he opened the gate of Paradise."-
“ben” (be-in), or inner room, is the parlour. butcher-broom, 8. The same as
Guardian.
[BEN.] (Scotch.)
BUTCHER'S-BROOM (q.v.).
(5) Therefore, but that, that, for anything “Mony blenkis ben our the but [that]full far sittis."
otherwise than that. .
Dunbar : Maitland Poems, p. 62. (Jamieson.)
butcher-knife, s. A knife for cutting
“It is not therefore impossible but I may alter the
meat. The tang of the blade is usually riveted
bút (3), s. & d. [BUTT.) The thick end of any-
complexion of my plays." - Dryden.
between two scales, which form the handle.
thing. [BUTT.]
"... many looking but he should have died.”_
Spalding, i. 18. (Jamieson.)
butcher-meat, s. [BUTCHER'S-MEAT.)
but-end, butt-end, s.
* (6) Provided that.
* butcher-row, s. A row of shambles.
I. Ordinary Language:
“But onlych he haue the crystendom.”
"How large a shambles and butcher-row would such
Robt. of Brunne, 5,764.
1. Lit. : The thick end of anything; thus make!"-Whitlock: Manners of the Eng., p. 97.
II. Technically:
the but-end of a musket or rifle is the end
*butcher-sire, s. One who kills his child.
* 1. Logic: The connecting word which in-
opposite to the muzzle.
“Or butcher-sire that reaves his son of life.”
troduced the minor term of a syllogism.
“Another had rudely pushed back a woman with the
Shakesp. : Venus and Adonis, 766.
but end of his musket.”-Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. xi.
“God will one time or another make a difference be-
tween the good and the evil. But there is little or no
* 2. Fig.: The most important portion of
butcher's-broom, s. [So called because
difference made in this world ; therefore there must be anything.
the green shoots of the plant were formerly
another world, wherein this difference shall be made."
used by butchers to sweep their blocks.] The
-Watts: Logick.
"Amen; and make me die a good old man!
That is the butt-end of a mother's blessing."
English name of the Ruscus, a genus of plants
T The word but in such a case being use-
Shakesp. : Richard III., ii. 2. belonging to the order Liliaceæ (Lilyworts),
less, and even incorrect, is omitted by Whately II. Gardening: In a similar sense.
and the section Asparageæ. The Common
and other modern logicians.
The but end of a tree : The part of the
Butcher's-broom (Ruscus aculeatus) is wild in
"All wits are dreaded; some who are admired are stem nearest the root; the part at which the
England, being found in Epping Forest and
wits ; therefore some who are admired are dreaded." -
Whately: Logic, II., iii. $ 5.
lowest measurement is taken,
elsewhere. It has a rigid branched stem, very
rigid and pungent, with ovate, acuminate leaf-
2. Math. : As assumed or formally proved.
but-hinges, s. pl. [BUTT, HINGES.]
like expansion, with a solitary inconspicuous
"... therefore the side DB is greater than the side
white flower on their upper surface. This is
BC; but DB is equal to BA and Ad.”-Simeon : Euclid, | * būt (4), s. Dut. bot: Sw. butta : Ger. Jütt.) succeeded by a red berry almost as large as a
bk. i., prop. 20.
The pecten or scallop-shell (?). [BUTT (6).]
cherry. The tender shoots have sometimes
C. As adv. :
"But, fysche. Pecten.”—Prompt. Parv.
been gathered by the poor in spring and eaten
* 1. Without
like asparagus. There are several foreign
"Whose wule mei beon buten.”-Ancren Riwle, p.
bút (1), v.t. [Contracted from Eng. abut or Fr.
b
species..
418.
abouter.] To abut.
2. Not more than, only.
butcher's-meat, butcher-meat, s.
* but (2), v. impers. (Boot, v. impers.) (Scotch.) Such animal food as a butcher deals in, beef,
"... there is but a step between me and death."-J
Sam. XX. 3.
mutton, lamb, &c., as distinguished from fish,
būt-al-an-īne, 8. [Eng., &c., but(yl) ;
D. As substantive :
fowl, shellfish, and such like.
alanine.]
1. The word but or the idea which it ex- 1
| Chem.: Amidoisovaleric acid C5H(NH2)O)
butcher's prick-tree, s. Two plants
présses.
or (H3C)2CH.CH(NH). OC(OH). It occurs
-(1) Rhamnus Frangula, (2) Euonymus euro-
"If they [a man's virtues] be like a clear light, emi. in the pancreas of the ox. It can be formed
pceus.
nent, they will stab him with a but of detraction."
Feltham, pt. i., Res. 50. (Richardson.)
by heating bromoisovaleric acid with ammonia. t butcher-work,s. The work of a butcher.
2. A hindrance, an impediment. (Scotch.)
It crystallises in shining plates, which can be (Contemptuously applied to slaughter in war.)
(Jamieson.)
sublimed. It is soluble in alcohol and in water. “That those who loathe alike the Frank and Turk
Might once again renew their ancient butcher-work."
E. In special phrases and compounds:
bū'-tāne, s. [From Eng., &c., butyl ; suff. -ane.]
Byron : Childe Harold, ii. 67.
1. But-and, but and, botand, bot and, conj. Chem. : A compound, also called Tetrane, bûtch'-er, v.t. [From butcher, s. (q.v.).]
[O. Eng. but, bot, &c.] Besides.
C4H10. It exists in two modifications : (1) † 1. Lit. : To kill an animal, in butcher
" Or I sall brenn yoursel therein,
Normal Butane, CH3.CH.CH2CH3 or Diethyl,
fashion, for food.
Bot and your babies three."
a paraffin hydrocarbon occurring in petroleum,
Edom of Gordon, Percy's Reliques, i. 88.
also obtained by heating ethyl iodide with zinc
2. Figuratively:
2. But for: Without, had it not been for.
in sealed tubes to 100°. It is a colourless gas (1) To put a human being to death with
“Rash man, forbear! but for some unbelief,
which may be condensed into a liquid boiling sanguinary and remorseless cruelty.
My joy had been as fatal as my grief." Waller.
“... to strip and butcher the fugitives who tried to
3. But-if, bot if, but if, but gif, bute if: at 1°C. (2) Isobutane, CH3-CH(CH3 is ob escape by the pass.”-Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii.
Unless, except.
tained from tertiary butyl alcohol by convert-
(2) To destroy (anything).
“But gif be wold in ani wise . him-self schewe ing it into tertiary butyl iodide and acting on “And shamefully by you my hopes are butcher'd."
formest."-William of Palerne, 939.
that with nascent hydrogen. It is a gas which
Shakesp.: Rich III., i. 3.
"I cannot gif you that pre-emynence and place, but
gif I knew some excellent godlie learning and gude
liquifies at 17°.
bûtçh'-ěred, pa. par. & d. (BUTCHER, v.]
lyfe in you mair than all the anceant Doctouris.”_
Kennedy of Corsraguell in Keith's Hist., App. p. 197. bû'tçh-ēr, * boch-ěr, *boçh'-ere, I
bûtch'-ēr-îng, pr. par., A., & s. [BUTCHER, V.]
(Jamieson.)
A. & B. As pr. par. and particip. adj. : In
4. But persaving: Without being seen.
* bowch'-ěr, *bouch'-ěr, S. & a. [Fr.
boucher; Prov. bochier; Ital. beccaio, beccaro;
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
“Thai set thair ledderes to the wall,
Low Lat. Docherius = (1) a killer of goats (2) C. As substantive: The trade of a butcher.
And but persaving, com vp all."
Barbour : Bruce, xvii. 91-2. a butcher generally. From 0. Fr. boc; Fr. | (Lit. & fig.)
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whất, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hộr, thêre; pīne, pît, sīre, sír, marîne; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, són; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; try, Sýrian. æ, cerē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

butcherliness-butomus
755
H3>C=CH2.
“Six thousand years are near hand fled,
“Of all pillage, the capitane, the master, &c., gettis
Sin' I was to the butch'ring bred."
na part nor buteing, bot it sall be equallie dividit
Burns : Death and Doctor Hornbook.
amang the remanent of the companie marineris that
mak watch, and gangis to the ruder."— Balfour :
butchering-tool, s. A contemptuous Pract., p. 640.
appellation for a sword.
būte'-lang, s. [From O. Scotch bute = a butt,
“But as yet, though the soldier wears openly, and
even parades, his butchering-tool, nowhere, far as I
and lang = long, length.] The length or dis-
have travelled, did the schoolmaster make show of his tance between one butt, used in archery, and
instructing-tool."-Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. ii., another.
ch. iii.
"As his maiestie wes within tua pair of butelangis
* bûtch'-ēr-li-ness, s. [Eng. butcherly; to the towne of Perth, ..."-Acts Ja. VI., 1600 (ed.
1814), p. 203.
-ness.] The quality of being butcherly or re-
sembling a butcher. (Johnson.)
* bûte'-lesse, * bote'-lesse, a. [BOOTLESS.]
(Morte Arthure, 981 & 1,014.)
4 bitch-ẽr-lý, * booch-ễr-lý, củ. [Eng.
butcher; -ly.]
*bu-ten, prep. & adv. [A.S. bútan.) About.
1. Of persons : Butcher-like, sanguinary,
“Those buten noe long swing he dreg."
Story of Gen. & Exod., 566.
cruel.
2. Of things :
bū'-tēne, s. & a. [Eng. but(yin), and -ene, a
+ (1) Subjectively: As if inspired by a but-
termination used for hydrocarbons having the
cher; as if one were being butchered.
formula CnH2'n.)
“There is a way, which brought into schools, would
A. As substantive :
take away this butcherly fear in making of Latin."-
Chem. : An organic, diatomic, fatty radical,
Ascham.
C.H", called also Butylene, Quartene, and
(2) Objectively: Butcher-like, cruel.
Tetrene. There are three modifications of it,
“What stratagems, how fell, how butcherly,
having the formula C4Hg. Normal Butene,
This deadly quarrel daily doth beget!"
Shakesp. : 3 Hen. VI., ii. 5.
CH3-CH2-CH=CH2; Pseudo - butene,
CH3-CH=CH-CH2; Iso-butene,
batch?-ễr-ỹ, * boch-ễr-ỹ, * boch-ễr-le,
$. [Eng. butcher; -y. In Fr. boucherie.]
H C/
Normal-butene is produced by the action of
I. Literally :
alcoholic potashon primary-butyl-iodide
1. The procedure of a butcher in killing (CH3-CH2-CH2-CH I.), or by the action
animals for food.
of zinc ethide Zn(C2H15)2 on brom-ethene
" Yet this man, so ignorant in modern butchery, has
(CH2 = CHBr). It is a gas at ordinary tem-
cut up half an hundred heroes, and quartered five or
peratures ; at 10° it is condensed into a liquid.
six miserable lovers, in every tragedy he has written."
- Pope.
Pseudo-butene is formed by the action of
*2. A slaughter-house, a place where animals alcoholic potash on a pseudo-butyl-iodide
are killed or human beings in large numbers
(CH3-CH2-CHI-CH3). It boils at 3º. It
put to death.
can also be obtained by the decomposition of
“This is no place; this house is but a butchery;
amyl alcohol at red heat.
Abhor it, fear it, do not enter it."
Iso-butene is formed by the action of alco-
Shakesp. : As you like It, ii. 3.
holic potash and tertiary-butyl-iodide, or by the
II. Figuratively: Cruel and remorseless electrolysis of isovaleric acid. It boils at 6º.
slaughter of human beings, especially on an It is absorbed by strong H2S04; on diluting
extensive scale.
with water and distilling, tertiary-butyl-alcohol
"I did suborn
To do this ruthless piece of butchery.".
is obtained, C(CH3)30H. The di-bromides of
Shākesp. : Richard III., iv. 3.
the three isomeric butenes, CHgBrą, boil-
“The butchery was terrible.” — Macaulay : Hist.
normal at 160°, iso at 159°, and pseudo at 149º.
Eng., ch. xii.
B. As adjective: (See the compound.)
* būte, v.t. [From Icel. & Sw. byta=to change,
butene glycols, s. pl. Chemical com-
to exchange, to truck, to shift, to divide, to
pounds, C4H (OH)2, called also butylene
share ; Dan. bytte =to exchange ; Dut. buiten
alcohols and quartene alcohols. They are
= to pilfer, to get booty.] [Boot (1), v.;
diatomic alcohols. Six are theoretically pos-
BOOTY, BUITING.] (Scotch.)
sible. The following have been examined :-
* 0. Scots Law: To divide for a prey. (Used
1. Normal Butene Glycol :
specially of prizes at sea.)
CH3-CH(OH)-CH2-CH (OH). Formed by
"... to bute and part the prizes takin ather in thair
leaving a cold mixture of acetic aldehyde and
presence or absence."-Balfour : Pract., p. 636.
dilute hydrochloric acid for a few days, when
+ bute, pret. of v. [BEAT, v.] Beat.
aldol, the . aldehyde of butene glycol, is
“By that he hauede y-blowe a blaste,
formed ; this is treated with sodium amal-
On the toun thay bute tabours faste, and made noyse gam. It is a thick liquid, boiling at 204°. By
horryble."
Sir Ferumbras (ed. Herrtage), 3,895-96.
oxidating with chromic acid mixture it is con-
verted, first into crotonic aldehyde, then into
* būte, s. [Boot (1), s. From bute, v.]
acetic and oxalic acids.
1. Remedy, help. (Rowlande and Ottuell 2. Ethyl Glycol :_
(ed. Herrtage), 495.)
CH3 – CH2 – CH(OH) – CH(OH), obtained
2. Booty.
from normal butene bromide by saporification
"And gif it beis mair, it sall remane to bute and
with caustic potash. It is a viscid liquid,
parting."--Balfour: Pract., p. 640.
boiling at 192º. By rapid oxidation it is con-
verted into oxalic acid, but by dilute nitric
*bute, prep. & conj. [BUT.]
acid into glycollic and glyoxylic acids.
bute if, conj. [BUT IF.]
3. Isobutene Glycol: #3C> C(OH)-CH (OH),
bū'-te-a, s. [Named after the late John, Earl or dimethyl glycol. It is prepared by heat-
of Bute, a munificent patron of botany.]
ing isobutene bromide for several days with
Bot. : A genus of papilionaceous plants, potassium carbonate. It boils at 178°. Oxi-
consisting of trees and scandent shrubs. dised by potassium permanganate into car-
Butea frondosa (Downy-branched Butea) is a bonic and acetic acid.
large tree called in India pullus, whence the
name Plassy, the locality of the celebrated bū'-tě-7, s. [Lat. buteo= a buzzard.]
battle on June 23, 1757, which laid the found Ornith. : A genus of raptorial birds, the
ation of our Indian empire. It has large typical one of the sub-family Buteoninæ.
axillary and terminal racemes of deep-red There are two British species, Buteo fuscus, the
downy flowers, which dye cotton cloth, pre Brown or Common Buzzard, and B. lagopus,
viously impregnated with a solution of alum, the Rough-legged Buzzard. [BUZZARD.]
or of alum and tartar, a fine yellow colour.
They are used also as a discutient to indolent | bu-te-ö-ni-næ, s. pl. [From Lat. buteo =a
tumours. The gum-lac of commerce comes buzzard, and f. pl. suff. -ince.]
from the same tree.
Ornith. : A sub-family of Falconidæ, con-
taining the Buzzards. It is placed near the
* būte'-îng, pr. par. & s. [BUTE, V.]
Aquilina (Eagles), and has a certain remote
A. As present participle: (See the verb.) affinity to the Vulturidæ (Vultures). [Buz-
B. As substantive :
ZARD.]
1. The act of dividing goods captured; the *but-er, s. [BITTERN.] (Scotch.)
state of being so divided.
"... the halll richt that thay sall haue to the said * buth, * buthe, 1, 2, and 3 pers. pl. pr.
prize, and buteing of gudis, .. ."--Balfour : Pract., indic. of v. (BEN.] Are.
p. 638.
“Ne buth here in this bour but our selue tweyne."
2. The goods divided.
William of Palerno, 4,447.
"[&] if thay two ne buth noght bolde! aghen me to
fighte on stoure"
Sir Ferumbras (ed. Herrtage), p. 4, 1. 100.
* buths-carle, s. pl. [A.S. bútse-carl = a
sailor.]
0. Law: Mariners, seamen. (Selden : Mare
Clausum, 184.) (Wharton.)
būt'-lēr, * būt-tel-ạr, * bu’-tel-er,
* bot'-tel-er, * bot'-il-er, * bot'-ěl-ēr,
* bot'-lêr, s. [Fr. bouteiller; Norm. Fr.
butuiller; Prov. boteillier; Sp. botillero; Ital.
bottigliere; Low Lat. buticularius. From Fr.
bouteille; Norm. Fr. butuille = a bottle.]
[BOTTLE.]
* 1. A cup-bearer.
"This buteler Ioseph sone for-gat.”
Story of Gen. & Exod., 2,092.
“Botlere (boteler, P.). Pincerna, promus, propi-
nator, acaliculis, Cath."-Prompt. Parv.
"... and thou shalt deliver Pharaoh's cup into his
hand, after the former manner when thou wast his
butler."-Gen. xl. 13.
2. An officer in the houses of monarchs,
noblemen, and wealthy individuals generally,
whose special function it is to take charge of
the beer, wine, and other liquors, and also of
the plate. As it would be injudicious to
trust these to an inferior menial, the butler
in many cases is the head servant in the
house.
"This letter, notwithstanding the poor butler's
manner of writing it, ..."-Spectator.
*būt'-lér-age (age as ig), s. [Eng. butler, and
suff. -age.] An ancient hereditary duty belong-
ing to the crown. It was the right of taking
two tuns of wine from every ship importing
twenty tuns or more into England. This right,
which is mentioned in the great roll of the Ex-
chequer in 8 Richard I., was commuted under
Edward I. for a duty of two shillings on every
tun imported by merchant strangers. The
proceeds were given to the king's butler,
whence the name butlerage. It was called
also prisage of wines. (Blackstone : Comment.,
bk. i., ch. 8.)
“ Those ordinary finances are casual or uncertain,
as be the escheats, the custoins, butlerage, and im-
post."-Bacon.
bút-lér-shịp, * būt'-těl-lạr-shyppe, s.
[Eng. butler, and suff. -ship. The office or
functions of a butler.
"... and restored the chiefe buttelar vnto hys
buttelarshyppe."-Bible (1551), Gen. xl.
“And he restored the chief butler unto his butler-
ship again; and he gave the cup into Pharaoh's hand.“
-Gen. xl. 21.
būt'-ment, s. [Contr. from Eng. abutment
(q.v.).]
Architecture :
1. The buttress of an arch; the supporter,
i.e., the part which joins it to the upright
pier. [ABUTMENT.]
2. The mass of stonework at the extremities
of a bridge to give lateral support to its
arches, or support to the ends of the beams
if the bridge be a wooden one.
butment-cheek, s.
Carp. : The part of a mortised timber sur-
rounding the mortise, and against which the
shoulders of the tenon bear.
bū-to-mā'-çě-a, s. pl. [From Mod. Lat.
butomus (q.v.), and fem. pl. suff. -acece.]
Bot. : Butomads, an order of plants placed by
Dr. Lindley under his seventeenth or Alismal
alliance. The sepals are three, generally herb-
aceous. The petals are three, coloured, and
petaloid, being generally purple or yellow.
The flowers are in umbels. There are three,
six, or more ovaries distinct, or united into a
single mass. The seeds are numerous and
minute. The leaves, which are very cellular,
have parallel veins, and often a milky juice.
The species are found in marshes in Europe
and in tropical America. In 1845 Dr. Lindley
estimated their number at seven, in four
genera.
bū-töm-ads, s. pl. [From Mod. Lat. butomus
(q.v.), and Eng. pl. suff. -ads.]
Bot. : Lindley's name for the order Buto-
maceæ (q.v.).
būP-tom-ús, s. [In Fr. butome; Sp. & Ital.
butomo; Gr. Boutouos (boutomos) ; BoutouOV
(boutomon); from Bolls (bous) = an ox, and
Téuvw (temno) = to cut. So called because the
sharp leaves cut the mouths of oxėn which
feed upon them. ]
boll, boy; póut, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ģem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhăn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

756
butt-butter
Bot. : Flowering-rush, formerly called also
Water-gladiole, or Grassy-rush. A genus of
plants, the typical one of the order Buto-
maceæ. It has nine stamina, a very unusual
number, and six capsules. Butomus umbel-
latus, or Common Flowering-rush, is wild in
ditches and ponds in England and Ireland.
It is a highly ornamental plant, with the
leaves, which are all radical, two or three feet
long, and an umbel of many rose-coloured
flowers.
butt (1), bút, s. & d. (Fr. bout; 0. Fr. bot =
an end.]
A. As substantive:
I. Ord. Lang.: The end, the furthest limit
of anything.
II. Technically :
1. Tools, weapons, &c.:
(1) Gen. : The hinder, larger, or blunter
end of an object; as of a gun, a connecting-
rod, a crow-bar, &c. RG
(2) Spec. : The shoulder-end of a gun-stock
covered with a heel-plate.
2. Tanning, &c. :
(1) The thick part of an ox-hide.
(2) Pl. (butts): Those parts of the tanned
hides of horses which are under the crupper.
(Jamieson.).
B. As adjective : (See the compound.)
butt-end, s. [BUT-END.]
bắtt (2), s. in compos. [From butt (1), v. = to
abut.] An abuttal.
Butts and bounds: The abuttals and
boundaries of land. (Holloway.)
“But or bertel or bysselle (bersell, P.) Meta."-
Prompt. Parv.
1. Joinery, &c. :
(1) The end of a connecting-rod against
which the boxing is attached by the strap,
cotter, and gib.
(2) The end of an object where it comes
squarely against another.
(3) A joint where the ends of two objects
come squarely together without scarfing or
chamfering.
2. Shipbuilding: The meeting-joint of two
planks in a strake. The joint between two
strakes is a seam.
3. Door-hinges : A form of door-hinge which
screws to the edge of a door, and butts against
the casing instead of extending along the face
of a door, like the strap-hinge. It consists of
two oblong plates, one edge of each of which
is dentated to fit its fellow, a pintle traversing
each interlocking portion to form a joint.
[BUTT-HINGE.]
4. Fire-engines : The standing portion of a
half-coupling at the end of a hose.
butt-chain, s.
Saddlery: A short chain which reaches from
the leather-tug to the single-tree, to each of
which it is hooked.
butt-hinge, but-hinge, 3. A hinge
formed of two plates and interlocking pro-
jecting pieces which are connected by a
T A butt's length : The distance at which the
butt is from the person aiming at it.
(2) Figuratively :
(a) A place which one aims at reaching.
“Here is mny journey's end, here is my butt,
The very sea-inark of my utmost sail."
Shakesp.: Othello, v. 2.
(6) A person or persons viewed as an object
for angry attack, or for ridicule.
“The papists were the most common-place, and the
butt against whom all the arrows were directed."-
Clarendon.
"Finds thee, at best, the butt to crack his joke on."
Pope : Satire, 1,740.
2. Ground appropriated for practising
archery. (Scotch.)
3. A piece of ground which in ploughing
does not form a proper ridge, but is excluded
at an angle; a piece of land in any way dis-
joined from the rest. (Scotch.)
“And that other rigg or butt of land of the same
lyand in the field called the Gallow bank, or the taill
or south end thereof."-Act Chas. 11. (ed. 1814). viii. 295.
Hence a small piece of land is sometimes
called the butts. (Jamicson.)
II. Technically :
Rifle and Artillery Practice :
1. A target.
2. A wooden structure, consisting of several
thicknesses of boards, separated by small in-
tervals, for the purpose of ascertaining the
depth of penetration of bullets.
3. A frame of iron and wood, representing a
large section of armour-plating, and moored in
position for determining the destructive power
of shot, shell, and given charges of powder.
4. A mound of earth to receive the bullets
in the proof of gun-barrels. (Knight.)
B. As adj. : (See the compounds.)
* butt-shaft, * but-shaft, s. A kind
of arrow, used for shooting at butts; formed
without a barb, so as to stick into the butts,
and yet be easily extracted. (Nares.)
"The very pin of his heart cleft with the blind bow-
boy's butt-shaft."-Shakesp. : Rom. & Jul., ii. 4.
“Cupid's butt-shaft is too hard for Hercules' club."
-Shakesp.: Love's Labour Lost, i. 2.
bútt(4), . [From butt (1), v.= to strike as a ram
does; Fr. Jotte = a blow in fencing with a foil
or sword; Sp. & Port. bote = a thrust, a blow,
a rebound; Ital. botta = .. . a blow, a
stroke; botto = a stroke, a blow.)
I. Ordinary Language:
1. The act or operation of aiming a blow.
2. A blow given by a ram, or other animal,
with its forehead.
* II. Fencing: A stroke given in fencing.
“If disputes arise
Among the champions for the prize,
To prove who gave the fairer butt,
John shews the chalk on Robert's coat."
Prior.
bütt (5), s. [Fr. botte = a boot, a vessel, a butt;
0. Fr. bout, bous, bouz; Sp. bota = a leather
bottle, a butt, a boot; Ital. botte = a cask, a
vessel, a boot.] [Boot, s.]
1. Of wine : A cask containing 126 gallons.
“... he, being adjudged for a traitor, was privily
drowned in a butt of malmsey."-Fox : Acts and Monu-
ments (ed. Cattley), vol. iii. p. 755.
2. Of beer: A vessel containing 108 gallons.
3. Of currants : A vessel containing from 15
to 22 cwt.
bútt (6), * bútte, * but, s. [In Sw. butta =
a turbot ; Dut. bot; and Ger. bütt, butte = a
flounder.)
1. (Of the form but): A pecten, a scallop-
shell (*).
... “But, fysche. Pecten."-Prompt. Parv.
* 2. (Of the form butte): A turbot (?). (Hav-
lok the Dane, 759.) (Herbert Coleridge.)
3. (Of the form butt): A name given at Yar-
mouth to the flounder (Platessa flesus). (The
term is of northern origin.)
butt (1). * butten, * button, v.i. & t.
[Norm. Fr. buter; 0. Fr. boter = to push, to
strike; Sp. botar = to rebound ; Port. botar
= to throw ; Ital. buttare = to throw.)
A. Intrans. : To strike against with the fore-
head, as a ram or a bull does.
"For bigge Bulles of Basan brace hem about,
That with theyr hornes butten the more stoute."
Spenser : Shep. Cal., ix.
“He seeks the fight; and, idly butting, feigns
His rival gor'd in every knotty trunk."
Thomson: The Seasons : Spring.
- B. Trans. : To strike with the forehead, as
a ram; to drive. (Lit. & fig.)
“Come, leave your tears ; a brief farewell :-the beast
With many heads butts me away.'
Shukesp. : Coriolanus, iv. 1.
bútt (2), v.i. [Contracted from abut, v. (q.v.)]
To abut, to join at the extremity or at the
side, to be as a boundary to.
"And Burnsdale then doth butt ou Don's well-
watered land.”
Drayton.
bút-těd, pa. par. [BUT (1), v.t.]
būt'-těd, a. [From but (2), v.]
būt'-tér (1), * būt'-tere, * būt-tīre, * būt'-
tūre, * būt'-tyr, * būt'-ěre, * bot-
ure, * bot-ere, * bot-yr, s. & a. [A.S.
butere, butyre, butera; Fries. butere; Dut.
boter; Ger. butter; Fr. beurre; Prov. buire,
boder ; Ital. burro; Lat. butyrum, butyron,
buturium ; Gr. Boútvpos (bouturos)=(1) butter,
(2) a kind of salve ; Bôvs (bous) = an ox, bul-
Tock, or cow, and typós (turos) = cheese.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Lit. :
(1) In the same sense as II. 1 (q.v.).
“ Boture (botyr, k.). Butirum.'-Prompt. Parv.
(2) The butter of Scripture : In most cases
curdled or inspissated milk.
“And he took butter, and inilk, and the calf which
he had dressed, and set it before them ..."- Gen.
xviii. 8.
2. Fig.: A substance resembling butter in
consistency, or in any other obvious quality.
(II. 2.]
II. Technically:
1. Dairy-work, Comm., &c. : The fatty portion
of milk or cream solidified by churning. In
the making of butter, the cream is collected
from time to time and kept in covered jars.
When a sufficient quantity of cream has
been obtained, it is transferred to a churn, or
other suitable apparatus, and kept constantly
agitated, until the butter forms. In order to
preserve the flavour and colour, it is important
that the agitation should be as regular as
possible, and that the temperature in the
churn should never exceed 640 Fahr. As soon
as the churning is finished, the butter is
thoroughly washed with cold water to free it
from the adhering butter-milk, and a small
quantity of salt, not exceeding 2 per cent.,
is worked into it.
Pure butter should consist entirely of milk
fat, with a small and variable quantity of
water; but in the process of manufacture it
is found impossible to exclude altogether the
other constituents of the milk. We find,
therefore, in genuine butter, from 0.8 to 2.0
per cent. of casein, or curd, and a trace of
milk sugar. The "fat” of butter consists of
the glycerides of the insoluble fatty acids-
stearic, palmitic, and oleic-in combination
with from 5 to 7 per cent. of the glycerides of
the soluble or volatile fatty acids, principally
butyric. The characteristic taste and smell of
butter are chiefly due to the presence of these
volatile acids.
For many years it was held by chemists of
considerable repute that milk fat was similar
in every respect to pure beef and mutton fats,
and that there were no means of detecting
foreign fat, when added to butter. Since the
passing of the Adulteration Act the whole
subject has been thoroughly investigated by
various chemists, and two methods of exami-
nation have been devised. One of them is
based on the fact that the amount of the in-
soluble fatty acids in butter is less than that
found in the other animal fats, and that these
fats are almost devoid of the soluble fatty
acids. - The other inethod, devised by Mr.
Bell, Principal of the Chemical Laboratory,
Somerset House, consists in determining the
specific gravity of the butter fat, at a tempera-
ture of 100° Fahr. The estimation of the in-
soluble fatty acids is a tedious process, at-
tended with difficulty, and requiring great
care. On the other hand, the specific gravity
of the butter fat can be ascertained with ease
and rapidity by any chemist of ordinary skill.
Each of these methods is valuable in itself,
but when taken together they render the de-
tection of fat adulterants comparatively easy.
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF BUTTER AND OTHER ANIMAL
FATS.
Description of Per cent. of in- Specific Gravity
Sample. soluble fatty acids at 100° Fahr.
Butter
86 to 88
911 to 913
Mutton fat
958
9028
Beef fat
95.9
903 7
Lard
962
908.8
pintle.
butt-howel, s.
Coopering: A howeling-adze used by coopers.
butt-joint, s.
Carp. : A joint in which the pieces come
square against each other, endwise. In iron-
work the parts are welded, and the term is
used in contradistinction to a lap-joint or weld.
butt-weld, s.
Forging: A weld in which the edges are
square-butted and jammed against each other,
and then welded ; a jump-weld.
butt (3), S. & d. [From Fr. but = a butt, a
mark, aim, a laughing-stock ; butte=a hillock,
a mark, a mound of earth, point, aim, goal,
butt. ]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language:
1. A place or person aimed at.
(1) Lit.: A place on which a mark is placed
to be shot at; a target. [II., 1.)
Often in the plural, referring to a line of
marks to be aimed at rather than a single one.
"But chief, beside the butts, there stand
Bold Robin Hood and all his band."
Scott: Lady of the Lake, v. 22.
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pīt, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, són; māte, cũb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúu; trý, Sýrian. æ, oe=ē. ey=àqu= kw.

butter-butterine
757
Butter is an article of food very frequently butter-print, s. A piece of carved wood,
adulterated, the chief adulterants being water, used to mark butter. It is called also a
curd, and prepared animal fats. The quantity BUTTER-STAMP.
of water in butter should never exceed 15
“A butter-print, in which were engraven figures of
per cent. In some cases as much as 30 per all sorts and sizes, applied to the lump of butter, left
cent. has been found. Curd is used in some
on it the figure."-Locke.
parts of Ireland to increase the bulk and butter-stamp, s. The same as BUTTER-
weight of the butter; any excess above 4 per PRINT (q.v.).
cent. should be considered an adulteration.
Animal fats, as the fat of beef, mutton, and
butter-tongs, s. An implement for cut-
pork, are prepared on a large scale, and im-
ting and transferring pieces of butter.
ported into this country under the names of f butter-tooth, s. An incisor tooth
* butterine," "oleo-margarine," &c. These
are frequently added to butter to the extent of butter-tree, s.
from 50 to 70 per cent. [BUTTERINE.] So long Bot.: A name given to several trees belong-
as the fats used are pure and good, and the pur ing to the order Sapotaceæ.
chasers know that they are not buying butter, 1. Indian Butter-tree (Bassia butyracea). It
but a mixture of butter and fat, there can be
is called also the Phulwara. It is a native of
no objection to its sale; but when this mixture
Nepaul and the Almorah hills. A white fatty
is sold as genuine butter, at a genuine butter
substance is pressed from its seeds. It can
price, the seller renders himself justly liable be burnt, makes good soap, and is used to
to the heaviest penalties. An excessive
adulterate ghee, to dress the hair, and as an
quantity of common salt is sometimes added
application in rheumatism. The juice of the
to butter for the purpose of causing it to absorb flowers furnishes a kind of sugar.
and hold more water. Fresh butter should not
2. The African Butter-tree, or Shea-tree
contain more than 2 per cent. of salt, whilst
(Bassia Parkii). It produces the galam-butter
salt butter should never exceed 6 per cent.
mentioned by Mungo Park. The “butter"
2. Botany :
is a white fatty substance extracted from the
Butter and eggs : Several plants, the flowers
seeds by boiling them in water. It is an im-
of which are of two shades of yellow; spec., portant article of commerce at Sierra Leone.
(1) Narcissus pseudonarcissus; (2) N. incom-
parabilis ; (3) N. biflorus; (4) N. poeticus; (5) butter-worker, s.
the double-flowered variety of N. aurantius; Agric. : An implement for pressing and
and (6) Linaria vulgaris, with other plants rolling butter to free it of the buttermilk. It
of which the name butter and eggs is known may be a fluted roller working in a bowl or on
only locally. (Britten & Holland.)
a board, or a conical roller on a slanting
3. Vegetable Chem. : A name given to certain board, which permits the buttermilk to run
concrete fat oils, which continue of a buty off. (Knight.)
raceous consistence at ordinary temperatures.
*bút-tér (2), s. (BITTERN.] (Scotch.) (Jamie-
(1) Butter & Tallow : A greasy juice found
son.)
in various parts of the butter and tallow tree,
but specially in the fruit.
butter-bump, s. The bittern. (Johnson.)
Butter and Tallow Tree : The Pentadesma
butyracea, a Sierra Leone tree belonging to the
| bút-tér (3), s. (Butt, v.]
order Clusiaceæ, or Guttifers. It has large Wood-working: A machine for sawing off
handsome flowers, and opposite coriaceous
the ends of boards, to render them square and
leaves with parallel veins. [(1).]
to remove faulty portions.
(2) Butter of Cacao: A concrete oil, obtained būt'-ter. v.t. From Eng, butter. s. (a. y.). In
from the seeds of Theobroma cacao.
Ger. buttern; Fr. beurrer.]
(3) Butter of Canara : A solid oil, obtained
I. Ordinary Language:
from the fruits of Vateria indica, and called
Piney-tallow.
1. Lit.: To spread with butter.
*4. Inorganic Chem. : Old names for various
2. Figuratively:
chemical compounds, specially for chlorids. (1) With “bread” for the object : To make
They were so-called from their soft butyra any thing in one's lot more palatable.
ceous consistence.
To butter both sides of one's bread : To
T (1) Butter of Antimony : Sesquichloride of attempt to obtain advantages from more sides
antimony, terchloride of antimony. (ANTI than one.
MONY.]
“Upon all topics ; 'twas, besides, his bread,
Of which he butter d both sides ; 'twould delay."
(2) Butter of Arsenic: Sesquichloride of
Byron : The Vision of Judgment, 96.
arsenic.
(2) With a person for the object : To flatter,
(3) Butter of Bismuth : Chloride of bismuth. to coax. (Vulgar.)
(4) Butter of Sulphur: Precipitated sulphur. * II. Gaming: To increase the stakes every
(5) Butter of Tin: Sublimated muriate of tin, throw or every game. (A cant term.) (John-
protochloride of tin.
son.) [BUTTERING.]
(6) Butter of Zinc : Chloride of zinc.
* būt'-tēr-ạçed, a. [BUTTRESSED.]
B. As adjective : (See the compounds.)
“Imbattalled, vaulted, and chareroofed, sufficiently
butteraced, ..."-A Journey through England (1724).
butter-bird, s. A name given in Jamaica
(Halliwell : Contrib. to Lexicog.)
to the Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus).
bit-tẼr-cup, bít-tết-cips, 8. [Eng.
butter-boat, s. A small vessel for hold-
butter ; cup.] [BUTTERFLOWER.] A name
ing melted butter at table.
given to the Ranunculus genus, and specially
“Nae doubt it was for fear of the soup, and the
to Ranunculus acris, R. bulbosus, R. repens,
butter-boats, and the like."-Scott: St. Ronan, ch. xxii
R. Ficaria, and R. auricomus. (Britten &
butter-bur, s. [So called because the Holland, &c.)
country housewives used to wrap their butter
Water Buttercup: Two plants, (1) Ranun-
in the large leaves of these plants. The
English name of Petasites, a genus of Compo-
culus aquatilis, (2) Caltha palustris.
sites. The Common Butter-bur (Petasites vul | bút-tēr-flìp, s. One of the names of a bird,
garis) is a rank weed growing commonly in
the Scooping Avocet (Recurvisostra avocetta).
Britain in wet meadows and by roadsides.
The root creeps to a distance. The pale bút-tēr-flow-ēr, s. [Eng. butter ; flower.
flowers, which appear before the leaves, are So called, apparently, because the common
attractive to bees. The leaves are very large. people thought that the yellow colour of butter
butter-dock, butter dock, s. A
arose from the cattle eating these plants, which
they never do. (Curtis.)]
plant, Rumex obtusifolius.
1. Gen. : The same as buttercup; the popular
butter-fish, s. [So called from a copious English name of the plants belonging to the
mucous secretion on its skin.]
genus Ranunculus.
Ichthyol.: The Spotted Gunnel (Murcenoides 2. Specially:
guttatus).
(1) One of the names popularly given to a
butter-jags, s. pl. Two plants, (1) Lotus
plant, the Ranunculus bulbosus, or Bulbous
corniculatus, (2) Medicago falcata.
Crow-foot. It is called also Buttercups,
King's-cups, and, by Shakespeare, Cuckoo-buds
butter-mould, s.
of yellow hue. It flowers in May, and may,
Husbandry: An implement by which pats without digging for its root, be accurately
of butter of a given size are shaped and printed identified by observing that the segments of
for market. (Knight.)
its calyx are reflexed, whereas in R. repens,
often confounded with it, they are tolerably
erect.
“The watered ineadows are yellow with butter.
flowers."-Aubrey : Nat. llist. of Wilts. (Britten &
Holland.)
(2) Ranunculus acris.
(3) R. repens.
(4) R. Ficaria,
(5) R. auricomus.
Great Butterflower : A ranunculaceous plant
(Caltha palustris).
būt'-tēr-fly, *būt-tēr-flie, *bot-ur-flye,
s. & a. (Eng. butter; fly; A.S. buter-flege
(Somner); buttor-fleoge; Dut. boter-vliege
(Skeat); Ĝer. butterfliege. Why so called is
not certain. It may be from appearing at the
beginning of the season for butter, or because
some species are yellow, or because the drop-
pings of some are butter-like.]
A. As substantive:
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : In the same sense as II.
"Boturflye. Papilio."—Prompt. Parv.
“But when he spide the joyous Butterflie."
Spenser : The Fate of the Butterflie.
“And, little butterfly, indeed,
I know not if you sleep or feed."
Wordsworth : To a Butterfly.
2. Fig.: A person who is dressed attrac-
tively, but is shallow in intellect and of no
perceptible use to society.
"Tell old tales, and laugh
At gilded butterflies; and hear poor rogues
Talk of court news." Shakesp: Lear. v. 3.
“The fops are painted butterflies."
Pope, to Moore, the Worm Doctor, 17.
II. Entom.: The English name for any species
of the Diurnal Lepidoptera, or Rhopalocera.
The antennæ end in a club; the wings in re-
pose are generally quite upright, and there are
no bristles on the hinder pair. They fly by
day, whilst their allies the Hawk-moths do so
by twilight, and the Moths by night. Before
coming to the perfect state they exist first as
the caterpillar, and afterwards in the chrysalis
state. Butterflies exist in all climates except
those marked by extreme cold; the tropical
species are, however, most numerous, besides
being the largest in size and, as a rule, the
brightest in colouring. The Butterflies, or
Diurnal Lepidoptera, are divided into four
families : Papilionidæ, Nymphalidæ, Lycæni-
dæ, and Hesperidæ (q.v.).
B. As adj. : (See the compounds.)
butterfly-cock, s. A valve having two
semicircular wings pivoted on a central cross-
bar. A butterfly-valve.
butterfly-fish, S. [Named from the
colour.] A name for a fish, the Ocellated
Blenny (Blennius ocellaris). It has the dorsal
fin bilobate. Its anterior lobe is elevated
and marked with a round and black spot, sur-
rounded with a white circle and a black one.
It is found in our seas.
butterfly-orchid, s.
Bot. : A common book-name for two varie-
ties of orchis, viz. (1) Habenaria chlorantha ;
(2) Habenaria bifolia.
butterfly-plant, s.
Botany :
1. The name of an Orchid (Oncidium papilio)
brought from Trinidad. It is so called because
its large yellow and red blossoms, poised on
slender footstalks so as to vibrate with every
breath of wind that blows, resemble butterflies
hovering on the wing.
2. The Indian Butterfly Plant, Phalaenopsis
amabilis of Lindley, not of Blume, is another
Orchid. It is a very beautiful epiphyte.
butterfly-shaped, a.
Bot. : Somewhat resembling the aspect of a
butterfly on the wing. Used especially of the
corolla, in what have been called, from the
same circumstance, papilionaceous flowers.
(PAPILIONACEOUS.]
butterfly-shell, s. Any shell of the
genus Voluta.
butterfly-valve, s. A double clack-
valve, each leaf of which is hinged to a bar
crossing the passage-way. There are butterfly
pump-valves and butterfly throttle-valves.
butterfly-weed, s. A plant (Asclepias
tuberosa).
būt'-ter-ine, s. [From Eng. butter, and suff.
ine.] A substance prepared in imitation of
boil, bóy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shủn; -țion, -sion=zhăn. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

758
buttering-button
butter from animal or vegetable fats. The
“Now sought the castle buttery."
fat is first freed from all impurities, and by
Scott : The Lay of the Last Minstrel, vi. 8.
heat converted into olein. The olein is then
būt'-ting, * but-tinge, pr. par. & s. [BUTT,
transferred to a churn containing a small
v.]
quantity of milk, and churned into butterine.
Lastly, it is coloured, in imitation of butter.
A. As pr. par.: (See the verb.)
Freshly prepared, it is sweet and palatable, B. As subst. : The act of striking.
and when spread on bread or cold toast, is “Buttinge with sharpe speres." —Havelok, 2,320.
but slightly inferior to a fair quality butter.
Butterine is imported into this country under
butting-joint, s.
various names, “Oleomargarine," "Oleine Carp.: The same as butt-joint (q.v.).
butter,” “Normandy Oleine butter," &c. It
butting-machine, s.
is frequently used to adulterate butter.
[BUTTER.]
Machinery: A machine having planing-
"... there was a manufactory for 'butterine,
cutters on the face of a disc-wheel, and used
which no sooner got into the shops than it lost the for smoothing, cornering, or rounding the ends
‘ine.'”—Mr. H. C. Bartlett, in Times.
of joists or small timbers used in the frames of
bít-tết-ing (Eng.), bít-tết-in (Scotch),
agricultural implements, etc. The stuff is laid
pr. par. & s. [BUTTER, v.]
alongside the fence or gage, and is fed up end-
wise to the cutter. (Knight.)
A. As present participle : (See the verb.)
"It is a fine simile in one of Mr. Congreve's pro-
butting-ring, s.
logues, which compares a writer to a buttering game-
ster, that stakes all his winning upon one cast: so
Vehicles : A collar on the axle against which
that if he loses the last throw he is sure to be undone." the hub butts, and which limits the inward
-Addison.
movement of the wheel, as the linch-pin or
B. As substantive : Flattery. (Scotch.)
axle-nut does the outward.
būt'-ter-is, s. [From Fr. boutoir = a tool butting-saw, S. A cross-cut saw at-
used by curriers and farriers ; Prov. boute tached to a stock at one end, and used for
van (?). 1
butting logs on the carriage of a saw-mill.
Farriery: A knife with a bent shank, used
by blacksmiths to pare the hoofs of horses.
* bŭtt-në'r-1-ą, s. [BYTTNERIA.]
It has a blade like a chisel, and is operated by
a thrust movement, the handle resting against
* bŭtt-nër-i-ā'-çě-2, s. pl. [BYTTNERIACEÆ.]
the shoulder.
bít-tick, * bít-töcke, * bít-tök, * bắt-
būt'-tér-man, s. [Eng. butter; man.] A tóke, * bot-tok, * bot-ok, s. & a. [From
man who sells butter.
Eng. butt (1), s., and dimin. suff. -ock.]
būt'-tēr-milk. S. Eng. butter; milk. In
A. As substantive :
Fr. buttermilch.] That part of the milk which
1. Ord. Lang. (generally in the pl. buttocks):
remains when the butter is extracted.
The rump, the protuberant part behind.
"A young man, fallen into an ulcerous consumption,
"The tail of a fox was never made for the buttocks of
devoted himself to buttermilk,"-Harvey.
an ape."-L'Estrange: Fables.
2. Shipbuilding : The rounded-in, over-
buttermilk ore, s.
hanging part on each side and in front of the
Min. : Dana's rendering of the German term rudder; terminating beneath by merging into
Buttermilcherz, a mineral, the same as Cerar the run.
gyrite (q.v.).
B. As adj. : (See the compounds.)
būt'-ter-nút, s. [Eng. butter ; nut.] The
buttock-lines, s.pl. The curves shown by
English name of a North American tree, called
a vertical longitudinal section of the after-part
also the Oil-nut and the White Walnut. It is
of a ship's hull, parallel to the keel. A similar
the Juglans cinerea. It has oblong, lanceolate,
section forward exhibits the bow-lines, and a
serrate leaflets, downy beneath. The petioles
continuous section through the whole length
are viscid and the fruit oblong ovate. It
of the ship the buttock and bow-lines.
grows to the height of thirty feet. The North
American Indians use the nuts as cathartics. * buttock-mail, $. A fine imposed on
bit-tết-weed, 8. [Eng. butter; Queed.
any one convicted of fornication, in lieu of his
A |
sitting on the stool of repentance. (Scotch.)
composite plant, Erigeron canadensis.
“... yer butock-mail, and yer stool of repentance."
bút-tēr-wife, s. [Eng. butter ; wife.] A
-Scott: Waverley, ch. XXX.
woman who sells butter. [BUTTERWOMAN.] bắt tổcked, * bít-töcht, a. [Eng. but-
"Divers of the queen's and the said duchess's kindred
tock ; -ed.]
and servants, and a butterwife, were indicted of mis-
prision of treason,..."-ld. Herbert: Hist. of K. In compos. : Having buttocks of a particular
Hen. VIII., P. 473.
type.
* būt'-tēr-wôm-an, s. [Eng. butter; woman.]
*... sharp rumped and pin buttockt also."-Holland:
Plinie, xxix. 6.
A woman who sells butter. [BUTTERWIFE.]
"Tongue, I must put you into a butter-woman's
bít-tôn, * bot-hum, * bot-on, * bot-vn,
mouth, ..."-Shakesp. : ATI's Well, iv, 1.
* bot-wyn, * bot-wn, * bot-un, s. & a.
būt'-tēr-wõrt, s. [From Eng. butter, A.S.
[From Fr. bouton = a bud, a button (Littré);
Norm. Fr., Prov. & Sp. boton ; Port. botão;
butere, and A.S. Wyrt = wort, an herb, a
Ital. bottone. Cf. Gael. (from Eng.) putan;
plant. The leaves coagulate milk, like rennet.]
Wel. botwm. From French bouter = to put,
Botany:
to thrust; Norm. Fr. botier = to put.]
1. Sing. : The English name of Pinguicula, a A. As substantive :
genus of plants constituting the typical one
11. A bud, spec., a small bud.
of the order Lentibulariaceæ (Butterworts).
“The canker galls the infants of the spring
The Common Butterwort has the leaves,
Too oft before their buttons be disclosed."
which are thick and greasy to the touch, all
Shakesp. : Hamlet, i. 3.
radical. The flowers are in single-flowered
“Fair from its humble bed I reared this flow'r,
scapes, purple in colour, with a spur. The
Suckled, and cheer'd with air, and sun, and show'r:
Soft on the paper ruff its leaves I spread,
capsule is one-celled. Common in Scotland,
Bright with the gilded button tipt its head."
less so in England. There are three other
Pope : Dunciad, iv. 408.
British species of the genus, the Large-flowered 2. A knob or protuberance fastened to an-
(Pinguicula grandiflora), the Alpine (P.
other body.
alpina), and the Pale (P. lusitanica). The
(1) Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
alpine one has yellowish flowers.
“We fastened to the marble certain wires, and a
2. Plur.: Lindley's name for the order Len button.”-Boyle.
tibulariaceæ. The type is Pinguicula. [See 1.] (2) Specially :
bít-tết-ỹ, a. a s. [Eng. butter; -9.]
(a) A knob on a cap. (Lit. & fig.)
A. As adjective:
"On fortune's cap we are not the very button."-
Shakesp. : Hamlet, fi. 2.
1. Having the appearance of butter.
(6) A catch to fasten the dress. It fits
2. Possessing the qualities of butter.
into a baston-hole. (The most common sense
“Nothing more convertible into hot cholerick hu of the word.) [II., 1.)
mours than its buttery parts."-Harvey.
"Botwn (botun, P.) Boto, fibula, nodutus, DICT."-
B. As substantive :
Prompt. Paru.
1. A room in which butter, milk, &c., are
“Pray you, undo this button."
Shakesp.: King Lear, v. 3.
kept ; a pantry.
"One button of gola thread."—Macaulay: Hist. Eng.
2. The room in which provisions are kept. ch. v.
(Now chiefly at colleges, in the universities.) | Not worth a button : Not of any value.
“And once but taste of the Welse mutton,
Your Englis sheeps not worth a button.'
Witt's Recreations, 1654.
+ 3. A name for the sea-urchin (Echinus).
II. Technically :
1. Button-manufacture: A small circular
disk or knob of mother-of-pearl, horn,
metal, or other material, with a shank for
attachment to an object, and made to fit
into a hole formed in another one for its
reception, the two fastening the objects to-
gether. Its chief use is to unite portions of
a dress together. The ancient method of fast-
ening dresses was by means of pins, brooches,
buckles, and tie-strings. Buttons of brass are
found on dresses of the 16th century. The
metallic button manufacture of England arose
in 1670, and in 1687 becane located specially
in Birmingham. Gilt buttons were first made
in 1768, and others of papier mâché in 1778.
2. Carpentry, &c. :
(1) A small piece of wood or metal, swivelled
by a screw through the middle, and used as a
fastening for a door or gate.
(2) A knob on a sliding bolt.
3. Metallurgy: A globule of metal remaining
in the cupel after fusion.
4. Harness. The button of the reins or bridle :
A leathern ring with the reins passed through
which runs along the length of the reins.
5. Music:
(1) Of an organ: A small round piece of
leather which, when screwed on the tapped
wire of a tracker, prevents it from jumping
out of place. (Stainer & Barrett.)
(2) Of an accordion: One of the keys of the
first-made accordions. (Stainer & Barrett.)
6. Bot. : [BATCHELOR'S BUTTONS.] (See also
the subjoined compounds.)
B. As adj.: (See the subjoined compounds.)
Compounds of obvious signification : But-
ton-maker, button-manufacturer.
button-and-loop, * button and
loop, s.
Naut. : A short piece of rope, having at one
end a walnut knob crowned, and at the other
end an eye. It is used as a becket to confine
ropes in. (Ogilvie.)
button-blank, s. A circular blank cut
out of any material and designed to be fabri-
cated into a button.
button-brace, S. A tool for making
buttons. The handle is like the common
brace; the bit has cutters, but no router, and
reinoves a circular blank or planchet of bone,
pearl, wood, or whatever the material may be ;
an annular bit operating like a crown-saw or
trephine. (Knight.)
button-bung, s. [From Eng. button, and
bung = a cant term for a pocket or purse.] A
stealer of buttons. (An Age for Apes.)
* button-bur, S. A plant-Xanthium
Strumarium. (Johnson : Mercurius Botanicus.)
button-bush, s. The Cephalanthus occi-
dentalis, a plant belonging to the order Cin-
chonaceae (Cinchonads). It is a bushy shrub,
with leaves either simply opposite or in whorls
of three, and yellowish-white flowers in glob-
ular heads.
button-flower, s. The English name of
Gomphia, a genus of plants belonging to the
order Ochnacea (Ochnads). It has very beau-
tiful flowers, with serrated, shining leaves and
long spikes of brilliant yellow flowers. Two
species have been introduced from Jamaica.
button-hole, s. [BUTTONHOLE.]
button-hook, s. A hook for grasping a
button below the head, in order to draw it
through the button-hole and fasten it.
button-key, s. A spring loop, the free
ends of which, being passed through the
shank of a button, expand so as to hold the
loop in position and keep the button in place.
A piece of coiled wire, making two or more
turns, is also used for this purpose. It is
called also a button-fastener.
button-lathe, s. A machine for cutting
round disks for buttons. The material con-
sists of plates of horn, bone, ivory, wood,
mother-of-pearl, &C.
button-loom, s.
Weaving : A loom for weaving button-blank
coverings.
fate, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cūr, rûle, full; try, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē; ey=ā. qu=kw.

button-butyrone
759
11
141
button-mould, s. A disk of bone, wood, I I. Ordinary Language :
butyl aldehyde, s.
or metal, to be covered with fabric to form a 1. Lit. : In the same sense as II. 1, the Chem. : CH3.CH.CH,.CO.H. It is obtained
button.
word being properly a technical one.
by distilling a mixture of butyrate and for-
button-riveting, a. Riveting, or de-
"Boteras of a walle. Machinis, muripula, muri mate of calcium. It boils at 75°. By the
pellus, fultura."- Prompt. Parv.
signed to rivet, a button.
action of iodine and phosphorus it is con-
“ When buttress and buttress, alternately,
verted into normal butyl iodide, and by that
Button-riveting machine: A tool for fast-
Seem framed of ebon and ivory.
Scott: The Lay of the Last Minstrel, ii. 1.
ening buttons to garments by swagging down
of nascent hydrogen into normal butyl al-
cohol.
2. Fig.: Legal, moral, or any other support
on the back of the washer the end of the rivet
Butyl, or butyric aldehyde, heated
with alcoholic ammonia, forms dibutyraldine,
or prop to that which without it would be
which forms the shank of the button.
deficient in stability.
C18H170N, which distilled yields paraconine
button-tool, s. A tool for cutting out “It will concern us to examine the force of this plea, butyl carbinol, s.
buttons or circular blanks for them.
which our adversaries are still setting up against us,
as the ground pillar and buttress of the good old cause
Chem. : [AMYL ALCOHOL.]
button-tree, s.
of nonconforinity."-South.
Bot. : The English name of Conocarpus, a II. Technically :
bū-týl'-a-mīde, s. [Eng., &c., butyl, and
amide (q.v.).]
genus of plants belonging to the order Com 1. Arch. : A pier or lean-to pillar on the ex-
bretaceæ (Myrobalans). The species are trees
Chem. : C.H.O.NH, is a crystalline com-
terior of a wall, to enable it to withstand an
or shrubs from the tropics of both hemispheres. interior thrust, as in the case of a retaining or
pound which melts at 115°, and boils at 216º.
breast wall.
button-weed, s.
bū-týl'-a-mīne, s. [Eng. butyl; amine.)
| Flying Buttress: A buttress which is in
Botany :
Chem. : C4H11N, or C4H9 )
*H® N. There are a
1. The English name of Spermacoce,a genus
Η
of plants belonging to the order Cinchonoceæ
Normal Butylamine, CH3.(CH2)3. NH,; an
(Cinchonads). The species are inconspicuous
Isobutylamine, CH(CH3)2CH.. NH,; a Second-
weeds, growing in cultivated grounds in the
East and West Indies, &c.
ary Butylamine, #3C, CH.NH2; and a Ter-
2. An American name for Diodia, also a
tiary Butylamine, or Katabutylamine,
Cinchonad.
(CH3)3. C. NH2.
button-wood, s.
bū’-týl-ēne, s. [From Eng., &c., butyl, and
1. The Cephalanthus occidentalis. (BUTTON-
suffix -ene.]
BUSH.]
Chem. : The same as BUTENE (q.v.).
2. An American name for the genus Platanus,
containing the true plane-trees.
bū-týr-ā-çě-oŭs, d. [In Fr. butyracé. From
Lat. butyrum = butter, and suffix -aceus.]
būt'-ton (1), * būt'-těn, v.t. [From Eng.
Having the consistency of butter.
button, s. (q.v.). In Gael. (from Eng. ?) puta-
naich; Fr. boutonner; Sp. abotonar; Port.
bū'-tyr-āte, s. [From Lat. butyr(um); and
abotoar; Ital. abbottonare.]
Eng., &c., suffix -ate.] [BUTYRIC ACID.]
A. Transitive:
bū-týr-ěl'-lite, s. [From Lat. butyrum=
I. Literally :
FLYING BUTTRESSES (BOSTON).
butter, and dimin. suffix -ellum, with Eng.
1. To fix with a button, or with a row of
suffix -ite (Min.) (g.v.).]
buttons ; having the coat buttoned.
the form of a section of an arch, springing
Min. : An acid hydrocarbon, called also
“ An honest man, close button'd to the chin."
from a wall or pillar.
Bog-butter and Butyrite. Its consistency is
Cowper: An Epistle to Joseph Hill.
like that of the substance after which it is
2. Fortif. : A counterfort or sustaining wall
* 2. To dress, to clothe.
or pillar, built against and at right angles to
named. It crystallises in needles. It is solu-
"He gave his legs, arm, and breast to his ordinary
the wall to which it forms a revetment.
ble in alcohol or ether. Its colour is white.
servant, to button and dress him."-Wotton.
II. Figuratively :
Compos. : Carbon, 75.0; hydrogen, 12:5;
[COUNTERFORT.]
oxygen, 12.5 = 100. It is derived from the
+1. To fasten around as with buttons būt'-tress, v.t. [From buttress, s. (q.v.).] To Irish peat bogs. (Dana.)
Sometimes it is followed by up.
support by a buttress, to prop. (Lit. & fig.)
bū-týr'-ic, a. (Lat. butyr(um); and Eng.
“One whose hard heart is button'd up with steel.”
| Sometimes, though rarely, followed by up,
suff. -ic.] Connected with butter (q.v.).
Shakesp: Comedy of Errors, iv. 2.
"... the remainder are in quite angular attitudes,
+2. To gather one's thoughts together : to b uttressed up by props (of parentheses and dashes), e." butyric acid, s.
place defences in front of or around one.
-Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, bk. i., ch. iv.
Chem. : C4H802.
Sometimes it is used reflexively.
bit-trễssed, p. pur, & c. [BUTTRESS, 8.]
(CH2CH2CH3
"... the first mad paroxysm past, our brave Gne-
“Fain would he hope the rocks 'gan change
Normal Butyric Acid: C30"
schen collected his dismembered philosophies, and
To buttressed walls their shapeless range.”
LOH
buttoned himself together."-Carlyle : Sartor Resartus,
Scott : The Bridal of Ì'riermain, iii. 3. = propyl formic acid, or ethyl acetic acid.
bk. ii., ch. vi.
Obtained by the oxidation of normal butyl
butts, s. pl. [BUTT.]
būt'-tôn (2), v.t. & i. [BUTT (1), v.] To drive
alcohol with chronic acid; also by the action
or cast forth.
būt'-tý, s. [Etymology doubtful.]
of alkalies on normal propyl cyanide, or by the
“Button or caste forthe (butt, P.) Pello.”—Prompt. 1. Of persons : The deputy acting for another. action of hydriodic acid on succinic acid; also
Parv.
(Wharton.) A partner in work. (Local.)
by saponification of butter which contains
tributyrin; and by the fermentation of sugar
būt'-toned, * būt'-těned, pa. par. & a. 2. Of things : Whatever is held in common.
in contact with putrid cheese and chalk, cal-
[BUTTON, v.t.]
(Wharton.)
cium lactate is first formed which decomposes
I The term butty was often used in con into butyrate, which is then distilled with
būt'-ton-hole, s. & a. [Eng. button; hole.]
nection with an arrangement, now illegal and sulphuric acid, Butyric acid is a colourless
A. As substantive :
obsolete, by which workmen were remuner liquid, boiling at 164º. Its salts are called
I. Ord. Lang. : A hole, slit, or loop made in ated by their employers, partly in articles
butyrates, and are soluble in water. By oxi-
the dress for the reception of a button.
furnished from certain stores and only partly dation with nitric acid it yields succinic acid.
“Without black velvet breeches, what is man?
in money.
Isobutyric acid, C4H802+30 yields H20+C2H4
I will my skill in buttonholes display.” Bramston.
(CH(CH3)2
* To take one a buttonhole lower: To speak | bū'-týl, s. [From Gr. Boútupov (bouturon),
= Isopropionic formic
to one without ceremony (?). (Schmidt.)
Boúrupos (bouturos) = butted, and ýan (hule) =
OH
“Let me take you a buttonhole lower."
... matter as & principle of being. ]'
acid, or dimethyl-acetic acid, obtained by
Shakesp. : Love's Labour Lost, v. 2.
Chem.: An organic monad fatty radical,
oxidising isobutyl alcohol, or by the action of
II. Hort. : A small bouquet of flowers de having the formula (C4H9)'; also called alkalies on isopropyl cyanide. It is a colour-
signed to be worn in a buttonhole.
Quartyl, or Tetryl, from its containing four less liquid, boiling at 154º. Both these acids
B. As adj. : (See the compounds.)
carbon atoms.
form fragrant ethers with ethyl.
Butyric acid has an odour of rancid butter.
buttonhole-cutter, s. A device on the butyl alcohols, s. pl.
It is found in sweat, urine, and other fluids,
shears principle, specially adapted for cutting Cheni. : C4H100=quartyl alcohols, or tetryl
and, as a neutral fat, in small quantities in
buttonholes.
alcohols. Four alcohols having this formula
milk. It is the chief product of the second
buttonhole sewing-machine, s. A
are known, two primary, one secondary, and
stage of lactic fermentation. [DEXTROSE.]
sewing-machine specially adapted for working
one tertiary; they are metameric with ethylic
butyric ether, s. The same as ETHYL
ether. They are, (1) Normal Butyl Alcohol, or
buttonholes.
(CH2CH2CH3
BUTYRATE (q.v.).
buttonhole - shears, s. A pair of Propyl Carbinol, C H ,
(2) Isobutyl
scissors having an adjustability for length of
TOÁ.
CH(CH3)2
| būP-týr-īte, s. [From Lat. butyr(um), and
cut, for the purpose of cutting buttonholes. Alcohol, or Isopropyl Carbinol, CZ H,
suffix -ite (Min.) (q.v.).]
Min. : The same as Butyrellite (q.v.).
* būt'-tour (tour as tûr), s. [BOTAURUS,
(3) Secondary Butylic Alcohol, or Methyl-ethyl
BITTERN.] A bird, the Bittern (Ardea stellaris).
| bū’-týr-one, s. [Lat. butyrum; and Eng.,
&c., ketone.]
bút-trėss, * būt'-tér-esse, * būt’-rasse, Carbinol, C 2H5, C4H (OH), and (4) Terti-
Chem. : A ketone of the fatty series, also
* bot'-ēr-açe, * bot-ér-as, s. [Cf. Norm.
COH
Fr. britask = a fortress with battlements;
COSCH.CH2CH3.
ary Butyl Alcohol, or Trimethyl Carbinol,
called dipropyl ketone, C0"3 Ct
led dipropylketone, O CH.CH.CH3.
bretage = a battlement (Kelham); O. Fr. bre cŠ (CH3)3
It boils at 144°, and, by the action of oxidizing
tesque (Cotgrave), bretesche (Skeat).]
OOH.
agents, it is converted into butyric acid,
(COOH), C 0".
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shủn; -țion, -şion=zhŭn. -tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bęl, del.

760
butyrous-buzzard
CH3.CH.CH.CO.OH, and propionic acid, * boc'-sŭm-nesse (Eng.), * bow'-su-nes
CH3.CHZ.CO.OH. It can be obtained by the (Scotch), s. [A.S. bocsumnes (Somner), buhsomnes
dry distillation of calcium butyrate.
= obedience, pliantness, buxomness.] The
quality of being buxom in any of the senses of
bū-tyr-ous, a. [From Lat. butyrum=butter, that word. Specially-
and Eng. suffix -ous.] Having the properties * (1) Obedience, pliableness.
of butter.
"Buhsomnesse or boughsomnesse. Pliableness or
"Its oily red part is from the butyrous parts of chyle.” bowsomenesse, to wit, humbly stooping or bowing
Floyer.
doune in sign of obedience. Chaucer writes it buxsom-
nesse."- l'erstegan: A Restitution of Decayed Intelli-
búx-bau-mi-a, s. [Named after John Chris-
gence. (Richardson.)
tian Buxbaum, a German who published a "But on the other part, if thou hy vertuous liuing
botanical work on Asia Minor in 1728.]
and buxumnes, giue him cause to loue thee, ..
Bot. : A genus of mosses containing a soli-
Vices : Instruction of a Christian Woman, bk. ii., ch. 2.
* (2) Wantonness, amorousness. (Johnson.)
tary species (Buxbaumia Aphylla), so like a
fungus that it might be easily mistaken for (3) Healthiness, heartiness.
one. It is found, though rarely, in Britain.
bůx'-ús, s. [In Ger. buchs; Fr. buis; Sp. box;
Buxbaumia is by some made the type of Ital. busso; Pol. bukspan; Lat. buxus or
an order, Buxbaumiaceæ.
buxum ; Gr. Túệos ( puxos).]
* búx-ě-oŭs, a. [From Lat. buxeus=(1) of
Bot. : Box-tree, a genus of plants belonging
boxwood ; (2) of the colour of boxwood ; buxus
to the order Euphorbiaceæ (Spurgeworts). It
contains three species, Buxus sempervirens, or
= the box-tree.] Pertaining to the box-tree.
the Common Box [Box-TREE); B. balearica,
búx'-om (1), *búx'-ome, * bůck'-some,
or the Minorca Box; and B. chinensis, or the
* bŭx'-um, * box-ome, * box-some,
Chinese Box. [Box.]
* bo-som, * boc-sum, * boux-some buý, bye, * bie, * beye, * bey-en, * beg-
(Eng.), * bousum, * bowsom (Scotch), a. gen, * big-gen, * beg-gin, * bug-gen
[A.S. bocsum, búhsom = obedient, flexible, (pret. bought (pron. bâwt], boght, boghte, bouhte,
tractable, buxom (Somner). In Dut. buigzaam; bohte) (Eng.), buy, * by (pret. bocht) (Scotch),
Ger. biegsam, beugsam=pliant, flexible. From v.t. & i. [A.S. bycgan, bycgean, bicgan, bic-
A.S. bugan, beogan = to bow, bend, stoop, gean, gebicgan (pret. bóhte, gebóhte) = to buy ;
give way, subrnit, yield.]
0. s. buggean ; 0. L. Ger. buigean; Moso-
1. Of persons, whether male or female, but
Goth. bugjan.]
spec. the latter):
A. Transitive :
*(1) Pliable, compliant, obedient to those to 1. Lit.: To purchase, to acquire an article or
whom obedience is due, polite or courteous property of any description, or the right and
to those who can claim no more than these. title to it by giving for it a sum which the
"For who can be so buxom as a wyf?
owner is willing to accept as an equivalent for
Who is so trewe and eek so ententyf.”
what he surrenders. Such a purchase may be
Chaucer : C.T., 9163-4.
with ready money or on credit.
In this sense often followed by to.
"And he bogte ioseph al forthan.”
“To make thee buxom to her lawe.”
Story of Gen. & Exod., 1,996.
The Romaunt of the Rose.
“... from the land of Canaan to buy food.”—Gen.
"... to make them more tractable and buxome to xlii. 7.
his government ..."-Spenser : State of Ireland.
11 And he bought the hill Samaria of Shemer for two
* (2) Merry, blithe, gay, lively.
talents of silver, ..."-1 Kings xvi. 24.
"Sturdy swains,
2. Fig.: To acquire for some consideration
In clean array, for rustick dance prepare,
any real or imagined advantage.
Mixt with the buxom damsels hand in hand."
Philips. (1) With a thing for the object :
* (3) Wanton, jolly.
(a) In the foregoing sense.
"She feign'd the rites of Bacchus! cry'd aloud,
"Buy the truth, and sell it not;..."-Prov. xxiii. 23.
And to the buxom god the virgin vow'd.” Dryden.
... means are gone that buy this praise."-
(4) Stout, besides being rosy with health; Shakesp.: Tim., ii. 2.
healthy, hearty.
* (6) To exact atonement for. (King Horn,
“Which made thy closet much frequented
912.) (Herbert Coleridge.)
By buxom lasses.” Swift: Horace, bk. il., ode i.
*2. Of animals: Meek, tractable, docile;
(2) With a person or persons for the object :
To bribe, to gain over.
essentially the same sense as 1 (1).
“And bene of ravenous Wolves yrent,
"Judges and senates have been bought for gold.”
All for they nould be buxome and bent."
Pope: Ess. on Man, iv. 187.
Spenser : Shep. Cal., ix.
B. Intrans. : To make a purchase or pur-
“So wilde a beast so tame ytaught to bee,
chases, to deal.
And buxome to his bands is joy to see."
"I will buy with you, sell with you, talk with you,
Spenser : Mother Hubberd's Tale, 625-6.
walk with you."-Shakesp. : Mer. of Ven., i. 3.
* 3. Of inanimate things:
C. In special phrases and compounds :
* (1) Yielding.
1. To buy in:
“ And therewith scourge the buxome aire so sore,
(1) Of stock, &c. :
That to his force to yielden it was faine."
To purchase it in any
Spenser: F.Q., I. xi. 37. partnership.
".. then with quick fan
(2) Of an article offered at an auction : To buy
Winnows the buxom air."
Milton : P. L., bk. v.
it for the vendor, and temporarily withdraw
* (2) Lively, fresh, brisk.
it from sale, when a price deemed too low is
“Bardolph a soldier, firm and sound of heart,
bidden for it.
And of buscom valour.” Shakesp. : Hen. V., iii. 6.
2. To buy off :
(3) Rosy (?), or cheerful (?).
(1) Lit. With a person for the object : To in-
'I'm born
duce one, by a pecuniary or other considera-
" Again a fresh child of the busom morn,
Heir of the sun's first beams." Crashaw.
tion, to desist from opposition to, or join in
(4) Lavish, prodigal; opposed to penurious.
forwarding the projects of, the buyer.
“There buxom Plenty never turns her horn."
_*(2) Fig. Of conscience : To offer some con-
Thomson: Liberty, pt. i. sideration to induce the inward monitor to
acquiescence in an act or in conduct against
* băx-jmly, * bix-ùm-lý, * bix-mm-
which it had protested.
lĩ, * box-ùm-lý (compar. becaumlier), culo.
“What pitiful things are power, rhetorick, or riches,
[Eng. buscom ; -ly.] In a buxom manner.
when they would terrify, dissuade, or buy off con-
1. Obediently ; reverently.
science !"-South.
"And they with humble herte ful buxomly,
3. To buy on credit : To buy, with a pro-
Kneeling upon thir knees ful reverently,
mise of paying at a future time.
Him thanken all.” Chaucer: C. T., 8,062.
4. To buy out :
“And netheless full busomly
He was redy to do that she bad."
* (1) To cause to cease to act against one.
Gower: Con. A., bk. vii.
“Dreading the curse that money may buy out."
2. Civilly.
Shakesp. : King John, iii. 1.
" And louted to the ladies, and to the lord alse,
To buy out the law : To quit the penalty
Bucumli as any best, bi any resoun schuld."
of the law. (Schmidt.)
William of Palerne, 3,716-17.
“For-thi me [bi-dhoues the buxumlier me bere."
* (2) To redeem.
Ibid., 723-4.
(a) Generally.
3. Wantonly, amorously. (Johnson.)
"And not being able to buy out his life.”
bŭx'-om-něss, * búx'-om-nės, * bůx-
Shakesp. : Com. of Err., i. 2.
(6) Of a soldier out of the army.
um-nésse, * búx'-um-něs, * búx'-som-|
(3) To substitute one's self for another per-
nesse, * buck'-some-ness, * bow' son in a partnership by purchasing his shares
some-nesse, * bough'-some-něsse, or interest in the concern.
5. To buy the refusal of anything : To give
money for the right, at a future time, of
purchasing it for a fixed price.
6. To buy up: A more emphatic expression
for to buy. (Used specially when the whole
supply of a commodity is purchased for specu-
lative purposes.)
* bûye, v.t. & i. [A contracted form of 0. Eng.
abiggen or abyen ; A.S. abicgan, abycgan = to
buy again, to pay for, to recompense.] To
suffer or have to pay for. (Chaucer, &c.)
buy-őr (uy as 1), * bý'-ěr, * bī'-ěr, * bìg'-
ger, s. [Eng. buy ; -er.]
1. Gen.: One who buys, a purchaser.
"It is naught, it is naught, saith the buyer :..."-
Prov. xx. 14.
* 2. Spec. : A redeemer. (Herbert Coleridge.)
buy-ing, * bi-ống, p. par., C., & s. [BUY,
v.]
A. & B. As present participle & participial
adjective : In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
C. As substantive: The act of purchasing.
"... to have the advantage in the buying of them."
-Golden Boke, i. 26.
"... all buyings and sellings ..."-Holland :
Plinie, xxxiii. 3. (Richardson.)
* buyrde, s. [BIRD.]
* buyrne, s. [BURNE.) A man. (Ear. Eng.
Allit. Poems : Patience, 340.)
* buysch, s. [BUSH (1), s.) (Wycliffe, Purvey,
Mark xii. 26.)
* buysch'-el, s. [BUSHEL.] (Wycliffe, Purvey,
Luke xi. 33.)
* buy'-stous, a. [BOISTOUS, BUSTOUS.) Rough,
rude, strong
"And no man putteth a clout of buystous clothe in
to an olde clothing ..."—Wycliffe (Purvey), Matt. ix.
16.
+ búzz, t búz, interj. [A sibilant sound.] An
utterance to command silence.
"Pol. The actors are come hither, my lord.
Ham. Buz, Buz !" Shakesp. : Hamlet, ii. 2.
búzz, † buz (Eng.), bịzz, t bịşşe (Scotch),
v.i. & t. [Imitated from the sound. In Ital.
buzzicare=to sneak away, to whisper.]
A. Intrans. : To make a sound, partly like
a hum, partly as if the letter z, or as if two z's,
were being pronounced. Used-
1. Of the hum of bees, wasps, some flies, and
similar insects.
"Like a wasp it buzzed and stung him."
Longfellow : Song of Hiawatha, iii.
“As bees bizz out wi' angry fyke .
When plundering herds await their byke."
Burns : Tam O'shanter.
† 2. Of the whispering by human beings,
singly or in numbers.
“Through his teeth he buzzed and muttered
Longfellow : Song of Hiawatha, xvil.
+ 3. Of things inanimate, as the waves of the
sea. [BUZZING, (..]
B. Trans. : To whisper; to spread abroad
secretly.
“Where doth the world thrust forth a vanity,
That is not quickly buzz'd into his ears.".
5. Shakesp. : Rich. 11., il. 1.
"I will buz abroad such prophecies,
That Edward shall be fearful of his life."
Ibid. : 3 Henry VI., v. 6.
būzz, s. & a. [From buzz, V., or imitated from
the sound.]
A. As subst. : A hum attended with a hissing
sound, as if the letter z or s were being con-
tinuously pronounced. Used
(1) Of insects.
“The buzz of an insect."-Taylor : New Zealand.
+ (2) Of the hum of crowds.
* With Midas' ears they crowd: or to the buzz
Of'masquerade unblushing."
Thomson : Liberty, pt. v.
B. As adj. : (See the compound.)
buzz-saw, s. [Named from the buzzing
sound produced by the rapidity of revolution.]
sound
A circular saw.
* bŭz-zard (1), s. [From buzz, and suffix -ard.]
1. Lit. : A buzzing insect. Specially-
(1) A lamellicorn beetle [BEETLE], or a fly.
“ Pet. Should be ! should-buzz !
Kath. Well ta'en, and like a buzzard."
Shakesp. : Tam. of Shrew, il. 1.
As blind as a buzzard : As blind as such
a beetle. (Nares.)
Words of anger and resentment.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fall, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pît, sire, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian, æ, carē. ey=ā. qu= kw.

buzzard-by
761
(2) A kind of hawkmoth—"the buzzard
moth” (q.v.). (Nares.)
"O owle! hast thou only kept company with bats,
buzzards, and beetles?”—Gayt. : Fest. Notes, p. 188.
* 2. Fig.: Any person wanting in foresight.
"Those blind buzzards, who, in late years, of wilful
maliciousness, would neither learn themselves, nor
could teach others, anything at all. '-Ascham.
búz'-zard (2), * búz'-ard, * bús-zarde,
# bŭs-sarde, * bŭ-sard, * bús-arde,
* bos-arde, s. & a. [In O. Dut. buizert; Ger.
bussaar, buszaar ; Ital. bozzago ; Prov. buzart,
buzac; Nor. Fr. buzac = a kite; Fr. busard ;
0. Fr. buzart, busart; suffix -art, appended to
Fr. buse; Low Lat. busio ; Class. Lat. buteo =
a buzzard (not butio, which is = the bittern).]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : The bird or birds described under
II. 1.
“Bosarde, byrde. Capus, vultur.”—Prompt. Parv.
* 2. Fig.: A bird or any person or thing of
inferior gifts or character.
Between hawk and buzzard : Between a
good and a bad thing, with some relation to
each other.
"Between hawk and buzzarı' means, between a
good thing and a bad of the sanie kind; the hawk
being the true sporting bird, the buzzard a heavy, lazy
fowl of the same species, buteo ignavus, the sluggish
buzzard."--Comenii Janua, Lond., ed. 1662, $ 146.
II. Zoology: The English name of the Buteo,
a genus of birds, and specially of the two
species occurring in Britain. These are-
1. The Brown or Common Buzzard (Buteo
vulgaris), called also the Glead, Glede, Glade,
Kite, or Puttock. The male is deep-brown
above, the margins of the feathers paler, the
under parts yellowish-white with brown spots,
the lace with brown and pale bands. The
female is deep-brown above and below, with
whitish streaks on the throat, and spots of the
same colour on the breast. The margins of the
feathers in the young are light-red. Male :
length, 19 inches; extent of wings, 49. Female:
length, 22 inches ; extent of wings, 51. It feeds
on small mammalia, birds, lizards, worms, and
insects. It is permanently resident in Britain,
makes its nest in trees, ledges of rock, forming
it of sticks, twigs, and heath, and laying three
or four eggs, dull white with yellowish-brown
markings. The species, like buzzards generally,
is feebler than falcons, hawks, and eagles.
2. The Rough-legged Buzzard (Buteo lagopus),
which is feathered to the toes. It visits us
from the north about the end of autumn or in
winter.
Bald-buzzard : One of the names for the
Fishing Osprey (Pandeon haliaëtus).
Capped-buzzard : [HONEY-BUZZARD.]
Honey-buzzard : The English name of a pre-
datory bird, the Pernis apivorus, called also
the Beehawk, or the Brown Beehawk. [HONEY-
BUZZARD.]
Moor-buzzard : The Marsh-harrier (Circus
cruginosus).
Turkey-buzzard : The Turkey-vulture (Cath-
artes aura).
* B. As adj. : Senseless, stupid.
"Those who thought no better of the living God,
than of a buzzard idol."-Milton: Eiconoclastes, ch. i.
“ Thus I reclaimed my buzzard love to fly
At what, and when, and how, and where I choose."
Donne; Poems, p. 47.
buzzard-cock, buzzard cock, s. The
male of the buzzard.
"Sometimes he'll hide in the cave of a rock,
Then whistle as shrill as the buzzard cock.”
Wordsworth: Address to a Child During a Boisterous
Winter Evening.
buzzard-moth, s. A kind of Sphinx or
Hawk-moth. (Nares.)
būz’-zar-dět, s. [Eng. buzzard, and suffix -et.
In Ger. buszaar.]
Ornith. : A bird of prey resembling the
conimon buzzard in most respects, except in
having slightly longer legs.
* búz'-zēr, s. [Eng. buzz, and suffix -er.) A
whisperer.
" And wants not buzzers to infect his ear
With pestilent speeches of his father's death.”
Shakesp. : Hamlet, iv. 5.
bůz-zing, pr. par., A., & s. [Buzz, v.]
A. & B. As pres. part. & participial adjec-
tive : (See the verb.)
“But here, where murder breathed her bloody steam;
And here, where buzzing nations choked the ways."
Byron : Childe Harold, iv. 142.
C. As subst. : A buzz, whispering; talk in 4. Of the effect of causation : Used to denote
an undertone.
ground of judgment or comparison in reason-
“A buzzing of a separation
ing back from effect to cause, in constructing
Between the king and Katharine ?"
an à posteriori argument, in reasoning from a
Shakesp.: Henry VIII., ii. 1.
fact or occurrence to any similar one.
f búz'-zing-ly, adv. [Eng. buzzing ; -ly.) In "By this I know that thou favourest me.”—Psalms,
a buzzing manner; in a whisper. (Webster.)
xli. 11.
5. Of relation with respect to number or
* bwnte, s. [BOUNTY.) (Scotch.) (Barbour :
Bruce, x. 294.)
magnitude :
(1) Measured by, estimated by.
* bwrgh, s. [BOROUGH, BURGH.]
“Bullion will sell by the ounce for six shillings and
five pence unclipped money.”—Locke.
by. * bī, * be, prep., adv., & in compos. [A.S.
(2) By the magnitude or number of.
be, bi, big = (1) by, near to, to, at, in, upon,
“Meantime she stands provided of a Laius,
about, with ; (2) of, from, about, touching,
More young and vigorous too by twenty springs."
concerning ; (3) for, because of, after, acccrd-
Dryden.
ing to; (4) beside, out of (Bosworth); O.S. & (3) Of addition to : Besides, over and above;
0. Fries. bi, be; Dut. bij; Goth. & O. H. Ger. in Scotch foreby. (Scotch.)
bi; (N. H.) Ger. bei ; Dan. (in compos. only) “... she (the ship] wasted all the woods in Fife,
bi.] [BE, prep.; Bi.]
which was oak-wood, by all timber that was gotten out
of Norroway."-Pitscottie : Cron., p. 107.
A. As preposition :
(4) In succession to, after, following.
1. Of place :
“The best for you, is to re-examine the cause, and to
(1) Near, not far from, beside, in proximity try it even point by point, argument by arguinent.”—
to, whether the person or thing referred to be
Hooker.
as near another, be at rest or in motion.
* (5) In the case of.
"They passed by me."
"Als it fales bi a tre.”—Psalms, i. 3.
Shakesp. : Troilus, iii. 3.
"So faleth it by a ryotous servaunt."
"There is a light cloud by the moon.”.
Chaucer : C. T., 4,406.
Byron : Siege of Corinth, 21. 6. Of specification : In specification of. (Used
(2) On, upon. (Used often in such phrases in naming one, or doing anything similar.)
as by sea, by land, by water.) (Bacon, Pope,
"Greet the friends by name."-3 John, 14.
Dryden, &c.)
7. Of taking of oaths, & of adjuration :
"I would have fought by land, where I was stronger."
& Dryden.
"Swear not at all : neither by heaven, for it is God's
throne, nor by the earth.”—Mat., v. 34-5.
E. by N., according to the compass card,
"I adjure thee by the living God.”—Ibid., xxvi. 63.
means east but slightly round to the north.
8. Of duty, conduct, or action towards.
2. Of time :
" He had discharged his duty by them.”-Macaulay:
(1) During, throughout the continuance of.
Hist. Eng., ch. xv.
“... have ye offered to me slain beasts and sacrifices
9. Of accordance with : According to, noting
by the space of forty years in the wilderness?"-Acts, permission or conformity.
vii. 42.
"It is excluded. By what law? of works? Nay;
(2) In.
but by the law of faith."--Rom., iii. 27.
"... that he could not do it by day, that he did it 10. Of preference for : Beyond, above, more
by night."-Judges vi. 27.
than, in preference to. (Scotch.)
T By the morwe: In the morning. (Chaucer.)
“For thow may rew by all the rest.”.
(3) Not later than, by the time of. (Followed
Davidsone : Schort Discurs., st. 7. (Jamieson.)
by a substantive.)
*11. Of absence of or contrariety to, imply-
“Hector, by the fifth hour of the sun,
ing the passing of anything by: Without, with-
Will with a trumpet, 'twixt our tents and Troy,
out regard to, contrary to. (Scotch.)
To-morrow morning call some knight to arms."
Shakesp. : Troilus & Cressida, ii. 1.
"... tuik him to be hir husband, by the adwyse and
counsall of the lordis, for they knew nothing thairof
Often used in the phrases by this time, by
a long time thairefter.”—Pitscottie : Cron., p. 284. -
that time, by to-morrow, &c.
* 12. With regard to, with reference to.
* (4) By the time that. (Followed by the (Scotch.)
clause of a sentence.)
"I speake not this by english courtiers."
" By thir words were said, his men were so enraged."
George Gascoigne, 763.
-Pitscottie, p. 31.
* 13. Against.
(5) After, succeeding.
"I know nothing by (Rev. Ver. against] myself."-1
“ Thus year by year they pass, and day by day."
Cor. iv. 4.
Dryden.
B. As adverb:
3. Of agency, conjoint agency, causation, and 1. Near; situated or temporarily resting in
instrumentality.
proximity to.
(1) Of agency: Noting the agent by whom or ..."... I also was standing by, and consenting unto
by which anything is done.
his death ..."-Acts xxii. 20.
“ By Hector slain, their faces to the sky,
2. Near, passing near; moving past; past.
All grim with gaping wounds our heroes lie."
"I did hear
Pope : Iliad, xix. 201-2.
The galloping of horse : who was't came by?”.
(2) Of conjoint agency or action: By aid of,
Shakesp. : Macbeth, iv. 1.
by conjoint action of.
3. Aside, beside.
“The sons of Abraham by Keturah.”—Gen. xxv. (title).
* 4. Though a certain contingency take
(3) Of causation : Noting the cause by which
place, as “I carena by "=I don't care, though
I agree to your proposal. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
any effect is produced.
"Fissures near Serocarne, in Calabria, caused by the
C. In special phrases :
earthquake of 1783."-Lyell : Prin. of Geol., ch. xxix.
1. By and by, by-and-by, adv. & 8.:
(4) Of instrumentality: Noting the instru-
(1) As adverb:
ment or means by which anything is done.
*(a) Of place : Hard by. (Chaucer.)
"... and the brasen altar shall be for me to enquire
by."-2 Kings, xvi. 15.
*(6) Of numbers, or of a plurality of persons
"Such a danger England and Holland might lawfully or things :
have averted by war." - Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch.
xxiv.
(i) From time to time.
Of the part in relation to the whole :
" By and ly. Sigillatim."-Prompt. Parv.
“He tok his chylde by the hande.”—Isumbras, 325.
9 “ The Medulla renders sigillatim [0) sin-
I Regarding the distinction between with
gillatim or singulatim), fro seel to seel.” (Harl.
and by, Johnson says that by is commonly
MS., 2,257.) (Way.) Probably sigillatim is a
used after a verb neuter, while with would be
mistake for singulatim.
put after an active one. Blair says both these (ii) One by one, singly.
particles express the connection between some "Nature did yeeld thereto; and by-and-by
instrument, or means of effecting an end, and
Bade Order call them all before her Majesty."
Spenser : F. Q., VII. vii. 27.
the agent who employs it; but with expresses
(c) Of time :
a more close and immediate connection, by a
more remote one. We kill a man with a sword;
* (i) At once, as soon as possible, quick, im-
he dies by violence. The criminal is bound
mediately.
with ropes by the executioner. In a passage
"I will that thou give me by and by in a charger the
of Dr. Robertson's History of Scotland, we are
head of John the Baptist."- Mark vi. 25.
told that when one of the old kings was mak-
In the Greek of this verse, by and by is
ing an enquiry into the tenure by which his è & aŭrñs (eac autēs) = at the very point of time;
nobles held their lands, they started up and at once; from εξ αυτής της ώρας (ear αutes tes
drew their swords; “By these," said they horas) = from this very time. (Trench.)
“we acquired our lands, and with these we (ii) After a short time ; after a time. As
will defend them.” (Blair : Lectures on Rhe Trench well shows, the tendency of mankind
toric & Belles Lettres, ed. 1817, vol. i. p. 233.) T. to procrastination has altered the meaning of
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion = shŭn; -ţion, -şion=zhún. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

762
by
this phrase from “at once, iinmediately," to
"after a time.'
(2) As subst. : The future. -
" In the sweet by and by,,
We shall meet on that beautiful shore."
Sankey : Hymn 9.
2. By himself or herself (Eng.); By himsell or
hersell (Scotch), adv. phrase.
(1) Alone.
"Solymau resolved to assault the breach, after he
had, by himself, in a melancholy mood, walked up and
down in his tent."-Knolles : History of the Turks.
The expressions by one's self, by itself,
have a similar meaning.
(2) Beside himself or herself; destitute of
reason, insane. (Scotch.)
*3. By one's mind or minde : Deprived of
reason.
"... bot raged in furie as if they had beine by thair
myndis.”—Pitscottie : Chron., p. 416.
† 4. By that: By the time that.
“... thou shalt deliver it unto him by that the sun
goeth down.”—Exodus xxii, 26.
5. By the head, a.:
Naut. : Having the bow lower in the water
than the stern.
6. By the lee :
Naut. : So far fallen off from her course that
the wind takes the sails on the wrong side.
7. By the run, adv. :
Naut. : Altogether; in the phrase "To let
go by the run" = to let go altogether, instead
of slacking off.
8. By the stern :
Naut. : Having the stern lower in the water
than the bow.
9. By the way:
+(1) In coming along the way.
."... See that ye fall not out by the way.”—Gen.
xlv. 24.
(2) In passing. (Used to introduce an inci-
dental remark.)
"... and one that is your friend : I can tell you
that by the way ..."-Shakesp. : Merry Wives, i. 4.
10. To come by, v.t. : To gain possession of,
to obtain.
“... everything that he can come by ...
Shakesp. : Two Gent. iii. 1.
11. To do by: To do to one; to behave to
one.
"I would not do by thee as thou hast done.”
Byron : On hearing that Lady Byron was ill.
12. To set by, v.t.: To value.
13. To stand by, v.t. & i. :
(1) Trans. : To render one countenance by
deliberately standing by his side on a trial.
“Now, brother Richard, will you stand by us?
Glouc. Ay, in despite of all that shall withstand
you."
Shakesp.: 3 Henry VI., iv. 1.
(2) Intrans. (Naut.): To be in readiness.
* by-coming, s. The act of passing by
or through a place. (Scotch.)
"He had gottin in Paris at his by-coming Bodin his
method of historie ..."--Melvill : Diary (Life of A.
Melville, i. 429.) (Jamieson.)
* by-common, a. Beyond common; what
is uncommon. (Scotch.)
“They were represented to me as lads by common in
capacity."-Ann. of the Par., p. 253.
by-east, adv. Towards the east.
* by-going, s.) The act of passing.
“In our by-going, being within distance of cannon
to the towne." -Monro: Exp., pt. ii., p. 15.
by-hand, adv. Over. (Scotch.) [HAND.) |
* by-lyar, s. [Eng. & Scotch by; and
Scotch lyar = who lies down.] A neutral.
“Item, In caise it beis inquyred of all By-lyars, and
in speciall of my Lord of Huntlie in the Northe.”-
Knox, 222.
* by-ordinar, adv. More than ordinary.
(Scotch.)
* by-past, by-passed, a. Passed by ;
“To put the by-pass'd perils in her way.”
Shakesp. : Lover's Complaint.
"... for these three hundred years by-past ..."-
*by-than, adv. [A.S. bi, tham.] By the
time that.
“But by-than he com by that barn and a-boute loked,
The werwolf and the wilde hert."
William of Palerne, 220-21.
by-west, adv.
1. Lit. : To the west of.
* 2. Fig.: Beyond the power of.
"Whereupon grew that by-word, used by the Irish,
that they dwelt by-west the law, which dwelt beyond
the river of the Barrow."-Davies on Ireland.
bý (1), býe, s. & d. [From Eng. by, pref. “Various factions and parties, all aiming at by-in-
&c. (q.v.).]
terest, without any sincere regard to the public good."
- Atterbury.
A. As substantive : A subordinate object;
by-lane, s. A lane not leading to any
anything not the main aim, but taken inci-
public place, and therefore but little traversed.
dentally. Specially in the phrases :-
“She led me into a by-lane, and told me there I
1. By the by, adv. phrase.
should dwell."—Burton : Anat. of Mel., p. 504.
(1) Meanwhile.
* by-matter, s. A matter distinct from
"So, while iny lov'd revenge is full and high,
the chief one on hand.
I'll give you back your kingdom by the by.”
Dryden : Conq. of Granada.
“I knew one that when he wrote a letter, he would
put that which was most material into the postscript,
(2) By the way (half figuratively).
as if it had been a by-matter."-Bacon.
“This wolf was forced to make bold, ever and anon,
with a sheep in private, by the by."-L'Estrange.
* by-name, byname, s.
(3) By the way (quite figuratively), in pass-
1. An additional name.
ing, incidentally.
“... that suffisaunce power noblesse reuerence and
gladnesse ben only dyuerse bynames." - Chaucer :
* 2. In the by, adv.: Not as one's main ob-
Boethius (ed. Morris), p. 84, 1. 2,333.
ject, incidentally, as a subordinate aim.
2. A nickname.
"They who have saluted her [Poetry) in the by, and
now and then tendered their visits, she hath done
* by-name, v.t. To pickname.
much for."-B. Jonson: Discoveries.
"Robert, eldest son to the Conqueror, used short
* 3. Upon the by, on the by, adv. : Incident hose, and thereupon was by-named Court-hose, and
ally.
shewed first the use of them to the English."-Camden.
“In this instance, there is upon the by, to be noted, by-path, * bypathe, s.
the percolation of the verjuice through the wood."
1. Lit. : A private or unfrequented path.
Bacon : Nat. Hist.
B. As adj. : Aside, apart. Used-
"Bypathe. Semita, orbita, callis, C.F., trames,
U.G."-Prompt. Parv.
(1) Of roads, lanes, paths, &c. : Out of the 2. Fig. : Indirect means.
main thoroughfares.
“Heav'n knows, my son,
(2) Of incidental remarks, &c. : Out of the
By what by-paths and indirect crook'd ways
main thread of a speech or discourse.
I met this crown.” Shakesp. : 2 Hen. IV., iv. 5.
(3) Of purposes or aims : Secret, unavowed, by-play, s.
crooked.
Drama :
Compounds of obvious signification : By 1. A play apart froni and going on simulta-
passage, by-place, by-purpose.
neously with the main one.
t by-bidder, s. One who bids at an auc 2. The play of feature or gesture used by
tion on behalf of the owner or of the auc actors when not speaking or engaged in the
tioneer, with the view of running up the price. principal business of the scene.
*by-blow, s.
*by-respect, s. A private end, aim, or
1. A blow which strikes a person or thing
purpose.
against whom or which it was not aimed.
"Augustus, who was not altogether so good as he was
wise, had some by-respects in the enacting of this law;
“... how also with their by-blows they (Christian
for to do anything for nothing was not his maxiin."
and Apollyon) did split the very stones in pieces."-
Dryden.
Bunyan: The Pilgrim's Progress, pt. 2.
by-road, s. A road little frequented, as
2. A bastard.
not leading to any important place, or as not
* by-business, s. A business which is the most important one leading to a place.
not one's leading occupation.
(Lit. & fig.)
* by-coffeehouse, s. A coffeehouse situ-
"Through slipp'ry by-roads, dark and deep,
They often climb, and often creep.” Swift.
ated out of the main thoroughfares.
“I afterwards entered a by-coffeehouse, that stood at
*by-room, s. A room opening out of an-
the upper end of a narrow lane."-Addison.
other.
* by-concernment, s.
“Do thou stand in some by-room, while I question
my puny drawer."--Shakesp. : 1 Hen. IV., ii. 4.
1. Gen. : A subject of concern or thought
* by-speech, s. An incidental speech
which is not one's main occupation."
different from the main one.
"Our plays, besides the main design, have under-
plots or by-concernments, or less considerable persons
"... their common ordinary practice is to quote
and intrigues, which are carried on with the motion of
by speeches, in some historical narration or other, and
the main plot."-Dryden.
to use them as if they were written in most exact form
of law.”-Hooker,
*2. Spec. : The underplot in a play.
by-stander, s. (BYSTANDER.)
*by-corner, s. A private corner; an ob-
scure corner.
by-street, S. An obscure or unfrequented
“In by-corners of
street.
This sacred room, silver, in bags heap'd up."
“He seeks by-streets, and saves th' expensive coach.”
Massinger : City Madam.
Gay.
* by-dependence, s. An accessory cir-
* by-stroke, s. A casual or insidiously-
cumstance.
inflicted stroke. [BY-BLOW.]
And your three motives to the battle, with
by-time, 3. Time not required for one's
I know not how much more, should be demanded ;
And all the other by-dependencies."
primary work; odds and ends of time.
Shakesp. : Cymbeline, v. 5. (Scotch.)
* by-design, s. An incidental design.
* by-turning, s. A turning or current
“And if she miss the mouse-trap lines,
of road away from the main one.
They'll serve for other by-designs."
Hudibras.
“The many by-turnings that may divert you from
your way.”—Sidney : Defence of Poesy.
* by-drinking, S. Drinking between
* by-view, s. A private or self-interested
meals.
view, aim, or purpose.
"You owe money here besides, Sir John, for your "No by-views of his own shall mislead him."-Atter.
diet and by-drinkings."-Shakesp. : 1 Hen. IV., iii. 3.
bury.
t by-end, s. Private interest; secret ad-
* by-walk, s.
vantage.
"All people that worship for fear, profit, or some
1. Lit. : A walk away from the main one;
other by-end."-L'Estrange.
an obscure or unfrequented walk.
One of Bunyan's characters in the “ Pil. "The chief avenue ought to be the most ample and
grim's Progress" is called By-ends.
noble; but there should be by-walks, to retire into
sometimes for ease and refreshment.”-Broome.
"They overtook one who was going before them,
2. Fig.: An unavowed aim or purpose.
whose name was By-ends."-Bunyan: P. P., pt. i.
“He moves afterwards in by-walks, or under-plots,
by-gate, bye-gate, * byget, s. A by as diversions to the main design, lest it should grow
way. (Scotch.)
tedious, though they are still naturally joir.ed."-
"... seikand refugis and bygets."-J. Tyrie : Refu-
Dryden.
tation of Knox's Ansver, Pref. 7.
by-way, s. [BYWAY.)
"Aff to the Craigs, the hale forenoon,
By a' the bye-gates round and round,
*by-wipe, s. A side stroke of raillery.
Crowds after crowds were flocking down.
"Wherefore that conceit of Legion with a by-wipe ."
Mayne : Sitler Gun, p. 31.
--Milton : Animadv. Rem. Defence.
* by-hours, s. pl. Hours or time not al-
| bý (2), S. & suff. [Dan. by=a city, town, or
lotted to regular work. (Scotch.)
borough ; Sw. by = a village, a hamlet.]
". who, it was thought. might give the necessary
repairs at by-hours. These by-hours, however, seldom
A. As subst. (as an independent word): A
occurred."-Agr. Surv.
town. (Cursor Mundi.) (Skeat.) [BYLAW.]
*by-interest, s. Interest apart from that B. As suf. : A termination of various towns
of the community in general ; private interest. | in England, originally Danish, or at least
" These,
past. «« To put us
Cheyne.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fall, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pīt, sïre, sír, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sön; mūte, cũb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; trý, Sýrian. ~, =ē. ey=ão qu=kw.

by-bylde
763
ys by-go."
Tale of Melibeus.
named by the Danes, as Derby, Appleby,
“And other doghty men bydene."
*by-go, * by-gon, a. [From Eng. by, and go.]
Laurence Minot : Political Songs, B. 54; Spec. Ear.
Naseby.
Eng. (Morris & Skeat), pt. ii.
1. (Of the form bygo): Ruined, deceived.
T Trench says that in Lancashire, one of
"Many ys the manlich man, that thorw womman
the chief seats of Danish immigration, nearly
* by-dol-ven, pa. par. [A.S. bedolfen =
a fourth of the towns and villages have this
buried, from bedelfan = to dig in or around.]
Sir Ferumbras (ed. Herrtage), p. 68, 1. 2,013.
ending; whilst in Hampshire and other places,
Buried.
2. (Of the form bygon): Overrun, covered.
uninvaded by the Danes, the termination by
“... and fond here a gobet of gold by-doluen.”
“A messager til him to schape,
is almost unknown.
Chaucer : Boethius (ed. Morris), p. 151, 4,348.
For al the contre wyth-outen lys so ful by-gon wyth
(Trench : The Study of
enymys,
Words.)
* bý'-dyng, pr. par. [BIDING.]
That non ne schold hem scape."
Sir Ferumbras (ed. Herrtage), p. 108, 1. 3,428-30.
by, prefix. [Bi as a prefix ; be as a prefix.] A bye, adv. & a. [From by, prep. & adv. (q.v.).] *
number of words have passed through three
Near. (Scotch.)
* bý'-gone (Eng.), * bý'-gane, * bī-gāne
stages. First they have been spelled with by,
(Scotch), a. & s. [Eng. by; gone.]
then with bi, and finally with be; as by bye-wash, s.
A. As adj. : Gone by.
hynde, bihynd, behind.
Hydraulic Engineering : A channel to divert
- "Tell him, you are sure
As Bi : Compounds of A.S. bi not found past a reservoir water of streams which would
All in Bohemia's well; this satisfaction
The by-gone day proclaim'd."
under bi should be looked for under be. They
otherwise flow into it, and which are in pure
Shakesp. : Winter's Tale, i. 2.
may exist also as by, as byse, bise, besee.
or otherwise undesirable. The outlet of water
B. As subst. (pl. bygones, Eng. ; byganes,
As Be: The chief articles on the following
from a dam ; a waste. Called also a by-lead
Scotch): Things past, and spec. of offences
compounds of by, bi, or be, will be found at
and a diversion-cut.
against the state, lovers' quarrels, and arrears
be :-* Bycause (= because); * bycom, * bycome,
bye (1), s. [From by, prep. & adv.]
of money owed. (Jamieson.)
* bycorn, * bycorne, * bydaffe, * byfalle, * byfyl,
* byget, * bygyle, * bygonne, * bygonnen (pa. par.
9 (1) Let bygones be bygones : Let the past
Cricket: A run obtained when the ball has
passed the longstop without being touched
= begun); * bygyn, * bygynne, * bygynner, * by-
be forgotten.
gynnyng, * byhest,'* byheste, * byhete (v.t. = be-
by the striker. [LONGSTOP, LEG-BYE.]
(2) Byganes suld be byganes: The past should
not be brought up against one. [1.]
hight); * byholde, * byhoté (v. = behott, be-
bye (2), s. & a. [BY (1), s. & a.]
hote) * byhyght (= behight); * byhynde (=be-
“Ye see, I spoke to them mysell, and tauld them
byganes suld be byganes ..."-Scott: Heart of Mid.
hind), * byjape, * bykenne (= bekenne, 2), * by * bye (3), *bee, s. & in compos. [A.S. bý, bye Tothian, ch. xvii.
knowe, * byknowen (= beknow), * byloved (= = a dwelling, a habitation; from búan = to
beloved), * bylyve, * bylyue (=belive), * bymene inhabit, to dwell.]
*by-gonne, pret. & pa. part. [BEGUN.]
(= bemene, bemoan), * bymoorn, *bymorne,
“Ye knowe wel that myne adversaries han bygonne
A. As an independent word (of the form bye):
this debate and brige by here outrage."-Chaucer : The
* bymurne (= bemourn), * bynethe, * bynethen,
[Br.]
* bynythe (= beneath), * byquethe (= be-
queath), * byraft (= bereft), * byreyne (=
1. Ord. Lang. : A dwelling, a habitation.
*by-gyns, s. pl. [BEGUIN.] An order of quasi-
berain), * byschrewe = beshrew), * byschine =
(Gibson.)
religious women not bound by vows. (Chaucer.)
beshine), * byse (= besee), * bysech, * byseche, 2. Game-playing: The place occupied by an
* by-hāte, v.t.
individual player in some games.
[From
* byseme (= beseem), * byseye, * byset, * byside,
O. Eng. prefix by =
* bysmoke, * bysoughte = besought), * by B. In compos. (of both forms): A habitation;
prefix be orbi (q.v.), and Eng. hate, v.] To
hate.
spotte (= bespot), * bysprent, * bystowe (=be as, bying, i.e., a dwelling-house. (Wharton.)
stow), '* bystrood (= bestrode), * byswyke (=
“This is to seyn that it was he by-hated of alle folk."
* bye (4), * boye, s. [Etymology doubtful.
Chaucer : Boethius (ed. Morris), p. 75, 1. 2,051.
beswike), "* bysyde (=beside)," *bytaké, * by-
thuixte (= betwixt), * bythought, * bytide, * by-
It may be simply Eng. boy.] An ox-driver.
* by-hirne, v.t. [From A.S. prefix by = bi,
tok, * bytoke, * bytraie (= betray), * bytraised, "Bye or boye. Bostio, U.G."-Prompt. Parv.
and hirne = a corner.] To hide in a corner,
* bytrende, * bytwene (= between), * bytwixe,
* bytwixen, * bytwyste, * bytyde (= betide), * by-
* býe, part of an interj. [Eng. be, with, you.]
conceal.
A word used only in the subjoined salutation.
"That thei may henten they holden, by-hirneth it
wayle, * byweyle (= bewail), * bywave, * by-
sone.”
Piers Plowman Crede, 642.
wepe, * byweop (= beweep), * bywreye (= be-
Good-bye, good-by. [Good = God; bye, by =
wray), * bywreyinge (= bewraying).
be with you.] God be with you.
*by-hod, *by-hede, v. imper. [A con.
tracted form of behoved. Cf. O. Eng. bud =
*by (1). 1.3. IBuy) (Acts. Maru. 1563.) 1 * bye (1), v.t. [Contracted from aby. I (ABIE
behoved.] Behoved.
(Chaucer.)
(2).] To pay for, to suffer, to expiate, endure.
“... and that so foule and so felle that fight hym
“Thou, Porrex, thou shalt dearly bye the same."
by-hode." Sir Gaw. and the Gr. Knight, 717.
* by (2), v.i. [A. S. beón = to be.] [Be, v.] To
Ferr. and Porr., O. Pl., i. 140.
be.
* bye (2), v.t. [Buy, v.] (Wycliffe [Purvey),
*by-hynde, *by-hyn-den, prep. & adv.
"... to moche slac and wylles-uol ssel by."-Dan
[BEHIND.]
Matt. xiv. 15.)
Michel of Northgate, Sermon on Matt. xxiv. 43. Spec.
Ear. Eng. (Morris and Skeat), pt. ii.
* byear, s. [BIER.) A bier. (Chevy Chase,
*byīl'-yệit, pa. par. [BOILED.) (Scotch.)
*by, part of an interj. [BYE.]
117.)
* by-inge, pr. par. & s. [BUYING.]
*by-ạr, s. [BUYER.] (Scotch.)
* by-efthe, s. [BEHOOF, s.) (Rob. of Glou * by-knyf, * by-knife, s. [From A.S. by =
cester, p. 354.)
beside, and cnif = a knife.] A knife worn at
by-ard, s. [Etymology doubtful.]
the side, a dagger. (Scotch).
Mining: A leather breaststrap used by
* byeth, pl. of pres. indic., also imperat. pl. of v.
“With that his byknife furth hes tane."
miners in hauling the waggons in coal-mines.
[A. S. beoth.]
Leg. Bp. St. Androis, Poems 16th Cent., p. 323.
1. Are.
* bý’-are, s. [BUYER.] (Prompt. Parv.)
* by-lafte, pret. & pa. par. of v. [A. S. beli fan
“Ine the bokes byeth y.write all the zennen of men."
-Dan Michel of Northgate, Sermon on Matt. xxiv. 46
=to remain.] (Sir Ferumbras, 1,595.)
* bý-ass, s. [Bias.] (Tillotson.)
(A.D. 1340).
* by-bìli, s.
*by-lave, v.t. [O. Eng. by, and lave (q.v.).]
[BIBLE.]
2. Be ye.
A large writing, a
To wash, smear over.
scroll so extensive that it may be compared to
“Byeth sleghe an waketh ine youre bedes."-Ibid.,
44. Spec. Ear. Eng. (Morris and Skeat), pt. ii.
"Naked and bylaued myd blode."-O. Eng. Miscell.
a book. (Queen Mary: 2nd Letter to Bothwell.)
(ed. Morris), p. 140.
(Jamieson.)
* by-fore, * by-forn, * by-forne, * by-
for-en, prep. & adv. [BEFORE.]
by-law (Eng.), bîr'-law, bur-lâw (Scotch),
*by'-calle, v.t. [O. Eng. prefix by = bi or be,
" Byforn hem alle.”—Chaucer : C.T., 5,434.
S. [Icel. bæjar-lög ; Sw. bylag; Dan. bylov
and calle = call.] To call, to arouse. [BICALLE.
= the community of a village. From Icel.
“Neuer the lese cler I yow by-calle."
*byg, v.t. [BIGG, v.] (Barbour: Bruce, v. 453.) boer, byr (genit. bæjar) = a town, a village, Sw.
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); The Pearl, 913.
& Dan.by = a village, a city, town, or borough.]
* by-get, v.t. [BEGET.) To get.
[Br.]
* by'-calt, pa. par. [BYCALLE.]
" For when he hath oht bygeten.”—Proverbs of Hen Law : A private statute made by the mem.
“Out of that caste I watz by-calt."
dyng, 221.
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems : The Pearl, 1,163.
bers of a corporation for the better govern-
*bygge, * byg'-gyn, v.t. [BIGG, v.]
ment of their body. A voluntary association,
* by'-case, adv. [Eng. by, and case (q.v.).] “ Byggyn', or byldyn. Edifico."-Prompt. Parv.
not incorporated, has no right to make bind.
By chance.
ing laws. Nor can a corporation do so if the
* byg'-gỹd, pa. par. [BYGGE.]
bylaws affect the royal prerogative, or the
* byc-kər, v.i. [BICKER, V.]
*byg'-gyng, *byg'-gynge, * byg-yng,
common profit of the people, unless they be
* by-olyppe, * by-clappe, v.t. [BECLIP.]
approved by the chancellor, treasurer, or chief-
pr. par., d., & s. (BYGG.]
(Chaucer.)
justice. Even then, if they are found to be
A. & B. As pr. par. & a. : (See the verb.) contrary to the law of the land, they are null
*byd, * býdde, * byde, v.t. & i. [BID (1), v.] C. As subst. : Building.
and void. A forfeiture imposed by the by-
laws of a corporation
“That tham thoghte that alle the byggynge brake.”
* býd'-dyng, *býd'-dînge, pr. par. & 8.
is enforceable in a
Sege of Melayne (ed. Herrtage), 467. law court. [BURLAW.] (Blackstone : Comment.,
[BID (1).]
bk. i., ch. 18; bk. iii., ch. 9.) Railway com-
* byghe, s. [A.S. beáh, beág = ring, collar,
panies and local boards are allowed to make
* byde, v.i. [BIDE, BID, v.] (Spenser: Shep. diadem.] A crown.
Cal., X.)
bylaws.
“Thy heued hatz nauther greme ne gryste,
On arme other fynger, thaz thou ber byghe."
“Bylaws are orders made in court-leets, or court-
barons, by coinmon assent, for the good of those that
* bydene, * by-dene, * bidene, adv. Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); The Peart, 465-6,
make them, further than the publick law binds." -
[Perhaps from Dut. bij dien =(1) by that,
Cowel.
thereby, (2) forthwith.]
*by-ghyte, s. [BEGET.) (Rob. of Gloucester,
“Bylaws, or ordinances of corporations."-Bacon:
p. 388.)
Hen. VII., 215. (Skeat.)
1. Quickly.
"Doun the bonke con boghe by-dene."
*byg'-lý, a. [BIG, a.] Great, strong.
*byld, v.t. [BUILD.]
The Pearl, 196.
2. At once, besides.
Ear. Eng. Attit. Poems (ed. Morris); The Pearl, 963. [ * bylde, s. [From build, s. (q.v.).] A building.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn, -tion, -sion=shủn; -țion, -şion=zhún. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

764
byle-byssynge
257,16.)
Paru.
0.)
"Quen such ther cnoken on the bylde."
* byrd, v. impers. [Icel. byrja = to behove.] | *bys-ning, s. [Icel. bysn = a prodigy ;
Early Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris): The Pearl, 727.
It behoved, it became.
bysna = to portend.) A monster.
*býle, v.t. [Boil, v.]
"And said, thaim byrd on na maner
"... Yone lustie court will stop or meit,
Dreid thair fais .
To justifie this bysning quhilk blasphemit."
*býle, s. [BOIL, s.]
Barbour : Bruce, vi. 316.
Palice of Honour, ii. 7 (ed. 1579).
byre, s. [Etymology doubtful.] A cow-house.
*by-leeve, s. [BELIEF.] Belief, creed. (Chau-
* bys-om, a. [Bisson.] Blind.
(Scotch.)
“The bysom ledys the blynde."-Reliq. Antiq., il. 238.
cer.)
"... there is not a farmer but shall sing well-a-wa
over a burnt barnyard and an einpty byre."-Scott :
*by-spell, s. '[A.S. bigspell = a parable, story,
*by-leve (1), * by-leue, v.i. [A.S. belifan = |
Rob Roy, ch. xxxii.
fable, comparison, proverb, example. (Bos.
to be left, to remain.] [BELEIF (2), v.] To
worth.)] A proverb.
stay, to remain.
*by-reve, * by-ræfė, v.t. [BEREAVE.]
“The kynge byleues thare still."
* byss, * bisse, s. [From Lat. byssus (q.v.).]
Sege of Melayne (eu. Herrtage), 207.
* byr-law-man, s. [BIRLIEMAN, BURLAW.]
Flaxen or silky-looking cloth.
* by-leve (2), v.t. & i. (BELIEVE.]
* byr-ler, s. [O. Eng. birle= to pour out.]
“ Bisse, fine white, whether it be silk or lynen."--
One who serves out drink, a butler.
Tyndall : Table for Expounding Words in Genesis.
*by-leyn, pa. par. [BELAY, v.]
bỹs-sā'-çě-ods, a. [Mod. Lat. byssaceus, from
* byrn, * byrne, v.t. [BURN (1), v.] To burn.
* byl-len, * bol-lyn, v.t. & i. [From bylle =
(Barbour : Bruce, xvii., 431, 525.)
Lat. byssus (q.v.), and Lat. suffix -aceus.] Di-
bill (1), s.] To peck with the bill.
vided into fine, entangled fibres, like those of
"Bollyn' or jowyn' wythe the bylle as byrdys (byllen * byrn-y, * byrn-ie, s. [BIRNIE.] (Scotch.) wool. Example, the roots of some fungi.
or jobben as bryddys, K. iobbyn with the byl, H. P.) (Barbour : Bruce, 11,352.)
Rostro."-Prompt. Parv.
*bysse, v. [Bizz, v.] (Scotch.) (Doug.: Virg.,
* byl-lerne, s. (BILLURS.)
býr'-rhi-dæ, s. pl. [From Mod. Lat. byrrhus
(q.v.).]
"Byllerne, watyr herbe. Berula, C.F."-Prompt.
* bys-shop-pyng, pr. par. & s. [O. Eng. bys-
Entom. : A family of insects, often termed, shop = bishop. BISHOP, v.)
from their roundish or oval shape, Pill-beetles.
* byl-lyn, v.t. & i. [From bylle = bill (1).]
A. As pr. par.: (See the verb.)
With the Histeridæ, they constitute the tribe
To dig with a mattock.
B. As subst. : Confirmation.
Helocera of the pentamerous Coleoptera.
"Byllyn with mattokys. Ligonizo, marro, Cath." Several genera occur in Britain.
"Bysshoppyng of chyldren, confirmation."-Pals-
Prompt. Parv.
grave.
* by-loke, v.t. [From 0. Eng. prefix by, and
byr'-rhus (yr as ür), s. (From Lat. birrus bỏs'-sī, s. pl. [Lat. byssi, pl. of byssus.]
= a cloak for rainy weather. From Gr. nuppós
loke = to look.] To look after, to take care of.
[BYSSUS.)
(purrhos)=yellow.). 7
"... and before al thyng bad me kepe thys, and
Bot. : A name formerly employed to desig-
faste hit her by-loke."-Sir Ferumbras, 2,127.
Entom. : A genus of beetles, the typical one nate certain cryptogamous plants of low or-
of the family Byrrhidæ. They are nearly
*by-lyn'ne * blinne, * blynne, v.t. [A.S.
ganisation, now separated and ranged according
globose insects, which, when alarmed, pack to their several affinities.
blinnan = to rest, cease, leave off; from blin
their legs away into cavities on the lower part
=rest, intermission.] To delay.
of the body and counterfeit death. Several bys'-sīne, *bys-syn * bis-sen, a. & s.
“They hyeden faste, wold they nought bylynne,
occur in Britain, the best-known being the
İFrom Lat. byssinus, Gr. Búoolvos (bussinos)=
Til they come to the gate, ther Gamelyn was inne."
made of fine flax or linen.] [BYSSUS.]
Chaucer : C.T., 553-4.
Byrrhus pilula, or Pill-beetle.
A. As adjective :
* by-mole, v.t. [Cf. A.S. mâl= a spot, stain.] byr-son'-im-a (yr as ūr), s. (From Gr.
1. Made of fine flax.
Búpoa (bursa) = a hide, and suffix viuos (ni-
To stain, disgrace.
"Shal nevere cheeste bymolen it.”—P. Plow., 8,946. mos) (?).] Of use in tanning.
2. Having a flaxen or silky appearance.
Bot. : A large genus of plants, belonging to B. As subst. : Fine linen. [BIES.]
*bynd, * bynde, * bynden, v.t. [BIND.]
the order Malpighiaceæ (Malpighiads). The
“And it is youun to hir that sche kyuere hir with
"Whatever thou shalt bynde vpon erthe shal be
bark of Byrsonima Cuminghiana, a small tree
white bissyn schynynge, for whi bissyn is iustifiyugis of
bounden and in heuenes.”-Wickliffe : Matt. xvi. 19.
found in Panaina, &c., is used in skin diseases,
seyntis."— Wicliffe (ed. Purvey): Apocal. xix. 8.
* bynd-ynge, pr. par. & s. (BINDING.]
the wood for building purposes, and the small bỹs'-soid, a. [Gr. (1) Búocos (bussos) [Bys-
acid berries are eaten. The bark of B. spicata
SUS], and (2) eldos (eidos) = appearance.]
* by-nempt, pa. par. [BENEME.) Named,
is the Muraxi bark of Brazil, used in that Bot. : Having a fringed appearance, with the
appointed; promised.
country for tanning. A colouring matter from threads or fascicles unequal in length.
*bynge, v.i.. [BEENGE.] (Scotch.)
it is used in the Indies as a dye-stuff; the
berries are eaten, and are said to be good in
bys'-so-līte, s. [In Ger. bissolith; Gr.(1) Biocos
*bynk, s. [BENK.) (Scotch.) (Barbour : Bruce, dysentery. The roots and branches of B. (bussos) [BYSSUS]; and (2) dioos (lithos) = a
vii. 258.)
verbascefolia are used in Brazil and Guiana
stone. Nanied on account of the flaxen ap-
for washing ulcers. (Treas. of Bot.)
pearance of its asbestiform and fibrous
#bynne, prep. [A.S. binnan=within.] Within.
varieties.]
“That the burne bynne borde byhelde the bare erthe."
*byrth, s. [BIRTH.] Size, bulk, burden, bur-
Min.: A variety of Dannemorite (Dana).
Allit. Poems: The Deluge, 452. then. (Scotch.) (Doug. : Virg., 131,27.)
The same as Tremolite (Brit. Mus. Catal.)
* by-nome, * by-no-men, pa. par. [BY-
[DANNEMORITE, TREMOLITE.]
*by-run, * bi-run, a. & s. (Eng. by; run.]
NYME, BENIM.] Taken from or away.
(Scotch.)
* bys-sop, s. [BISHOP.]
"Huntynge or haukynge if any of hem use,
A. As adj.: Past.
"Byssopes and abbates."
Piers Plow, iii., 311-2.
Rob. of Gloucester, p. 376.
"Byrun annuel restand awand."-Aberd. Reg.
for shrewes were bynomen hein so that thei ne
“Birun rent.”—Ibid.
býs'-sús, s. [Lat. byssus ; Gr. Búocos (bussos)=
myghten nat anoyen or don harme to goode men."--
Chaucer : Boethius (ed. Morris), p. 124, 1. 3,527.
(1) a fine yellowish flax; (2) the linen made from
B. As subst. (pl. byrunis): Arrears.
"The Maister or Lord may not recognose the lands
it; Heb.vn] (butz) = fine white linen (1 Chron.
* by-nyme, v.t. [BENIM.] To deprive, to take
for the byrunis of his fermes."-Skene: Index, Reg. XV. 27, &c.); from yaa (butz) = to be white.]
Maj., vo. Maister.
away.
* I. Ord. Lang. : 'Linen.
"... ne fortune may not by-nyme it the, : ."- | *bys, S. & d. [Byss.]
“The line called byssus [is] the fine lawne or tiffanie
Chaucer : Boethius, p. 43, 1. 1,117.
whereof our wives and dames at home set so much
“This wommon woneth by west,
store by for to trim and decke themselves.”-Holland :
* bý'-păs-sîng, S.
Brihtest vnder bys.”
(Eng. by; passing. ]
Plinie, bk. xix. ch. 1.
Specimens of Lyric Poetry: A Plea for Pity, 87-8.
(Scotch.) Lapse.
II. Technically :
"And giff they faill at the bypassing of everie ane of * bysch'-op-hood, s. [BISHOPHOOD
1. Zool. : The flaxen or silky-looking fibres
the saidis termes, to denunce and eschete."-Act: Ja,
VI., 1621 (ed. 1814), p. 603.
by which molluscs of the genus Pinna and the
“Of the ordinaunce of byschophood."-Wickliffe: 1
Tim., Prologue.
family Mytilidæ attach themselves to rocks,
*byp'-ti-çit, pa. par. [BAPTIZED.) (Scotch.) | bys'-im, * bis'-some, * bús'-some, * bw'-
stones, or other bodies.
(Houlate, ii. 4, MS.) (Jamieson.)
some, s. [BESOM.]
“Pinna L... Foot elongated, grooved, spinning a
powerful byssus, attacked by large triple muscles to
*by-quide, s. [BEQUEST.] (Rob. of Gloucester,
1. (Of the last three forms):
the centre of each valve.... The byssus has sometimes
been mixed with silk, spun, and knitted into gloves,
p. 384.)
(1) Anything shaped like a besom or broom, &c."-Woodward : Man. of the Mollusca (1851), p. 264.
spec., a comet.
2. Bot. : The stipes of certain fungi. [BYSSI.]
* byr, s. [BUR (t).]
"... A comet of that kind which the Astronomers
* 3. Min. : An old name for asbestos.
call kwyov, the vulgars a firie Bissome, shined the
by'r (pron. būr), prep. & pron. [Contraction whole months of November, December, and January."
for by our.] A word or words used only in
* bys-sym, s. [BYSYM.]
-Spotswood, p. 94.
the subjoined phrase.
"It was callit, The fyrey Bussome."-Knox: Hist.,
p. 92. M.S., i., bwsome. (Jamieson.)
* bys-syn * bys-yyn, v.t. [Etym. doubtful.
By'r lakin : By our lady (i.e., by our lady (2) A woman of bad character (contemptu-
Perhaps from the noise made.] To lull asleep,
kin.)
"By'r takin, a parlous fear."
ously).
to soothe. (Prompt. Parv.)
Shakesp. : Mid. Night's Dream, iii. 1. 2. (Of the form bysim): A woman of bad * bys-synge, * bys-ying, pr. par. & S.
* by-rad, pret. of v. [AS. redan = to advise,
character (contemptuously).
[BYSSYN, v.]
determine.] Determined, resolved, self-ad * by-skorne, s. 10. Eng. by, and skorne =
A. As present participle : Lulling, designed
vised.
scorn.] A disgrace.
to lull, soothing.
" Anon he was by-rad,
To werk that he hem lad
Byssynge songys: Lullabies, cradle songs.
"Broghte to byskorne and bysmere.”—Trevisa, i. 179.
For nyht nolde he nout wonde.”
"Byssynge songys (byssing, H.). Fascinnina, C. F.
Spec. of Lyric Poetry, Parable of the Labourers, 22-4. 1 *bys-mare, * bys-mere, s. [BISMARE.] nenia, Cath."-Prompt. Parv.
* byrche, s. [BIRCH.]
*by-smot-er-ud, a. (BESMOTRED.) (0. Eng.)
B. As substantive : The act of lulling.
"Byrche, tre. Lentiscus, cinus."-Prompt. Parv. | Smutted. (Chaucer : C. T., 76.)
"Byssynge of chyldrne (bysying, H.). Sopicio, C.F."
-Prompt. Parv.
His boste of his benefys worth bunome hvm after."
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hếr, thêre; pīne, pît, sīre, sír, marîne; gó, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, son; müte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian, æ, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu=kw.

bystad-C dur
765
A list of words in which by is a prefix
has been given in page 763, column 1. The
following more simple words have the modern
spelling bi, at which they may be found :
– Examples : * bycche, * bycke (= bitch),
* byde, * byge (=big), * byke, * bykere, s.
(= bicker, s.), * bykker, * bykkir, * byker,
* bykkyr, v. (= bicker, v.); * byl, * bylle
(= bili), bynde, s. (= bind), * bynge, s. (=
bing (2), s.), * byrde (= bird), * byrk (= birk)
(Scotch), * byrle (= birl, 1), * byrthe, * byschop
= bishop), * byschypryche (= bishopric), * bys-
me (= bism, Scotch), * bysqwyte (= biscuit),
* bysshope (= bishop), *bysshoperike (= bi-
shopric), *byte = bite), *bytt bit, s.),
* byttyr (= bitter), * bytterly (= bitterly),
* byttyrnesse. (- bitterness), * byttyrswete &
bitter-sweet), "* bytyn (= bite), * bytynge (=
biting).
(2) A very few others are found with the
spelling be. Examples—* bynggere (=ben-
ger), * bytylle (= beetle).
(3) Sometimes the old by becomes bu in a
modern word. Examples—* hyrdune, * byrdene
(= burden), * byryete (= burial),* byrgyn,
byryyn (= bury), * byryyd (= buried), * bys-
chelle *bysshei" (= bushel), * bysy (= busy),
bysily (= busily), * bysinesse (= business).
* by-stad, pa. par. [BESTAD, BESTEAD.]
Situated.
“As men that ben hungry, and mow no mete fynde,
And ben harde bystad under woode lynde."
Chaucer : C. T., 669-70.
by-stånd-ēr, s. [Eng. by = near; stand, v. ;
and suff. -er.] One standing near when any-
thing is being done; an onlooker, a spectator,
as opposed to an actor in any event.
"This dastardly outrage roused the indignation of
the bystanders.”—Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. iv.
*by-stole, pa. par. [Eng. pref, bi, and stole =
stolen.] [STEAL.] Stolen, escaped.
"An now compth on of hem prykypg,
Fram the othre y-sent to Charlis kyng,
And ys by-stole awaye."
Sir Ferumbras (ed. Herrtage), p. 121, 3,875-76.
* by-stride, v.t. [BESTRIDE.]
"He stede bystrod."
*** R. Cour de Lion, 475.
*by-sulpe, v.t. (From 0. Eng. prefix by,
and 0. Eng. sulp, sulpe, sulúe = to defile, to
soil; M. H. Ger. besulwen; Provinc. Ger.
sulpern = to defile (Morris).] To defile.
"The venym and the vylanye and the vycios fylthe,
That by-sulpez mannez saule in vnsounde hert."
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness, 574-5.
* bys-y-hede, s. [From 0. Eng. bysy = busy,
and suff. -hede = suff. -hood.] “Busyhood,”
continual care.
"Vor zothe yef he hym a lyte of his bysyhede wyth-
draghth."-Dan Michel of Northgate : Sermon on
Matthew xxiv. 43.
* bys-ym, * bys-sym, s. [Cf. Dan. busse-
mande = a bugbear.] A monster. (Scotch.)
"He said, 'Allace, I am lost, lathest of all,
Bysym in bale best.'”
Houlute, iii. 25, MS. (Jamieson.)
* byt (1), 3 pers. sing. pres. indic. of v. [BYD,
BID.] Bids. (Chaucer.)
*byt (2), byt-en, v. (BITE, v.]
* byt, s. [BITE, s.]
* by-taughte, * bý-taghte, * by-taht,
pret. of v. [BETAUGHT, pret. of 0. Eng. betech.)
* byte, d. [From A.S. bita = a biter, a fierce
animal, a wild beast.] Fierce.
“Thy prayer may hys pyte byte,
That mercy schal hyr craftez kythe."
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris): Pearl, 355-6.
* by-thenk, 2.. [BETHINK.) To repent.
(Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Clean-
ness, 582.)
* by-tokne, v.t. & i. (BETOKEN.)
* by-tok-nyng, s. [BYTOKNE.) A token.
“In bytoknyng of trawthe, bi tytle that hit habbez."
Sir Gaw. & the Gr. Knight, 626.
*by-toure, s. (BITTERN.) A bittern. (Chaucer.)
bý-town-īte, s. [From Bytown, in Canada,
where it was first found ; suff. -ite (Min.)
(q.v.).]
Min.: A variety of Anorthite (q.v.). It is
a greenish-white mineral resembling felspar.
bytt-në'r-1-a, bútt-në'r-1-a, 8. [Named
after David Sigismond Augustus Büttner,
professor of botany at Göttingen, who pub-
lished a botanical work in 1750.)
Bot.: A genus of plants constituting the
typical one of the order Byttneria ceæ (q.v.).
The species are curious rather than ornamental
herbaceous plants.
bytt-nër-1-ā'-çě-æ, bútt-nër-1-ā-
çě-2, s. pl. [From Mod. Lat. byttneria
(q.v.).]
Bot. : An order of plants placed by Lindley
under his Twenty-eighth or Malval alliance.
They resemble the Sterculiads, to which they
are allied in having two-celled anthers, and
in other respects, but differ in having a part
of the stamens sterile and small petals bagged
at the base. The species mostly come from
the West Indies, a few are East Indian or
Australian, and one is from Persia. In 1845
Lindley estimated the known species at 400.
* byt-ylle, s. [BEETLE.]
“Bytylle, worme. Buboscus."-Prompt. Parv.
bý-wāy, * bī'-wey, s. [Eng. by, and way.]
1. Lit. : A secluded or unfrequented way;
a way aside from the main one.-
"Night stealths are commonly driven in by-ways,
and by blind fords, unused of any but such like." -
Spenser : On Ireland.
2. Fig.: A secret method of doing any-
thing ; an unavowed aim or purpose, or
method of reaching an object.
"A servant, or a favourite, if he be in want, and no
other apparent cause of esteem, is commonly thought
but a by-way to close corruption."-Bacon.
* by-welde, vit. [BEWIELD.) To wield one's
self, i.e., to have free and full power over
one's self.
" And at leysere hom ageyn resorte,
Whan he myght bywelde hym at his large."
John Lydgate (B): The Storie of Thebes, 1,366-7.
* by-went, a. [Eng. by=past, and went.)
Of time : Bygone, past:
“Considder of Romanis, in all their time by-went.”
Bellend : Prol. T. Liv., vi.
* by-weve, v.t. [A.S. biwevan.) [BEWEVE.]
To entwiné, to inlay. (Rowland & Ottuell, ed.
Herrtage, 1,202.)
bý'-wõrd, * bī'-wõrd, s. [Eng. by; word.]
1. A common saying, a proverb. (Generally
in a bad sense.)
.a mere byword of contempt."- Macaulay:
Hlist. Eng. ch. xvi.
2. The object of such a saying, the indi-
vidual whose speech or action has originated
or given currency to the common saying.
“And now am I their song, yea, I am their byword."
-Job xxx. 9.
* byye, * bý'-ýn, v.t. [BUY, v.]
* bý-ynge, pr. par. [BUYING.)
bý-ză'nt, s. (BEZANT.]
Bý-zăn-tian, a. [Lat. &c. Byzanti(um) = the
city (BYZANTINE), and suff. -an.). Pertaining
to Byzantium.
Býz-an-tīne, By-zăn-tīne, a. & s. [In
Ger. byzantinisch, Fr. byzantin; Lat. Byzan-
tinus. From Lat. Byzantium; Gr. Bučávrlov
(Buzantion) = Byzantium. From a probably
mythic Byzas, a Megarian, said to have been
its founder.]
A. As adj.: Pertaining to Byzantium, a
Doric-Greek city on the European side of the
Bosphorus, alleged to have arisen about B.C.
656. A new and more magnificent quarter,
added by Constantine between A.D. 328 and
330, was called Constantinople, and occupied
the site of part of the modern Turkish city.
(1) Byzantine architecture:
Arch.: The style of architecture prevalent
at Byzantium whilst it was the capital of the
Greek empire in the East. The Byzantine
churches are usually built in the form of a
Greek cross, the centre being covered by a
large cupola, and the four arms or projections
by semicupolas. The arches are generally
semicircular, but sometimes segmental or
horse-shoe shaped. The capitals, which
taper downwards, are square blocks, or-
namented with foliage or with basket-work.
The masonry is varied by horizontal and some-
times by vertical lines of bricks, besides which
tiles, arranged so as to constitute the Greek
letter gamma, or other figures, are often found
on the exterior of the building. Interiorly,
there is fine Mosaic ornamentation. The
mouldings, which have a bold projection, with
the angles rounded off, are ornamented with
foliage, and sometimes also with morocco or
painting. A zigzag ornament, with stiff foliage,
may be seen under the eaves and elsewhere.
The apse is continually present. The Byzan-
tine style of architecture has been divided into
three periods-the first from the time of Con-
stantine to that of Justinian in the middle of
the sixth century; the second extends to the
eleventh century, and the third to the con-
quest of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453.
Hew specimens of the first period remain ;
many of the second and third do so, the
former being considered pure Byzantine, the
latter Byzantine mingled with Italian, from
the influence produced by Venice. (See Gloss.
of Architecture (Oxford, 1845.)]
(2) Byzantine historians :
Hist. : Numerous historians proper, and
chroniclers who lived in the Byzantine empire
between the fourth and fifteenth centuries
A.D., and wrote its history. The most cele-
brated was Procopius, of Cæsarea.
B. As -subst. : The same as bezant, bizant,
byzant. [BEZANT.]
If any obsolete words have been omitted
in by, their modern spelling will probably be
found at bi, be, or bu.
| C. In Anglo-Saxon was taken directly from the
Latin alphabet, the source, it is believed,
whence it has passed into various languages.
In English words immediately derived from
Anglo-Saxon, the c of the Anglo-Saxon often
becomes k in English, as A.S. cyng = Eng.
king; A.S. cyn = Eng. kin, or kindred. Some-
times the A.S. c becomes q in English, as
A.S. cwen = Eng. queen. At others it is
changed into ch, as A.S. cild = Eng. child.
(See Bosworth : A.S. Dict.) In Modern Eng-
lish c has two leading values. Before i
and e it is sounded as s (examples : certain,
cincture), and before a, o, and ū as k (exam-
ples : cat, cost, curtly). It is mute before k,
as trick.
C. As an initial is used :
1. In Chronol. : Chiefly for Christ, as B.C.
= (Before Christ).
In the ambiguous letters A.C., C may be
(1) Christ, and A.C. = After Christ. Or it may
be (2) Christuin, and A.C. = ante Christum,
before Christ; or (3) Christi, and A.C. = Anno
Christi. See also A as an initial.
2. In Music: For counter-tenor or con-
tralto.
3. In University degrees: For Civil, as D.C.L.
= Doctor of Civil Laws.
4. In Cricket Scores : For“ caught by."
C. As a symbol is used :
1. In Numer.: For 100. Thus CII is = 102,
CC = 200, CCC = 300, CCCC = 400.
- C in this case is the initial of Lat. centum
= 100.
2. In Chem. : For the element carbon, of
which it is also the initial letter.
3. In Music:
(1) For the first note of the diatonic scale,
corresponding to do of the Italians.
(2) For the natural major mode, that in
which no sharps or flats are employed.
(3) For common or four-crotchet time.
4. In Biblical Criticism : For the Ephraem
manuscript of the Greek New Testament, A
being the Alexandrian manuscript, B the
Vatican manuscript, D the manuscript of
Beza, and x (A in Heb.) the Sinaitic manu-
script. [CODEX.]
C barré. [Fr.)
Music: The term for the time indicator.
C with a dash through it. (Stainer & Barrett.)
C clef. [Fr.]
Music: The clef showing the position of
middle C, in which are written the alto, tenor,
and in old music) other parts. (Stainer &
Barrett.)
C dur. [Ger.]
Music: C major. (Stainer & Barrett.)
bóìl, boy; pout, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion = shŭn; -ţion, -şion = zhún. -cious, -tious, -sious = shús. -ble, -dle, &c. = bel, del.

766
ca'-cabbage
ca' (1), v.t. [CALL.] To call. (Scotch.)
“It's unco' silly-the neighbours ca' me a Jacobite-
but they may say their say, ..."-Scott: Waverley,
ch. lxiii.
ca' (2), v.t. [CATCH.) To drive. (Scotch.)
.. and the young lads haena wit eneugh to ca'
the cat frae the cream."-Scott: Rob Roy, ch. xxxiv.
Ca' the shuttle : Scotch for drive the shuttle.
“... it suld be done and said unto him, even if he
were a puir ca' the shuttle body."-Scott : Rob Roy,
ch. xxvi.
ca’(1), s. [CALL.] A motion, direction. (Scotch.)
Ca' o' the water : The motion of the
waves as driven by the wind, as the ca' o' the
water is west = the waves drive towards the
west. (Jamieson.)
ca' (2), s. (Caw.]
ca'-throw, s.
1. Disturbance. (Scott.)
2. Prevention. (Scott.)
Ca.
Chem.: The symbol for the element calcium.
* ca, * co, * coo, * ka, * kaa, * koo, s.
[A.S. cea; O. H.Ger. caha; Dan. kaa ; Sw.
kaja.] A crow or chough, a jackdaw. (CAD-
DOW.]
“A ka. Monedula."-Cath, Angl. in Prompt. Parv.
ca'-=-bą, ka'-=-bą, ka’-a-bah, ka-bah',
S. [Arab. ka'bah = a square building; ka'b =
a cube.] The Mohammedan temple at Mecca,
especially a small cubical oratory within,
adored by Mohammedans as containing the
black stone said to have been given by an
angel to Abraham. (Webster.) The Kaabah is
described by Lieut. Burton, who visited Mecca
disguised as a Mussulman pilgrim, as an
oblong massive structure, eighteen paces in
length, fourteen in breadth, and from thirty-
five to forty feet in height. It was entirely
rebuilt in A.D. 1627. It is of grey Mecca stone in
large blocks of different sizes, joined together
in a very rough manner with bad cement.
câ'-am, s. [Wel. cawnen =a reed; cawn =
reeds, stalks.]
Weaving: The weaver's reed; the sley or
slaie.
câ'-am-ing, s. [From Technical Eng. caam
(q.v.).] The setting of the reed by the dis-
posing of the warp threads. (Knight.)
* caas (1), s. [CASE (1).] (Chaucer.)
* caas (2), s. [CASE (2).] (Chaucer.)
ca-a-ti-gua, s. [Native name.] A Brazilian
name for a plant, the Moschoxylon catigua, a
plant of the Meliaceæ or Meliad order. It
dyes leather bright yellow.
că b (1), s. [Contracted from cabriolet (q.v.).]
1. A covered public carriage having two or
four wheels, and drawn by one horse. Cabs
were first used for hire in London in 1823.
In a Hansom cab the driver's seat is be-
hind, not in front.
2. The covered part in front of a locomo-
tive which protects the engineer and fireman,
and shields the levers, &c.
Obvious compounds : Cab-driver, cab-fare,
cab-horse, cab-man, cab-stand, &c.
cab-boy, s. A page who stands behind a
cab.
“As at that time I was chiefly occupied with the
desire of making as perfect a stud as my fortune would
allow, I sent my cab-boy (vulgo Tiger) to inquire of the
groom whether the horse was to be sold, and to whom
it belonged."-Sir E. L. Bulwer: Pelham, ch. xlv.
că b (2), s. (Heb. 22 (qab) = a hollow or con-
cave (vessel); from 22 (quabab)= to render
hollow.] A Jewish measure of capacity, men-
tioned only in 2 Kings vi. 25. The Rabbins
make it th of a seah or satum, and th of an
ephah. If so then it would be 2 pints of
British corn measure, or 3} pints of wine
measure.
"... an ass's head was sold for fourscore pieces of
silver, and the fourth part of a cab of dove's dung for
five pieces of silver.”—2 Kings vi. 25.
căb, v.t. [CAB (1), s.] To travel in a cab, as
in the popular phrase, “Do you mean to cab
club or society. Cognate with Heb. cabala
and, perhaps, Eng. cavil (q.v.).]
1. A small number of persons closely united
for some purpose, and not making their pro-
ceedings public. At first not necessarily in a
bad sense.
..“She often interposed her royal authority to break
the cabals which were forming against her first
ministers."-Addison.
2. A junto, a small number of persons in
secret conclave carrying out their purposes in
Church and State by intrigue and trickery.
This bad sense was acquired in the time of
Charles II. (See the example.)
"During some years the word cabal was popularly
used as synonymous with cabinet. But it happened
by a whimsical coincidence that in 1671, the Cabinet
consisted of five persons, the initial letters of whose
names made up the word cabal, Clifford, Arlington,
Buckingham, Ashley, and Lauderdale. These minis-
ters were therefore emphatically called the Cabal: and
they soon made the appellation so infamous that it
has never since their time been used except as a term
of reproach."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng. ch. ii.
“In dark cabals and nightly juntos met."
Thomson: Castle of Indolence, i. 54.
3. Intrigues, secret machinations.
“The numerous members of the House of Commons
who were in town, having their time on their hands,
formed cabals, and heated themselves and each other
by murmuring at his partiality for the country of his
birth.”—Macaulay: Āist. Eng., ch. xxiv.
ca-băi'. v.i. 'In Ger. cabaliren; Fr. cabaler.]
To join a cabai, to intrigue secretly with others
in the hope of gaining some coveted object or
end.
"... that the men who held those offices were
perpetually_caballing against each other."- Macau-
lay: Hist. Eng. ch. XX.
căb'-a-la, căb'-bal-ah, kăb'-bal-ah,
S. [In Ger. cabbala; Fr. & Ital. cabala; alí
from Heb.ikan (qabala) = (1) reception, (2)
a doctrine derived from oral tradition ; Sar?
(qibbel), piel of an obsolete root 2? (qabal)
= to receive, to accept a doctrine.]
1. Historically: A system of Jewish theo-
sophy, bearing a certain similarity to Neo-
Platonism. Its founders are considered by
Dr. Ginsburg to have been Isaac the Blind
and his disciples Ezra and Azariel of Zerona,
who flourished between A.D. 1200 and 1230.
It was designed to oppose the philosophical
system of Maimonides. The cabala repre-
sented God, called Fid 98 (Ain Soph), meaning
Without End or Boundless, as being utterly
inconceivable. He has become known, how-
ever, by means of ten intelligences, named
Crown, Wisdom, Intelligence, Love, Justice,
&c., whom he has brought into being, and by
whom he created and now governs the world.
2. Popularly: An occult systein of doctrine,
something hopelessly mystical and unintelli-
gible.
“Eager he read whatever tells
Of magic, cabala, and spells,
And every dark pursuit allied.”
Scott: Lady of the Lake, iii. 6.
căb'-al-ışm, căb'-bal-ışm, 8. [Eng. cab-
alla); -ism. In Ger. cabbalism.] The system
of Jewish belief called cabala (q.v.).
"Vigorous impressions of spirit, extasies, pretty
allegories, parables, cabbalisms."-Spencer on Prodi-
gies, p. 287.
căb'-al-ist, s. [Eng. cabal(a); -ist. In Ger.
cabbalist; Fr. cabaliste ; Ital. cabalista. ]
1. One who professes acquaintance with and
faith in the Jewish mystic doctrines of the
Cabala.
"Not thine, immortal Neufgermain !
Cost studious cabalists more time." Swift.
+2. A factor or broker in French com-
merce. (Wharton.)
căb-a-lis-tic, * căb-a-lisº-tích, cắb-a-
list'-1-cal, a. [Eng. cabalist ; -ic, -ical. In
Ger. cabbalistisch; Fr. cabalistique ; Ital. caba-
listico. )
1. Pertaining to the cabala.
2. Mystical, mysterious, occult; hard to be
understood, like the cabala.
"The letters are cabalistical, and carry more in
them than it is proper for the world to be acquainted
with."-Addison.
"He taught him to repeat two caballistick words, in
pronouncing of which the whole secret consisted.”
Spectator.
*căb-a-li'st-i-cal-ly, adv. [Eng.cabalistical;
-ty.] After the manner of the cabala ; in an
occult manner; mystically, unintelligibly.
“Rabbi Elias-from the first verse of the first
chapter of Genesis, where the letter aleph is six times
found, cabalistically concludes that the world shall
endure just six thousand years ; aleph in computation
standing for a thousand."-Sir T. Herbert : Travels,
p. 123.
* că'b-a-līze, * căb'-bal-īze, v.i. [Eng. ca-
balla); -ize.] To speak, write, or believe like
a cabalist.
"Here St. John seems to cabbalize, as in several
places of the Apocalypse, that is, to speak in the lan-
guage of the learned of the Jews.”—More : Myst. of
Godliness, i. 8.
t ca-băl-ler, s. [Eng. cabal ; -er. In Fr. ca-
baleur.] One who joins in a cabal ; one who
secretly intrigues with others to gain a certain
end.
“Cautious in the field, he shunn'd the sword,
A close caballer, and tongue-valiaut lord.”
Dryden.
t căb'-al-līne, a. [From Lat. caballinus = per-
taining to a horse ; caballus = a pack-horse, a
nag, a pony; Gr. kabádans (kaballēs) = a nag.
Cf. also Sp. caballo; Ital. cavallo; Fr. cheval
= a horse ; cavale = a mare; Ir. capall ; Rus.
kobila, kobiela = a mare.) Pertaining to a
horse.
Caballine Aloes : Horse Aloes (Aloe caballina).
[ALOES.]
ca-băl'-lựng, pres. par. & a. [CABAL, v.]
Joining a cabal, intriguing secretly with others.
“What those caballing captains may design
I must prevent, by being first in action." Dryden.
*ca-băl'-list, s. [Eng. cabal ; -ist.] One who
cabals, a caballer, intriguer.
"We now see plainly that the caballists of this
business have, with great prudence, reserved them.
selves until due preparations should be made for their
design."-King Charles I.'s Answer to Propositions
by both Houses of Parliament, ed. 1642, p. 11.
*ca-ban, * ca-bane, s. [CABIN.]
că'b-a-ret, s. (Fr.) A public-house, an ale-
house.
".... passing by some cabaret or tennis-court
where his comrades were drinking or playing ..."-
Bramhall against Hobbes.
* ca’-barr, s. [GABERT.] (Scotch.) A lighter.
(Spalding.)
ca-bă's-sou, s. [French.) A French name
for a mammal, the Giant Tatoa, or Armadillo
(Dasypus giganteus). It is the largest of the
Armadillos, being sometimes three feet long
without the tail.
cab-back, s. [KEBBUCK.) (Scotch.)
căb'-bage (1), *căb'-age (age as ig),
* căb'-bysshe, * căb-bìdge, s. [O. Fr.
choux cabus =a cabbidge (Cotgrave); O. Fr.
cabus, cabuce = round-headed, great-headed.
Indirectly from Lat. caput = head; Ital. ca-
puccio = a little head; latugga-capuccia =
cabbage-lettuce. (Skeat.).]
1. Gardening: Specially those garden varie-
ties of the Brassica oleracea which have plain
leaves and “hearts,” but sometimes employed
in a more general sense for the genus Brassica
itself.
"Good worts! good cabbage." - Shakesp. : Merry
Wives of Windsor, i. 1.
“The leaves are large, fleshy, and of a glaucous
colour: the flowers consist of four leaves, which are
succeeded by long taper pods, containing several round
acrid seeds. The species are, cabbage. Savoy cabbage.
Broccole. The cauliflower. The musk cabbage.
Branching tree cabbage from the sea-coast. Colewort.
Perennial Alpine colewort. Perfoliated wild cabbage,
&c."-Miller."
2. Ordinary Language :
(1) In the same sense as 1.
(2) The huge terminal bud of some palm
trees.
“Their 'cabbage' (that of the trees of Saguerus
saccharifer) is moreover eatable, like that of the West
Indiau Cabbage-palm (Areca oleracea), whose hugo
terminal bud is known by this name.”-Lindley: Veg.
King. (ed. 1853), 137.
Brazil Cabbage: An aroid plant, Caladium
sagittifolium.
Dog's cabbage: A plant-the Thelugonum
Cynocrambe which belongs either to the
Chenopodiadaceæ or the Urticaceæ. Though
subacid and somewhat purgative it is occa-
sionally used as a potherb.
St. Patrick's Cabbage : One of the names of
the Saxifraga umbrosa, the London-pride, or
“None-so-pretty," called St. Patrick's, be-
cause it is a native of Ireland.
The Skunk Cabbage: An orontiaceous plant,
the Symplocarpus fætidus.
I See also Sea-cabbage.
cabbage-bark, s. Bark resembling cab-
it?"
bage.
* cab-age, s. [CABBAGE.]
ca-băl', s. [In Ger. cabala; Fr. cabale = a
Cabbage-bark tree : The Worm-bark, Andira
inermis, a leguminous plant of the sub-order
Cæsalpiniece.
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fàll, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hěr, thêre; pīne, pît, sïre, sír, marine; gõ, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sõn; māte, cŭb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, fúll; try, Sýrian. ®, ce=ē; ey=ā. qu=kw.

cabbage-cabinet
767
"I'll make you feed on berries and on roots,
And feed on curds and whey, and suck the goat,
And cabin in a cave."
Shakesp. : Titus Andron., iv. 2.
II. Trans. : To confine closely, as in a cabin
or cell. (Lit. & fig.)
"They feel themselves in a state of thraldom, they
imagine that their souls are cooped and cabined in,
unless they have some man or some body of men de.
pendent on their mercy."-Burke: Speech at Bristol in
1780.
cabbage-beetle, s. [CABBAGE-FLEA.]
cabbage-butterfly, s. (1) Pontia bras-
sicce, + (2) P. Rapce.
cabbage-eater, s. He who or that
which eats cabbage.
“Lymnocharis, one who loves the lake.
Crambophagus, cabbage-eater."
Pope : Battle of the Frogs and Mice. (Names of the
Mice.)
cabbage-flea, s.
Entom. : The name sometimes given to a
small leaping beetle, the Altica, or Haltica
consobrina, the larvæ of which destroy seed-
ling cabbages, as those of the allied species,
A. nemorum, do young turnips.] [ALTICA.]
cabbage flower, s. The flower of the
cabbage.
“Yet the pistil of each cabbage-flower is surrounded
not only by its own six stamens, but by those of the
many other flowers on the same plant.” – Darwin:
Origin of Species (ed. 1859), ch. iv., p. 99.
cabbage-lettuce, s. A variety of let-
tuce, with leaves forming a low, full head like
a cabbage.
cabbage-moth, s. A moth of the family
Noctuidæ (Mamestra brassicce).
cabbage-net, s. A small net to boil
cabbage in.
cabbage-palm, s. [CABBAGE-TREE.]
"Here the woods were ornamented by the cabbage-
palm, one of the most beautiful of its family."-Dar-
win : Voyage Round the World, ed. 1870, ch. ii., p. 25.
cabbage-rose, s. The Rosa centifolia.
... one of which afforded a most accurate if not
picturesque view of Margate, while the other glowed
with a huge wreath of cabbage-roses and jonquils."-
Disraeli : Henrietta Temple, bk. vi., ch. x.
cabbage-tree, s.
1. The English name for the palm-genus
Areca, and specially for the A. oleracea, the
cabbage-palm of the West Indies. It is so
called because the bud at the top of its stem
is like a cabbage, and the inner leaves which
form this bud are eaten like the vegetable now
mentioned, though the removal of its bud
for the sake of these leaves is the destruction
of the magnificent tree.
2. A garden name for Kleinia nervifolia, a
composite plant.
Australian cabbage-tree : A palm-tree-the
Corypha australis. Its leaves are made into
hats, baskets, &c.
Bastard Cabbage-tree: Andira inermis, a
leguminous plant. of the sub-order Cæsal- .
pinieæ.
cabbage-wood, s.
1. Eriodendron anfractuosum, a tree be-
longing to the Bombaceæ, a family of the
Sterculiaceæ, or Sterculiads. ..
2. The wood of the cabbage-tree.
"Cabbagewood ... is sometimes used in ornamental
furniture ; but does not answer very well, as the ends
of the fibres are too hard and the medullary part is too
soft for holding glue. The surface is, also, very diffi.
cult to polish, and cannot be preserved without
varnish. The trunk, after the centre part is rotted
out, forms a durable waterpipe."-Waterston : Cyclo-
pædia of Commerce.
cabbage-worm, s.
Entom. : The caterpillar, or larva of several
species of moths or butterflies, especially that
of the Pontia, or Pieris brassicce, which attacks
cabbages. (CABBAGE BUTTERFLY.]
căb'-bage (age as įg) (2), s. [Fr. cabas = a
basket.] Cant word for the shreds and clip-
pings made by tailors.
“For as tailors preserve their cabbage,
So squires take care of bag and baggage."
Second part of Hudibras (spurious), p. 56 : 1663.
căb'-bage (age as iġ) (1), cab’-bidge, v.i.
[From the substantive.] To form a head like
that of the cabbage.
“Cabusser, to cabbidge; to grow to a head, or grow
round and close together as a cabbage."-Cotgrave.
“To make lettuce cabbage, they transplant it, taking
care during the great heats to water it; otherwise, in-
stead of poming, it runs to seed."-Rees : Cyclopædia.
căb'-bage (age as ig) (2), v.t. [Fr. cabasser
=to put into a basket; cabas = a basket.]
A cant term among tailors : To steal a portion
of the cloth used when a tailor is cutting out
some article of dress.
" Your taylor, instead of shreads, cabbages whole
yards of cloth."- Arbuthnot.
căb'-baged (age as iġ), pa. par. & a. [CAB-
BAGE, v.]
căb'-bag-ing (ag as ig), pr. par. & s. [CAB-
BAGE, v.]
A. As pr. par. : (See the verb.)
B. As subst. : The act or process of forming
a head like that of the cabbage.
“Cabbaging, among gardeners, is sometimes used to
denote the knitting and gathering of certain potherbs
into round bunched heads : in which case it amounts
to the same with what Evelyn calls poming, pommer,
q.d. appling or growing applewise."-Rees : Cyclopædia.
căb'-ba-lą, s. [CABALA.]
că b'-ble, v.t. [Contracted from scabble (q.v.)
(?).] To break up into pieces. [CABBLING.]
că b'-bled, pa. par. & d. [CABBLE, V.]
căb'-blēr, s. [CABBLE.] One who breaks up
the iron in the process of cabbling.
căb'-bling, pr. par. & s. [CABBLE, v.]
A. As pr. par. : (See the verb.)
B. As substantive :
Metal. : A term among metallurgists in
Gloucestershire, also called “scabbling."
“Finery,” that is the cast or pig iron, after it
has been subjected to the influence of the re-
finery, is smelted with charcoal ; it is then
worked up with iron bars into a large ball of
2—2} cwt., which is afterwards hammered
into a flat oval from 2—4 inches thick; this
is allowed to cool, and then the process of
cabbling commences, which is simply breaking
up this flat iron into small pieces. These
pieces are again heated almost to fusion,
hammered, and drawn out into bar-iron.
ca-bē'-cą, s. [Port. cabeca.]
Fabrics : The finest kinds of India silk, as
distinguished from the bariga, or inferior kind;
cabesse. (Simmonds.)
* ca-bel, s. [CABLE].
ca'-beld, pa. par. [CABLED.) (Scotch.)
cā'-běr, s. (CABIR.]
*1. A rafter, a joist.
2. A long pole. (Used specially in the
game of tossing the caber.)
ca-bë'r-ě-a, s. [Etymology unknown.) A
genus of Infundibulate Polyzoa (Bryozoa) of
the sub-order Cheilostomata, and family
Cabereadæ. There is but one British species,
C. Hookeri.
cą-bër-ě'-a-dæ, s. [Cabere(a); fem. pl. suff.
-adce.] A family of Infundibulate Polyzoa,
distinguished by the unjointed polypidom, the
narrow branches, the cells in two or more rows,
with vibracula (whips) or sessile aviculariæ at
the back. There are two genera, one of which,
Caberea, is British. (Griffith & Henfrey.)
căb'-1-āi, s. [Brazilian cabiai.] Buffon's name
for a South American mammal-the Capybara.
[HYDROCHÆRUS CAPYBARA.]
căb'-in, *cab-an, * cab-ane, s. [Fr. ca-
bane; Wel., Ir., & Gael. caban =a booth,
cabin, dimin. of cab = a booth.]
1. A little hut or house; a small cottage.
" Caban, lytylle howse."-Prompt. Parv.
“Orope into a cabane."-P. Plowman, 1,739.
“... on the south side of the ford were a few mud
cabins, and a single house built of more solid ma-
terials.”—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi.
2. Any temporary shelter or dwelling-place.
“Some of green boughs their slender cabins frame,
Some lodged were Tortosa's streets about."
Fairfax.
* 3. A little room. [CABINET.]
"So long in secret cabin there he held
Her captive to his sensual desire.”
Spenser.
4. A compartment or small room in a ship.
“Give thanks you have lived so long, and make
yourself ready in your cabin for the mischance of the
hour, if it so hap."-Shakesp. : Tenpest, i. 1.
"Men may not expect the use of many cabins, and
safety at once, in the sea service."--Raleigh.
cabin-boy, s. A boy whose office it is to
attend in the cabin or elsewhere on the officers
of a ship.
.. two weatherbeaten old seamen who had risen
from being cabin-boys to be admirals.”—Macaulay :
Hist. Eng., ch. xv.
* cabin-mate, s. One who shares the
same cabin with another.
"His cabin-mate, I'll assure ye."
Beaum. and Fl. : Sea-Voyage.
* că b'-in, v.i. & t. [From cabin, s.)
I. Intrans. : To live in a cabin, or in some
similarly humble dwelling.
căb'-ined, pa. par. & a. [CABIN, v.]
+ A. As pa. par. : Confined closely, as in a
cabin or small cell.
" I'm cabin'd, cribb'd, confin'd, bound in,
To saucy doubts and fears."
Shakesp.: Macbeth, iii. 4.
* Though from our birth the faculty divine
Is chain'd and tortured-cabin'd, cribb'd, confined,
And bred in darkness."
Byron: Childe Harold, iv. 127.
B. As adjective:
1. Containing or furnished with cabins.
* 2. Pertaining to a cabin.
"The nice morn, on the Indian steep,
From her cabin'd loophole peep." - Milton.
căb'-1-nět, s. [In Ger. cabinet. From Fr.
cabinet, dimin. of cabane = a hut; Sp. gabinet :
Ital. gabinetto.]
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Literally :
*(1) A little hut or cottage.
“ Hearken awhile, from thy greene cabinet,
The rurall song of carefull Colinet.”
Spenser : Shepherd's Calendar, xii.
“Their groves he feld ; their gardins did deface ;
Their arbers spoyle; their Cabinets suppresse."
Ibid.: F. Q., II. xii. 83.
* (2) A closet, a small room.
“At both corners of the farther side, let there be
two delicate or rich cabinets, daintily paved, richly
hanged, glazed with crystalline glass, and a rich cupola
in the midst, and all other elegancy that may be
thought on."-Bacon.
*(3) A private room, used for consultations,
&c.
"You began in the cabinet what you afterwards
practised in the camp."-Dryden.
(4) A piece of furniture, containing drawers
or compartments in which to keep curiosities
and other articles of value.
In vain the workman shew'd his wit,
With rings and hinges counterfeit,
To make it seem, in this disguise,
A cabinet to vulgar eyes."
Swift.
2. Figuratively :
* (1) Any place of rest or shelter.
“Lo! here the gentle lark, weary of rest,
From his moist cabinet mounts up on high."
Shakesp. : Venus and Adonis, d. to
(2) Any thing in which articles of value are
preserved.
“Who sees a soul in such a body set,
Might love the treasure for the cabinet."
Ben Jonson.
“Young ladies and young gentlewomen too
Do no small kindness to my Pilgrim show:
Their cabinets, their bosoms, and their hearts,
My Pilgrim has ; 'cause he to them imparts
His pretty riddles in such wholesome strains."
Bunyan: P. P., pt. ii. Introd.
II. Tech.: A kind of deliberative committee
of the executive. It consists of the principal
members of the Government, generally to the
number of twelve or thirteen.
“The cabinet council, shortly termed the cabinet,
forms only part of the ministry or administration.
..Its the privy council's duties of advising the
crown and conducting the government of the country,
are almost exclusively performed by the principal
ministers of state, who form another section of it
called the cabinet council. This is so termed on ac-
count of its being originally composed of such mem-
bers of the privy council as the king placed most
trust in, and conferred with, apart from others, in his
cabinet, or private room. Speaking constitutionally,
however, there is no difference between a cabinet and
a privy councillor." -A. Fonblanque, Jun. : Low we
are Governed, let. 6.
“Few things in our history are more curious than
the origin and growth of the power now possessed by
the cabinet. From an early period the kings of Eng.
land had been assisted by a privy council, to which
the law assigned many important functions and
duties. During several centuries this body deliberated
on the gravest and most delicate affairs of state. But
by degrees its character changed. It became too large
for despatch and secrecy. The rank of privy councillor
was often bestowed as an honorary distinction on
persons to whom nothing was confided, and whose
opinion was never asked. The sovereign, on the most
important occasions, resorted for advice to a sinall
knot of leading ministers. The advantages and dis-
advantages of this course were early pointed out by
Bacon, with his usual judgment and sagacity : but it
was not till after the Restoration that the interior
council began to attract general notice. During many
years old-fashioned politicians continued to regard the
cabinet as an unconstitutional and dangerous board."
-Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ii.
cabinet-council, s.
1. A meeting of the Cabinet for consultation.
"A Cabinet Council was hastily summoned yester.
day morning, and met at midday at the official resi.
dence of the Premier, ..."-Daily Telegraph, March
29, 1881.
boil, boy; póut, jowl; cat, çell, chorus, chin, bench; go, ġem; thin, this; sin, aş; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=f.
-cian, -tian=shạn. -tion, -sion=shŭn; -țion, -şion=zhăn. -tious, -sious, -cious=shús. -ble, -tle, &c. = bęl, tel.

768
cabinet-Cabiritic
* 2. The Cabinet.
"From the highest to the lowest it is universally
read, from the cabinet-council to the nursery.”—Gay
to Swift.
cabinet-edition, S. An edition of a
small neat size.
* "He is, indeed, a walking cabinet edition of Goethe,
in all the externalities of manner and style; elevating
neatness almost into sublimity; witching prettiness
that it looks like beauty.”-Foreign Quarterly Review,
No 1. Memoirs of Varnhagen von Ense.
cabinet-file, s.
Cabinet-making and Joinery: A smooth,
single-cut file, used in wood-working.
cabinet-maker, s. One whose trade it
is to make cabinets or receptacles for curio-
sities and valuables. Also applied more
widely to a maker of household furniture in
general.
“The root of an old white thorn will make very fine
boxes and combs, so that they would be of great use
for the cabinet-makers, as well as the turners and
others.”-Mortimer.
cabinet-making, a. & s.
A. As adjective : Pertaining to the making
of household furniture.
B. As substantive :
*1. The making of cabinets in a political
sense.
“Excepting for cabinet-making, I doubt
For that delicate purpose, they're rather worn out."
Moore: Twopenny Post-bag, Sale of the Tools.
2. The trade or business of a maker of
household furniture.
cabinet-organ, s.
Music: A superior class and size of reed
organ.
cabinet - picture, s. Properly small
valuable pictures or paintings from the old
masters, on copper, panel, and canvas; such
as, from their size and value, would be pre-
served in cabinets. Any picture or painting
of a small size. Also applied to photographs
of a size larger than cartes-de-visite, and gene-
rally to anything of value of a small, neat,
size, fitted for preservation in a cabinet. (Lit.
& fig.)
* cabinet-secret, s. A close secret.
“And if all that will not serve our turn, but we must
press into his cabinet-secrets, invade the book of life,
and oversee, and divulge to all men abscondita Domini
Dei nostri, then are God's mercies unworthily repaid
by us, and those indulgences which were to bestow
civility upon the world, have only taught us to be
more rude."-Hammond: Works, vol. iv., p. 629.
* căb'-1-net, v.t. [CABINET, s.] To enclose as
in a cabinet or casket.
“This is the frame of most men's spirits in the
world; to adore the casket, and contemn the jewel
that is cabineted in it."-Hewyt: Serm., p. 87.
că b'-in-îng, pr. par. or a. [CABIN, v.]
cab'-īr, kab'-ạr, keb-bre, s. [From Wel.
ceibre, ceibren = a rafter; Ir. cobar = a
coupling ; Gael. cabar = a pole, lath.]
(Scotch.)
1. A rafter.
2. The transverse beams in a kiln on which
.grain is laid to be dried.
+ Cạ-bi-rẽ-ạn, f Cab-xr-1-ạn, đ. & 8.
[CABIRI.]
A. As adjective: Pertaining to the Cabiri or
their worship.
B. As substantive : One of the Cabiri.
Ca-bī'-rī, s. pl. [Gr. Kaßeipol (kabeiroi).
Strabo says that the name came from Mt.
Cabeirus, in Berecynthia.]
Ethnic & Class. Myth. : Certain Pelasgian
divinities, pigmy statues of which still exist
among the terra-cottas of the British Museum.
They were specially worshipped in Samo-
thrace, Lemnos, Imbros, and the Troad.
* Ca-bī'-rực, a. [CABIRI.] Of or pertaining
to the Cabiri or their worship.
* Ca-bi-rit'-ic, a.
CABIRIC.
[CABIRI.]
The same as
I
fāte, făt, färe, amidst, whãt, fâli, father; wē, wět, hëre, camel, hēr, thêre; pīne, pît, sire, sīr, marîne; go, pot,
or, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, són; māte, cũb, cüre, unite, cũr, rûle, füll; trý, Sýrian. æ, ce=ē. ey=ā. qu= kw.
END OF VOLUME I.
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